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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

S. N. D. NORTH, DIRECTOR

STATISTICS OF WOMEN

AT WORK

BASED ON UNPUBLISHED INFORMATION DERIVED FROM

THE SCHEDULES OF THE TWELFTH CENSUS: 1900

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1907

CONTENTS.

Page. General statistics '. ; 9 Introduction ^ , 9 Proportion of women at work 9 Race and nativity '. , 9 Age : 10 Marital condition .' 13 Marital condition and age 16 City and country 17 Comparison with earlier censuses - 20 Adoption and abandonment of occupations - 22 Family relationship ' 24 _Other breadwinners in the family 29 Occupations t 31 Leading occupations .' '. , 32 Race and nativity 33 Age 36

Marital condition : 37 L Increase, 1890 to 1900 : 38

Statistics of selected occupations 40' Servants and waitresses '. 40

Importance as an occupation for women , 40 Race and nativity 41 Parentage , 47 Age 48

Marital condition • 49 Comparison with census of 1890 .

.' 50 Family relationship -. 54 Laundresses , 56 Race and nativity : 56 Parentage 58 Age , 58

Marital condition 59 Comparison with census of 1890 59 Family relationship 60 Other breadwinners in the family 61 Seamstresses 62 Race and nativity .- 62 Parentage _ 64 Age 65

Marital condition .' - - - 66 Comparison with census of 1890 67 Family relationship 68 Other breadwinners in the family 69 Dressmakers 70 Geographic distribution 70 Race and nativity ' 70 Parentage 71 Age 71

Marital condition 72 Comparison with census of 1890 72 Family relationship - 73 Other breadwinners in the family 74

Milliners 75 Geographic distribution •. 75 Race and nativity 76 Importance as an occupation for women 76 Parentage 77

(3)
4 CONTENTS.

Statistics of selected occupations—Continued.

Milliners—Continued. Page. Age 77 Marital condition 78 Comparison with census of 1890 79 Family relationship •. 80 Other breadwinners in the family ; 80 Textile mill operatives '. 81 Importance as an occupation for women 81 Race and nativity 82 Parentage 84 Age ; 85 Marital condition 87 Comparison with census of 1890 87 Family relationship 89 Other breadwinners in the family 91 Saleswomen 91 Race and nativity 92 Parentage 93 Age , 94 Marital condition 94 Comparison with previous censuses 95 Family relationship 95 Other breadwinners in the family ;...'. 96 Clerks and copyists .'. . 97 Race and nativity 97 Parentage .'. 98 Age :..... 99 Marital condition 100 Comparison with census of 1890 100 Family relationship 101 Other breadwinners in the family 101 Stenographers and typewriters 102 Geographic distribution , . . .• 103 Race and nativity 103 Parentage 104 Age : 105 Marital condition 106 Comparison with census of 1890 106 Family relationship 107 Other breadwinners in the family 108 Teachers - 109 Importance as an occupation for women 109 Race and nativity - 109 Parentage - 114 Age 115 Marital condition - 117 "Comparison with previous censuses 118 Family relationship 121 Other breadwinners in the family '. 122 Farmers 122 Race and nativity - . - 123 Parentage 124 Age 125 Marital condition 126 Comparison with census of 1890 127

GENERAL TABLES.

Table 1. ^Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, for states and territories:

1900, 1890, and 1880. 131 Table 2. Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by race and

nativity, for states and territories: 1900 132 Table 3. Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age' periods,

for states and territories: 1900 , 134 Table 4. Number and percentage of breadwinners in the native white female population of native parentage 16 years of age and

over, classified by age periods, for states and territories: 1900 136
CONTENTS. 5

Page. Table 5. —Number and percentage of breadwinners in the native white female population of foreign parentage 16 years of age and

over, classified by age periods, for states and territories: 1900 138 Table 6. —Number and percentage of breadwinners- in the foreign born white female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age periods, for states and territories: 1900 140 Table 7.—Number and percentage of breadwinners in the negro, Indian, and Mongolian female population 16 years of age and

over, classified by age periods, for states and territories: 1900 142 Table 8. —Number and percentage of breadwinners in the negro female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age periods,

for states and territories: 1900 144 Table 9. —Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by race and

nativity, for cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants: 1900 146 Table 10. —Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age, race, and

nativity, for cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants: 1900 147 Table 11. —Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over living in cities having at

least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by race and nativity, for states and

territories: 1900 152 Table 12.—Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over living in cities having at

least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by age, race, and nativity, for geographic

divisions: 1900 154 Table 13. —Distribution, by race and nativity, of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by occupation, for conti- nental United States: 1900 158 Table 14. —Total number of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by race, nativity, and occupation, for the United States (area of enumeration): 1900 and 1890 159 Table 15. —Per cent distribution, by race and nativity, of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by occupation,

for the United States (area of enumeration): 1900 and 1890 160 Table 16. —Per cent distribution, by occupation, of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity,

for the United States (area of enumeration): 1900 and 1890 161 Table 17.—Distribution, by age periods, of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by race, nativity, and occupation,

for the United States (area of enumeration) : 1900 162 Table 18. —Female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by age and occupation, for the United States (area of enumeration) : 1900 and 1890 167 Table 19. —Per cent distribution, by age periods, of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by occupation, for the United States (area of enumeration): 1900 and 1890 168 Table 20. —Per cent distribution, by occupation, of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by age periods, for tlie United States (area of enumeration) : 1900 and 1890 169 Table 21. —Distribution, by marital condition, of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by race, nativity, and

occupation, for the United States (area of enumeration) : 1900 170 Table 22. —Increase in the number of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by race, nativity, and occupation, for the United States (area of enumeration): 1890 to 1900 176 Table 23. —Female breadwinners 16 years of age and over living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by occupation, for continental United States: 1900 178 Table 24. —Female breadwinners 16 years of age and over in selected occupations, classified by race and nativity, for states and

territories: 1900 180 Table 25.—Per cent distribution, by geographic divisions, of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over in selected occupations, for continental United States: 1900 196 Table 26.—Distribution, by family relationship, of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over living in selected cities and

employed in selected occupations, classified by race, nativity, and marital condition: 1900 198 Table 27. —Distribution, by number of other breadwinners in the family, of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over living in selected cities and employed in selected occupations, classified by race, nativity, and marital condition: 1900 208 Table 28. —Female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by family relationship, and by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, for selected cities: 1900 218 Table 29. —Female breadwinners 16 years of age and over living at home, classified by number of other breadAvinncrs in the family,

and by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, for selected cities: 1900 306 •

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR,

Bureau of the Census^

Washington, D. C, May 20, 1907.

Sir:

I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on Women, at Work, presenting statistics of the women 16

years of age and over reported at the Twelfth Census as having a gainful occupation. This report was prepared

under the supervision of Dr. Joseph A. Hill, chief of the division of revision and results. It is based mainly

upon unpublished data compiled from the Census schedules, and its preparation was undertaken in the belief

that these data, already in the possession of the Census Office and only partially exploited in the previous

Census reports, contained information of great importance, which could be secured in equal completeness

only through another census covering the entire population of the United States. The importance of the subject with which the report deals has been emphasized in the annual messages

of the President of the United States and also by the passage at the recent session of Congress of an act providing for a special investigation of the industrial, social, moral, educational, and physical condition of

women and child workers in the United States. It was evident, however, that the scope of this proposed

investigation would be quite distinct from that of the statistical inquiries conducted by the Census. Among

the topics to be covered by that investigation the act referred to specifies the hours of labor, term of employment,

health, sanitary and other conditions surrounding the occupations in which the women and child workers are engaged, and the means employed for the protection of their health, person, and morals. These are topics on which the Census possesses no data. But on the other hand the Census ascertains the age, marital condition,

race, nativity, parent nativity, illiteracy, and occupation not only of each woman at work but likewise of

each member of the family or household in which she lives. While the two classes of data are entirely distinct,

the one supplements the other. Indeed, a primary object in preparing the report herewith submitted was

that the data obtained by the Census might contribute to the special investigation authorized by Congress.

It might be said that the information supplied by the Census is in answer to the question of who and how

many are the women engaged in gainful occupations rather than the question of the influence and conditions

of their employment. This distinction was more clearly perceived as the work approached completion. When

projected it was referred to as a report on the "occupations of women;" but when the work was completed it was felt that this would hardly be an appropriate title, since the data related not so much to the occupations

of women as to the women employed in occupations. Accordingly the title "statistics of women at work"

was finally selected as being more descriptive of the character of the report.

In this report women at work are classified by age, race and nativity, nativity of parents, marital condition,

and occupation. Statistics of this general character have been presented in more or less detail in the reports

of each Census since and including that of 1870. But the present report, maldng a fuller use of the information

found on the Census schedules, presents also statistics in regard to the family relationship of the women at work,

classifying them with respect to their relationsliip to the head of the family and with respect to the number

of other breadwinners in the family.

It was my intention at one time to present in this report statistics of the wages paid to women employed

in the manufacturing establishments included in the scope of the Census of Manufactures taken in the year 1905,

but as another report is in preparation which will present the wage statistics compiled by that census for women

as well as for men and children, it was thought inadvisable to repeat the figures in the present publication.

Very respectfully.

Hon. Oscar S. Straus,

Secretary of Commerce and Labor.

(7)

STATISTICS OF WOMEN AT WORK.

BASED ON UNPUBLISHED INFORMATION DERIVED FROM THE SCHEDULES OF THE TWELFTH

CENSUS: 1900.

GENERAL STATISTICS.

INTRODUCTION.

The statistics presented and discussed in this report on women employed in gainful occupations in the

United States are derived in part from the published

reports of the Twelfth and earlier censuses, but chiefly

from the original schedules of the Twelfth Census.

Statistics in regard to women at work or engaged in

gainful occupations have been presented in the reports

of each decennial population census of the United States

since and including that taken in 1870. Those censuses

of still earlier date that made inquiry regarding occu- pations either published the results without distinction

of sex or gave figures for males only.

The term "gainful occupation" has never been

formally defined by the Census Office. But the printed

instructions issued to the enumerators in the Twelfth

Census state that the question regarding occupations

"applies to every person 10 years of age and over who is at work, that is, occupied in gainful labor, and

calls for the profession, trade, or branch of work upon

which each person depends chiefly for support, or in

which he is engaged ordinarily during the larger part

of the time." These instructions also state that a return of occupation is required "for each and every

person 10 years of age and over who was engaged in

gainful labor during any part of the census year (June

1, 1899, to May 31, 1900, inclusive), or who is ordinarily occupied in remunerative work but during the census year was unable to secure work of any kind."

No return was to be made for a retired lawyer, merchant, or manufacturer, or for a wife or daughter

living at home and assisting only in the household

duties without pay; nor for a child doing domestic

errands or family chores out of school hours but regularly attending school.

In discussing occupation statistics it is desirable

for brevity and convenience to adopt some single

word as a designation for persons reported by the

census as engaged in gainful occupations. The term

"breadwinners," which has already been introduced

in other Census publications, will be used here for this

purpose without, however, precluding altogether the

use of the longer designation.

PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK.

At the Twelfth Census, taken in the year' 1900, the

number of women in continental United States 16

years of age and over reported as breadwinners, or as engaged in gainful occupations, was 4,833,630. The

total number of women 16 years of age and over was

23,485,559. The proportion of breadwinners, therefore, among women of that age was 20.6 per cent, or approximately 1 in 5. Among men of the same

age the proportion was 90.5 per cent. The contrast

is probably not greater than would be anticipated.

Men take up some occupation almost as a matter of

course, and usually follow it the greater part of their

lives. With women the adoption of an occupation,

although by no means unusual, is far from being cus- tomary, and in the well-to-do classes of society is exceptional; and with this sex, moreover, the pursuit

of an occupation is probably more often temporary

than permanent.

Race and nativity.—As would be expected the percentage of breadwinners among women differs widely

in the main classes of population as defined by race and nativity. It is greatest among negro women,

and least among the native white of native parentage.

It is greater among the native white of foreign parentage—the children of immigrants—than among the for- eign born white, or immigrants. The percentages for

these classes are shown in Table i, which for purposes

of comparison includes the corresponding figures for

males.

(9)
10 WOMEN AT WORK.

Tablb I.

Number and percentage of hreadvnnners in the male and

female population 16 years of age and over, for continental United

States: 1900.
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 11

Table II.

Number ami percentage of breadwinners in the male and

female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age, for con.

tinental United States: 1900.
12 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table IV.

Distribution, by age, of the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for continental United States: 1900.
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 13

parison restricted to single women, it will be found

that at each age period the percentage of breadwinners is higher for the foreign born white than for the

native white of foreign parentage (see Table ix)

.

The fact that after the age of 55 the percentage of breadwinners for the native white of native parentage

becomes larger than that for the foreign born white

and about the same as that for the native white of foreign parentage indicates, of course, that for some

reason the native white women of native parentage

continue or take up occupations late in life to a greater

extent than women in the other classes. A partial

explanation may be found in the difference of environment. The native white are represented in agricultural communities to a greater extent than the foreign

born, and it will be found that a large proportion of these older breadwinners among the native white

of native parentage were returned as farmers, many of them probably being widows who, in carrying on the

farms of their deceased husbands, were taking up an

occupation of which they already had considerable

knowledge and experience.

The fact has been noted that the percentage of breadwinners among women is largest in the youngest

age group, 16 to 20 years. This is also true in each

of the classes of population distinguished in the above

table except the native wliite of native parents among

whom the highest percentage of breadwinners is that

shown for the next older age period, 21 to 24. This

may indicate that in thi-s class of the population women

do not begin working at so young an age and perhaps

do not marry as soon as in the other classes. It is noticeable that among negro women the per- centage of breadwinners, although .highest in the

youngest age group, shows no very marked decline

until the period of old age is reached, and that between

the ages 25 and 54 the percentage remains almost

stationary. It may be inferred, therefore, that marriage does not have the same effect in reducing the

proportion of breadwinners among women of this race as it does among white women. This inference

is substantiated by statistics, which will be presented

in the next section, showing the proportion of breadwinners in the female population, classified by race and marital condition.

Marital condition.—A classification by marital condition of the breadwinners of each sex 10 years of age

and over is given in the Twelfth Census report on

Occupations. This shows the total number in each

of the four marital classes, comprising the single

with whom are included the unknown—the married,

the widowed, and the divorced. But, as this classifi- cation was not combined with an age classification, it

is not possible, without going back to the original returns and making a special count, to state accurately

the number in each marital class for those breadwinners who are 16 years of age and over. The number

may, however, be estimated with a close approach to

accuracj^ by assuming that none of the breadwinners

who were reported as married, widowed, or divorced were under 16, or in other words, that all those who

were under 16 were single. On this assumption the

total number of smgle breadwinners 16 years of age

and over would be obtained by subtracting the total

number of breadwinners 10 to 15 5'ears of age from the

total number of single breadwinners 10 j^ears of age

and over. Of course the result thus obtained is not

quite accurate, because, without doubt, a small number

of the breadwinners 10 to 15 years of age were married.

Accordingly the estimated number of single bread-

^^^[nners 16 years and over is slightly too small, while the

estimated numbers of the married, and possibly of the

widowed and divorced, are slightlj- too large; but the

differences are not serious enough to affect materially

the comparisons or conclusions which may be based

upon these estimates. It is necessary to make a similar

estimate in order to obtain, for purposes of comparison, the marital classification of the total female

population 16 years of age and over. The figures

showing marital condition for the population 15 years

of age and over are given in the published Census

reports, and the corresponding figures for the population 16 years of age and over have been computed hj

assuming that all wonien just 15 years of age are

single. This again results in a slight exaggeration of the number married and a slight understatement of the

number single.

The results obtained by making these assumptions

are shown in the following tabular statement

AGE.
14 WOMEN AT WORK.

but not so much as women who are single. The differ- ence in this respect between the widowed and the single

is due partly to the difference in age. The widowed

comprise a comparatively small proportion of young

women and a large proportion of old women, many of whom are no longer able to work, and, if not provided

with independent resources, must be supported by

their children or other relatives or by private or public

charity.

Table VI.

Number and percentage of breadwinners in the mule and

female population 16 years of age and over, classified by marital condition, for continental United States: 1900.

"
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 15

for 1890, at any rate, show that in the youngest age, period, 1 5 to 24 years, the percentage of breadwinners for widows was slightly larger than that for the divorced,

and that both these percentages were considerably

larger than the percentage for the single. In the

next age period, 2.5 to 34 years, the percentages were

almost exactly the same for all three of the unmarried

classes. For each age period above 34 years the

highest percentage was always that for the divorced.

Between the ages of 15 and 44 widows were engaged

in breadwinning .pursuits to a greater extent than

single women; but above the age of 44 the single show

the higher percentage of breadwinners. Doubtless

many young widows are impelled to take up some

remunerative occupation by the necessity of supporting not only themselves but their dependent children.

As the years go by the children grow up and are able to support their mothers. It is probable, too, that women

who become widows late in life are as a class better

provided for than those who became widows at an

earlier age. These conditions may explain why, with

the advance in years, the percentage of breadwinners

falls oif more rapidly among widows than in either of

the other two unmarried classes. Among married women the percentage of breadwinners is highest in the youngest age group and

steadily declines with each advance in age. Many

married women who follow some breadwinning occu- pation for a time after marriage are compelled to abandon it later when, on account of the birth of

children, domestic duties become more exacting.

At a still later period the economic position of the

family may so far improve, either through the increased

earnings of the husband or the contributory earnings

of older children, that the wages or earnings which

the wife might obtain by engaging in some breadwinning pursuit are no longer essential. In Table viii the classification of women by marital status is combined with that by race and nativity,

but without distinction of age.

Table VIII.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE

AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY MARITAL CONDITION, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES:

1900.
16 WOMEN AT WORK.

negro race; and these are probably the reasons why

they have a smaller percentage of breadwinners than

the classes of widows with which they are compared.

Comparing the rank of the four marital classes with

respect to the percentage of breadwinners, it will be

noted that among the native white women of either native or foreign parentage the order is the same as it is for

the total population. The divorced women have the

highest percentage; the single rank next in this respect;

then come the widowed ; and lastly, with a percentage

very much lower than that for any other marital class,

the married. Among the foreign born white women

the highest percentage is that for the single women;

while among the negroes the percentage for the single

is exceeded by that for the widowed as well as that for

the divorced.

In every race and nativity class the percentage of breadwinners is much lower for married women than

for the single, widowed, or divorced. But this differ- ence is by no means so striking among negroes as it is among the whites, and it is thus evident that the

married negro woman supports herself or contributes

to the support of her family much more generally

than the married white woman. This would probably

be taken for granted without reference to statistics. But here, as in many other cases, the main value of the

statistics consists in measuring the extent of differences

known to exist. That even among negroes marriage

makes a great difference in the economic position of women is indicated by the fact that the percentage

of breadwinners for the single women of this race is almost two and one-half times that for the married women. On making the. same comparison for the dif- ferent classes of white women, it will be found, however,

that the one percentage is about eleven times the

other in the case of the native white of native parentage, about seventeen times in the case of the native

white of foreign parentage, and almost twenty times

in the case of the foreign born white.

Marital condition and age.—In the two preceding

tables analyzing the census data relative to women

engaged in gainful occupations, the race and nativity

classification of population has been combined first with a classification by age and then with a classification by

marital condition. The analysis may now be carried a step farther, by presenting the race and nativity

classification in combination with a classification by

both age and marital condition. To do this, however,

it is necessary to revert again to the celisus of 1890,

since, as already explained, the requisite detail is not

presented in the published reports of the census of 1900. Table ix accordingly applies to the women

enumerated at the earlier census, but doubtless repre- sents fairly well the conditions prevailing at the later, so far at least as the relative position of the different

classes compared is concerned. To save space the

table presents the percentages only. The numbers on

which these percentages are based may be found in the

published reports of the Eleventh Census.'

Table IX.

Percentage of breadwinners in the female population 15

years of age and over, classified by age, marital condition, race, and

nativity, for the United States: 1890.
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 17

marital condition and this indirectly upon the proportion of breadwinners. Briefly stated, the chain of

causation is as follows: The more young women, the more single women; and the more single women,

the more breadwinners. Thus while the native white

women born of foreign parentage are assumed to be

better off economically than the foreign born white

women, they have nevertheless a much larger percentage of breadwinners because, as already explained,

they have a relatively large proportion of yoimg and

unmarried women. But in the above table the dis- turbing effect of differences in age distribution and

marital condition is practically eliminated by presenting the percentages by race and nativity for women

in the same age group and 'same marital class. In general, it will be noted the order of the four race and nativity classes conforms to that designated as the normal, the largest percentage in the column being

in most cases that for negro women, the foreign bom

white usually ranking next, then the native white born

of foreign parentage, and lastly the native white

whose parents were also native. The most notable

deviations from this order are those indicating that

foreign born white women who are single and under

25 years of age are working at breadwinning pursuits

much more generallj' than the corresponding class of negro women; that in the white population 55 years

of age and over the native married women of foreign

parentage comprise relatively more breadwinners

than the married women of foreign birth; and that of the widows over 55 in the white population the natives

whose parents were also natives engage in breadwinning

to a greater extent than the natives whose parents were foreign born, and the latter, in turn, to a greater

extent than the widows of foreign birth. Among

divorced women the order of the percentage for the

four race and nativity classes conforms to what is as- sumed to be the normal order in the two youngest age

periods only; but in this detailed analysis the per- centage for the divorced can not probably be treated

as especially significant, the numbers being, as already

remarked, comparatively small and the census enu- meration presumably more or less defective.

City and country.—A comparison of the occupation

returns of the census by localities indicates that there

is a larger proportion of breadwinners among women

living in cities than among those living in rural districts. This result would probably be anticipated, because

it is generally understood that the nature and variety

of occupations carried on in commercial and manufacturing centers afford more opportunities for women

seeking remunerative employment than are presented

in agricultural districts. It may also be due in part

to the composition of the urban population, in which

are represented the extremes of wealth and poverty,

so that the demand for the employment of women in domestic or personal service, as well as in commercial

and industrial pursuits, exists side by side with the

12694—07 2

necessity for seeking such employment. In the rural

population there is usually a closer approach to social

and economic equality, and probably less poverty

in proportion to population.

A comparison which segregates the distinctively

rural districts from urban communities can not, however, be made on the basis of census statistics, because

the. returns by locality are not published in sufficient

detail. In fact, the tabulation of the figures in such

fullness as would be requisite for this purpose would

hardly be justifiable, even if practicable. The Twelfth

Census report on Occupations, however, published in

considerable detail the occupation data for cities having

a population of over 50,000; and on the basis of these

published figures and of additional details compiled

and published for the first time in the present report, a series of tables has been prepared comparing totals

for cities of over 50,000 with those for smaller places

or communities outside such cities, as regards the number, classification, and proportion of breadwinners

comprised in the female population 16 years of age

and over. This comparison may be treated as representing approximately the difference between city and country.

The population living in cities of over 50,000 is of course

exclusively urban; while the population living outside

such cities is mainly rural, as is evident from the fact

that, as shown by the Twelfth Census, 76.9 per cent

of this population is found in places having less than

2,500 inhabitants. Thus the comparison is between

the conditions prevailing in the distinctively urban

population living in the large or middle class cities,

and the mainly, though not entirely, rural population

living outside such cities. Table x, presenting totals

for continental United States, measures the differ- ence between these two classes of communities as regards the proportion of breadwinners comprised

in the total female population 16 years of age and over,

classified by race and nativity.

Table X.

Kumher and percentage of breadwinners in the female

population 16 years of age and oxer living in cities having at least 60,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classir- fled by race and nativity, for continental United States: 1900.
18 WOMEN AT WORK.

For convenience the term "city" will be used in

this connection to designate collectively cities of over

50,000 inhabitants, the term "country" being applied

to the smaller cities and country districts. The above

table shows that in the city as thus defined the per- centage of breadwinners among all classes of women

is greater than it is in the country by a little more

than one-half. This means, of course, that if the

total female population 16 years of age and over were

the same in the city as in the country and the percentages remained unchanged, there would be 3 women

occupied as breadwinners in the city to every 2 in the

country. Reducing the percentages to simple ratios,

we find that in the city approximately 2 women out

of every 7 are breadwinners; in the country 2 out of every 11. The comparison by race and nativity presented in

the above table shows that for each class of the population the percentage of breadwinners is larger in the

city than in the country. The contrast is most marked

in the case of the native white of native_ parentage,

for whom the percentage of breadwinners is almost

twice as large in the city as in the country. This is explained in part by the fact that the white population of foreign birth or foreign parentage outside the

larger cities is undoubtedly concentrated largely in

the smaller cities, or the urban portion of what is here

termed country, while the white population of native

birth and native parentage is a more distinctively rural

population and therefore affected to a greater extent by the conditions prevailing in rural communities,

where, as has been assumed and as the statistics here

considered indicate, the percentage of breadwinners

among women is normally smaller than in the cities. The class which shows largest percentages and the

smallest difference between city and country is the

negro, a fact probably indicative of the comparative

poverty of the race in all communities and implying

the extensive employment of negro women as farm

laborers in agricultural districts and as domestic serv- ants in cities. Table xi introduces into this comparison between

city and country, as regards the number and proportion of breadwinners among women, a classification by

age groups.

It is evident from this table that the excess in the

percentage of breadwinners in the city is most marked

among young women, gradually becoming less in older

age periods, and disappearing entirely in a compari- son for women 65 years of age and over. One reason may be that the cityward migration of women seeking

employment, which is undoubtedly a contributory

factor in making the proportion of breadwinners

higher in city than in country, is confined mostly to

single women in the younger years of life. At the same time it is noticeable that in the city the decline

in the percentage of breadwinners accompanying the

advance in age continues without interruption and is

comparatively rapid, while in the country it is interrupted at the age of 35, and there is no further decline

of any significance until the age of 65 is reached. This

difference suggests that the occupations peculiar to the country are such as may be more readily continued or taken up late in life. Now the principal occupations that are followed in the country and are also

practically unrepresented in the city are those con- nected with agriculture; and attention has been called

to the fact that the census shows a considerable number of women in middle life or advanced age who are reported as farmers. These help to swell the percentage of breadwinners in the country in the older age

periods.

Table XI.

Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female

population 16 years of age and over living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts,

classified by age, for continental United States: 1900.
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 19

them probably being farmers' children working on the

home farm, give up this occupation as they grow

older; and on the other the extent to which women

past middle life, especially those who are widows of

farmers, assum; the management of farms.

Table Xll.—Female population 16 years of age and over living in

cities of less than 50,000 inhabitants and in country districts, with number and percentage engaged in agricultural pursuits and in all other occupations, for continental United States: 1900.
20 WOMEN AT WORK.

In the percentages for negro women the most noticeable pecuHarity, apart from the fact that they are exceptionally large, is the absence of any marked or uniform decline with advancing years. In old age, 65

and over, there is, it is true, a marked reduction, but

there is none before that. In the city, however, there

is a slight decline in the normal period of early married life, 25 to 34 years, followed by an increase

thereafter.

Comparisons with earlier censuses.—The number of breadwinners among women in continental United

States, as reported by the census, increased from

2,353,988 m 1880 to 4,833,630 in 1900, an increase in

twenty years of 2,479,642, or 105.3 per cent. In part

this increase was the natural accompaniment of the

increase in population, but in part it represents the

increasing participation of women in gainful occupations. The latter change is measured statistically by

the percentage which the women who are breadwinners form of the total number of women. The following tabular statement gives the percentages at the censuses of 1880, 1890, and 1900, and for purposes of comparison includes the corresponding figures for men
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 21

centage of breadwinners among women was practically

confined to the native white of native parentage and to the negro. The more marked increase on the whole was that shown by the native white of native parentage.

In 1890 the proportion of breadwinners among women

in this class of the population was 12.4 per cent, or approximately one in eight; in 1900 it was 14.5 per

cent, or more than one in seven. The percentage for the native white of foreign parentage shows practically no change, while that for the foreign born white shows

a slight decrease, and that for the Indian and Mongolian—a class which is numerically unimportant

shows a rather marked decrease. The exact nature

of the changes that are taking place will be more

apparent, Iiowever, when the classification by race and

nativity is combined with a classification by age, as in Table xv.

Table XV.

Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 15 years of age and over, classified by age, race, and

nativity , for continental United States: 1900 and 1890.
22 WOMEN AT WORK.

reached this same age period in 1900 the proportion of breadwinners included in their ranks was 15.6. Thus

the younger generation was engaged in breadwinning

pursuits to a greater extent than the older was at the same period of life; and in general the table shows

that each successive generation of women have taken

up gainful occupations to a greater extent than the

preceding generation did. The only notable exception

appears in the figures for the foreign born white in the

youngest age period—these figures indicating that the

immigrant women who were born in the decade 1865

to 1875 and had migrated to this country prior to the census of 1890 were employed in breadwinning pursuits to a greater extent when they were 15 to 24 years of age than those of the next younger generation—born

in the decade 1875 to 1885 and migrating to this country prior to 1900—were when they reached the same

period of life. Recurring to the figures for the native white of for- eign parentage it will be found that, although the

total as already noted shows no increase of any conse- quence in the percentage of breadwinners, each age

group taken separately shows a very considerable

increase. This increase in the percentage for the

several age periods did not produce any appreciable

increase in the percentage for the total, simply because

the relative importance of the youngest age group

15 to 24 years—in which the percentage of breadwinners is much the largest, declined very materially during the ten-year period, so that it had less influence on the total in 1900 than in 1890. In 1890 it comprised

almost one-half of the total number of women in this

class; in 1900, less than two-fifths.

In the case of the foreign born white the decline in the percentage for the total was accompanied and in

part caused by a decline in the percentage for the

youngest age group.

For the two other principal classes of population

the native white of native parentage and the negro

the percentage increased in every age period as well as

in the total. Table xvi gives the proportion of breadwinners in 1890 and in 1900 for the female population 15 years of age and over, classified by marital condition. The

increase in the percentage of breadwinners was most

marked for married women, the percentage for this

marital class being greater by almost one-fourth in 1900

than it was in 1890. In 1890, 1 married woman in 22 was a breadwinner; in 1900, 1 in 18. The percentages

for the other classes show a greater absolute increase,

but none show a greater relative increase. The increase

in the percentage of single women employed as bread-

winners was confined to the native white population, the

foreign bom white and negro showing practically no

change in this respect. On the other hand, the extent

to which married women are engaged in breadwinning

pursuits increased in all classes of the population. The

percentage of breadwinners among widows increased

in every class of the population except the foreign

born white.

Table XVI.

Number and percentage of breadioinners in the female

population 15 years of age and over, classified by race, nativity, and

marital condition, for the United Stales (area of enumeration) : 1900 and 1890.
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 23

female breadwinners reported in each ten-year age

period in 1900 with the number reported in the next

younger age period in 1890. Of course all persons

who were alive at the date of both censuses were just

ten years older at the later census than they were at the preceding one. It is true that many of those who

were enumerated at the later census may not have

been enumerated at the earlier, but this applies chiefly to the foreign born or immigrants, manj^ of whom

doubtless were not in this country at the date of the

earlier census. The value of the comparison, therefore,

will not be seriously impaired by this circumstance if it

is confined to the native population. For as regards

the native population, it may be assumed that nearly

everybody over 10 years of age enumerated in 1900 was also enumerated in 1890, being, of course, just

ten years younger at the earlier census. In effect this becomes a comparison of the figures for the same

generation at the beginning and the end of a decade.

The kind of comparison referred to consists in esti- mating the decennial decrease in the ranks of the

breadwinners produced by death and emigration, on

the assumption that it would be the same for breadwinners as it is for the total female population in the same age group, and then comparing the result with

the actual decrease, or possibly increase, as shown by

the Census enumeration. The difference is assumed

to represent the decrease or the increase resulting

from the adoption and abandonment of breadwinning

occupations during the ten-year interval. For ex- ample, there were 3,362,544 native white women of native parentage between the ages of 15 and 24 in 1890, and 596,796 of these women were engaged in

gainful occupations. In the ensuing ten years the

number of women in this group was, of course, reduced

by deaths, and to some slight extent, perhaps, by

emigration. "When the census of 1900 was taken

those still living and still in this country were in the

age period 25 to 34 years. The number of native white

women of native parentage enumerated in that age

period at that census was, in fact, 2,860,606, a reduction of 14.9 per cent compared with the number 15 to to 24 years of age in 1890. This percentage represents

approximately the decennial death rate in this class of population. The same percentage of reduction in the

number engaged in occupations would have left 507,710

in 1900.^ This may be assumed to represent approximately the number of women in this age class who had an occupation in 1890 and were still living in 1900:

' To obtain this result the exact percentage was used, ttie frac- tion being expressed as a common fraction and not as a decimal.

But the number reported as having a gainful occupation in 1900 was less than this by 108,662, being only

399,048. So it is safe to conclude that at least 108,622

of the native white women of native parentage 15 to 24

years of age reported as gainfully employed at the

census of 1890 gave up their occupations before the census of 1900 was taken. But this is only the minimum number. The actual number was unquestionably much above this limit, because the reduction in

the ranks of this group of breadwinners resulting from

the abandonment of occupations before 1900 would be

, partially counterbalanced and covered up by the

addition of new recruits taking up occupations after 1890. The difference—108,622—obtained by the above

computation is therefore the net decrease resulting

from changes other than those caused by death,

and may be regarded as representing approximately

the number giving up an occupation over and above

the number adopting one in the interval between 1890

and 1900.

The results obtained by making the computation

here described are presented in Table xvii, the computation having been made for each age group separately

in each of the two classes of the native white female

population and the figures for the total native white

obtained by adding these results. In 1890 the number of native white women in continental United States 15 to 24 j'ears of age reported as having a gainful occupation was 1,120,698. In the

ensuing ten years the group of breadwinners in this generation of women was reduced to 696,816—a reduction

of 423,882. The loss from deaths is estimated at 149,609 and the net loss from the adoption and abandonment of occupations at 274,273, the latter repre- senting 24.5 per cent, or almost one-fourth of the

women who had an occupation at the beginning of the

decade, and 28.2 per cent of the estimated number^ of those who had an occupation at the beginning of the decade and were still living at the end

of the decade. Since the number that actually

gave up their breadwinning pursuits in the interval

must have been considerably in excess of this net reduction—which, as already explained, represents

only the difference between the number giving up an

occupation and the number adopting one—it seems a very conservative conclusion that not less than onehalf of the native white women who were breadwinners

15 to 24 years of age in 1890 and were still living in 1900

had given up their gainful occupations in the interval.

^ Obtained by subtracting the estimated deaths from the reported

number of breadwinners at the beginning of the decade.
24 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table XVII.—COMPARISON OF THE NUMBER OF NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS IN SPECIFIED AGE

PERIODS REPORTED AT CENSUSES OF 1890 AND 1900, WITH ESTIMATE OF THE DECREASE RESULTING FROM

DEATHS AND OF THE INCREASE OR DECREASE RESULTING FROM THE ADOPTION AND ABANDONMENT OF

OCCUPATIONS, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES.

AGE PERIOD.

1890

15 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 years and over

15 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 years and over

15 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 years-and over

1900

4>

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years , 45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

FEMALE BREADWINNERS.

Number enumerated*

1890 1900

Increase (+) or decrease (-), 1890to 1900.

Estimated as resulting from

Deaths or migration.

Adoption and aban- donment of occupation.

Number. Per cent,

NATIVE "WHITE.

,120,698
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. 25

four of these classes—comprising the breadwinners

who are either heads of families or are living with

father, mother, or other relative—may be appropriately designated as the classes livuig at home in dis- tinction from the boarders and those living with

employer. The fact should be noted, however, that

the boarders may not always be separated from their

relatives or other members of their family, but may

represent cases in which an entire family is boarding

together. Such cases have not been segregated in this tabulation. But an inspection of the schedules indicates

that they are comparatively few ; so that it may be

assumed that the great majority of the breadwinners

comprised in this class are what may be termed

solitary boarders.

As already stated, breadwinners living with their

employers have been included with boarders. This

classification seems not inappropriate from an eco- nomic point of view, since the board in such cases constitutes a part of the breadwinner's compensation, so that she may be regarded as a boarder paying for her

board by a part of the value of her services. Probably

few female breadwinners other than servants, housekeepers, and nurses live with their employers.

The tabulation here described was made for the fe- male breadwinners 16 years of age and over comprised

in the population of 27 cities. The cities selected were

those in which there were the largest numbers of women

engaged in gainful occupations. The list includes all

cities having over 150,000 inhabitants in 1900 with the

exception of San Francisco, which was omitted be- cause of the radical change of conditions produced in

that city by the earthquake of 1906. The list includes

also four smaller cities, namely, Paterson, N. J.; Fall

Eiver, Mass. ; Lowell, ]\Iass. ; and Atlanta, Georgia.

The total number of female breadwinners 16 years

of age and over living in these 27 cities was 1,232,268,

which is a little more than one-fourth of the total number (4,833,630) in continental United States. Their classification by relationship to the family in

which they lived is shown in the following tabular

statement

FAMILY KELATIONSHIF.

female breadwinners 16 years of age and over in

27 selected

cities: 1900.

Number.

1,232,268

798, 711

146, 902

323, 763

149, 770

178, 276

433,567

Per cent

distribution.

64.8

11.9 26.3

12.2 14.5

3S.2

Total

Living at home

Heads of families Living with father Living with mother

Living with other relative

Boarding'

1 Includes those living with employer.

Of the total number of women comprised in this tabulation, 433,557, or more than one-third (35.2 per

cent), were returned as boarders, including those

boarding with their employer. More than one-fourth were classified as living with father, which means that

thej^ were returned on the schedule as living in a family

the head of which was the father of the breadwinners,

so that this class natural]}^ includes those living in the same household with father and mother as well as those

living with father alone. The number living with

mother, which was about one-half of the number living

with father, represents the cases in which the mother was returned as the head of the family. Probably in

the great maj ority of these cases the mother was a widow.

The "other relative" with whom 178,276 of these

breadwinners lived was in many instances the husband

of the breadwinner. The total number of married

breadwinners returned as living with "other relative" was, in fact, 66,368; but of course the "other rela- tive" may not in all cases have been the husband.

In Table xviii the classification by family relationship is combined with a classification by race and

nativitv.

Table XVIII.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR TWENTY-SEVEN SELECTED CITIES; 1900.

FAMILY RELATIONSHIP.

Total

Living at home

Heads of families Living with father Living with mother

Living with other relative

Boarding '
26 WOMEN AT WORK.

It should be remembered that more than one-fourth

of the total number of breadwinners included in this classification were servants and waitresses. Since a large proportion of these lived with their employers,

and were therefore classified with the boarders, it is evident that their inclusion in the totals increased

very much the relative importance of the boarder

group, and that the proportion of boarders among

breadwinners in any class of the population would be

determined to a considerable extent by the proportion

of servants comprised in that class. This is the ex- planation of the large proportion of negro women in this group (40.6 per cent) and foreign born whites

(49.2 per cent). In many respects, the distribution

is more significant when servants, whose position in

this classification is to a large extent determined by

the nature of their occupation, are segregated from

the other breadwinners, as is done in the following

tabular statement
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. 27

Table XIX.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS ]6 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER (EXCLUSIVE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES), CLASSIFIED BY MARITAL CONDITION, RACE, AND

NATIVITY, FOR TWENTY-SEVEN SELECTED CITIES: 1900. ,
28 - WOMEN AT WORK.

less likely to be able to support a widowed daughter

and more likely to need her assistance than a widowed

or married *father. Therefore the widowed daughter

is more likely to become a breadwinner when her

mother is the only parent living than she is when her

father is living.

Most of the widows and divorced women who are breadwinners are, however, heads of families, the number in this class constituting 64.4 per cent, or twothirds of the total number included in Table xix. A

widow or single woman keeping a boarding house would

ordinarily be returned as head of a family even though

she had no relatives living with her. Of the breadwinners who were single, only 4.7 per cent were returned

as heads of families. For negro women, however, the

percentage is much higher, being 16.9. A married woman would not be classified as head of the family if she was liAdng in the same household with

her husband. The fact then that 16.1 per cent of the

married women included in Table xix were returned

as heads of families means that at least that proportion—approximately 1 in 6—were living apart from

their husbands. It can not be assumed, however,

that this includes all the married women living apart

from their husbands. For while the fact that a married woman is returned as living with father, that is, in a family or household of which the head is her father

or perhaps her father-in-law, does not necessarily imply

separation from her husband any more than the fact

that she is returned as living with mother or as boarding, yet it is probable that a considerable number of these married women were in fact living apart from

their husbands. To what extent this separation implies

wife desertion or marital infelicity can not of course be determined from the census returns, as the occupation of the husband may have necessitated separation

from his family.

Doubtless most of the married women living with

their husbands and keeping house are comprised in

the class returned as living with "other relative."

This explains why the percentage living with "other

relative" is much larger for the married than for any other marital class. It is smaller for the married

white women who are of native birth and native parentage than it is for any other class of married women,

while the percentage boarding is considerably larger

for them than for any other class, and the percentage

returned as "heads of families" slightly larger.

On the whole, then, the comparison here made suggests that a considerable proportion of the married

women who are breadwinners are living apart from their

husbands, and that the proportion is largest among

the married white women of native birth and parentage.

This would indicate that the adoption of a gainful

occupation by a married woman is more frequently

associated with a breaking up of the marriage rela- tionship among the native white of native parentage

than in the other classes of population.

Table xx shows for each of the selected cities what

percentage of the total number of female breadwinners

(not including servants and waitresses) 16 years of

age and over in each class as defined by race, nativity,

and marital status were returned as boarders. The

cities are arranged in the order of rank as determined

by the percentage shown for the aggregate number.

The distinction of having the largest percentage

belongs to St. Paul, Minn., in which city, according to the census returns, 33.6 per cent, or 1 in 3, of the total

number of women' (other than servants) following

breadwinning pursuits in. 1900 were boarding. In

this city the percentage for the single breadwinners

who are of native birth and parentage reaches 48.6,

representing almost one-half of the total number.

The next city in rank is Lowell, Mass., and the third

is Minneapolis, Minn. It seems rather remarkable

that Lowell and Fall River—both textile mill cities of

about, the same size and in the same state—should be

so wide apart in rank, Lowell being, as just stated,

the second city in this list, while Fall River is the

nineteenth. Apparently the proportion of boarders

is affected by varying local conditions and customs,

and is not determined by any one feature alone such

as size, locality, or composition of population.

'It is evident, however, that in most of the populous metropolitan centers the proportion of boarders

among the women who are breadwinners is relatively

large, although not so large as it is in some of the

smaller cities. Boston is the fourth city in the per- centage of boarders, ranking next to Minneapolis.

Philadelphia is the seventh city, but is outranked by

Kansas City, Mo., and Washington, D.' C. Chicago

is the eighth city. The municipality comprised in

Manhattan and Bronx boroughs, and representing

what was formerly the city of New York, was eleventh

in rank, coming below Detroit, Mich., and Rochester,

N. Y., with a percentage of boarders not much smaller

than that for Philadelphia and Chicago, but much

less than that for Boston, Lowell, and the twin western cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis.

The borough of Brooklyn and Jersey City and Newark, which are outlying cities in what is practicallj' one

large metropolitan area having Manhattan Island as

its center, contain a comparatively small percentage

of boarders in the working female population, Jersey

City coming at the very foot of the list, while Brooklyn borough is twenty-third and Newark twentysixth.
OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY. 29

Table XX.—PERCENTAGE ^ OF BOARDERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER

(EXCLUSIVE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES), CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION,

FOR EACH SELECTED CITY: 1900.

PERCENTAGE OF BOAKDEBS' AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER (EXCLUSIVE OF SERVANTS AXD WAITRESSES).

St. Paul, Minn I 33.6 Lowell, Mass { 31.9 Minneapolis. Minn 31.2 Boston, Mass i 28.0 Kansas City, Mo -... 24.9 Washington, D. C. Philadelphia, Pa... Chicago, 111 Detroit, Mieh

Rochester, N. Y. .

.

Native white—

Both parents native. One or both parents

foreign born.

Foreign Ijorn white.

New Yorli, N. Y<.

Indianapolis. Ind.

Providence, R. I.. Pittsburg, Pa

Buffalo, N. Y

23.3

21.9

21.1 20.6

20.0

19 7 19.1 18.9

18.4

17.3

St. Louis, Mo _ 16.4 Baltimore, M<1 ! 10. Cleveland, ( )luo ] 15. 7 Fall River, Mass ' 13.9 Milwaulcee, Wis j 13.9

Louisville, Ky I 13. 5 Atlanta, Ga 1 12.

9

Broolclyn borough, X. Y 12. 8 New Orleans, La 12.6

Paterson, N. J ; 12.6 Newark, N.J i 12.1 Cincinnati, Ohio 11.7 Jersey City, N. J 10.8

35.8

32.1

34.2 28.0

28.2

28.6

21.1 21.4

20.6 20.0

20.6

21.1 18.4

19.0

18.1

16.9 18.5

15.9

14.0 14.8

15.1 20.0

12.8 16.5

12.5

12.0

12.2 10.6

21.2

31.3 20.7 28 6 17.6

11.9 21.4

18.5

2U. 7 18.5

15.6

10.2

18.2

23.

9

31.9 21.5

2K. 2 21.4

22.0

27.2

20.9 20.0

21.3

18.2

17.5 22.7

15.6
30 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table XXI.—DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BUEADWINNER8 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER (EXCLUSIVE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES), CLASSIFIED BY

RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION, FOR TWENTY-SEVEN SELECTED CITIES: 1900.
OCCUPATIONS. 31

and one or more other persons dependent upon them;

and probably such an inference would be correct in

the great majority of cases. Yet it should be remembered that it might not be true of all cases, since a woman keeping a boarding house and having no rela- tive living with her would be included in this group;

and so also would a woman keeping house by herself. Of the single women included in this classification,

29.8 per cent, or almost three-tenths, lived in families

in which there were at least .3 other breadwinners,

the number living in this class of families being

greater than the number in any other class. But

among the single white women of native birth and

parentage the number hving in this class of families

is not quite so large as the number living in families

having only one other breadwinner. The contrast in

this respect between the native white women of native

parentage and the white women of foreign parentage

or foreign birth probably indicates a difference in the

average size of families. Large families would be apt

to comprise more breadwinners than small families, and

the families of immigrants are probal^ly larger on the

average than those of native white Americans. As

regards negro women who are single, it may be noted

that for some reason, the number returned as being the

only breadwinners in the families in which they lived

represents an exceptionally large percentage (14.7) of the total number.

Of the married women the largest proportion—44.7

per cent of the total number—were living in families

in which there was only 1 other breadwinner, and it may be assumed that in the majority of cases this other breadwinner was the husband of the married

woman, although, of course, there is the possibility

that the ^\^fe might be living apart from the husband

or that the latter might be an invalid or cripple re- turned as having no occupation, in which case the other

breadwinner would necessarily be some other relative

and probably in most instances a son or daughter.

Wliere the married woman was the only breadwinner

in the family it is probable that she was not living

with her husband. More than one-tenth, or 11.3 per

cent, of the total number of married women who were breadwinners were in this class. Wlien there are 2 or more than 2 other breadwinners in the family, the

number necessarily includes other relatives than the

husband, and probably includes one or more children

of the married woman. A large proportion—33. S per cent—of the widowed

and divorced women included in this tabulation were

the only breadwinners in the family. The proportion

is much larger in this than in either of the other marital

classes, while the proportion having 2 other or more

than 2 other breadwinners in the family is considerably

smaller.

OCCUPATIONS.

In the reports of the Twelfth Census (1900) the

detailed classification of breadwinners with respect to

the kind of work in which they were engaged distinguishes 303 occupations. The complete classification

with the number of females 10 years of age and over employed in each occupation may be found in the

Twelfth Census report on Occupations, Table 1, and

has not been reproduced in this report. Women are represented in all but 9 of these occupations. Naturally no women were reported as United States soldiers,

sailors, or marines; nor were any reported as firemen

(in fire department) , as street car drivers (though 2 were

reported as motormen), as telegraph and telephone line- men, as apprentices or helpers to roofers and slaters, or as helpers to steam boiler makers or to brassworkers. But the reader may note with interest, and.

perhaps with some surprise, that 5 women were employed as pilots; that on steam railroads 10 were employed as baggagemen, 31 as brakemen, 7 as conductors, 45 as engineers and firemen, and 26 as switchmen, yardmen, and flagmen; that 6 women were

reported as ship carpenters, and 2 as roofers and slaters; that as many as 185 were returned, as blacksmiths

and 508 as machinists; that 8 were boilermakers, 31 were charcoal, coke, and lime burners, and 11 were

well borers. Such figures as these have little sociological significance beyond indicating that there are few kinds of work from which the female sex is absolutely debarred, either by nature or law or custom.

Of the 303 occupations distinguished in the Census

classification there were 79 in which the number of females reported was less than 100, 59 in which it was

between 100 and 500, and 31 in which it was between

500 and 1,000. This leaves 125 occupations in which

over 1,000 females were employed, and of these occupations there are only 63 in which the number employed was over 5,000. In the analysis of the occu- pation returns by race, nativity, age, and marital

condition it was deemed advisable to consolidate

I this detailed classification by using to a certain extent

1 groups or combinations of occupations. This was done

to avoid over-elaborate and voluminous detail and in

the belief that many of the distinctions made in the more detailed classification were not sufficiently

significant and precise to justify extended anal^'sis. The consolidated or shorter classification included 140

occupations or occupation groups; and in this report

the number has been further reduced to 47, by select- ing only those in which more than 5,000 women, or females 16 years of age and over, were employed.

These 47 occupations, or occupation groups, however,

account for 95 per cent of the total number of women

in continental United States reported as having a

gainful occupation. Those employed in other occupations are included in the residuary, or "all other"

groups under the several main classes of occupations.

This classification by occupation of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over is presented in Table

XXII, which, for purposes of comparison, includes also

the number of male breadwinners.
32 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table XXII.

Male and female breadwinners 16 years of age and over,

classified by occupation, for continental United States : 1900.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations .

Agricultural pursuits.

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Ottier agricultural pursuits .

Professional service

Actors, professional show- men, etc Artists and teachers of art .

Literary and scientific per- sons _ Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons

Teachers and professors in

colleges, etc Other professional service.

Domestic and personal service. .

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house

keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewards

Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Launderers and laundresses. Nurses and midwives

Servants and waiters Other domestic and personal

service Trade and transportation.

Agents _. — Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (ex- cept wholesale) Packers and shippers Salesmen and saleswomen . .

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and

transportation , Manufacturing and mechanical

pursuits

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and

repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Printers, lithographers, and

pressmen Rubber factory operatives. .

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives. .

Hosiery and knitting

mill operatives

Silk mill operatives Woolen mdl operatives .

Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Tailors and tailoresses. .. Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory

operatives Other ma nufacturing and

menhanical pursuits

BREADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER.

Number.

22, 489, 425

8,549,739

2,900,026

5,367,169

282, 644

826,096

27, 483

13, 741

12,860

39,453

78,488

124, 615

118, 481 410,976

3, 348, 159

124, 024

11,826

46,264 8,224

48,360

2, 393, 729 50,019

12,266 257,096

390, 363

4, 163, 443

229, 751

179,817

627, 122

764, 602 37,882

448, 652

25,794

51,692

1,908,331

14,010

164, 181 3,267 21,333 4,275

18, 937

26,062

133, 515

13,882 231,696

9,721 104,783

10, 560 19,090

39, 402

48,140

196, 707 2,042

14, 704

1,696

4,557

8,009

157, 166 8,634

^,091,268 20.9

Per

cent

distri- bution.

100.0

38.0

23.9

1.3

0.1

0.1

'O.l

0.2

0.3 0.6

0.5

1.8

0.6

0.1 0.2 0)

0.2

10.6

0.2

0.1

1.1

1.8

IS. 5

0.8

2.3

3.4

0.2

2,0

0.1

0.2

8.6

0.1

0.7

(') 0.1

(') 0.1

0.6

0.1 1.0

(') 0.5

(') 0.1 0.2

0.2

0.9

(') 0.1

(') {)

(•) 0.7 ()

Pemale.

4.833,630

770,055

466, 405

307,706

5,944

429, 497

6,661 10,907

62,010

8,119

7,387

327,200

11,223

1,963,467

Per

cent

distri- bution.

6.4

0.1

0.1 0.2

1.1 0.2

0.2

0.2

40.4

5,440

69, 455 8,633

146,929 8,010

106,916

328, 935

108,691 ,166,661

14,997

481, 159

10, 468

72, 896 81,000

33, 826

17, 062

142, 266

85,086

21,980

16,687

1,199,452

14,303

36, 490

14, 498 7,806

7,170

6,767

8,709

16, 363 6,946 231,468

8,332

97, 181

28,293

26, 432

27, 169

44,051 675,255

338, 144

7,049 82,936

138, 724

27,788

61,671 19,043

37, 125

138, 574

0.1

1.2 0.2 3.0

0.2 2,2

6.8 2.2

24.1

0.3

10.0

1.6

1.7

0.7 0.4

2.9

1.8

0.6

0.3

24.8

0.8 0.3

0.2

0.1 0.1

0.3

0.1 4.8

0.2 2.0

0.6 0.6

0.6

0.9 14.0 7.0

0.1

1.7 2.9

0.6

1.3 0.4

Per cent.

Male.

94.6

97.9

80.6

66.7

43.1 90.6 94.4

26.6

97.3

63.2

96.8

16.6 84.4

6.3 85.8

96.7

13.2

10.1

18.1

96.4

71.2 86.7

95.7

69.0

75.9

23.3

70.2

99.1

49.6

81.8

18.4

73.2 37.4

76.7

7.5.0

89.7

lift. 7 60.0

53.8

51.9

27.2

41.9

69.2

52.2 22.6

0,6

67,6

2,0

3,2

22.4

71.9

30.9

69.1

97.1

Female.

17.7

8.3

13.6

5.4

2.1

19.5

44.3

66.9 9.4

5.6

73.4

2.7

36.8

4.2

83.4

16.6

94.7

14.2

89,9

81.9

10.4

4.4

28.8

13.3

4,3

31,0

24,1

76,7

29.8

0.9

17.6

60.5

18.2 81.6

26.8

62,6

23,3

26.0

10.3

33.3 50.0

46.2

48,1

72.8

68.1

40.8

47.8 77.4

99.4

32.4

98.0

77.6

29.1

69.1

1 Less than one-tpntii of 1 per cent.

Leading occwpations.—In point of numbers by far

the most important occupation for women is that of

servant or waitress, the 1,165,561 women reported for

this occupation constituting nearly one-fourth (24.1

per cent) of the total number in all occupations. The

number of women in this occupation group returned

as waitresses was 41,178.

If the breadwinners grouped as textile workers are regarded as constituting a single occupation group,

that group would rank next to servants and waitresses

in numerical importance ; but in view of the fact that

it comprises a number of rather diversified occupations,

it seems more appropriate to give the second rank to the group of agricultural or farm laborers. To one unacquainted with occupation statistics it may seem

surprising that almost half a million (456,405) women

in continental United States were reported for this oc- cupation. The significance of the figures will be better

understood if it is pointed out that 442,006, or 96.8

per cent, of these farm laborers were reported from the

Southern states, or the South Atlantic and South Central divisions, and that 361,804, or 79.3 per cent, of the

total number were of the negro race. Moreover, it ap- pears that 277,727, or 60.9 per cent, of the total number were members of the farmer's family, representing

the wives and grown-up daughters assisting in the work

on the hoine farm.

Next to these two leading occupations come 4 occupations not far apart in numerical importance, though

widely difl'erent in character. They are the occupations of dressmaker, laundress, teacher, and farmer.

The largest of these occupations—that of dressmaker

employs 338,144 women, and the smallest—that of farmer—employs 307,706. It may be stated in this

connection that the farmers are not concentrated in

the South to the same degree as farm laborers and that

233,086, or 75.7 per cent, of the number are white women.

Three-fifths of the total number of women reported

as breadwinners are found in these 6 leading occupations emplopng more than 300,000 women each, the

aggregate number in the 6 occupations being 2,923,957.,

For the purpose of ranking it seems proper to treat the textile mill operatives as constituting a single oc- cupation group, the different occupations included in

this total being very similar in their main characteristics. They all represent factory industries, and there

is a general similarity also in the kind of work done and

in the other conditions of employment. The total number of women reported as textile mill operatives

231,458—makes this the seventh occupation group in

numerical importance.

The occupation next in rank is that of housekeepers

and stewardesses. This comprised 146,929 women.

The housekeepers here referred to are those working

for wages, the housekeeping and housework done by

women in their own homes not being included in the

list of gainful occupations.
OCCUPATIONS. 33

If there are added to the occupation groups alreadj'

mentioned the group of saleswomen, comprising

142,265 women, and that of seamstresses, comprising

138,724, the Ust includes the 10 leading occupations

for women and accounts for 3,583,333, or 74.1 per cent,

of the total number of women who are breadwinners.

Six of these are occupation groups in which women

predominate, greatly outnumbering the men. In the

group of textile mill operatives the two sexes are repre- sented in almost equal numbers. In the other three

groups—comprising farmers, farm laborers, and sales- men or saleswomen—men are in the majority.

The occupation group of "nurses and midwives"

includes 108,691 women. It is probable that in the

enumerator's schedule the term "nurse" was in many

instances applied to women who were employed to take care of young children and would more properly

have been returned as servants. In classifying the returns the attempt was made to distinguish trained

nurses. The number of women actually classified as tramed nurses was a little over 11,000, the remainder

being classified as "nurses (not specified)." It is not

improbable that many of the latter were likewise

trained nurses, but the returns were too indefinite for

positive conclusions. The number of midwives in- cluded in this group was. 5,629.

A large number of women—106,916—were included

in the group designated as "laborers (not specified)."

This group consists principally of women living in cities or town districts who were rettu-ned on the enumerator's schedule either as laborers without further specication, or as common, general, or day laborers, or under some other designation which was either similarly in- definite or indicated employment as unskilled laborers

in work not directly connected with any of the occu- pations classified under agriculture, trade and trans- portation, or manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

If the schedule related to an agricultural district, the

Bureau of the Census classified such returns as "agricultural laborers." Therefore it is probable the numbers remaining in this group include few farm laborers;

but in territorial distribution and race composition the

group resembles the farm labo?er group, 79,997, or about 75 per cent, of the total number of women

classified as laborers (not specified) being reported

from the Southern states (South Atlantic and South

Central divisions) and 70,112, or 65.6 per cent, of the

total number being negroes.

12694—07 3

The 12 occupation groups thus far mentioned comprise all those for which more than 100,000 women

were reported. There are 7 other occupation groups

in which the number of women was between 50,000 and

100,000. Alentioned in order of size, they are as fol- lows: Stenographers and typewriters (85,086), milli- ners (82,936), clerks and copyists (81,000), bookkeepers

and accountants (72,896), tailoresses (61,571), boarding and lodging house keepers (59,455), and musicians

and teachers of music (52,010). The 19 occupations

employing more than 50,000 women each, account for 4,293,894, or 88.8 per cent, of the total number of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over. Race and nativity.—In Table xxiii the per cent dis- tribution by race and nativity is shown for the total number of female breadwinners 16 years of age and

over in each of the principal occupations for women,

the occupations being given in the order of the rank

in percentage of native white women of native

parentage.

