Open-File Report 2004–1388

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey

Prepared in cooperation with the 

METRO WASTEWATER RECLAMATION DISTRICT 

BIOSOLIDS, SOIL, CROP, GROUND-WATER, AND 

STREAMBED-SEDIMENT DATA FOR A 

BIOSOLIDS-APPLICATION AREA NEAR 

DEER TRAIL, COLORADO, 2001
Biosolids, Soil, Crop, Ground-Water, and

Streambed-Sediment Data for a BiosolidsApplication Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado,

2001

By Tracy J.B. Yager, David B. Smith, and James G. Crock

Prepared in cooperation with the 

METRO WASTEWATER RECLAMATION DISTRICT

Open-File Report 2004-1388

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

Gale A. Norton, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Charles G. Groat, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2004

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services

Box 25286, Denver Federal Center

Denver, CO 80225

For more information about the USGS and its products:

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to 

reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.
Contents

Abstract ................................................................................................... 1

Introduction................................................................................................ 1

Purpose and Scope ................................................................................. 2

Acknowledgments ................................................................................. 2

Biosolids ................................................................................................... 2

Objectives of Monitoring Biosolids ............................................................... 3

 Approach for Monitoring Biosolids............................................................... 3

Sampling Methods for Biosolids ....................................... 3

Analytical Methods for Biosolids....................................... 3

Quality Assurance for Biosolids ....................................... 3

Biosolids Data ....................................................................................... 3

Discussion of Biosolids Data ..................................................................... 4

Soils ...................................................................................................... 4

Objectives of Monitoring Soils..................................................................... 4

Approach for Monitoring Soils .................................................................. 4

Site Selection for Monitoring Soils .................................... 4

Sampling Methods for Soils............................................. 4

Analytical Methods for Soils .......................................... 4

Quality Assurance for Soils ............................................. 5

Soil Data ............................................................................................. 5

Discussion of Soil Data ........................................................................... 5

Crops ...................................................................................................... 5

Objectives of Monitoring Crops .................................................................. 5

Crop Data............................................................................................. 5

Ground Water ............................................................................................. 5

Objectives of Monitoring Ground Water ......................................................... 6

Approach for Monitoring Ground Water ......................................................... 6

Site Selection for Monitoring Ground Water ........................ 6

Sampling Methods for Ground Water ................................. 7

Analytical Methods for Ground Water................................. 7

Quality Assurance for Ground Water ................................. 7

Ground-Water Data................................................................................. 7

Meteorologic Data ...................................................... 8

Hydrologic Data ......................................................... 8

Water-Quality Data ...................................................... 8

Discussion of Ground-Water Data ............................................................... 8

Regulatory Standards ................................................... 9

Trends ..................................................................... 9

Streambed Sediment .................................................................................... 10

Objectives of Monitoring Streambed Sediment ................................................ 10

Approach for Monitoring Streambed Sediment ................................................ 10

Site Selection for Monitoring Streambed Sediment ............... 10

Sampling Methods for Streambed Sediment ........................ 11

iii
Analytical Methods for Streambed Sediment ........................ 11

Quality Assurance for Streambed Sediment ........................ 11

Streambed-Sediment Data ........................................................................ 12

Discussion of Streambed-Sediment Data ...................................................... 12

References Cited.......................................................................................... 12

Data Section ............................................................................................. 15

Figures

1-4. Maps showing:

 

 1. Location of study area and U.S. Geological Survey monitoring sites 

near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ......................................................... 17

 2. Metro Wastewater Reclamation District biosolids-application areas 

 (METROGRO Farm) near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ................................. 18

 3. Arapahoe County, Colorado, soil-monitoring site: T. 4 S., 

R. 58 W., sec. 22 ........................................................................... 19

 4. Elbert County, Colorado, soil-monitoring site: T. 6 S.,

 R. 57 W., sec. 8 ........................................................................... 20

5-8. Graphs showing:

 5. Continuous water-level, water-temperature, precipitation, and 

 air-temperature data for well D25 near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ............... 21

 6. Continuous water-level, water-temperature, precipitation, and

 air-temperature data for well DTX2 near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ............... 22

 7. Continuous water-level, water-temperature, precipitation, and

 air-temperature data for well DTX5 near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ............... 23

 8. Continuous water-level data for wells DTX9, DTX10A, and DTX11,

 and precipitation data for the EDL recharge-evaluation site near

 Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ............................................................... 24

 9. Diagrams showing water levels for the recharge-evaluation site containing

 wells DTX7 and DTX8 near Deer Trail, Colorado, for (a) July, 

 (b) August, and (c) September 2001...................................................... 25

10-12. Graphs showing:

 10. Data for the recharge-evaluation site containing wells DTX9, DTX10, and DTX11

 near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ...................................................... 28 

 11. Distribution of ground-water data collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 

 compared to regulatory standards for selected

 constituents, 2001 ..................................................................... 29

 12. Ground-water concentrations near Deer Trail, Colorado, for selected 

 constituents and selected wells, 1999-2001 ....................................... 32

Tables

 1. Biosolids applications by Metro Wastewater Reclamation District to the 

 study area near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ............................................. 34

 2. Methods used to analyze biosolids and soil samples collected near

 Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 .................................................................. 35

