RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 30, 2022; 10:00 A.M.

TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2020-CA-0726-MR

BLUEGRASS TRUST FOR 

HISTORIC PRESERVATION APPELLANT

APPEAL FROM FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT

v. HONORABLE THOMAS L. TRAVIS, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 18-CI-03781

LEXINGTON FAYETTE URBAN COUNTY 

GOVERNMENT PLANNING COMMISSION; 

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY, EX REL. 

DANIEL CAMERON, ATTORNEY GENERAL; 

THE RESIDENCES AT SOUTH HILL, LLC; AND 

WILLIAM WILSON APPELLEES

OPINION AND ORDER

DISMISSING APPEAL

**   **  **

BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; COMBS AND DIXON, JUDGES.

CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE: Bluegrass Trust for Historic Preservation 

(“Bluegrass”) appeals from the Fayette Circuit Court’s order finding that the 
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Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government (“LFUCG”) Planning Commission 

(the “Planning Commission”) was not arbitrary or capricious in approving 

certificates of appropriateness (“COA”) authorizing the demolition of the 

Commonwealth Building located in Lexington, Kentucky.

For the following reasons, we hereby dismiss the appeal and crossappeal based on this Court’s lack of jurisdiction under Kentucky Revised Statute 

(“KRS”) 100.3471.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Bluegrass contested a property owner’s proposal to demolish the 

Commonwealth Building and redevelop the property. The LFUCG Board of 

Architectural Review first approved the property owner’s proposal. Bluegrass and 

others appealed that decision to the Planning Commission, which also approved 

the proposal. Bluegrass then appealed the Planning Commission’s decision to the 

Fayette Circuit Court, which also delivered a decision in favor of the property 

owner.

Thereafter, Bluegrass filed a notice of appeal seeking review from this 

Court. Under KRS 100.3471, the property owner asked the circuit court to order 

Bluegrass to post an appeal bond. Bluegrass argued that the circuit court should 

only require a de minimis bond, but the circuit court orally ordered a bond of 

$50,000 at the end of the hearing on the matter. The circuit court signed a written 
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order to that effect on July 30, 2020, and entered the order on August 5, 2020. 

Appellant subsequently filed a motion for reconsideration under Kentucky Rule of 

Civil Procedure (“CR”) 59 and 60, arguing that KRS 100.3471 was 

unconstitutional. Appellant provided notice to the Attorney General on August 7, 

2020.

The circuit court denied Bluegrass’s motion for reconsideration. 

Thereafter, Bluegrass failed to pay the required bond within the 15-day deadline 

set forth in KRS 100.3471, and the property owner moved to have this appeal 

dismissed. That motion is still pending.

We will discuss further facts as they become relevant to this Opinion.

ANALYSIS

In planning and zoning matters, KRS 100.347 provides for appeals to 

the circuit court from the final actions of the board of adjustment, the planning 

commission, or the legislative body of any city, county, or consolidated local 

government. However, the statute at issue here – KRS 100.3471 – seeks to limit 

the subsequent appeals of such cases to the Court of Appeals. 

To this end, the statute provides for the imposition of a bond on the 

appellant upon motion by the appellee. KRS 100.3471(1). If a party appeals a 

circuit court’s decision in a planning or zoning matter, the appellee has thirty days 

to file a motion for such a bond. KRS 100.3471(2). The circuit court is thereafter 
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required to hold a hearing to set the amount of the bond, the maximum amount of 

which is based on the circuit court’s determination of whether the appeal is 

presumptively frivolous or not. KRS 100.3471(3).

If the court finds that the appeal is presumptively frivolous, after 

considering such factors as whether “the appeal is of a ministerial or discretionary 

decision[,]” and whether or not there exists “a reasoned interpretation supporting 

the appellant’s position[,]” it “shall consider all costs, economic loss, and damages 

that the appellee may suffer or incur during the pendency of, or that will be caused 

by, the appeal, including attorney fees and court costs, up to a maximum bond 

amount of two hundred fifty thousand dollars ($250,000).” KRS 100.3471(3)(b) 

and (c).

If the court finds that the appeal is not presumptively frivolous, it 

“shall consider the costs that the appellee may incur during the pendency of the 

appeal, including but not limited to attorney fees and court costs, plus interest 

payable on land acquisition or development loans, up to a maximum bond amount 

of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000).” KRS 100.3471(3)(d).