The occupations in which the native white women

of native parentage attain their greatest prominence

are for the most part those requiring special coiu-ses of preparatory study, or at any rate, a good general

education. At the head of the list is the group of

officials in government service, an occupation in which

75.5 per cent of the women employed are of this nativity. Over three-fom'ths of the women in this occupation are ofiicials of the National Government.

They are widely distributed throughout the country,

and probably most of them are postmistresses. The

"literary and scientific persons," who compose the

occupation group having the next largest percentage of

native white women of native parentage, include 3,122

Hbrarians and assistants and 2,614 women returned as "authors and scientists," the remaining number

248—being chemists, assayists, and metalliu"gists.

There are in all 18 occupations in which more than

one-half of the total number of women are native white

of native parentage ; of these the two most important as regards the number of women employed are teaching

and farming. The educational requirements explain

the high percentage of native white women of native

parentage in the occupation of teaching; while farming

is an occupation which has never appealed very strongly

to the immigrant, and accordingly is largely in the hands

of the native white or negro population, as is indicated

by the race and nativity of the women who were re- ported in this occupation.
34 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table XXIII.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION,' BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OP FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF

AGE AND OVER, EMPLOYED IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN, AND RANK OF EACH

OCCUPATION WITH RESPECT TO THE PER CENT COMPRISED IN SPECIFIED RACE AND NATIVITY CLASS,

FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES; 1900.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Officials (government)

Literary and scientific persons

Artists and teacbers of art Physicians and surgeons Musicians and teachers of music

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

Agents

Hotel keepers Farmers, planters, and overseers Glovemakers

Actresses, professional show-women, etc

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Milliners Boarding and lodging house keepers

Stenographers and typewriters Housekeepers and stewardesses

Clerks and copyists Bookkeepers and accountants Dressmakers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Seamstresses Saleswomen

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Boot and shoe makers and repairers

Nurses and midwives

Cotton mill operatives Packers and shippers Hat and cap makers

Tol)aoco and cigar factory operatives

Silk mill operatives Boxmakers (paper) Bookbinders Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Barbers and hairdressers

Confectioners Paper and pulp mill operatives Gold and silver workers

Servants and waitresses Carpet factory operatives

Woolen mill operatives

Tailoresses Laborers (not specified) Agricultural laborers Kubber factory operatives Janitors and sextons Laundress^

All other occupations

FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.

Number.

4, 833, 630

8,119

5,984

10,907

7,387

62,010

327,206

10, 468

8,633 307,706

7,170

6,661 15,353 21,980 82,936

59,465

85,086

146,929 81,000

72,896

338, 144

28,293 138,724

142,265 27,788

36,490

108, 691 97,181

17,052 7,049

37, 125

26,432

14,498

14,303 33,825

5,440

7,805

8,709

5,767

,165,561 8,332

27,169

61,571 106,916

456, 405

6,945 8,010 328,935

250, 419

Per cent in the specified race and nativity class, and rank of occupation with respect to this per cent.

Native white

both parents

native.

Percent.

36.7

75.5

74.1

69.5

66.1 65.6

63.5 63.4

69.1 58,3 66 4

55.1 561

54.6

54.5 53.4

53.3 63.0

50.6

49.2

46.2

43.6 43.4

42.3

41.1

40.3

40.3

36.1 36.7

35.3

34.3

32.4

31.9 31.4

30.9

30.7

29.7 29.4

27.9

26.2

26.0

25.0

22.9

20.2

18.1

18.1 16.8

12.7

34.1

Rank.

Native white

one or both par- ents foreign born.

Per cent.

23.6

18.7 19.4

21.6

17.2

25.7

27.0 21.6

17.8

6.1 29.8

29.8

37.1

39.1

34.7 16.5

39.6

19.9 39.6

42.0

34.7

37.5

30.2

45.6

42.0

17.9

20.9

48.7 42.4

27.0

42.8

63.8 57.4

24.3 32.6

45.2

44.8

52.5

19.2 43.8

41.9 38.4

6.3

1.4

50.6 23.9

8.7 38.7

Foreign born

white.

Percent.

17.4

6.1 6.0

8.0 14.4 6.4 6 3 12.5 21.2

11.4

14.1

15.3

7.2

6.2

10.6 241

6.9 20.6

9.1 8.6

16.4

18.9

18.1 11.9

16.5

14.3

24.6

42.7' 14.2

22.3

26.1

24.6

14.1 11.0

42.1 18.4

24.3 25.6

19.6 27.6

30.2

32.8

38.1 7.4

1.0

31.4

48.6

13.0

23.1

Rank.

Negro, Indian, and Mongolian.

0.7 0.4

0.8

2.3 2.3

4.2 2.6

2.0

24.3 0.7

3.8

0.6

0.1 0.2

6.1

0.2

6.5

0.7

0.3

3.7

0.1 8.3

0.3 0.4

0.2

17.2 0.3

1.3 w12.5

0.2

0.3

0.2

2.6

18.3

0.9

0.3

27.0

0.1

0.3

0.7' 66.0 79.5

(=)10.7 66.6

4.1

24

2923

1818

131620

624

14

28

4237

12

37

1124

3116

4210

3129

37

7

31

21468

37

3137

16

6

22

31

46

4

42

3124

2

1

46

9

3

> For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 13, page 158. a Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

Of the occupations classified under manufacturing

and mechanical pursuits, the one having the highest

percentage of native white women of native parentage

is that of glovemakers. This is explained by the locali- zation of the glove industry. A large part—more than

one-half in 1900—of the glove product of the United

States was manufactured in Fulton county, New York.

Of the 7,170 women returned in the census of 1900 as glovemakers, almost 5,000 (see Table 24, page 190) were

reported from the state of New York, and doubtless

most of these were residents of that county. Probably,

therefore, the composition of this occupation group

is determined largely by that of the population of

Fulton county, which is mostly a population of native

stock. Another manufacturing pursuit in which the

native white women of native parentage attain great,

prominence is the printing trade. The 15,35.3 women

reported as printers, lithographers, and presswomen

comprise over 9,000 compositors (including proof

readers) and over 5,000 printers and presswomen; and

of the total number of women in this occupation

group, 55.1 per cent are daughters of native American

parents. The occupation is one that requires at least a good public school education as well as some technical training.

The native white of foreign parentage, or the
OCCUPATIONS. 35

daughters of white immigrants, attain their greatest

prominence in trades requiring some degree of technical skill but not much general education. They

are also trades which are mostly confined to large

cities or to sections of the country in which a large

percentage of the population is of foreign bhth.

Bookbinding, an occupation in which 57.4 per cent

of the women employed are the daughters of immigrants, is centered in the large cities of the

country. This is also true of the paper box industry,

which ranks next in the percentage of female employees

who are of this nativity. Most of the women reported

as gold and silver workers are employees in jewelry

manufactories, representing an industry which is largely centered in New England. The rubber fac- tory industry is not concentrated in the large cities to the same extent as these other industries, but like the

manufacture of jewelry is mostly restricted to the

three southern New England states—Massachusetts,

Connecticut, and Rhode Island—where the foreign

born population attains exceptional prominence.

These 4 occupation groups are the only ones in which

a majority of the total number of women employed

are native white of foreign parentage. Next in rank

as regards the importance of the percentage of native

white of foreign parentage comes the occupation of packers and shippers, in which 48.7 per cent of the

women employed are of this race and nativity. More

important in point of numbers of women employed

than any of the occupations previously mentioned

in this paragraph is the occupation of sales- women. Of the 142,265 women reported in this occupation, 45.6 per cent were native white of foreign

parentage, which gives this occupation the sixth rank

in the percentage here considered. A large proportion of these saleswomen are doubtless employed in

the department stores of large cities. Of the women

reported as confectioners—another occupation in

which the native daughters of foreign born parents

attain exceptional prominence—75.3 per cent were employed in cities of over 50,000 inhabitants, this being the largest percentage in cities of this size for any occupation with three exceptions (see Table 23,

page 178).

It may seem somewhat surprising to find that the

occupation in which the foreign born white women

are most prominent is that of janitors and sextons. As would be expected, very few of the women in this

occupation group were returned as sextons—only 91 out of a total of 8,010. Most of the others we-jje re- turned as janitors or janitresses and probably in many

cases the designation was applied to women who were

regularly employed in sweeping and cleaning ofl&ce buildings without having any administrative responsibilities. The occupation which ranks next in the

percentage of foreign born white women is that of

cotton mill operatives. It may seem rather remarkable

that an occupation having such a high rank in this

percentage should rank comparatively low in the per- centage of native white whose parents were foreign

born. This contrast is mainly the result of conditions

in the New England states, where, according to the

Twelfth Census returns, the immigrant women in the cotton mills outnumber the women who were bom in

this country but whose parents were immigrants by

very nearly 5 to 2. To a certain extent this reflects a

difference in the relative importance of the two classes in the total population of that section of the country.

While in the country as a whole there were about as many native white women of foreign parentage in

1900 as there were foreign born white women, in New

England the former were less than two-thirds as numerous as the latter. This fact, however, would

not fully account for differences noted in the extent

to which the two classes are employed in the cotton

mills; and probably therefore the contrast indicates a disposition on the part of the daughters of immigrants to take up other kinds of employment. The

occupation which ranks third in the percentage of

foreign bom white women is that of retail merchants

and dealers. Of the 33,825 women reported in this

occupation, 14,254, or 42.1 per cent, were of this

nativity. Next in rank in this respect comes the

group of tailoresses, of whom 38.1 per cent were for- eigners by birth. This is an occupation concentrated

mostly in large cities—New York and Chicago alone

reporting more than one-third of the total number

of women ' reported as tailoresses. In the Census

classification probably most of the women employed

in what are termed "sweat shop" industries appear

either as tailoresses or as seamstresses. But the lat- ter occupation is more widely distributed throughout the country and is one in which the percentage of

women of foreign birth is not exceptionally high.

The occupation in which negro, Indian, and Mongolian women are represented by the largest percentage

of the total is that of agricultural laborer. Nearly

four-fifths (79.5 per cent) of the total number of

women in that occupation belong to these races. Next in rank as regards the percentage for these

classes is the group of general laborers or "laborers

(not specified);" then comes the occupation of

laundress, and fourth that of servant or waitress.

The negro (including Indian and Mongolian) women

are also represented by high percentages in the occu- pation of farmer and in that of nurse or midwife; but

the only manufacturing or mechanical occupation in

which they attain any prominence is that of cigar and

tobacco factory operative. While the breadwinners

of this race constitute 23.4 per cent of the total number of women reported as breadwinners, there are only 5 occupations in which their percentage is greater

than that and only 9 in which it exceeds 10 per cent. This of course indicates their restriction to a comparatively small number of pursuits.
36 WOMEN AT WORK.

Age.—In Table xxiv the 47 principal occupations

for women have been arranged in the order of rank

as determined by the percentage which women 16 to 24 years of age form of the total number of women in

the occupation, the percentages in the older age periods

and the rank of the occupation as determined by

these percentages being likewise indicated.

The figures here presented are those for the area of

enumeration, which includes the territories of Alaska

and Hawaii and the military and naval stations of the

United States. Therefore the numbers on which

the percentages are based differ to some extent from

those given in the preceding tables, which are confined to continental United States; but the differ- ence is. not great enough to appreciably affect the

percentage.

Table XXIV.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION,' BY AGE, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS ]6 YEARS OF AGE AND. OVER

EMPLOYED IN EACH OP THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN, AND RANK OF EACH OCCUPATION

WITH RESPECT TO PER CENT COMPRISED IN EACH AGE PERIOD, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF

ENUMERATION): 1900.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Packers and shippers

Silk null operatives Boxmakers (paper) Telegraph and telephone operators . .

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

Gold and silver workers Bookbinders Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.. Stenographers and typewriters Saleswomen

Confectioners Cotton mill operatives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Paper and pulp mill operatives Clerks and copyists Woolen mill operatives

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers .

Rubber factory operatives Bookkeepers and accountants

Hat and cap makers

Agricultural laborers Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Servants and waitresses TaUoresses Glovemakers

FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE.

4,843,155

Milliners Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Carpet factory operatives Teachers and professors in colleges, etc... Musicians and teachers of music

Seamstresses Laborers (not specified) Barbers and hairdressers Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Artists and teachers of art

Officials (govenunent) Nurses and midwives

Literary and scientific persons

Laundresses

Agents

Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)

Physicians and surgeons

Janitors and sextons

Farmers, planters, and overseers Boarding and lodging house keepers. Hotel keepers

All other occupations

17,052 26,432

14,498 21,999

28,293

5,767 14,306 37,126

85, 126 142,290

7,810

97, 181

15, 361 8,709 81,023

27, 169 27,788

6,946 72,928

7,049

458, 975

36,490

1, 166, 708

61, 612 7,175

82,958 6,713

8,332

327, 636 52,028

139, 149

107,081 6,448

338,290

147, 103

10,913 8,126

108,978

6,989

329, 369

10,472

33,872 7,399 8,012

307,788

59, 511 8,545

253, 642

Per cent in the specified age period, and rank of occupation with respect to this per cent.

16 to 24 years of

Percent. Rank,

44.2

75.0 72.3 7L2

71.1 70.0

67.5

64.9

63.8

63.2

62.3

61.7

61.7 60.3

60.0

59.3

59.-0 58.7 57.6

57.4

55.6

64.5

54.3

53.4 62.6 49.5

49.4

48.8

48.4

46.4 43.3

42.7

39.2

38.0

32.6 28.2

27.8 27.3

25.7 25.5

23.3

17.7 8.6

6.8

6.0

3.1 2.6

53.4

25 to 34 years of

Per cent.

24,2

17.4

19.2 20.8 22.6

19.6

22.0 24.3

20.6

30.6 26.6

16.6 22.4

28.3

22.4

25.0 24.2

30.2

32.4 26.0

20.6

27.1 24.0

,23.0 24,1

27.8

86.7 24.9

34.8

33,3

25.4 22.2

30.7 30.6

21,5

36,9 29,0

25,8

31,3

24,7

24,5

20,2

27.9

21.4

9.7

16.9

13.9 21.6

Bank.

36 to 44 years of

Percent. Rank.

4.9

5.7

5.7 4.4

6.7

7,5

6,9

9,8

5,1 7.7

10.6

10.3 7,6

9,8

8,7

10.4

10.8

9.1 7.8

11.3

11.4 12,5

11,0

13,2

13.8

13,0

10,1 12,4

11,7

14,4

15.6

16,7 17,3 20,9

18,3

20,8

19,8

16.1 20.0

23.4

24.0

27,8

29.8

33,6

19.8

29.1 28.8

12.0

46 to 54 years of ' 55 to 64 years of age. age.

Percent. Rank. ' Percent.

5,3

1,8
OCCUPATIONS. 37

numbers of women. Few occupations have shown a more rapid increase in this respect, the number of

women 15 years of age and over reported as packers

and shippers being three times as great in 1900 as it was in 1890. Recent growth is an important factor

also in explaining the large percentage of young

women among telegraph and telephone operators

and among stenographers and typewriters, the former

occupation ranking fourth in the percentage 16 to 24

years of age and the latter ninth. .The latter occupation ranks ninth also in the percentage 25 to 34 years

of age, but has a very low rank in the percentage for older age periods. As time goes by, the numerical

preponderance of young women in these occupations

will probably become less marked.

Most of the occupations carried on in factories comprise a large percentage of young women, especially

if the industry represented is one in which child

labor is extensively employed. This is illustrated by

the high percentage of women 16 to 24 years of age in

the various classes of textile mill operatives and

among boxmakers (paper), gold and silver workers,

bookbinders, and tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

Glovemaking, on the other hand, is an industry

which is to a considerable extent carried on in the

homes of the workers, and this explains the fact that, as compared with most other manufacturing pursuits,

it has a rather small percentage of young women and a

large percentage of women over 35. Another factor of importance is the age at which

women usually enter the occupation, which in, turn

depends to a considerable extent upon the preparatory

training or study required for it. Of the women

reported as physicians and surgeons, only a very small

percentage are under 25 years of age, while the per- centage 35 to 44 years is larger than it is in any other

occupation employing more than 5,000 women except

one. For similar reasons the percentage of women

25 to 34 years of age is exceptionally high among

actresses, artists and teachers of art, teachers in

schools and colleges, musicians and teachers of music,

bookkeepers and accountants, and literary and scientific persons, these 6 occupations having the highest

rank in this percentage, while their rank in the per- centage of women under 25 is comparatively low.

There are other occupations which require no special

preparatory training and are adopted principally by

women who are thrown upon their own resources in middle life. Such is the occupation of boarding house

keeper, the allied occupation of hotel keeper, and the

occupation of retail merchant. Each of these occupations comprises a comparatively srr.all percentage of women under 35 years of age, but ranks high in the per- centages in each older age group. Farming—an occu- pation which is likewise resorted to principally by wo- men in middle life or advanced age—has the highest

rank in the percentage of women 55 years of age and

over of any occupation shown in Table xxiv.

Those breadwinning pursuits which may be readily

carried on at home are naturally preferred by married

women and widows with families and accordingly

comprise a rather large percentage of middle-aged or

elderly women. The occupation of laundress comes

into this class and so perhaps does that of dressmaker.

At the same time the age distribution of the laundress

group is doubtless affected to a considerable extent by

the fact that it is one of the principal occupations for negro women.

Marital condition.—Table xxv shows the per cent

distribution by marital condition of the total number

of women employed in each specified occupation, and

the rank of such occupation as regards the percentage

in each marital class, the occupations being arranged

in the order of rank as determined by the percentage

of single women. The marital condition of any group is to a large extent determined by the age composition of that

group. An occupation in which a large percentage of

the women are under 25 years of age will normally

comprise a large percentage of single women; and in

the majority of cases it will be found that the rank of

any occupation in the percentage of single women, as shown in the above table, does not differ widely from

its rank in the percentage of women 16 to 24 years of

age, as shown in Table xxiv. For two occupations only

are both rankings identical; but there are 7 occupations for which the difference is only 1 , 12 for which it

is only 2, 5 for which it is only 3, and 3 for which it is only 4. This leaves only 18 occupations out of 47 in

which the difference between the two rankings is 5 or more.

If the rank of an occupation in the percentage of

single women is high as compared with its rank in

the percentage of women 16 to 24 years of age, this

fact indicates that the occupation comprises a rela- tively large number of single women above 25 years of

age and few, if any, married women below that age. This is a condition which appears to obtain to a marked

degree among teachers—an occupation group which

ranks sixth in the percentage of single women, but only

twenty-ninth in the percentage of women iinder 25. A similar though less marked contrast between the

two rankings appears in the occupations of stenographers and typewriters, bookkeepers and accountants,

literary and scientific persons, musicians and teachers

of music, and artists and teachers of art. On the other hand the fact that the rank of an occu- pation in the percentage of young women is much

higher than its rank in the percentage of single implies

that there are relatively fe^v single women over 25 in

that occupation and perhaps a good many married

women under that age. Occupations which come into
38 WOMEN AT WORK.

this class are packers and shippers, silk mill operatives,

hosiery and knitting mill operatives, confectioners,

cotton mill operatives, tobacco and cigar factory

operatives, glovemakers, actresses and professional

show-women, agricultural laborers, and laborers (not

specified)

Table XXV.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF

AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN, AND RANK OF EACH

OCCUPATION WITH RESPECT TO PER CENT COMPRISED IN SPECIFIC MARITAL CLASS, FOR THE UNITED

STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Stenographers and typewriters Bookkeepers andaccountants

Bookbinders

Telegraph and telephone operators Boxmakers (paper)

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

Packers and snippers Gold and silver workers

Silk mill operatives Saleswomen

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.

Clerks and copyists Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Rubber factory operatives Hat and capmakers „

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Paper and pulp mill operatives Boot and shoe makers and repairers Woolen mill operatives Musicians and teachers of music

Milliners Tailoresses Literary arid scientific persons Servants and waitresses

Artists and teachers of art

Carpet factory operatives Confectioners Cotton mill operatives Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Seamstresses

Dressmakers Glovemakers

Barbers and hairdressers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Officials (government)

Nurses and midwi ves

Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Agricultural laborers . . . : Agents

Physicians and surgeons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Boarding and lodging house keepers

Janitors and sextons Hotel keepers Farmers, planters, and overseers

All other occupations ,

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Number.

4,843,155

85. 126 72,928

14,306

21,999

14, 498

327,635

17,052

5,767

26, 432

142, 290

15,361 81,023

28,293 6,945

7,049

27,788

8,709

36, 490

27, 169 52,028

82,958

61, 612 6,989 1,166,708

10,913

8,332 7,810

97,181

37, 126

139, 149

338,290

7,175

8,448

147,103 8,126

108,978 6,713

458,975

10, 472 7,399

107,081 329,359

33, 872

69,611

8,012 8,545 307,788

253, 642

Per cent in the specified marital class, and rank of occupation with

respect to this -per cent.

Single (including unknown).

Per cent.

65.0

94.9

92.9 92.8

92.7 92.5

92.2 91.0 90.3

90.2

90.2

89.7 87.4

86.4

84.2

84.2

82.8

81.3

80.7 79.6 7&5

77.8

77.7

76.7 75.8

74.6

74.6 73.7

71.9

68.5

61.4

60.2 59.4

59.1

68.7

62.4 48

47.1 45.3

41.7

28.8 24.6

14.1

12.3

11.2 9.1 73.3

Rank.

16.0

2.5 4

2.8

4.1 4.3

4.5 5.0

6.4 6.3

5.4

6.2

5.2 81

8.!f 9.1

8.6

9.7

12.6

13.7 12.4

12.6

11.1 10.0

10.4

13.9

13.1 10.4 20.3

19.2 11.5

14.6 30.3

22.0

12.3

21.2

12.7 38.4

39.2

20.9

31.9

342&6

26.3

42.6 30.8

15.6

14.3

Rank.

Widowed.

Per cent.

2.0 2.6 10

2.7 2.8

2.9 3.4

3.4

3.1 3.8

3.2

4.5

4.0 49

6.1

6.6

6.8

5.1 6.0

6.7

7.6

10.2

11.3

11.7 89

11.6 14 2 5.5 8.0

17.3

161

7.3

15.3 25.8 18 3

' 27.0

6.4

12.0 28 6

20.2

27.1 34 8 46

56 6

43.5 64 2 73.4

11.4

Rank.

Divorced.

Per cent.

0.6

0.6 0.4

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.9

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.6 0.5

0.4

0.6

0.6

0.7

1.1 0.6

1.3

1.3 0.9

1.0 1.2 1.4

0.7 0.8

0.5

0.9

1.6

1.8

1.0 2.5

2.5

1.4

1.6 2.8

0.8

3.4

1.9 2.4

1.8 40

1.7

3.8

1.9

1.0

32

32

43

40

43

4332

24

43

32

27

32

40

43

32

3230

2132

18

1824

2220

16

30

274024

14

11226

616

14

4

273

5

11

1

13

2

^ For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 21, page 170.

The difference between the two classes of occupations here compared may not indicate that marriages

are less usual in one class than in the other, but more

probably results from the fact that in the one class women are more apt to give up their occupation when

they marry than in the other.

Increase, 1890 to 1900.—The increase between 1890

and 1900 in the number of women 15 years of age and

over employed in each of the principal occupations for

this sex is shown in Table xxvi. As previously explained, it is necessary in making comparisons with

the census of 1890 to extend the age limits so as to include all female breadwinners 15 years of age and

over.
OCCUPATIONS. 39

Table XXVI.

Increase in the number of female breadwinners 15

xjears of age and over, classified by occupation, for the United States

{area of enumeration): 1900 and 1890.

OCCUPATION.

AU occupations

,

Agricultural pursuits

Agricultural laborers Fanners, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits

Professional service

.

Actresses, professional show-women,

etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music . . .

.

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service

Domestic and personal service.

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house Iteepers. Hotel lieepers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service

Trade and transportation.

Agents

Boolclceepers and accountants

Clerics and copyists Merchants and dealers (except

wholesale) Packers and shippers Saleswomen '. Stenographers and typewriters

.Teiegrapla and telephone operators.. "Otner persons in trade and trans- portation

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives

Printers, lithographers, and press- women

Rubber factory operatives

Textile miil operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting miil operatives Silk miil operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cufl makers

Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

5,007,069

811

497: 307:

e:

327, 11

2,012,

5, 59,

8, 147:8

111

332,

108, 1,213,

16,

10,

73;

83,

34,

IS. 146!

85!

22;

1,258,

15,

7, 250,

8. 104,

31

29;

28:

47; 693,

342;

7, 85! 143!

29:

65, 20:

40,

819

1890

3,712,144

595, 134 363,554

226,427

5,153

311,241

4,491 10,775 2,764

34, 435 4,875

4,557

245,839

3,505

1,590,187

2,779

32,593 6,276

86,089

2,803

50,321

215, 121 41,396 1,146,255

8,554

222, 553

4,853 27,606

62,817

25,284

6,147

57, 171 21,214 8,403

9,068

993,029

11,271 32,948

12, 325 5,328

3,608

3,253

8,719

12,026

6,331

211, 112

10, 452 84,220

19, 321

19, 108 34,428

43,583

588, 277 290,308

6,652

60,653

143, 339 15,534 61,488

10, 403 25,853

71,978

Increase, 1890 to

1900.

1,294,926

216,610

134,332

81,361

917

119,525

2,328

214

3,225

17, 822

3,251 2,842

82,066

7,777

421,853

2,754

26,918

3,269 61,014

6,225

61,182

117,544

67,582

68,573

7,792

5,685

46, 214

20,909

8,724

12,526

89, 406 64,698

14,061

9,360

266,364

3,900

6,'337 3,667

3,268

3,9,35 2,906

446

3,744

907 39,264 n,773

20,724

11,787

10,092

1 5, 467 3,901 104,881 52,271

846

24,372 169

13,975

3,865

9,621

14, 472

78,649

Per

cent.

34.9

1 Decrease.

36.4 36.9

35.9

17.8

38.4

51.8

2.0

116.7 51.8

66.7 62.4

33.4

221.9

99.1 82.6

62.0

70.9

186.4

121.6 54.6

163.3 6.0

91.1

117.1 167.4 33.3

166.4

306.0

167.2

103.3

26.7

34.6

16.2 29.8

61.1 109.1 89.3

6.1

31.1 14.3

18.6 117.0

24.6

61.0

62.8

115.9 9.0

17.8

18.0

12.9

40.2 «

90.0

6.3 92.5

66.0

109.3

2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

The percentages of increase vary widely in the dif- ferent occupation groups. The largest percentage is that for stenographers and typewriters—an occupation in which there were more than four times as many women in 1900 as in 1890, representing an increase of 305 per cent. Next in the rank as regards

the percentage of increase comes the group comprising the miscellaneous occupations classified under

"other professional service." Here the increase was

221.9 per cent. The 11,282 women classified in

this group in 1900 included 3,405 clergymen, 2,193

journalists, 1,037 architects, designers, draftsmen,

etc., and 1,010 lawyers. Of clergymen of this sex and age in 1890 there were 1,143; of journalists, 888;

of architects, etc., 327; and of lawyers, 208. The

other occupation groups in which the number of women more than doubled are, in order of the per- centage of increase, the following: Packers and

shippers, janitors and sextons, bookkeepers and ac- countants, telegraph and telephone operators, nurses and midwives, saleswomen, laborers (not specified),

agents, literary and scientific persons, and glovemakers. The two miscellaneous groups "other per- sons in trade and transportation" and "other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits" also come in this

class. The fact that three of the residuary groups are included in this list implies perhaps an increasing

diversity of occupations for women.

In all, then, there are 14 occupation groups in

which the number of women increased between 1890

and 1900 by more than 100 per cent, although the

increase during that interval in the total number of

women employed in all occupations was only 34.9 per

cent. Many of these groups repi'esent occupations of a relatively high grade requiring a good degree of in- telligence and education, and commanding better

wages than can be obtained from factory labor or in

other pursuits demanding only physical strength and

ordinary intelligence. The only occupation group in

this list which represents a distinctly low grade of

labor is that designated as "laborers (not specified)."

To a certain extent the classification under this designation represents a failure to secure explicit information. It is not probable, however, that any of the

breadwinners returned as laborers without specification

of the kind of labor belonged in the skilled trades or

the occupations requiring special education and training. But it may be that if the returns had been more

specific the large increase shown for this group would

disappear, being distributed among other allied groups.

As pointed out in another connection, the large in- crease in the number of saleswomen probably is due

in part to an improvement in classification, by which

saleswomen in 1900 were more carefully distinguished

from clerks and copyists than was the case in 1890.

Some of the other differences in the growth and rela- tive importance of different occupations may be influ- enced by similar factors. In general, there is probably some differentiation of occupations in progress, or a tendency toward specialization, which affects the

classification and designations both in popular usage

and in census returns. For example, the occupation
40' WOMEN AT WORK.

of housekeeper and stewardess, which shows a rather

large percentage of increase, is probably to some extent a differentiation or offshoot from the more comprehensive group of servants and waitresses, for which

the percentage of increase is small.

The only occupation groups showing decreases are those of "carpet factory operatives," "woolen mill

operatives," and "seamstresses." The first two decreases may be assumed to represent an actual decline

in the employment of women in the specified industries; but the significance of the decrease in the

number of seamstresses is not altogether certain, be- cause this designation does not stand for a very

clearly defined occupation. These 3 groups showing a

decrease all come in the general class desigfiated as "manufacturing and mechanical pursuits," and it may

be noted the range of the percentages of increase is on

the whole lower for the occupations classed under this

main head than for the other occupations.

STATISTICS FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS.

In the following pages detailed statistics of women

at work are presented for a few selected occupations.

To have discussed in equal detail all the occupations

in which considerable numbers of women were employed was obviously impracticable, and it is quite

probable that some of the occupations that are not

included have as good a claim to consideration as some

of those that are. But the selection was determined

partly with reference to the importance of the occupation as measured by the number of women employed

in it and partly with reference to its typical character.

Domestic service is represented by servants and laundresses; the needle trades, by seamstresses and dressmakers; the factory industries, by textile mill operatives; commercial pursuits, by saleswomen; clerical service, by clerks and copyists, and by typewriters and

stenographers; the professions, by teachers; and agriculture, by farmers.

SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES.

The total number of male and female servants and

waiters in continental United States reported by the

T'welfth Census was 1,560,721. Only three occupations in the Census classification were of greater numerical importance—one being that of farmers, another

that of farm laborers, and the third that of general

laborers or "laborers (hot specified)" comprising per- sons reported as laborers without specification of the

kind of labor performed.

Importance as an occupation for women.—The occu- pation of servant is of much greater importance for women than for men. In fact, the number of women

in continental United States 16 years of age and over who, according to the Twelfth Census, were employed

as servants or waitresses (1,165,561) far exceeds the

number reported in any other occupation and repre- sents 24.1 per cent, or almost one-fourth, of the total

number in all occupations. On the other hand,

the number of men 16 years of age and over employed as servants or waiters represents only 1.1 per cent of the total number employed in all occupations. A classification of servants and waiters by

sex and age is presented in the following tabular

statement

'
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 41

Of the total number of servants and waiters, 93.1

per cent were returned as servants and 6.9 per cent as waiters. It is evident that the occupation of waiters is relatively of much less importance for women than for men. Of the women, or females 16 years of age and

over, in this occupation group, only 3.5 per cent were

waitresses, all the rest, representing 96.5 per cent of the total number, being returned as servants. But

of the men in this group, 24.4 per cent were waiters.

In the occupation of waiters men outnumber women

in the ratio of 3 to 2 ; but in the occupation of servants

there are approximately six women to every man.

Race and nativity.—In the following tabular state- ment the women employed as servants and waitresses

are classified by race and nativity:

RACE AND NATIVITY.

WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED

AS SERVANTS AND

WAITRESSES, FOR CON- TINENTAL UNITED

states: 1900.

1 All classes .-

Native white—both parents native Native white—one or both parents foreign born

Foreign bom white Negro

Indian and Mongolian

i.ies.-wi

305,883

223,.327

322, 062

313, 078

1,211

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

26.2

19.2 27.6

26.9

0.1

It is evident that no one class greatly predominates

in this occupation. Native white women of native

parentage are almost as numerous as foreign born

white women or negro women. The foreign born

white servants, however, constitute the largest class. Next in point of number comes the negro, a class almost as large as the foreign born white. The native

white servants whose parents were foreign born constitute the smallest class, with the exception of the

Indian and Mongolian, whose numbers are comparatively insignificant.

Table xxvii gives for purposes of comparison the

race and nativity of men, women, and children employed as servants and waiters.

Of the women employed as servants, 73 per cent were white. But of the men reported in this occupation, hardly more than one-half (51.4 per cent) were of the white race ; the remainder were negroes, Indians,

or Mongolians. Very few, however, were Indians, the

total number of male Indian servants and waiters

10 years of age and over being only 131. Therefore

the total for Indians and Mongolians given in the

above table consists almost entirely of MongoUans, or Chinese and Japanese. Among child servants there is

a similar contrast between the sexes as regards the

proportions in which the races are represented, 55.1

per cent of the boys being negroes as compared with

27.3 per cent of the girls.

Table XXVII.

Distribution, by race and nativity, of servants and

waiters, classified by sex and age, for continental United States: 1900.

race and nativity.

SERVANTS AND WAITERS.

Aggregate.

Men 16 years oJage and

over.

Women

16 years

of age and over.

Children 10 to 15 years

of age.

Total. Boys. Girls

All classes

Native white—both parents native Native white—one , or both parents foreign born

Foreign born white Negro

Indian and Mongolian . .

.

1,560,721

402,188

283,250

392, 439

465, 734

17, 110

257,095

46,311

27,034

58,815

109, 417

15, 518

1,165,561

305,883

223, 327

322.062 313,078

1,211

138,065

32,889

11,562

43, 239

381

19,863

2,270

761 10,944 200

118, 202

44,306

30,619

10,801 32,295

181

PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.

All classes
[2 WOMEN AT WORK.

:able XXVIII.—DISTKIBUTION, by BACE and nativity, op women 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED

AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 43

In the South most of the female servants are negroes; in the North foreign born whites are repre- sented by large numbers in this occupation. But the

relative numerical importance of immigrants as serv- ants is not as great as it is perhaps generally believed

to be. The foreign bom white servants attain their

greatest prominence in some of the North Atlantic

states. In Massachusetts 69 per cent of the female

servants 16 years of age and over are white women of

foreign birth. Next comes Rhode Island, in which

the percentage is 63.7. In Connecticut it is 57.8 and

in New York 53.6. North Dakota is the only other

state in which the white immigrants represent more

than one-half of the total number of adult female serv- ants of the age here considered.

On the other hand, there are 8 states and territories in

which a majority of the adult female servants are native white born of native parents. These states and

territories represent widely separated sections of the

United States and diverse economic and social conditions. Two of them are New England states—Maine

and Vermont. Another is West Virginia, where the

percentage of native white servants of native parentage

reaches a maximum, being 72.2. The other states and

territories in this list are Indiana, Kansas, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. These states and

territories contain no very large cities and in all of them more than half the total population live in rural

districts or in places having less than 2,500 inhabitants.

This is probably one reason for the predominance in

these states of female white servants of native birth

and parentage, the population of foreign birth or par- entage being mostly an urban population.

In 10 other states the native white of native parentage, although not constituting a majority of all the

female servants 1 6 years of age and over, form the largest

of the four race and nativity classes distinguished in

Table xxviii. These states and the percentages which

the native white of native parentage form of the total number of women employed as servants are as follows

Oregon (49.9), Ohio (48.2), New Hampshire (45.2),

Idaho (44.2), Pennsylvania (41.1), Missouri (40.8),

Wyoming (40.7), Washington (40.2), Colorado (34),

and Arizona (30.2).

The native white servants, including those of for- eign as well as native parentage, constitute a majority

of all the female servants 16 years of age and over in

most states outside the South, including all the North

Central states except North Dakota, all the Western

states, the three northern New England states, and the

state of Pennsylvania.

In the South Atlantic and South Central divisions

the negro servant predominates, about three-fourths

of the women employed as servants and waitresses being of that race. In 4 Southern states—South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi— over 90 per

cent are negroes.

In Table xxix the classification by race and nativity

is presented separately for women servants employed

in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and for those employed in smaller cities and country districts. The comparison indicates in a general way the dif- ference between city and country, although not all the population living in the smaller cities and country districts is distinctively rural. The difference as regards the composition of the servant class consists

principally in the greater relative importance of the

foreign born white servant in the larger cities, and of

the native white servant of native parentage in the

smaller cities and country districts. In the larger

cities 45.3 per cent of the total number of women serv- ants are white immigrants and only 12.6 per cent are native white of native parentage; in the smaller cities and country districts, on the'other hand, the percentage for the former class is only 17.2, while that for

the latter rises to 34.3. A similar contrast is apparent

in the comparison for each of the geographic divisions.

The foreign born white servants attain their greatest

relative importance in the larger cities of New England, where they constitute 71.7 per cent of the total

number of women servants; the percentage of native

white servants of native parentage is highest (45.8) in

the smaller cities and country districts of the Eastern

North Central division, but is only a little higher there

than it is in the corresponding portion of the Southern

North Atlantic division.

In the totals for continental United States the per- centage of native white servants of foreign parentage

is the same in the larger cities as it is in the smaller

cities and country districts, being in each class of communities 19.2; while the two percentages are not

similarly, identical in any of the geographic divisions,

the differences that appear are usually not very

marked.
44 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table XXIX.—DISTBIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS

SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES IN CITIES HAVINfi AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND

COUNTRY DISTRICTS, FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900.
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 45

For the total population the proportion is 496 per

10,000, or approximately 5 (4.96) per cent. In other

words, 1 woman in every 20 is a servant or waitress.

The proportion varies widely in the different race and nativity classes. For the native white born of

native parents it is 252 per 10,000, which is very

nearly equivalent to 1 woman in every 40. In pro- portion to their number this class contributes fewer

servants than any other of the four main classes. The negroes are the class in which the proportion

of women employed in this occupation' is largest.

Of the negro women 16 years of age and over 12

per cent (1,208 per 10,000), or almost one-eighth, are servants. It is noticeable and significant that

the ratio for white women whose parents were immigrants (521 per 10,000) is considerably smaller than

that for white women who are themselves immigrants

(731 per 10,000). Apparently the second generation

in our population of foreign origin is more averse to domestic service than their parents were; or perhaps

it would be more correct to say that they are better

qualified to enter other occupations and therefore have

a wider choice in making their selection, and that

at the same time they are as a class in a better

economic position and therefore under less necessity of taking up breadwinning pursuits.

Table XXX.

Number and proportion of servants and waitresses in female population 16 years of age and over, living in cities having at

least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts,

classified by race and nativity, for continental United States: 1900.
46 WOMEN AT WORK.

Of foreign born white women who are breadwinners,

38.3 per cent are servants and waitresses. This is the

highest percentage shown in the above table. Of the

total number of negro women who are breadwinners

only 28 per cent are servants and waitresses. But here

again the difference is one of environment rather than

of race, the negro population being to a large extent

rural, while the foreign born white are concentrated in

cities. Therefore in determining the influence of race and nativity more significant results may be obtained

by a comparison restricted to city population such as

is presented in the first three columns of Table xxxii.

Table XXXII.Number and percentage of servants and waitresses among female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, living in

cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and

country districts, classified by race and nativity, for continental United States: 1900.

Table xxxii brings out the fact that 51.1 per cent

of all negro women living in cities of over 50,000 inhabitants and engaged in gainful occupation are serv- ants or waitresses, while the corresponding percentage

for the foreign bom white women is but 39.7, being only

a little higher than it was in Table xxxi, which gave totals for continental United States. It appears, therefore, that in the larger cities one-half of the negro

women seeking employment and two-fifths of the white

immigrant women enter domestic service. The proportion for the native white women is much smaller,

being only 13.1 per cent for those of native parentage

and 14.9 per cent for those whose parents were immigrants. Considerable significance may be attached to the fact that the difference between these two percentages is small, because it would seem to indicate

that the children of immigrants if bom and educated in

this country are hardly more willing to become serv- ants when seekmg employment than are the children

of native Americans. This similarity between the two

classes of breadwinners living in the larger cities is, however, not apparent in all parts of the United

States. It obtains only in the North Atlantic states. In the largest cities of the other main geographic

divisions the percentage of breadwinners who are servants is somewhat higher among the native white

women of foreign parentage than anaong those of native

parentage, as will be seen by reference to Table xxxiii,

in which the percentages are given for each main and

minor geographic division.

Table XXXIII.—PERCENTAGE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF

AGE AND OVER IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DIS- TRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900.
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 47

The relative importance of domestic service as an

occupation for women in the larger cities of different

sections of the United States is indicated by the per- centages presented in the first column of Table xxxiii.

The importance of this occupation is least in New

England cities, where only 21 per cent of all the

women who are breadwinners are servants or waitresses. This means probably not that there is less demand for servants in that part of the country than

elsewhere, but that there are more opportunities for

women to obtain employment in other pursuits. In

the Western South Central states the corresponding

percentage is 32.6, representing nearly one-third of all the women who are breadwinners. In general, the

occupation is of less importance in the cities of the

North Atlantic, North Central, and Western states than in those of the Southern states. For the smaller cities and country districts the comparison by geographic divisions shows a wider variation in the percentage which servants and waitresses

formed of the total number of women employed as breadwinners. The extremes appear in two adjacent

geographic divisions, the maximum percentage, 32,

being that for the Northern South Atlantic division and

the minimum, 13.4, that for the Southern South

Atlantic. It is evident that in the former division

the conditions resemble those in the North, where, as compared with the South, the percentages here considered are, in general, high. The percentages are affected by a diversity of influences not always easy

to determine or measure. But it may be noted that

outside the larger cities the principal occupations

which rival domestic service in the employment of women are those connected with the factory and the

farm. In the Southern South Atlantic states large

numbers of white women are employed in the cotton

nulls, which are mostly located in small towns or villages, and large numbers of women, both white and

negro, are employed on farms. In the North the mill

industries are concentrated to a greater extent in cities of over 50,000 inhabitants and women are not employed so generally in farm work. This is one reason, doubtless, why the servants' occupation in the country

and small towns attains greater importance in the

North than in the South. Another reason is found

in the difference between the two sections as regards

the demand for servants outside the large cities. In

the rural districts of the South—particularly in the

section designated as the black belt—there are comparatively few famihes employing servants. The contrast between North and South as regards the demand

for servants is probably not so great in the larger

cities as it is in the smaller cities and country districts. A comparison by race and nativity for the several

geographic divisions brings out the fact that both in

the larger cities and in the smaller cities and country

districts the percentage of servants in the total number of adult female breadwinners is almost invariably higher—and usually much higher—for the foreign

born white than for either class of native white, and similarly the percentage for the negro is almost without

exception higher than that for the foreign born white.

There is no such uniform relationship between the percentages for the two classes of native white women.

Usually the higher percentage is that for the natii*

white of foreign parentage. But in the smaller cities and country districts of the North and South Atlantic

minor divisions the difference is the other way; and,

as already remarked, in the larger cities of the North

Atlantic divisions the two percentages are almost

exactly the same. For each class of native white women the percentage

of servants in the total number of breadwinners is generally higher in the smaller cities and country districts than in the larger cities of the same geographic

division. For the foreign born white and the negro

the higher percentage as a rule is that for the large

cities. Parentage.—Table xxxiv classifies the female breadwinners 10 years of age and over with respect to the

birthplace of their parents, and gives the number and

percentage of servants and waitresses in each specified class.

Table XXXIV.

Number and percentage of servants and waitresses among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by

nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900.

PAKENTAGE.

All classes

.

Native parentage.

Native white.

All other.

Foreign parentage.

Austria

Bohemia....- Canada (English) Canada (French) Denmark

England and Wales.

.

France Germany

Hungary

Ireland

Italy Norway

Poland

Russia

Scotland Sweden

Switzerland other countries.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 10 YEAES

OF AGE AND OVER.

Servants and waitresses.

Number.

5,319,397 1,283,763

3,247,907 693, 679

1,926,637 1,321,270

2,071,490

Mixed foreign parentage.

25, 590 25,719

102, 181

78, 979

15,580 158,912 21,164

538, 192

14, 631

634, 201

26, 093

47, 934

38, 536

40,816

46, 173

81, 148

15, 125 47,689

112,827

350, 189

343, 490

590,084

8,909

6,316

27, 521 8,092

6,867

28, 708

4,719

160,939 6,087 195,000 2,386

22, 519 8,815

5,853 9,616

45, 794

4,646

14,400 22,997

24.1

21.4

18.2 26.0

28.,

34.8 24.6

26.9

10.3

44.1

18.1 22.3

29.9

41.6

30.8 9.2

47.0

22.9

14.3 20.6

56.4

30.7

30.2 20.4

For the purposes of this report it was deemed inadvisable to make this tabulation fpr adult female

breadwinners 16 years of age and over, since the

figures for breadwinners 10 years of age and over

could be easily derived from the Twelfth Census report on Occupations, and are probably equally significant
48 WOMEN AT WORK.

in showing comparatively the extent to which the

women of the different parent nativities engage in the

specified occupation.

The term "foreign parentage," as here used, means

that one or both parents were born in foreign countries, the term "native parentage," that both parents were bom in the United States, or that one was born

in the United States, the birthplace of the other being

unknown. The specified foreign countries indicate the

birthplace of both parents or of one parent where the

other was born in the United States. '' Mixed foreign

parentage" includes the cases in which the father and

mother were born in different foreign countries.

Naturally most persons of native parentage were

natives oi the United States, but a few were of foreign

birth. On the other hand, a large proportion of the

children of foreign born parents were themselves for- eign born. The population of native parentage other

than the native white consists mostly of negroes; but

this total may include also some Indians and Mongolians, together with the comparatively few white

persons born abroad whose parents were native of the

United States. Essentially, then, the difference between the two

classes of native parentage distinguished in this table

is that between the native white of native parentage

and the negro. The latter are included with "all

other" of native parentage, and make up the greater

part of that total, which comprises a percentage of servants and waitresses (26) which is considerably

larger than that for the native white of native parentage (18.2), but not as large as that for the total number of female breadwinners of foreign parentage

(28.5).

Of the principal countries represented by our population of foreign parentage, Ireland ranks first in the

number of female servants. Almost one-third of the

total number of female servants and waitresses of for- eign parentage are Irish. Germany is represented by

the next largest number. The other countries are

of much less importance, so far as actual numbers

are concerned. But there are several other countries which are represented by a much larger per- centage of servants in the total number of female

breadwinners. The highest percentage is that for

Sweden. Of the female breadwinners representing

this country, 56.4 per cent, or more than one-half, are servants and waitresses. The next highest percentage

is that for the sister country of Norway, and the next

is that for Denmark. In proportion to its importance

the immigration from these Scandinavian countries

contributed more female servants than that from other

parts of Europe. Noticeably low are the percentages

for the Italians, the Canadian French, and the Russians.

The last are probably for the most part Russian Jews.

It is evident that the women of these nationalities are not attracted by domestic service. The Canadian

French prefer the textile mills, and the Russian Jews

and the Italians the sweat shops.

Age.—The age distribution of women employed as servants "is shown in Table xxxv. Rather more

than one-half—53.4 per cent—of the total number 16

years of age and over are under 25, or 16 to 24 years

of age. Of the total number of women in the United

States (area of enumeration) ^ employed in all occupations, 44.2 per cent are in this age period, so that in

domestic service the proportion of young women

would appear to be considerably above the average.

But when the 47 occupations employing more, than

5,000 women are ranked with reference to the percentage of breadwinners 16 to 24 years of age it will be

found that the servant's occupation occupies a median

position, th^e being 22 occupations for which the per- centage is higher and 24 for which it is lower (see

Table xxiv).

' Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad.

Table XXXV.—DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND

WAITRESSES, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900.

Total

16 to 24 years . .

25 to 34 year.i . .

35 to 44 years..

45 to54yea,ra...

55 to 64 years...

65 years and ove Age unloiown . .

WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SEKVANTR AND WAITRESSES.

Ail classes.

Number.

1, 166, 708

622, 494

2S0, 416

127,966

73, 069 37,282

19, .576 5,905

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

53.4

24.0

11.0

6.3

3.2

1.7

0.5

Native wliite

Both parents native.

Number.

305,975

1S6, 886

57, 718 26,723

17, 410

10,253 5,380

1,605

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

61.1 18.9

8.7 5.7

3.4

1.8 0.5

One or both parents

. foreign born.

Number.

223,381

144, 614

50, 111 19,598

6, 368

1,884

582 224

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

64.7

22.4

8.8 2.9

O.S

0.3

0.1

Foreign born white.

Number.

322, 190

156, 149 92,498

36,225

20, 180 10,659

5,291 1,188

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

48.5 28.7

11.2 6.3

3.3

1.6 0.4

Negro.

Number.

313, 091

133. 895

79; 415

45, 161 28,997

14. AM

8,299 2,870

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

42.8

26.4

14.4 9.3

4.6 2.7

0.9
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 49

The foreign bom white and the negro women employed as servants comprise a much smaller percentage

of young women than either class of native white fe- male servants, indicating the probability that the for- mer as a class take up this occupation later in life and

at the same time are less likely to give it up as they

grow older. Negro women in particular continue to

Table XXXVI.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS

16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE AND RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES

(AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900.

follow this occupation to a very great extent after they

are married. The figures for the native white of for- eign parentage reflect the age composition of this class in the general population. Being the daughters of

immigrants they comprise a relatively large number

of young women.
50 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table XXXVII.—DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED

AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA

OF ENUMERATION): 1900.
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 51

Table XXXVIII.

Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of women 15 years of age and over, employed as servants and

waitresses, for the United States: 1900-''- and 1890.
52 WOMEN AT WORK.

age group, but in the case of each of the two classes of native white servants the percentage of increase is much less than that for the older age groups.

Table XLI.—Increase in the number of women 15 years of age and

over employed as servants and waitresses, classified by race, nativity, and age, for the United States: 1900 ^ and 1890.
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 53

presented in sufficient detail to make possible a statistical verification of its correctnass. The alternative

assumption that these increases record recent changes

may seem to the reader more plausible, as indicating

that as the supply of young servants is becoming

inadequate, older women, having less prejudice against

domestic service and perhaps less adaptabihty for

other pursuits, are induced to enter the occupation in

increasing numbers, or to remain in it longer than

they formerly did instead of giving place to younger women. But whatever interpretation may be adopted for

the exceptionally large increases in the older age

groups, the following conclusions appear to be established beyond question: The supply of servants is in- creasing but slowly, and is not keeping pace with the

growth of population. The young women who join

the ranks of the breadwinners show an increasing ten- dency to select other occupations in preference to domestic service. It looks, therefore, as if the servant problem was destined to become even more acute in

the future than it is at present. Although the number of negro women entering the occupation still shows

a considerable increase, the supply of foreign born

servants is actually diminishing.

In Table xlii the increase or decrease between 1890

and 1900 in the number of female servants 10 years

of age and over is shown by race and nativity for each

geographic division.

Table XLII.Increase in the number of females 10 years of age and

over employed as servants and waitresses, for geographic divisions: 1900 and 1890.
54 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table XLII.—Increase in the number offemales 10 years of age and

over employed as servants and waitresses, for geographic divisions: 1900 and ^S90—Continued.
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 55

Table XLIII.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED

AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, CLASSIFIED BY MARITAL CONDITION, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR TWENTYSEVEN SELECTED CITIES: 1900.
56 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table XLIV.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OP WOMEN 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED

AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, FOR TWENTY-SEVEN SELECTED CITIES: 1900.

WOMEN 16 YEABS OF AGE AND OVEE EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES.

Aggregate.

Total

Atlanta, Ga

Baltimore, Md

Boston, Mass

Buffalo, N.Y

Chicago, 111

Cincinnati, Ohio

Cleveland, Ohio

Detroit, Mich

Fall River, Mass

Indianapolis, Ind

Jersey City, N. J Kansas City, Mo

Louisville, Ky

Lowell, Mass

Milwaukee, Wis

Minneapolis, Minn New Orleans, La New York, N. Y.

Brooklyn borough Manhattan and Bronx bor- oughs

Newark, N. J

Paterson, N. J

Philadelphia, Pa

Pittsburg, Pa

Providence, E.I

Rochester, N. Y

St. Louis, Mo

St. Paul, Minn

Washington, D. C

327,573

4,139

15,725 19,348

7,781 33,241

8,499

7,310

6,422

3,038

4,228

6,657

1,619 5,744

5,640

26,624

68,165

4,659

1,186 35,509

7,790

4,322

3,293

13,393 4,694

14,694

Number.

Living at home.

Total.

67,046

2,613 5,468

2,783

1,679 6,846

2,331

1,464

1,116

154 1,198

665 940 2,770

249

1,095

661 4,890

3,855

9,072

823

173 5,236

1,476

656

466 2,616

682

6,079

Heads of famUies.

16,177

1,091 1,342 744

230

1,045

694 218

159

32

317

271 912

63 119

156

1,506

708

2,530

17649 1,139

181

191

120

501

126

1,463

Living with18,808

255 1,228

563

889

2,361

741 716 482

30

327

252

197 474

53 607

1,369

1,918

316

59

1,397

717

167

140

915

317

1,224

Mother.

9,772

355

839 392 234

780

409

184

170

22 212

102

191 43834

142

65 746

1,045

132

23

686 246

101

73

503

73

Other

relative.

22,289

912 2,059

1,084 326

1,660

487 346

305

70

342

216

281 946

99

227

1,740

1,188

3,579

201

42 2,015 332

197

133 697

166 2,406

Living with em

ployer or boarding.

260,527

1,526

10,257 16,665

6,102 27,395

6,168

5,846

5,306 834 2,768

2,373 3,288

3,887

1,370 4,649

4,989

4,009

22,769

59,093

3,836

1,013 30,273

6,314 3,666

2,827

10,777

4,012

8,615

Per cent.

30.5

63.1 34.8

14.4 21.6

17.6

27.4

20.0

17.4

15.6

30.2 2L9

22.2

41.6

15.4

19.1

11.5 54.9

13.3

17.7 14.6

14.7 18.9

15.2

14.2

19.6 14.5

41.4

Living at home.

Heads of families.

26.4

8.6 3.8

3.0

3.1

8.2 3.0

2.5

3.2

8.0

3.1

6.4

13.7 3.9

2.1

2.8

16.9

2.7

3.7

3.8

4.1 3.2

2.3

4.4

3.6

3.7

2.7

10.0

Living with5.7

6.2 7.8

2.9

11.4

7.1

8.7 9.8

7.5 3.0

8.2

4.7

7.1 3.3

10.6

3.5

10.1

2.8

9.2 3.9

4.3 6.8

6.8

8.3

3.0

8.6

5.3 2.0

3.0

2.3

4.8 2.5

2.6

2.2

5.3

3.4

4.5 6.6

2.1

2.5

1.2 8.4

2.8

1.9

1.9 3.2

2.3

2.2

3.8

1.6

6.7

Other

relative.

6.8

22.0

13.1 5.6

4.2 5.0

5.7

4.7

4.7

7.1 8.6

7.1 6.6

14.2

6.1 4.0

4.1 19.6

4.3 3.5

5.7

4.3 4.6

4.0

5.2

3.5

16.4

Living with employer or boarding.

79.5

36.9

65.2 85.6

78.4

82.4

72.6

80.0

82.6

84.4

69.8

78.1 77.8

58.4 84.6

80.9

88.5

46.1

85.5

82.3

85.4

85.3 81.1

84.8

85.8

80.5 85.5

58.6

For most of these cities the percentage living with

their employers or boarding is fairly uniform, ranging

between 75 and 85. But in cities where the negro

servant predominates this percentage is much smaller,

while the percentage returned as heads of families is .^exceptionally large. Probably the other variations

between the different cities are also to a large extent

the result of difference in the race or nativity composition of the servant class.

LAUNDRESSES.

According to the census of 1900 there were 328,935

women 16 years of age and over engaged in the occu- pation of laundress in continental United States. This occupation included 6.8 per cent of the total number of adult female breadwinners and gave employment to a larger number than any other occupation except three—servants and waitresses, agricultural

laborers, and dressmakers. It is, moreover, an occu- pation largely confined to the female sex, the total number of females 10 years of age and over (335,282)

reported as laundresses constituting 86.9 per cent of all the persons engaged in laundry work in this country

in 1900. Of these females, 325,351, or 97 per cent, were engaged in hand laundry work, while only 9,931, or 3 per cent, were employed in steam laundries. The

50,683 males employed in laundry work included

12,014 engaged in steam laundries and 38,669 doing

hand laundry work. Among the latter are probably

included all, or nearly all, the 25,314 male Chinese who

were engaged in laundry work.

This occupation is for the most part an industry of

the home, enabling a large class of women to maintain

the family to which they belong, or materially assist in

its support, without the necessity of special technical

training or experience and without seriously interfering

with their household duties.

Bace and nativity.—Table xlv gives the distribution

by race and nativity of women 16 years of age and

over employed as laundresses in continental United

States in 1900 for cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants

and for smaller cities and country districts.
LAUNDRESSES. 57

Table XLV.—Distribution, by race and nativity, of laundresses 16

years of age and over, living in cities having at least 50,000 in- habitants and in smaller cities and country districts, for conti- nental United States: 1900.
58 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table XLVII.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF LAUNDRESSES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF

AGE AND OVER, LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND

COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.

RACE AND NATIVITY.

All classes

Native white—both parents native Native white—one or both parents foreign bom

Foreign bom white Negro

Indian and MongoUan

FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEAE3 OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

4,833,630

Laundresses.

Number. Percent.

328,935

41,643 28,727

42, 774 215,042

749

6.8

2.4

2.6

5.1

19.2 6.6

In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants.

Total.

1,657,728

414, 954

554,806

494,044

193,317 607

Laundresses.

Number. Percent.

113, 801

9,234

16, 481 26,446

61,616

24

6.9

2.2

3.0

5.4

31.9

4.0

In smaller cities and country

districts.

Total.

3,175,902

1,357,012 535,938

345,967

926,304

10,681

Laundresses.

Number. Percent.

215, 134

32,409

12, 246' 16,328

1.53, 426 725

2.4

2.3

4.7

16.6 6.8

The women of continental United States employed

as lavmdresses accounted for about one-fifteenth (6.8

per cent) of the total number of females engaged in

gainful occupations in 1900. Among the native white

women of native parentage only 2.4 per cent of the

breadwinners were engaged in the occupation of laundress, while of the negro women who were breadwinners, 19.2 per cent, or almost one-fifth were employed

in this occupation.

The percentage of laundresses in the total number

of females engaged in gainful employment was practically the same for both city and country. This similarity between city and country was also shown by

the three Caucasian nativity classes. For the negro

race, on the other hand, the percentage was 31.9 in

the larger cities, as compared with 16.6 in the smaller

urban comftiunities and rural districts, representing a proportion for the larger cities just about double that

for the country and smaller cities. This contrast is explained by the fact that a large proportion of the

country negro women are engaged in agricultural pursuits. In the cities negro women who are compelled

to become breadwinners must, of course, take up

other pursuits, and in consequence the percentage of laundresses among them was larger.

Parentage.—Table xlviii gives the number and per

cent of laundresses, bynationahty of parents, among the

female breadwinners 10 years of age and over in 1900.

In this table the negro makes up the bulk of the "all

other" group under "native parentage." Therefore

it is not surprising that this group comprises the largest actual number of laundresses and the largest per- centage in the total number of breadwinners gainfully

employed. The native white laundresses of native par- entage were second numerically, aggregating 42,777,

which was, however, only 2.2 per cent of all the

women of that nativity who worked for a living.