 3. Chemical data for biosolids samples collected at the Metro Wastewater

 Reclamation District during 2001 ......................................................... 36

iv
 4. U.S. Geological Survey soil data for samples collected June 11, 2001, 

 at the Arapahoe County site and November 29–December 1, 2000, 

 at the Elbert County site..................................................................... 37

 5. Methods used to analyze ground-water samples collected near Deer Trail,

 Colorado, 2001 .............................................................................. 38

 6. Information for U.S. Geological Survey monitoring wells near 

 Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 .................................................................. 40

 7. Monthly water-level data for U.S. Geological Survey monitoring wells near

 Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 .................................................................. 41

 8. Water-quality data for monitoring wells near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ............ 42

 9. Quality-control data for blank samples associated with ground-water

 samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 .................................... 52

10. Comparison of water-quality data for ground-water and replicate samples

 collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001................................................ 54

11. Statistical comparison of concentrations for selected chemical constituents

 in ground-water samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 1999-2001, 

 and lowest applicable water-quality standard.......................................... 60

12. Statistical evaluation of monotonic time-series trend using the Kendall’s

 tau correlation coefficient for selected constituents in ground-water

 samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 1999-2001.............................. 64

13. Methods used to analyze streambed-sediment samples collected

 near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ......................................................... 65

14. Chemical data for streambed-sediment samples collected near

 Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001............................................................................................................... 66

15. Radioactivity data for streambed-sediment samples collected near

 Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.................................................................. 66

16. Comparison of chemical data for streambed-sediment and replicate

 samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 .................................... 67

v
Conversion Factors

Multiply by To obtain

acre 0.4047 hectare (ha)

centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter

gallon (gal) 3.785 liter

gram (g) 0.035 ounce

inch 2.54 centimeter

liter (L) 0.2642 gallon (gal)

micrometer (μm) 0.00003937 inch

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer

milliliter (mL) 0.0610 cubic inch

millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch

square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer

Temperature in degrees Celsius (oC) can be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (oF) using the formula 

 oF = (1.8 xoC) + 32.

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (oF) may be converted to degrees Celsius (oC) using the formula 

 oC = (oF -32) /1.8

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29); 

horizontal coordinate information is referenced to North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) except as 

noted.

ADDITIONAL ABBREVIATIONS

gal/min gallons per minute

mg milligrams

mg/g milligrams per gram

μg/L micrograms per liter

μS/cm microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius

mg/kg milligrams per kilogram

mg/L milligrams per liter

ρCi/L picocuries per liter

ρCi/g picocuries per gram

ROE residue on evaporation

 

vii
Biosolids, Soil, Crop, Ground-Water, and StreambedSediment Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near 

Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

By Tracy J.B. Yager, David B. Smith, and James G. Crock

Abstract

In January 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began 

an expanded monitoring program near Deer Trail, Colorado, in 

cooperation with the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District and 

the North Kiowa Bijou Groundwater Management District. Monitoring components were biosolids, soils, crops, ground water, and 

streambed sediment. The monitoring program addresses concerns 

from the public about chemical effects from applications of biosolids to farmland in the Deer Trail, Colorado, area. Constituents 

of primary concern to the public are arsenic, cadmium, copper, 

lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, zinc, plutonium, 

and gross alpha and beta activity, and they are included for all 

monitoring components. This report presents chemical data from 

the third year of the monitoring program, January–December 

2001, for biosolids, soils, alluvial and bedrock ground water, 

and streambed sediment. The ground-water section also includes 

climate data, water levels, and results of statistical testing of 

selected data for trends and for exceedance of Colorado regulatory standards. The chemical data include the constituents of 

highest concern to the public in addition to many other constituents.

Introduction

Since 1993, the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District 

(MWRD) has been applying biosolids resulting from municipal 

sewage treatment in Denver, Colo., to their property near Deer 

Trail, Colo. The biosolids are trucked about 75 mi east from 

Denver to the MWRD property and are applied to nonirrigated 

farmland. From 1993 to 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS), in cooperation with the MWRD, monitored the quality 

of shallow ground-water on the MWRD central property (fig. 1 

in the Data Section at the back of the report), which encompassed 

about 15 mi2 and was the first property the MWRD purchased 

near Deer Trail. In 1995, the MWRD traded some of the property and acquired additional property in the same area. The new 

property consisted of about 14.5 mi2 known as the north property and about 50 mi2

 known as the south property. In 1999, the 

three MWRD properties together, known as the METROGRO 

Farm, encompassed almost 70 mi2 of farmland, including land 

in Arapahoe and Elbert Counties. The three MWRD properties 

and surrounding private property are hereinafter referred to as the 

“study area” (fig. 1).