Notably, the statute requires the circuit court to dismiss the appeal if 

the appellant does not post the bond within fifteen days of the circuit court’s 

determination of the bond amount. KRS 100.3471(3)(f).
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Bluegrass presents the following grounds for holding the statute to be 

unconstitutional: (1) it violates the Kentucky Constitution’s separation of powers; 

(2) it imposes an unconstitutional penalty on the right to appeal found in Section 

115 of the Kentucky Constitution; (3) it violates the right to equal protection under 

the United States Constitution and the Kentucky Constitution; and (4) it violates 

the constitutional prohibition against special legislation. 

Alternatively, Appellees and the Commonwealth argue that KRS

100.3471 is constitutional and a requirement that must be met before this Court has 

jurisdiction to hear the underlying appeal and cross-appeal.

Regarding Bluegrass’s separation of powers argument, Kentucky 

Constitution Section 116 vests exclusive jurisdiction in the Supreme Court to 

prescribe “rules of practice and procedure for the Court of Justice.” However, 

Section 111(2) of the Constitution states that the Court of Appeals “shall exercise 

appellate jurisdiction as provided by law.” (Emphasis added.) As our Supreme 

Court noted in Commonwealth v. Farmer, “[j]urisdiction is a threshold 

consideration for any court at any level of the Kentucky court system.” 423 

S.W.3d 690, 692 (Ky. 2014). As the Court further discussed, “[t]he ‘as provided 

by law’ language . . . authorizes the legislature to prescribe the appellate 

jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals.” Id. (citations omitted).
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In enacting KRS 100.3471, the General Assembly utilized its 

authority to prescribe this Court’s appellate jurisdiction. By stating that an “appeal 

shall be dismissed” if the appellant fails to post the necessary bond within the 

appropriate time, KRS 100.3471 removes such an appeal from the Court of 

Appeals’ jurisdiction. Stated another way, KRS 100.3471 provides that the Court 

of Appeals’ jurisdiction only encompasses appeals in which the appellant timely 

posts the required bond. Because Section 111 of the Constitution allows the 

legislature to define the Court of Appeals’ jurisdiction, the General Assembly did 

not violate the separation of powers in enacting KRS 100.3471. Rather, the 

General Assembly employed the power given to it by the Constitution.

Nor do we believe that the statute levies a penalty on all prospective 

appellants that functions to take away their right to appeal under Section 115 of the 

Constitution. As the Kentucky Supreme Court explained, “[c]onstitutional 

challenges to statutes generally fall within one of two categories: a facial 

challenge or an as-applied challenge.” Commonwealth v. Bredhold, 599 S.W.3d 

409, 415 (Ky. 2020). Bluegrass brought a facial challenge to the statute, which is 

“the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since the challenger must 

establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the [statute] would be 

valid.” Harris v. Commonwealth, 338 S.W.3d 222, 229 (Ky. 2011) (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Bredhold, 599 S.W.3d at 415-16. 
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Here, Bluegrass cannot make such a showing, as there could be many 

circumstances by which an appellant has the financial means to post the appeal 

bond under KRS 100.3471. 

Additionally, the statute is not unconstitutional as applied to 

Bluegrass. “[I]n order to declare a statute unconstitutional as applied, a court must 

find the law unconstitutional as applied to the challenger’s particular 

circumstances.” Bredhold, 599 S.W.3d at 416 (citation omitted). Here, Bluegrass 

has not shown that it is indigent or otherwise incapable of satisfying the bond 

requirement. The record indicates that Bluegrass had recently been able to procure 

a $25,000 bond. Additionally, its 2017 Form 990 disclosed “net assets or fund 

balances” of approximately $5.6 million. Finally, nothing else in the record 

indicated that Bluegrass could not secure a $50,000 bond. Thus, Bluegrass did not 

demonstrate that the statute was unconstitutional as applied to its “particular 

circumstances.” Id. While we note that KRS 100.3471 may be unconstitutional as 

applied to an indigent appellant, that issue is not before this Court.

Moreover, the statute does not violate the equal protection clauses of 

the United States or the Kentucky Constitution. “[T]he level of judicial scrutiny 

applied to an equal protection challenge depends on the classification made in the 

statute and the interest affected by it.” Zuckerman v. Bevin, 565 S.W.3d 580, 595 

(Ky. 2018) (citation omitted). Statutes that affect economic policy are subject “to a 
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less searching form of judicial scrutiny, i.e.[,] the ‘rational basis’ test.” Id. (citation 

omitted). Indeed, “[a] statute complies with Kentucky equal protection 

requirements if a ‘rational basis’ supports the classifications that it creates.” Id. at 

596 (citations omitted). 