Only the French Canadians, with 1.7 per cent, and

Russians, with 1 per cent, had a lower percentage of

their total number of breadwinners thus employed.

In the population of foreign parentage, many of whom

were also of foreign birth, the laundresses with Irish

parents exceeded all the other nationalities, numbering

27,333; those of German parentage, with 20,315,

ranked next in numerical importance. The percentages

for these two nationalities were 4.3 and 3.8, respectively. The women of French parentage had the

highest proportion, 5.1 per cent, of their breadwinners

doing laundry work, though eight of the foreign countries specified in this table are represented by larger

actual numbers engaged in this employment.

Table XLVIII.

Number and percentage of laundresses among

female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900.

PARENTAGE.

All classes

Native parentage

Native white

All other

Foreign parentage

Austria Bohemia

Canada (English) Canada ( French) Denmark

England and Wales

France Germany

Hungary

Ireland

Italy Norway

Poland

Russia

Scotland Sweden

Switzerland other countries Mixed foreign parentage

FEMALE
LAUNDRESSES. 59

Table XLIX.—Distribution, by age, of laundresses 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900.

Total

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to fi4 years

65 years and over Age unknown

Total

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years .... Go years and over Age unknown

LAUNDRESSES 16 YE.IRS Or AGE AND OVER.

All

classes.

Native white

Both

parents

native.

One or both

parents

foreign born.

Foreign

bom

white. Negro.

329,359

76,576

81,352

77,094 54,028

26,300

11,157 2,852

41.680

9,987

8,869

9,967

7,619

3,755

1,283 200

28,738

11,100

7,121 6,605

2,888

813

1.S2 29

42,835

6,493

8,398

11,552

9,291 4,982

1,952

167

215,043

48, 757

56,6.39

48, 765 34,059

16,690

7,701 2,432

PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.

100.0
60 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table LI.Distribution and increase, hy race and nativity, of women

15 years of age and over employed as laundresses, for the United

States: 1900^ and 1890.
LAUNDRESSES. 61
62 WOMEN AT WORK.

ance of one other breadwinner were most numerous among negroes, in which racial class the proportion

of married women was largest. The families having

two or more than two other wage-earners besides the

laundress attained their greatest prominence among

the native whites of foreign parentage, which accords

with the fact, as indicated by Table liv, that the proportion of single women living with their parents is exceptionally large in this nativity class.

Table LV.—Per cent distribution} by number of other breadwinners in the family, of laundresses 16 years of age and over, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected cities: 1900.
SEAMSTRESSES. 63

white, twenty-first, and in that of negroes tenth

(see Table xxiii, page 34).

Table LVI.—Distribution, by race and nativity, of seamstresses 16

years of age and over, living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, for continental United States: 1900.
64 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table LVIII.—DISTBIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF SEAMSTRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, F

SIX LEADING CITIES: 1900.
SEAMSTRESSES. 65

Table LX.—Number and percentage of seamstresses amonij female

breadwinners 10 years of age and oecr, classified by nativity of

parents, for continental United States: 1900.

PARENTAGE.

FEMALE BBEADWINNEES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

All classes

Native parentage

Native white

All ottier

Foreign parentage

Austria Bohemia

Canada (English) Canada (French) Denmark

England and Wales

France Germany

Hungary

Ireland

Italy Norway

Poland

Russia

Scotland Sweden

Switzerland Other countries Mixed foreign parentage

Total. Number. Per cent.

5,319,397 146,105

3,247,907

1,926,637

1,321,270

2,071,490

25,590

25,719

102,181

78,979 15,580

168,912 21,164

538, 192 14,631 634,201

26,093 47,934 38,536

40,816

46,173 81,148

15,126

47,689

112,827

73,619

62.375 11,244

72,486

1,679

1,276 2,275

1,194

381 3,933

932

23,561

813

16,937

1,572

1 128 2.015

5,419

971

2,119

437 2,244

3,701

3.2

0.9

3.5

6.2 5.0 2.2

1.5

2.5

2..') 4.4

4.4 5.6

2.7

6.0 2.4

5.2

13.3

2.1 2.6

2.9

4.7 3.3

Age.—The age distribution of the seamstresses 16

years of age and over is given in Table lxi.

Although in this occupation the proportion of middle

aged aijd elderly woirien employed was large as compared with that in most of the other principal occu- pations for women (see Table xxiv, page 36), yet the

age distribution of the total number of adult seamstresses was rather similar to that of the total number

of adult female breadwinners. The two classes of native whites, however, were slightly older among the

seainstresses than among all breadwinners, while the

reverse was true of the foreign born whites (see Table

17, page 162). That the foreign born whites were younger in the occupation of seamstress reflects the extent to which young women in immigrant families are employed in sweat-shop industries.

Table LXI.Distribution, by age, of seamstresses 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for the United States (area of enumeration):^ 1900.

Total

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

36 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over Age unknown

Total

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

36 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years. . .

.

65 years and over Age unknown

SEAMSTRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

All

classes.

Native whiteBoth

parents

native.

One or both

parents

foreign born.

Foreign

bom

white. Negro.

139,149

35,401 21,728

12,266

6,769 3,264

241

60,339

21,889

14,763 10,485 6,918

4,164 2,003

127

41,912

21,026

11,984 6,907 2,064

25,085

13,092 4,664 3,056

2,113

1,332 786

42

11,297

3,309 3,784

2,201

1,128 676

257

42

PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.

100.0 100.0

42.7
66 WOMEN AT WORK.

For all classes combined and for each class of native whites the occupation of seamstress was of greatest importance for female breadwinners in the age

period 35 to 44 years. But for the foreign born whites

it was of greatest importance in the youngest period,

and for the negroes in that from 25 to 34. The dif- ferences between the several age periods shown by

each class were, however, so slight that this is one of the striking features of the table. It shows that the

occupation of seamstress was of about equal importance for female breadwinners of all ages. The difference between the age distribution of seamstresses in the cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants

and the smaller cities and country districts is shown

in Table lxiii.

Table LXIII.

Distribution, by age, of seamstresses 16 years of age and oicr, in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller

i and country districts , for continental United States: 1900.

i
SEAMSTRESSES. 67

of the total number of female breadwinners. This

would naturally be expected, since the age distribution

of the two was rather similar.

Some variations in the marital condition of the seamstresses of the several race and nativity classes will be

noted, but these are to be explained principally by the

differences in age distribution. The large number of married women among the negroes, however, is a racial

characteristic reflecting the tendency for the married

women of this race to be engaged in gainful occupations.

Comparison with census of 1890.—A subject of particular interest in the study of any occupation of women is that of the changes which have taken place

between recent censuses. In Table lxvi the distribution by race and nativity of the seamstresses 15 years

of age and over is shown for 1890 and 1900.

Table LXVI.

Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of

seamstresses 15 years of age and over, for the United States: 1900^ and 1890.
68 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table LXVIII.—Distribution and increase, by age, of seamstresses 15

years of age and over, classified by race and nativity , for the United

States: 1900^ and 1890.

Total

15 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over Age unknown

Total

15 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over. Age unknown

Total

15 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over Age unknown

Total

15 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over. Age unknown

Total

15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over. Age unknown

SEAMSTRESSES 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

1900

Number.

Per

cent

distri- bution.

1S90

Number.

Per

cent

distri- bution,

Increase, 1890 to 1900.

Number. Per

cent.

ALL CLASSES.

143,270
SEAMSTRESSES. 69

The per cent distribution, by relationship to the

family, of each of the groups of seamstresses shown in the above table is given in Table lxxi.

Table LXXI.

Per cent distribution,^ hyfamily relationship, of seamstresses IG years of age and over, classified hy marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-six selected cities: 1900.
70 WOMEN AT WORK.

39,783, or 70.5 per cent were living in families which

contained other breadwinners. Among the single

women comparatively high percentages will be noted

in the class having more than two other breadwinners,

especially among the native whites of foreign parentage and the foreign born whites. This class probably consist mostly of young women living in large

families. Among the married the largest percentages were in the class with one other breadwinner, who in

most cases was probably the husband. The largest

proportion—31.8 per cent—of the widowed and

divorced seamstresses were living in families in

which there were no other breadwinners, and thus

presumably were supporting themselves and perhaps

had other persons dependent upon them.

DRESSMAKERS.

At the Twelfth Census 338,144 women 16 years of

age and over in continental United States were reported

as dressmakers. They formed 97.5 per cent of the

total number of persons—men, women, and children

engaged in that occupation.

Of the other occupations which furnished employment to at least 5,000 women, two—that of servant and waitress and that of agricultural laborer—con- tained a larger number than the occupation of dress- maker; but in none was the percentage of the total formed by women higher. The occupation of dress- maker, therefore, ranked third in the actual number of women employed and first in the proportion which

women formed of the total number of persons engaged

in the occupation.

Geographic distribution.—While dressmaking is an

occupation which is generally represented in all sec- tions of the United States and in smaller towns and

country districts as well as in large cities, the geographic distribution of the dressmakers differs considerably from that of the total adult female population,

as is evident from the following tabular statement

GEOGKAPHIC DIVISION.
DRESSMAKERS. 71

Table LXXIV.—NUMBER AXD PERCENTAGE OF DRESSMAKERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF

AGE AND OVER, LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND

COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.
72 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table LXXVI.—Distribution, by .age, of women 16 years of age and

over employed as dressmakers, classified by race and nativity, for

the United States (area of enumeration): 1900.

Total

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years i5to 64 years

65 years and over Age unknown

Total

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

65 to 64 years

65 years and over. Age unknown

WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE EMPLOTED

AS DRESSMAKEES.

All

Classes.

Native white—

Both

parents

native.

One or both

parents

foreign born.

Foreign born

white. Negro.

338,290

110,365

103,421 70,719

34, 548

14, 170 4,626

452

162,866

40,717

43,551 35,188 20,618 9,362

3,143 287

117,314

47,701

39,881 21,674

6,109

1,519

368

62

55,566

18,473

15, 466

11, 140 6,668

2,889

966

64

12,421

3,428

4,478 2,688

1,246

396

148

37

PER CENT DISTEIBTJTION.

100.0

32.6

30.6

20.9

10.2 4.2 1.4

0.1

100.0

26.6

28.5

23.0

13.5

6.1 2.1 0.2

100.0

40.7

34.0

18.5

5.2

1.3 0.3

0.1

100.0

33.2

27.8

20.0

11.8

6.2

1.7 0.1

100.0

27.6

36.1 21.6

10.0

3.2

1.2 0.3

The proportion of native white dressmakers of for- eign parentage in the two youngest age periods is relatively large—a natural result of the fact that the

number of persons of advanced years is comparatively

small in that class of the population, and the further

fact that the number of young women who are breadwinners in the families of immigrants is relatively

large. While the white women of foreign birth or par- entage reported as dressmakers are most numerous

in the age period 16 to 24 years, the maximum number of native white women of native parentage and of negro women in this occupation is found in the next

older period.

That, in comparison with other occupations, dressmaking is not so much a young woman's occupation

as an occupation for women in middle life is further

indicated by Table lxxvii, which shows the proportion of dressmakers among all female breadwinners for the various age periods.

Table LXXVII.Number and percentage of dressmakers among

female breudvAnncrs 16 years of agr and orrr, classified by age, for

the United States (rirca of ennmeralion): 1900.
DRESSMAKERS. 73

relatively little difference in the percentages of in- crease for the white nativity classes. The negroes, however, showed the large gain of 65.4 per cent,

although the actual increase for them was smaller

than that for any of the white classes.

Table LXXIX.—Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of women 15 years of age and over, employed as dressmakers, for

the United States: 1900^ and 1890.
74 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table LXXXI.—Per cent distribution,'^ by family relationship, of women 16 years of age and over employed as dressmakers, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected

cities: 1900.
MILLINERS. 75

and almost one-fourth of the total number—23.9 per

cent—were living in families in which there were at

least three other breadwinners. The variations in the

per cent distribution for the different classes distinguished in the above table are similar to those shown

and discussed in connection with other occupations.

MILLINERS.

At the census of 1900 there were 82,936 women re- ported as milliners in continental United States, and

the occupation was fourteenth in rank among the

pursuits in which women are engaged as breadwinners.

Millinery is preeminently a woman's occupation, 94.4

per cent of all the milliners being women. Only two

occupations had a larger proportion of women—that

of dressmaker, with 97.5 per cent, and that of housekeeper and stewardess, with 94.7 per cent. These three

occupations and that of seamstress, with 91.9 per cent, were the only ones in which women constituted over

nine-tenths of all persons employed.

The number of men, women, boys, and girls employed as milliners in continental United States in

1900 is shown in Table lxxxiii.

Table LXXXIII.

Distribution, by sex and age, of milliners 10

years of age and over, for continental United States: 1900.

SEX AND AGE.

Total

Males

16 years and over

10 to 15 yea rs

Females

16 years and over

10 to 15 years

MILLINERS 10 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER.

87,859

1,739

1,696

43

80,120

82,936

3,184

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

2.0

1.9 0.1

94.4 3.6

In addition to the women engaged as milliners, 3,184

girls from 10 to 15 years of age were so employed.

Thus the total number of female milliners was 86,120,

or 98 per cent of all the milliners. The percentage of females among milliners was even greater in 1890,

beino- 99.4. Although the number of male milliners was small at each census, it was over four times as

great in 1900 as in 1890.

Since the men and children employed as milliners

form such a small proportion of those engaged in the

occupation, in this discussion, unless otherwise stated,

the term "milliners" will be used to mean women

milliners.

OeograpUc distribution.—The demand for millinery

depends largely upon the number of women in a community, although the race composition of the population the general economic conditions, and other characteristics have an influence on the demand. The

distribution of all women and of milliners by geographic divisions is given in Table lxxxiv, which shows

also the number of milliners per 10,000 women and

the number of women to each milliner for each of the

divisions.

Table LXXXIV.

Proportion of milliners among women 16 years

of age and onr and number of women to each milliner, for geographic divisions: 1900.
76 WOMEN AT WORK.

various sections of the country is shown again by the

fact that, while in continental United States as a whole

there were on an average 283 women to each milliner,

the average was only 226 for the North Atlantic and

North Central divisions and 269 for the Western

division, while it was as high as 597 for the South

Atlantic and 700 for the South Central.

Race and nativity.—The per cent distribution of milliners, by race and nativity, is shown in Table lxxxv

for the geographic divisions.

Table LXXXV.

Per cent distribution,''- by race and nativity, of women 16 years of age and over employed as milliners, for geo- graphic divisions: 1900.
MILLINERS. 77

with the corresponding distribution of the general

female population over 15 years of age. While

the large cities contained a little less than one- fourth of the total number of women, they reported

almost two-fifths of the milliners. In the large cities there were 54 milliners to 10,000 women, while in the

less populous districts there were only 29. In other

words, there were 186 women to each milliner in the

large cities and 343 in the more nearly rural districts. Parentage.—Further consideration of the importance

of millinery among occupations for women is given

in Table lxxxvii, which shows the percentage of milli- ners among all female breadwinners 10 years of age

and over, classified by nativity of parents.

Table LXXXVII.

Number and percentage of milliners among

female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900.

PARENTAGE.

All classes.

.

Native parentage

.

Native white.

.

All other

Foreign parentage.

Austria Bohemia ; Canada (English) Canada (French) Denmark

England and Wales

France Germany

Hungary

Ireland

Italy Norway

Poland

Bussia

Scotland Sweden

Switzerland other countries Mixed foreign parentage.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

5,319,397

3,247,907

1,926,637 1,321,270

2,071,490

25,690

25,719

102,181 78,979

15,580

158,912 21,164

538,192

14,631 634,201 26,093

47,934

38,536

40,816 46,173

81,148

15,125

47,689

112,827

Milliners.

Number. Per cent.

86,120

46,418

46,245

173

39,702

448

240

2,,500 1,152 254

3,892

568

12,240

202 9,942

191 748

368

1,054 996

952

308

574 3,073

(')

1.7 0.9

2.5

1.5

1.6 2.4

2.7

2.3

1.4

1.6

0.7

1.6

1.0 2.6

2.2

1.2 2.0

1.2 2.7

1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Among the milliners of foreign parentage those

with parents born in Germany ranked first in numbers

and those of Irish parentage were second.

The proportion of milliners among female breadwinners was highest—2.7 per cent—for those with par- ents born in France. The other foreign countries lead-' ing in this respect were Eussia, Canada (English), England and Wales, Germany, Scotland, and Switzerland.

j^ge_—The age composition of the total number of

milliners and of the three classes of white milliners in

the entire area of enumeration' is shown in Table

LXXXVIII.

'Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad.

Table LXXXVIII.

Distribution, by age, of women 16 years of age and over employed as milliners, classified by race and nativity, for

the United States (area of enumeration): 1900.
78 WOMEN AT WORK.

which gives, for the entire area of enumeration, the

proportions for the various classes of white milKners

in each age period.

Table LXXXIX.—Per cent distribution, hy race andnativity, of white women 16 years of age and over employed as milliners, classified hy

age, for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900.

WHITE WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE

AND OVEE EMPLOYED AS MILLI- NBES; PEE CENT—

Native wMteBoth parents native.

Total

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over Age unknown

One or both parents foreign born.

54.5

51.1 55.0

57.9

62.7

68.8 69.5

81.2

Foreign born white.

34.7

38.7

35.9

30.4

19.3

13.3 8.9

12.2

10.1 8.8

11.4 18.0

17.7 20.9 6.6

With each older age group the proportion for native

whites of foreign parentage decreases and that for native whites of native parentage increases.

The relative importance of milliners of the various

age groups among all female breadwinners of corre- sponding age is shown in Table xc.

Table XC.

Number and percentage of milliners among female bread- winners 16 years of age and over, classifiedby age, for the United States

{area of enumeration): 1900.

Total

16 to 24 years

26 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over Age unknown

FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.

Total.

4,843.155

2, 139, 370

1,171,952

676, 648

441,457

256, 926

138, 691 18,211

Milliners.

Number. Percent

82,958

40,964 23,070

10, 778

4,971

2,267

727

181

1.9 2.0

1.6

1.1 O.H

0.5

1.0

The proportion of milliners among female breadwinners was greatestjfor the age group 25 to 34 years, and next greatest for the group 16 to 24 years. The

percentages for these two groups were the only ones

that were greater than the percentage for all milliners.

The relative importance of the milliners from 16 to 24 years of age among all milliners in the large and the

small communities is shown in the following tabular

statement
MILLINERS. 79

Single women predominated decidedly in this occupation, forming more than three-fourths of all the milli- ners. The married milliners ranked next, with about

one-eighth of the total number. The proportion of single milliners was largest in the case of the whites of native birth and foreign parentage.

Comparison with census of 1890.

—Table xcii shows,

by race and nativity, the number and the per cent

distribution of the women 15 years of age and over who

were employed as milliners in 1890 and in 1900. It gives also the number and the percentage of the in- crease in 1900 as compared with 1890.

Table XCII.

—Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of women 15 years of age and over employed as milliners, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890.
80 WOMEN AT WORK.

Family relationsMp.—The consideration of the rela- tionship of milliners to the heads of the families in

which they were living is of interest, and special tabulations of such statistics have been made for the milli- ners in 27 selected cities. Table xcv shows the number of milliners in these cities, and their distribution

by marital condition, race, and nativity.

Table XCV.Women 16 years of age and over employed as milliners,

classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven

I cities:' 1900. ,
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. 81

Table XCVII.—Per cent distribution,'^ by number of other bread- winners in the family, of women 16 years of age and over employed

as milliners, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected cities: 1900.
82 WOMEN AT WORK.

laborers, the dressmakers, the laundresses, the teachers,

and the farmers and planters. None of these occu- pations which furnished employment to larger numbers represents a factory industry. The occupation

of the textile mill operative, therefore, was the leading factory occupation in the number of women employed.

The importance of women in this occupation is shown in the following tabular statement in which

the total number of textile mill operatives are classified as males and females, children, and adults:

Total

Adults 16 years of age and over

Children 10 to 15 years

TEXTILE MILL OPEEATIVES, for continental united

states: 1900.

Total.

463, IM

82,004

Male.

266, 815

231,696

35, 119

Female.

278, 343

231,458

46,885

Of the 545,158 textile mill operatives shown in this tabular statement, 231,458, or 42.5 per cent, were women 16 years of age and over. No less than 16

other occupations had a higher percentage of women

than this, but most of them were, from their very nature, occupations which were peculiarly adapted for women. Of the manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, 7 reported a higher percentage of adult women.

These 7 are shown in the following tabular statement,

which gives the percentages that men, women, and

children formed of the total number engaged in each : ^
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. 83

Table XCIX.—DISTRIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS

TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES, FOR LEADING STATES: 1900.

Continental United States

Northern and Western states .

.

Maine New Hampshire Vermont

Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Ohio

Indiana

Illinois Michigan

Wisconsin

All other

Southern states

Maryland

Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

Kentucky

Tennessee Alabama

All other

WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES.

231,458

196, 423

7,907

12,116

1,282 60,695

15,941 -11,787

24,061 15,073 35,628

1,951 2,097

1,542

1,841 2,230

2,272

35,035

2,311 1,744

9,607

6,975 5,846

1,235

1,622 2,880

2,815

Number.

Native whiteBoth

parents

native.

74, 617

41,798

2,097 1,724

449 4,581 1,860

1,782 7,202 2,753

15, 125 803

1,121 360 770

235

936

32,819

2,047

1,668 9,506

6,831

5,661 690

1,507 2,842

2,067

One or both parents for- eign born.

77,521

75,937

1,511 2,850 514

21,063

6.489

5,360

11,491 6,207

15,216

741

807 735 744

1,382

827

1,584

237

3133

49

44 490

47

18

Foreign born

white.

78,833

78,604

4,299 7,540

319

35,031 7,585

4,638 5,356

6,109

5,277

401 165

444 324

613

503

229

Negro and

Indian.

Native whiteBoth

parents

native.

32.2

21.3

26.5

14.2 35.0

7.5

11.7

15.1 29.9

18.3

42.5 41.2

53.5 23.3

41.8

10.5

41.2

93.7

One or both

parents

foreign born.

33.5

38.7

88.6

95.6

98.9

97.9

96.8

55.9

92.9

98.7 73.4

19.1 23.5

40.1 34.7

40.7 45.5 47.8

41.2

42.7 38.0

38.5

47.7 40.4 62.0

36.4

4.5

10.3

1.8 0.3

0.7 0.8

39.7 2.9

0.6

22.6

Foreign born

white.

40.0

Negro and

Indian.

0)

54.4

62.2 24.9

57.7

47.6

39.3 22.3

40.5

14.8 20.6

7.9 28.8

17.6 27.5

22.1

0.7

1.1 0.9

0.1 0.3

0.1 3.6 0.4

(1)

(J

()

C)

I (>) -()

(')

0.1

0.3

0.2 0.2

0.2

0.3

(>) 1.7 0.6

1.0

2.3 0.8

3.8

0.7 0.6

^ Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

In the Northern and Western group of states the

foreign element, including white women of either for- eign birth or foreign parentage, constituted 78.7 per

cent of the total number of women employed in the

occupation. In the South this class of women formed

only 5.2 per cent of the total, while the native white

of native parentage formed 93.7 per cent. These figures reflect the concentration of the two

classes of population in the different sections rather

than any marked tendency on the part of either class to become textile mill operatives. In the North,

where women of foreign birth or parentage predominate in the mill towns, the proportion of this class of women in the occupation is large, while in the South,

where the native white of native parentage are in the

majority, this class is most largely represented among

textile mill operatives.

It is.probable, therefore, that more satisfactory conclusions as to the relative tendency of the nativity

classes to enter the occupation can be reached by comparing the number of women employed as textile mill

operatives with the number of the same race and nativity class in the total population. This comparison,

reduced to a percentage basis, is shown in Table c.

In the North and West, as shown in Table c, the

textile mills were most important as a source of

employment for white women of either foreign birth

or parentage. The percentages of textile mill operatives among the women of these classes were particularly large in New Hampshire, Rhode Island,

Massachusetts, Maine, ajid Connecticut.

In the Southern states, on the other hand, the textile mills were of greatest importance for white women

of native parentage, this being particularly noticeable

in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, which were the leading Southern states in the

industry.

In the North and West, as is also indicated in Table

c, the industry furnished emplojnnent to a higher

percentage of the total number of women than it did

in the South. In Rhode Island 1 woman in 10 was a

textile mill operative and in Massachusetts 1 in 17; but in North Carolina and South Carolina the corre- sponding ratios were only about 1 in .50 or 60. The

percentage of native white women of native parentage

employed in the textile mills is, however, not as large

in the North as it is in the South.
84 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table C.—Percentage of textile mill operatives in the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for

leading states: 1900.

Continental United States

Northern and Western states.

Maine New Hampshire

.

Vermont

Massachusetts... Rhode Island Connecticut New York :.. New Jersey Pennsylvania Ohio

Indiana

Illinois Michigan Wisconsin

All other Southern states.

.

Maryland

Virginia North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia

Kentucky

Tennessee Alabama

All other

PEECENTAGE OF TEXTILE MILL OPEEATIVES IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEK.

All

classes.

1.0

1.2

3.2 ai

1.1 5.9

10.4

3.7

0.9 2.4

1.8

0.1

0.3

0.1 0.2 0.4

0.1

0.6

0.6

0.3

1.8

1.9 0.9 0.2

0.3 0.6

0.1

Native whiteBoth

parents

native.

0.6

0.3

1.2

1.9 0.6

1.2 3.6

1.3 0.8

1.0

1.3 0.1 0.2

0.1 0.2

0.2

(')

1.0

0.6

2.6

4.4

1.7 0.1 0.4

1.1 0.1

One or both

parents

foreign born.

1.8

1.9

6.0

15.8

2.3 9.2

18.1 7.3

1.7 42

3.8

0.2

0.6

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.1 0.5

0.4

0.3

1.3

1.2 0.6

0.9 0.3

0.2

0.4

Foreign born

white.

1.8

1.9

10.8

19.7

1.7 8.7

12.3 4.4 0.6

3.2

1.3 0.2

0.3

0.1

0.1 0.3

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.2

0.6

1.0 0.2

0.2

0.1

(')

Negro.

«

m

0.7

0.2 0.2

0.1 0)«

(')

(')

(>)

0)

C)()

()

(') ()

0)

(>)

1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The importance of the occupation as a source of

employment for working women is indicated in Table

CI, which shows the proportion of the female breadwinners of each race and nativity class employed in

textile mills. It appears from the table that in the Northern and

Western states the occupation is nearly three times

as important- as an employment for women breadwinners of all classes as it is in the vSouthern states. For the native white of native parentage its importance is nearly twice as great in the latter states as in the former, while for the two other classes of white

women this occupation is of importance only in the

Northern states. These variations are of course due

largely to the fact that in the North this occupation

is pursued chiefly by those of foreign descent, and in

the South by the native white of native parentage.

The occupation is nowhere important for the negroes. In several of the states shown in this table the pro- portion of female breadwinners employed as textile

mill operatives is strikingly high. In New Hampshire, for instance, more than one-half of the foreign

born white women gainfully employed were in the textile mills, and in Rhode Island and in Maine, two-fifths.

Rhode Island led in the importance of the occupation

for the native white of foreign parentage, the proportion

being about the same as that for the foreign born. This

is the only Northern state, moreover, in which more

than 10 per cent of the total number of native white

women of native parentage gainfully employed were

textile mill operatives. As would be expected, however, the proportion of textile mill operatives among

female breadwinners of this nativity class was highest

in the Southern states, the highest percentage—21.6

per cent—being shown for South Carolina.

Table CI.

Percentage of textile mill operatives among female bread- winners 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for leaaing states: 1900.

Continental United States Northern and Western states.

Maine New Hampshire Vermont

Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Ohio

Indiana

Illinois Michigan Wisconsin

All other

Southern states

Maryland

Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

Kentucky

Tennessee Alabama

All other

PERCENTAGE OF TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

All

16.8 30.4 6.9

19.1 33.1

14.0 3.8

10.6 9.0 0.8

1.9 0.6

1.5

2.1 0.3

2.2

2.6

1.5

7.5

4.9

3.2

1.3 1.6

1.8

0.6

Native white

Both

parents

3.3

6.6

9.1 3.4

6.3

16.1 6.9

4.0

6.1 7.6

0.7

1.5 0.4

1.6

1.0 0.3

6.5

5.7

4.2 17.0 21.6

12.9

1.4 3.6

7.9

1.2

One or both

parents

foreign born.

7.4

21.0

39.4

9.2

22.1

40.1 18.6

5.3

14.1 14.7

1.0 3.4

0.7

1.6 2.4

0.4

2.5

1.7 2.0

7.5

6.3 2.9

4.0 2.0

1.4 2.3

Foreign born

white.

9.7

40.3 55.9

10.5 26.8

40.8

17.6

2.5 15.0 7.9

1.5 2.4

0.6

1.0

2.5 0.4

0.7

0.3

1.6

4.4

6.2

1.3

1.6 0.7

0.2 0.5

Negro.

(')

1.3

0.4 0.4

0.2

0.1

0.1 ()

0.1

0)

0.1

0.1

0.1 ()

0,

1 Less than gne-tenth of 1 per 'cent.

Parentage.—In order to show the importance of the

occupation to the different nativity classes in more

detail than has heretofore been attempted, Table cii

is presented.

Table CII.Number and percentage of textile mill operatives among

female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900.

PARENTAGE.

Native parentage .

Native white . All other

Foreign parentage .

Austria Bohemia

Canada (English) Canada (French) Denmark

England and Wales

France Germany

Hungary

Ireland

Italy Norway

Poland

Russia

Scotland Sweden

Switzerland Other countries Mixed foreign parentage .

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. 85

Of the persons in the several classes of foreign

parentage, the occupation of textile mill operatives is of greatest importance for the French Canadians,

Poles, EngUsh, and Scotch. The large proportion of

French Canadian breadwinners—more than three

times as great as that shown for any of the other

classes—is indicative of the fact that the immigrants

from French Canada and their children are found

mainly in the towns of New England, where the textile

nulls are an important source of employment for the

lower grades of workers. They form the largest for- eign class in the occupation with the exception of the

Irish; but neither of these classes is as important

numerically as the native whites of native parents.

Age.—The age distribution of the female textile

mill operatives 16 years of age and over is presented

for each race and nativity class in Table cm.

Table CIII.—DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL

OPERATIVES, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.

"WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVEa

All classes.

Total

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over Age imknown

231,458

146, 126

61, 236

21,560

8,363 2,849 967

357

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

63.1

22.1 9.3

3.6

1.2 0.4

0.2

Native white

Both parents

native.

74, 617

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

51,514

12,884 5,645

2,749

1,187 484

154

69.0

17.3

7.6

3.7

1.6 0.6

0.2

One or both par- ents foreign bom.

Number.

77,621

50,126

19,204 6,408

1,470

220

54

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

64.7 24.8

8.3

1.9 0.3

0.1

0.1

Foreign born white. Negro.

Number.

78, fas

44, 231 19,068

9, 455

4,105

1,420

406

158

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

56.1 24.2

12.0 5.2

1.8 0.5

0.2

Number.

252

90

5137

22

23

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

52.4

18.7 10.6 7.7

4.6

4.8

1.2

Young women predominate among female textile

mill operatives, those from 16 to 24 years of age forming 63.1 per cent, or more than three-fifths of the total number of women so employed. Of the other occupations employing more than 5,000 women, only 7 show

a higher percentage of young women (see Table xxiv,

page 36) . Of the separate occupations included uiider

the general classification of textile mill operatives, 2 show a higher percentage of young women than does

the group as a whole—silk mill operatives, with 72.3

per cent, and hosiery and knitting mill operatives,

with 70 per cent—and these two pursuits rank second

and fifth, respectively, among all occupations in the

proportion of women 16 to 24 years of age. The white female textile mill operatives of native

birth and parentage were somewhat younger on the

whole than those of native birth and foreign parentage,

and considerably younger than those of foreign birth.

It is probable that this difference reflects the recent

rapid development of textile manufactures in the

South, where the great majority of the adult female

operatives have been recruited from among the young

white women of native parentage.

The age distribution of the female textile mill operatives in the leading states is given in Table civ.

In the Northern states the female textile mill

operatives are considerably older than in the Southern states, since the proportion in the age group 16

to 24 years was but 61.7 per cent in the North and

West, as compared with 72.1 per cent in the South.

Even wider differences are shown for individual

states. In Massachusetts, the leading Northern state

in the industry, where the number of white women

of native parentage employed as textile mill operatives is relatively small, the proportion of women

under 25 years of age is but 57.1 per cent, as compared with 77.1 per cent for North Carolina, the

leading Southern state.
86 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table CIV.—DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL

OPERATIVES, FOR LEADING STATES: 1900.

Continental United States

Northern and Wostern states . .

.

Maine NewHampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Ohio

Indiana

Illinois Michigan Wisconsin

All other

Southern states

Maryland

Virginia '. North CaroUna

South Carolina Georgia

Kentucky

Termessee Alabama

All other

WOMEN 1& YEAES ot AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES.

Total.'

196, 162

7,902

12,088

1,281

60, 623

15,911 11,706

24, 046

15,068

35, 607 1,960

2,097

1,541 1,838 2,229

2,266

34,949

2,304

1,740 9,594

6,969

6,825

1,236

1,613

2,857 2,812

Number.

16 to 24 years.

146, 126

120,946

4,462 6,610 716

34, 610 9,465 7,313

14,699

9,987 25,072

1,267 1,429

1,064

1,271 1,775

1,305

26, 181

1,536 1,154

7,401

5,271 3,854

789

1,128 2,094

1,964

25 to 44 years.

72, 796

64, 520

2,857

4,714

469 22,616

6,694

3,836 7,996

4,471 9,383

432 526

312

428 346

540

8,276

46 to 64

years.

11, 212

9,827

661 814

89

3,241

821 524

1,248

572

1,053

189

111

131 104

72

307

1,386

636

. 428 1,916

1,498

1,627 358

409

676 730

120

139 263

196 334

67

6985

113

65 years and over.

3250

7 156

31

3134

35

36

113

Per cent.

16 to 24

years. 26 to 44 years.

61.7

66.6

53.9

66.9

67.1 59.5

62.5

61.1 66.3 70.4

65.0

68.1

69.0

69.2 79.6

57.6

72.1

32.9

36.2

39.0

36.6

37.3

35.2

32.8 33.3

29.7 26 4 22.2

26.1 20.2

23.3

15.5 23.8

23.7

66.7 1 66.3 i 77.1 I 76.6

66.2

63.9

69.9

73.3

69.6

27.6

24.6

20.0

21.6

27.9

29.0 25.4

23.6 26.0

45 to 64

years.

6.0

7.0

6.7 6.9 6.3

5.2

4.6

5.2 3.8

3.0

9.7

5.3 8.5

5.7 3.2

13.6

6.2

8.0

2.7 2.8

5.7 5.4

4.3 3.0

4.0

66 years and over.

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.3 0.2

0.3 0.4

0.3

0.3

3.2

1.5

2.2

1.9

1.6

6.0

0.3

0.5

1.1 0.2

0.1 0.2

1.7 0.4

0.1 0.5

1 Not including age unknown.

The importance of this occupation among female

breadwinners in the different age groups is shown in

Table cv. Table CV.

Number and percentage of textile mill operatives am,ong female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by age, for

continental United States: 1900. .

Total

16 to 24 years

26 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over Age unknown . .

.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Total.

4,833,630

2, 136, 445 1,168,342 675,032

440, 825

256, 705

138, 587

17, 694

Textile mill operatives.

Number. Per cent

231, 458

146, 126 61,236

21,-560 8,363

2,849

967 357

Table cvi shows for each state the percentage which

textile mill operatives constituted of female breadwinners in the three principal age groups.

Table CVI .

Percentage of textile mill operatives among female bread- winners 1 6 years of age and over, classified by age, for leading states: 1900.

6.8

4.4 3.2

1.9

1.1 0.7

2.0

Textile mill operatives are most important in the

age group from 16 to 24 years, where the proportion

which they constitute of the total number of women

gainfully employed is 6.8 per cent. In the following

age group there is a marked falling off in relative importance, and a similar falling off, though less marked,

is shown for each succeeding group. The decrease

in relative importance in the older age groups is, however, occasioned largely by the high proportion which

certain other occupations, such as farmers, housekeepers, show for these groups (see Table xxiv, page 36)

.

Continental United States

Northern and AVcstcrn states. .

.

Maine New Hampshire Vermont

Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Ohio

Indiana

Illinois Michigan ^ Wisconsin

All other

Southern states

Maryland

Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

Kentucky

Tennessee Alabama

All other

PER CENT OF TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES AMONG FEMALE BEEADWINNEES

16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER.

Total.

6.1

16.8 30.4

6.9

19.1 33.1 14.0 3.8

10.6 9.0

0.8

1.9 0.6

1.5

2.1

0.3

2.2

16 to 24

years.

26 to 44 years.

46 years and over.

3.9

8.0 6.2

2.5

1.6

7.5

4.9 3.2 L3

1.6 1.8

0.5

21.7

40.4 8.0

25.7

42.2

19.0

5.0 14.4

13.0

1.2 3.0

0.8

2.0

2.9 0.4

4.0

4.1 2.7 13.4 8.5

6.3

2.3

3.1

3.3 0.9

15.1

29.3 6.8

16.2 28.5

11.6 3.2 8.4

6.4

0.6

1.3 0.3

1.0

1.0 0.2

1.4

1.8

1.0 4.5

2.9

2.3 0.9

1.0

1.2 0.3

1.5

2.2

5.6

11.6 2.0

8.1

14.1

4.6 1.5

3.1

2.1 0.6

0.7 0.5

0.7

0.8 0.4

0.4

0.8 0.6

0.9

0-7

0.9 0.4

0.3

0.3

0.1
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. 87

For each of the age groups textile mill operatives

are much more important relatively in the Northern

than in the Southern states. In the 'majority of the

New England states the percentages are especially

high, indicating the importance of the textile uidustries as a source of occupation in those states. In the South the presence of a large number of negroes

reduces the relative importance of the occupation.

The importance of the occupation for young white

women of native parentage is, however, reflected in the

relatively high percentages shown for the age group

16 to 24 years in North Carolina and South Carolina.

Marital condition. —The proportion of single women

in any group of textile mill operatives will depend to a considerable extent upon the proportion of women

16 to 24 years of age in the group. Other factors,

however, are to be taken into consideration, as may

be seen by a comparison of the age distribution pre- sented in Table civ with the distribution by marital

condition given in Table cvii.

Table CVII.—DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS

TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES, FOR LEADING STATES: 1900.

Continental United States . Northern and Western states . .

.

Maine New Harapsbire. Vermont

Massachusetts . .

.

Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Ohio

Indiana

Illinois Michigan Wisconsin

All other

Southern states.

Maryland

Virginia North Carolina

.

South Carolina

.

Georgia

Kentucky

Tennessee Alabama

Another

WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEtt EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES.

Total.

196, 423

7,907

12,116 1,282

60,695

15,941

11, 787

24,061

15,073 35,628

1,951 2,097

1,542

1,841 2,230

2,272

35,035

2,311 1,744 9,607

6,975

5,846

1,235 1,622 2,880

2,815

Single.2 Married. Widowed. Divorced.

184,826

158,615

5,358

8,464

973

46, 162

13,001

9,883 20,033

12,841 32,140

1,597

1,783 1,283

1,492

2,030

1,575

26,210

2,114

1,296 7,617

4,673

3,915 994

1,267

2,091 2,243

33,234

27, 195

2,080

2,864

210 11,492 2,140

1,408

2,681 1,427

1,942

160

128

103 213

83 364

6,039

265 1,529

1,880 1,154

122

175

495 321

12,189

9,630

381

666

83 2,829

702

461 1,371

767 1,402

178

158

133

116

• 98

295

2,559

90

176

433 394

708

105

163 264

226

1,210

122

16 212

98

35

76 1 48 i 144 : 16 1 28 ' 2320

1938

227

9

728

28

69

14

1730 I 25

Per cent.

Single.'' Married. Widowed. Divorced.

79.9

67.8

69.9

75.9

76.1 '81.6 &3.8

83.3

8.5.2 90.2

81.9

85. 83.2 81.0

91.0

69.3

74.8

91.5

74.3 79.3 67.0

67.0

80.5

78.1 72.6

79.7

13.8

26.3

23.6 16.4

18.9

13.4

11.9

10.7 9.5

5.5

8.2

6.1 6.7

11.6 3.7

16.0

17.2

4.2

15.2

15.9 27.0

19.7 9.9

10.8

17.2

11.4

4.9

4.8

5.6

6.6

4.7

4.4 3.9

5.7

6.0

3.9

9.1

7.6 8.6

6.3

4.4

13.0

3.9

10.1 4.5 6.6

12.1 8.6

10.0 9.2

8.0

1.1 1.0

1.2

0.3

0.6

0.3

0.3 0.3

0.4

0.8

1.3

1.5

1.1 0.9

1.7

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.4

1.2

1.1 1.0

1.0 0.9

1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women in this occupation are 16 years of age and over.

2 Including unlmown.

In spite of the younger age of textile mill operatives

in the South, shown by Table civ, the proportion of single women among them is much lower than in the

North, where about four-fifths of the total number of

women in this employment are single, as compared with

slightly less than three-fourths in the Southern states. The proportion of married women is higher in the South

than in the North; yet in ]\Iaine and New Hampshire

it is higher than in any Southern state except South

Carolina.

The percentage of widows among the female textile

mill operatives is also larger in the South than in the

North. Large numbers of widows in the South resort

to the mill towns in order the more readily to find

employment for themselves and their children. In

general, the larger proportion of married and widowed

in the South would seem to indicate that the economic

necessity impelling them to take up the occupation is

greater than in the North.

In the North and West there was more or less corre- spondence between the rank of the several states in the

percentage of young women among female textile mill

operatives and their rank in the percentage of single

women among these operatives. In Pennsylvania,

with 70.4 per cent of its operatives 16 to 24 years of

age, 90.2 per cent were single; and in Massachusetts,

with 57.1 percent in tlie youngest age group, 76.1 per

cent were single.

Comparison ivith census of 1890.—One of the most

interesting topics connected with the discussion of

women at work is that of the increase in numbers. In

order, however, to obtain comparable figures the age

limits must be extended to include women 15 years of age. Table cviii gives the number and per cent dis- tribution by race and nativity of female textile mill

operatives 15 years of age and over in 1890 and 1900

and the amount and per cent of increase in each nativitv class for the decade.
88 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table CVIII.—Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of women 15 years of age and over employed as textile mill operatives, for continental United States: 1900 and 1890.
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. 89

The most striking difference between the three

classes of white female textile mill operatives was in

the age period 15 to 24 years. Among the native

whites of native parentage the increase of textile mill

operatives within these ages was 67.5 per cent, as contrasted with an increase of only 1.6 per cent among the

foreign born whites and a decrease of 4.3 per cent among the native whites of foreign parentage. Among

the native whites of native parentage this age period

of 15 to 24 became of much greater importance during

the decade, since the percentage of the total number

of female textile mill operatives of this nativity class who were within these ages increased from 63.6 in 1890

to 71.9 in 1900. Among the classes of foreign birth or parentage, on the other hand, the importance of textile mill operatives of these ages decreased noticeably,

for the percentage which those 15 to 24 formed of the

total fell from 76.7 to 67.5 among the native white of

foreign parentage and from 62.1 to 58.5 among the

foreign born whites.

These changes in the youngest period are probably

to be accounted for almost completely by the development of the industry in the South. Of course this accounts entirely for the increase in the number of native whites of native parentage. That the foreign

born whites increased but little while the native whites

of foreign parentage actually decreased was probably

largely the result of the competition of the Southern

mills in the production of the coarser grades of. cotton,

which practically retarded the growth of mills manufacturing such goods in the North.

Table ex also suggests some other interesting subjects for consideration. Possibly the decrease in the

older age periods, which is shown for all classes,

results from the increased speed of modern machinery

which makes the work too tiring for old people. The

decrease in the number of native whites of native

parentage in the age periods over 44 may also reflect the gradual replacement of this class by the foreign

born whites and the native whites of foreign parentage

which was in progress before the introduction of the

industry in the South led to a large increase in the

numbers of yoimg women of this class. The difference in the development of the textile industry during the decade in the two sections of the

country is shown in Table cxi, in which the increase

in the number of female operatives 10 years of age

and over is shown for the principal states. In the Northern and Western states the number of

female textile mill operatives 10 years of age and over

increased 11.7 per cent, while in the Southern states

the percentage of increase was 104.2. In no one of the

important textile states of the North except New Jersey and Pennsylvania was the percentage of increase

large, but in the leading Southern states. North and

South Carolina, the increase was one of nearly 200 per

cent in each instance.

Table f'XI.Increase in number offemales 10 years of age and over em-ployed as textile mill operatives, for leading states: 1900 and 1890.
90 WOMEN AT WORK.
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. 91

Other breadwinners in the family.—Fully as important as the subject of the relationship of the female

cotton mill operative to the family in which she lives

is the question of how far she is the source of support

of that family. This question is considered in Table

cxiii, which gives the per cent distribution of the adult

female cotton inill operatives in the 9 selected cities by the number of other breadwinners in the family.

The actual numbers from which these percentages are derived are presented in Table 27 (page 208).

Table CXIII.

Per cent distribution,^ by number of other breadwinners in the family, of womfien 16 years of age and over employed

as cotton mAll operatives, classified by marital condition, race, and

nativity, for nine selected cities: 1900.
92 WOMEN AT WORK.

which this sex assumes relatively high proportions.

Of the 611,139 persons reported in 1900 for the occu- pation "salesmen and saleswomen," only 23.3 per cent were women, and but 24.4 per cent were females

10 years of age and over, the proportion in each case being less than one-fourth. Of the 46 other occu- pations employing at least 5,000 women, there were 31

in which the percentage of women was larger (see

Table xxii, page 32). The proportion of women

among salesmen and saleswomen is, however, larger

than it is among all persons gainfully employed, for whom the percentage is 17.7, a variation due of qourse

to the wider range of occupations open to men. From an economic standpoint this occupation naay

perhaps be regarded as occupying a median position.

The work is probably less exhausting and the general

conditions more attractive than is apt to be the case

in the calling of a factory operative, and from a sanitary standpoint it is perhaps to be preferred, although

conditions are often far from being ideal. On the other

hand, the long, close confinement and the relatively

low wages cause it to contrast unfavorably with a number of other occupations, and especially with those

for which technical training is required.

Race and nativity.—Table oxiv presents the per cent

distribution, by race and nativity, of saleswomen in

the different geographic divisions of continental United

States. By far the largest proportion, 87.9 per cent, of the

women employed as saleswomen in continental United

States were native white women. These were divided

in almost equal proportions between those of native

and of foreign parentage, there being a difference of 3.3 per cent in favor of the latter. The proportion

of foreign born white is relatively small, while that of colored (negro, Indian, and Mongolian) is insignificant.

Reference to Table xxiii (page 34) will show that

this is one of the leading occupations in the proportion which the native white of foreign parentage

constitute of the total number of women employed,

its rani in this respect being sixth. Of the 5 occu- pations reporting a higher percentage for this nativity

class, none employed over 20,000 women.

Table CXIV.—Per cent distribution,'^ by race and nativity, of sales- women 16 years of age and over, far geographic divisions: 1900.
SALESWOMEN. 93

It will be seen that in a comparison restricted to the white race, the occupation is most important for

the native born of foreign parentage and least important for -those of foreign birth, the proportion of female

breadwinners 16 years and over employed as sales- women being almost three times as great in the former

nativity class as in the latter.

• Among female breadwinners of all classes saleswomen

form a much larger proportion in the large cities than in

the smaller cities and country districts, the proportion

in the former being 5. 1 per cent, or about 1 in 20, and in

the latter 1.8 per cent, or less than 1 in 50. For each

race and nativity class the proportion is also higher in

the large cities. The large number of women engaged

in agricultural pursuits in the rural districts is of course

a factor in producing these differences, but even when

women employed in these pursuits are excluded, in

the smaller cities and country districts the proportion that saleswomen constitute of the total number

of women gainfully employed in pursuits other than

agricultural would be but 2.4 per cent, or less than

half as great as the corresponding percentage for the

large cities. The fact that in the large cities as well aS in the

smaller cities and country districts, the occupation is less important for native white women of native

parentage than for those of foreign parentage may

indicate that women of the former nativity class are more apt to enter pursuits requiring a special training and skill, and are consequently on a somewhat

higher economic plane than is represented by this occupation.

It will be seen that while the numbers of native

white of native and of foreign parentage are nearly the same for the country at large, there is a marked dif- ference in the distribution in the different areas. In

the large cities more than one-half of the saleswomen are native white of foreign parentage, while in the smaller

cities and country districts more than one-half are native white of native parentage. These variations are

of course due mainly to differences in the composition

of the general population.

A reference to Table 23 (page 178) will show more

clearly the degree to which the occupation tends to concentrate in the large cities. Of the total number of saleswomen 16 years of age and over, 58.9 per cent, or nearly three-fifths, are in cities of 50,000 or more in- habitants, although the corresponding proportion for

all women gainfully employed is but 34.3 per cent, or about one-third. Only 11 of the 47 occupations

employing at least 5,000 women and but 3 of those

employing at least. 20,000 women show a higher pro- portion in the large cities. It will be seen from Table cxv that this concentration of saleswomen in the cities

is especially marked, for the native white of foreign

parentage and for the foreign born white, the per- centages in cities being 67.4 and 75.4, respectively.

The o-reater importance of the occupation in the

large cities is due of course to the much higher development of mercantile enterprises in these cities. But

this development has also resulted in women becoming much more important in the occupation. In the

big department store where there are frequently hundreds of employees, women are, as a rule, employed to a much greater degree proportionally than in smaller

estabhshments. This fact is perhaps more clearly in- dicated in Table cxvi, which shows the proportion of

females among the total number of salesmen and sales- women 10 years of age and over for 10 cities, selected

as having the highest development of trade and repre- senting the principal sections of the country.

Table CXVI.Number and percentage of females among sales- men and saleswomen 10 years of age and over, for ten selected cities: 1900.
94 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table CXVII.—Number and percentage of saleswomen among female breadmnners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of

parents, for continental United States: 1900.

PARENTAGE.

All classes

Native parentage

Native white

All other

Foreign parentage

Austria-Hungary ' Canada (English) Canada (French) France and Switzerland Germany

Great Britain'

Ireland

Italy Poland

Russia " Scandinavia ' AJl others ^

FEMALE EEEADWINNEES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.

Total.

5,319,397

3, 247, 907

1,926,637

1,321,270

2,07*1,490

65,940

102, 181 78,979

36,289

538, 192 205,085

634,201 26,093

38, 536

40,816

144,662

160, 516

Saleswomen.

Number. Per cent.

149,230

62, 827

62,427

400

86, 403

2,245

4,047 1,736

1,287 26,449

8,295

27,090

717 1,375

2,767 3,030 7,365

28

()

3.2

4.2

3.4

4.0 2.2

3.5

4.9

4.0

4.3 2.7

3.6

6.8

2.1

4.6

1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

2 Includes Bohemia.

8 Includes England, Wales, and Scotland.

* Includes Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

6 Includes those of mixed foreign parentage.

Age.—Table cxviii presents the distribution by age

periods of saleswomen of each race and nativity class.

Table CXVIII.—Distribution, hy age, of saleswomen 16 years of age and over, classified by race ana nativity, for the United States {area of enumeration):^ 1900.

SALESWOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.

All

Classes.

Native whiteBoth

parents

native.

One or both

parents

foreign bom.

Foreign born

white. Negro.

Total

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

65 to 64 years

65 years and over. Age unknown

Total

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

65 to 64 years

65 years and over. Age unknown

142, 290

88,626

37, 911

10, 948 3,334

1,007

288

176

60, 129
SALESWOMEN. 95

women. This high proportion of single women is generally characteristic of the trade and transportation

group, 5 out of the 10 occupations reporting 90 per cent

or more as single, belonging to this group (see Table

21, page 170). It may be noted that the high rank

of this occupation in the percentage of single women

corresponds closely to its rank in the percentage of women under 25 years of age. This indicates of course that large numbers of girls and young women

enter this occupation and that comparatively few of them remain in it after they marry.

Comparison with previous censuses.—^At censuses

prior to 1870 salesmen and saleswomen were probably

returned and classified as clerks. In 1870, however,

a separate classification was adopted, but from the

smallness of the total reported both at this census and

that of 1880—14,203 and 32,279, respectively—it seems

probable that persons who should properly have been

reported for this occupation were still largely returned

as clerks. The attention of the Census Bureau was

called to this fact, and at the census of 1890, as well

as in 1900, specific instructions were issued, cautioning

the enumerators against confusing the two occupations.

Under these instructions the number of salesmen and

saleswomen returned in 1890 was 264,394, an increase over 1880 of 232,lli, or 719.1 per cent. In 1900 there was another phenomenal increase, the number reported

at that census being 611,139. As stated in the Twelfth

Census Report on Occupations,^ it seems probable that even at the census of 1890 many salesmen or sales- women had been improperly returned as clerks, and

the fact that the. latter occupation showed the comparatively small increase for both sexes of 72,769, or

13.1 per cent, would seem to bear out the theory that

there was a more accurate segregation in 1900.

Because of the difference in the age periods adopted

at the two censuses, it is impossible to make any comparison for female breadwinners 16 years of age and

over, but the increase in the number of saleswomen

15 years and over was 89,406, or 156.4 per cent. The

only occupations reporting a larger absolute increase

in the total number of females employed were those of

agricultural laborers and laundresses (see Table 22,

page 176). Apart from the improved accuracy ia

classification, it is probable that the rapid development

of the department store system in the larger cities may

have had an importent share in causing this increase.

This increase, whether real or apparent, has, however,

resulted in a marked increase in the importance of this pursuit in the census returns. At the census of 1900

2.8 per cent of all females gainfully employed were

reported for this occupation, against but 1.5 per cent

at the census of 1890. There has also been an apparent increase in the importance of women in the

occupation, 24.4 per cent of those reported as salesmen

and saleswomen in 1900 being females, against 22.1

'Twelfth Census, Occupations, page

per cent in 1890. Although, for the reasons just

mentioned, it is impossible to say just how far this represents an actual increase, it is certain that the

development of the department store has had an

important influence in raising the proportion of women

employed. As compared with 1880, however, the

increase is apparently slight, amounting to four-tenths

of 1 per cent ; but there is too much uncertainty attending this comparison to permit any conclusions to be

drawn.

Family relationship.—Table cxx presents statistics as to the family relationship of the 65,186 saleswomen"

in 27 selected cities, who represent 45.8 per cent, or nearly one-half, of the total number of saleswomen 16

years of age and over in the United States. The fol- lowing tabular statement indicates the race, nativity,

and marital condition of these saleswomen
96 WOMEN AT WORK.

-Table CXX.—Per cent distribution,^ • by family velationship, of

. saleswomen 16 years of age and over, classified by marital condition,

race, and nativity , for iwen(y-seven selected cities: 1900.
CLERKS AND COPYISTS. 97

the other nativity classes. The boarders probably rep- resent to a large extent women who have come from

the country districts to -seek employment in the city.

In spite of the probability that these women in most

cases have no one but themselves to support, it is doubtful whether in the majority of instances their

wages are sufficient to afford them more than the barest

livelihood, so that it is probably among such women

that the economic aspect of the occupation is most

serious. It is perhaps significant that while in the 27 cities as a whole approximately one-half of the saleswomen are

living with father, the detailed figures given in Table 28

(page 218) show that in the 2 Southern cities of Atlanta

and New Orleans the proportion is only about onethird, the percentages being 34.2 and 31.3, respectively. On the other hand, these cities report high

proportions as living with mother, that for New

•Orleans being almost exactly one-third. In fact, this city alone out of the 27 shows more saleswomen living

with mother than with father. The proportion living

in families with no other breadwinners is also relatively

high in these cities. This fact may perhaps indicate

that the attitude toward the employment of white

women in the South is marked by more or less aversion

to entering pursuits in which they come directly into

competition with men; for it would appear that in this section of the country women take up these pursuits

only when the burden of supporting the family devolves

upon them by the loss through death or other cause of

the male head, the natural breadwinner of the family.

CLERKS AND COPYISTS.

The Twelfth Census report on Occupations shows

that there were 630,127 persons employed as clerks and

copyists in continental United States in 1900. The

group of breadwinners thus classified included persons

engaged in clerical work of every kind, and embraced

such widely diverse pursuits as those of bank clerks,

postal clerks, mail clerks, mail carriers, clerks in national, state, county, or city offices, and shipping clerks. Many of these occupations are not well adapted to the employment of women, and consequently breadwinners of this sex are not especially prominent

among clerks and copyists either numerically or in proportion to the total number of persons included in

the classification, as is shown in the following tabular

statement

;

AGE AND SEX.

Total 630.127

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

Males

16 years and over.

10 to 15 years Females

544, S81 16.5

527, 122

17, 7£9 85,246

16 years and over

.

10 to 16 years

81,000

4,246

83.7

2.8

13.5

12.8 0.7

The 81,000 women 16 years of age and over returned

as clerks and copyists in 1900 formed only 12.8 per

cent of the total number of persons in this occu- pation group. Of the 140 different groups of occupations distinguished in the Census report, 14 employed

a larger number of women, and 43 a larger percentage

of women.'

As a field for the employment of women, therefore,

the occupation of clerks and copyists is not of exceptional importance as regards the number of women

employed, and the main reason for making a separate

study of it in the present report is that it gives employment to a relatively high grade of labor.

Race and nativity.—The superior qualifications

required have a direct effect upon the race and nativity

constitution of this group of female breadwinners, as

is shown in Table cxxii.

Table CXXII.Distribution, by race and nativity, of women 16

years of age and over employed as clerics and copyists, for conti- nental United States: 1900.

KACE AND NATIVITY.

All classes

Native white—both parents native Native white—one or both parents foreign born

Foreign born white Negro

WOMEN 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER EM- PLOYED Au CLEBES AND COPYISTS.

Number.

81,000

40,984. 32,099 7,368

Per cent

distribution.

50.6

9.1 0.7

More than 90 per cent of the women employed as

clerks and copyists were native whites, those of native

parentage representing over 50 per cent of the total and those of foreign parentage nearly 40 per cent. The occupation ranked eighteenth among the 47 principal occupations for women in respect to the proportion of native white women of native parentage and

sixteenth in respect to the proportion of native white

women of foreign parentage (see Table xxiii, page 34)

.

The relative prominence of these two classes of women

in the occupation is largely the result of their superior

training and education as compared with other classes, also of racial advantages as compared with the negro

women, and of familiarity with English as compared

with most of the foreign born.

There was considerable variation among the differ- ent geographic divisions in respect to the proportion

of the two principal classes, as is shown in Table

cxxiii, which presents the race and nativity distri- bution of female clerks and copyists 16 years of age

and over for geographic divisions.

In the South Atlantic and South Central divisions

the native white women of native parents greatly out- number all the other race and nativitv classes, forminsr

' Twelfth Census, Occupations, Tables xlvii and xlviii, pages

cxxxiii and cxxxv.

12694—07-
98 WOMEN AT WORK.