The study area is located on the eastern plains of Colorado 

about 10 mi east of Deer Trail. The study area is on the eastern 

margin of the Denver Basin, a bowl-shaped sequence of sedimentary rocks that was formed in an ocean or near-ocean environment. The geology of the study area consists of interbedded 

shale, siltstone, and sandstone, which may be overlain by clay, 

windblown silt and sand, or alluvial sand and gravel (Sharps, 

1980; Major and others, 1983; Robson and Banta, 1995). The 

primary water-supply aquifer is the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer, 

which is a bedrock aquifer that ranges from 0 to about 200 ft 

thick in the study area and is the bottom aquifer in the Denver 

Basin aquifer sequence (Robson and others, 1981; Robson and 

Banta, 1995). Multiple alluvial aquifers are present in the study 

area. These aquifers are associated with the surficial drainage network and contain water of variable quality, are of limited extent, 

and generally yield little water (Stevens and others, 2003; Yager 

and Arnold, 2003). The study area is within the South Platte 

River drainage basin; all streams in this area drain northward to 

the South Platte River (U.S. Geological Survey, 1974; Seaber 

and others, 1987; Yager and Arnold, 2003). Short segments of 

some of the streams are intermittent, but in general, the streams 

are ephemeral and flow only after storms. No surface water flows 

off the MWRD properties except after storms. Most ponds in the 

area have been created by detention structures. Soils in the area 

generally are sandy or loamy on flood plains and stream terraces, 

clayey to loamy on gently sloping to rolling uplands, and sandy 

and shaley on steeper uplands (Larsen and others, 1966; Larsen 

and Brown, 1971). 

Land use in the study area was historically rangeland or 

cropland and pasture (U.S. Geological Survey, 1980). Some 

petroleum exploration was done in the area (Drew and others, 

1979), but no oil or gas production took place within the study 

area during 2001. Land use in the study area during 2001 was 

rangeland or cropland. Cattle and sheep are the primary domesticated animals grazing the area, and wheat is the primary crop. 

Farmland is not irrigated. Land use on the MWRD properties 

during 2001 was primarily cropland (with biosolids applied as a 

fertilizer) and some rangeland.

Public concern about applications of biosolids to farmland 

increased after the MWRD agreed to accept treated ground water 

from the Lowry Landfill Superfund site in Denver. The concern 

was that water from the Lowry Superfund site might contain 

radionuclides that would then contaminate the MWRD biosolids. 

In January 1999, the USGS began a new monitoring program 

in cooperation with the MWRD and the North Kiowa Bijou 

Groundwater Management District. The USGS refers to the new 
2 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

monitoring program (1999–2004) as the “expanded monitoring 

program.” 

The expanded monitoring program near Deer Trail is distinct 

from, but builds on, the previous monitoring program in which 

the USGS monitored the quality of shallow ground water on the 

MWRD central property (1993–99). Relative to the previous 

program, the expanded program includes a larger study area (fig. 

1) (all three MWRD properties and private-property locations), 

more monitoring components (biosolids, soils, crops, and streambed sediment in addition to ground water), a more comprehensive 

list of chemical constituents, expanded statistical analyses of data, 

and an extended monitoring period (1999–2003). Both programs 

use USGS and MWRD funds. Both programs are designed, 

accomplished, and interpreted independently by the USGS, and 

quality-assured USGS data and reports are released to the public 

and the MWRD at the same time. 

Biosolids are applied by the MWRD to their properties near 

Deer Trail according to agronomic loading rates. Land-applied 

biosolids must meet Colorado regulations for metals and radioactivity; otherwise, agronomic loading rates could be exceeded 

and soils could become overloaded. Soil quality either can be 

improved by biosolids applications through increased nutrients 

and organic matter or degraded through accumulation of excessive nutrients or metals. Pesticides, herbicides, and other fertilizers also may have been applied to the MWRD properties, but 

little information is available about these applications.

 Animal waste related to grazing domestic livestock and 

applications of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers (including 

biosolids) can affect soil quality, crops, water quality in alluvial 

and bedrock aquifers, and streambed-sediment chemistry. Water 

quality can be affected directly by contaminated recharge water 

or by infiltration of water through contaminated soils or sediment 

(remobilization). Water quality can be affected indirectly by 

tilling that mobilizes or mixes subsurface chemical constituents 

or by contributions to natural processes such as nitrification. 

Contaminated ground water or surface water could contaminate 

other aquifers (such as bedrock water-supply aquifers or alluvial aquifers), other surface-water bodies (ponds or streams), or 

streambed sediment.

The expanded monitoring program near Deer Trail addresses 

these concerns about biosolids applications and other farmingrelated effects on the environment and should increase scientific 

insight about Denver Basin hydrology. The objectives of this 

USGS program are to (1) evaluate the combined effects of biosolids applications, land use, and natural processes on soils, crops, 

the bedrock aquifer, alluvial aquifers, and streambed sediment 

by comparing chemical data to (a) regulatory standards, (b) data 

from a site where biosolids are not applied (a control site), or 

(c) earlier data from the same site (trends), (2) monitor biosolids 

for trace elements and radioactivity and compare trace-element 

concentrations and radioactivity with regulatory standards and (3) 

characterize the hydrology of the study area. The monitoring of 

each component (such as soils or ground water) is a stand-alone 

study that includes radioactivity analyses because of public concerns about effects from the Lowry Landfill Superfund site. More 

detailed information about the monitoring of each component is 

included later in this report.

Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this report is to present information from the 

expanded monitoring program near Deer Trail for 2001 (January 

through December). This report presents data for all monitoring 

components of the program except crops. The report includes 

information about biosolids, soils, crops (although no crop data 

were collected in 2001), ground water (alluvial and bedrock), and 

streambed sediment. The ground-water section includes meteorologic data, hydrologic data (depth to ground water), water-quality 

data (chemistry and field measurements), and results of statistical testing of selected data for exceedance of regulatory standards and trends. This report does not include the hydrogeologic 

structure maps that were done as part of the bedrock groundwater monitoring component of the program. The structure maps 

were used to select bedrock-aquifer monitoring locations for the 

expanded monitoring program. The structure maps, along with a 

more detailed discussion of the hydrogeology of the region, are 

included in Yager and Arnold, 2003. 

This report is organized by monitoring component because 

each component (such as soils or ground water) is monitored as 

a separate study. For each monitoring component, the specific 

objectives, scope, approach, analytical results, quality-assurance 

information, and a discussion are included. Data in this report 

were collected by the USGS after the water transfer from the 

Lowry Landfill Superfund site to the MWRD plant. The water 

transfer from the Lowry Landfill Superfund site to the MWRD 

began in July 2000. 

Acknowledgments

The USGS thanks all private landowners for allowing access 

to their properties for data collection. The USGS especially 

thanks the Price and Weisensee families and the MWRD for 

allowing USGS instrument or well installations on their property 

and the Kalcevic family for timely sediment information after 

storms and for allowing streambed-sediment sampling on their 

property.

Biosolids

Biosolids are solid organic matter recovered from a sewagetreatment process that meet State and Federal regulatory criteria 

for beneficial use, such as for fertilizer. Land-applied biosolids 

must meet or exceed Grade II, Class B criteria (Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 1998). Grade I exceeds 

Grade II. The MWRD applies Grade I, Class B biosolids to their 

properties near Deer Trail. The biosolids-application areas, dates 

of application, and application rates provided by the MWRD for 

their properties near Deer Trail are listed in table 1 (located in the 

Data Section at the back of the report); application areas (called 

“Destination Codes”) are shown in figure 2 (in the Data Section 

at the back of the report).
Objectives of Monitoring Biosolids

The biosolids must meet regulatory standards for trace 

elements and radioactivity. Exceeding these standards could 

adversely affect the quality of soil on which the biosolids are 

applied and could alter MWRD plans for the application of 

biosolids in Arapahoe and Elbert Counties. The composition of 

the biosolids was monitored to provide an independently determined data set against which the MWRD chemical analyses and 

the regulatory standards for biosolids can be compared. The data 

also will constitute a chemical baseline against which any future 

change in the concentration of constituents analyzed for in this 

study may be recognized, measured, and compared.

Approach for Monitoring Biosolids

In 2001, the USGS continued the protocol established in 

1999 for monitoring MWRD biosolids for concentrations of 

arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, 

selenium, zinc, plutonium, and gross alpha and beta activity. 

Radioactivity analyses were included in response to public concerns that biosolids radioactivity could increase from the transfer 

of water from the Lowry Landfill Superfund site.

Biosolids samples were collected directly from the MWRD 

facility in Denver rather than from individual trucks or fields near 

Deer Trail to enable the USGS to obtain a more representative 

sample. Normal annual sampling protocol calls for one biosolids 

sample to be collected each quarter. The January 2001 sample 

was the last in a series of monthly sampling begun in August 

2000. This monthly sampling was initiated shortly after MWRD 

began receiving treated water from the Lowry Landfill Superfund site. Additional samples were collected in April, July, and 

October 2001. The samples were prepared and analyzed at the 

chemical laboratories of the USGS Mineral Resources Program 

in Denver. The concentrations in the samples were compared to 

applicable Colorado standards for biosolids (Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 1998).

Sampling Methods for Biosolids

 Each biosolids sample is a 24-hour composite of 12 subsamples collected about every 2 hours by MWRD personnel at 

the MWRD facility. The subsamples were collected from the 

conveyor belt that transfers the biosolids into the transport trucks. 

Each sample was delivered to the USGS in two acid-washed, 

rinsed, 1-gallon plastic bottles. 

Analytical Methods for Biosolids

The biosolids material was air dried and then ground to less 

than 150 μm prior to chemical analysis. The biosolids samples 

were processed and analyzed for trace elements at the laboratories of the USGS Mineral Resources Program in Denver and 

analyzed for radioactivity at a commercial laboratory, Acculabs, 

in Denver. The methods used to analyze the biosolids for each 

constituent are listed in table 2 (located in the Data Section at the 

back of the report).

Quality Assurance for Biosolids

The purpose of the quality-assurance program developed for 

the biosolids monitoring component was to ensure the analytical 

results were within acceptable limits of both precision (the reproducibility of results) and accuracy (the degree of conformity of 

results for a sample having known concentrations). The precision 

was determined by analyzing the same biosolids sample multiple times, and accuracy was determined by analyzing National 

Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference 

material SRM 2781, a domestic sludge. This SRM was prepared 

by NIST from material collected at the MWRD treatment plant 

in Denver. SRM 2781 has been analyzed extensively by many 

laboratories throughout the world, and the NIST has certified an 

acceptable range of values for various constituents in the SRM. 

The constituents include those of interest in this study. Each 

biosolids sample was submitted to the laboratories with a sample 

of the SRM. If the analytical results for the constituent of interest 

in the SRM were within the acceptable range, the results for the 

biosolids samples were accepted. Plans are to publish complete 

quality-assurance data for biosolids samples in a separate report.