KRS 100.3471 survives such scrutiny, as “there is [a] reasonably 

conceiv[ed] state of facts that could provide a rational basis for the classification.” 

Zuckerman, 566 S.W.3d at 596. The General Assembly stated the statute’s 

purpose in Section 2 of House Bill 72 as follows: “to curb unnecessary appeals of 

land[-]use cases, which appeals burden the courts, cause loss of jobs and loss of tax 

revenue, and many times render time-sensitive projects such as multifamily 

affordable housing projects undevelopable . . . [.]” Thus, a rational basis existed 

for KRS 100.3471. 

Finally, Bluegrass argues that KRS 100.3471 violates the prohibition 

against special legislation found in Section 59 of the Kentucky Constitution. 

However, in Calloway County Sheriff’s Department v. Woodall, 607 S.W.3d 557, 

573 (Ky. 2020), the Supreme Court held that a statute only violates the prohibition 

on special legislation if it “applies to a particular individual, object or locale.” 

After applying such test, we hold that KRS 100.3471 does not violate Section 59 

“for the simple reason that the statute does not apply to a particular individual, 

object or locale.” Id. 
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Moreover, even if Bluegrass had posted a bond with the circuit court 

under KRS 100.3471, we would still affirm the circuit court because the Planning 

Commission’s actions were not arbitrary. The Kentucky Supreme Court has stated 

that “such determinations are not subject to review by the judiciary except for the 

limited purpose of considering whether such determinations are arbitrary.” Hilltop 

Basic Resources, Inc. v. County of Boone, 180 S.W.3d 464, 467 (Ky. 2005) 

(citation omitted). Moreover, “[a]rbitrariness review is limited to the consideration 

of three basic questions: (1) whether an action was taken in excess of granted 

powers, (2) whether affected parties were afforded procedural due process, and (3) 

whether determinations are supported by substantial evidentiary support.” Id. 

(citation omitted). Indeed, “[i]f the zoning agencies observe due process 

requirements, judicial review is confined to the record made before those 

agencies.” City of Louisville v. McDonald, 470 S.W.2d 173, 179 (Ky. 1971).

In this case, Bluegrass primarily challenges the Planning 

Commission’s decision based on the third element of this test. When determining 

whether evidence is substantial, “[t]he test . . . is whether when taken alone or in 

the light of all the evidence it has sufficient probative value to induce conviction in 

the minds of reasonable men.” Kentucky State Racing Commission v. Fuller, 481 

S.W.2d 298, 308 (Ky. 1972) (citation omitted). Here, the record reflects members 

of the Planning Commission’s staff presented evidence that the property was not 
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listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing structure within 

the area in which it was located. Moreover, experts opined that the mid-century 

modern-style office did not contribute to the historic district in which it was 

located, as that district was primarily composed of federal and Greek Revival-style 

homes or other architectural styles from the early 19th and 20th centuries. The 

foregoing evidence was sufficient for the circuit court to conclude that the 

Planning Commission’s actions were not arbitrary. Thus, substantial evidence 

supported the Planning Commission’s decision. 

CONCLUSION

We hereby ORDER that this appeal and cross-appeal be DISMISSED 

for lack of jurisdiction because Appellants failed to timely post the bond required 

under the circuit court’s order and KRS 100.3471.

ENTERED: _______________

CHIEF JUDGE, COURT OF APPEALS

ALL CONCUR.

09-30-2022
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BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:

Jessica K. Winters

Lexington, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE

LEXINGTON FAYETTE URBAN 

COUNTY GOVERNMENT 

PLANNING COMMISSION:

Tracy W. Jones

Lexington, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE THE 

RESIDENCES AT SOUTH HILL, 

LLC:

William M. Lear

Nick Nicholson

Lexington, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE 

COMMONWEALTH OF 

KENTUCKY, EX REL. DANIEL 

CAMERON, ATTORNEY 

GENERAL:

S. Chad Meredith

Matthew F. Kuhn

Brett R. Nolan

Assistant Attorneys General

Frankfort, Kentucky