74.2 per cent of the total number of women employed

in the occupation in the former division and 71.6 per

cent in the latter. In the North Atlantic, North Central, and Western divisions, however, the proportion

of native white of native parents in the occupation is considerably less, ranging from 43.9 per cent in the

North Central division to 51.5 per cent in the Western.

These variations in the proportions for the two principal classes among the several divisions are probably

almost entirely due to the geographic distribution of these classes in the general population. In the

Southern states the white population, consists very

largely of the native white of native parentage, while

in the Northern and Western states there is a large

representation of native whites of foreign parentage.

Table CXXIII.—Per cent distribution,^ by race and nativity, of women 16 years of age and over employed as clerks and copyists, for geographic divisions: 1900.
CLERKS AND COPYISTS. 99

English (including the English Canadians, Scotch, and

Welsh), the Germans, and the Irish have 2 per cent or more of their female breadwinners employed as clerks and copyists, and in this respect compare very favorably

with the white women born in this country of native

parents. None of the southern or eastern European

nationalities, however, have as many as 2 per cent of

their female breadwinners in the occupation, and for

this reason have not been shown separately in the table. The difference between the two classes of nationalities is no doubt due to the fact that both native whites

of foreign parentage and foreign born whites are in- cluded under the head of foreign parentage in the above

table. In consequence the nationalities represented in

the earlier immigration as compared with the later would have a larger proportion of native born persons

and a smaller proportion of foreign born, and thus

would be in a better position to enter an occupation

like that of clerks and copyists, in which a certain

amount of educational training, the ability to speak

English, and familiarity with American institutions

and methods are of paramount importance.

Age.-^ln Table cxxvi the women clerks and copyists 16 years of age and over, classified by race and

nativity, are distributed by age periods. The census

figures do not admit of this distribution being made

for continental United States, to which the statistics heretofore presented apply, and accordingly the table

includes all the women employed as clerks and copyists in the entire area of enumeration' at the census

of 1900.

Of the 81,023 women included in Table cxxvi,

48,068, or 59.3 per cent, were from 16 to 24 years of age. So large a proportion in the youngest age period

is rather exceptional, only 14 of the 47 occupations

employing more than 5,000 women showing larger pro- portions of young women (see Tabic xxiv, page 36).

Of the native white women of foreign parentage who

are engaged in this occupation, 64.8 per cent are in the

youngest age group. This is the largest proportion

shown for any race and nativity class, the foreign born

whites showing the next largest proportion, 60.2per cent. The explanation of this condition does not appear

from the statistics, but it is probable that the large

proportion in the youngest age group among female

clerks and copyists of foreign parentage is due in part

to the fact that the proportion of young women in this element of the female population is exceptionally large,

principally because this is the youngest class in the

population, being composed of the children of immigrants born after their parents came to this country.

^ Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad.

Table CXXVI.

Distribxlion, by age, of women 16 years of age and

over employed as clerks and copyists, classified by race and nativity,, for the United Stales (area of enumeration): 1900.

Total

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years ...

.

55 to 64 years. . .

.

65 years and over Age unknown

Total

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 ye^rs. . .

.

55 to 64 years

&5 years and over Age unknown

WOMEN 16 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE EM- PLOYED AS CLERKS AND COPyiSTS.

All

classes.

Native whiteBoth

parents

native.

One or both

parents

foreign bom.

Foreign born

white. Negro.

NUJIBEK.

81,023

48,068

21,728 7,083

2,776

991 265

112

40,994
100 WOMEN AT WORK.

employment for the two younger classes of women

workers than for those in the older age groups.

The proportion of female clerks and copyists in the

youngest age period does not differ greatly for the

several geographic divisions from that for continental

United States, except in the Northern South Atlantic

states, as is shown by Table cxxviii.

Table CXXVIII.

Number and percentage of clerks and copyists 16

to H years of age in total number offemale clerks and copyists 16 years of age and over, for geographic divisions: 1900.
CLERKS AND COPYISTS. 101

Table CXXX.—Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of women 15 years of age and over, employed as clerks and copyists, for theUnited States: 1900^ and 1890.
102 WOMEN AT WORK.

women employed as clerks and copyists in the 27

selected cities may be obtained from Table cxxxii.

Table CXXXII.

Per cent distribution,^ by number of other bread- winners in the family, ofivomen 16 years of age and over employed as

clerks and copyists, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected cities: 1900.
STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS. 103

stituting a single class and will, for the sake of brevity,

be designated as stenographers.

Geographic distribution. —Women employed as ste- nographers were reported at the census of 1900 fTom

every state and territory in continental United States,

the number ranging from 20 in Nevada to 16,269 in New York (see Table 24, page 188). TRe majority of

them, however, were found in a comparatively small

number of states, as is indicated in Table cxxxiii,

which shows, for the several geographic divisions, the

number of female stenographers 16 years of age and

over andthe percentage in each race and nativity class.

Table CXXXIII.

Per cent distribution,^ by race and nativity, of women 16 years of age and over employed as stenographers and typewriters, for geographic divisions: 1900.
104 WOMEN AT WORK.

of the statistics is of considerable significance. Such a comparison is made for stenographers in Table cxxxiv,

which shows for each race and nativity class the rela- tive importance of the number thus employed in the

total number of gainfully employed females 16 years

of age and over in cities of at least 50,000 population

and in smaller cities and rural districts.

Table CXXXIV.

Number and ptrcentage of stenographers and typeiixriters among female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, living in

cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and

country districts, classified by race and nativity, for continental United States: 1900.

RACE AND NATIVITY.

All classes .

Native white—both parents native Native white—one or both parents foreign born

Foreign bom white Negro

Indian and Mongolian

All classes .

Native white—both parents native Native white—one or both parents foreign bom . Foreign bom white Negro

Indian and Mongolian -

All classes

.

Native white—both parents native Native white—one or both parents foreign bom . Foreign bom white Negro

Indian and Mongolian

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Total.

stenographers and

typewriters.

Number. Percent.

AGGREGATE.

4,833,630

1,771,966

1,090,744

840,011

1,119,621

11,288

45, 373 33,688 6,845

174

6

1.8

2.6

3.1 0.7

IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST

50,000 INHABITANTS.

1,657,728
STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS. 105

Age.—Of special significance in the study of statistics relating to the occupations of women are the data

showing the age constitution of the female wage-earning

population. Such data are presented in Table oxxxvi

for stenographers, classified by race and nativity.

Table CXXXVI.—Distribution, by age, of women 16 years of age and

over em-ployed as stenographers and typewriters, classified by race and

nativity , for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900.

Total.

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over. Age unknown

Total.

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 64 years

56 to 64 years

65 years and over. Age unknown

WOMEN 16 YEAHS OF AGE AND OVER EM- PLOYED AS STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPE- WRITERS.

All

classes.

Native whiteBoth

parents

native.

One or both

parents

foreign born.

Foreign born

white. Negro.

86.126

63, 816

26,001

4,361 676

13329

120

45, 398

26,560

15, 105 2,990

625

100

20

33,700

23,214 9,256

1,090

105

153

17

5,848

3,930

1,586

261

44

166

5

174

10753

102

2

PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.

100.0

63.2 30.5

5.1 0.8

0.2 C)

0.1

100.0

58.5 33.3 6.6

1.2 0.2 C)

0.2

100.0 100.0

68.9 27.6 3.2

0.3 ()

(')0.1

67.2

27.1

4.5 0.8

0.3

0.1

0.1

100.0

61.6

30.6

5.7

1.1

1.1

1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. From Table cxxxvi it will be seen that the great majority (93.7 per cent) of the women 16 years of age and

over employed as stenographers were less than 35

years of age, 63.2 per cent being 16 to 24 years. Of the

total number of women gainfully employed only 44.2

per cent were in this age period. In only 8 of the

leading occupations for this sex was the proportion

16 to 24 years of age larger than in stenography (see

Table xxiv, page 36) . This occupation, therefore, is essentially a young woman's pursuit, which is rather

to be expected, since it has become of general importance only in recent years. Table cxxxvii shows, for each race and nativity

class, the relative importance of stenographers among

the gainfully employed women in the specified age

groups.

The proportion of stenographers among gainfully employed females of all classes was larger in the age period

16to 24 years (2.5 per cent) than in any older age period,

although not much larger than in the period 25 to 34

years (2.2 per cent). The percentage for each of the

older age groups is very small, which is indicative of

the fact noted above that the occupation is new and

that consequently the great majority of the women

engaged in it are young.

It will also be seen from Table cxxxvii that among

gainfully employed women 16 to 24 years of age ste- nography was relatively of greater importance as an

occupation for the native white of foreign parentage

than for those whose parents were native born, while

in the next older age period the reverse Was true. Among the native white of native parentage this

occupation was of greater importance for women 25 to 34 years than for those 16 to 24 years; while among

those whose parents were foreign born it was of greater

importance for the younger age group. The signifi- cance of these differences is not easy of determination. They may indicate that as compared Avith native

white of foreign parentage the native white of native

parentage take up stenography at a somewhat older

age.

Table CXXXVII.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS AMONG FEMALE

BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR THE

UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900.
106 WOMEN AT WORK.

Marital condition.—Statistics relating to the conjugal condition of women stenographers of the several race and nativity classes are presented in Table

CXXXVIII.

Table CXXXVIII.Distribution,^ by marital condition, ofwomen 16

years of age and over employed as stenographers and typewriters, classified by race and nativity, for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900.

MARITAL COHDITIOST.

Total

Single 2 Married Widowed..

Divorced..

Total

Single 2 Married Widowed..

Divorced..

WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED

AS STENOGRAPHERS AND TYP/EWRITERS.

All

classes.

Native whiteBoth

parents

native.

One or both

parents

foreign born.

Foreign

bom

white. Negro.

85,126
STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS. 107

and nativity of stenographers is in marked contrast

to the corresponding distribution for all occupations.

In the latter case the percentages for the several race and nativity classes varied but Uttle between 1890 and

1900. The changes noted for stenographers indicate

that the native white of foreign parentage and the for- eign born white have entered this occupation very

largely since 1890. In recent years the facilities for acquiring the art of stenography have become more

general, as, for instance, in the public schools, and this

may have resulted in greater advantage to those of foreign birth or parentage than to those whose parents

are native.

Table cxl shows, for 1900 and 1890, the age distri- bution of women stenographers 15 years of age and

over, with the amount and percentage of increase.

Table (JXL.—Distribution and increase, by age, of women 15 years of

age and over employed as stenographers and typewriters, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890.

AVOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS

i STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS.
108 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table CXLI.—Per cent distribution,^ hyfamily relationship, ofwomen

16 years of age and over employed as stenographers and typewriters,

classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-six

selected cities: 1900.
TEACHERS. 109

families in which they hved. In most of the leading

occupations for women the proportion of those who

are apparently the sole support of the family in which

they live is larger than it is in this occupation (see

Table 27, page 208).

Women of native birth and parentage employed as stenographers are apparently the sole source of support

for their families in a larger percentage of cases than

are women of any other nativity. Thus in the total for all marital classes 7.6 per cent of the native white

of native parents were living in families in which there were no other breadwinners, as compared with 5.5 per

cent of the native white of foreign parentage and of the foreign born white. These facts may perhaps

indicate that in the case of female stenographers of native parentage the necessity for employment is more urgent than for those of any other class.

TEACHERS.^

At the census of 1900 the number of women at least 16 years of age who were reported as teachers or

professors in schools, colleges, and universities in continental United States was 327,206. This makes

teaching first in numerical importance among the professional occupations open to adult women and fifth among all occupations into which they enter. The

327,206 teachers and professors were outnumbered by

the 1,165,561 servants and waitresses, the 456,405 agricultural laborers, the 338,144 dressmakers, and the

328,935 laundresses. They were first, however, among

the 429,497 women engaged in professional service,

forming 76.2 per cent of that total. Importance as an occupation for women.—The extent

to which women monopolize the profession of teaching

is indicated in the following tabular stq,tement, which

classifies the total number of teachers and professors

in schools, colleges, and universities as males and

females, children and adults. As no distinction is made in these or in subsequent figures between the

teachers and the professors, the term "teacher" will hereafter be applietl to both classes together whenever

they are mentioned in the text.

teachers: 1900.

Total. Male. Female.

All classes ^-f^, 133

Adults 16 years and over. Children 10 to 15 years

445,687

446

118,48138

327,614

Women 16 years of age and over are by far the most

important class among teachers in the United States,

forming 73.3 per cent of the total number reported at the census of 1900. In this connection it is interesting

' For a discussion of the census statistics for all teachers, both male and female, see Census Bulletin 23, reprinted in Twelfth

Census, Supplementary Analysis, page 475.

to refer to Tables ix and x of the special report on

teachers contained in Census Bulletin 23, which dealt

with all teachers at least 10 years of age. It will be found that in 1900 women predominated among

the teachers in all sections of the country. The percentage which they formed of the total varied from

85.1 in New England to 60.1 in the Western South

Central states, and was generally higher in the North

than in the South. In all the main divisions of the

country the percentage which women formed of the

total number of teachers was larger in the cities of at

least 25,000 inhabitants than in the smaller cities and

country districts. For continental United States as a whole 82.1 per cent of tjie teachers in cities of 25,000

or more inhabitants were women, as contrasted with

70.6 per cent of those in the smaller cities and country

districts. Of the total number of teachers 16 years of age and

over 73.4 per cent, or about 3 out of 4, were women.

This large proportion caused the profession of the

teacher to rank tenth among all occupations in the

relative prominence of women. The occupations having a larger proportion of women are shown in the

following tabular statement, together with the percentages which men, women, and children form of the total engaged in them:^
no WOMEN AT WORK.

KACE AND NATIVITY.

All classes

Native white—^both parents native Native white—one or both parents foreign born

Foreign bom white Negro

Indian and MongoUan

WOMEN 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE EM- PLOYED AS TEACHI EKS FOK CONTINEN- TAL UNITED states:

1900.

Number.

327,206

207,823 88,449

17, 218

13, 478 238

Per cent

distribution.

100.0

63.5 27.0

5.3

4.1

0.1

Native white women with both parents native, the

largest element among adult female teachers, formed

63.5 per cent of the total number; native white women

with one or both parents foreign born formed 27 per

cent; and thus it is evident that out of every 10

adult females engaged in this profession, 9 were white

women born in this country. One in 20 was a foreign

born white woman and 1 in 25 a negro. The Indian

and Mongolian female teachers were numerically unimportant, contributing less than 1 to every 1,000 of the

total. If the figures for female teachers are contrasted with

those given in Table xxiii (page 34) , for women engaged

in the 46 other occupations which contained at least

6,000 adult female breadwinners, some interesting facts

will be noted. The percentage which native whites with

both parents native formed of the total was greater

in only 5 occupations than it was in teaching, and all 5 were professional pursuits which contained a comparatively small number of women. The percentage

of foreign born whites, on the other hand, was lower

only among women engaged as government officials or

as agricultural laborers. The rank of teaching in the

proportion of native whites of foreign parentage was

twenty-eighth and in the proportion of negroes thirteenth. The occupations in which a larger percentage

of the total number of women were native whites of

foreign parentage were mainly manufacturing or mechanical pursuits or else those connected with trade

and transportation. The occupations which had a

higher percentage of negroes were chiefly those connected with domestic and personal service or agriculture.

The proportion which the different race and nativity

classes formed of the total number of adult female

teachers was of course determined to a large degree by

the composition of the population, and hence it differed

rather widely in the several states, as is shown by

Table oxliii, in which the female teachers 16 years of

age and over are classified bj- race and nativity for

states and territories.

Table CXLIII.—DISTRIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED

AS TEACHERS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.
TEACHERS. Ill

Table CXLIII.—DISTRIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OP WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED

AS TEACHERS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
112 WOMEN AT WORK.

than another. To answer this question Table cxliv

has been prepared, which shows for each race and nativity class the number of teachers in every 10,000

females 16 years of age and over. It also shows

similar data for cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants

and for smaller cities and country districts.

Table CXLIV.—NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF TEACHERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE ANB

OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY

DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.

KAOE AND NATIVITY.

WOMEN 16 TEAKS Or AGE AND OVER.

A U cla.ssps

Native white—both parents native Native white—one or both parents foreign born

Foreign bom white Negro

Indian and Mongolian

Aggregate.
TEACHERS. 113

prosperous class, had the largest percentage of teachers

in the total number of employed women, while the negroes, who are regarded as the lowest in the economic

scale, had the smallest. That these percentages should

correspond roughly to the variations in the general

well-being of the different classes would naturally be

expected. A girl who is to become a teacher has to be

supported while obtaining the necessary education for some years after she has reached the age when she

could earn money by entering an occupation of a lower grade. This foregoing of the wages which she

might earn, even where the educational institutions are public or eleemosynary, constitutes a tax on the resources of the family which can not easily be borne

by those in the poorer classes. It is not surprising, therefore, in view of these facts, to find that the rank of the nativity classes was practically the same in cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants

and in smaller cities and country districts. It should

be noted, however, that among the white female breadwinners the proportion of teachers was considerably

higher in the smaller cities and country districts than

in the cities of 50,000* or more inhabitants. Probably

this was due chiefly to the greater diversity of occupations in the large cities. To determine how far these differences exhibited in

Table cxlv are common to all sections of the country.

Tables cxlvi and cxlvii have been prepared for main

and minor geographic divisions. Both present figures

for the adult female teachers—classified by race and

nativity—in cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants and

in smaller cities and country districts, the first table

giving the absolute number of teachers and the second

the percentage which they form of all adult female

breadwinners.

Table CXLVI.—WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR

GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900.
114 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table CXLVII.—PERCENTAGE; OF TEACHERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER

LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DIS- TRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900.

•
TEACHERS. 115

probably to be accounted for chiefly by the difference

in the periods during which the various peoples have

been

a factor in the population of the United States;

for when the mother tongue is not English the teachers

whose parents were of foreign birth represent for the

most part the daughters of immigrants born and educated in this country. Many teachers of foreign languages, however, are foreigners by birth; and the comparatively high percentage of teachers among female

breadwinners of French parentage doubtless results in

part from the demand for native teachers of the French

language.

Table CXLVIII.

—Number and percentage of teachers among female

breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900.
116 WOMEN AT WORK.

The effect of marriage may be better brought out in

Table cl, which gives the proportion of teachers among

the total number of adult female breadwinners in each

age period for race and nativity classes.

Table CL.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF TEACHERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900.
TEACHERS. 117

An inspection of Table cli shows that the proportion

of women over 44 years was greatest in the New England, the Northern South Atlantic, and the Southern

North Atlantic states, and that it was smallest in the

Western North Central, the Basin and Plateau, the

Eastern North Central , and the Rocky Mountain states. It is rather interesting to note that the rank of the minor

divisions, according to the percentage which women 44

years of age and over formed of the total number of adult female teachers, corresponds rather closely to the ranlc according to the percentage which single

women formed of the total number of adult women in

the general population.' This similarity suggests that

possibly the teachers are older in those communities

where marriage for this sex is less general.

The difference between the cities of at least 50,000

inhabitants and the smaller cities and country districts in respect to the age of teachers is shown in Table clii

for continental United States.

Table CLII.

Distribution, by age, of women 16 years of age and

over employed as teachers, living in cities having at least 60,000 inhaKtants and in smaller cities and country districts , for conti- nental United States: 1900.

WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS.

I In cities

:j having

Aggregate. || ^^^^^

I inhabit-

'! ants.

In

smaller

cities and

country

districts.

Total 1. 326,296

16 to 24 years

26 to 44 years

46 to 64 years

66 years and over.

161,994 152,266

20, 527 1,509

76,045

23,581 43,608 8,283

673

250, 251

128, 413

108, 658

12, 244 936

PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.

Total 1. 100.0

16 to 24 years

25 to 44 years

45 to 64 years

65 years and over.

46.6

46.7

6.3 0.5

100.0 100.0

31.0

57.3

10.9 0.8

61.3

43.4 4.9

0.4

I Not including age unknown.

The teachers in cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants,

as is indicated in Table clii, were older than those in

smaller cities and country districts. This may have

been due to the difference between the two classes of communities in respect to the requirement for entrance

into the profession. In a rural community a pupil of one year may be the teacher of the next. In the cities and large towns this is rarely the case, for there the

demand is for experience. Many teachers, therefore,

serve a sort of apprenticeship in the country schools,

and later, when they are older and more experienced,

1 For the per cent distribution, by marital condition, of the adult women in the general population of the minor divisions, see Twelfth

Census, Supplementary Analysis, page 393.

obtain the more highly paid and often pleasanter positions in the large towns or cities. Whether any difference exists between the large

cities and the smaller cities and country districts in

respect to the importance of teaching as a profession

for women of the several ages is shown in Table cliii. This table gives, for continental United States, the

percentage which teachers formed of the total number

of female breadwinners in each age period over 15

years.

Table CLIII.

Percentage of teachers among female breadwinners 16

years of age and over living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by age, for continental United States: 1900.
118 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table CLIV.—Distribution} by marital condition, of women 16 i of age and over employed as teachers, classified by race and nativity, for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900.
TEACHERS. 119

class in 1890 as contrasted with only 11.4 in 1900.

The increase in the importance of the profession among

the other classes was, however, sufficient to offset this

decrease among the native whites of native parentage.

Whether changes have also occurred in the age dis- tribution of the teachers of the several classes during

the decade from 1890 to 1900 is a question answered

by Table olvii. This table gives the age distribution

of the female teachers 15 years of age and over, classi- fied by race and nativity for 1890 and 1900, together

with the number and percentage of increase in each

age period during the decade.

The women 15 years of age and over who were

teaching in 1900 were older than those engaged in the

profession in 1890. In 1890, as Table clvii shows,

55.6 per cent of the total number of teachers were under 25 years of age, while in 1900 the corresponding

percentage was only 46.5. All the age periods over

that of 15 to 24 years contained a higher percentage

of the total in 1900 than in 1890. The largest numerical increase during the decade was that of 42,879 in the age period 25 to 34 years, but the largest proportional increase was that of 81.6 per cent in the age

period 55 to 64 years. All classes show this increase in the relative importance of the older age groups, and therefore it is not

improbable that it is the result in part of a tendency

to enter the occupation at an older age after a longer

period of preparatory training. The multiplication

of normal schools would contribute to this result, as 'would also the raising of the legal requirements for

entrance into the profession. In comparing the per- centages of increase shown for the different age groups,

it should be remembered, however, that most of the

women of older years entered this profession in their

youth. To some extent, therefore, the increase shown

by the table for the older age group may reflect an

influx of young women into this occupation at an

earlier period of its history. This is probably the significance of the exceptionally large percentage of in- crease shown for native whites of foreign parentage in the age periods above 35.^ In the case of the negroes, the high percentage in the older age periods is probably due to some extent to the fact that among them

teaching as a profession is of such recent origin that

the mere advancing years of the first persons who

entered it would affect the percentages.

' See page 52.

Table CLVII.

Distribution and increase, by age, of women 15 years

of age and over employed as teachers, classified by race and nativity, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890.
120 WOMEN AT WORK.

The percentages of increase among female teachers

during the decade 1890 to 1900 were very different for

the several sections of the country, as is shown in Table

CLViii. The figures given in that table deal with all female teachers 10 years of age and over, as figures for

adults only were not available.

Table CLVIII.

Increase in the number offemales 10 years of age and

over employed as teachers, for geographic divisions: 1900 and 1890.
TEACHERS. 121

Family relationship.—In order to determine the rela- tionship of female teachers to the families in which

they live, a special tabulation was made of data con- tained in the schedules of the Twelfth Census for the

27 cities which reported the largest number of adult

female breadwinners. The teachers included in this

special tabulation are classified by race, nativity, and

marital condition in the following tabular statement
122 WOMEN AT WORK.

Other breadwinners in thefamily.—Another tabulation

which was made from the entries on the schedules of

the Twelfth Census for the 27 cities classifies the adult

female teachers according to the number of other

breadwinners in the families in which they lived. These other breadwinners include only relatives of the

teacher living in the same house with her. Relatives

living elsewhere could not be included, as the Census

schedules furnished no means of identifying them.

Boarders in the house were purposely omitted from

the tabulation because, as a rule, their connection with

the family was a purely business relationship. The

actual numbers derived from this tabulation are shown in Table 27, (page 208), for each race, nativity,

and marital class, and the percentages based upon

these figures are presented in Table clxii.

In the 27 selected cities 4,919 teachers were the

only breadwinners of the family in which they lived,

and of this number 4,247, or 86.3 per cent, were

single women. These teachers, who apparently were

the sole means of support of their families, formed 9.3 per cent of the total and were less numerous than those

living in families of any of the other three classes. The most numerous class, exclusive of that "boarding,"

consisted of those who lived m. families having one other

breadwinner, for they formed 22.8 per cent of the total, as compared with 20 per cent for those in families

having 2 other breadwinners and 20.2 per cent for those in families having more than 2. If the figures for the several marital classes are compared, some interesting facts will be noted, which are true almost without exception for each race and

nativity class. Teachers living in families which con- taiaed 2 or more than 2 other breadwinners formed the

highest percentage among the single; those living in families containing only one other, the highest per- centage among the married; and those who were the

only breadwinners, the highest percentage among the

widowed and divorced. The explanation of these dif- ferences is to be found in Table clxi. Single teachers,

exclusive of boarders, usually lived with their fathers

and mothers and married teachers with their husbands

;

but the widowed and divorced were heads of families.

The single teacher was not usually the only breadwinner, for she was generally assisted by the father and one

brother or sister, perhaps more than one. The married

teachers were usually too young to have children who

were old enough to be breadwinners and thus they were

usually assisted only by the husband. As the widowed

and divorced women were probably somewhat older

than the married, they often had a child who was a breadwinner, but where they had no such child they were the only ones to support the family.

Tablb clxii.—Per cent distribution,^ iy number of other bread- winners in the family, of women 16 years of age and over employed

as teachers, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for

twenty-seven selected citieS: 1900.
FARMERS. 123

exclusively by men seems at first somewhat surprising. The total number of adults reported as engaged

in this occupation was, however, 5,674,875, so that

the number of women reported constituted but 5.4 per cent, or approximately one-twentieth of the total. In only 4 of the 47 occupations employing at least 5,000 adult female breadwinners did women constitute a smaller proportion of the total. These 4 included

the barbers and hairdressers, the laborers (not specified),

the merchants and dealers (except wholesale), and the

agents.

Although the occupation of the farmer was thus

among the lowest in the percentage formed by women,

yet it was sixth in actual number of women employed,

being exceeded only by the servants and waitresses,

the female agricultural laborers, the dressmakers, the

laundresses, and the teachers. Because of the large

number of women engaged in it, the occupation of farming is very important in a consideration of the

employment of women.

Race and nativity.—The extent to which women of the four race and nativity classes have contributed to

this large number is indicated in Table clxiii, which

also shows the difference in the distribution in the several geographic divisions. The actual numbers are given in Table 24 (page 180).

Table CLXIII.

Per cent distribution,^ by race and nativity, of women

16 years of age and over employed as farmers, planters, and overseers, for geographic divisions: 1900.

GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION.

WOMEN 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK EMPLOYED

AS FARMERS, PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS.

Number.

Continental United States 307, 706

North Atlantic division. .

.

Nev? England

Southern North Atlantic

South Atlantic division

Northern South Atlantic. Southern South Atlantic.

.

North Central division

Eastern North Central. .

.

Western North Central. .

.

South Central division

Eastern South Central . .

,

Western South Central . .

.

Western division.

Rocky Mountain. .

.

Basin and Plateau.

Pacific

30,019

8,928

21,091

66, 657

19, 570 47,087

84,656

46, 839

37, 817

114, 896

68, 693

46, 202

2,633

2,385

6,461

Per cent.

Native white

Both

parents

native.

One or both

parents

foreign bom.

75.1

82.6

71.9

75.3

54.5

68.1 52.9

55.6

55.8

46.0

56.4

14.1 5a 6

6.1

10.4

5.7

12.4

2.0 0.5

14.0

15.4

12.2

0.8

2.6

11.7

12.6 8.0

12.6

Foreign bom

white.

11.5 16.2

2.0

0.2

25.9

33.0

0.7

4.3

27.5

22.6

24.2

30.7

Negro,

Indian, and Mongolian.

0.2

0.5

37.7

20.7

44.7

0.7

1.8

42.8 37.3

8.4 53.7 a2

iFor numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 24, page 180.

Native white women with both parents native were by far the most important class among female farmers.

forming 58.3 per cent of the total number. This proportion of native white women of native parentage was

exceptionally high, exceeding that in all but 8 of the

46 other occupations which contained at least 5,000

adult female breadwinners. On the other hand, the

6.1 per cent which the native white of foreign parentage

constituted of the total was a proportion lower than

that shown for any of the other 46 occupations except

that of agricultural laborers (see Table xxiir, page

34). Negro, Indian, and Mongolian women were of

practically the same importance among the female

farmers as they were among the total number of adult

female breadwinners, forming about 24 per cent in

each case. The foreign born whites formed 11.4 per

cent of the female farmers, as contrasted with 17.4 per

cent of the total number of adult female breadwinners. This difference is to be attributed largely to the tendency of the foreign bom white women to en- gage in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits and

domestic and personal service in preference to agri- culture. The native whites of native parentage were the most

numerous class among female farmers in each of the

five main geographic divisions. There was, however,

wide variation in the relative numbers in the different

divisions, the proportions ranging from 46 per cent, or

less than one-half, in the Western division, to 75.1 per

cent, or three-fourths, in the North Atlantic division,

while in New England the proportion was over fourfifths. In the other three main divisions the proportions approximate fairly closely those shown for the

country at large. In the two Southern divisions, where*

the negro population is large, the proportion was high

for the colored races, which were an insignificant ele- ment in every other division except the Western.

The large percentage of colored female farmers shown

in the West was due mainly to the high percentage in

the Basin and Plateau states, where more than half were of the colored races, this division being the only one of the geographic divisions or subdivisions in

which the native white of native parents were in a

minority. This results from the fact that a large

number of Indian women were reported as farmers

in Arizona. The highest percentage of foreign born

white was found in the North Central states, to which

the agricultural classes from western Europe have come in large numbers. In no division did the native whites of foreign parentage form a large percentage of the total, a fact probably to be explained partially by the younger age of this nativity class. This discussion of the proportion which the dif- ferent classes form of the total number of female

farmers naturally raises the question whether, in proportion to its numbers, one class tends more than

another toward farming. Table clxiv shows the percentage that farmers formed of the total number of
124 WOMEN AT WORK.

adult female breadwinners in each race and nativity

class.

Table CLXIV.—Number and percentage of farmers, planters, and

overseers among female breadwinners 16 years of age and over,

classified by race and nativity, far continental United States: 1900.

RACE AND NATIVITY.

All classes

Native white—both parents native Native white—one or both parents foreign born.

I'oreign born white.,.', Negro

Indian and Mongolian

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Total.

4, 833, 630

1,771,966

1,090,744

840, Oil 1,119,621 11,288

Farmers, planters, and overseers.

Number. Per cent.

307, 706

179, 448

18, 663

34, 975 71,665 2,955

6.4

10.1 1.7

4.2 6.4 26.2

The percentage which farmers formed of the total number of adult female breadwinners was more than

twice as great for the Indians and Mongolians as it was for the native whites with both parents native, the

class that ranked second in this respect. The reason

for this high percentage among the Indians is twofold.

In the first place, Indian women, perhaps more than

any other class, were restricted to a few rural occupations. In the second place, when the tribal reser- vations of the Indians were partitioned, farms were

allotted to the women. As a result, 26.2 per cent, or more than 1 in 4, of the female breadwinners of the

Indian race were farmers.

That the native whites of native parentage ranked

next to the Indians in the percentage which farmers

constituted of the total number of female breadwinners

is attributable to several causes. The higher proportion

shown for them as compared with the other white

nativity classes was probably due to the fact that this nativity class was more largely concentrated in the

agricultural districts than was the case among those

of foreign birth or parentage, who tend to seek the

cities, where they engage in trade and transportation

or manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. They

exceeded the negroes, the group that ranked third,

probably because they were a wealthier class, and thus

included relatively more women who had the means

to possess a farm. The much smaller importance of the occupation for the white of foreign parentage as compared with the foreign born white is probably to be explained by the much lower average age of the

former class, as farming is preeminently an occupation

for women over 40. The difference in the relative importance of the

occupation for the various race and nativity classes in

different sections of the country is indicated in Table

CLXV, which presents the percentage which farmers

constituted of the total number of adult female breadwinners in each class for geographic divisions. The

figures for the Indians and Mongolians have been omitted, since the female farmers among these races numbered only 2,955 and were located mainly in the Western and South Central states.

Table CLXV.

Percentage of farmers, planters, and overseers among

female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by race and

nativity, for geographic divisions: 1900.
FARMERS. 125

equaling the general average. All the other countries of western Europe, with the exception of Ire- land and Sweden, also show a relatively high per- centage as compared with the total for those of foreign

parentage. For most of the countries of eastern Europe, on the other hand, the percentage of farmers was low. This was particularly noticeable for the Italians, the Eussians, the Poles, the Austrians,

and the Hungarians, the nationalities which of late years have been coming to this country in large numbers. The low percentage for these nationalities is to be attributed mainly to their tendency to congregate in large cities where they find employment in

manufacturiag and mechanical pursuits. It is per- haps noteworthy that approximately one-third of those

of foreign parentage reported in this occupation were

of German parentage.

Table CLXVI.—Number and percentage of farmers, planters, and

overseers among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900.

PARENTAGE.

All classes

Native parentage

Native white

All other

J^'oreign parentage

Austria Bohemia

Canada (EngUsh) Canada (French) Denmark

England and Wales

France Germany

Hungary

Ireland

Italy Norway

Poland

Russia

Scotland Sweden

Switzerland Other countries Mixed foreign parentage

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Total.

5,319,397

3,247,907

1,926,637

1,321,270

2,071,490

25,690

25,719

102, 181 79,979

15,580

158,912

21, 164

538, 192 14,631

634,201 26,093 47,934

38, 636

40.816

46, 173 81,148

15, 125 47,689

112,827

Farmers, planters, and overNumber. Per cent.

307,706

248,897

179, 448

69, 449

68,809

364

953 1,804

626 744

5,625

773

19,260

231 11,092

134 3,394

545

373 1,758 2,116

880

1,246

1,901

5.8

7.7

9.3

5.3

2.8

1.4

3.7

1.8 0.8

4.8 3.5

3.7 3.6

1.6

1.7 0.5

7.1 1.4

0.9

3.8

2.6

5.8 2.6

1.7

Age.—That farming is preeminently an occupation

for women in middle life or old age is shown by Table

CLXVii, in which the distribution by age periods is given for female farmers, classified by race and nativity. Of the total number of female farmers, only

13.5 per cent, or about 2 in 15, were under 35 years of

age; while 66.3 per cent, or almost 2 in 3, were over 44. That the female farmers as a class should be so old is the result of the conditions under which most of them

take up farming. The occupation naturally does not

appeal to young unmarried women. It normally re- quires a certain amount of capital and experience, and

to a single woman without family ties other methods

of gaining a livelihood are more feasible. The statistics indicate that most of the women reported as farmers were once farmers' wives, who upon the death

of the husband carried on the farm. This fact will

become more evident when the figures for marital condition are considered. •

Table CLXVII.Distrioution, by age, of women 16 years of age and

over employed as farmers, -planters, and overseers, classified by race and nativity, for the United States {area of enumeration): ' 1900.
126 WOMEN AT WORK.

case in a' single one of the groups of known age. Except in the period 16 to 24—where the percentages were identical—the native white female breadwinners

of foreign parentage reported a higher percentage of

farmers than the foreign born whites. This indicates

conclusi,vely that the relatively small importance of

the occupation for the native whites of foreign parentage was due almost wholly to the fact that the proportion of them who had reached the age at which women

ordinarily take up this occupation was so much smaller

than the corresponding proportion of the foreign bom

whites.

Table CLXVIII.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF FARMERS, PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS AMONG FEMALE

BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED

STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900. ,

Total

16 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over. Age unknown

FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEK.

Total.

4, 843, 155

2,139,370

1,171,952 676,548

441, 457 256,926

138,691

18,211

Tanners,

planters, and

overseers.

307,788

11,632 29,761 61,004

81,078

71, 367 51,643

1,303

Per

cent.

6.4

0.6

2.5 9.0

18.4 27.8

37.2

7.2

Native white

Both parents native.

Total.

1,773,109

753, 266 399,376

244,656

182, 214

120, 650

67, 655 5,392

Farmers,

planters, and

overseers.

Number.

179, 476

4,193 12,688

32,791 48,744

46,011 34,661

387

Per

cent.

10.1

0.6

3.2

13.4 26.8

38.1 61.2 7.2

One or hoth parents

foreign bom.

Total.

Fanners,

planters, and

overseers.

Number.

1,091,200

593, 435 297,916

130,749 46,926

15,982 5,368

825

18,665

795 2,114

5,040

5,301

3,482

1,909

24

Per

cent.

1.7

0.1 0.7

3.9 11.3 21.8

35.6

2.9

Foreign born white.

Total.

840, 686

347,759

202, 322

119,316

86, 136 54,563

28,262 2,328

Farmers,

planters, and

overseers.

Number.

34,982

328

1,299 4,249 9,425

11,320 8,282

79

Per

cent.

4.2

0.1

0.6

3.6 10.9

20.7

29.3 3.4

Negro.

Total.

1,119,653

439,726 266,956

178, 810 124,024

64, 635 36,539 9,064

Farmers,

planters, and

overseers.

71, 665

5,982

13, 169

18, 296 16,947 10,069

6,427

775

Per

cent.

6.4

1.4 49

10.2

13,7 16.6 17.6

8.6

Table CLXViii also shows that the occupation of

farming became of increased importance as the age

of the female breadwinners increased. Of the female

breadwinners 16 to 24 years of age, only five-tenths

of 1 per cent were farmers, but the proportion in- creased steadily until among those 65 years of age

and over 37.2 per cent of the total were engaged

in that occupation. This steadily advancing proportion is observable for all classes of the population,

though it is more marked for some than for others.

This of course is simply another indication of the fact

that as a rule women become farmers only upon the

death of their husbands. That such is the case is shown in Table clxix, in which the female farmers are

classified by race and nativity and marital condition.

Marital condition.—No less than 73.4 per cent of the

total number of female farmers were widows. Even

among the negro female farmers, where widows were rel- atively least numerous, they formed 64.5 per cent of the

total number. Married women, who were next in importance to the widows, formed only 15.6 per cent of the total and were most numerous relatively among the

negroes. Single women formed 9.1 per cent and were

relatively most numerous among the native whites with

both parents foreign born. Of the 47 occupations employing 5,000 women, this showed the lowest proportion

of single women and the highest proportion of widows.

Table CLXIX.

Distribution,^ by marital condition, of women 16

years of age and over employed as farmers, planters, and overseers,

classified by race and nativity, for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900.

WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS FARMERS, PLANTERS, AND OVERMARITAL CONDITION.

All classes

Single^ Married Widowed

Divorced

All classes

Single^ Married Widowed

Divorced

AH

classes.

Native white

Both

parents

native.

One or both

parents

foreign born.

Foreign born

white. Negro.

NUMBER.

307,788 179,475

28, 1 18 47,983

225, 991 5,696

16,320

22, 626

137, 681 2,949

18, 666

2,407

3,493

12,376

34, 982 71, 665.

1,036

5,359 28,098

489

8,185. 15,442

46,234 1,804

PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION.

100.0

9.1 15.6 73.4

1.9

100.0

9.1

12.6

76.7

1.6

100.0

12.9

18.7

66.3

2.1

100.0

3.0

15.3 80.3

1.4

100.

11.4 21.6

64.5 2.5

1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women

in this occupation are 36 years of age and over.

2 Including unknown.
FARMERS. 127

Comparison with census of 1890. —More or less uncertainty attends any comparison of the number of women reported as farmers at the censuses of 1890 and

1900. In 1890 girls of 15 were classified as adults,

and it is possible, therefore, that the number of women

reported as farmers at that census might include a few

of that age, which would not be the case for 1900, as all girls under 16 engaged in farm pursuits were classified as agricultural laborers. It seems probable, moreover,

that at the former census the term "farmer" was employed more or less loosely, and that a very large number of persons were reported as farmers who should

properly have been classified as agricultural laborers. In 1900, on the other hand, there was probably no such

inaccuracy in classification. The effect of any such

errors in the returns would be to make the apparent

increase in the number of farmers smaller than the

actual increase.^

At the same time it seems doubtful just how far the

foregoing inaccuracies affected the figures for women

in this occupation. The increase in the number of women reported as farmers in continental United

States amounted to 81,279, or 35.9 per cent, against an

increase of 131,756, or 36.2 percent, in the number re- ported as agricultural laborers. This latter increase seems hardly abnormal as compared with the former.

It is possible, therefore, that so far as women are concerned, the comparison between the censuses may give a fairly accurate measure of the changes in the occupation.

These facts should be borne in mind in considering

Table clxx, which gives the distribution of the female

farmers by race and nativity for 1890 and 1900, to- gether with the percentage of increase for each class during the decade.

The largest actual increase shown by any of. the

nativity classes was one of 40,733 among the native

whites with both parents native, but the largest pro- portional increase was one of 1,058.7 per cent for the

Indians and Mongolians. This enormous percentage

is not, however, of particular significance, since the

1890 census included only those Indians who were

living outside of tribal relations, while the 1900 census embraced all Indians. The native whites with one or both parents foreign born more than doubled in number, and the negroes increased 45.2 per cent. The

smallest relative increase and the next to the smallest

actual increase was reported by the foreign born whites.

The effect of these differences in the rates of increase was of course to change somewhat the relative importance of the different classes among the female

farmers. The native whites of native parentage and

the foreign born whites became slightly less important

relatively, while the importance of all other classes

increased.

Table CLXX.

Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of women 15 years of age and over employed as farmers, planters, and

overseers, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890.
128 WOMEN AT WORK.

period 15 to 24 years the number of female farmers

actually decreased 919, or 7.3 per cent. This decrease,

however, was probably the result of the inclusion in the 1890 figures of a large number of agricultural

laborers of that age. The decrease, as shown by the

census returns, was confined to the negroes, who were

almost exclusively in the South, where the misuse of

the term "farmer" in 1890 was the greatest. For

all the other classes there was a slight increase in the

number of farmers for the period 15 to 24 years.
GENERAL TABLES

12694—07 9 (129)

PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 131

Table 1.—NTjMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE

AND OVER, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900, 1890, AND 1880.
132 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 13.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS- IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE

AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.

STATE OK TEREITOET.

Continental United States.

North Atlantic division .

.

New England Maine New Hampshire. Vermont

Massachusetts. .

.

Rhode Island Connecticut

Southern North Atlantic. New York New Jersey... Pennsylvania.

.

South Atlantic division

Northern South Atlantic. Delaware Maryland

District of Columbia.

Virginia.; West Virginia

Southern South Atlantic. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia

Florida

North Central division. .

.

Eastern North Central. Ohio

Indiana

Illinois Michigan,

.

Wisconsin.

Western North Central.

.

Miimesota Iowa

Missouri North Dakota.

South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas

South Central division. .

.

Eastern South Central

.

Kentucky

Tennessee Alabama

Mississippi

Western South Central

.

Louisiana Arkansas

Indian Territory. Oklahoma

Texas

Western division. .

.

Rocky Mountain

.

Montana

Idaho Wyoming

Colorado New Mexico

Basin and Plateau. Arizona- Utah

Nevada.

.

Pacific Washington

.

Oregon

California

FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEABS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

23,485,359

7,218,443

2,016,845

243, 813

149, 608

118, 668

1,031,522

153, 717

319, 617

5,201,698

2,538,959

637,031 2,025,608

3,086,268

1,383,461

60,090

390, 551 109,031

654, 436

269, 363

1, 702, 807

547,099

375, 746 633,097

146, 866

8,097,861

6,075,415

1, 380, 164

804, 478 1.511,608

766, 656 612,519

3,022,446

486, 851

676, 947

944, 161

76, 936

106, 435

298, 893

433, 223

3.935,399

2, 179, 641

6a5, 330 592,601

520, 252

431, 458

1,755,758

394, 450

362, 726

96, 548 101,980

810,055

1,147,588

Breadwinners.

Number. Per cent.

4,833,630

1,734,928

561,236

49,917

39, 807 21,852

317, 568 48,203

83,898

1,173,693

635, 319

142, 718 396,656

772, 160

286, 491

11,894 91,097

40,382

114, 438

28, 680

485, 669

127, 740

142, 433

182,037

33, 469

1, 315, 724

852,297

233, 177 111,024

275, 106 126,617

106, 474

463, 427

90, 887

102, 037

146, 498 13,073

14,425

44, 121 53,386

818,502

504, 333

98, 181 103,663

158, 345 144,254

314, 169

109, 484

62, 532

10,020 9,708

122, 425

192, 316

325,048 i 49,942

66,690

37, 940

19, 962

158, 836 51,731

117,296 1

75, 724

11, 173

1.31,677

114,6.52

4.59,015

4,375 2,893 27,369

5,766

18, 466

6,162

10,.334 1,969

20, 203

17, 916

85, 790

20.5 26.6

18.4

30.8

31.4 26.2

25.0

22.4

19.6

20.7

19.8 23.3

37.0 20.6

10.6

28.5

23.3 37 9 28.8

22.8

16.2

16,8

16.9

13.8

18.2

16.6 17.4

15.3

18.7

16.1

15.4 17:0

13.7

14.8

12.3

20.8

23.1

16. 5' 17 5 30.4 33,4

17 9

27.8
RACE AND NATIVITY. 133

Table 2.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE

AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.

STATE OR TERRITORY,

FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—continued.

Continental United States. .

.

North. Atlantic division New England

Maine New Hampshire Vermont , Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut

Southern North Atlantic New York New Jersey Pennsylvania

South Atlantic division. .

.

Northern South Atlantic Delaware Maryland

District of Columbia. .

,

Virginia West Virginia

Southern South Atlantic. North Carolina South Carolina Georgia .. Florida

North Central division

Eastern North Central.

.

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois Michigan Wisconsm

Western North Central.

.

Minnesota Iowa

Missouri '. North Dakota

South Dakota

Nebraska Kansas

South Central division

Eastern South Central .. Kentucky

Tennessee Alabama

Mississippi

Wostrrn South Central..

Louisiana Arkansas

Indian Territory Oklahoma

Texas

Western division.': Rocky Mountain Montana

Idaho Wyoming

Colorado New Mexico :

Basin and Plateau Arizona

T^tiih Nevada

Pacific Washington

Oregon

California

Foreign born white.
134 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 3.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE

AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.
AGE. 135

Table :i.—XL'MBER AND PERCEXTAGE OF BREADWINKERS IX THE FEMALE POPULATIOX 16 YEARS OF AGE

AXD -OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.

STATE OR TEBRITORV.

Continental United States.

North Atlantic division.

.

FEMALE POPULATION—continued.

45 to 54 years of i

Breadwinners.

Total.

>Juml)er. Percent.

New England. Maine New Hampshire. Vermont

Massachusetts . .

.

Rhode Island Connecticut

Southern North Atlantic . New York New Jersey Pennsylvania

Soutli Atlantic division.

Northern South Atlantic . Delaware Maryland

District of Columbia

Virginia West Virginia

Southern South Atlantic.

.

North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia :... Florida North Central division

Eastern North Central .

.

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois Michigan

Wisconsin

Western North Central. Minnesota Iowa

Missouri North Dakota

South Dakota

Nebraska Kansas

South Central division...

Eastern South Central. Kentucky.-

Tennessee .

.

Alabama. .

.

Mississippi.

Western South Central .

Louisiana Arkansas

Indian Territory. Oklahoma

Texas

AVesteru division. .

.

Rocky Mountain. Montana

Idaho Wyoming. .. Colorado New Mexito

.

Rasin and Plateau.

Arizona. rtah

Nevada.

Pacific

.

Washington.

Oregon

California

276, 691

35,227

21, 452 17,422

138, 194 21.119

43. 277

685,959

440,825

135, 178

45,006

337, 194 83,933

264. 832

386, 417

4,763

3,607 2,133

24,637 3,554

6,312

90, 172

14.0

10.3

50,168

10, 767 29,237

ITS
136 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 4.—NUMBEB AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPUl.ATION

OF NATIVE PARENTAGE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND

TERRITORIES: 1900.
AGE. 137

Table 4.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION

OF NATIVE PARENTAGE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND

TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
138 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 5.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION OF

FOREIGN PARENTAGE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND

TERRITORIES: 1900.
AGE. 139

Table 5.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION OF

FOREIGN PARENTAGE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND

TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
140 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 6.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FOREIGN BORN WHITE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.
AGE. 141

Table 6—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FOREIGN BORN WHITE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—

Continued.

STATE OR TERRITORY.

Continental United States... North Atlantic division New England

Maine New Hampshire Vermont

Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut

Southern North Atlantic New York New Jersey Pennsylvania

South Atlantic division

Northern South Atlantic Delaware Maryland

District of Columbia. .

.

Virginia West Virginia

Southern South Atlantic. North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

Florida North Central division

Eastern North Central..

.

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois Michigan

Wisconsin

Western North Central.

.

Minnesota Iowa

Missouri North Daicota South Dakota

Nebraska Kansas '

.South Central division

Eastern South Central. .. Kentucky

Tennessee Alabama

Mississippi

Western South Central.

.

Louisiana Arkansas

Indian Territory Oklahoma

Texas

Western division Rocky Mountain Montana

Idaho Wyoming

Colorado New Mexico

Basin and Plateau Arizona Utah Nevada

Pacific Washington

Oregon

Caliiomia

FOREIGN BORN WHITE FEMALE POPULATION—Continued.

45 to 54 years of age.

Total.

97,608

5,502

5,223 .%078

57,991 9,512

16,302

230,313

136,669 30,650

62,994

15,386

12,741

958

7^468

1,732

1,158

1,425

2,645

285 374

829

1,157

315, 980

200,590

36,564

11,539

70, 150 40,519

41,818

115,.390

35, 591 24,664

18,9.57 5,788

6,268

13,632 10,490

26,091

Breadwinners.

Number. Percent.

86,069

46, 928

15, 760

780

941 357

10,059

1,502

2,121

31,168

20,923 3,895

6,350

2,218

1,823

103 1,049 367

185

119

395

43

65

108 179

17,100

3,426

1,029 6,344

3,174

3,127

9,789

3,058

1,907

1,907 560

503 1,052

802

3,367

7,857

4,845

1,533 930

549

I 18,234 '

3, 9.54 990 249

1,064 11,977

49,689

931

531

198

96

106

2,436

10,379

2,125

1,316

701 5,510

6,702

570

148

20

77 1,621

1,435

1,145 4,907 650

32,608

320

15287

792

,S4

168

624

103

4,337

5,132 3,520

23,956

536

351 3.450

14.3

16.1

14.2

18.0

11.6

17.3

15.8

13.0

13.5

15.3 12.7

10.1

14.3

10.8 14.0 21.2

16.0 8.4

14.9

7.7

10.1 9.7

8.0

7.7

7.6

12.9

11.

11.0

12.9

10.3 19.3

13.4

14.4

14.9 8.0

7.2 13.5

13.4

13.8

15.1 11.6

12.4

14.4

11.6

13.4

55 to 64 years of age. 65 years of age and over.

Total.

557,010

Breadwinners.

Number. Percent.

64,534

67, 120

3,976

3,375

2,541 39,099

6,463

11,666

169,696

99,579 22,078 48,039

13, 867

11, 795

846

7,014

1,565

1,029

1,341

2,072

215

414

647

796

160,000

32, 743 11,720 51,210

29,088 35,239

90,573

25,673

21,549

17,516 3,149

4,177

9,793

8,716

21, 437

7,870

7,47

5,124

1,165 738

445

13, 965

4,161

771

128

723

.S, 182

34,317

5,762

1,102

831

411 2,997

421

5,082

604

4,000 478

23,473

3,048

2,279

18, 146

442

449

279

4,799

705

1,196

18,562

11,844 2,376

4,342

1,776

1,528

85

961 262

12793

248

102

19, 704

12,046

2,642

960 3,686

2,163 2,595

7,658

2,118

1,653

1,624

331 345 808

779

2,531

460

11192

67

1,801

542

82

12

75 1,090

4,091

143 116

372

44

633

77

49165

271 ' 220 2,237

Total.

11.7

11.1 13.3 11.0

12.3 10.9

10.3

10.9

11.9 10.8

9.0

12.8

13.0

10.0

13.7

16.7

12.3 6.9

12.0

12.6

12.3

10.5

12.8

7.9

8.1 8.2

7.2

7.4

7.4

456,587

Breadwinners.

Number. Percent.

179,

47,

794

3,212

132,396

12,551

10,800

185 448

638

222,637

146,393

045

454

095

949 850

76,244

8.2 :[ 7.7

9.3 10.5 8.3

8.3

438

199 420

498

144 821

724

6,960

9.0

9.5

12.5

15.1

12.9

13.0

10.6 9.4 10.4

13.3

11.9

12.:

13.0

14.0

13.4

12.4

10.5

12.5

12.7

12.3

13.6

11.6

615 568

211 1,742

24B

4,482

325

3,.sftS 2.59

214

197

144 1,854

260

643

9,004

5,552

1,086 2,366

1,008

42

562

10483

70

7,616

1,836 760

1,996

1,390

1,634

4,119

1,166

1,011 881

157

131 360

413

1,483

6.3 8.2

5.6

6.9

6.7 6.7

7.2

6.9 6.0

6.9 8.4

6.3

11.9 10.0

6.9

7.5

5.3

5.7

6.1 4.6 5.8

4.7

5.2 5.0

6.1 6.3 4.2

5.3

6.1

4, 9.54 2yh

1 942 ! 68

616 1 51 448 55

10,742 1,013
142 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 7.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NEGRO, INDIAN, AND MONGOLIAN FEMALE

POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES:

1900.
AGE. 143

Table T.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NEGRO, INDIAN, AND MONGOLIAN FEMALE

POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES:

1900—Continued.

NEGRO, INDIAN, AND MONGOLIAN FEMALE rOPULATlON—Continued.

«
144 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 8.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NEGRO FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS

AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900. OF
AGE. 145

Table 8.—^•UMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IX THE NEGRO FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF

AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
146 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 9.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION ]6 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS: 1900.

San Francisco, Cal. Los Angeles, Cal. .. Oakland, Cal Denver, Colo New Haven, Conn.

.

Hartford, Conn

Bridgeport, Conn .

.

Wilmington, Del... "Washington, D. C.

Atlanta, Ga

Savannah, Ga

Chicago, 111 Peoria, JU

Indianapolis. Ind.

Evansville, Ind...

Dea Moines, Iowa... Kansas City, Kans.

Louisville, Ky

New Orleans, La. .

.

Portland, Me

Baltimore, Md...

Boston, Mass

Worcester, Mass.

Fall River, Mass.

Lowell, Mass

Cambridge, Mass-. .

.

Lynn, Mass

Lawrence, Mass New Bedford, Mass.

Springfield, Mass. .

.

Somerville, Mass

Detroit, Mich Grand Rapids, Mich

.

Minneapolis, Minn. .

.

St. Paul, Minn

Duluth, Minn

St. Louis, Mo

Kansas City, Mo.

St. Joseph, Mo... Omaha, Nebr

Manchester, N. H.

Newark, N, J

Jersey City, N. J.. Paterson, N. J Camden, N. J

Trenton, N. J.... Hoboken, N, J .. Elizabeth, N. J.. New York, N. Y.

Buffalo, N.Y....

Rochester, N. Y.

Syracuse, N. Y..

Albany, N. Y....

Troy, N. Y

Utica, N. Y

Cleveland, Ohio

Cincinnati, Ohio

Toledo, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Dayton, Ohio

Portland, Oreg , Philadelphia, Pa

Pittsburg, Pa , Allegheny, Pa

Scranton, Pa

Reading, Pa

Erie, Pa

Wilkesbarre, Pa

Harrisburg, Pa

Providence. R. I

Charleston, S. C

Memphis, Tenn

Nashville, Tenn

San Antonio, Tex

Salt Lake City, Utah. Richmond, Va

Seattle, Wash

Milwaukee, Wis

FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEK.

Aggregate.

Total.

116,078 37,984

24, 685 48,335

38, 228

28, 463 25,039 26,273

109,031 33,895

20, 095

549, 954

19, 616

62, 181 21,058

22, 131

16, 126

74, 656

102, 463 20,039

184, 628

207, 621 41,508

36, 184

36,461

33,916

25,899 22,846

22,755

23, 618

23,371 98,547

30,980

67,933

52, 147

14, 335 196,511 58,602

30, 426

33, 436

21,547

84,411 67,352

35,760

26,514

24,501

18,539

16. 769 1,175,841

115,732

60,056

40,054

36, 371 24,309

21.359

125,281 119,655

44. 770

44,961

30, 674

26, 650 465,711

102, 750

42, 738

32, 439

27,392

17, 432 17,212

IS, 334

65,807

21,087

34, 846

30, 195

17, 757

17,884

32, 202

20, 531 91,853

Breadwinners.

Number.

29,303 8,285

5,165 11,967

ID, 694

8,597

7,299

7,099 40,382

14,257

138,020

5,125

15, 444 5,788

5,143

3,025

21,831 26,845 5,465

56,563

68,799

11,945

16, 170 16,453

10, 877

8,467 9,558

8,161 6,712

5,785 24,997 7,586

19, 110

15, 444

3,4:3

.50, 149 15,684 9,324

9, ,506

9,522

22, 105

15, 343

10, 968

6,248

5,485

4,596

3,499

344, 569

26, 738

18,910

10, 492

9,991 9,952

6,482

29,263

35, 150 9,982

11,036 7,399

6,983 136,368

22, 205

10, 160 7,807

7,001

3,505 4,348

4,323 22,008

8,934

14, 203 11,068

3, 896

3,841

11,885

4,674

23, 523

Per

cent.

25.2

21.8

20.9

24.8 28.0

30.2

29.2

27.0

37.0

42.1

43.6

25.1

26.1 24.8

27.5

23.2 18 8 29.2

26.2

27.3

30.6

33.1 28.8

44.7

45.1

32.1 32.7

41.8

35.9 28.4

24.8

25.4

24.5

28.1 29.6

23.9

25.5

26.8

30.6

28.4

44.2 26.2

22.8

30.6

23.6

22 3 24.3

20.9

29.3 23.1

31.5 26.2

27.5

40.9 30.3

23.4

29.4

22.3 24.5

24. 1

26.2

29.3 21.6

23.7

24.1

25.6

20.1 25.3

23.6

33.5

42.4

40.8 30.7

21.9

21.5

36,6 22.8

2.5.

Native white—both

parents native.

Total.

25,213

20, 338

8,959 23,384

12,608

9,912

7,518

13, 089

49, 127

16, 605

5, 439 109,321 8,206

34,168 8,244

13,302 8,296

26.988

27, 189 10,913

77, 486 63,002

13,528

4,697 8,332

8,933

11, 617 3,666 C,723

10,568

9,488

19,637

10,705

19, 562

11,726

2,760

49,939

32, 654

18,846 13,270

6,231

22, 121 16,092 7,783

14, 673

10,810

2,517 4,600

213,329

24, 650

16,916

15, 127 12,741 6,974

6,634

27,289

31,115

16, 615

25, 393

15,801

12,383

173,634 29.338

14, 192 7,585

21,710 5,354

5,581

13,771

20, 483

6,753

11,227

13,729

6,239

4,944

15, 619 9,531

10,966

Breadwinners,

Number.