In 2002, the USGS became concerned about the gross alpha 

data for the biosolids samples. The samples were analyzed by 

Acculabs, a commercial laboratory in Denver, Colo. For the 

March 1999 through June 2000 samples, the gross alpha data 

from Acculabs for the NIST standard reference material 2781 

(domestic sludge) ranged from 27-37 pCi/g. For the August 2000 

through August 2001 samples, the gross alpha data ranged from 

37-60 pCi/g. This shift to higher values for the same standard-reference material indicates possible increasing analytical bias that 

could be present in the gross alpha data for the biosolids samples 

collected from the MWRD. Additional information about these 

analyses is not available because Acculabs went out of business 

in early 2002. Therefore, the USGS submitted split samples from 

a subset of the biosolids samples and NIST standard reference 

material to a different laboratory, Severn Trent Laboratory (STL) 

in Washington, in an attempt to reconcile this issue. A split of 

the April and October 2001 biosolids samples and three splits 

of the NIST standard reference material 2781 were analyzed for 

radioactivity in 2002 by STL, under a contract with the USGS 

National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL). No analytical bias 

in the Acculabs analyses for the 2001 biosolids samples was 

indicated by the STL analyses, so only the Acculabs data are 

included in this report.

Biosolids Data

Summaries of all the chemical analyses for trace-element 

concentrations and radioactivity data (gross alpha activity, gross 

beta activity, and plutonium concentration) for the biosolids samples collected in 2001 are listed in table 3 (in the Data Section at 

the back of the report). The table also lists Colorado standards 

(maximum allowable concentrations) for Grade I biosolids.

Biosolids 3
4 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

Discussion of Biosolids Data

All trace-element concentrations were less than the maximum allowable concentrations established for Grade I biosolids. 

Gross alpha activity was less than the maximum allowable for 

Grade I biosolids in the January and April samples but above the 

Colorado standard (maximum allowable value) in the July and 

October samples. The reanalysis data from STL for the April and 

October samples compare with the Acculabs data from 2001. No 

significant analytical bias or variability likely is present in the 

2001 biosolids data from Acculabs.

The radioactivity data are reported in the uncensored form 

as received from the laboratory rather than censored by either the 

contract or calculated minimum detectable concentration (MDC). 

Relative to the censored form (data reported as less than the 

MDC), the uncensored form provides more information about the 

uncertainty, the very small concentrations of plutonium, and the 

gross alpha and gross beta activity. The negative activity concentration reported for the radiochemical samples means the sample 

count was less than the laboratory background count for that day. 

Radioactivity data are produced from instruments that detect 

radioactive decay (disintegrations) in a sample as counts per minute. The background count was subtracted from the sample count, 

and the resulting value was converted to activity-concentration 

units of picocuries per gram.

Soils

Biosolids can contain elevated concentrations of certain 

trace constituents. Therefore, the application of biosolids to farmland has caused public concern regarding the potential short-term 

and long-term effects on soil quality. 

Objectives of Monitoring Soils

Soils were monitored for trace elements and plutonium 

and gross alpha and gross beta activity to establish independent 

geochemical data sets for the composition of soil before and after 

the application of biosolids. The data will enable the USGS to 

recognize and quantify significant changes in soil composition 

caused by the application of biosolids to agricultural soils or by 

other natural or human-induced processes.

Approach for Monitoring Soils

In August 1999, the USGS began monitoring soils at two 

sites, one site on MWRD property in Arapahoe County and one 

site on MWRD property in Elbert County (fig. 1). The sites were 

monitored for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, zinc, plutonium, and gross alpha and gross 

beta activity. Radioactivity analyses were included in response 

to public concerns that biosolids radioactivity could increase 

because of the transfer of water from the Lowry Landfill Superfund site to the MWRD. Soil samples were collected once before 

the application of biosolids to monitoring sites, and the data were 

reported in progress reports and in the annual data report for 1999 

(Stevens and others, 2003). Soil monitoring will continue through 

two cycles of biosolids application and crop harvest. In 2000, the 

Elbert County monitoring site was sampled during November 29 

to December 1 after the wheat harvest. The Arapahoe County site 

was not sampled until June 11, 2001. 

Fields that receive biosolids applications were monitored 

along with fields that receive no biosolids, which represented 

reference conditions for comparison. Each of the two soil-monitoring sites consisted of three 20-acre (933 ft by 933 ft) fields 

separated by 100-ft buffer zones (figs. 3 and 4 in the Data Section 

in the back of the report). Biosolids were applied on the center 

20-acre field at each site after the initial soil sampling. The other 

two 20-acre fields at each site will not have biosolids applied and 

will be used as “control” fields to determine the natural variability of soil composition for the duration of the study. All three 

20-acre fields at each site are farmed in a similar way as the rest 

of the MWRD property and have crops planted and harvested. 

Soils from each of the six fields were sampled in 1999 before biosolids were applied to the two center fields and will be sampled 

again after each harvest. Data will be compared after each 

sampling and at the conclusion of the study to determine how the 

elements of interest vary with time.