6,194

4,186

1,637 6,348

2,506

2,275

1,834 2,799

11,489

3,587

27,069

1,997 7,746

2,274

2,801

1,394

6,103 4,840 2,608

18,686

15,290 3,094

1,326

2,853

2,145 3,398

1,198

1,500

2,371

2,002

4,696

2,577

4,415

3,091

633

12,560

7,366 6,636

3,612

1,918

5,496

3,106 2,186

3,227

2,229 606

708

52, 402

6, 997

5, 163 3,544

3,145 2,622

1,976

6,363 9,494

3,6.58 5,970

3,677

3,243

46,756

6, 371 3,682

1,687

5,649

1,097

1,344

3,117 6,280

1,036 2,114

2,640

1,004

918 3,294

2,167

3,206

Per

cent.

24.6

20.6

18.3

22.9 20.6

23.0

24.4

21.4

23.4

21.7

18.0

24.8

24.3

22.7 27.6

21.1

16.8 22.6

17.8 23.0

24.1 28.8

22.9

28.2

34.2

24.0

29.3

32.7 22.3

22.4

21.1 24.0 241

22.6

26.4

22.9

25.2

22.6 29.4

27.2

30.8

24.8 20.6

28.1 22.0

20.6

24.1

16.7 24.6

24.3

30.5 23.4

24.7

37.6

30.2

23.3

30.5 21.4

23.5 23.2

26.2

26.4

21.7

25.9

22.2

26.0 20 5 24 1 22.6

2.5.8

18

18.8

19.2

16.1

18.6

21.1 22.6

29.2

Native white—one or both parents foreign born.

Total.

44,862

8,644

7,648

11,695

10,175

7,018 6,994

4,989

14,836

1,427

2,116

166,700

6,821

14, 167 7,508

4,546

3,039

21, 735 30,992

3,599

41,875

63,639

10,314 8,335

8,279

8,284

5,275

5,747

3,819 6,432

5,066

31, 743 9,118

21,109

18,775

3,662 82,603

11,069 5,958

8, 456

3,731

26, 823 23,989

9,892

4,996

5,643 6,748

5,319 362,683

42,870

22,867

13,227

14,097 9,526

8,246

40, 463 53,976

14,975

11,037 8,936

6,823

124,739 32,672

14, 692 12,035

3,101

6, 856

5,819

1,966 16,909

2,039

3,674 2,824

4, 661

6,239 2,261

4,826

40, 172

Breadwinners.

Number.

13,096

2,095 2,034

3,246

4,022

2,829 2,806

1,493 3,916

322

416

54,975

2,186

3,929

2,073

1,362

601 5,876

5,276

1,259

11,302 21,282

4,367

4,869

4,539

3,298

2,258

3,150

1,841 2,117

1,612

10,600 3,047

7,791 7,335

1,039

23, 422 3,048

1,923 2,957

2,086

9,004

7,312

4,113

1,305

1,680 2,259

1,550

117,832

11,936

8,834

4,612 4,877

4,983

3,100

12, 791 17,788

4,433 3,116

2,549

2,134

42, 380

8,177

Per

cent.

3,897 4,074
IN CITIES. 147

Table 10.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS: 1900.

San Francisco, Cal. Los Angeles, Cal... Oakland, Cal Denver, Colo New Haven, Conn .

Hartford, Conn

Bridgeport, Conn.

.

Wilmington, Del. . Washington, D. C.

Atlanta, Ga

Savannah , Ga

Chicago, 111 teoria, 111 Indianapolis, Ind.

Jlvansvillc, Ind...

Des Moines, Iowa. .

.

Kansas City, ICans.

Louisville, Ky

New Orleans, La. .

.

Portland, Me

Baltimore, Md . .

.

Boston, Mass

Worcester, Mass.

Fall River, Mass.

Lowell, Mass

Canibridge, Mass

Lynn, Mass

Lawrence, Mass New Bedford, Mass.

Springfield, Mass

Somerville, Mass

Detroit, Mich Grand Rapids, Mich.

Minneapolis, Minn

St. Paul, Minn

Duluth, Minn

St. Louis, Mo

Kansas City, Mo.

St. Joseph, Mo... Omaha, Nehr

Manchester, N. II. Newark, N. J Jersey City, N. J .

.

Paterson, N. J Camden, N. J

Trenton, N. J Hoboken, N. J... Ehzabeth, N. J.. New York, N. Y.

Bu/Ialo, N. Y....

Rochester, N. Y.

Syracuse, N.Y. .

.

.\lbany, N. Y

Troy, N.Y

Utica, N. Y

Cleveland, Ohio..

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Toledo, Ohio Columbus, Ohio. Dayton, Ohio

Portland, Oreg. .

,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Pittsburg, Pa

Allegheny, Pa

Scranton, Pa

Reading, Pa

Erie, Pa

Wilkesbarre, Pa.

Harrisburg, Pa..

Providence, R. I.

Charleston, S. C... Memphis, Tcnn. .

.

Nashville, Tenn... San Antonio, Tex.

Salt Lake City, U

Richmond, Va. .

.

Seattle, Wash....

Milwaukee, Wis..
148 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 10.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE

AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS:

1900—Continued.

San Francisco, Cal. .

.

Los Angeles, Cal Oakland, Cal Denver, Colo New Haven, Conn. .

,

HartJord, Conn

Bridgeport, Conn

Wilmington, Del Washington, D. C. .

.

Atlanta, Ga

Savannah, Ga

Chicago, 111 Peoria, 111 IndianapoUs, Ind Evansville, Ind

Des Moines, Iowa

Kansas City, Kans.

.

Louisville, ICy New Orleans, La

Portland, Me

Baltimore, Md

Boston, Mass

Worcester, Mass

Pall River, Mass

Lowell, Mass

Camhrldge, Mass

Lynn, Mass

Lawrence, Mass New Bedford, Mass..

Springfield, Mass

Somerville, Mass

Detroit, Mich Grand Bapids, Mich.

Minneapolis, Minn. .

.

St. Paul, Minn

Duluth, Minn

St. Louis, Mo

Kansas City, Mo

St. Joseph, Mo

Omaha, Nebr

Manchester, N. H

Newark, N. J Jersey City, N. J Paterson, N. J Camden, N. J

Trenton, N. J Hoboken, N. J Elizabeth, N. J New York, N. Y

Buffalo, N.Y

Rochester, N. Y

Syracuse, N. Y

Albanv, N. Y

Troy,lsr. Y

Utica, N. Y

Cleveland, Ohio

Cincinnati, Ohio

Toledo, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Dayton, Ohio

Portland, Oreg

Philadelphia, Pa

Pittsburg, Pa

Allegheny, Pa

Scranton, Pa

Reading, Pa

Erie, Pa

Wilkesbarre, Pa

Harrisburg, Pa

Providence, R. I

Charleston, S. C

Memphis, Tenn

Nashville, Tenn

San Antonio, Tex

Salt Lake City, Utah

Richmond, Va

Seattle, Wash

Milwaukee, Wis

NATIVE "WHITE FEMALE POPULATION—BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE,

16 to 20 years of age.

Total.

3,819

2,711 1,204

3,052

1,432

1,071 1,009

1,986

6,670

2,681

911 15,794

1,429 6,224

1,715

2,063

1,417

5,068 6,190

1,084

13,564

5,666

1,617 844

992

984

1,204

460 678

1,098

1,012 3,058

1,694

2,900 2,129

440 10,338

4,990

3,631 2,139

698 3„637

2,721 1,214 2,170

1,666

633

743 36,028

5,127

2,801 2,147

2,120

1,147

1,087

4,383 7,007

2,669

4,005 2,684

1,970 25,212

5,439

2,699

1,377

3,474

1,008 964

2,053 2,369

1,006

1,862 2,298

1,198

2,425

1,320 2,867

Breadwinners.

Number.

1,236

615 265

761

621

372

492 868

1,811 877

162

5,625 638

1,811

791

460 1,824

1,293 362

6,668

2,067 672

381

609

302

497 232

265

402

300 1,214

601

780

746

124

4,222

1,551

1,891 718

245 1,796

1,119

720 1,009

610

239

207 16,349

1,979

1,413

634

578

1,690 3,622

968 1,470

1,127

711

12, 497 1,708

1,022

563

2,063 340

400

913 1,045

195

512

563 217

173 878

417

1,2.39

Per

cent.

32.3 22.7

22.0

24.6 36.4

34 7 48.8

43.2

27.6 32.7

16.7 35.6

37.6 34.7

46.1

29.1 32.6

36.0

20.9 33.4

41.7 36.6

37.7

46.1

61.3

30.7

41.3 50.4

39.1

36.6

29.6 39.7

37.7

26.9 35.0

28.2

40.8

31.1

52.1 33.6

41.0 49.4

41.1

59.3 46.5

36.6

44.8

27.9

42.6 38.6

50.4

37.6

42.2

56.3 63.2

36.3

60.3 36.3

36.7

42.0

36.1 49.6 31.4

39.3

40.9

59.4

33.7

41.5

44.5

44.1

19.4

27.5

24.5

18.1

IS. 4 36.2

31.6

43.2

21 to 24 years of age.

Total.

3,340

2,220 994

2,777

1,167

1,024

787 1,574

6,066

2,361

796

14, 441 1,179

4,373 1,284

1,804

1,120

4,028

4,199 1,044

10,065 5,618

1,207

471 782

859 988 374

579

967

915

2,689

1,318

2,436

1,697

7,697

4,610 2,800

1,931

560

2,702

2,007

987

1,720

1,232 340

613 28,681 3,546

2,149

1,804

1,723 879

816

3,716

4,720 2,159

3,501 2,117

1,764 21,744

4,709 2,252

1,027

2,693

741 792

1,761 2,060

711 1,706

1,890 866

668 2,067

1,164

1,803

Breadwinners.

Number.

709

268

917

443

400 329

663 2,008 674

5,298

419 1,452

617

631 275

1,214

837

3,348

2,427

602

206

461

340

621 206

238

355

1,043

528

943 757

137 2,478

1,604

1,342 838

300

1,038

646 454

621

429

116

147 10,285

1,341

1,076

680

693 496

409

1,344

1,834

747 1,240

749

705

8,831 1,656 780

380

1,046

263 295

632 925

180 434

465

177

188 649

404

742

Per

cent.

34.4

31.9

27.0 33.0

38.0

39.1

41.8 36.8

33.1 28.5

19.2 36.7 36.6

33.2

40.3

36.0

24.6

30.1

19.9

44.6

33.3

44.0

41.6

43.7 69.0

62.7

65.1

41.1 40.2

38.8

38.8

40.1 38.7

44.6

39.4

32.2

34.8

47.9 43.4

54 5 38.4

32.2

46.0

36.1

34.8

34.1 28.7

35.9

37.8

50.0

37.7

40.2

56.3

50.1

30.2

38,9 34.6 35.4

35.4

40.0

40.6 33.0

34.6

37.0

38.8 35.5

37.2

35.9

44.9

25.3 25.4

24.6 20.4

28.1 31.4

35.0

25 to 34 years of age.

Total.

6,840

4,991 2,039 6,285

2,739

2,351

1,676 3,276

12,975

4,326

1,543 31,916

2,249

9,281 2,314

3,567

2,410

7,122

7,270

2,386

19,518

12,416 2,978 932

1,714

1,840

2,531

762

1,296 2,389

2,143

5,329 2,614

4,909 3,127

731 13,828 9,470

6,587

3,861

1,331 6,420

4,002

1,941 3,600

2,494

681

1,071 56,846

6,561

4,080 3,660

3,098

1,711 1,528

7,600

8,172

4,686

7,023

4,019

3,661

44,817 8,485

4,080 2,034

5,458

1,355

1,469 3,688

4, .535

1,396 3,199

3,724

1,738

1,228 3,995

2,737 2,567

Breadwinners.

Number.

1,727

1,249 464

1,614

679

633

440 634

3,292

947

270

8,628

576 2,176

653

867 326

1,564

1,246

705

4,481 4,578 915

317

756

633 918

304

376

680

' 668

1,340

701 1,343 914

192 3,125

2,230

1,521 1,226

522 1,264

689 608

691

519

116

166 13,428

1,465

1,317

902

761 682 500

1,823

2,187

969

1,710 914

1,009

11,761 1,753

1,020 404

1,272

248 339

787

1,413

245

556 758

277

263 788

661

Per

cent.

26.2

26.0

22.8

26.7

24.8

26.9

26.3 19.4 25.4

21.9

17.5 27.0

26.6 23.4

23.9

24.3 13.6 22.0

17.1 29.5

23.0 36.9

30.7

34.0

44.1

34.4

36.3

39.9

29.0

28.5

26.6

25.1 26.8

27.4 29.2

26.3

22.6 23.6

27.2 31.8

39.2

23.3

17.2 26.2

19.2

20.8

17.0

15.5 23.6

22.3

32.3 24.6

24.6

39.9 32.7

24.3 26.8

20.7

24.3 22.7

28.3

26.2 20.7

25.0

19.9

23.3

18.3 23.1

21.3 31.2

17.6

17.4 20.4

15.9

21.4

19.7 24.2

26.7

35 to 44 years of age.

Total.

4,658

4,048 1,744

4,891 2,284

1,760

1,349 2,404

9,016 2,958

926 20,949

1,449 6,488

1,325

2,376

1,458

4,630

4,196 2,094

13,867 9,650

2,428 804

1,503

1,497 2,248

700

1,265

1,849

1,854

3,493

2,022

3,809 2,124

600 8,149

6,351 3,434

2,500

1,260 3,849

2,711

1,471 2,846

1,976

427 787

37, 158

4,000

2,909 2,784

2,145

1,217

1,022

4,836

4,860 3,088

4,726 2,887

2,428 32,349

5,033

2,311 1,326

4,048 895

1,009

2,611 3,586

1,007 2,019

2, .398 1,009

961 2,712

1,891 1,601

Breadwinners.

Number.

1,099 806

304

1,112

391

266

338

2,066

649

194

4,477

272

1,201 218

181 80O

707

446

2,684

2,757

467

203

364

673 206

272

406

372 62? 374

717 373

95

1,498

1,152

446

376

691 368

290

427

290

75

82

6,992 686

693 566 386

401 221

812

1,070

473 879

446

476 6,196

817

480

169

615

124

173

182 317

44C

162

158

453 336 320

Per

cent.

23.6

19.9 17.4

22.7

17.1

20.9

19.0

14.1 22.9

18.6

21.0 21.4

18.8

18.6

16.5

16.3 12.4

17.3

16.8

21.3

18.6 28.6 19 2 26.2 32.5

24.3 29.9 29.4

21.6

22.0

20.1 18.0

18.6

18.8

17.6

15.8

18.4

18.1 13.0

19.7

29.8

18.0

13.2

19.7

15.0

14.7

17.6 10.4

18.8

17.2

23.8

20.0

17.9 32.9

21.6

16.8 22.0

16.3

18.6 16.4

19.6

19.2

16.2 20.8

12.7

15.2

13.9

17.1

14.1 22.7

18.1

15.7 18.6

16.1

16.4

16.7 17.8 20.0

46 years of age and over.

Total.

6,073

6,151 2,869

5,967

4,860

3,699

2,677

3,823

14, 418

4,090

1,246 24,972

1,900 8,576

1,605

3,413

1,882

6,036

6,269

4,272

20, 184

19,206

5,371 1,627 3,303

3,686

4,497 1,365 2,892

4,237

3,534

4,878 3,135

5,396

2,471

573 9,480

7,216 3,344

2,820

2,445

6,442

3,601 2,166

4,292

3,427

536

1,381 53,774 6,375

4,874

4,730 3,636

1,988

2,059

6,763 6,310

4,002 6,962

4,142

2,646

48,763

5,641

2,921

1,751

5,991 1,342

1,341 3,644

7,873

1,615

2,399 3,402

1,323

1,106

4,383

1,940 2,007

Breadwinners.

Number.

916

787

319 902

626

312

400 2,308

636

2,871

192 1,067 196

151

691 743 526

2,648

3,337

637

216

754

247

347

467 370

608

261

66

1,163 820

327

331

462 686

293

213

470

38060

106 6,214

523

407

398 266

773 875

397

649

437

336

i,291 533 376

161

120

136

416 1,073

234

292

407

164

129 608

214

202

Per

cent.

15.1 12.8

11.1 15.1

10.8

13.6

11.7 10.5

16.0

13.1

16.7

11.5

10.1

12.3

12.1

8.7

8.0

11.4

14.1

12.3

12.6

17.4

11.9 13.3 19.0

13.5

16.8

18.2

12.0 11.5

11.3 9.6

11.8

11.3

10.2

11.6

12.3 11.4 9.8

11.7

18.9

10.6

8.1 9.8

11.0

11.1 11.2 7.7

11.6 9.7

13.1

12.6 11.2

20.0

12.9

11.4

13.9 9.9

10.9

10.6

12.7

12.9 9.4

12.8 9.2

10.8

8.9

10.1 11.4

13.6

14.5

12f2

12.0 12.4

11.7 11.6

11.0

10.1
IN CITIES. 149

Table lO—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE

AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS1900—Continued.

NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

San Francisco, Cal. Los Angeles, Cal... Oakland, Cal Denver, Colo New Haven, Conn.

Hartford, Conn

Bridgeport, Conn

Wilmington, Del Washington, D. C

Atlanta, Ga

Savannah, Ga

Chicago, III Peoria, III Indianapolis, Ind.

Evansville. Ind

Des Moines, Iowa. ,

.

Kansas City, Kans.

Louisville, Ky

New Orleans, La

Portland, Me

Baltimore, Md. .. Boston, Mass

Worcester, Mass.

Fall River, Mass.

Lowell, Mass

Cambridge, Mass

Lynn, Mass

Lawrence, Mass New Bedford, Mass.

Springfield, Mass

Somerville, Ma*is Detroit, Mich Grand Rapids, Mich.

Minneapolis, Minn

St. Paul, Minn

Duluth, Minn

St. Louis, Mo

Kansas City, Mo.

St. Joseph, Mo... Omaha, Nebr

Manchester, N. H

Newark, N. J Jersey City, N.J

Paterson, N. J Camden, N. J

Trenton, N. J.... Hoboken, N. J. .. Elizabeth, N. J.. New York, N. Y.

Buffalo. N. Y....

Rochester, N. Y

Syracuse, N. Y

Albany, N. Y

Troy, N. Y

Utica, N. Y

Cleveland, Ohio..

Cincimiati, Ohio.

Toledo, Ohio Columbus, Ohio. Dayton, Ohio

Portland, Oreg .

.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Pittsburg, Pa

Allegheny, Pa

Scranton, Pa

Reading, Pa

Erie, Pa

Wilkesbarre, Pa,

Harrisburg, Pa.

.

Providence, R. ICharleston, S. C

Memphis, Term

Nashville, Tenn

San Antonio, Tex

Salt Lake City, Utah. Richmond, Va

Seattle, Wash

Milwaukee, Wis

16 to 2C
150 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 10.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE

AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS:

1900—Continued.
IN CITIES. 151

Table 10.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE

AND OV,ER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS:

1900—Continued.

San Francisco, Cal

.

Los Angeles, Cal . .

.

Oakland, Cal Denver, Colo New Haven, Conn.

Hartford, Conn

Bridgeport, Conn..

"Wilmington, Del... Washington, D. C.

Atlanta. Ga

Savannah, Ga

Chicago, III Peoria, 111 Indianapolis, Ind.

Evansville, Ind...

Des Moines, Iowa.., Kansas City, Kans

.

Louisville, Ky

New Orleans," La. .

.

Portland, Me

Baltimore, Md...

Boston, Mass

Worcester, Mass.

Fall River, Mass.

Lowell, Mass

Cambridge, Mass

Lynn, Mass

Lawrence, Mass New Bedford, Mass.

Springfield, Mass

Soraerville, Mass

Detroit, Mich Grand Rapids, Mich.

Minneapolis, Minn. .

.

St. Paul, Minn

Duluth, Minn

St. Louis, Mo

Kansas City, Mo

St. Joseph, Mo

Omaha, Nebr

Manchester, N. H.

Newark, N. J Jersey City, N. J.. Paterson, N. J Camden, N. J Trenton, N. J Hoboken, N. J Elizabeth, N. J . .

.

New York, N. Y..

Buffalo, N. Y

Rochester, N. Y.

.

Syracuse, N. Y. .

.

Albany, N. V

Trov, N. Y

Utica, N. Y

Cleveland. Ohio...

Cincinnati, Ohio..

Toledo, Ohio

Columbu.'i. Ohio... Dayton, Ohio

Portland, Oreg*..

Pliiladelphia, Pa..

Pittsburg, Pa

Allegheny, Pa

Scranton, Pa

Reading, Pa

Erie, Pa

Wilkesbarre, Pa..

Harrisburg, Pa...

Providence, R. I..

Charleston, S. C... Memphis, Tenn...

Nashnlle, Tenn... San Antonio, Tex.

NEGRO FEMALE POPULATION.

10 to 20 years of age.

Total.

Salt Lake City, Utah. Richmond, Va

Seattle, Wash

Milwaukee, Wis

62 108

36

197 142

96

63

652 5,760 2,848

1,828

1,19780

870

449

369 2.270

4.607

10

6.414

450

4725

194

32

84

63

10 200

43

7074

12 1,929

1,026

425

198

1 412

18171 305

108

5

39

66

5829

9

273

716

101 429

157

25 3,874

762

16420

29

1327

261 244

2,061 3,104

2,127

456

2,344

1230

Breadwinners.

Number.

21

38

1364

72

5137 351 3,445

1,706

1,055

612

31 368 224

45 146 1,087 2,258

6

3,626

229

21

216

6

109

1820

22

914

508

268

86

248

90

02 178

483

46

2, 525

30

1922

3121

8

97 348

34

18176

13 2,530

31165

13

11 121

121

1,1S5 2,107

1,090 208

2 1.359

4

Per

cent.

0)

35.2 0)

32.5

60.7

(1)

(>) 63.6

59.8

59.9

.57.7 42.8

(!) 42.3

49.9

()

39.6

47.9

49.0 ()

67.0

50.9

0) A')

(.')

40.2 "l

Oi

(') (>

Ci

52.9

0)

(') (')

0)

47.4

49.5

63.1

43.4

60.2

49.7 0)

58.4

44.4

(') 0)

66.2

(')

Oi

(') (l

Oi

.35.5 48. (; 33.7

42.2 48.4

(') 65.3

40.8 39.0

(.'!

(1) m

(1) 46.4

49.6

51.2

45.6

21 to 24 years of age. 25 to 34 years of age.

Total.

6778

38

197

138

106

81 515

5,610

2,237

2,044

1,556

66 775

402

94

262 2,284

4,051

11

4,748

633

66

31

11

199

31584

58

12 208

25

73

85

28

1,935

1,094

346

217

2

461 18479

268

4,529

86

415665

35

13

332 79585

388

186

38

4, 486

928

!25

32

34

9

37 212

226

1.750 2.755

1,753

457

Breadwinners.

Number.

30

37

7 110

7044

314 3,885

1,590

1,231 73525

370

216

32

97

1,319 1,960

6

3,197

384

26

115

3534

6919

32

32

14 984

602 227

99

1 253

79

51 117

2723

3126

144 436

40

183

81

12 2,703 340

56

17

20

917 103

125

1,052

1,778 1.144 276

13
152 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table H.—NUMBER AND, PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY,
CITY AND COUNTRY. 153

OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY

FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.

FEMALE POPULATION, 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER—COntimiecl.
154 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 1^.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY,
CITY AND COUNTRY. 155

OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY

FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION,S: 1900.
156 WOMEN AT WORK.

Taelk 12.—number and PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY,
CITY AND COUNTRY. 157

OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY

FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900—Continued.
158 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 13.—DISTRIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE 7\ND OVER,

CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES; 1900.

OCCUPATION.

Ml occupations

Agricultural pursuits

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits

Professional service 1 .

.

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers 'of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service

Domestic and personal service

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service

Trade and transportation

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Eubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory opera tivos Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

MiUiners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Tailoresses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.

4,833,630

770,066

456, 406

.307, 706

0,944

429, 497

6,661

10,907 5,984

.52,010

8,119

7,387

327, 206

11,223

1,953,467

5,440

59, 455 8,533

146,929

8,010

106,916

328,935

108, 691

1, 165, 661 14,997

481,159

10, 468 72,896

81,000

33,825

17,052

142, 265

85,086 21,980

16,587

1,199,452

_J. L_l_

14,303

36, 490

14, 498 7,805 7,170

5,767

8,709

15, 353

6,946

231, 458 8,332

37, 181

28, 293

26, 432

27, 169 44,051

676,2.55

338, 144 7,049

.S2. 936

l:».724 27.788

111. ,571 19,043

37, 125

138, .574

Number.

Native white -

Both

parents

native.

1,771,966

264, 639

82,665

179, 448 2,626

276, 110

One or

l3oth par- ents for- eign T)orn.

1,090,744

25, 763

6,236

18, 663

864

112, 767

3,404

7,584

4,435

34, 138

6,127

4,882 207,823

6,717

535, 156

1,670 31,766

5,040

77,912

1,348

21,639

41,643 43,764

305,883

4,601

223,840

6,641 35,896

40, 984

10, 462 6,091

60, 120

45, 373 12,011 6,262

473, 221

4,487 14,720

4,620 2,316

3,969

1,607 2,558

8,453

1,267

74,617 2,164

35,079

12, 333 8,571 6,803

9,667

293.664

152, 821 2,491

45, 186

60, 223 11,412

14,087 7,444

12, 750

48, 204

1.983

2,361

1,163

13, 347

1,520

1,274 88,449 2,070

326,788

1,775 9,784

1,518

29, 178 1,916

6,778

28, 727 19,505 223,327

3,280

193,528

2,247

30, 610

.32,099 8,218

8,309

64, 857 33,688

8,601

8,207

16,500

7,793 3,528

2,138

3,029 3,899

5,703

3, .507

77,521

3,048 20,299

10, 606

11,304 11,380

20, 284

232, 297 117,287 2.987

28, 748 41,888

11,665 23,631 6,091

10, 028

.58. 748

Foreign born

white.

840,011

40, 874

Negro.

1,119,621

434, 041

4,643 34,975

1,356

25,827

1,020 875

361 3,349

415 1,063 17,218

1,526

455, 744

1,002

14, 305

1,807

30, 331

7,925 42,774

26, 702 322,062

4,947

.59,773

1,313 6,194

7,368 14,264

2,426

16, 896 5,845

1,,355 4,122

257, 793

1,575

6,201

2,041 1,894

1,014

1,129

2, 227 1,100 2,180

78,833

2,513

41,514

5,339

6,513

8,910

14,0.38

122.847

55, .523 1,669 8.829

25, 0,50

4,.598

23, 447 3,831

9,705

28,047

361, 804

71,665

572

25 1,169

50

160

13, 478

307

634,083

981 3,576

152 9,406

864

70, 112 216,042

18,672 313,078

2,210

3,920

265

189 539

856 224

378

174

11 1,284

32,069

34

66

44

67

10

2

2696

1

481

7 289

154470

56

24, 385 12,418

2 169 11,296

109

301 I 00

4,639 2,219 ;

Indian md Mongolian.

11,288

4,738

1,257 2,955

526

1234

16 102

3

462

749

48 1,211

59

Per cent.

Native wliitoBoth

parents

native.

One or both par- ents for- eign bom

34.4

238

3

2

71036

2

14

6

220

3,471

2. 062

95

4 267

4 105 1,587

3 1,356

18.1 58.3

44.2

56.1 69.6

74.1

75.5

66.1 63.6

59.9

27.4

30.7 53.4

59.1 53.0

16.8

20.2

12.7 40.3

26.2 30.0

46.5

63.4

49.2 50.6

30.9

35.7

42.3 63.3

54.6 37.8

31.4

40.3

31.9

29,7 56.4

27.9 29.4

55.1

18.1

32 2 26.0

36.1 43.6 32.4

25.0

21.9

43.5

45.2 35.3

.54.6 43.4

41.1 22.9

39.1

34.3

34.8

22.6

1.4

6.1 14.6

26.3

29.8

21.6

19.4

25.7

18.7 17.2 27.0

23.8

16.7

32 6 16.6

17.8

19.9 23.9

6.3

8.7 17.9

19.2 21.9

40.2

21.5

42.0

24.3

48.7

39.1 29.5

36.1

57.4

45.2 53.8

45.2 29.8

.52.5 44.8

37.1 50.5

33.5 43.8

20.9 37.5

42.8

41.9 46.0

34.4

34.7 42.4

34.7 30.2

42.0 38.4

32.0

27.0

42.4

Foreign born

white.

1.0 11.4 22.8

6.0

15.3 8.0

6.0

6.4

5.1 14.4 5.3

13.6

23.3

Negro.

18.4

24.1 21.2

20.6

48.6

7.4

13.0 24.6

27.6

33.0

12.4

12.5 8.5

9.1

42.1 14.2

11.9 6.9

6.2

24.9

21.5

11.0

14.3

14.1 24.3

14.1

19.6 25.6

7.2 31.4

34.1 30.2

42.7

18.9 24 6

.32.8 31.9

18.2 16.4

22.3

10.6

18.1 16.5

.38.1 20.1

26.1 20.2

79.3

23.3

3.7 0.8

0.4

2.2

0.6

2.2

4.1 2.7

32.5

Indian and Mongohan.

18.0 6.0

1.8 6.4

10."7

65.6

65.4

17.2 26.9

14.7

0.8

2.6

0.3

0.7

0.3 0.2

0.1

7.7

0.2

0.2 0.3

0.9

0.1

0)

0.3

0.6 ()

0.2

0.1 0.3

0.1 0.2

0.3

0.1

3.6

3.7

(')0.2

8-1 0.4

0.6

0.6

12.5

1.6

o.a

1.0

(')

()

O.I

0.1

0.1

(')

0.1

0.2

0.1 0.2

0.1

(')

0.4 0.2

()

0.1 0.4

(')

(•)

(') (')

0. (')

(1)

(') ()

0.1

0.3

{>)

C)

{'}

0.3 n

(')

(')0.2

8. a

(')

1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
OCCUPATION, RACE, AND NATIVITY. 159

Table 14.—TOTAL NUMBER. OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,

NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900 AND 1890.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations.

,

Agricultural pursuits.

.

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers

.

Other agncultural pursuits

Professional service.

Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Other professional service

Domestic and personal service.

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers.

.

Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service.

Trade and transportation

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)

.

Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers.

.

Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Kubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

.

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cufi makers.

Tailoresses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

FEMALE BREADTVINKEKS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.

1900

Total.

811,744

497,886

307, 788

0,070

430, 766

6,819

10,989 5,989

52, 257

8,126

7,399 327,905

11,282

2,012,040

5,533

59, 5U

8,545

147, 103 8,028

111,503

332, 665 108,978

1,213,828

16,346

494,126

10, 638 73,820

83, 726 34,008

18, 673

146, 577

85, 912 22,454

18,418

1,258,393

15,171 38,285

15, 992 8,586

7,543

6,158

9,164

15, 770

7,238

250, 376

8,679

104,944 31,108

29,200

28,961

47,484

693, 158

342, 579 7,398 85,025

143,270 29,509

65, 353

20, 024

40, 325

150, 627

Both parents native.

Native white92,201 i;9,475 2,656

275,765

3,484

7,621 4,439

34,264

6,132 4,886

208, 193 6,746

554,903

1,701

31, 773 5,045

77,993

1,353

22, 613

42, 322

43, 866 323,703

4,534

228, 349

6,677 36,200 41,918

10, 506

6,711

61,561

45, 669

12,284 6,823

492, 501

4,797

15,410

6,063 2,555 4,100

1,705 2,689

8,662

1,333

82,228

2,256

38, 931 13,598

9,653 7,316

10,474

298,388

153, 912 2,588

46, 943 61,517

12,118 14,657

7,653

13,866

61, 706

One or both parents for- eign bom.

1,138,129

26, 663

7,114

18, 665 874

113,112

2,022

2,393

1,164 13,423

1,622

1,276

88,630

2,682

341,604

1,804

9,797

1,518 29,209

1,924

7,304 29,641 19,646

237, 539

3,322

199,864

2,271 31,070

33,364 8,286

9,123

67,054

34, 100 8,771 5,825

456,896

8,667

17, 364 8,564

3, ,885 2,317

3,244 4,120

5,867

84,211

3,833 21,967

11,709

12,636

12, 157 22,010

240,253

119, 685 3,112

29, 718

43, 622

12, 324 25,275

6,517

11,249

63,486

Foreign

bom

white.

4,800

34,982

1,383

26,002

1,046

886

361 3,373

415

1,067 17,314

1,540

462,119

1,026

14,326

1,811 30,348

3,890

8,189

43, 107 26,750

327, 700

4,972

61,776

1,318

6,347

7,886

14, 298 2,605

17, 553 5,960

1,386 4,424

270,901

1,673 5,440

2,321 2,073

1,072

1,207 2,330

1,142 2,234

83,405

2,583

43, 731 5,784

6,960

9,415

14,932

127,463

56, 381 1,696

9,187

26, 236 4,942

24,901 4,060

10,411

30, 130

Negro,

Indian,and

Mongolian,

393, 771 74,666

1,157

15,887

2678925

1,197

57 170 13,768

314

663,414

1,002

3,615

171 9,563

861

To. 397

217, 695

18,816 324,886 3,618

4,137

272 1 203 1 559 i 918 I 234 I

409

183

13 1,346

34

71

44

7354

2

26

99

2

532

7 315

17

27,054

12,601

2 ! 177 11,895

125 460

1,794

4,799

5,306

18))0

Total.

3, 712, 144

595, 134

363, 554 226,427

5,163

311, 241

4,491

10, 776

2,764

.34,436

4,875

4,557

245,839

3,505

1,590,187

Native whiteBoth parents native.

1, 310, 148

190, 789

49, 935 138,742

2,112

211,716

2,470

7,912

2,083

23, 676

3,768

3,202

166,207

2,398

427,251

2,779

32, 593 5,276

86,089 2,803

60,321 216,121 41,396

,146,255

8,554

222, 553

774 17,030 3,146

46, 823

471

7,7o4

19,617 17,480 311,479

2,797

100,529

4,853 27,606

62, 817

25, 284 6,147

57,171

21,214 8,403

9,058

993,029

3,346

14,872

31,431

7,407 1,830

21,781

12,861 4,204

2,791

379,863

11,271 32,948

12,325 5,328

3,608

3,263

8,719 12,026

6,331

211,112

10, 452 84,220

19, .321 19,108 34.428

43, 583

588,277

290, .308

6, 552 60,663

143, 339 15,534

61,488

10, 403

25.8.5.3 71.978

3,044

13,892

3,739

1,283 2,017

1,036

2,298

6,260

1,190

65. 527

3,247 21,674

7,217 4,072

7,644 11,673

260, 129

129, 768 2,364 34,855

69, 806

5,140

15. 528

7,014

22, 4.34

One or both parents for- eign born.

Foreign born

white.

Negro,

Indian,

-and Mongolian.

774, 751

12,817

2,998

8,964

866

71,093

1,064 2,008

451 7,585

749 050

.57,999 687

236,322

756,006

33, 179

2,661

29, 106

1,412

19,687

876

788 207 2,668

333

572

13, 793 450

451,681

927 4,018

635 11,280

666

3,086

12, 698 5,847

195,641 1,626

86,019

10,534 24,741

5,219

3,340

28,537

6,966

3,393

2,481

368, 600

6,930

14,543

0, 969 2,198

1,115

1,693 3,706

4,666

3, .330

77,471 4.147

23. 121 8,129

9.665

16.051

16. .3.58

203,952

103,056

.3, 030

18, 194

40, 761 7,347

26,2.50 6,314

8,070

.33,858

9,736

1,369

19, 775 1,323

4,481 31,905

13,164 366,097

3,269

33,714

636 2,145

6,299 12,010

6,713

1,356

750 2.875

217,845

871,239

358,349

307.960

49; 625

764

8,845

81

6723 606

25

133 7,840

70

474,933

516

1,809 126

8,211 444

35,020

151,001 4,905

272,038

863

2,291

63

55 346

140

3166 9U

26, 821

1,283 4,431

1,612

1,774 471

624 2,694

1,0.30 1,808

77, 334 3,016

39, 182 3,951 5,368

10, 663

15, 164

103, 862

49, 846

1,164 7,240 21,000 2,993

19. 266

2,.364

1482

735

21

713

780

42 24324

1370

388

20, 334

7,638

4 364 772

54 445

57

11

6,714 4,055

14,308 I 1,.378

1 Comprises in 1900 continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval

(including civilian employees) stationed abroad: in 1890, continental United States only.

^rvire of the United States
160 WOMEN AT WORK.

Tablk 15.—per (5ENT DISTRIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE

AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY OCCVPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION i): 1900 AND

1890.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

All occupations . .

.

Agricultural pursuits.

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers. Other agricultural pursuits

Professional serviceActresses, professional show-women, etc. Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Other professional service

Domestic and personal service.

Barbers land hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers. Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified; Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service.

Trade and transportation.

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)

.

Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation.

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives

Printers, lithographers, andpresswomen. Rubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives , Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives.

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers.

Tailoresses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
OCCUPATION, RACE, AND NATIVITY. 161

Table 16.—PER CKNT DISTRIBUTION, BY OCCUPATION, OF FEMALE BREAD^^'INNEKS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 0: 1900 AND

1890.

OCCUPA.TION.

PEK CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY OCCUPATION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

fotal.

Ail occupations. .

.

Agricultural pursuits.

ISOO

100.0 I

1890

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers. OthPr agricultural pursuits

Professional service

Actresses, professional show-woraen, etc. Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music

Oincials (government)

Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Other professional service

Domestic and personal service.

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers . Hotel keepers , Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons ,

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwivcs

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service.

Trade and transportation

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)

.

Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation.

Manufacturing and m.echanical pursuits.

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Gloveraakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives

Printers, lithographers, and prcsswomen. Rubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives.

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Olher textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers.

Tailoresses Other textile workers

* Tobacco and cigar factory operatives - . Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

6. 1
162 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 17.—DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREAUWINT^RS.

16 years of age and

orer.

16 to 24 years

of age.

Number. Per

cent.

5 to 34 years 35

of age.

Number. Per

cent.

to 44 years

of age.

Number. Per

cent.

45 to._ 54 years 55

of age.

Number. Per

cent.

ITovL'^" Ageunlmown.

Number. Per

cent. Number. Percent.

All occupations

Agricultural pursuits

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other a^cultural pursuits

Professional service

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service i

Domestic and personal service

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel Iceepers Houselceepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal serviee

Trade and transportation

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation —

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper)

Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives , Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses ^ Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Tailoresses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

4,843,155 2,139,370 1,171,952 676,548 441,457 395,617 8.2

772,731

458,975

307, 788 5,968

430,067

6,713

10,913 5,989 62,028

8,126

7,399 327,635

11,264

1,956,973

5,448

59, 511 8,545

147, 103 8,012

107,081

329, 359

108, 978

1, 166, 708 16,228

481,380

10, 472 72,928

81,023

33,872

17,052

142,290

86, 126 21,999

16,618

1,202,004

14,306 36,490

14,498 7,810

7,175

5,767 8,709

15,361 6,945

231,458

8,332

97, 181 28,293

26, 432

27, 169 44,051

675,948

338, 290 7,049 82,958

139, 149 27,788

61,612

19, 102

37, 126

140,411

262,633 34.0 126,062 14.8 116,879 15.1 150,225 19.4

250,029

11,632

972

188, 178

54.5 3.8

16.3

43.8

94,410

29,761

147,800

20.6

9.7

14.9

34.4

52,321 61,004

1,127

56,213

11.4

19.8 18.9

13.1

34,563

81,078

1,238

23,737

7.5 26.3 20.7

5.5

25,495

123,010

1,720

12,975

5.6 40.0

3.0

3,279

3,032

1,527 22,544

2,220 604

152, 149 2,923

817,623

48.8

27.8

25.5

43.3

27.3 6.8

46.4 25.9

41.8

2,462

3,915

1,873 17,330

2,356 2,065

114,012 3,787

463,461

36.7 35.9

31.3

33.3

29.0

27.9

34.8

33.6

23.7

677 2,272

1,200

7,494

1,607 2,205

38,475 2,283

294,032

10.1 20.8

20.0

14.4

19.8 29.8

11.7 20.3

15.0

194 1,048

742 3,137

1,060

1,411 14,879

1,266

201,320

2.9

9.6

12.4 6.0

13.0

19.1 4.5

11.2

10.3

74

623

632

1,177 7,205

973

169,396

2,071

1,874 222

41,413

483

42,021

76,576

28,021

622, 494 2,448

272,069

38.0

3.1 2.6

28.2 6.0

39.2

23.3 26.7

53.4

16.1

56.5

1,672 10,060 1,190

31,621

1,716

23, 791 81,352

28,078 280,416

3,565

130,201

30.7

16.9

13.9 21.5 21.4

22.2

24.7

25.8

24.0 22.0

27.0

944

17,298 2,457

26,886 2,695

16, 794 77,094

17,637 127,966 4,362

44,679

17.3 29.1 28.8

18.3 33.6

15.7 23.4

16.1 11.0 26.9

9.3

16,064

2,457

22,511

1,914

12,225

54,028

15,389

73,069 3,177

19, 782

8.9

27.0

28.8

15.3 23.9

11.4

16.4

14.1 6.3 19.6

4.1

266

14, 104 2,200

24, 159 1,185

11,628 37,457

19,338 56,858 2,201

13,954

1,856 41,856

48, 008 2,902

12,791

53,816

15,637 6,517

598,867

17.7 57.4

59.3 8.6

76.0

62.3

63.2

71.1 39.2

49.8

2,570

23, 597 21,728

6,834

2,973

37,911 26,001

4,979 3,608

305,428

24.5

32.4

26.8

20.2

17.4

26.6

30.5

22.6

21.7

25.4

2,511

5,673 7,083 9,417

836

10,948

4,351 975 2,885

167, 172

24.0

7.8 8.7

27.8

4.9

7.7

5.1 4.4

17.4

13.9

1,892

1,288

2,776

7,392

311

3,334

676 293

1,820

79,739

18.1

1.8 3.4 21.8

1.8

2.3 0.8

1.3 11.0

6.6

1,603 430

1,266

7,256

137

1,295

162

87 1,728

49,067

9,282 19,830

10,322 4,822 3,555

3,895

5,227

9,256 3,993

146, 126

4,030

59, 955

19, 793

19, 116 16,026 27,207

271,623

110,355 3,922

40,964

59, 480

16,321

32, 426 8,155

23,685

87,261

64.9

54.3 71.2

61.7

49.5

67.5

60.0

60.3

67.5

63.1

48.4 61.7

70. 72.3

59.0 61.8

40.2

32.6

65.6

49.4 42.7

58.7

52.6

42.7

63.8

62.1

3,475

9,873 3,015

1,297 1,730

1,269

1,947 4,348

2,096

51,236 2,078

21,769

6,535

5,082

6,794

9,978

188,375

103,421

1,833 23,070

35,401 6,718

14, 149 3,783

7,657

29, 110

24.3

27.1 20.8

16.6 24.1

22.0

22.4

28.3

30.2

22.1 24.9

22.4

19.6

19.2 26.0

22.7

27.9

30.6 26.0

27.8

25.4

24.2 23.0

19.8

20.6

20.7

4,567 832 827

993

431 856

1,174 635

21, 560

1,030 10,006

1,893 1,519 2,812 4,300

117, 696 70,719

795 10,778 21,728

3,003

8,143 2,429

3,628

13, 102

6.9

12.5

6.7

10.6

13.8

7.5

9.8

7.6

9.1

9.3 12.4

10.3

6.7

5.7

10.4

17.4 20.9

11.3 13.0

15.6

10.8

13.2

12.7

9.8

353

1,634 250

457

569

131 470 428

159

8,363 540 3,875

731

461 1,097

1,659

69, 128

34, 648 325

4,971 12,266 1,120

3,969

1,929

1,495 6,302

2.6

4.5

1.7 5.9 7.9

2.3

5.4 2.8

2.3

3.6 6.5

4.0

2.6

1.7

4.0 3.8

8.7

10.2

4.6

6.0 8.8

4.0

6.4

10.1

4.0

4.6

207

547

74

401 322

41 202

13460

3,816

651 1,433 311

176

384

38,231

18,795

167 2,994

10,033

599 2,856

2,787

614 4,428

1.1 5.7

10.6 2.7

10.7 15.9 2.2

8.6

8.7

4.9

23.7 26.7

16.4

14.8

10.9

11.4

17.7 4.9

13.6

2.9

15.3 0.6

1.6

21.4 0.8

0.9

0.2 0.4

10.4

4.1

1.4

1.5 0.5

5.1 4.6

0.7

2.3 0.9

0.7

1.6 7.8

1.5

1.1 0.7

1.4 2.0

5.7 5.6

2.4

3.6

7.2 2.2

4.6

14.6

1.7

3.2

18,211

2,167

1,30320

1,164

27

23

15 100

15

37 91532

11119 514

19

622

2,852

616 5,905

475

40

84

112

71

4

176 12028

60

1,731

8

21

12

367

3

14330

79

57

45

462

7

181 24127

69

19

47 218

0.4 "as

0.6 0.4

0.3

0.3

0.4 0.2

0.3 0.2

0.2 0.5

0.3

0.3

0.6

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.6 0.9

0.6

0.5

2.9

0.1

0.4

0.1

0.1 0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.4

0.1

0.1

(')0.1 0.1

0.1 0.1

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1 0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2 0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.2

'Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including

civilian employees) stationed abroad.

! Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
OCCUPATION AND AGE. 163

Table 17—DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OP FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900—

Continued. '

OCCUPATION.

Ail occupations

Agricultural pursuits

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers . ! Other agricultural pursuits

Professipnal service

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientiiic persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service

Domestic and personal service

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses .' Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service

Trade and transportation

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants.

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers.

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Tailoresses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

16 years of age and

over.

1.773,109

264,687

82, 584

179,475

2,628

275,384

3,425

7,588

4,439

34,145

6,132

4,886 208,030 6,739

535,666

1,672

31, 773 6,045

77,993

1,348

21,705 41,680

43,866

305, 975 4,509

223,938

6,643

35,911

40,994

10,471 6,091

60, 129 45,398

12,018 6,283

473,634

4,489

14, 720

4,620

2,315 3,969

1,607

2,558

8,457

1,257

74,617

2,164 35,079

12,333

8,671 6,803

9,667

293,832

162,866

2,491

46, 193 60,339

11,412 14,087

7,444

12, 761 48,342

16 to 24 years 25

of age.

Number.

753,266

61, 210 4,193

344

122,334

1,645 1,915 1,008

14,795

1,648 304 99,477

1,542

238,844

112

22, 163

116

7,787

9,987

9,587

186,886

726

121,856

1,110 19,046 22,540

1,070 4,613

36, 195

26, .560 8,437

2,286

214,486

2,920

7,632

3,321

1,516 1,663

1,086

1,676 5,098

776

51,514

853 24,601

8,801

6,855 4,304

6,100

99,522

40, 717 1,267 20,928 21,889

6,814

5,832

2,075

8,385

29,376

Per

cent.

21.1

62.0

2.3

13.1

44.4

,48.0 25.2

22.7

43.3

26.9

6.2

47.8

22.9

44.6

35.7

2.8

2.2

28.4

8.5

36.9

24.0 21.9

61.1

16.1

54.4

16.7 53.0

55.0

10.2

75.7

60.2 58.6

70.2 36.4

45.3

65.0

61.8

71.9

66.5 41.9

67.6

65.5

60.3 61.7

69.0 39.4

70.1 71.4 80.0

63.3

63.1

33.9

26.6 50.9

46.3 36.3

59.7

41.4 27.9

65.8

eo.8

to 34 years

of age.

Number.

399,376

26,923

13,859

12,688

376

92,329

1,277

2,705

1,382 11,300

1,736

1,304 70,422

2,203

103,882

513

4,576 663

14,581

247

11,636

57, 718

991

62,969

1,499

12,035

11,237 2,222

946

16,857

15, 105 2,673

1,395

113,273

953 3,591

835 369

976

326

456 2,322

287

12,884

356

5,986

2,079

1,261

1,416

1,786

78,329

43,551 596

12,694

14,763 2,358

3,275 1,092

2,662

9,294

Per

cent.

16.8

7.1 14.3

33.5

37.3

35.6

31.1

33.1

28.3 26.7

33.9

32.7

19.4

30.7

14.4

12.9

18.7

18.3

18.9

21.3

26.5

18.9 22.0

28.1

22.6

33.5

27.4

21.2

15.5

26.4

33.3

22.2

22.2

23.9

21.2

24.4

18.1 15.9 24.6

20.2

17.8

27.5 22.8

17.3

16.5

17.1 16.9

14.7 20.8

18.5

26.7

28.6

23.9

28.1 24.6

20.7

23.2

14.7

20.8

19.2

35 to 44 years 46

of age.

Number.

41,532

8,221

32, 701 520

34, 766

349

1,667 906 4,879

1,185 1,427

22, 937 1,416

72, 746

299

8,588

1,407 13,212

419

3,963

9,967

7,045 26,723

1,123

22,604

1,583 3,513 4,318

2,743 330

5,280

2,990

618

1,129

73,008

347 2,062

295

205

646

125 207

649

123

5,646

295 2,646

835 332

639

899

56,739

36,188

317

6,245 10,485

1,250 2,154

1,100

1,061 4,914

Per

cent.

15.7

10.0

18.3 19.8

12.6

10.2 22.0

20.4

14.3

19.3 29.2

11.0 21.0

13.6

17.9 27.0 27.9

16.9

31.1

18.3 23.9

16.1 8.7

24.9

10.0

10.5 26.2

5.4

6.6

5.1 18.0

7.7 14.0 6.4

8.9

16.3

7.8

8.1 7.7

7.6

13.6 7.5 6.8 3.9

9.4

9.3

19.3 23.0

12.7

13.8

17.4

11.0

15.3

14.8

8.2

10.2

to 64 j^ears of age.

Number.

182,214

54,900

6,670

48, 744

686

102 802 599

2,134

842

966

9,569

852

59,348

149 8,929

1,443 12,905 320

3,112

7,619 6,562

17, 410

9,865

1,268 940

1,901 2,180

136

1,943 525 204

758

42,245

163 1,018

122

125 431

63

151 288

53

2,749

259 1,235

406

87 286

476

33,980

20,618

192 3,116 6,918

681 1,382 1,174

422

Per

cent.

10.3

20.7

6.7

27.2

22.3

5.8

3.0

10.6 13.5 6.2

13.7

19.8

4.6 12.6

11.1

28.1

28.6

16.5 23.7

14.3

18.3

16.0 6.7

19.9

4.4

19.1 2.6

4.6 20.8

2.2

3.2

1.2

1.7 12.1

8.9

3.6

6.9

2.6

6.4

10.9

3.3

6.9

3.4

4.2

3.7

12.0 3.5

3.3

1.0 4.2

4.9

11.6

13.5 7.7 6.9

11.6 5.1 9.8

15.8

3.3

6.6

55 years of age and over.

Number.

188,305

85,067

3,690 80,672

796

29

480

530

966

707 852

4,911 699

58, 215

110 8,763

1,419

14,871

241

2,668

6,038 8,718

16,633 754

6,294

1,161 310

916 2,238

65

743

120

29,575

104

381

4497

248

1864

88

15

1,671

400 633

188

31 134 385

24,639

12,505 114

2,064

6,157

391 1,416 1,992

Per

cent.

Age unknown.

Number.

10.6

32.1

4.3 44.9 30.3

3.3

0.8

6.3

11.9 2.8

11.5

17.4

2.4

10.4

10.9

27.6 28.1

19.1 17.9

12.3

12.1 19.9

5.1 16.7

2.8

17.3 0.9

2.2

21.4

1.1

1.2 0.3 0.6

11.0

6.2

2.3 2.6

1.0

4.2 6.2

1.1 2.5

1.0 1.2

2.2

18.5

1.5

1.5 0.4

2.0

4.0

8.4

8.2

4.6

4.6 10.2 3.4

10.1

1.8

4.1

6,392

134 387

7

2319

14

81

1433

71427

4 33

11 261

77 200 318

1,605

16

460

412

3

154

1 79

24

524

21

623

287

5

147 127

18

28

11

Per

cent.

0.3 "02

0.2 0.2'

0.3

0.7

0.3 0.3

0.2

0.2

0.7

0.3 0.4

0.2

0.1 0.2

0.3 0.4

0.4

0.5

0.7

0.6 0.4

0.2

0.5 0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.2

(=)0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.1 0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1 0.4

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1 0.2

1 Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including

civilian employees) stationed abroad.

' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
164 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 17.—DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OP-ENUMERATION'): 1900—

Continued.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations. .

.

Agricultural pursuits.

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers. Other agricultural pursuits

Professional service

.

Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, et: Other professional service

Domestic and personal service.

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers. Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and raidwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service.

Trade and transportation

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)

.

Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

.

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers ' Paper and pulp mill operatives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Rubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives.

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

MiUiners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers.

Tailoresscs Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits..

NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

16 years of age and

over.

25, 775

6,243

18, 665 867

112,921

1,995

2,363

1,164

13, 352

1,522

1,276 88,572 2,677

325,949

1,775

9,797

1,518 29,209

1,917

6,787

28, 738

19,546

223, 381 3,281

193,588

2,248

30, 624

32, 108 8,223

8,309

64,864

33, 700 8,6U

4,901

432, 967

8,208

16,500 7,793 3,528

2,138

3,029 3,899

5,706

3,507

77, 521 3,648 20,299

10,606

11,304 11,380

20, 284

232, 352

117, 314

2,987

28, 762 41,912

11,665

23, 631 0,091

10,028

68, 758

16 to 24 years

of age.

Number.

693,435 64.'4

Per

cent.

5,592 21.7

4,606

795

191

50,123

1,057

842

431 6,124

499

101 40,091

978

176,721

73.8 4.3

22.0

44.4

53.0 36.6

37.0

46.9

32.8

7.9 46.3

36.5

54.2

850

31866 9,845

151

3,749

11, 100 5,352

144, 614 676

121,202

539

18,858 20,793

1,065

6,301

41,454

23,214

6,277

2,701

239, 797

5,341 9,425

6,469

2,401

1,335

2,008

2,606

3,465

2,027

60,120 2,009

12, 373 7,366

8,347

6,889

13, 092

108, 937

47, 701 1,647

15,834 21,026

6,691 12,423 3,616

7,360

39, 337

47.9

3.2

4.3

33.7

7.9

66.2 38.6

27.4

64.7 20.6

25 to 34 years

of age.

Number.

297,916

3,213

916

2,114

183

41,688

695

907

384 4,671

503 445

33, 131 952

77,661 23.8

Per

cent.

12.6

14.7

11.3

21.1

36.9

34.8

38.4 33.0

36.0

33.0

34.9

37.4 35.6

676 2,136

309 8,050

484

1,353

7,121 6,602

60, HI

919

32.6

21.8

20.4

27.6

26.2

19.9 24.8

33.8

22.4 28.0

62.6 I 63,497 27.6

J to 44 years

of age.

Number.

417

5,040 215

14,963

181 416

209

1,808

326 414

11, 143 466

43,995 13.6

Per

cent.

6.7 27.0

24,8

13.3

9.1 17.6

18.0 13.6

21.4

32.4 12.6

17.4

246

3,742

578 6,376

6, 606 4,022

19, 698 1,040

13,884

24.0

61.6

64.8

13.0 76.8

63.9

68.9 72.9

65.1

66.4

740 32.9 9,777 31.9

8,694 26.8

2,209 26.9

1,696 , 19.2

18,228 I 28.1 9,266 27.5

1,989 23.1

1,108 22.6

121,857

65.1

67.1 70.2

68.1 62.4

64.3

60.7 57.8

64.7 1
OCCUPATION AND AGE. 165

Table 17—DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OP ENUMERATION'): 1900—

Continued.

OCCUPATION.

.\11 occupations ^

Agricultural pursuits

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits

Professional service

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists ana teachers of art Literary and scientilic persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government) , Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors In colleges, etc Other professional service ,

Domestic and personal service.,.^

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers , Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laund resses Nurses and midwivcs

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service

Trade and transportation

Agents Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) , Packers and shippers.

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen

EublDcr factory operatives

Textile mill operatives

(!^arpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Tailoresses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

FOREIGN BOKN WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS.

16 years of age and

over.

840,686

40,917

4,567 84,982

1,36S

25,937

1,031 875 361

3,3.54

415 1,067

17, 299 1,535

456,070

1,002 14,326

1,811 80,348

7,963 42,835

26, 750

322, 190 4,955

69, 793

1,314

6,195

7,372

14,260

2,426

16,898 6,848

1,357

4,123

257,969

1,.576 5,201

2,041

1,894

1,014

1,129 2,227

1,101 2,180

7.9, 833 2,513

41,.514 5.339

6.513

,?, 916

1-1,038

122,937

55, 666 1,569 8,840

25, 085 4,598 23,448

3,831

9, 705

28, 132

16 to 24 years

of. age.

Number.

347, 7,59

2 271

1,788

328

155

7,581

412

23582

1,008

6167

5,373

343

393

355

29 6,491 128

2,196

6,493

4,864

166, 149 447

27, .582

127 3,829

4, 4.37 690

1,760

10,773 3,930

911 1,125

132,780

1,003 2,737

1,512 892

549

740

1,031 640

1,189

44,231

1,107 22,822 3,627

3,879

4,811

7,985

65,409

18,473 1,008

4,120

13,092

2,732

14,035 1,949

5,884

16,963

Per

cent.

0.9

11.3

29.2

40.0

26.9

22.7

,30.1

14.7

6.3 31.1 22.3

38.9

39.2

2.5

1.6 21.4

3.3

27.6

15.2 18.2

48.5

9.0

46.1

9.7 61.8

60.2

4.8

72.5

67.2

67.1

27.3

61.5

&3.7

52.6

74.1

47.1 54.1

65.5

46.3

58.1

54.5

66.1

44.1 55.0

67.9

59.6 64.0

45.1 33.2

64.2

46.6 62.2

59.4

.59.9 50.9

60.6

60.3

25 to 34 years

of age.

202, 322

2,150

755 1,299

405 272

93 976

100

270 5,542

521

120,913

285 2,210

183 6,537

782

1,510 8,398

7,641 92,498

12,684

252

1,728

1,760

2,167

371

3,709

1,686 316

795

58,396

24.1

16.5 3.7

7.0

31.5

39.3

31.1 26.8

29.1

24.1

25.3 32.0

26.5

28.4

15.4

10.1 21.5

20.1

19.0

19.6 28.6 28.7

17.5

21.2

19.2 27.9

23.9

15.2

15.3

21.9

27.1

23.3 19.3

22.6

1,365 355

255 229

244

529

265

702

19,058

665

10, 434 1,029

1,441 2,274 3,215

28,184 !

15, 466 310

2,031 ; 4,664

946

4,086 I 681

1,746

6,125

I

21.5

26.2 17.4

13.6

22.6

21.6 23.8

24.1 32.2

24 2 26^5

25.1

19.3

22.1 25.5

!2.9

22.9

27.8

19.8

23.0

18.6 20.6

17.4

17.8

18.0

18.2

35 to 4 1 years

of age.

119,316

5,209

744

4,249

216

4,964

1.38 181

81

81 324

3,145

325

163 3,946

423 5,698

1,210

1,569 .:,562

4,790

36, 225 1,422

7,568

314

447 639

3, 446 162

1,404

26177

115 694

105

281 139

,303 109

9,466

345

5,317

404 689

1,045

1,655

19, 130 11,140

131 1,230

3,056

5.30 2,596

447

1,250

2,711

Per

cent.

16.3

12.1 16.8

19.1

13.4 20.7

22.4

20.6

19.5 30.4

18.2 21.2

14.7

45 to 64 years

of age.

Number. Per

10,373 25.4

614

9,425 334

2,946 11.4

13.4

26.9 24.4

16.3 27.5

23.4

18.8

31.1

19.7 27.0

17.9

11.2 28.7

12.7

23.9

7.2 8.7

24.2

6.3

8.3

4.5 5.7

20.1

13.4

7.3 13.3

5.1 14.8

13.7

8.5 13.6 9.9

8.7

12.0

13.7

12.8

7.6 10.6

11.7 11.8

15.6 20.0

8.3 13.9

12.2

11.5

11.1 11.7

12.9 9.6

43 11050

400

92

205 1,864

182

47,538

101 4,125

.596 .5,245 1,029

1,334

9,291

4,385 20,180

1,252

5,a53

310

118 354

3,664

87

608

44

33 635

69

282

48 21658

34

237

54

4,105

194 2,090

186 302

561 772

11,813 6,568

78 893 2,113

256 1,577

328

610

1,834

4.2

12.6

13.9

11.9

22.2

19.2

10.8 11.9

10.4

10.1 28.8 32.9

17.3 26.5

16.8

21.7

16.4 6.3

25.3

9.8

23.6

1.9

4.8 25.7

3.6

0.8

2.4

16.4

7.5

4.4 5.4

2.4

11.4

3.0

10.6 4.9 3.0

7.7 5.0

3.6

4.6 6.3

5.5

11.8

5.0

10.1 8.4

5.6

6.7

8.6

6.3

6.5

55 years of ag and over. Age unknown.

,82,825 9.9

20,813 50.9

648

19, 602

663

2,196

32

7554

276

81 200

1,314

163

41,419

59 3,659

576

6,271

736

1,314 6,934

4,961 16,950

6,014

306

71 174 4,266

56

376

22

18 726

lis

19 24739

15 124

3126

1,826

201

80491

130 205

395

8,246

3,855

42 554

2,118

130 1,124

423

210

1,435

14.2 56.0

41.2

8.5

3.1 8.6

15.0

19.5 18.7

7.6 10.6

9.1

5.9

25.5 31.8

20.7

18.9

16.5 16.2

18.5

5.0 19.4

10.1

23.3

1.1 2.4

29.9

2.3

2.2

0.4

1.3 17.6

3.0

2.3 0.9

13.0 3.8

1.3 6.6 2.8

1.2

2.3 8.0

1.9 1.7

2.0

2.3 2.8

6.7

6.9

2.7 6.3

8.4

2.8

4.8

11.0

2.2

5.3

2,328

101

1 31

4 106

5

40

167

109 ,1886

158

1 472

72

20

16

15564

Per

0.4 0.2

0.3

0.3

0.1 0.2

0.3

0.1

0.1 0.4

0.1

0.4

0.1 C.2

0.2

0.3

0.1

0.6 0.4

0.4 0.4

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.1 0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1 0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.2

0.1 0.2 0.4

0.2

(=)0.1

1.1 0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.2

0.1 0.1

0.1

0.1 0.2

1 Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including

civilian employees) stationed abroad.

! Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
166 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 17.—DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900—

Continued. *

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Agricultural pursuits

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits

Professional service

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (govermnent)

Physicians and surgeons . .

.

Teachers and j)rofes3ors in colleges, etc other professional service

Domestic and personal service

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service

Trade and transportation .'

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators other persons in trade and transportation. .

.

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives PnnterSjlithographerSj and presswomen Rubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosierj and knitting mill operatives

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cut! makers

Tailoresses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

NEGBO FEMALE BREADWINNERS.

16 years of age and

over.

1,119,653

434,041

361,804 71,665

572

15, 615

252

8325

1,159

50

160

13, 479

307

634, 104

981 3,576

152 9,408 854

70, 112 215,043 18,676

313,091

2,211

?,920

265

189 539 856

224

378

174

11 1,284

32,073

34

66

44

67

10

2

2596

1

481

7 289

154470

56

24, 389

12,421

2

109

11,297

109

30190

4,639

2,219

16 to 24 years

of age.

Number.

439,725

197, 167

191,047 5,982

138

160

40

6

603

10

29 7,041

59

222,828

221 313

15

28, 173

48,757

8,181 133,895

329

1,390

121 292

197

10710 399

18

3320

12

4

114S3

1

262

1 159

9

35

2127

7,025

3,428

82 3,30984

2,056

Per

cent.

62.8 8.3

24.1

51.2

63.5

62.0

(.') 18.1 52.2

19.2

35.1

22.5 8.8

9.9

30.3

10.4

40 2

22.7

43.8

42.8

14.9

35.6

30.2

64.0

64.2

7.9

51.8

52.1 61.5 &\

32.4

48.6 29.3

77.1

32.9 C)

44.3

40.7

25 to 34 years

of age.

Number.

266,956

90,601

77,305

13, i69

127

6,529

82

30

14

381

15

42

4,867 108

159, 617

293

202

16,700

66, 639 2,142

79, 415

551

1,000

78

62 133 214

60

105

63

1 304

10, 309

90

164

2

6

16

12

8,431 4,478

1 49 3,784

1980

20

Per

cent.

23. S

20.9

21.4

18.4

22.2

35.6

32.6 m

32.9

(') 26.3

36.0

36.2

25.2

29.9

31.5

26.3 25.6

23.7

23.8

26.3

11.5 25.4

24.9

25.5

29.4

27.5

24.7 25.0

26.8

27.8

30.6

(=) 23.7

32.1

(') m

18.7

18.7

<.') (=)

34.6

36.1

(^) 29.0

33.6

17.4

26.6

(')

26.2

21.6

35 to_ _ 44 years

of age.

Number.

178,810

60,866

42,470

18,296

99

1,494

117

1339

1,230

75

109, 479

234

1,010

42

1,577 262

10,181

48,765

1,663

45, 161 584

696

6110

67 24430

47

10

7

7

4,994 2,688

1 26

2,201

365

11

823

361.

Per

cent.

14.0

11.7 25.6

17.3

9.6

3.2 m

10.1 m

24.4

9.1 24.4

17.3

23.9

28.2 27.6

16.8

30.7

14.6

22.7

8.9 14.4

26.4

17.8

23.0

6.3

12.4 28.5

13.4

12.4

5.7

17.7

19.6

10.6

20.5

21.6

14.8

19.5

2.8 21.6 m

17.7 16.3

46 to 54 years .56 of age.

Number.

124,024

45,046

28,021

16,947

77

2

3

1 40

4 24

232

37

75, 135

152 666

29 1,134

182

7,242

34,059 2,225

28,997

449

426

27

4

27 183

10

142

3,076

37

1 212

2

9

2

2,423

1,246

4 1,128

234

9

224

Per

cent.

11.1

10.4

7.7 23.6

13.5

0.8 m

3.5 m

16.0

1.7 12.1

11.8

15.5

18.6

19.1

12.1 21.3

10.3 15.8

11.9

9.3 20.3

10.9

10.2

2.1

5.0 21.4

4.6

3.7

1.1

7.7

(») 7.3 m<.')

(»)

9.9

10.0

In^ovt'^' Agennknown.

Number.

101,074

37,633

21,013

16, 496 124

61,018

78

426

23

1,327

112

7,327

24,391

4,299 22,763

282

372

18

117 134

6

132

2.4

10.0

1.8

11.3

{')

7.9

10.1

1,436

544

9

833

122

27

154

227

Per

cent.

9.0

8.7

23.0

21.7

'6.' 9'

16.3 0.7

8.8

9.6

8.0

11.9

15.1

14.1

13.1

10.5

11.3 23.0 7.3

12.8

9.6

0.6

3.2

16.7 2.7

3.4

1.1

14.1

6.9

9.4

(=) 4.2

(')

(.') (=)

C=)

5.9

4.4

Number.

5.3 7.4

0.9

7.3 m

10.2

9,064

2,730

1,9775

7

36

26

1

6,127

335

3

106

7

489 2,432

166 2,870

16

36

14

135

37

Per

cent.

0.5

1.1

1.2

m

0.2

0.3

0.3

1.0 2.0

1.1 0.8

0.7

1.1 0.9

0.9

0.7

0.9

0.4

0.5

0.6

1.5

0.9

1.1

0.4 n

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.6

1.1

1 Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including

civilian employees) stationed abroad. zper cent not shown where base is less than 100.
OCCUPATION AND AGE. 167

Table 18.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE AND OCCUPATION, FOR

THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900 AND 1890.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Agricultural pursuits

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits

Professional service

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service

Domestic and personal service

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specifiedj I^aundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service

Trade and transportation

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers

Saleswomen — Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

.

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers , Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen '.

.

Kubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives ,

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and culf makers

Tailoresses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

1900!

15 years of age and

over.

811,744

497,886 307,788

6,070

430,766

5,819 10,989 5,989

.12,257

S,126

7,399 327,905

11,282

2,012,040

5,533

69,511 8,545

147,103 8,028

111,503 332,605

108,978 1,213,828

16,346

494,126

10,538 73,820

83,726 34,008

18,673

146,577 85,912

22,454

18,418

1,258,393

15,171 38,285

15,992 8,686

7,643

6,168

9,164

15,770 7,238

260,376

8,679

104,944 31,108

29,200

28,961

47,484

693,158 342,579

7,398

85,025

143,270 29,509

66,363 20,024

10,326

150,627

15 to 24 years of

301,646

288,940

11,632

1,074

188,877

3,385 3,108

1,527 22,773

2,220

604

162,419

2,941

872,690

2,156

1,874

222

41,413

499

46,443

79,882 28,021

669,614 2,566

284,815

1,922 42,748

50,771 3,038

14,412

92,913

54,602

16,092

8,317

666,256

10,147 21,626

11,816 5,598

3,923

4,286

5,682

9,666

4,286

166,044

4,377 67,718 22,608

21,884

17,817 30,640

288,833

114,644

4,271

43,031 63,601

18,042

36, 167 9,077

26,884

97,467

1890

15 years of age and

over.

3,712,144

595,134

363, 564

226, 427 5,153

311,241

4,491 10,776 2,764

34,436

4,875

4,557 245,839

3,605

1,690,187

2,779

32,593 5,276

86,089

2,803

50,321

216,121, 41,396 1,146,255

8,554

222,553

4,853 27,606

62,817 26,284

6,147

67,171 21,214

8,403

' 9,0o8

993,029

11,271 32,948

12,326

6,328 3,608

3,253

8,719

12,026

6,331

211,112

10,452 84,220

19,321 19,108 34,428

43,583

588,277 290,308

6,652

60,653

143,3.39 15,534 61,488

10,403

25,863 71,978

15 to 24 years of age.

1,853,460

213,902

200, 154

12,551

1, 197'

163, 978

2,323

4,324

762

16,890

l,5i9

659 136,610

831

789,347

26 to 34 years of age.

807,670

91,006

70,901

19,244

860

91, 458

35 to 44 years of

441,067

44, 233

41,898

889

31, 943

1, .646 3,683

776

10,896

1,188

1,179

71,133

1,058

336,662

1,206

979

132 19,462 230

21,893 59,409

9,657

674,968

1,411

132,464

1,045 17,950

41,842

2,647

4,796

39,553

16,188

6,811 3,632

553,769

8,338

19,983 9,797

2,877 2,003

2,322

6,587

8,325

4,535

143,075

6,431 56,188

14,184 15,185 23,602

28,485

279,202

130,175

4,039 27,830

66,174

9,907 34,330

6,747

18,092 49,633

725

5,879

762

18,127 645

10,509

SI, 281 8,744

238,132

1,858

49,784

1,222

7,291 14,274

4,907

906

12,607 5,025

1,901 1,751

238,761

2,019

8,377

1,918

771

861

664

1,727 2,529

1,348

40,852

1,938 17,270 3,376

2,872

7,023

8,374

160,370 87,236

1,573 16,348 35,770 3,624

13,505 2,314

4,373

12,952

387

1,515 539

4,149

909

1,071 22,668

706

195,657

45 to 64 years of

313,363

92,380

27,868

63,644 968

15, 589

444

9,425

1,494 15,930 822

7,635

46,920

6,730

104,039 2,218

20,031

1,190

1,661

4,204 6,630

3,486

789

477

],306

106,416

600 3,060

436

669

429

180 755

791 311

14,648

864 6,612 1,006

692 2,343

3,231

77,648

41,318

522

8,367

19,187 1,242

6,271

741

2,099

4,800

120 809

408

1,761

733

885

10,343

530

137,995

55 years of age and

over.

• 278,545

108, 658

18,953 88,482

1,223

6,965

242 9,152

1,586

14,813 645

6,307 32,642

7,101 64,770

1,738

11,422

823

482

1,701 5,874

1,108

125

127 1,089

55,977

221 1,037

116 549 204

55

409

272

90

6,947

807 2,934 398

241 978

1,589

42,606 20,820 258

5,070

11,814

500 3,794

350

859

2,013

64 406

269

634

453 739

4,046

304

118,947

153 7,061

1,281 17,283

446

4,652 22,614 8,889

65,284

1,284

8,164

547

149 588

5,134

63

4011145

1,226

35,821

80 383

40 466

104

27

222

8734

5,183

1,399

1,142 315

95 420

1,812

27,045

10,111

145 2,850

10,005

233 3,464

237

3.82 1,769

Age un- known.

18,039

2,169

1,445 708

16

6238

10 105

1324

1,039

17

11.579

9

9722

474

15

325 2,255

275

8,062

45

26

73 208

92

10

11676

4255

2,285

13 108

19

7

7

51922

13

407

13 174

92

1,406

648

15 188 38928

124

14

48

211

'Comprises in 1900 continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States

(including civilian employees) stationed abroad; in 1890, continental United States only.

' Figures for age periods 25 years and over are given in Table 17.
168 WOMEN AT WORK.

Tablb 19.—per cent DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER, CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900 AND 1890.
OCCUPATION AND AGE. 169

Table 20—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY OCCUPATION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER,

CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900 AND 1890.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Agricultural pursuits

Agricultural laborers Fanners, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits

Professional service

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music '.

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service

Domestic and personal service

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service

Trade and transportation

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation —

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits .

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives '. Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cu£E makers

Tailoresses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY OCCUPATION, OF FEMALE BEEADWINNEES—

15 years of ^ and overage

1900

100.0

9.9

6.1 0.1

0.1 0.2 0.1

1.0

0.2

0.1

6.5 0.2

0.1

1.2 0.2

2.9 0.2

2.2

24.2 0.3

0.2

1.5

1.7 0.7 0.4

2.9

1.7 0.4

0.4

0.3

0.8

0.3 0.2

0.2

0.1 0.2

0.3

0.1

6.0 0.2

2.1 0.6

0.6

0.6

0.9

13.8 6.8

0.1

1.7 2.9 0.6

1.3 0.4

0.8

3.0

1890

100.0

9.8

6.1 0.1

0.1 0.3

0.1 0.9

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.9

0.1

2.3

0.1

1.4

5.8

1.1

0.1

'0.7 1.7 0.7

0.2

1.5 0.6

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.9

0.3

0.1 0.1

0.1 0.2

0.3 0.2

5.7 0.3

2.3 0.5

0.6

0.9

1.2

15.8 7.8 0.2

1.6 3.9 0.4

1.7 0.3

0.7

1.9

15 to 24 years ageof

1900

100.0

1890

12.5 0.5

(=)

0.1

0.1

0.1

1.0

(••)

0.1

0.1

(>)1.8

(^)

2.0 3.5

1.2 29.1 0.1

12.4

0.1

1.9 2.2

0.1 0.6

4.0 2.4

0.7 0.4

0.4

0.9

0.5

0.2 0.2

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.2

7.2 0.2

2.9

1.0

1.0 0.8

1.3

12.5 6.0

0.2

1.9 2.8 0.8

1.6 0.4

1.2

4.2

10.8 0.7

0.1

0.1 0.2

(»)0.9

0.1

(=)7.4

(')

42.6

0.1 0.1

(=)

1. (')

1.2 3.2 0.5

36.4

0.1

0.1

1.0

2.3

0.1 0.3

2.1 0.8

0.3

0.2

0.4

1.1 0.5

0.2

0.1

0.1 0.3

0.4

0.2

7.7 0.3

3.0 0.8

0.8

1.3

1.5

15.1 7.0

0.2

1.5 3.6 0.6

1.9 0.4

1.0

2.7

25 to 34 years

age. of

1900

8.1 2.5 0.1

12.6

0.2 0.3

0.2

1.5

0.2

0.2

9.7

0.3

0.1 0.9

0.1 2.7

0.1

2.0

6.9 2.4

23.9 0.3

0.2

2.0

1.9 0.6

0.3

3.2

2.2 0.4

0.3

0.3

0.8 0.3

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.2 0.4

0.2

4.4 0.2

1.9 0.6

0.4

0.6

0.9

0.2

2.0

3.0 0.6

1.2 0.3

0.7

2.5

1890

2.4 0.1

11.3

0.2

0.5

0.1

1.3

0.1 0.1 8.8

0.1

0.1 0.7

0.1 2.2

0.1

1.3

6.3

1.1 29.5 0.2

0.2

0.9

1.8 0.6

0.1

1.5 0.6

0.2

0.2

0.2

1.0 0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.2

0.3

0.2

5.1

0.2

2.1 0.4

0.4

0.9

1.0

19.9 10.8

0.2

2.0

4.4 0.4

1.7 0.3

0.5

1.6

35 to 44 years

age.

of

1900

16.9

7.7 9.0 0.2

8.3

0.1

0.3 0.2

1.1

0.2

0.3

5.7

0.3

43.5

0.1

2.6 0.4

4.0 0.4

2.5

11.4 2.6

18.9 0.6

6.6

0.4

0.8

1.0

1.4 0.1

1.6 0.6

0.1 0.4

0.1

0.7

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.1 0.2

0.1

3.2 0.2

1.5 0.3

0.2 0.4

0.6

17.4

10.5

8.1 1.6

3.2 0.4

1.2 0.4

0.5

1.9

1890

100.0

10.0 9.5

0.2

0.1 0.3

0.1 0.9

0.2

0.2

6.1 0.2

44.4

0.1

2.1 0.3

3.6 0.2

1.7 10.6

1.6 23.6

0.5

4.5

0.3

0.4

1.0

1.6 0.1

0.8

0.2

0.1 0.3

0.1

0.7

0.1 0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.1

3.3 0.2

1.5 0.2

0.2

0.5

0.7

17.6 9.4

0.1

1.9 4.4 0.3

1.4 0.2

0.6

1.1

45 years of aj and over.

31.9

7.2 24.4 0.4

0.2

0.2

0.5

0.2 0.3

2.6

0.3

44.3

0.1 3.6 0.6

6.6 0.4

2.8

10.9 41

16.5 0.6

4.0

0.4

0.2

0.5

1.7 0.1

0.6

0.1

0.4

15.4

0.1 0.3

(=)0.1 0.1

(»)0.1

0.1

C')

1.6 0.1 0.6

0.1 0.1

0.2

0.3

11.6 6.4

0.1 1.0

2.7 0.2

0.8

0.6

0.3

1.3

1890

100.0

34.0

7.9 26.7 0.4

3.8 m

0.2

0.1 0.4

0.2

0.3

2.4 0.2

0.1

2.7 0.5

5.4 0.2

1.7 9.3

2.7 20.3 0.5

3.3

0.2

0.1 0.4

1.9

(2)

(') 0.4

16.5

(=)

0.1 0.2

0.2

0.1

(')

(=)

0.1 0.1

2.0 0.4

0.7

0.1 0.1 0.2

0.6

11.8 5.2

0.1

1.3 3.7 0.1

1.2 0.1

0.2

0.7

1 Comprises in 1900 continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons In the military and naval service of the United States

(including civilian employees) stationed abroad; in 1890, continental United States only.

2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
170 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 21.—DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION. OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER,

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION^):

1900.

OCCUPATION.

All occupationa

Agricultural pursuits

.

Agricultural laborers Fanners, planters, and overseers. Other agricultural pursuits

Professional service.

Actresses, professional show-women, etc . Artists and teacliers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons ,.

.

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service

Domestic and personal service.

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers. Hotel keepers .' Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service

.

Trade and transportation.

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)

.

Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation.

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen. Kubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives.

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cufl makers.

Tailoresses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEB.

4,843,1.55

772,731

458,975' 307,788

5,968

430,067

6,713

10,913 5,989

52,028

8,126

7,399

327,635 11,264

1,956,973

5.448

59,511 8,645

147, 103 8,012

107,081 329,359

108,978 1,166,708

16,228

481,380

10, 4Y2 72,928 81,023

33,872

17,052

142,Sj90 85,126

21,999

16,618

1,202,004

14, 306 36,490

14, 498 7,810

7,175

5,767 8,709

15,361 6,945

231,458 8,332

97, 181 28,293

26,432

27, 169 44,051

676,948

338,290

7,049 82,958

139, 149 27,788

61,612

19,102

37, 126

140, 411

Number.

Single.3

220,515 28,118 1,556

375,918

3,515

8,269 4,656

41,426

4,805 3,349

302, 140 7,758

1,204,484

3,283

8,376 954

87,460 990

44,596 94,702

63,982 895,084

5,067

408, 141

4,926 67,720

72,684 8,332

16,510

128,422

80,811 20,393 9,343

907,019

13,274

29,658

13,409 5,824

4,406

5,206 7,213

13,799 6,002

184,826 6,217

71,627 24,720

23,832

21,917

36,512

231,869

5,936

65, 112 96,773

23,405

47,959 11,649

26,694

114,017

Married.

775,924

229, 438

179,756

47,983

1,699

31,954

2,577

1,519 600

1,724

2,358

14,681 2,029

324, 105

1,198

15,637 2,630

18,086 3,404

31,416 112,012 13,842

120,941

34, 179

2,-189 2,950

4,219 9,673

861

7,621 2,079

897 3,690

156,248

401 4,678 619

817 2,170

315 844

946 678

33,234

1,087 19,688 2,280

1,671

3,721

4,787

89,528

49,253 643

10, 453

16,967 2,385

6,807

4,020

7,110

15, 108

Widowed.

857,922

283, 448

54,882

225,991 2,575

19,500

433 969

676

1,487

1,499 9,610

1,338

33, 104

4,633

37,901

3,485

29j062

114,679 29,384

136,066

6,810

35,345

2,998

1,856 3,624

15, 249

586

5,342

1,704

592 3,394

124,674

Divorced.

63,568

9,656

3,822

6,696

138

2,695

188

15667 648

110

193 1,204

33,429

135 2,394 328

3,656

133

2,007 7,966

1,770

14,618

422

3,715

579

1,848

416 1,109

525

195 590

496

12,189 968

5,381

1,145 823

1,355 2,617

93,207

51,057

430 6,343

24, 133

1,831 6,293 3,120

2,974

10,209

369

402

496 618

95

905

532

117

191

14,063

52

40655

60

74'

51

62 120

27

1,210

60

485

148

106 176 235

10,521

6,121

41 1,050

2,276

167 553 313

348

1,077

Percent.

Single.'

65.0

32.4

48.0

9.1

26.1

87.4

62.4

75.8

77.7

79.6

69.1 45.3

92.2

60.2

14.1 11.2 59.4

12.3

41.7 28.8

68.7

76.7

31.2

84.8

47.1 92.9

89.7 24.6

91.0

90.2

94.9

92.7 66.2

76.4

Married.

39.2

15.6 28.5

7.4

38.4

13.9

10.0 12.4

21.2 31.9

4.5

18.0

16.6

22.0 26.3

30.8

12.3

42.5

34.0

12.7 10.4 30.4

7.1

92.8

81.3

92.5

74.6

61.4

90.3

82.8

89.8 86.4

79.8

74.6

73.7 87.4 90.2

80.7 82.9

71.4

68.5

84.2

78.5

69.6 84.2 77.8

61.0

71.9

81.2

20.9

4.0 5.2 28.6

5.0

5.4

2.6

4.1 22.2

13.0

Widowed.

2.8

12.5

4.3

10.4 30.3

5.4

9.7 6.2

8.3

14.4

13.1 20.3

8.1 6.3

13.7 10.9

13.2

14.6 9.1

12.6

11.5

8.6

11.1 21.1

19.2

10.7

12.0 73.4

43.1

6.4

8.9

11.3

6.7

18.3 20.2

2.9

11.9

20.2

15.3 55.6

54.2

25.8

27.1

34.8

27.0

11.7 35.8

7.3

28.6

2.5

4.5 45.0

3.4

2.0

2.7 20.4

10.4

4.0

6.1 2.8

14.2

7.3

3.4

6.8

3.2

4.9

Divorced.

5.3
OCCUPATION AND MARITAL CONDITION. 171

Table 21,—DISTRIBUTION,^ BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER,

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 2) : 1900—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Agricultural pursuits

Agricultural laborers Fanners, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits

Professional service

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons. Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service

Domestic and personal service

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service

Trade and transportation.......

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists ; Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuitsBookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Tailoresses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

Total.

1,773.109

264, 687

82,584

179, 475 2,628

275,384

3,425

7,588 4,439

34,145

6,132

4,886 208,030

6,739

535, 566

1,672 31,773

5,045 77,993

1,348

21,706

41,680 43,866

.S05.975 4,509

223,938

6,643

.35,911

40, 994

10, 471 6,09!

60,129

45, .398 12,018

6,283

473,634

4,489

14,720

4,620 2,315

3.969

1,607 2,668

8,457

1,267

74,617 2,164

35,079

12,333

8,671 6,803

9,667

293,832

152,866

2,491

45, 193 60,339

11,412

14, 087 7,444

12.751 48,342

Number.

Single.^ Married. Widowed. Divorced

57,885

16,320 710

239,642

1,783 5,683

3,435 27,043

2,226

191,400 4,434

346,350

916

4,110

501 44,403

240

10, 129 13,968 25.355

246,042

1,686

189, 520

3,022

32, 577 35,878 3,140

5,368

52, 626 42.380

10,922

3,607

327,735

4,044

10,699

4,166

1,769

1,997

1.403 2,085

7,450

1,041

57,965

1,273 25,772

10,334

7,851 6,213

7,522

187,883 91,942

1,918

33, 448 38,264 9.013

9,737

3,561

9,391

.37,842

40,339

17, 123

22, 525

691

20,682

1,.326 1,097 454

4,390

1,337

1,574 9,188

1,316

66, 619

406 8,223

1,622 9,902

414

4,708

10,279

4,951 24,843

1,271

16,847

1.411

1,8.57 2,505

3,164

400

4,107 1,416

620

1,377

73.078

164 2,709

276

250

1,592 ni

246

626

118

11,074

413 6,610

1,266

443

1.092 i;250

47, 484

27, 573 335

6,919

7,657

1,387 1,878

1,835

2,474

6,965

146,946

7,096

137,681

1,169

13,248

208

682

611 2,260

1,172 955

6,6'i6 894

18,026 2,719

21,276

652

6,314

15,567

12. 526

30, 530

1,378

15,291

1,941 1,209

2,281 3,966 266

2,819

1,206

387

1,216

63,974

252

1,028

147 274

336

67 187 294

82

4,871 433 2,390

631 223

390 804

51,744 29,320

211 4,065

13.140

901 2,224

1,883

737 3,955

29,746

3,487

480

2,949

58

1,912

108

126

.39 462

85

131 86696

13,320

61 1,414 203

2,412

42

554

1,866

1,034 6,660

174

2,280

268 330

211

57

29 284

3122

44

26

40

707

45

307

102

54 108

91

6,721

4,031

27

761 1,378

111 248

165

149

590

Per cent.

Single.' Married. Widowed. Divorced,

70.1

9.1 27.0

87.0

62.1 74.9 77.4

79.2

67.7

45.6 92.0

65.8

64.7

64.8

12.9 9.9

66 9

17.8

46.7 33.5

57.8

80.1 37.4

84.7

45.5

90.7 87.6

30.0

88.1

87.6

93.3

90.9

57.4

69.2

90.1 72.7 90.2

76.4

50.3

87.3

81.5

88.1 82.8

77.7

.'i8.8 73.6

83.8

91.6 76.6

77.8

63.9

60.2 77.0

74.0

63.4

79.0

69.1 47.8

73.6

78.3

20.7

12.6 26.3

7.5

38.7

14.4 10.2

12.9

21.8

32.2

4.4

19.5

12.4

24.3

26.9

.32.2 12.7 30.7

21.7

24.7

11.3

8.1 28.2

7.5

21.2

5.2

6.1 30.1

6.6

3.1

6.2 21.9

15.4

3.7

18.4

6.0

10.8

40.1

6.9

9.6

7.4

9.4

14.8

19.1 18.8

10.3 5.2

16.1 12.9

16.2 18.0

13.4 15.3

12.5

12.1 13 3 24.7

19.4

12.3

19.6

56.1

8.6

76.7 44.5

6.1 9.0

11.5

6.6

19.1 19.5 3.2

13.3

20.4

17.3

56.7 53.9 27.3

48.4

29.1 37.3

28.5

10.0 30.6

6.8

29.2 3.4

5.6 37.9

4.4

4.7

2.7

3.2

19.4

13.6

5.6 7.0

3.2 11.8 8.5

4.2

7.3

3.5

6.5

6.5 20.0

6.8

5.1 2.6

5.7 8.3

17.6

19.2 8.5

9.0

21.8 7.9

16.8 25.3

6.8 8.2

1.7

1.3

0.6

1.6 2.2

3.1

1.7 0.9

1.3

1.4 2.7 0.4

1.4

3.6

4.5 10

3.1

3.1

2.5

4.5 2.4

1.8 3.8

4.1 0.7

0.8 2.0

0.9

1.0 0.9

0.7

1.3

0.6

1.9 0.6

1.0

1.1

1.6

1.6

1.0

1.3

1.0

2.1 0.9

0.8 0.6

1.6

1.0

2.3 2.6

1.1 1.7 2.3

1.0

1.8 2.2 L2

1.2

lOn the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women reported as breadwinners are 16 years of age and over. ^Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including

civilian employees) stationed abroad.

' Including unknown.
172 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 21.—DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER,

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 2): 1900—Continued.

.OCCUPATION.

All occupatiotis

Agricultural pursuits

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits

Professional service

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government) .'. Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service

Domestic and personal service

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service

Trade and transportation

Agents - Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Oth& persons in trade and transportation

Manufaoturing and mechanical pursuits

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners '. Glovemakers -

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

Silk miU operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers

'

PTat and cap makers:

MiUiners

Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Tailoresses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 TEAES OP AGE. AND 'OVEE HAVING ONE OE BOTH PARENTS

FOEEIGN BORN.

1,091,200

25, 775

6,243

18,665 867

112,921

1,99S 2,363

1,164

13,362

1,522

1,276 88,572 2,677

326,949

1,775 9,797

1,518 29,209

1,917

6,787

28, 738 19,546

223, 381 3,281

193,688

2,248

30,624 32,108

8,223

8,309

64, 864

33, 700

8,611

4,901

432, 967

8,208

16,500 7,793

3,628 2,138

3,029

3,899 5,706

3,607

77,521 3,648 20,299

10,606

11,304

11,380 20,284

232, 352

117, 314 2,987

28, 752 41,912

11,666

23,631 6,091

10,028

68, 758

Number.

Single.' Married. , Widowed. Divorced.

930, 165

8,083

6,303

2,407

373

104,284

1,118

1,929 982

11,466

1,043

651 86,001 2,104

262, 176

1,404

1,712 256

21,018

313

4,702

16, 360

13,627 201,669

1,325

177,619

1,356

29, 370 30,170 2,994

7,915

61,052

32,724

8,230 3,808

378,003

7,775

14, 962

7,361 2,968

1,708

2,828

3,531 5,332

3,177

69,293

3,195

17, 199 9,857

10,743

10,161 18,138

196, 656

97,245 2,727

25, 139 35,103

10,528

20, 616 6,298

8, 915

63, 497

69,066 83, 154

747 3,493

183

24988

1,119

261 369

340

24,767

198 2,639

429 2,976 733

1,025 4,668

1,869 9,568

762

7,291

383 690

962

1,926 200

1,907 485

207. 631

176 987

231 240

314

115 213

213

191

5,621

260

2,337

4.58

1,380

15,862 9,021

132 2,101

2,291 578

1,369

630 2,797

12, 836

172

12, 376 288

3,147

128

16683 654

198 213

1,501 206

34,973

149 6,061 766

4,669

829

965 7,062

3,861 10,635

1,106

7,708

454 852

3,068

167

1,648

379

161 527

24,490

241

470 183 298

94

70 140

136

131

2,366

197 686

266 203

322 702

17,706 9,837

119

1,304

4,0.51 526

1,603

403 2,262

1,816

433

23

485

6320

11 123

20

43

187

28

4,043

24

48667

566

42

105

668

47 110

124 235

27

257

112

2,885

241

6

77

3526

2,128

1,211

9 208

467

34

16346

Per cent.

Single.'

12.9 43.0

92.4

66.0

81.6 84.4 86.8

68.6

51.0

96.0

78.6

79.1

17.6 16.9

72.0

16.3

69.3

56.9 69.2

90.2

40.4

91.7

60.3

95.9

94.0

36.4 96.3

94.1

97.1 96.6

77.7

87.3 917

90.7

94.6

84.1 79.9

93.4

90.6

93.6

89.4

87.6

84.7

93.0

95.1

84 7

82.9

91.3 87.4

83.7 90.2

87.2 87.0

91.0

Married. Widowed. Divorced.

12.0

18.7

21.1

4.4

34.9 10.5

7.6 8.4

17.2 28.9

2.1 12.7

7.6

11.2 26.9

28.2

10.2

38.2

16.1 16.2 9.6

4.3 23.2

3.8

17.0 2.2

3.0

23.4 2.4

2.9

1.5 2.4

10.8

6.4

2.1

6.0

3.0 6.8

14.7

3.8

5.5

3.7

6.5

7.2

0.8

11.5 4.3 2.9

7.6

6.8

6.8

7.7

4.4

7.3

6.5 5.0

6.8

6.2

6.3

4.8

2.8 66.3

33.2

2.8

6.4

7.0

7.1

4.9

13.0

16.7

1.7

7.7

10.7

8.4 61.7

60.6

15.9 43.3

14.1 24.6

19.7

4.7

33.7

4.0

20.6

1.6 2.6

37.3

2.0

2.6

1.1 1.7 10.8

6.6

3.0 2.8

2.3

8.5 4.4

2.3

3.6 2.4

3.7

3.1 6.4

3.4

2.4

1.8

2.8

3.5

7.6

8.4

4.0 i6

9.7

4.5

"6.4 6.0

4.0 3.8

0.8

1.7

0.3

2.1 2.7

2.7 0.9

0.9

0.9

1.3 3.4 0.2

1.0

1.3

4.9 4.4

1.9 2.2

1.5 2.3

1.6 0.8

2.7

0.6

2.1 0.4

0.4

2.9 0.3

0.4

0.3 0.3

0.7

0.2

0.5

0.2

0.6

1.0

0.5

0.4 0.4

0.2

0.3

0.2 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.9

1.0 0.3

0.7

1.1 0.3

0.6 0.8

0.8

0.4

1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women reported as breadwinners are 16 years of age and over. ,. , j.

2 Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including

civilian employees) stationed abroad.

' Including unknown.
OCCUPATION AND MARITAL CONDITION. 173

Table 21.—DISTRIBUTION/ BY MARITAL CONDITION, OP FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER,

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 2): 1900—Continued

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Agriciiltural pursuits

Agricultflral laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits

Professional service

Actresses, professional sliow-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons l Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service

Domestic and personal service

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house licepers Hotel keepers Houselieepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses

.

'. Other domestic and personal service

Trade and transportation

Agents

Boolckeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton-mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

Silk mm operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Tailoresses Other textile- workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

rOEEION BOEN WHITE FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 10 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK.

Total.

840,686

«,917

4,567

34,982

1,368

26,937

1,031 875

361 3,354

415

1,067 17,299

1,535

456,070

1,002

14, 320

1,811 30,348

3,890

7,963 42,835

26,760

322, 190 4,965

59,793

1,314

6,195 7,372

14,260 2,426

16,898

5,848

1,357 4,123

267,909

1,575

5,201 2,041

1,894

1,014

1,129 2,227

1,101 2,180

78, 833

2, 513 41,614

5,339 6,513

8,916

14,038

122,937

55. 506

1,669 8,840

2.5,085

4. 598 23,448

3,831

9,706

28, 132

Single.^ Married. Widowed. Divorced.

586, 514

3,474

2,182

1,036

256

2i,oio

472

600 226

2,227

201 421

15,762

1,095

335,466

693 1,899

167

17, 743

276

2,910

14,668

15,508

280, 610

1,176

39,304

432

5,023

0,267 2,005

2,096

14, 626

6,565

1,228

1,614

187, 271

1,430

3,949

1,856

1,009 095

973

1,580 934

1,783

57,289

1,747 28,489

4,621

5,198

6,518 10,816

88,085

37,522

1,290

ti.424 18,961 3,766

17,461

2,671

0,279

21,349

102,416

7,536

1,824

5,359

363

2,667

443

14650

004

102

348 715

259

42, 339

219

3,900

523

3,453

1,902

2,741

9,321

3,629

15, 322

1,329

8,678

318 374

640 4,138

201

a, 485

16670

1,296

41, 190

57 867

301 240

379

100 269

16,435 420

10,680

662

.S94 1,7-17 2,142

16. 0:-!!! 8.224

'l74 1,388

1,929

410

3,380

531

2,492

3,832

145, 316

29, 371

644 28,098

729

2,094

0,441

530

92

11478

475

107 286

775

168

' 74,649

166 8,162

1,067 8,704

1,671

2,222

18,094 7,340

24,863 2,360

11,400

627

177 429

7,900

120

818

113

54 1,262

27,801

82 345

80

610

71

58

261

61 125

4,852

337 2,249

255

396

610

1,000

17,654

9,102

100 950

3,976 400

2,463

2.816

17 489

30

166

Percent.

Single.^ Married. Widowed. Divorced

24

366

54

90

862

273

,38991

411

37

21

36 157

10

7024

651

1,701

76

3

257

9

96

1126

36SO

1,102

058

5 78

22922

14426

135

47.8

3.0

18.7

45 8 09.3

48.4

39.5 91.1

71.3

73.5

39.9

16.3

25.8

10.3

59.2

13.3

9.2

58.4

7.1

30.6

34.0

58.0

87.1

23.7

05 7

32.9 90.8

85.0 14.5

80.4

80.0

95.0

90.6

36.7

72.0

75.9

90.9

56.5

68.6

80.2

71.0

84.8

81.8

72.7

69.5

68.6

84.7 79.8

73.1 77.0

71.7 67.5

82.2

72.7 75.5

81.9 74.5

69.7

64.7

75.9

43.0

10.7

13.9 18.0

24.0

32.0

4.1

16.9

9.3

21.8

27.2

28.9

11.4 48.9

34.4 21.8

13.6

4.8

20.8

14.5

24.2

6.0

8.7

29.0 8.3

2.7

5.1 31.4

16.0

.3.0 16.7 4.9 15 9 23.7

7.9 17.0

9.1 12.4

20. S 10.7 26.7

10. .1 13.7 19.6 15 3

13.0

14.8

11.1 15.7

7.7

8.9 14.4

13.9

2.5.7 13.0

17.3

11.9 80.3

53.3

8.9

13.0 21.0

14.2

25.8

26.7 4.5

10.9

16.4

16.6

57.0

68.9 28.7

43.0

27.9 42.2

27.4

7.7 47.6

19.1

40.1

2.9

6.8 65.4

4.9

4.8

1.9 4.0

10.8

6.2 0.6

3.9 20.9

7.0

5.1 11.7 5.5

6.7

6.2

13.4

6.4 4.8

6.1 0.9

7.1

14.4

10.6

0.4

10.7

1.5.9 8.7 10.5

15.7

9.1

10.0

0.8

1.3

0.4

1.4 2.2

0.6

2.3

1.0

1.9

1.4

1.2

1.2 0.3

0.9

2.4 2.5

3.0

1.5

1.0

1.1 2.0

1.0 0.4

1.9

2.8

0.3 0.5

1.1 0.4

0.4 0.4

0.4

1.3

0.4

0.8

0.3

0.7 0.8

0.8

0.3

0.6

0.1

0.3

0.4 0.3 0.2

0.4

0.4 0.6

0.9

1.2 0.3

9 org

0.5

0.0

0.7

0.5

0.5

1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women reported as breadwinners are 16 years of a^e and over.

2 Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons In the military and naval service of the United States (including

civilian employees) stationed abroad.

3 Including unknown.
174 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 21.—DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER,

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 2): 1900—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Agricultural pursuits

Agricultural laborers Fanners, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits

Professional service

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service

Domestic and personal service

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service

Trade and transportation

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants , Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Tailoresses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

NEGKO FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Total.

1,119,653

434,041

361,804

71, 665

672

15, 515

25283

25

1,159

50

160 13,479

307

634, 104

981 3,576

152 9,408 854

70,112 215,043

18,676

313,091

2,211

3,920

265

189

539 856

224

378

174

11 1,284

32,073

481

7 289

1544

70

56

24,389

12,421

2 169 11,297

109

30190

4,639

2,219

Number.

Single. 3 Married. Widowed. Divorced.

154, 669 8,185

121

10,840

13950

13 686

1947

9,762

124

258,910

367 64728

4,238

161

26,713 49,635

9,559

167,060

502

1,652

115

144

360 126

132

2]£

146

11 407

13,384

276

2

167840

25

34

9,792

5,090

101 4,34298

129

32

2,109

376, 114

172,766

157,073

15,442

250

3,542

10525

360

362 962

60 1,694 355

22,741 87,128

3,316 70,206

846

1,294

77

27

112 416

68

10922

474

10,864

102

4

61

4

2

18

13

8,415

4,390

242

3,864

8

85

24

1,512

753

93,234

46,808

46,234

192

1,001

6

7

4

108

1046

750

71

175,187

226

1,838

71 3,237

330

19,411 73,727

5,627

69,911

67

1662

302

33

566

5,767 2,723

24 2,893

381

33

947 458

18, 122

5,067

3,254

1,804

9

132

6

104

3

12,348

26

129

1,247 4,553

174 5,915

54

50

21

526

425

218

2

198

Per cent.

Single.' Married. Widowed. Divorced

37.5

42.8

11.4 21.1

(.<)

(.')59.2

(<)29.4

72.4

40.4

40.8

37.4

18.1

18.4 45.1

18.9

38.1 23.1

61.2

53.4 22.7

42.1

43.4

76.2

66.8

14.6

66.1 83.9 W

31.7

41.7

i<)

(<)

(<)

(')

(') w

57. i

S.

(<)

40.2

41.0

59.8

38.4

42.9

(')

45.5

44.5

33.6

43.4

21.6

43.7

W

(<) 8.1

21.2

35.5

36.9

26.9

32.9

18.0 41.6

32.4 40.5

17.8 22.4

33.0

29.0

14.3 20.8

48.5

25.9

28.8

12.6

36.9

33.9

(<)

(*)

(<) (<)

(<)

(')

(<)

21.2 w

21.1

(<) (<)

(<)

(')

34.5

35.3

(<)24.8

34.2 7.3

28.2

(.<)

32.6

33.9

24.8

12.9 64.6

33.6

6.5

2.0

9.3

(*)28.8

5.6

23.1

27.6

23.0

51.4 46.7

34.4

27.7

34.3

30.1 22.3

36.6

23.6

11.5 35.3

14.7

14.8 3.5

29.)

22.1

(<) <<)

(')

(')

(')

(<)19.4

(<) w

(')

21.9

14.2 25.6

2.8

26.9 W

20.4

20.7

1.6

0.9

2.5

1.6

(<)

1.2

3.7 0.8

1.0

2.7

3.6 2.0

2.6

0.9

1.8

2.1 0.9

1.9 2.4

1.3

2.3

1.0 0.9

1.6 0.5

0.3

1.6

1.6

(')

(.<)

1.0

'i.'i

1.7 1.8

1.2

1.8

(<)

1.5 0.9

1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women reported as breadwinners are 16 years of age and over. ^Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including

civilian employees) stationed abroad.

' Including unknown.

* Per cent not shown where base is less than 100.

176 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table a2.—INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Agricultural pursuits

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits

Professional service .'

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons

Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians-and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service

Domestic and personal service

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers I Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

La.borers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal sendee

Trade and transportation

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Stenographers a,nd typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation . .

.

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.

Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Prmters, lithographers, and pressworaen Rubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers ^. Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seamstresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Tailore.sses Other textile workers

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

FEMALE BBEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

1900

5,007,069

811,744

497,886

307, 788 6,070

430, 766

6,819

10, 989 5,989

62, 267

8,126

7,399

327,906

11,282

5, .533 59,511 8,545

147, 103 8,028

111,603 332,666

lOS, 978

.213,828

16, 346

494, 126

10, .538 73, 820

83, 726 34,008

18,673

146, .577 85,912

22,4.54

IS, 418

15,171 38,286

35,992 8,686

7,543

6,158

9, 164

15, 770

7,238

250, 376

8,679

104,944 31,108

29,200

28, 961 47,484

B9.1, 158

342, 579

7,398

85, 025 143,270

29, .509 66, 353

20, 024

40, 325

1.50,627

1890

3,712,144

695, 134

363,554

226,427 5,153

311,241

4,491 10,775 2,764

34,435

4,876

4, ,567 245,839

3,505

1,.590, 187

2,779

32,593 5,276

86,089 2,803

,50, 321

215, 121 41.396

1,145,255

222, ,553

4,853

27,606 62,817

25,284 6,147

57, 171 21.214 8,403

9.058

993, 029

11,271 32,948

12,325 5,328

3,608

3,253

8,719

12,026

6,331

211,112

10, 4,52 84,220

19,321

19, 108

34, 428

43, 583

588, 277

i.90, 308

6, 552

60, 653

143, ,339 15, .534 61,488

10,403

25,853

71,978

Increase, 1890 to 1900.

Number. Per cent.

216,610

134, 332 81,361 917

119,525

2,328

214

3,225

17,822

3,251 2,842

82,066

7,777

421,853

2,754

26, 918

3,269 61,014

6,226

61,182

117,544 67,582

68, ,573 7,792

271,573

5,686

46,214

20, 909

8,724

12,526

89,406

64,698

14,051

9, 360

266,364

3,900

5, 337 3,667 3,258

3, 935

2,905

446

3,744

907

39,264

2 1,773

20, 724 11,787

10, 092 !5,467

3,901

104, R,S1 52, 2 n

846 21,372

2 69 13,975

3, ,865 9,621

1 t. 472

78, filfl

34.9

36.9

•35.9 17.8

38.4

61.8

2.0

116.7 61.8

66.7

62.4 33.4 221.9

26.5

99.1

82.6 62.0

70.9

186.4

121.6 54.6

163.3

6.0

91.1

122.0

117.1 167.4 33.3

34.5 203.8

156.

4

305.0

167.2

103.3

26.7

34.6

16.2 29.8

61.1

109.1

89.3

6.1 31.1 14.3

18.6 '17.0

24.6

61.0

52.8

2 15.9 9.0

17.8

18.0

12.9 40.2 ()

90.0

6.3 92.5

.56.0 109.3

Native white—both parents native.

1900

274, 332

92,201

179.475

2,656

275, 766

3,484

7,621

4,--l,39 ,34,264

6,132

1,886

208, 193 6,746

554,903

1,701 31,773

6,046

77, 993

1,353

22,613

42, ,322 43, 866

323, 703

4,634

228, 349

6,677

36, 200 41,918

10, ,506 6,711

.61,561 45,669

12, 284 6,823

492,501

4,797

15,410 5,063

2,655

4,100

1,705 2,689

8,662

1,3,33

82, 228 2,266

38, 931

13, 598

9, 653

7,316

10,474

298, 388

153,912 2,588

46,943

61,517

12,118

14,6.57 7,653

13,,Sfi6 51,7(15

1890

1,310,148

190, 789^

49,935

138, 742 2,112

211,716

2,470

7,912 2,083

23,676

3,768

3,202

166,207 2,398

427,261

774 17,030 3,146

46, 823

471

7,734

19,517

17, 480 311,479 2,797

100, .529

Increase, 1890 to

1900.

Number. Per cent.

616, 702

8,3, .543

42,266

40, 733

544

64,049

1,014

= 291 2,356

10,688

2,364

1,684 41,986

4,348

127,652

3, 346

14, 872 31,431

7,407

1,836

21,781

12, 861 4,204

2,791

379,863

3,044

13, 892

3,739

1,283 2,017

1,036 2,298

6,260

1,190

55,527

3,247 21,674

7,217 4,072

7,644

11,673

260, 129

129, 768 2,364

34,855

69,806 5,140

16, 528 2,668

7,014

22, 434

92/

14, 743 1,899 31,170

882

14, 879

22, 806 26,386

12,224

1,737

127,820

3, .331 21,328

10, 487 3,099

4,875

39, 780

32, 808 8,080

4,032

112, 638

1,753

1,518

1,324

1,272 2,083

669

.391 2,402

143

26, 701

2 991 17,257

6,381

5, .581 2.328

2 1,199

38,2.59 24,144

224 11,088

2 8, 289

6, 978

2 871 4,985

6,8.52

29, 271

39.4

43.8

84.6 29.4

25.8

,30.3

41.1 23.7

113.1 44.7

62.7 62.6

26.3

181.3

29.9

119.8 86.6

60.4 66.6

187.3

192.4

116.8

150.9 3.9

62.1

127.1

143.

4

33 4 41.8

266.6

182.6

2.55.

1

192.2

144.6

29.7

o7.6

10.9 36.4

99.1 103.3

64.6

17.0 38.4

12.0

48.1

2 30.6

79.6 88.4

137.1 24.3

2 10.3

14.7

18.6 9.6

31.8

2 11.9 135.8

2 5.6

186.

8

97.7

130.6

iComprises in 1900 continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United .States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad; in 1890, continental United States only.

2 Decrease.
INCREASE, 1890 TO 1900. 177

BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1890 TO 1900.
178 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 23.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST

50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION,

FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.

OCCUPATION.

AH occupations ,

Agricultural pursuits ,

Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits ,

Professional service ,

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music

Officials (government)

Physicians and surgeons ; Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service

Domestic and personal service

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers (including hotel keepers) Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service

Trade and transportation

Agents

Bookkeepers and accountants ,

.

Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers. , Saleswomen

Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

•Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers

G old and silver workers : Paper and pulp mill operatives i Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen ; Rubber factory operatives

Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 1 Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives

Textile workers i. Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Milliners Seam stresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers > Tailoresses Other textile workers i

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives '. Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Total.

180 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIE 181

Table 24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIOXS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.

STATE OR TERRITORY

Continental United States.

Nortli Atlantic division.. New England

Maine New Hampshire. Vermont

Massachusetts ..

,

Rhode Island Connecticut

Southern North Atlantic. New York New Jersey Pennsylvania.

South Atlantic division

Northern South Atlantic.

Delaware Maryland

District of Columbia

.

Virginia West Virginia

Southern South Atlantic.

North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia

Florida

North Central division . .

.

Eastern North Central.

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois Michigan .

.

Wisconsin.

Western North Central.,

Minnesota Iowa

Missouri North Dakota.

South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas

South Central division . .

.

Eastern South Central.

Kentucky..

Tennessee.. Alabama. .

.

Mississippi

.

Western South Central.

Louisiana Arkansas

Indian Territory. Oklahoma

Texas Western division Rocky Mountain ..

.

Montana

Idaho Wyoming

Colorado New Mexico

Basin and Plateau

.

.\rizona Utah Nevada

Pacific.

Washington

.

Oregon

California

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Artists and teachers of art.

Total.

10,907

4,569

1217348

887

93

3,179

1,946

344

454

Native whiteBoth

parents

native.

7,584

3,108

1,043

1096640

63465

129

2,065

One or both

parents

foreign bom.

2,361

1,008

230

3

5 164

1733

778

17 149 146

85

67

233

49

31 105

48

3,703

2,539

704 225

1,040 386

184

1,164

226

276

357

1419 112

160

1,225

194 646

105

7346

202

46

28

93

36

2,506

1,678

509

181 649

237

102

487

105

Foreign

bom

white

6

318

224

42

62

30

24

Negro,

Indian, and Mongolian.

87

14436 278

84

lis i •'3 ! 1 B

813 i 86

122

667

49

6 10365

14

4

19

134

15785

357

33
182 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATER AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 183

Table 24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
184 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 185

Table 24.- -FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
186 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 187

Table 24—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
188 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 189

Table 24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED Of'CUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
190 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 191

Table 24,—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
192 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES! 1900—Continued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 193

Table 24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONSi CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
194 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY. FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900-Coiitinued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 195

Table 24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY

RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
196 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 25.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP

AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. 197

Table 25.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF

AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900—Continued.
198 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 26.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,

NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION; 1900.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 199

Table 26.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,

NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
200 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 26.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS CLASSIFIED BY RACE

NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.

MAKITAL CONDITION.

Single! Married Widowed and divorced

.

Single! Married Widowed and divorced.

All classes

.

Single! Married Widowed and divorced

.

Single! Married Widowed and divorced.

All classes.

Single! Married Widowed and divorced

.

All classes.

Single! Married Widowed and divorced .

Single! Married Widowed and divorced.

All classes.

Single! Married Widowed and divorced

.

Single! Married Widowed and divorced

.

NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING BOTH PARENTS NATIVE IN 27 SELECTED CITIES.l

Aggregate,

279,013 184,676

216,275

24, 405

38, 333

1,105

1,368 3,640

11,668

10,585

523 560

16, 433

14,088

890

1,455

2,793

2,262

322

28,482

18,056

3, 824

6,602

2,984

1,083 1,742

Number.

Living at home.

Total. Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Other

relative.

Living with employer or boarding.

Per cent.

Living at home.

Total. Heads of

families.

Living with

Father. Other

relative.

ALL OCCUPATIONS.

141,907

16,997

25, 772

9,187

3,895

18,893

76,869

73,853

1,535

1,481

33,676

971

1,680

39,605

25,291

10,596 3,718

94, 337

74, 368 7,408

12,561

65.6

69.6

67.2

4.2

16.0

49.3

34.1

6.3 3.9

13.0

15.5 4.0

4.4

BOARDING AND LODGING HOUSE KEEPERS (23 CITIES ONLY 3),

5,996

1,059

1,342 3,595674 3,638

715

95.8

98.1

85.0

89.0

49.3

97.2

1.7

1.0 0.2

0.8

1.6

0.4

0.6

BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS (26 CITIES 0NLY<).

8,849

8,157 332

360

233

42

159

1,505

,553642,13132

65

1,240

194

71

2,428

191 200

77.1 63.5

64.3

3.7

2.2

8.0 28.4

43.0

12.2

11.6

20.1

6.1 11.6

CLERKS AND COPYISTS.

10,721

587 910

392

116 549

5,812 I 3,064 2,285

5,650

60

110

1,785 348

1.52

3,367

303

545

76.1 66.0

62.5

35.4

2.8

13.0

37.7

40.1

7.1

6.8

20.5

6.7 7.6

COTTON MILL OPERATIVES (9 CITIES ONLY 5).

1,816

220

130

,08128

13

474

432

21

21

428

265

15122

446

102

79

80.3

68.3

62.2

40.2

2.1 6.2 35.4

47.8' 8.7

6.2

19.1 6.5 10.0

DRESSMAKERS.

13,015 3,157

5,116

6, 333

1,703

722 3,908

5,542

237 226

2,743

131 296

3,027

2,067

5,041

667 1,486

74.7

72.1 82.6 77.59.4

18.9 59.2

30.7 6.2

3.4

15.2 1 3.4

4.5

4,528

2,110

905

1,613

1,743

176

286

1,281

1,132

1,044

45

43

530

43 360631

123

874

178 229

70.7 83.6

86.9

5.9 26.4

73.5

36.0

4.2

2.5

17.8

4..0 3.8

Living with employer or boarding.

14.2

11.7 43.4

9.7

11.7

3.5

47.4 0.8

11.7 37.1

12.7

12.7

39.1 10.4

11.3 46.9

10.5

16.8

64.1 10.4

12.1 49.0

7.1

33.8

34.4

30.4 32.8

4.2

1.9 1.2

24.2

22.9

36.5

35.7

25.6

23.9 34

37.5

19.7 31.7

37.8

27.9

17.4 22.5
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 201

Table 26.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,

NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
202 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 26.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,

NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 203

Table 26.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,

NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.

1

1
204 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 26.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,

NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 205

Table 26;—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER LIVING IN SELECTE D CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,

NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
206 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 26.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE ANI>

OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,

NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 207

Table 26.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND

OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,

NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
208 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 27.—DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 209

Table 27.—DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
210 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 27.—DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.

MAKITAL CONDITION.

NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNEES 16 YEAEa OF AGE AND OVEE HAVING BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE IN 27 SELECTED CITIES.'

Aggregate.

Living at home.

In families havingNo other breadwinners.

One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Living with employer or hoarding.

Living at home.

Total.

In families havingNo other breadwinners.

One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Living with employer 01 boarding.

All classes..

Single !i Married Widowed and divorced

.

Single^ Married Widowed and divorced.

All classes.

Single! Married Widowed and divorced.

Single' Married Widowed and divorced.

Single' Married Widowed and divorced.

Single' Married Widowed and divorced.

Single' Married Widowed and divorced .

All classes.

Single' Married Widowed and divorced.

Single' Married Widowed and divorced .

216,275

24, 405

10,885

523

560

16, 433

14,088

890

1,455

2,793

2,262

322 209

5,809

2,984

1,083

1,742

797

1)02 789

ALL OCCUPATIONS.

184. 676

141,907

16, 997

25, 772

14, 339

2,919

11,064

61, 567

44, 362 8,678

8,527

49, 358

42, 490 3,078

3,790

40,716

2,322

2,391

94, 337

74, 368 7,408

12, 661

65.6

69.6

67.2

6.6

12.0

28.9

20.5

35.6 22.2

19.6

12.6

9.9

BOOKKEEPEES AND ACCOUNTANTS (26 CITIES ONLY*).

;,157 332

360

3.237 2,692 2,123'

72143 133

2,945

163

129

2,472

65

66

2,019

61

43

2,819

2,428

191. 200

77.1 63.5

64.3

Ij. 8 8.2 23.8

27.8

31.2 23.0

23.4

12.4 9.8

CLEEKS AND COPYISTS.

10, 721 587 910

1,369

931

111 327

4, 266

3.6,39 289 338

3, 609 2,974

100

168

2,810

87

77

3,367 303

545

76.1 66.0

62.6

6.6

12.6

22.5

25.8

32.5

23.2

23.7

11.2

11.5

COTTON MILL OPEEATIVES (9 CITIES ONLY' 5)

.