Site Selection for Monitoring Soils

Sites were selected on MWRD properties where biosolids 

have never been applied. One site was selected on the MWRD’s 

north property in Arapahoe County, and one site was selected 

on the MWRD’s south property in Elbert County. The Arapahoe 

County site is located in T. 4 S., R. 58 W., sec. 22 and lies about 

0.25 mi west of Badger Creek (fig. 3). The Elbert County site is 

located in T. 6 S., R. 57 W., sec. 8 and lies immediately west of 

Beaver Creek (fig. 4). 

Sampling Methods for Soils

The sampling protocol was designed to answer the following 

question: What is the average composition of the top 12 inches 

of soil in each of the six 20-acre fields? To address this question, 

soil samples were collected with a standard soil auger to a depth 

of 12 inches according to a systematic grid pattern. For each of 

the two fields to which biosolids will be applied, 36 subsamples 

are collected on approximately 133-ft centers. A similar grid is 

used to collect 36 subsamples from the southern “control” field 

on the Arapahoe County site. For the remaining three “control” 

fields, 30 subsamples are collected on approximately 150-ft 

centers.

Analytical Methods for Soils

All soil subsamples are air dried at ambient temperature in 

the laboratories of the USGS Mineral Resources Program in Denver. Each of the dried subsamples is disaggregated and sieved to 

less than 2 mm. This minus-2-mm material then is ground to less 
than 150 μm. Splits of each subsample are taken for archival storage, and the subsamples for each field are composited into one 

sample for chemical analysis. The composite soil samples, each 

representing one 20-acre field, were analyzed for trace elements 

at the laboratories of the USGS Mineral Resources Program in 

Denver and analyzed for radioactivity at a commercial laboratory, 

Acculabs, in Denver. Analytical methods for the soil samples are 

listed in table 2 (in the Data Section in the back of the report).

Quality Assurance for Soils

The accuracy of the soil analysis was evaluated by the 

analysis of NIST SRM 2709, an agricultural soil. Separate splits 

of this SRM were randomly placed among the soil samples and 

submitted to the laboratories. If the analytical results for the 

constituent of interest in the SRM are within an acceptable range, 

analytical results for the soil samples are accepted. Separate splits 

of each composited soil sample are analyzed independently and 

the results averaged to determine the concentration reported for a 

given constituent. Plans are to publish quality-assurance data for 

soil samples in a separate report.

Soil Data

In 2000, the Elbert County monitoring site was sampled during three days (November 29-December 1, 2000) after the wheat 

had been harvested in July. In 2001, the Elbert County site was 

not sampled. The Arapahoe County site was sampled June 11, 

2001. These samples from both sites were submitted to the laboratories for analysis in September 2001. Data for both these sites 

are listed in table 4 (in the Data Section at the back of the report).

Discussion of Soil Data

The Elbert County samples for both control and biosolids-applied fields had higher trace-element concentrations than 

the Arapahoe County samples. This relation also was noted in 

the 1999 data report (Stevens and others, 2003) for the samples 

taken before biosolids were applied. These higher concentrations probably are related to the higher clay content, which is 

caused by a higher component of shale as parent material, in the 

Elbert County soils. Shales usually contain more trace elements 

than sandstones (Drever, 1988), which make up the other parent 

material for soils in Arapahoe and Elbert Counties (Sharps, 1980; 

Yager and Arnold, 2003). 

The radioactivity data are reported in the uncensored form 

as received from the laboratory rather than censored by either the 

contract or calculated MDC. Relative to the censored form (data 

reported as less than the MDC), the uncensored form provides 

more information about the uncertainty, the very small concentrations of plutonium, and the gross alpha and gross beta activity. 

The negative activity concentration reported for the radiochemical 

samples means the sample count was less than the laboratory 

background count for that day. Radioactivity data are produced 

from instruments that detect radioactive decay (disintegrations) 

in a sample as counts per minute. The background count was 

subtracted from the sample count, and the resulting value was 

converted to activity-concentration units of picocuries per gram.

Crops

As previously mentioned, biosolids can contain elevated 

concentrations of certain trace elements. The application of biosolids to farmland on which grains are grown that will eventually 

be consumed by animals or humans has led to public concern 

about the composition of the crops grown on the fields receiving 

biosolids. 

Objectives of Monitoring Crops

Crops are monitored for trace elements (and selected 

samples are monitored for plutonium and gross alpha and gross 

beta activity) to establish independent chemical data sets for the 

composition of the crops before and after the application of biosolids. The data will enable the USGS to recognize and quantify 

significant changes in crop composition caused by the application 

of biosolids to agricultural soils or by other natural or humaninduced processes.

Crop Data

No crop data are included in this report. During 2001, no 

crops were grown on either the Arapahoe or Elbert County soilmonitoring sites. Wheat is scheduled to be planted and harvested 

at both sites in 2002, and data will be reported in the 2002-2003 

data report.

Ground Water

Applications of pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers (including biosolids) to the land surface can affect the quality of shallow 

ground water directly by contaminated recharge or by infiltration 

through contaminated soils or sediment (remobilization). These 

applications also can affect the quality of shallow ground water 

indirectly by tilling (which could mobilize subsurface constituents) or by contributions to natural processes such as nitrification. Further, discharge from contaminated alluvial ground water 

could contaminate surface water (ponds or streams) or bedrock 

water-supply aquifers. For this report, alluvial ground water is 

defined as the water contained in subsurface, unconsolidated 

(uncemented), wind- or water-transported sediment in current or 

historical stream channels or flood plains. Bedrock ground water 

is defined as the water contained in the fractures or pore spaces 

of the rock (consolidated sediments) that underlies soil or other 

uncemented materials; the primary bedrock aquifer in the study 

area is the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer (Robson and Banta, 1995; 

Yager and Arnold, 2003). Alluvial and bedrock ground water are 

separate components in the monitoring program but are combined 

Crops 5
6 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

in this report because the data were collected in the same way and 

the types of data included are the same.

Objectives of Monitoring Ground Water

Ground water was monitored to characterize the hydrology 

and water quality of the aquifers; to determine if concentrations 

of nitrate, arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, lead, mercury, 

molybdenum, nickel, selenium, zinc, and plutonium and gross 

alpha and gross beta activity in the ground water are significantly 

greater than regulatory standards; and to determine if concentrations of these constituents are increasing with time in ground 

water at or near the MWRD properties. 

Approach for Monitoring Ground Water

Structure maps of the top and base of the Laramie-Fox 

Hills aquifer were compiled for the study area by using available 

information such as geophysical logs from oil and gas exploration 

and other data. The structure maps are included in an interpretive 

USGS report by Yager and Arnold (2003). The structure maps 

were used to determine locations for well pairs: two bedrockaquifer wells and two alluvial-aquifer wells that constitute the 

recharge-evaluation sites. Multiple wells in the same location 

enable different zones of ground water to be monitored without having to consider spatial variability and can enable inferences about vertical directions of ground-water flow between 

zones. Each of the two bedrock-aquifer wells are nested, which 

means each borehole has two separate piezometers screened at 

two separate zones. Therefore, three different aquifer zones are 

monitored at each of the two recharge-evaluation sites in Muddy 

Creek downgradient from the MWRD properties (fig. 1). Lithologic and well-completion information for these wells is included 

in the 1999 data report (Stevens and others, 2003). A fourth 

aquifer zone (well DTX11) is monitored at the DTX9 recharge 

site to provide information about a deeper coarse-grained part 

of the Muddy Creek alluvial aquifer than is monitored by well 

DTX9. Lithologic and well-completion information for this well 

is included in the 2000 data report (Yager and others, 2004). 

In 2000, electronic data-logger (EDL) equipment was installed 

to continuously monitor precipitation and water levels in wells 

DTX9, DTX10, and DTX11, and to provide more detailed information about ground-water recharge at that location. The 2001 

EDL data are included in this report, but are not available on the 

Internet. 

Monitoring wells for the expanded monitoring program 

include selected wells installed as part of the previous monitoring 

program and new wells. Of the 33 USGS ground-water monitoring wells from the previous study on the MWRD central property, 

7 are included in this study (all 7 wells were monitored for water 

levels, and water-quality samples were collected from 6 of these 

wells). “D”-numbered wells were drilled before 1999 as part of 

the previous monitoring program, and “DTX”-numbered wells 

were drilled in 1999 or 2000 (fig. 1). Lithologic and well-completion information for these well locations are provided by Stevens 

and others (2003) and Yager and others (2004).

Water levels in the monitoring wells were measured 

monthly. Data-collection platforms (DCP’s) with various sensors 

were installed during summer and fall of 1999 at three alluvialaquifer wells (D25, DTX2, and DTX5) to continuously monitor 

ground-water levels, water temperature, precipitation, and air 

temperature. The data were transmitted to Denver by satellite and 

were available on the Internet. The data provided information 

about the hydrology in the study area and the response of ground 

water to climate variables.

Water samples were collected from alluvial-aquifer wells 

on the MWRD properties (fig. 1), and water samples were collected from the shallowest zones of the bedrock aquifer at three 

locations that are important to alluvial/bedrock ground-water 

interactions. The remaining USGS monitoring wells were used 

to provide hydrologic information only. Water samples were collected and analyzed quarterly for physical properties, dissolved 

major ions and trace elements, and dissolved and total nutrients. 

Analyses were done by the USGS National Water-Quality Laboratory (NWQL) and included nitrate, arsenic, cadmium, copper, 

chromium, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and 

zinc. Samples also were collected and analyzed annually for total 

plutonium, although the annual sample for 2001 was actually 

taken during the last quarter of 2000 because of financial issues. 

Gross alpha and gross beta activity analyses were included in 

the 1999 monitoring but were discontinued thereafter because of 

matrix-interference problems caused by the high concentrations 

of dissolved solids in the ground-water samples. The plutonium 

and gross alpha and gross beta activity analyses were included in 

the monitoring program in response to public concerns that radioactivity in biosolids could increase from the transfer of water 

from the Lowry Landfill Superfund site to the MWRD. Water levels and field measurements such as pH and specific conductance 

were recorded with the collection of each ground-water sample. 

Blank and replicate samples were analyzed to evaluate bias and 

variability of the ground-water data. 