1,816 220

130

122 506

367

10435

475

3928

906

6129

627

102

79

80.3

68.3

62.2

4.4

3.0

5.0

18.2

16.2 32.3

16.7

21.0

12.1 13.4

DKESSMAKEES.

HOUSEKEEPEES AND STEWAEDESSES.

LAUNDEESSES

1,486

2,110 905

1,513

221

192 700

683 443

469

617

146 235

932

689

124

119

1,281

874

178

229

70.7

83.6

7.4

17.7

40.2

25 6

19.5

40.9

26.3

20.7

13.5

13.5

MEECIIANTS AND DEALEES (19 CITIES ONLY 6).

1,952

641 567 744

169 105

367

291 240

352

149

112

91

240

135

5946

236

15635

46

80.4

94.2

94.3

29.3

21.2

17.4

46.5

23,6

48.3 30.4

18.7

18.6 11.5

18.8 9.5

6.2

18.2

19.1

11.7' 7.7

19.9 9.8

5.3

40.1

18.9

13.9

23.1 11.4

6.8

U.O

16.9 9.8 5 8

33.8

34.4

30.4

32.8
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 211

Table 2T.—DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IX THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IX SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IX SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.

MARITAL CONDITION,

NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING BOTH PARENTS NATIVE IN 27 SELECTED CITIES'—COnt'd.

Aggregate.

All classes

Singles Married Widowed and divorced.

All classes

Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced,

All classes

Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced

All classes

Singles Married Widowed and divorced

AH classes

Singles Married Widowed and divorced

All classes

Singles Married Widowed and divorced

All classes

Singles Married Widowed and divorced

All classes

Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced

All classes -..

Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced

Number.

Living at home.

Total.

In families havingNo other breadwinners.

One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Living with employer or boarding.

Per centLiving at borne.

In families havingNo other breadwinners.

One

other. Twoother.

More j than two

other, i

living

with employer or boarding.

MILLINERS.

6,301 534

629

5,822

5,021 392

409

565
212 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 27.—DISTRIBUTION. BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.

MARITAL CONDITIOIT.

Single^ Married Widowed and divorced

.

All classes.

,SingIe2 Married TVidowed and divorced

.

All classes

.

Single" Married Widowed and divorced.

Single" Married Widowed and divorced

.

All classes.

Single" Married Widowed and divorced.

All classes

.

Single" Married Widowed and divorced .

.

Single" Married Widowed and divorced . .

.

All classes

.

Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced

.

NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BEEADWINNEE3 16 YEAE3 OF AGE AND OVEK HAVING ONE OE BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN IN 27 SELECTED

CITIES.!
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 213

Table 27.—DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.

MAMTAL CONDITION.

NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWlNNERa 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN IN 27 SELECTED

CITIES 1—continued.

Aggregate.

Number.

Living at home.

In lamiliee having—

No other breadwinners.

One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other. I

Living with employer or boarding.

Living at home.

Total.

In families having—

No other bread- One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Living with employer or boarding.

Single" Married Widowed and divorced.

All classes

.

Singles Married Widowed and divorced.

All classes

.

Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced

.

All classes

.

Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced.

All classes

.

Singles Married Widowed and divorced.

All classes.

Singles Married Widowed and divorced.

All classes

.

Singles Married Widowed and divorced.

All classes

.

Singles Married Widowed and divorced.

All classes.

Singles Married Widowed and divorced.
214 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table aT.—DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OP FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 215

Table 27.—DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ^ AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,

CLASSIFIED 3Y RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.

MARITAL CONDITION.

FOREIGN BORN "WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES I—COntiUUed.

Aggregate.

Number.

Living at home.

In families having—

Total. No other ^„„

bread- ; ^?"1

«nTiTi«rc I Other. Two

other.

More

than two,

other.

Living with employer or boarding.

Living at home.

Total,

In famiUes having—

No other bread

One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Living

with employer or boarding.
216 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 27.—DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 217

Table 27.—DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,

CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.

MABITAL CONDITION.

NEGKO FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES 1—Continued.

Aggregate.

Number.

Living at home.

Total.

In famiiies havingNo other breadwinners.

One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Per cent.

Living at home.

Total.

In families havingNo other breadwinners.

One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Living with employer

or boarding.

All Classes

Single^ Married Widowed and divorced

All classes

Singles Married Widowed and divorced

All classes

Single 3 Married Widowed and divorced

All classes

Single' Married Widowed and divorced

All classes

Singles Married Widowed and divorced

All classes

Singles Married Widowed and divorced

All classes

Single' Married Widowed and divorced

All classes

Single' Married Widowed and divorced

.

\

All classes

Single' Married Widowed and divorced

.

MILLINEES. m

(•)

(,^\

(.')

m w (.'•)

MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC (23 CITIES ONLY').

254

123

56

338

194

10143 15

95 78.1

76.4

82.1

(^)

9.0

7.5

4.1

(.')

26.0

45.5

21.3

17.9

(')

21.7

14.6

NURSES AND MIDWIVES.

3,097

1,765

508 824

1,969

1,005

387

577

263

74

24

166

254 224

188

279

75 135

1,128

760

121 247

SALESWOMEN.

102 70.6 2.9

(.')

30.4

(•) m

(2)

22.5

(=)

(=)

C')

14.7

V')

72,715

42,490

15,461

14, 764

28,509

12,923 I 8,329 I 7,257

j

5,729

1,964 945

2,830

10, 172

3,188

4,699 2,285

6,060

3,381 1,432

1,247

6,548

4,400

1,253 895

44,206 i

29,567 I 7,132 I 7,507

39.2
218 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900. ATLANTA, OA.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BBEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at tiome.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.!

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living at'home.

Heads of

families.

Living with—

Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Ail occupations

Board'ng and lodging house keepers..

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc AU other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers..

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Milliners , Nurses and midwives Saleswomen ' Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

All occupations

Dressmakers

Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. All other occupations

4,037

10, 220

191 4,753

635

156

4,007

186 293

ALL CLASSES.

3,607

66 2,199

86

53 1,069

13

121

17 255

10114 253

60

20

17 397

110

12 353

4420

2,995

80

1,654

177

54 894

5185

1,946

11 248

16123

1,438

1747

3,507

/ 52 1,025

388

52

1,771 128

91

13

318

20

18 265

4

18

560

14 160

929 215

55

15

711

272

1046

264

14,267
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 219

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

ATLANTA, GA.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNEKS 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living witliOther

relative.'

Living with employer

or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

ALL CLASSES.

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants , Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses ,

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

All other occupations

All occupations

Dressmakers

Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

All other occupations

1,776

12

10322 113

60 200

548

'l\

2

30

'293'

4

1 21 133

1

(i7

1

13

12

2,480

39

2

740

1392

1,351

7

72

9

67 549

3

3144

118

16 262

4,506

121

111254

261

63 1,990

23

18114

134 1,310

1563

44 220

3,000

118

6

187

7

89 686

240

16

133

43

41066

107

12

722

4723

1039

22

149

336 91 528

1053

319 146

10

463

13

238

11 104

43

3,098

BALTIMORE, MB.

3

12

22

6

1733

13 144

26

479
220 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 38.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

BALTIMORE, MD.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen ,.

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . .

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers . .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners

Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE.

Aggregate.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

406 1,498 603 2,810

5,079

15, 725

1,516 717

2,272

1,948

667

4,390

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative. 1

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living wlthFather. Mother. Other

relative.

.4LL CLASSES ^—continued.

49 21950

77

705 1,342

41

114 260

26

721

159

158 276

1,675

1,228

812 323

747

739 377

1,617

101 586

856

839

297

151

131 712

79 269

131 461

974

2,069

199

116

427

446

77 795

772

45 338

10,257

167

118

634 204

66

645

322 933

452 2,612

3,739

10,656

1,392 691

2,170

1,417 599 3,188

1938

626

120 387

8744

4 107

153

147 258

1,326

1,581 1,117

793 316

742 721 365

1,662

70

95

566

706 286

148

440 280

121 653

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

581 700

162

111

211

56

Living with employer

or boarding.

18,686
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 221

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. BALTIMORE, MD.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEABS OF AGE AND OVEE—Continued.

Married. Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living witllFather. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Taiioresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers ,

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners

Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cull makers

Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Taiioresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives .

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

Taiioresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

46 15686

92

•503

2,488

52

6

30 270

31 505

1,503

23

25

5730

51

214

13630

4

1059

13 173

834

14 11920

21

59

10923

6

15

2126

11165

17

556

ALL CLASSES 2—continued.

34

5

11

110 221

I

3

36

2

101

291

1332

3

3
222 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. BALTIMORE, MB.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living with

Father. Mother. Other

relative. 1

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

FOREIGN BORN WHITE.

All occupations

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified)

" Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

All other occupations

6,297

397

148

124 230

551

261

151 597

1,787

126 782

170 973

1,492
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 223

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. BALTIMORE, MD.—Continaed.
224 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

BOSTON-, MASS.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers . — Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses- Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives <

.

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen

.Seamstresses

-Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and prolessors in colleges, etc.

.

Telegraph and telephone operators -AH other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders - Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers .... Boxmakers (paper)

Clerks and copyists

•Confectioners Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses , Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

FEMALE BKEADWINNEEa 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVEK.

Aggregate.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 225

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, ANl? OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. BOSTOX, MASS.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BKEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.!

Living with employer

or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

All occupations , Boarding and lodging house keepers . Bookkeepers and accountants , Boot and shoe makers and repairers . •Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers HiUtners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen

Seamstresses , Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

"Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc,

.

Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers .... Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers .... Boxmakers (paper)

-Clerks and copyists : Confectioners Dressmakers

JEousekeei>ers and stewardesses Xaundresses

"Merchants and dealers - - - 2tfiUiners Musicians and teachers of music

JJurses and midwives

Tackers and shippers

Trinters, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

,

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives , Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations
226 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

BOSTON, MASS.—Continued.

FEMALE BKEAD1VINNER3 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 227

Table 28.^FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. BOSTON, MASS.—Continued.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

Married.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of lamilies.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

1

Living with employer

or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

I^iving with

Father. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

'or board- mg.

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and mldwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoressea

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified), All other occupations

FOREIGN BORN WHITE—continued.

664

10

117

14 352

1 5
228 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

BUFFALO, K. Y.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers .

.

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers ,

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers ' Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and tjrpewriters Tailoresses ^ Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses. ... Laundresses _ Merchants and dealers^

Milliners

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

All other occupations

FEMALE 'BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

8,543

138

129 200

860

196

547 183

111

440 282

210 3,534

178 345

239

951

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative, 1

Living

with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

11,936
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 229

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. BUFFALO, X. X.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withOther

relative.^

Liviiig with employer

or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living wlthFather. Other

relative.

Living

with employer . or boarding.

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

All occupations.

Boarding and lodging house keepers.

,

Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses.

.

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music.

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses.

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

TeELchers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators

All other occupations ,

AH occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers . .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

20

22

100

717

6

4 90

10

1

2

12

5

13
230 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. CHICAGO, ILL.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate,

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living with—

Father. Mother. Other

relative.'

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with—

Father. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Physicians and surgeons

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen, Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc .

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

Tobacco and cigar factpry operatives . . .

.

All other occupations

All occupations ,

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Agents

Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers ....

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accoimtants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakersl. Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Physicians and surgeons

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen '.' .

.

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations

27,069

275

286

393

102 716

180 1,498 2,231 2,682

635

227

870

931

1,152 290

169 1,353

910

3,118

3,082

160

2,694

322

120 2,187

ALL CLASSES 2—continued.

6,178
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 231

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. CHICAGO, ILL.—Continued.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

Married.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.!

Livirig withFather. Mother. Other

relative.^

Living with employer

or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Living at home.

Heads of famiUes.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

Living

witb employer

or hoarding.

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners , Musicians and teachers of music , Nurses and midwives ,

Packers and shippers , Physicians and surgeons

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen

Seamstresses ,

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Telegraph and telephone operators ,

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . ... All other occupations ,

All occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc .

.

Agents

Artists and teachers of art , Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers

Bookbinders

Booickeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laundresses Merchants and dealers , Milliners Musician? and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Physicians and surgeons

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

Teaehers and professors in colleges, etc., Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations

All occupations

.

Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Agents

Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers . . .

.

Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists

2,964

52

5425

146

107

117

101

129

8520

115

295

13127

199

1823

325

2,478

31 343

77426

ALL CLASSES 2—Continued.

1,059
232 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. CHICAGO, ILL.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Mving at home.

Heads of families.

Living witfiFather. Mother. Other

relative. 1

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with

Mother." Other

relative.

Living with employer or boarding.

Laundresses .

•. Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and mldwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . .

.

All other occupations.

.

'.

All occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Agents

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers .... Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot .and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists.-. Confectioners

Dressmakers

Glovemakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Murses and mldwives

Paciters and shippers

Physicians and surgeons Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Ah Other occupations

51,098 I 7,117

116 110

117

809

251

749

100

178

1,309

197

4,208

178 1,434

631 3,118

877

752

267 1,605

145 1,713 2,906

19,471

871 3,381

901

164

132

341

541 3,318

4,875

104 397

152 917

147 2,505

653

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN—Continued.

1,656
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. ^83

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. CHICAGO, ILL.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWIhNEBS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living with

Father. Mother. Other

relative.!

Living with employer

or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Other

relative.

Living

with employer

or boarding.

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

rextile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . .

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc

.

Agents

Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers . . .

.

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Confectioners

Dressmakers Glovemakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

JSurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Physicians and surgeons Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . .

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

All other occupations

112 129 305

70

59

153

14

1 2112 236

4,418

49

26

19

141

14

45

7572

36

524

6

150

176 535

49 292

9

4694

207

644

276

46

6

726

22 604

1,215

25 13034

270

33

561

162

3

7

105

1 2332

171

NATIVE "WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN—Continued.

1 115 136

2 28

28 219

31

716

2

248

12762

40

162

6

12 100

246

467

67

73 104

13

4

13

6 327

172 12029

2168

44

29

14086

1034

43

5

2

3

3

210

FOREIGN BORN "WHITE.

2,520
23| WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. CINCINNATI, OHIO.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 235

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

CIN^CnOTATI, OHIO.

OCCUTATION.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Married.
236 WOMEN AT WOEK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

CrNCIiNNATI, OHIO—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWlISrNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living with—

Father. Mothe'r. Other

relative.!

Living with em- ployer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Xriving at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with—

Father. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses , Merchnftnts and dealers

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants ajid waitresses

Tailoresses ; Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives .

,

All other occupations

All occupations . .

.

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations- .

.

1,051 1,187 428

486

225

144

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN—Continued.

1,204
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 237

Table i38.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

CINCINNATI, OHIO—Continued.
238 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

CLEVELAND, OHJO-Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK.

Aggregate.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 239

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

CLEVELAND, OHIO-^Continued.

. CCTJPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNEKa 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Married.

. Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.^

Living with em- ployer

or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

TotaL

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or hoarding.

All occupations

.

Boarding and lodging house keepers

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses .

.

Laundresses .' Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

.

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses.

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators

All other occupations

All occupations.

Bookkee'pers and accountants . .

.

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

.

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen miU operatives

All other occupations. >

AU occupations

.

Boarding and lodging house keepers

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Merchants and dealers

.

Milliners Nurses and midwives.. Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

TfliilorGssGS .,,_---.---------------' Teachers and profes.sors in colleges, etc

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

2736

18

17

24

1720

104

1522

1 131

102 33
240 > WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP A'GE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND "BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 241

Table 28—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

CLEVELAND, OHIO—Continued.
242 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.-FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued.

DETROIT, MICH.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph ana telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives..

.

All other occupations

All occupdftions

Boarding and lodging house keepers. .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses S cenographers and typewriters

Tailoresse.s Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

All occupations . .

.

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations . .

.

FEMALE BREADWINNEBS 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with—

Father. Mother. Other

relative.'

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN—continued.

135

668

392 2,141

431

618

182 4?2

1,582

2

1622

37

10

28

436

11 167

305

177 264

233

264

223

87 380 796

20

12783

73

106

73

115

4664

90

34

43

73

21

18 173

76474

1,677

31 164

22

132

531

601 175

460 1,353

92

299

176 258

231

261

221

86

376

785

20 124

8170

102

71 113

4653 29021U

117

FOREIGN BORN WHITE.

9,219

144

185 280

983 229

108

443

166

132

\ 343

274

295

3,110

198

357 225

477 1,271

124

5

12 198

30

22

216'

64

1135

813

40

18

19 168

2,138

63

99

242

13758

174

61 358

647

14066

114

1329

4

20

10

4935

44

43

44

16

38 180

1,014

18

27

39 175

33

1254

4428

60

61

47 138

25

1829

1C8

4,187

1 5074 254

166

14

56

626

218

61 11233

208

7,231

13 175 256 740

124

16635

106

217

245 234

2,702

193

304

209

441 1,002

2,085

6299 236

12968

17159

351 533

39

54

102

32

39

43

41

15

37 176

1 22

34

11924

2126

15

16

4538

7924

32

15

17 102

128 304

150

732

33

223

13 180 29

201

81

6

44

68 1,575

47

164

19

127

3,660

148

67 212

92

373

22

176

49

68 2,44366

47 108

31 172

5

135

12

FALL EIVEE, MASS.

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton miU operatives Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) All other occupations

ALL CLASSES.!

16,170

132

157 10,274

684

269

341

179

163

136 264

445

1,562

696

1,245

22

691

111

3109

518

10

32

27

•58 180

5,847

sF

99 3,890

18188

3

2184

17 147

810

202

2,116

1924

1,437

270

86

4,012

1924

2,926

16768

297

100

1,330

57

209

20

1373

834

109

127

69

121 147 0,903

368

207

158

62

13390

225

772

423

1,278

416

354

2

1 195

416

58

3

3

4

4 20

28

35

3,705

16785

12079

17 140

26 185

776

191

1,955

1923 1,31664

35

21025

736

1769

252

81

1,202

11

18 783

53

29

53

12

14

427

36

42

123

67

2,160

7

7 905

4353

9712

1259

18

689

107

52

1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 130 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 243

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. DETROIT, MICH.—Continued.
244 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. FALL RIVEK, MASS.—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 245

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

TALL RIVER, MASS.—Continued.
246 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. INDIANAPOLIS, IND.—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 247

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. INBIANAPOLLS, IND.—Continued.
248 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. JERSEY CITY, ST. J.-Continued,

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.^

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Teaohers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

Tobacco and cigar factory ojieratives Trunk and leather-case makers, etc All other occupations

All occupations.

Bookkeepers and accountajits. Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Saleswomen , Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and ptofessors in colleges, etc. .

.

Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

All otner occupations

All occupations ,

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Silk mill operatives : Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . .

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Dressmakers ^ Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations

3,106

149

134 287 274

116

259

287 303

165

1,132

164

274

158

213 805

117

183

188

128

315

fiS2 177

478

428 234 236

1,840

315

169

262

183

,130

133 124

1,845

166 1,149

ALL CLASSES—Continued.

307
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 249

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
250 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

KANSAS CITT, MO.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 251

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

KANSAS CITY, MO.
252 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

KAN"SAS CITY, MO.—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 253

'Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
254 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP;

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900~Continued.

LOUISVILLE, KY,-Continued.

OCCXJPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with—

Fatlie r. Motiler. Other

relative.'

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations. .

.

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations . .

.

All occupations

Laundresses N urses and mid,wives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses . Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . - Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

1,446

563

883

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN—Continued.

391
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 255

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS .16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

LOUISVILI-.B, ICY.—Continued.
256 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

LOWELL, MASS.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

TotaL

Living r.t home.

Heads of families.

Living witliFather. Mottier. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withMother. Other

relative.

Living

with employer or boarding.

AH occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . .

.

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

AH other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses : Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Woolen mill operatives AU other occupations

2,853

107 132 406

175

317

118 102 219

249

134

609

4,539

154

167

,099 171

526

164

190 174

636

150 380

728

106

163 3,220

343 1,113

236 ! 105

141

1, 194 1

,212

188

467

541

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

349
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 257

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. LOTyELL, MASS.—Continued.
258 WOMEN AT- WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. MILWAUKEE, WIS.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living with.—

Father. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withOther

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Confectioners Dressm^ikers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters. TaUoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Milliners -.

Nurses aijd midwives Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

13,915

106

175

373

197 316

145

2,021

363

188 414

495

158

231 134 1,096

601

3; 308

551

401

741

165

151 118 1,467

ALL CLASSES 2—continued.

216
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 259

Table 28,—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

.AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. MILWAUKEE, WIS.—Continued.
260 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

MILWAUKEE. WIS.—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 261

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. MILWAUKEE, WIS.—Continued.
262 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

MISTNEAPOLIS, MINN".—Continued.

OCCtrPATION.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEE3 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.!

Living with em- ployer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with—

Father. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer or boarding.

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks an(rcopyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations

310

831

153

224

186

115

169

439 509

2,343

422

449

103

156 1,093

147 617

213

724

232

179 405

2,781

127

131 164 979

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

568

10

140

13

4 21

1752

43

3

12

7

12 172

1,913 1

114

134 202

50

9167

17

176 148

102

177

15756

44 378

5930

79

61

12

16 158

942

43

41

160

31

28

1621

74

74

7350

75

1634

184

3,633

60

71 238

109

84

36

16 104

124

176 2,095

113

144

1250

201

273

295

668

115

164

170

104

126

395

452 2,243 407

42499

134 842

1,862

114

130

195

167

146

15555

41 369

FOREIGN BORN WHITE.

1,002
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 263

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.—Continued.
264 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION. FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. ]VEW ORLEANS, LA.—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 265

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. NEW ORLEANS, LA.—Continued.
266 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

NEW YOEK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROTJGH).

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.'

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withMother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

ALL CLASSES.

2

All occupationsBoarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders

Bookkeepers- and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper)

Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses.

Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified)

.

Laundresses Merchants and dealers .

.

Milliners

Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers .

Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill .operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper)

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses -- Servants and waitresses Stenographers and Lypewriter.s Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc .

,

Telegraph ancl telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations

735

1,839 2,629

712 935

2,867

343 9,080

409 1,563

447 530

4,622 1,560

1,688

1,088

2,699 919

452

6,453

3,434

26, 624

373

4,097 5,260

4,697

900

1,335

1,079

10, 465

614

7954

4935

117

1,901

35 128

250

148 2,262 919

118

123

• 616

27

21

708

37

1373

691

317

74

77 1,122

28,303

330

462

1,281

112 2,809

17525

12 175

381 124 800

456

187 485

208

3,253

1,180

1,369

146

212 1,970 2,285

1,716

478

654

601 4,248

14, 114

10 459

609

178 248

749

51 1,524

10121

7

70

34276

348

200

120 236

126

1,465

611 590

82 975

207

222 2,229

13,993

91 303 325

110

138

42564

1,83774

438

168

80

948

403

281

180 407

122

59

645

1,188

58

46 644

1,089

772

119

192

1,816

16

132 242

45

52

1,00924

951

141

129

1,369

49

38

640 405

22,769

49

17 635

298 903

129

87 1,050

80,264

111 1,733 2,609

647

862

2,670 209

6,701

367

35 334

1,513 334

1,497

872

1,662

880

418

6,029 2,664

22,938

316

342

3,949 3,920

4,376

864

1,198

967 8,604

2,679

94

40

2226

12

4117 60118

37

10

19 274

101

41

43

73

13

161 168

15

6

48

122 208

2625

316

27, 652

2

853 1,376

322 454

1,254

108 2,686

171

21

171 343 106

779

428

165

478 206

3,189 1,145

1,322

141

209

1,942 2,234

1,688

474

643

493 4,140

13, 342

2

439 600

170

232

1,41294

18

6

66

267

58

333

188

98 230

122

1,421 560 533

76

77 947

856

271 214

2,107

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

7 282 28893

120

367

28

1,231

61 309

7

41 268

48 226

116

136

11149

773

602 792

41

37

617 472

673

146

161 1,237

19,673
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 267

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. NEW YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROXJGH).

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

Married.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.'

Living with employer

or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

All occupations.

Boarding and lodging house Iceepers

.

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper)

Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

.

Janitors and sextons . Laborers (not specified)

.

Laundresses Merchants and dealers . .

.

Milliners

Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.

Saleswomen

.Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers .

Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

All other occupations

All occupations

.

Boarding and lodging house keepers

.

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers

.

Boxmakers (paper)

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

.

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.

Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

.

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

Telegraph and 'telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations

15127

5627

20

91

3D 694

9

184

187

71

90 249

11

17

182

186 1,31824

65

694

117

61

36 796

1,124

23

8

6

38 145

4138

32

22

39

48

3

7

6534

119

35

21

5

716 255

LASSES.'

I

1,012

65

69

4

2

14

10 143

1

23

206

62

11

10

33

7

6 114

278 1,530

4224

414

6

33

152

37 536

60 142

6

7

85

79

239

10

516 660

1,611

3229

949

2

1 2120

15

4 116

13,075

473

7964

38

63

10698

1,685

33

225

125 2,140

826

122

126 88828

17

242

584

1883

646 204

18

76

76

1.065

7,826

455

3323

20

21

44

90

1,157

1683

210

106

1,782 766

66

70

510

14

93

386

46118

7

17

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

25

2

5

5 142

16723

31

122 120

67

3153

227

9

3

72

135

21140

40

29

291

13

6

1

17 300

1790

59

15

28

104

6

20

80

33

1028

35

3

121

179

1,221

6

14

13

410

162

1927

96

9

2 154

3214

14

1295

3

35

64 1577

3

1157

31

1112

112

97
268 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNEBS 16. YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. NEAV YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROTJGH)—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 269

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. NEW YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROUGH)—Continued.
270 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

TSEyv YORK, I*r. Y. (BBOOKLYN BOROUGH)—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 271

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE ANB OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,.

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. NEW YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROUGH)—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with

Father. Mother. Other

relative. 1

Living with employer or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with—

Father. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with emDloyer

or boarding.

All occupations . .

.

Dressmakers

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations. .

.

1,001
272 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. NEW TORK, N- Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families

.

Living with—

Father. Mother. Other

relative.!

Living with employer or boarding.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Janitors and sextons , Laundresses

Literaiy and scientific persons , Merchants and dealers , Milliners ,

Musicians and teachers of music , Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers , Saleswomen

Seamstresses .'

Servants and waitresses

Silk mill operatives , Stenographers and typewriters , Tailoresses , Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

Telegraph and telephone operators , Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).

,

All other occupations ,

All occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc .

.

Agents

Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boardii^ and lodging house keepers

Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Literary and scientific persons Manufacturers and officials, etc Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and jorofessors In colleges, etc . .

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued277
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 273

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. NEW YORK, N. Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—continued.

Married.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative. ^

Living with employer

or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Janitors and sextons Laundresses , Literary and scientific persons Merchants and dealers

Milliners ,

Musicians and teachers of music , Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers , Saleswomen , Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses

Silk mill operatives , Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) , Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. All other occupations

All occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc . Agents

Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) : Carpet factory operatives

Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses . . , : Janitors and sextons

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Literary and scientific persons Manufacturers and officials, etc Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not othenvise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

3,895

23425

20

1578

3145

35

11 473

* 285

457

25

288

7

21

101

72

65

96

13 16R

122 585

1125

22

44

128 389

470

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.

14A
274 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

NEW TORK, N. T. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BKEADWINNEES 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living with—

Father. Mother. Other

relative.'

Living

with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

All occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc... Agents

Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Hucksters and peddlers

Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Manufacturers and officials, etc Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers , Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

. Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . .

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Latmdresses.

Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses AH other occupations

432 180

281

249

873

372

112 834

355 10,954

428 1,609

431

2,339

497 5,971

179 1,514

1,593

459

3,640 223

2,992

7,754

49,213

701

317

844

6,741

1,193 126

268

1,448

4,535 6,360

10,546

678

168

154

112 2,084

205

166 6,657

423

FOREIGN BORN "WHITE.

13,861
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 275

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

NE'W YORK, N. T. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)-Coiitinued.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

.

Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Agents

Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers , Boarding and lodging house keepers

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants. Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives

Clerks and copyists

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

13,024

Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses. Hucksters and peddlers

Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Manufacturers and officials, etc. Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers.

Silk mill operatives

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise .specified)

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

172

4624

64

212

16

448

6

74

63

.,33819

203

146

937

43 428

13980

42822

187

365

2,349

34

26

19 1,103

68

6

16 104 1,775

882

All occupations

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

All other occupations

Living withFather.

1,558

12

10

2

9 100

3

19

7 220

221

31

101

37 261

516

16

67 1336

4

2

87

12

1

1 22

63

141

Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with—

Father. Mother.

FOREIGN BORN WHITE.

324
276 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. NEWAKK, N. J.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGB AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at lioine.

Heads 6f families.

Living with

Father. Mother. Other

relative. 1

Living with em- ployer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with—

Father. Mother. Other

relative.

Living

vrith employer or boarding.

Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors In colleges, etc

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

.

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations

AH occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Buttonmakers

Clerks and copyists

Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers Hat and cap makers

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Nurses and midwives galeswomen

5,495

102 228

338

197 525

118

128 102

186

411 204

496 332

512

139 212

265

207

128

182 302

374 729

360

248

191 113 188

155 644

ALL CLASSES—continued.

696
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 277

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. STEWARK, ST. J.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERa 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.'

Living with employer

or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Other

relative.

Living with employer or boarding.

Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

22

30

10

156

10

20

39

57 238

109

21

12

61

4150

13

7 240

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers '. .

.

Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers

Milliners .' Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) - All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers

, Boxmakers (paper) Buttonmakers

Clerks and copyists

Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers Hat and cap makers

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

10

1 12 106

ALL CLASSES—continued.

1030

125

82

5

6

2

132

4
278 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. STEWABK, N. .1.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE.

Aggregate.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living wlthI Father. I Mother. Other

relative.^

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or hoarding.

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

All other occupations

AH occupations

Corsetmakers ; Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and niidwives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in collegeSj etc. Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. .

.

All other occupations

All occupations . .

.

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations. .

.

195

128 325

167 118

100

367

233 204

193

144 2,539 232

100

118

141 1,061

303

767

171

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OE BOTH PAEENTS FOEEIGN BOEN—Continued.

256
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 279

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

NEWARK, N. J.—Continued.
280 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 281

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES; 1900—Continued. PATEHSON, N. J.—Continued.
282 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

PHILADEIiPHIA, PA.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living with—

Father. Mother. Other

relative. ^

Living

with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with—

Father. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with em:- ployer

or boarding.

ALL CLASSES 2—Continued.

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen,

.

Saleswomen

.Seamstresses.

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives •Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) .

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives "Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers

Boxmakers (paper) 'Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Cotton mill operatives ,

Dressmakers

JHat and cap makers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners -^ Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses

.Servants and waitresses

. Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

, Silk mi'.l operatives .Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

TexT-ile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives JlU other occupations

975
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 283

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PHILADEJLPHIA, PA.—Continued.
284 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

PHIIiADBLPHIA, PA.—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 285

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PHILADELPHIA, PA.—Continued.

aCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Marned.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with—

Father. Mother. Other

relative.'

Living with employer

or hoarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

All occupations

Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists ^ .

.

Confectioners Cotton mill operatives

Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives :

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives .' Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses , Teachers and professors in colleges, etc... Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers

.

Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists

Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specifled)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives

2,422

23

28

19

22

81

411236

306

7

55 107

10

106

1174024

62

12

7

292

14

14

13

7315

6

1425

28 320

3,172

589

8

8118

22

32726

165

211 307

31 128

51

57 674

15

11

367

476

2

3

6

46 107

3

19

4

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

324

25

714

ISl2

14

25

25

35

6

4

103

69

14 140

18

3

5

324

3

218

21

190

17

4

3,274

135

23

21

17

18

73

35

1028

398

6

50

180

14

163 240

39

14

199

3

7 112 169

16

1124

366

1,397

1 1295

191

1934

7

94

222

16

769

14 27

73

83

4

6

5

12 196

253

FOREIGN BORN WHITE.

1,528
286 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

PHIIiADELPHIA, PA.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE EREADWINNEBS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.:

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living with—

Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or hoarding. '

FOREIGN BORN WHITE—Continued.

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc... Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations ,

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. .

.

Dressmakers , Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (hot specified) Laundresses

Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

135
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 287

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PHILADELPHIA, PA.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Total.

Living at home.

Living with- Heads of families. Father. Other

relative.'

Living with employer

or hoarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living with—

Father. Mother Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

FOREIGN BORN WHITE—COntlnuCd.

stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc... Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) ,

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) .

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations ,

Boarding and lodging house keepers . .

.

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

7
288 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

PITTSBURG, PA.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with—

Father. Mother. Other

relative.!

Living with employer or boarding.

Single (including unknown)

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Merchants and dealers . .

.' Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

.

All other occupations

279
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 289

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PITTSBURG, PA.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living witli

Fatlier. Other

relative.'

Living

witli employer

or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living at liome.

Heads of familes.

Living wittiFather. I Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

.

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators

All other occupations

All occupations

.

Boolclceepers and accountants . .

.

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

.

Laundresses

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.

Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

.

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives .

.

All other occupations

All occupations

.

Boarding and lodging house keepers . Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Merchants and dealers

.

Nurses and midwives . Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

.

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

.

All other occupations

12694—07 -.19

2 109

34 I 16 ' 4
290 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF. AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PROVIDENCE, K. I.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BEEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with

Father. Mother. Other

relative.'

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother.

or board- Other I tagrelative.

Living with employer

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and a<:countants Boxmakers (paper) , —

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives

Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

Woolen mill operatives Worsted mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers . .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

.

Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

.

Laundresses

Milliners

Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives

.

Saleswomen

Seamstresses

22,068

380

773 232

631 570

1,612

1,642

716

921

201

345

234

560

219

371

804

415 4,322

379

947

1,649 292 1,612

358

1,893

167 375

333

539

388

257

141 127

202

235

129 360

240 670

345 882

335

120 260

286 604

963

159

144 147

118

183 422

172

ALL CLASSES.!

2,294
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 291

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIEI) BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PROVIDENCE, E. I.

OCCUPATION.

M\ occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers , Bookdieepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper)

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives

Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardessee Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Euhber factory operatives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

Textile miU operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

Woolen mill operatives Worsted mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

.

Boxmakers (paper)

Clerks and copyists

Clotton mill operatives . Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses

.

Laundresses

Milliners

Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives

.

Saleswomen

Seamstresses

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.!

J Living with emIJloyer

! or boarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother.

2,118

264

73

83

305

74

26

412

21

51

3,5 299

1916

12336

176

27 187

622

40

17X4 109

25

2620

.16

1121

1449

13

1127

109

310

ALL CLASSES.2

108 852

25

7

3

7 29

12322

13

602

137

171

213

158

3649

304

64 246

29670

27

14 1425

16

396

8

28

8729

72

11 209

204

6

3

721

18716

37 230

58

13

755

2

12

46

1052

14

127

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

1325

170

21

11715

11

63

16

5370

724

19 132 77

NATIVE "WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

169 213

other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

126

3
292 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

PBOVIDESTCE, E. 1.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

Servants and waitresses

Stenograpliers and typewriters , Teaciiers and professors in colleges, etc

Textile mill operatives (not otlierwise

specifled)

Textile workers (not otlierwise specified).

,

Woolen mill operatives Worsted mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging liouse keepers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives Rubber factory operatives Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses

Textile mill operatives (not otlierwise

specified)

Textile workers (not otlierwise specifled)

.

Woolen mill operatives .'. Worsted mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations...

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations . .

.

FEMALE EKEADWINNEES 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

8,036

140 219

409 301

257

358

129 233

131 143

264

813

150 784

359

422

203

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.!

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OB BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN—Continued.

FOREIGN BOBN WHITE.

242

142

4854

13052

46

48

248

39

60

260

102

Living with employer

or boarding.

456
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 293

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PKOVIDENCE, K. I.—Continued.
294 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued

.

ROCHESTER, N. X.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Bookkeepera and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists Dressmakers. ." Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laundresses

Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen , Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. .

.

Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners Nurses and midwives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives

All other occupations

All, occupations

Boot and shoe makers and repairers..

.

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

ST. LOUIS, MO.

Aggregate.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 295

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHit,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. ROCHESTER, X. Y.—Continued.
296 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

ST. LOiriS, MO.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living witliFather. Motlier. Otiier

relative.!

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with

Father. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or hoarding.

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . .

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. .

.

Bookbinders Bookkeepers Boot and shoe makers and repairers. .

.

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

All occupations.

Boarding and lodging house keepers.

.

Bookbinders , Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers.

.

Clerks and copyists

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

.

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

.

Nurses and midwives.

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

12,560

424

100 368

336

359

971

219

451 366

206

394

108 705

992 2,722

1,026

779

189 1,657

256 300

473 980

476

1,959 341

143 1,042

180

044

253

444 293

ALL CLASSES ^—contmued.

3,474
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 297

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

ST. LOUIS, MO.—Continued.

OCCTJPATrON.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living at tiome.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Other

relative.^

Ijving with employer

or hoarding.

Widowed and divorced.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withMother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or hoarding.

Dressmakers

Houselseepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters TaUoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

.

Boarding and lodging house keepers.

.

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers Boot and shoe makers and repairers.

,

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses .

.

Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters.

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. .

.

All other occupations

All occupations.

Boarding and lodging house keepers-

.

Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Clerks and copyists

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

.

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

112

418

1220

159

2982

1622

26

1 42

101

161

1523

17 206

61

416

15

13

127

3115 14538

30

13

71

226

ALL CLASSES 2—continued.

386
298 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

ST. LOUIS, MO.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND -OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

familiesLiving withFather. Mother. Other

relative.!

Living with employer

or

hoard->

ing.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother, Other

relative.

Living with employer or boarding.

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile inill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers , Laundresses >, Seamstresses Servants and waitresses , Teachers and professors in collea;es, etc.

.

All other occupations

6,428

118 2,861

110 2,595

134 610

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN—Continued.

2,286
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 299

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

ST. LOUIS, MO.—Continued.

•
300 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

ST. PAUL, MXNN.—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 301

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

ST. PAUL, MINN.—Continued.
;o2 WOMEN AT WORK.

'able 28.—female BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. WASHINGTON, J). C—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living with—

Father. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unlcnown)

.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

lusicians and teachers of music

Turses and m.idwives

'rinters, lithographers, and presswomen. aleswomen

eamstresses

ervants and waitresses tenographers and typewriters

'ailoresses 'eachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

l11 other occupations

All occupations

loarding and lodging house keepers tookbindcrs

lookkeeiKrs ani accountants

lerks and copyists )ressmakers

[ousekeepers and stewardesses

<aundresses [erchants and dealers

Klliners [usicians and teachers of music

Turses and raidwives

•rinters, lithographers, and presswomen. aleswomen

eamstresses ervants and waitresses

tenographers and typewriters

'ailoresses 'eachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

l11 other occupations

All occupations ,

tookkeepers and accountants

lerks and copyists

>re8sraakers , [ilUners

Turses and midwives , 'rintors, lithographers, and presswomen. aleswomen , eamstresses ,

ervants and waitresses , tenographers and typewriters

'eachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

,

.11 other occupations

All occupations. .

.

lerks and copyists ressmakers

[erchants and dealers..

Turses and raidwives. .

.

ervants and waitresses

.11 other occupations, .

.

ALL CLASSES—continued.

307
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 303

Table 28,—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

TVASHINGTOX, D. C. -Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.

Married. Widowed and divorced.

" Living at home.

Heads of

famiJies.

Living with

Father. Mother. Other

relative.:

Living with employer

or boarding.

Living at home.

Heads of

families.

Living withFather. Mother. Other

relative.

Living with employer

or boarding.

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives , Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

All other occupations

All occupations.

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses.

.

Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milhners Musicians and teachers of music.

Nurses and midwives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

AJl other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Milliners

Nurses and midwives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

All other occupations

AM occupations...

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Merchants and dealers.

.

Nurses and midwives. .

.

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations...

76

7

12 245

212

291

33

121

279

60

118

4134

40 .
304 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

WASITIXGTO^s^, D. C—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFatlier. Other

relative.

Living

with employer

or boarding.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living at home.

Heads of families.

Living withFather. Other

relative.

Living with employer or boarding.

All occupations

Dressmakers ^ Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Ail other occupations

22,948
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 305

Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,

AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. ^VASHISTGTON, D. C—Continued.

'
306 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900. ATLANTA, GA.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEAE3 OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families having

No Other

breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwiimers.

One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers — Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton miU operatives

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners

Nurses and mldwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers... Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Milliners Nurses and mldwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewrite-T

Tailoresses Teachers, and professors in colleeres, etc

All other occupations

All occupations

Dressmakers

Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses ; Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

All other occupations

17779

106

12234

185 275

44

194

191 238

763

8, 275

180 4,505

474

133 2,569

168 246

ALL CLASSES.

11,424
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 307

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

BALTIMORE, MD.

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton null operatives Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners
308 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, . CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, . MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. BALTIMORE, MD.—Continued.

OCCUPATIOK.

FEMALE BKEADWINNEBS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING. AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwiimera.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

otherSingle (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwivos

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.. AU other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers.

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . All other occupations

All occupations.

Bookkeepers and accountants. .

.

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

.

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

.

Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

AU other occupations

14,022

345 338

418 816

1,903

85

93 280

253 553

213

. 201 258

1,315

2,003

276

700

403

1,117

402

199

1,851

9,524

147

221 1,33354

287

328

312

99 122

200

1,013

1,446

356

550

182 430

646 254

1,446

ALL CLASSES—continued.

300
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 309

Table 29,—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. BALTIMORE, MD.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME--COntinued.

Living in lamilies having—

Total. No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cufE makers

Stenograpners and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives..

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers.

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cufi makers

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

75

525

29 254

1127

7595

17

23

4330

40

54

11 145

2

11 11710

21

55

109

22

5

14

2120

105

1914

2

450

6

140

ALL CLASSES—continued.

40
310 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. BALTIMORE, MB.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

I^iaborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Nurses andmidwives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives ,

,

All other occupations

FEMALE BEEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 311

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. BALTIMORE, MD.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families havingOther breadwinners.

No other

,

breadwinners. , One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

All occupations

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . All other occupations

All occupations

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

All other occupations

FOREIGN BORN WHITE.

68 "
312 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. BOSTON, MASS.—Continued.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers . Bootkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. - - .. Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.. Telegraph and telephone operators

All other occupations

All occupations.

Boarding and lodging house keepers

.

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers

.

Boxmakers (paper)

Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses

Merchants and dealers : Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives

Aggregate.

Total.

Living infamilies havingNo other hreadwirmers.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in lamiUes havingNo other

breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoo makers and repairers Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

!,299

472 834

91 560

807

180

11186 278

328

160

107 706

247 212

573

73 838

100 1,536

11,964

045

140

366

125

205

200

1,801 265

1,011 383

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

1,950

322

119

10

79 266

56

33

3163

76

48

1183

62

44

16 189

5 357

150 715

81 481

541

124

7855

215

252

11296

623

185 168

493

57 649

95

1,179

3,153

113

33138

220

302

82

32

31 105

149

6037 264

104

87

242

39 324

48 646

1,973

28

238

20

182 150

34

25

17

206

50

44

146

13 22126

374

1,223

14623

79

24

29

163

31

37

1055

104

21 260

6,114

92 748

73

513

411

4434

215

256

74

92

631

149

129

545

36

763

93 1,127

1,054 5,060

97

462 116

22

3

14

38

51

20

8

64

2516

72

9 164

4 196

23

65169

451 295

67

4120

177 205

5484

567 124

113

473

27

6 219

20

176

19

17668

66

1623

196

145

7 210

26 326

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

More

than two

Other.

17,051
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 313

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

BOSTON, MASS.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BKEADWINNEES 16 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

AU occupations

Boarding and lodging house Iceepers Boolckeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) . . /.

Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Merchants and dealers Milhners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and sliippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters , Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

933

109

53

1320

161

29

1424

33

40

4338

41

20

2034

4 202

29

16

214

6 139

146

318

10

17

14 23336

240

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

730

58

49

1116 140

23

1218

29

36

35

16

1926

4 152

1222

31

14

4 25

20

23

13

16

17

4 117

59

2
314 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. BOSTON, MASS.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BKEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

' Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

FOREIGN BORN WHITE—Continued.

Milliners Musicians and teachers ©[music

Nurses and m'dwives

Packers and "Shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses '

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Al^ other occupations

AH occupations.

222
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 315

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued

.

BOSTON, MASS.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—COntlBUed.

Married.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

ToT,al. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.
316 WOMEN AT WORK,

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

BUFI'AX.p, K". Y.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families having-—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professcSrs in colleges, etc All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers.

.

Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses ,

.

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen .' — Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. All other occupations

4,515

136

105 174

727

61 480

180

165 224

177

135 327

115 860

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—continued.

inn
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 317

Tabie 29.—female BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

BUITALO, N. X.—Continued.

CHICAGO, ILIi.
318 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE' AND OVER LIVING AT HOME CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. CHICAGO, ILL.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

Bookbinders , Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper)

Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers

Glovemakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses .- Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Physicians and surgeons

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mUl operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

AU occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Agents

Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers. .' Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Physicians and surgeons

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses^ Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

All other occupations

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other

breadwinners.

1,284 4,033

407

704 6,915

521

1,004

5,035

1,410

2,611

1,579

1,471

780 400

462 6,064

5,672

5,846

5,889 5,223

5,102

1,072

479 857

597

7,909

103

169

279

.52 700

146 987

1,579

1,730 210

357

188

.580 674

312

198

120 827

104

1,780

24193

1,621

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

ALL CLASSES '—Continued.

58

32832

34

416

67

1,833

20

290

155

1,522

487 209

213

399

30

1683?

353

853

500

469

640

61

1786

29 1,109

1,226

3.705

375

670 6,499

434 8,248

617

705

3,513 923

2,402

1,366

1,072

760 248

430 5,711 4,973

4,993

5,389

4,754 4,462

1,011

462

771 568

268
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 319

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

CHICAGO, IX.L.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families having

No other breadwimiers.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers

Glovemakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers MiUi aers Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Physicians and surgeons

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

Textile worlviers (not otherwise specified)

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . .

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc, Agents

Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers

Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laundresses Merchants and dealers j. .

,

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Physicians and surgeons

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc .

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations

3538

43

14 143

772

72 358

6168

SO

20

159

10

18 256

ALL CLASSES •—Continued.

29
320 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES; 1900—Continued. CHICAGO, IliL.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

Other.

More

' than two

otherSingle (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

All occupations. 42, 708

Actresses, professional show-women, etc .

.

Agents

Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers

Glovemakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators.

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

.\11 other occupations

All occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Agents

Ba.rbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers .. .

.

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Confectioners

Dressmakers Glovemakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Physicians and surgeons Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

93

142

174

140 512

914

2,394 277

494

4,203

284 4,682

353 293

392

671 353

3,732

2,691 2,112

2,089

2,766

692

322

461

206 4,018

27,490

60

75

82

793

224

643

92

167 1,110

187

3,420

159 421

510

2,623

846

643

203

761 190

118

1,496 2,384

2,448

3,722

1220

9

15 318

39

145

24

22 206

611

14

189

1138862

85

18

15

182

222

154

211

110

27134

6

30

81 122 165

125 194

875

2,249 253 472

3,997

256

i,u7l

1,202

258

1,292

609 268

503

247 3,550

2,469

1,958

3,112

1,979 2,495

316

431 197 3,642

11,234

33

43

69

48

121

178 643

7493

1,129

71 1,30187

88

94

141 392

226

137

108

64

926

711

916 458

735

165

65

109

41 971

12,520

2933

57

2947

293 735

76

166 1,246

1,262

10173 122

379

56 427

18372

172

81 1,159

771 597

1,047 664

826

202

116

16365

1,176

15,232

1946

4948

26

404

871

103

213 1,622

1,608

15172

152

424

61 473

200

59

102 1,465 987

753

1,149 857

934

291

136

159

91 1,495

38,212

145

120 113

2,291 263

482 4,064

233 3,832

341

182 348

1,040

147

1,274

689

214

611 246 3,674

2,381

1,894

3,241

1,971 2,648

318 432

189 3,524

2,186

6

6

1385

32

123

2117

173

15 292

1119

10

43

2965

4544

14

12

143

116

93

19686

226

29

523

3

184

54

93

139 107

853 2,168

242 465

3,881

218 3,540

330

163 338

997

118

1,209

544 170

497

234 3,431 2,265

1,801

3,045

1,886

2,322 640

313

409

186 3,340

9,505

169 602

66

45

1,004

42

340

18473

10466

863

590

515

878 402

634

165

66

9635

11,794

FOREIGN BORN WHITE.

28

18 432

10

66

33

696

5 113 106

944

304

55

. 36

208

7

.50 85 338

378

22,482

42

47

64

361 214

597

87

169 1,044

154

2,724

154 308

404

1,579

642

688

168 663

183

1,411 2,046

2,070

8,593

26

25

30

224

47

188

2037

300

56

[,15040

160 166 820

310

202

78 308

61

44 415 748

879

1284

72

187

27

65

323

46

767

62

85

129 429

137

18752

138

14 427 593 586

7,298

6

1322

6306

222

3467

421

52

807

62

63

119 330

95

19938

10766

705

18,229

2126

47

141 214

68172

156

1,003

108

2,279

150

161 224 816

131 530

121 208

174

35

1,359 1,816

1,774

7

3

92

7

36

2

5

45

7

305

224

17 170

64

31

2258

4

23

63

133

152

16,540

17

1944

49

207

54570

161 968

101

1,974

148

137 207

646

67

160

170

12 1,306

1,683 1,622

6

143844

157

1833

68038

66

53

218

25

15237

67

40

4 351 515

681

21

284

710

73

165 1,218

87

1,11896

58

115

32132

409

17148

17179 1,132

723 563

1,030 642

786

197

113 16862

1,106

6

71

177

2154 30434

592

6146

72

196

30 164

32

40

64

510

14,727

1543

45

400

856

103 212 1,595

86

1,418

16147

149

387

44

460

18949

222

100

1,436 962

723

1,137 842 903

136

• 15589

1,445

216

92

211

3164 405

702

5926

82 233

12 18330

43

3

647

658

643
OTHER BREADWINNEUS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 321

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. CHICAGO, IliL,.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Agents

Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers

Bookbinders •, .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . .

.

Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers Glovemakers i Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not speciiied)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors In colleges, etc.. Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc Agents - Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Conlectioners

Dressmakers

Glovemakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Physicians and surgeons Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses 12694—07 21

FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

1,837

26

1616

15

91

1455

3

4

73

30

288

724

23

13797

62

5043

5

784

101

39

52

137

12

1 19

11 209

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OB BOTH PABENTS FOREIGN BOEN.

313 1,534

27

239

6

16

17

10082

594837

4

770

76

74

37

45

129

11

1159

164

963

14

10

129

35

5262

340

19 146

26

13

5759

39

3126

319

5

14

1
322 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RAGE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. CHICAGO, ILL.-Continued.

OCCUPATION.

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

All other occupations

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other.

FOREIGN BORN WHITE—Continued.

100

251

71 76498

836

396

6035

28332

226

1,723

32

19136

48166 610

307

1,064

24

11723 321

39 368

172

238

543 I

18 I 170

79 I

61

1295

33

291

163

510

1 53

5

4925 235

142

Two

other.

26

326

9 10260

More

than two

other.

703
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 323

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

CHICAGO, ILL,.—Continued.
324 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY. AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. CINCINNATI, OHIO-Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE -BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in famiUes having

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresaes 1 .

.

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives..

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. .

.

Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations ,

All occupations

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

All occupations...

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations. .

.

14,128

118

349 882 236

478

1,526

69

715

175

36;! 160

113

196

1,116 1,576

1,005

632

1,124

624 870

1,896

29145

498

184

119 112 264

345

236

65

193 772

1,796

922

523

351

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE—Continued

.

93
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 325

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

CIKCnsrSTATI, OHIO—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BKEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING, AT HOME—continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwiimers.

One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Talloresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. .

.

Boxmakers (paper) 1 Clerks and copyists

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

I^aundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses ,... Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Tailoresses -

- Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

All occupations..

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations. -

.

3

16

713

65

3

11032

13

5

24

5758

4

46

430

136

292

95

32

25

7

2125

36

10

14 134

610

388

133

82

97

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.

7
326 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OV.ER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. CLEVELAND, OHIO.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BBEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEK LITING AT HOME.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadOther breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

All occupations

.

19,975

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses andmidwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses.

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile null operatives (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers . .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

425 758

7S7

2,717 203

1,2M

299

692

282

- 334

210

1,524

1,183

1,464

1,109

1,295

1,288

317

265 233

266 3,086

4,032

161 226

219

518

56 113

188 122

84

332

149 174

375

476

91 748

10, 106

468

463 1,473

67 373

128 933

686

619

620 745

691

ALL CLASSES.

2,709

246

7162

365

57

350

100

66

40

87

6

106

137 195

105

81 17622

3

9

11 434

17,266

179 685

735

2,352

146

199 636

242

247

204

1,418 1,046

1,269

1,004

1,214

1,112 295

262 224

255

2,652

118 264

224

834

70

425

100

201

116

135

45 456 330

490

372

320

462

76

54

72 902

5,439

205

251 729

45

237

317

407

341 370

5,673

23

226 260

789

31

228

40 227

56

48

372

291 624

290

109

100

91

15,661

47 700

751 2,098

116

462

57 608

221 136

203

1,409

987

1,128

1,062

1,165

1,203

308

241 219

234 2,306

1, 213

4265

41 172

26

56

23

3620

20

46

161

21

14

5 178

5 645

710

40634

672

201 116

197 1,327 935

1,061

973

1,119 1,042

287

240

216

229 2,128

4,463

211 56634

11914 165

87

56

42

413

265

356

354

271

42192

578

4,746

2 196 244

623

33

124

12

190

76

462

286 353

332 348

343

81

7779 716

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

95

31

13 129

24

36

15

23

2625

63

78

11 151

66 195

206

389

3278

17399

68

307

111 149

80

697

4686

87

190

183679

67

33

122

161 198

32 288

1,055

1662

71

127

10

23

60

31

17 11424

52

107

13727 177

651

71

3527

54

63

21 132

2,998

20 204

201

302

24

45

162

29996

118

360

435

87 532

396 2,602

177 193

247

14

39

15376

28 28480

106

307

366

77 456

1,110

11 109

3141

151 178

29

183

67

6792

614

5127

12 106

18

42

103

128

27 153

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

3428

144

13

28

1119

366

62

54

42 37

74

9,228

434

435 1,32954

307

360

112

79

125

867

634

566

578 708

617

2,669 2,924

152

108 376

2196

83

46

3823

256

173

187

177 145

227

126

137

418

1885

118

32

18

204

188 202

223

196

166

190

636

15 127

169

34

23

54

326

257

190

199 340 194

9,079

444

461 1,290

45 266

363

108

59

123

881

620

636 606 706

663

531 8,548

419

427 1,208

39 244

340

10160

120

826

595 614

567 679

592

2,293

143 105

296

1159

73

3823

21

165

168

173

133 217

2,745

124

135

15

11530

11

47 272

188

171 197 213

217 255 738

23

163

8 21762

29

79

462

287 500

278

107

9290

91

44

4758

116

34

5

69

3123

21 119

152

187

51813

117

152

33

16

52

318

252

185

197
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 327

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. CLBVELAIiTD, OHIO.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations.

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants , Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laundresses

Mercliants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives

FEMAiE BEEADWINNEES 16 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other treadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

.

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

.

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Booklieepers and accountants

Caerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses. . Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music.

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

.

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

JUl other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

caerks and copyists Dressmakers - Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners - : Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses. . . j Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses ,- • Teachers and professors in ooUeges, etc

1,765

11424

16

"25329

290

101

37

2756

15766

162

7

19 374

13

15

26

10

19

1 107

454

ALL CLASSES.

20

14 212

22

35

23

46

1 51

46

127

1986

432

618 301

47

116

137

17

150

4923

16

23

228

264

3220

141

4734

142

6

58

130 184

26

16

713 406

158

12 1¥

24

23764

18

16

67

2

4

5 183

1,379

10620

11 214

34

251

77

29

1885

6

4065

91

223

10

7 132

19

166

3713

1356

72

4

146

353

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE.

327 79

95

1314

133

21

4116

21

39

20

39

30

15

223

109

73

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PAEENTS FOREIGN BORN.

94
328 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. CLEVELAND, OHIO—Continued.

OCCOPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in lamilies liaving

No otlier breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

otlier. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadOther breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BOKN—Continued.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Tobaxjco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives AH other occupations

203
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 329

Table 29—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

• AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

CJvEVELAN"D, OHIO-Continued.
330 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. DETROIT, MICH.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families havingNo otlier breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

otlier. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Milliners

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters ;.

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. - All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers

Bookkeepers and accountants

ClerVs and copyists . , Dressmakers .' Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Nurses and midwives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. .

,

All other occupations

2,747

132 266

372

24

106

116

46 11994

128

201 301 842

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

431

161992

4

11

1119

715

22

21

60 144

2,316

116 247 280

20

95

105

27 112

79

106 180

251

1,032

55

103

133

14

42

68

174835

127 286

737

84

873

27

28

7

3725

25

79

77 219

547

32

47 193

2,142

126 241

227

16

10015

10972

191 282 585

111 226

196

12

81

103

65

76

173 239

631

785

5288

848

31

503

4525

27

63

120

189

8163

2

25

26

4

3324

1778

73

177

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OK BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

7,733
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 331

Table. 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. DETROIT, MICH.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Milliners

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

241
332 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES:* 1900—Continued. DETEOIT, MICH.—Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 333

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued

DETROIT, MICH.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BIIEADWINNEBS 16 YEARS Or AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in lamilies havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

Other. TwoOther.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

All occupations . .

.

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations . .

.

68 47
334 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

INDIAKAPOLIS, IND.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations.

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laborers (not specified) Laundresses . Milliners '. .

.

Musicians and teachers of music.

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses.

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

Teax)hers and professors in colleges, etc. All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters. .

. , Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Laundresses

Milliners Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

All occupations. .

.

Servants and waitresses

.All other occupations .

.

FEMALE BEEADWINKEES 16 YEARS OF AOE AND OVEK LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

450

385 296

135 979

100

130 1,158

403

171

165

621 916

1,198

260

629

1,845

307

247

162 588

46 209

266

107

94

347

528

331

442

123

404 1,103

117 119

288

161

120 232

297

180

184

113 160

918

61 586

ALL CLASSES.

1,807

2414033

5

193

26

13 283

3725

4650

152 232

46

79

242

209

345 263

130

786

74

117 875

366

146

119

571 764

966

582

214 550

1,603

138

118 105

45

341

37

36

433

14468

64 205

300 390

227

91 214

622

49 118

69

33

237

2236

241

11546

30

198

223 277

180

67

197

2,470

22

109

89

62

208

1545

201

10732

25

168

241 299

17556

139 487

6,740

36

351 256

118 548

5386 299

333

123

74 550

609

646

614

176

555

1,313

646 6,094

320

117

487

81 257 308

110

56

519 545

580

556

155

490

1,220

2,015

100

86

21

1689

108

46

23

175

161 176

207

46

173 370

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE.

16830

21

131

17

5126

14

24

33 10482

46

3158

146

139 217

141 467

29

158 240

70

314

424 249

39692

346

957

90

66 234

1779

102

49

40

117

186

109

186

51 132 430

32

76

34

122

46

78

27

20

117 130

64

11426

136

282

14

51

41 101

4 33

60

17

1080

109

76

96

1578 245

26

222

139 266

20

66 214

74

317

189

413

67 367

790

3,129

199

126

233

17

59 19767

29 278

278

159

373

54 319

735

1,208

377

53 104

23

72

33

15

97

9164

169

21 114 274

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BOEN.

109

4135

71628

20

17

10

14 114

2,568

107 I 110 247

126

113 216

269

160

167

103 146

771

22

3275

46

40

77

7750

38

30

49 235

799

32

67

7939

6434

45 255

47

4786

42

4172

113

71

62 314

111 110

237

112

104

216

249

145

18196

144

713

2,233

103

103 212

98

206

229

139

16489

132 659

565

1930

6125

34

70

5437

35

1939

142

2,008

4 116

64

31 162

1526

76 104

13 182 176

192

176

55

182 410

274

34

61

7

16

7120

7

107

101

51

11020

130 246

67

34

54

3142 214

FOREIGN BOEN WHITE.

139

More

than two

other.

130

52

466

206
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 335

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

INDIANAPOJL.IS, IND.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—COntlBUed.

Married.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

, than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Two

Other.

More

than two

Other.

All oecupations ,

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and aceountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Milliners ., Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

ALL CLASSES.

1,430
336 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 337

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued.

INDIANAPOIjIS, HfD.—Continued.
338 WOMEN AT WORK,

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME CLASSIFIED .BY NUMBER OF OTHER ^BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. JERSEY CITY, X. J. -Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other

breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN—continued.

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors iii colleges, etc . .

.

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations

289
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 339

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. JERSEY CITY, N. J.—Continued.
340 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. KAHSAS CITY, MO.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BBEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families havingNo otlier breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants Dressmakers

Laundresses Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

All occupations , .

.

Dressmakers

Servants and waitresses AU other occupations. .

.

All occupations. .

.

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations. .

.

2,063

126 235

162 232

12990

19892

690

2,096

1,196

617

282

NATIVE -WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.

71
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 341

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED' CITIES: 1900—Continued. KANSAS CITY, MO.—Continued.
342 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. liOmSVILLB, KY.-Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 343

Table 29.-FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued

LOUISVILLE, KX.-Continued.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Boarding and lodging houae Iseepers. .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Laundresses

Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Taiioresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

All occupations.

FEMAIE BEE*DWINNEE3 16 YEARS Or AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Bookkeepers and accountants.

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Laundresses

Milliners

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters.

Taiioresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specificid) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations. .

.

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations. .

.

All occupations

Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

All other occupations

Living in families havingNo other

breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other

breadwinners.

Other breadwiimers.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE.

752
344 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. LOWELL, MASS.
OTHER BREADWINNERS,' FOR SELECTED CITIES. 345

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued

LOWELL, MASS.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Carpet factory operatives

Clerks and copyists

Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laundresses

Milliners Nurses and midwlves Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

Textile mill operatives (not other^sise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) , .

.

Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations ^ Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. All other occupations

All occupations.

Bookkeepers and accountants. Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) '-w'^:" Textile workers (not otherwise speeifled) .

.

Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

FEMALE BKEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OE AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—=COntinued

.

Married.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

1,855

4620

2136

14

674

141 14622

28726

99

111

359

7

10

11523

22

14

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other.

ALL CLASSES.^

138 1,717

39

37

19

2132

13

633

131 140

18

52

16

12

47

9

433

3

272

26

95

96

1,053

17

111223

7

39784

16714

7164

318 346

1392139

4

943

21286

33

339 604

14948

2144

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

216 137 43 36 231 103 128

4
346 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BEEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

IjOWEI^L, MASS.—Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 347

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

liOTTELL, MASS.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE EBEADWINNEBS 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Living in families having

Otlier breadwinners. No other breadwinners. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Living in Jamilies havingOther breadwinners.

No other breadwinners.

FOREIGN BORN WHIT3

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house Iceepers Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Hosiery and loiittlng mill operatives

Houseljeepers and stewardesses Laundresses , Saleswomen : , Servants and waitresses

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) .

.

Woolen mill operatives

All Other occupations

1,236

2725

515

8197

1140

28

29

206

3164

82

77

24

22

48575

94

10

37

27

25

196

29

63

72

13

16 31053

45

319

15

12

122

15

201

4

1 109

1127

49

8

156

4114

3530

744

26

4 112

25

MII^W^ATJKBE, "VVIS.
348 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. MILWAUKEE, WIS.—Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 349

Table 29,—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued.

MILWAUKEE, WIS.—Continued.
350 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.-Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 351

Table 29. —FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.-Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadOther breadwinners.

Total. One

Other. TwoOther.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families havingOther breadwinners.

No other

breadwinners. Total.

Seamstresses , Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.. Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Milliners

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accounta-nts Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile mill operatives - - Textile workers (not otherwise si>ecifiea) All other occupations

All occupations.

Boarding and lodging house keepers . Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses.

Tfliloresses ....-..-.----......-- Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations

296

ALL CLASSES'—Continued.

39
352 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

NBTV^ ORLEANS, LA.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 353

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

NEW ORLEANS, LA.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen • Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. .

.

Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Laundresses

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives... Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar lactory operatives.

.

All other occupations

All occupations.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

ALL CLASSES.

29

18 168

17

96 2,184

114

1526

10126

380

1,277

6

30

30

9 197

659
354 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

NEW ORLEANS, LA.—Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 355

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION^

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. NEW ORLEANS, LA.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. Ojie other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

All occupQ-tions

Boarding and lodging house keepers . .

.

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) , Laundresses ,

Nurses and midwives , Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professiors in colleges, etc. All other occupations

3,935
356 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AG^l AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. NEAV YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROUGH)—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Living in families havingNo other

breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other.

More Two I than

Other. two

other.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwiimers.

One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses. Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

^Teachers and professors in colleges, etc .

,

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations

' All occupations

hoarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoemakers and repairers Boxmakers (paper)

Clerks and copyists

CojQfectioners Dressmakers , Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen . .

.

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).., All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified)

373
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 357

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: ISOO-Continued.

NEW YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROUGH)—Continued.

DCCUPATION.

FEMALE BE.EADWIXNERS 16 YEAHS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Living in families havingMilliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

'

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen . Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . All other occupations

All occupations

hoarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoemakers and repairers Boxmakers (paper)

Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners

Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc...

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified)

' No other

jj breadi' winners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

I Total. One

other. Twoother.

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.

More

than two

other.

19
358 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 39.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. NEW YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYX BOROUGH)—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

Laundresses Merchants and dealers .' Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives -

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses - Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations

All occupations . .

.

Dressmakers

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations . .

.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

Other hreadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Living in families having—

No other

breadwinners. One

other.

FOREIGN BORN WHITE—continued.

170

859

539 329

112

61

139 561

427 268

72

327

188 128

382

40 147

11976

298

2787

120

64

79 174 277

158

129

67

114 235

143

Two

other.

1,845
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 359

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN TIIE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

liTEW YORK, K. Y. (BROOKLY^T BOKOTJGH)—Continued.

3CCUPATI0N.

Laundresses Merchants and dealers !".!!"' Milliners ['//_ Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwlves

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses ..[ Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Talioresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile mill operatives

Textile worlcers (not otherwise specified) AH other occupations

Ail occupations. .

.

Dressmakers

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations . .

.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

52

15296

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other.

FOREIGN BORN WHITE—continued.

12984

32

15582

57 11075

295

16 198473423 201

63

41

Two

otner.

15 12227

23

346
360 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. NEW YORK, N. Y. (MANHATTAIST AISTB BRONX BOROUGHS)—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families havingNo otlier breadwinners.

Otlier breadwinners.

One

otlier. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

, Single (including unJoiown).

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

Other.

More

than two

Other.

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . .

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations

All occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc

Agents

Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper)

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons Laundresses

Literary and scientific persons Merchants and dealers

Milliners

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses

Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

AU other occupations

All occupations.

Actresses, professional show-women, etc... Agents

Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers

Bookbinders : Bookkeepers and accountants. Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives

Clerks and copyists

k Confectioners. Dressmakers. Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses.

Janitors and sextons

58,302

430

227

167 234

334

1,124

2,754

863

312

2,488

335 9,502

263

ALL CLASSES '—continued.

4,982
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 361

Table 39.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIEI> BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES; 1900—Continued. NEW YOKK, N. Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)—Continued.

OCCtJPATION.

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

Teacliers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) .

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc . .

.

Agents

Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers ....... Bookbinders - . .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper)

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Janitors and sextons Laundresses

Literary and scientific persons Merchants and dealers

Milliners

Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses

Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile miU operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) .

- All other occupations

AH occupations

.

Actresses, professional show-women, etc . Agents

Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants. Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

.

Janitors and sextons

FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in famihes havingNo otlier breadwinners.

19520

39

106

5

29

1046

244

34

14576

20

39

32

7446

2

5146

616 258

2,978

14125

15

13

77

25

34

29

9

56

10

415

229

454

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Twoother.

ALL CLASSES 1 —Continued.

63
362 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES; 1900—Continued. NEW YORK, >r. Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other

breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN—Continued.

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Literary and scientific persons Hanufaeturers and officials, etc Merchants and dealers ,

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

-Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen.

Seamstresses

iJervants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators . .

.'

Textile mill' operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) .

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Actresses, professional show-women, etc. .

.

Agents

Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers.

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives

Clerks and copyists

Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Hucksters and peddlers

Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Manufacturers and officials, etc Merchants and dealers

MiUiners Musicians and teachers ofmusic

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, ctt- Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) .

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

140 1,519

89 148

685

2,416

660

492

608 7,568

3,093

2,311 299

799

3,014

837 2,873

7.59

628

1,437

57, 130

229

155

103 228

961

215

760

33693

644

334

(,772 372

511 343

407 3,858

160

1,449

1,374

346 1,093 209 2,472

6, 312 4,632 550

280

6,622 576

107

231

1,2.38 3,914 5,269

33

328

2120

118

166

79 10932

398

293

323

3054

14794

277

31

32

107

49 503

107

1, 19168

128

467

2,249

681 383

576 7,170

2,800

1,988

269 745

2,867

743 2,696 728

1,330 920

6,360

36
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 363

^^^f^^^®-"^^'^^^^ BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

NE^V YORK, N. Y. OtANHATTAN AND BISOJ.X B01{OtJGHS)-Continued.
364 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. XBW TOEK, N. T. (MAjSTIIATTAlSr AND BKONX BOROTJGHS)—Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 365

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

XI:M13ER op other breadwinners in THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OeCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. NETV YORK, N. Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)—Continued.
366 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. KEWAKK, ST. J.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEaRS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadOther breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwiimers.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

All occupations.

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers.

.

Boxmakers (paper) Buttonmakers

Clerks and copyists

Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives. .

.

Dressmakers Gold and silver workers . Hat and cap makers

Laimdresses , Merchants and dealers.

Milliners Nurses and midwives. .

,

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters.

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . .

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

Ail occupations . .

.

Laimdresses

Servants and waitresses AH other occupations . ,

,

7,739

252

193

117 173 276

656

351

6P1

341 241

169

110

17667 696

223 276

284

228

107

151 1;779

177 112

296

15429

86

321 230

111

182

122 258

212

53 110

267

188

136

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

655

42

19

7014

21

34

26

12

19

24

1728

1338

28

5

15 166

7,084

180

109

165

255

614

332

621 327

220

13584

16448

572

271 244

200

102

136 1,613

13082

19880

53

40

27

40

15 124

8378

60

32

35 426

2,105

60

40

36

87

16976

62

4329

5120

174

64

7688

67

69

2049

519

3,110

10478

3794

315 174

254

159

115

52

28

73

13 274

87

104

100

81

6,884

247

182

112 162 266

619

332

683 329

221

78

53

166

43

675

184 230 282

226

220

104

137 1,534

407 6,477

172

104

166 248

320

638

317

205

7048

158

178

218 269

199

100 126

1,444

1,560

FOREIGN BORN WHITE.

23

1217336

14235630

10

164

166

94

246

14625

63

200

157

75

203

182

43

95

129

793

10746

10

12

33

• 29

306

36

17

6134

63

68

1222

41 227

65

44

7257

9

1934

35

16

61

,34 72

67

1940

69 260

16393

178

14115

33

38

23

17

157

161

47

84

124 632

160

133

13

16

10

15479

143

151

37

80

121 691

432

175 163

104

10066

63

106 97 215

53 10062

37 178

5338

30

3368

120

75

15177

111235

13 119

44

64

8157

30

30

328

49

2242

43

10

2527

169

78

5738

33

84

16474

15384

49

2114

51

10 166

49

65

88

56

57

20

46

479

44

24

44

413

7

126

5

4728

48

46

'

920

37

192

67

2,981

10277

90

96

171 234

166

110

38

22

72

11

86

99

100

50

50

637

65

40

59

52

5

4

5

58

29

5362

18

3557

14

28

13
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 367

^^^TT ? "^^^^^^ BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY. AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION^ AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued

.

]S"EWARK, N. J.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Buttonmakers

Clerks and copyists

Corsetmakers

Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Hat and cap makers ,

Laundresses , Merchants and dealers

Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters , Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. ... Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified)... All other occupations

All occupations

Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers ' Hat and cap makers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.. Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . .

.

All other occupations

All occupations . . -

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses AU other occupations. .

.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

14

108

728

21

310

6 123

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwi.nners.

One

other.

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

257 138

4
368 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PATERSON, N. J,

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown).

Living in families havingNo other

breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Hemp and jute mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laundresses Linen mill operatives Merchants and dealers

Milliners Nurses and midwives

Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cufl makers

Silk mill operatives

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) All other occupations

All occupations .,

Dressmakers Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occrpations

All occupations

Dressmakers Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwi se specified) All other occupations

All occupations

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Linen mill operatives Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) All other occupations

1,708

17790

23

83

658 134

543

3,655

215

125

2,245

185

244

514

1212284

13270

121 1,915

259

502

ALL CLASSES.!

8,709
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 369

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION. FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued.

PATERSON, N. J.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations.

Bookkeepers and accountants . .

.

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Hemp and jute mill operatives.

.

Housekeepers and stewardesses.

Laundresses Linen mill operatives.. Merchants and dealers. Milliners Nurses and midwives.

.

Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers.

Silk mill operatives

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) All other occupations

All occupations.

I^ressmakers Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. All other occupations

All occupations

.

Dressmakers Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cufl makers.

Silk mill operatives Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) All other occupations

All occupations

.

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

.

Laundresses Linen mill operatives Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives •. -

• Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) All other occupations

FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

938

75

28

49

424

123324

4S4

5

2

44

105

176

10

12

3

100

1

10

49

570

13

434

25

13

318

44

110

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

ALL CLASSES.'

807

923

20

412

514

14

11 271

169 124 824

2

3

9524

14

6124

68

734

1239

13 243

32

149

305 519

2

260

16

13

38

1239

520

1024

6 170

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

30

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OK BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.

29 147 84 36 154

FOREIGN BORN WHITE.

66

7 295

11620

208

468

3
370 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF 'OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PHILADELPHIA, PA.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

Other. Two

Others

More

than two

Other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

ALL CLASSES. 1

All occupations

Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house iseepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers ana accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives

Clerks and copyists Confectioners Cotton miU operatives

Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses

' Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers MUJiners : Musicians and teachers ofmusic

Nurses and mid wives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.

.

Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

Textile workers (not otherwise specified)... Tobacco and cigar factory operatives , Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers- Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Cotton mill operatives

Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

84,027

357

1,330 926

2,564

658

1,082

1,573 2,314

438 952

10,645

352 3,512

1,248

399

2,966

2,204

1,993 998

1,293

875 436

5,913

2, 463

5,236

1,067

766 2,106

2,101 3,648

335

7,624

908

834

1,007 10,904

30,632

237

679 399

1,350

221

399

326

1,278

175

271

3,809

156 1,203 448

76

530

469 901 658

512

46

71145 16050

66

108 166

37

49

1,243

12 119

179

03

640

706

162

125

231

37

24

315

300

887

51

37

404

12

385

53

46

49 1,091

75, 104

312

619 881 2,414

1,026

1,465 2,159

401

9,402

340 3,393

1,069 336

2,326

1,499

1,831 873

1,062

838

412

5,698

2,163

4, .349 1,016

729 1,967

1,893 3,244

323

7,239

856 788

958

9,813

23,088

113 368

226

768

168

223

349

651 106 201

3,135

100

702

421 134

1,028 754

538

341

176

101

1, 513

706

1,777

257

634

1,139

81

1,655

206

231

201 2,862

21, 890

100 152

270

740

182

319

435

663

120 279

2,710

96

979 296

94

661 396

556

274

298

281

124 1,691 582

1,163 278

2(!7 640

562

1,022

108

1,984

234

236

259

2,901

30, 126

906

268

484

681 845

175 423

3,557

144

1,712

353

108

637 349

737 258

295

381

187 2,394

876

1,409

4,<il 353

721

697 1,083

134

3,600

415 322

66, 167

321 260

856 2,445

579

1,009

1,290 2,106

366

8,028

310 3,325 712

190

1,261 647

1,769

861

581

6,469

1,848

3,176

982

704 2,052

1,591 3,489

318

6,674

817

686 884

8,588

35 19236

12237

1191727

93

73

10

133 167

12996

86

28

18 250

151

33930

20

135

95

373

10

34

1833

507

61, 748

286

2.323

642

1,227 1,986

349 803

7,383

301 3,232

639 180

1,128

380

1,640

765

496

380

6,219

1,697

2,S!7

952

6S4

1,917

1,496 3,116

783

668

851

1,081

16,097

101

721

127

201 240

568

SO

159

2,06582

633 247

44

342

143

440

291

171

16484

1, 338

461

920

220

147 580

424

1,070

74

1,266

171

161

153 1,967

18, 520

92

16

259 725

166

306

378

616

106 252

2,180

86

937

182

53

341

101 514

241

136

278

116

1,600

464

802

270

211 632

451 996

103

1,788

217 204

238 2,474

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

3,298
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 371

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued.

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations.

Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers.

.

Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives. Clerks and copyists Confectioners Cotton mill operatives

Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. Housekeepers and stewardesses

Lat)orers (not specified)

Laundresses. .*. Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

.

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, pollar, and cufi makers...

Silk mill operatives Stenographers and t j'pewriters

.

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

Textile workers (not otherwise sj)eoifled) .

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

.

Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers.

.

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers .

Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives. Clerks and copyists Confectioners Cotton mill operatives

Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other

breadwinners.

23

264

33

59

47

37 166

12232

65

1,239

21 103

187 134

724

530 124

24

24

203

182

3134

253

66

10

520

5790

70 1,070

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in lamiUes havingOther breadwinners.

ALL CLASSES.'

1,120

3 1052

10

6

720

136

1323

22

121918

1124

32

2134

148

3

10

1

316

1

42

4

5 161

0,710

20

159

3149

41

30

146

10926

59

1,091

2190 164

112

2122

182 148

846

36

21

222

50

9

4886

65 909

3,676

1628

23

12

7353

1630

607

1044

48

366

242

6133

87

52322

12

17

11828

5

1,508

418

3728

147

116

23

1746

2

3tl

36

1685

15

229

211

218

728

79

15

BO

8132

1927

1559

12

1224

212

10,040

117

8740

57

1,378

21

84 349

76

981 1,127

10067 529

15

14 241

1,066

46

3120

257

103

7

430

34

68

53 1,246

7 414

718

7

9

2523

14

10

450

3

1383

31

386

447

26

18 121

444

115

400

18

7

3

82

26

1

1024

11 423

6,646

392

30

42

26

2792

64

26

41

928

18

71 266

44

10 197 318

666

28

24

17

175 i 78

6

326

2434

42 823

3,315

2

218

11

1036

30

1112

4638

26 120

21

37

17 211

3

487

174

334

15

109

92

412

18

16 409

NATIVE WHITE—HOTII PARENTS NATIVE.

1,960

419

103355

614

31

2

8

240

5

17

2

3

4260

33

1822

3,291

7 4102038

1524

43

1614

616

1036

13614

132

19644

35

217

4 210

213

2

4

3146

4

3 200

18

25

7

112129

29

95

10

85 11433

25 184

2 117

7132

710

164

1

216

2

1161

27

20

1110

264

6

24

76

13

173

179

19

16 117

13

56

82

193

3

6

3

55

182

9

12 216

5

1

169

4

3

110

3

724

4

24

33

6

1063

1,487

2

76

1116

10

29

144

19

201

422

64

10

102

132

196

5

3

64

62

139

10

28

192

7

14

198

1 32

5

35

4

16

82

3

11

20,

16

7

435

' Includes 1 Indian woman.
372 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PHILADELPHIA, PA. -Continued.

OCCXrPATION.

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen... Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

Textile workers (not otherwise specified). .. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers

Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Cotton mill operatives

Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Hosiery and knittingmill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.,

,

Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otiierwise

specified)

Textile worjters (not otherwise specified)... Tobacco and cigar fa,ctory operatives Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists

FEMALE BBEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

33,681

476

1,055

357

585

830 885

210 503

4,380

154 1,846

360

95

698

584

859 337

342

418

185 2,815

946

1,008

397

416 825

659

1,256

136

4,305

469

267

520

4,102

301

14997

416

138

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other

breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.

407
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIjES. 373

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL ('ONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PHILADELPHIA, PA. -Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BKEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families havingNo otner breadOther breadwinrera.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

taan two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinnera.

' Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Packers and shippers , Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.

.

Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives , Stenographers apd typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives , AH other occupations

All occupations

Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders , Bookkeepers and accoimtants Boot and shoe makers and repairers

Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Cotton mill operatives

Dressmakers Hat and cap makers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives ,

Packers and shippers

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. . Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives -

- Stenographers and typewriters

Tflilnrpsses ,,_..-..-.----..----------- Teachers and prolessors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) .

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Carpet laotory operatives Clerks and copyists

1865

38

1233

262

74638

10

114

35

2138

8

6

75

44

102

137

9

67

12

5

1222

26

268

2,187

NATIVE "WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.

11
374 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued

.

PHILADELPHIA, PA.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREAD-fflNNEES 16 YEAHS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living in families havingNo other

breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives

Stenographers an d typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.... Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . .

,

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives , 'Woolen mill operatives , AU other occupations ,

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers . .

.

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

FOREIGN BORN WHITE—Continued

.

178
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 375

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

PHILADELPHIA, PA.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

Cotton mill operatives

Dressraalcers '."'/.'..', Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. ..... Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified)

Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stiirt, collar, and cuff makers

Silk mill operatives

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) ... Tobacco and cigar Jactory operatives Woolen mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers- .

.

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

FEMALE BREADWINNEBS 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

1,474

30

196

4762 377

12

16 629

7

108

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other

breadOther breadwinners.

Total. One

other.

FOREIGN BORN WHITE—Continued.

20
376 WOMEN AT WORK.

Tablk 29.—female BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PITTSBXJKG, PA.-Continued.

OCCUPATION.

TEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers . .

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses , Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators

All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Merchants and dealers

Milliners^. Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. .

.

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses

Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.

.

All other occupations

All occupations . .

.

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations . .

.

4,005

120 249

50

100 233

244

61 168

105

349

47

148 637

194 276

293

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

611
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 377

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

PITTSBUEG, PA.—Continued.
378 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREABWINNERS 16 Y^ARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PROVIDENCE, R. I.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives

Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. Woolen mill operatives Worsted mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers..

.

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music N urses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations.

Bookkeepers and accountants. Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses

Milliners

Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives . Saleswomen

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES, 379

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

PROVIDENCE, R. I.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives

Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwi ves Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).- Woolen mill operatives Worsted mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers .

.

Bookkeepers and accoimtants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen - Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives

All other occupations

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

All occupations.

Bookkeepers and accountants. Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers

Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses

Milliners

Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives. Saleswomen

Seamstresses
380 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 39.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. PROVIDENCE, E. I.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BKEADWINNEE3 16 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families liavingNo other

breadOther breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families havlngNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OE BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BOEN—Continued.

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

Textile worlters (not otherwise specified) . .

.

Woolen mill operatives Worsted mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers - Gold and silver workers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and mid wives

Rubber factory operatives Saleswomen

Servants and waitresses

Textile mill operatives (not otherwise

specified)

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . .

.

Woolen mill operatives , Worsted mill operatives

All other occupations

Ail occupations . .

.

Laundresses

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations . .

.

165
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 381

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued.

PROVIDENCE, R. I.—Continued.
382 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. ROCHESTEK, X. T.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families liaving

No otlier breadOther breadwinners.

Total. One

ottier. Twootlier.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe-makers and repairers... Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laundresses

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

All other occupations . . ^

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers .

.

Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners Nurses and midwives

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boot and shoe makers and repairers . .

.

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers , Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

All otlier occupations

6,791

320

712

184 330 710

37

183

14251

250

214

167

259

1,463

397

181 1,201

2,560

235

38

189

6177 168

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

3,556
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 383

Table 29.—FEMALE BKEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

ROCHESTER, X. T.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot ana shoe makers and repairers. ,

.

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laundresses

Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations

All occupations

.

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers.. Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses

Milliners Nurses and midwives

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

.

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Textile mill operatives

All other occupations

All occupations

Boot and shoe makers and repairers..

.

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses '

Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Tfl ilnrPSSGS ..........-.--.-.-'- Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

All other occupations

All occupations.

Boarding and lodging house keepers . Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Clerks and copyists

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

326

403

2

34

11

. 7

1124

15

4

116

4

25

71

2 129

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other

breadwinners.

Otiier breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.
384 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

ST. LOTJIS, MO.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BKEADWINNEBS 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HJME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families liaving—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown)

.

Total.

Living in families having

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses

.Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers .

.

Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses

Milliners Husicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives .

.

All other occupations

All occupations

.

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers.

.

Clerks and copyists

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses

.

Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

.

Nurses and midwives ' Packers and shippers Saleswomen

41894

270

290

293

773

60

360

304

157

106

104 559 770

390

715

164 558

166 1,331

252

290 431

933

436

1,787

130

131 913

173

692 234

211 283

1,347

ALL CLASSES 1—Continued.

3,038
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 385

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

ST. liOtriS, MO.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNEES 16 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in lamilies having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers..'

Milliners Musicians and tea^^hers of music Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. .

.

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations

All occupations.

Boarding and lodging house keepers . Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers.

.

Clerks and copyists

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music.

.

Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses.

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . .

.

All other occupations

All occupations.

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers.

.

Clerks and copyists

Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives

Packers and shippers Saleswomen

792

110

4

116

15

68

1117

23

1 28

7444

22

1318

16 169

932

614

13

1113

114

1414

132

37

ALL CLASSES '—continued.

343
386 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. '

ST. LOUIS, MO.—Continued
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 387

^^^^^^ —FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

ST. LOUIS, MO.—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS 16 TEAES OF AGE AND OTEK LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Married.

Total.

Living in families having—

No otlier breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Widowed and divorced.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OB BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN—Continued.

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

'.

'.

Textile mill operatives

Textile workers (not otherwise specified)

.

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives

All other occupations

92
388 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.

ST. PAUL, MINN".—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BBEADWINNEB3 16 YEABS OF AGE AND OVEB LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living in lamilies havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Two

other.

More

than two

other.

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PABENT3 NATIVE.

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists ^ Dressmakers

Nurses and midwives Saleswomen -

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists Dressmakers •. Housekeepers and stewardesses

Laimdresses

Hilliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations

All occupations

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Nurses and midwives

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Ail other occupations

1,446

70

163

118

4466

74

195 209

51 388

274

10

1533149

19

1224

21

6 HI

1,172

60

148

8530

57

4962

171 188

45 277

2159

46

1622

24

33

8186

16 125

363

23

280 1,106

146

67

2554

42

59

180

18748 234

128 978

58

137

51

22

51

34

50

160

17243 200

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OB BOTH PAEENTS FOREIGN BOEN.

158

115

123

12959

219

424

296

338 274

105 830

30

-1550

101

3,608

147 106

358

385

25

93

121

51 204

374

258

315 240

102 729

1,097

28

100

14912

4144

21

61 103

82

7874

26

230

41

36

112

101

1,429sF

42

146

135

5

29

46

21

104

185

92 144

10346 273

3,532

152 114 364

39524

12536 205

379

261

833 259

99

700

3,248

143

106

341

345

22

76

118

36

196 347

238

310

23297

641

FOREIGN BOEN WHITE.

2,310

118 296

24

30176

248 275

87

60

134

27

51

58

19 113

107 235

18 213

51

221 224

82

52 116 678

31 1017 10627

74

83

17

1338

198

26

62

852

16

69

6734

19

42 178

7884

3120

35 202

1,614

106

19616

11225

215 214

87

52 113

479

1,450

97 168

1493

17

198 194

82

49 100

438

WASHINGTON, D. C.

403

4428

90

122

11

3042

1254

92

65

767024

185

428

17

1130

118

918

4136

10993

6128

197

449

2447

426

3

6153

34

1937

141

258

1844

9

5

10

11

1929

37

1264

1,386

58

42

142

1305

26

46

18 103

180

90

141 101

46 259

673

4963

3373

7482

31

19

33

179
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 389

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

ST. PAUL, MIKN.—Continued.

WASPXINGTON, D. C.

ALL CLASSES.

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners
390 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. ^VASHINGTON, D. C—Continued.

OCCUPATION.

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.

Aggregate.

Total.

Living in families having—

No other

breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

Total. One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Single (including unknown).

Total.

Living in families havingNo other breadwinners.

Other breadwinners.

One

other. Twoother.

More

than two

other.

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Milliners

Nurses and midwives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen

Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

All other occupations

AH occupations . .

.

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Merchants and dealers .

.

Nurses and midwives . .

.

Servants and waitresses

All other occupations . .

.

113 740 348

102

37

145 338

85

82

135 177 623

108

125

15125

ALL CLASSES—continued.

251
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 391

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

"WASHINGTO^^, I>. C—Continued.

OCCUPATION,

Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and naidwives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen, Saleswomen

Seamstresses .]"

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters

Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

All other occupations

All occupations

Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders

Bookkeepers and accountants

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers

Milliners .'. .

.

Musicians and teachers of music

Nurses and midwives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen

Seamstresses . ,. Servants and waitresses

Stenographers and tj'pewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.

.

All other occupations

All occupations.

Bookkeepers and accountants

.

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

MiUiners

Nurses and midwives

Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen

Seamstresses

Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Ail other occupations

All occupations.

Clerks and copyists Dressmakers

Merchants and dealers. .

.

Nurses and midwives

Servants and waitresses.

All other occupations

FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—Continued.

Living in families having—

Other breadwinners.

Total.

j] No other

I

! bread-

.winners.

,^^^^^_

827

765

7 156

195

9

37

439

18

Ifi 1522

2634

18

11

11 119

200

Widowed and divorced.

Living in fajnilies having

Total.

Other breadwinners.

ALL CLASSES—Continued.

NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.

123

177

22

2027

166

10 104

1,412

157

42

10 475 211

30

3652

22

135

NATIVE WHITE—ONE OR BOTH TAKENTS FOREIGN BOHN.

FOREIGN BORN WHITE.

414

28

15 : 46

177

142
392 WOMEN AT WORK.

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, .FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued. WASHISr(?TON, D. C—Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 393

Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVPR LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY

NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,

AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.

WASHINGTON, D. C—Continued.

INDEX.

Accountants.

countantB.

Actors, profesi and per cen

Actresses, profi tal number

39, 176; ran

Bookkeepers and acnal showmen, etc., number

f each sex employed as, 32. ional show-women, etc., to- 34; increase in number of,

f occupation, 34; distribution, by rac^and nativity, 34, 158, 159,

160, 161; byte, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

marital condlion, 38, 170; by cities and

country distij'ts, 178; by states and territories, 180; 1: geographic divisions, 196. Age, total breaiyinners classified by, 10, 11; changes in ;nsus inquiry concerning,

{note) 21; feiile breadwinners classified by, in relatio to race and nativity, 12, 21; marital condion, 14, 16, 37; occupations,

36, 162, 167, 18, 169; distribution by, in city and coujry districts, 18, 154; states and territorie 134; specified cities, 147; native whitej^male breadwinners of native parentaa classified by, 136; native white of forjn parentage, 138; foreign

born white, J; negro, Indian, and Mongolian, 142; iro, 144. Agents, numbe: nd per cent of each sex employed as, 32;ink of occupation, 34; total number of wc 3n, 34 ; increase in number

of 39, 176; c ribution, by race and nativity, 34, 19159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168 69; by marital condition,

38, 170; by es and country districts, 178; by stateiid territories, 186; by geo- graphic diviss, 196. Agricultural cojiunities, predominance of native whitepmen of native parentage

in, 13. Agricultural la ers, number and per cent

of each sex enbyed as, 32 ; concentration

in Southern SIS, 32; rank of occupation,

34; totalnun^of women, 34; increase in number of, 3176; distribution, by race and nativity, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age,

36, 162, 167, 1 169; by marital condition,

38^ 170; by >}S and country districts, 178; by states d territories, 180; by geo- graphic divisL 196. Agricultural piits, number and per cent

of each sex aged in, 32; comparison

with former c is, 39, 176; female bread- winners engaan, distributed by age, 19, 162, 167, 168, : by race and nativity, 158,

159J 160, 161 marital condition, 170; by 'cities anc untry districts, 178; by

geographic dims, 196. Artists and teac i of art, number and per

cent of each i imployed as, 32; rank of occupation, c otal number of women,

34; increase iimberof, 39, 176: distri- bution, by ra \d nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160 161; by £16, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

marital condii, 38, 170; by cities and

country distril78; by states and territories, 181; biographic divisions, 196.

' Atlanta' Ga. , fe ] breadwinners classified by race, nati \ marital condition, and

occupation, ailing to family relationship, 218; nurof other breadwinners

in family, 30(;ee also Cities, specified.

'Austria, servant i waitresses whose par-

' ents were boh, 47; laundresses, 58;

seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textUe mill operatives, 84; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,

115; farmers, 125. Austria-Hungary, number of immigrants

from, 51; saleswomen whose parents were

born in, 94. See also Austria and Hungary.

Authors and scientists, number of native white women of native parentage among,

33.

Baltimore, Md., female breadwinners classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 218; number of other breadwinners in family, 306. See also Cities, specified. Barbers and hairdressers, number and per

cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women,^

34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distri- bution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and

country districts, 178; by states and terri- tories, 183; by geographic divisions, 196. Boarders, proportion among female bread- winners in selected cities, 28, 29. Boarding and lodging house keepers, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number

of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity,

34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168,169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by

cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 183; by geographic divisions, 196; by family relationship, 198; by

number of other breadwinners in family,

208. Bohemia, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,

115; farmers, 125. Bookbinders, number and per cent of each

sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation,

34; total number of women, 34; increase

in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by

race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital

condition, 38, 170; by cities and country

districts, 178; by states and territories, 188; by geographic divisions, 196. Bookkeepers and accountants, number and

per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank

of occupation, 34; total number of women,

34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distri- bution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,

160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and

country districts, 178; by states and terri- tories, 186; by geographic divisions, 196; by family relationship, 198; by number of other breadwinners in family, 208. Boot and shoe makers and repairers, number

and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity.

34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, • 168,169; bymaritalcondition, 38, 170; by

cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 189; by geographic divisions, 196. Boston, Mass., female breadwinners classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 222; number of other breadwinners in family, 310. See also Cities, specified. Box makers (paper), number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; in- crease in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital

condition, 38, 170; by cities and country

districts, 178; by states and territories, 189; by geographic divisions, 196. Breadwinners, definition, 9; proportion of each sex employed as, 9, 10; proportion

of women an index of economic position

of race and nativity classes, 10; male and

female, classified by age, 10, 11; by marital condition, 13, 14; female, classified by

race and nativity, 12, 132; by age, 12, 134; by marital condition, 14, 16, 170; by city

and country districts, 17, 152; by family

relationship, 24, 198; by other breadwinners in family, 29, 208; by occupations, 31, 158; by states and territories, 131; geo- graphic divisions, 131, 154; by specified

cities, 146, 218; comparison with earlier censuses, 20; adoption and abandonment of occupations, 22; increase in number of, 176. Brooklyn borough, N. Y., female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital

condition, and occupation, according to family relationship, 266; number of other breadwinners in family, 354. See also

Cities, specified. Buffalo, N. Y., female breadwinners classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 226; number of other breadwinners in family, 314. See also Cities, specified.

Canada, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; saleswomen, 94; clerks and copyists, 98; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. Canada, English. See Canada.

Canada, French. See Canada.

Carpet factory operatives, number and per

cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women,

34; increase in number of, 39, 176; dis- .tribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158,

159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by

cities and country districts, 178; by states

• and territories, 192; by geographic divisions, 197. Chemists, assayists, and metallurgists, number of native white women of native parents returned as, 33.

(395)
396 INDEX.

Chicago, 111., iemale breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and

occupation, according to family relationship, 228; number of other breadwinners

in family, 316. See also Cities, specified.

Cincinnati, Ohio, female breadwinners clas- sified by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 234; number of other breadwinners in family, 322. See also Cities, specified. Cities, specified, percentage of boarders among female breadwinners (other than

servants), 29; distribution of servants and

waitresses, by family relationship, 56; of laundresses, by race and nativity, 58; of seamstresses, 64; by age, 66; proportion of saleswomen, 93; female breadwinners clas- sified by race and nativity, 146, 147, 218, 306; by age, 147; by family relationship, 218; by number of other breadwinners liv- ing at home, 306; by occupations, 306. City and country, number and percentage of women breadwinners, by race and nativity, 17, 19; by age, 18, 19; by states and

territories, 152; by geographic divisions, 154; by occupations, 178. Clerks and copyists, number and per cent of each sex employed, 32, 97; rank of occupation, 34, 97; total number of women, 84; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribu- tion by race and nativity, 34, 97, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 99, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 100, 170; by geo- graphic divisions, 98, 100, 196; by parentage, 98; by family relationship, 101, 198; by

number of other breadwinners in family,

101, 208; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 186. Cleveland, Ohio, female breadwinners clas- sified by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 236; number of other breadwinners in family, 326. See also Cities, specified. Confectioners, number and per cent of e£ich sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation,

84; total number of women, 34; increase in number, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age,

36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 189; by geographic divisions, 196. Copyists. See Clerks and copyists. Cotton mill operatives, number and per cent

of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 84; total number of women, 34; increase in number, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and

country districts, 178; by states and terri- tories, 192; by geographic divisions, 197i by family relationship, 198; by number

of other breadwinners in family, 208. Country. See City and country.

Deaths, estimated decrease in number of native white female breadwinners, result- ing from, 24.

- Denmark, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,

115; farmers, 125. Detroit, Mich., female breadwinners classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 240; number of other breadwinners in family, 328. See also Cities, specified. . Divorced female breadwinners, total number, 13; probable incompleteness of returns, 14; compared ^vith divorced men,

14; distribution, by age, 14; by race and

nativity, 15, 16, 22. See also Marital condition. Domestic and personal service, number and

per cent of each sex engaged in, 32; comparison with former census, 39, 176; fe- male breadwinners engaged in, distrib- uted by race and nativity, 158, 159, 160,

161; by age, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital

condition, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by geographic divisions, 196. Dressmakers, number and per cent of each

sex employed as, 32; total number of wo- men, 34; rank of occupation, 34, 70; in- crease in number of, 39, 176; distribution by race and nativity, 34, 70, 71, 158, 159,

160, 161; by age, 36, 71, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 72, 170; by geo- graphic divisions, 70, 197; by parentage,

71; by cities and country districts, 71, 178; by family relationship, 73, 198; by number of other breadwinners in family, 74, 208; by states and territories, 193; comparisons with previous census, 72.

England, number of immigrants from, 51. See also England and Wales. England and Wales, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; clerks and copyists, 98; stenog- raphers and typewriters, 104; teachers,

115; farmers, 125.

Fall River, Mass., female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 242; number of other breadwinners in family, 332. See also Cities, specified. Family relationship, female breadwinners,

classified by, 24; according to race and nativity, 25; marital condition for given oc- cupations, 198; selected cities, 218. See

also specified occupations. Farmers, planters, and overseers, number

and per cent of each sex employed, 82; rank of occupation, 34, 123; total number

of women, 84; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity,

34, 123, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 86, 125,

162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition,

38, 126, 170; by geographic divisions,

123, 124, 196; by parentage, 124; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and

territories, 180; comparisons with previous

census, 127. Finland. See Russian Empire and Finland. Foreign born whites, number and per cent

of breadwinners in each sex, 10, 20; female

breadwinners, distributed by age, 12, 19,

21, 140, 165; by marital condition, 15, 16,

22, 27, 173; by cities and country districts, 17, 19, 153; by family relationship, 25, 27, 204; by occupations, 34, 165, 173, 204; by

states and territories, 140; by number of other breadwinners in family, 30, 214; comparison with previous census, 20, 21; increase in number of, 176. See also Race

and nativity. France, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,

115; farmers, 125. France and Switzerland, saleswomen whose

parents were born in, 94. See also France and Switzerland.

Gainful occupations, census inquiry concerning, 9. See also Breadwinners and Occupations.

Geographic divisions, total female breadwinners distributed by, 131; aogording to race and nativity, 132; age, 134; city and country districts, 152, 154; occupations, 180,

196; breadwinners in native white female

population of native parentage, distrib- uted by age, 1.36; in native white of foreign

parentage, 138; in foreign born white, 140;

in negro, Indian, and Mongolian, 142; in

negro, 144. German Empire, number of immigi'ants from,

51. See also Germany.

Germany, servants and waitresses whose parents were, born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textUe mill operatives, 84: sales- women, 94; clerks and copyists, 98; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,

115; farmers, 125. Glovemakers, number and per cent of each

sex eniployed as, 32; rani of occupation,

34; reason for high percentage of native white women of native parents among, 34;

for relatively small per cent of young wo- men, 37; total number of women, 34; in- crease in number of, 39, 176; distribution,

by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital

condition, 38, 170; by cities and country

districts, 178; by states and territories, 190; bygeographic divisions, 196. Gold and silver workers, mmber and per

cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women,

34; increase in number of, 39, 176; dis- tribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158,

159, l60, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38^ 170; by cities and country districts, 17i|; by states and

territories, 190; by geogrkphic divisions,

197. Government service, proportion of native white women of native parentage among

breadwinners employed in, 33. Great Britain, saleswomea whose parents were born in, 94.

Hairdressers. See Barbers and hairdressers. Hat and cap makers, number and per cent

of each sex employed, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 84; in- crease in number of, 89, 176; distribution, bv race and nativity, 84,158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital

condition, 38, 170; by cities and country

districts, 178; by states and territories, 194; by geographic divisions, 197. Hosiery and knitting mill operatives, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number,

of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution by. race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167,

168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by

cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 192; by geographic divisions, 197. Hotel keepers, number aid per cent of each

sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation,

34; total number of women, 34; increase

in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age,

86, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by states and territories, 183; by geographic divisions, 196. Housekeepers and stewardesses, number and

per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank

of occupation, 34; total number of women,

34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distri- bution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,

160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and

country districts, 178; by states and territories, 184; by geographic divisions, 196;
INDEX. 397

by family relationship, 198; by number of other breadwinners m family, 208. • Hungary, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125.

Immigrants, number of, by decades and

country of last permanent residence, 51. Indians and Mongolians, number and per

cent of breadwinners of each sex, 10, 20; female breadwinners, classified by marital

condition, 15, 22; by cities and country

districts, 17, 19; by age, 19, 21; compari- son with previous censuses, 20, 21. Seealso Race and nativity.

Indianapolis, Ind., female breadwinners,

classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family

relationship, 244; number of other bread- winners in family, 334. See also Cities, specified. Ireland, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; sales- women, 94; clerks and copyists, 98; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,

115; farmers, 125; number of immigrants

from, 51. Italy, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; saleswomen,

94; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125; number of im- migrants from, 51.

Janitors and sextons, number and per cent

of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and

country districts, 178; by states and terri- tories, 184; by geographic divisions, 196. Jersey City, N. J., female breadwinners,

classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family

relationship, 246; number of other bread- winners in family, 336. See also Cities, specified.

Kansas City, Mo., female breadwinners,

classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family

relationship, 250; number of other bread- winners in family, 338. See also Cities, specified.

Laborers (not specified), number and per

cent of each sex employed as, 32; defini- tion of term, 33; rank' of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by

age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 184; by geographic divisions, 196. Launderers and laundresses, number and

per cent of each, 32. Laundresses, rank of occupation, 34, 56; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 56, 158, 159, 160, 161; by

age, 36, 58, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 59, 170; by parentage, 58; by family relationship, 60, 198; by number of other breadwinners in famdy, 61, 208; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 185; by geographic

divisions, 196; comparison with former

census, 59. Librarians and assistants, number of native white women of native parents returned

as, 33. Literary and scientific persons, number and

per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank

of occupation, 34; total number of women,

34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distri- bution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,

160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and

country districts, 178; by states and territories, 181; by geographic divisions, 196. Louisville, Ky., female breadwinners, classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 252; number of other bread- winners in family, 340. See also Cities, specified.

Lowell, Mass., female breadwinners, classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 254; number of other breadwinners in family, 344. See also Cities, specified.

Manhattan and Bronx boroughs, N. Y., fe- male breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation,

according to family relationship, 271; other breadwinners in family, 358. See

also Cities, specified.

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,

number and per cent of each sex engaged

in, 32; comparison with former census, 39, 176; female breadwinners engaged in, dis- tributed by race and nativity, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

marital condition, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by geographic divisions,

196. Marital condition, total breadwinners classi- fied by, 14; female breadwinners classified by, in relation to age, 14, 16, 37; race and

nativity, 15, 22, 170, 208; occupations, 37,

38, 170, 198, 208; family relationship, 27, 198, 218; other breadwinners in family,

30, 208, 306; in selected cities, 218, 306. Marriage, effect on age distribution of breadwinners, 11, 13, 16; more general among

foreign born white women, 12. Married women, total number compared

with number of breadwinners, 13; comfiared with number of married men, 14; iving apart from husbands, 28; percentage of boarders among, 29. See also Marital condition. Men, proportion employed in gainful occupations, 9; number and per cent breadwinners, classified by age, 11; by marital

condition, 14; comparison with former

census, 20. Merchants and dealers (except wholesale),

number and per cent of each sex employed

as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, byraceandnativitv,

34, 158, 159, IGO, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by

cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 187; by geographic divisions, 196; by family relationship, 198; by

other breadwinners in family, 208. Milliners, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34,

76; total number of women, 34; increase

in number of, 39, 79, 176; distribution, by

race and nativity, 34, 76, 1.58, 159, 160. 161; by age, 36, 77, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 78, 170; by nativity of parents, 77; by family relationship, 80, 199; by other breadwinners in family, '80, 209 ; by cities and country districts , 178 ; by

states and territories, 194; by geographic

divisions, 75, 79, 197. Milwaukee, Wis., female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 256; other breadwinners in family, 316. Minneapolis, Minn., breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and

occupation, according to family relationship, 260; other breadwinners in family,

348. Mongolians. See Indians and Mongolians. Musicians and teachers of music, number and

per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank

of occupation, 34; total number of women,

34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distri- bution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,

160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; bj. marital conditi:;n, 38, 170; by cities and

country districL;, 178; by states and ten-itories, 181; by geographic divisions, 196; by family relationship, 199; by other breadwinners in family, 209.

Native whites—both parents native, number

and per cent of breadwinners of each sex,

10, 20; of female breadwinners, 10, 12; dis- tribution by age, 12, 19, 21, 24, 136, 163; by marital condition, 15, 16, 22, 27, 171; by cities and country districts, 17, 19, 1-52; by familv relationship, 25, 27, 200; bv oc- cupations, 34, 163, 171, 200; by states' and

territories, 1.36; number of other bread- winners in family, 30, 210; ratio of each

principal occupation to all occupations,

34; increase in number, 176. See also Race and nativity.

Native whites—one or both parents foreign born, number and per cent of breadwinners

of each sex, 10, 20; of female breadwinners,

10, 12; distribution, by age, 12, 19, 21, 24, 138, 164; by marital condition, 15, 16, 22,

27, 172; by cities and country districts, 17,

19, 152; by familv relationship, 25, 27, 202; by occupations, 34, 164, 172, 202; by

states and territories, 138; by ndmber of other breadwinners in family, 30, 212;

ratio of oach principal occupation to all occupations, 34; increase in number, 176. See also Race and nativity.

Nativity. See Race and nativity. Negroes, number and per cent in each sex,

10, 20; female breadwinners, distributed byage, 12, 19,21, 144, 166; by marital condition, 15, 16, 22, 27, 174; by cities and

country districts, 17, 19, 152; by family

relationship, 25, 27, 206; bv states and territories, 144; by occupations, 166, 206, 216; by number of other breadwinners in family, .30, 216; increase in number of, 176. See also Race and nativity.

New Orleans, La. , female breadwinners, classified by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 262; number of other breadwinners in family, 352. See also Cities, specified. New York, N. Y., female breadwinners, classified by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupations, according to family rela- tionship, 266; number of other breadwinners in familv, 354. See also Cities, specified. Newark, N. ,T., female breadwinners, classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupations, according to family rela- tionship, 274; number of other breadwirners in family, 364. See clso Cities, specified. Norway, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakei-s, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; ste-
398 INDEX.

nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,

115; farmers, 125. Nurses and midwives, number and per cent

of each sex employed as, 32; ranjs: of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

marital condition, 38, 170, 199, 209; by

cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 185; by geographic divisions, 196; by family relationship, 199; by number of other breadwinners m family, 209.

Occupations, adoption and abandonment of, by women, 22; classification of female breadwinners by, 31; leading occupations,

32; in relation to race and nativity, 33, 158, 159, 160, 161; age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; marital condition, 37, 170; familyrelationship, 198 ; other breadwinners in family, 208; comparison with former census,

38, 176; statistics for selected occupations,

40; breadwinners in cities and country

districts classified by, 178; in states and

territories, 180; in selected cities, 218, 306.

Officials (government), number and per cent

of each sex employed as, 32 ; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, byrace and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and

country districts, 178; by states and territories, 182; by geographic divisions, 196. Overseers. See Farmers, planters, and overseers.

Packers and shippers, number and' per cent

of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; prominence of native white women of for- eign parentage among, 35 ; reason for high

percentage of young women, 36; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by

race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital

condition, 38, 170; by cities and country

districts, 178; by states and territories, 187; by geographic divisions, 196. Paper and pulp mill operatives, number and

per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank

of occupation, 34; total number of women,

34; increase in number of, 39, 176; dis- tribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and

territories, 190; by geographic divisions,

197. Paper box industry, prominence of native white women of foreign parentage in, 35. See also Boxmakers, paper.

Parents, number and percentage of servants and waitresses among female breadwinners

classified by birthplace of, 47; laundresses,

58; seamstresses, 64; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; saleswomen, 93; clerks and copyists, 98; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 114; farmers, 124. Paterson, N. J., female breadwinners classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 278; other breadwinners in family, 368. See also Cities, specified.

Philadelphia, Pa., female breadwinners

classified byrace, nativity, marital condi-.

tion, and occupation, according to family

relationship, 280; other breadwinners in family, 370. See also Cities, specified.

Physicians and surgeons, number and per' cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women,

34; increase in number of, 39, 176; dis- tribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158,

159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and

territories, 182; by geographic divisions,

196. Pittsburg, Pa., female breadwinners classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 286; other breadwinners in family, 374. See also Cities, specified.

Poland, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84 ; sales- women, 94; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. Printers, lithographers, and pressmen, number and per cent of each sex employed

as, 32. Printers, lithographers, and presswomen,

rank of occupation, 34; reason for promi- nence of native white women of native parentage among, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, -39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity,

34, 158, 159, 160, 161; bvage, 36, 162, 167, 168,169; bymaritalcondition, 38, 170; by

cities and country districts, 178 ; by states and territories, 191; by geographic divisions, 197. Professional service, number and per cent of each sex engaged in, 32; comparison with

former census, 39, 176; female breadwinners engaged in, distributed by race and

nativity, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by

geographic divisions, 196. Providence, E. I., female breadwinners

classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family

relationship, 290; number of other bread- winners in family, 378. See also Cities, specified.

Pace and nativity, number and per cent of breadwinners in each sex, 10, 20; female

breadwinners, distributed by age, 12, 19,

21, 136, 163; by marital condition, 15, 16,

22, 27, 170; by cities and country districts, 17, 19, 152; by family relationship,

25, 27, 198; by occupations, 34, 158, 159,

160, 161; bv states and territories, 132, 180; by specified cities, 146, 147, 218, 306; by

geographic divisions, 154; by number of other breadwinners in family, 30, 208; in- crease in number of female breadwinners

by, 176. Rank of principal occupations, 34, 36, 38. See also specified occupations.

Rochester, N. Y., female breadwinners,

classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to familyrelationship, 292; number of other bread- winners in family, 380. See also Cities, specified.

Rubber factory operatives, number and per

cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women,

34; increase in number of, 39, 176; dis- tribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by

cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 191; by geographic divisions, 197. Russia, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; saleswomen, 94; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125.

Russian Empire and Finland, number of immigrants from, 51.

St. Louis, Mo., female breadwinners, classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela/- tionship, 294; number of other breadwinners in family, 382. See also Cities, specified. St. Paul, Minn., female breadwinners, classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition,

and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 298; number of other breadwinners in family, 386. See also Cities, specified. Salesmen and saleswomen, number and per

cent of each, 32; distribution in given

cities compared, 93. Saleswomen, rank of occupation, 34, 91;

total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 92, 158, 159, 160, 161; by

age, 36, 94, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital

condition, 38, 94, 170; by geographic di- visions, 92, 196; by parentage, 93; by

family relationship, 95, 199; by number

of other breadwinners in family, 96, 209; by cities and country districts, 92, 178; by

states and territories, 187; comparison

with previous censuses, 95. Scandinavia, saleswomen whose parents were born in, 94. See also Sweden and

Norway.

Scientific persons. See Literary and scientific persons. Scotland, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; clerks and copyists, 98; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. Seamstresses, number and per cent of each

sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation,

34, 62; total number of women, 34; in- crease in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 62, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 65, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

marital condition, 38, 66, 170; by geo- graphic divisions, 63, 197 ; by parentage, 64; by family relationship, 68, 199; by number

of other breadwinners in family, 69, 209; by cities and country districts, 62, 178; by

states and territories, 194; comparison with

former census, 67. Servants and waitresses, number classed as boarders, 26; number and per cent of each

sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation,

34, 40; total number of women, 34; in- crease in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 41, 42, 51, 158,

159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 48, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 49, 370; by

cities and country districts, 44, 45, 46, 178; by parentage, 47 ; by family relationship, 54, 199; by states and territories, 185; by geographic divisions, 46, 53, 196; by

number of other breadwinners in family,

209; comparison with previous census, 50; decrease of servant class among immigrants, 51. Sextons. See .Tanitors and sextons.

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers, number and

per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank

of occupation, 34; total number of women,

34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distri- bution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,

160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and

territories, 195; by geographic divisions,

197. Silk mill operatives, number and per cent

of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution,
INDEX. 399

by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161

;

by a^e, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital

condition, 38, 170; by cities and country

districts, 178j by states and territories, 193; by geographic divisions, 197. Single women. See Marital condition. States and territories, total female breadwinners distributed by, 131; according to race and nativity, 132; age, 134; cities and

country districts, 152; occupations, 180; breadwinners in native white female population of native parentage, distributed by

age, 136; in native white of foreign par- entage, 138; in foreign born white, 140; in negro, Indian, and Mongolian, 142; in negro, 144. Stenographers and typewriters, number and

per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank

of occupation, 34, 102; reason for high per- centage of young women, 37; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176 ; distribution by race and nativity,

34, 103, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 105,

162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition,

38, 106, 170; by geographic divisions, 103, 196; by states and territories, 103, 188; by

parentage, 104; by cities and country districts, 104, 178; by family relationship,

107, 199 ; by number of other breadwinners

in family, 108, 209; comparison with pre- vious census, 106. Stewardesses. See Housekeepers and stewardesses. Surgeons. See Physicians and surgeons. Sweden, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,

115; farmers, 125; number of immigrants

from, 51. Switzerland, servants and waitresses whose

parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84: ste- nographers and typewriters, 104 ; teachers, US; fanners, 125.

Tailoresses, rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number

of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition.

38, 170 ; by cities and country districts, 178

;

by states and territories, 195; by geo- graphic divisions, 197; by family rela- tionship, 199; by number of other bread- winners in family, 209. Tailors and tailoresses, number and per cent

of each, 32. Teachers and professors in colleges, etc., number and per cent of each sex employed

as, 32, 120; rank of occupation, 34, 109; total number of women, 34; increase in number

of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 109, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age,

36, 115, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 117, 170; by states and terri- tories, 110, 182; by geographic divisions,

113, 114, 116, 196; by parentage, 114; by

family relationship, 121, 199; by number

of other breadwinners in family, 122, 209; by cities and country districts, 112, 178; comparison with previous censuses, 118. Telegraph and telephone operators, number

and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; reason for high per

cent of young women, 37; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and

territories, 188; by geographic divisions,

196. Textile mill operatives, nuniber and per

cent of each sex employed as, 32; importance as an occupation for women, 81; increase in number of female breadwinners among, 39, 89, 176; distribution, by

specified industries, 81; by race and nativity, 82, 158, 159, 160, 161; by states and

territories, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 191; by par- entage, 84; by age, 85, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 87, 170; by family

relationship, 89; by number of other breadwinners in family, 91; by cities and country districts, 178; by geographic

divisions, 197; comparison with previous

census, 87. Textile workers, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; increase in number of female breadwinners among, 39, 176; by race and nativity, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age periods, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

inarital condition, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by geographic divisions,

197. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176;

distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,160,161; byage,36,162,167, 168, 169;by

marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and

country districts, 178; by states and terri- tories, 195; by geographic divisions, 197. Trade and transportation, number and per

cent of each sex engaged in, 32; comparison with former census, 39, 176; female

breadwinners engaged in, distributed by

race arid nativity, 158, 159, 160, 161; by

age, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by geographic divisions, 196. Typewriters. See Stenographers and typewriters.

Wales. See England and Wales. Washington, D. C, female breadwinners

classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family relationship, 300; number of other breadwinners m family, 388. See also

Cities, specified.

Widows, number employed compared with

total females, 13; compared with widowers,

14, (note) 27; number and percentage of breadwinners among, by age, 14, 16; by

race and nativity, 15, 22; by family rela- tionship, 27; by other breadwinners in family, 30; percentage of boarders among,

29. See also Marital condition. Women, number employed in gainful occupations, 10; motives for becoming breadwinners, 10; proportion of breadwinners

as an index of economic position of race and nativity classes, 10; adoption and

abandonment of occupations, 22. See

also Breadwinners. Woolen mill operatives, number and per

icent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women,

34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160,161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by

marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and

country districts, 178; by states and territories, 193; by geographic divisions, 197.

o