All data are maintained in the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) data base. Selected data were published 

in the “USGS Expanded Monitoring Program Near Deer Trail” 

quarterly and progress reports. All ground-water data collected 

for this program during 1999 were published in Stevens and 

others (2003). All ground-water data collected for this program 

during 2000 were published in Yager and others (2004). Selected 

water-quality data will be statistically analyzed each year of the 

program and after about 5 years to determine (1) if concentrations in the ground water are significantly greater than regulatory 

standards and (2) if the concentrations are increasing significantly 

with time. For these statistical analyses, water-quality values 

reported by the laboratory as less than the minimum reporting 

level (MRL) are set equal to one-half the MRL value.

Site Selection for Monitoring Ground Water

Shallow aquifers can be recharged by runoff and streamflow 

or can contribute water to streamflow and ponds. Therefore, the 

sites for alluvial-aquifer wells were selected by the USGS according to the following criteria: (1) locations in proximity to a stream 

channel that could carry runoff from MWRD biosolids-applied 
fields, (2) locations at the most downstream point of the drainage 

basin, (3) locations at MWRD property boundaries to represent the condition of ground water leaving the properties and to 

consider only those effects from activities on MWRD properties 

and not from other landowners, (4) locations where most of the 

upstream basin is on MWRD property, (5) locations that represent 

the larger drainage basins, (6) locations where USGS monitoring 

wells already existed and where data already had been collected, 

and (7) locations accessible year round for drilling and sampling 

wells. Alluvial-aquifer wells were not installed upgradient from 

MWRD property boundaries because the constituents of concern 

generally are not conservative along the ground-water flow path; 

that is, subtracting upgradient concentrations from downgradient 

concentrations may not represent the effects of biosolids on the 

ground water for these constituents. Monitoring alluvial ground 

water near Rattlesnake Creek was a low priority because most of 

the basin is upstream from the MWRD properties, and that part of 

the basin that receives biosolids is relatively small. Therefore, the 

USGS installed two alluvial-aquifer wells on the MWRD north 

property and four on the MWRD south property (fig. 1); all wells 

on the MWRD central property used for this study (fig. 1) were 

installed before 1999 as part of the previous monitoring program. 

Bedrock aquifers can be recharged by alluvial ground 

water or can be a source of water to alluvial aquifers. Therefore, 

the sites for bedrock-aquifer wells were selected by the USGS 

according to the following criteria: (1) locations where a particular sandstone sequence within the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer is 

present at substantial areal extent and thickness, (2) locations on 

MWRD property where the bedrock aquifer is present without 

an alluvial aquifer, (3) locations where the bedrock aquifer is 

present beneath an alluvial aquifer that could be affected by the 

application of biosolids, (4) locations where USGS monitoring 

wells already existed and where data already had been collected, 

and (5) locations accessible year round for drilling and sampling 

wells. Locations where the particular sandstone sequence within 

the bedrock aquifer is present in this area were determined by the 

USGS on the basis of the USGS structure maps (completed in 

1999) of the top and base of the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer in this 

area (Yager and Arnold, 2003). For the expanded monitoring program, the USGS installed two new bedrock-aquifer wells (DTX8 

and DTX10) in 1999, along with corresponding alluvial-aquifer 

wells (DTX7 and DTX9) (fig. 1), at locations where the bedrock 

aquifer is present beneath the Muddy Creek alluvial aquifer; the 

Muddy Creek alluvial aquifer could be affected by the application 

of biosolids. One previously installed USGS ground-water monitoring well, D29 (fig. 1), was included in this monitoring program because the well is on MWRD property where the bedrock 

aquifer is present without an alluvial aquifer, and prior sampling 

data are available.

DCP sites provided information about the variability in 

space and time of climate and hydrology in the study area as 

well as about the hydrologic responses to climate. This monitoring program includes three DCP sites, one on each of the 

MWRD north, south, and central properties (wells DTX2, DTX5, 

and D25, respectively). The locations of these DCP sites were 

selected according to the following criteria: (1) locations where 

alluvial-aquifer wells are sampled, (2) locations near possible 

streambed-sediment sampling areas (to indicate likely runoff 

conditions), (3) locations near other wells so the information 

may apply to more than one well, (4) locations far enough apart 

from each other to indicate spatial variability in hydrology, (5) 

locations needing additional hydrologic information to explain 

chemical variability (well D25), and (6) locations accessible year 

round. 

Sampling Methods for Ground Water

All data-collections methods used in 2001 were the same 

as the 1999 methods, which are detailed in the 1999 data report 

(Stevens and others, 2003). Monthly water-level measurements 

were made using a vinyl-coated electric tape. DCP and EDL data 

were automatically recorded hourly. Water-quality samples were 

collected quarterly using standard USGS methods (Horowitz 

and others, 1994; Wilde and others, 1998-1999). All sampling 

equipment was used exclusively by the USGS and was used only 

in the study area to prevent cross contamination from other sites 

in other study areas. All samples and sampling equipment were 

kept at all times in the custody of the USGS in locked, guarded 

facilities.

Analytical Methods for Ground Water

Ground-water samples were submitted to the USGS NWQL 

in Denver. Plutonium analyses were done by Severn Trent 

Laboratory in Richland, Wash., under a contract with the USGS 

NWQL. All other analyses were done by the NWQL. The methods used to analyze the 2001 ground-water samples are listed in 

table 5 (in the Data Section in the back of the report) along with 

laboratory MRL’s for the elements of interest. 

Quality Assurance for Ground Water

Quality-assurance procedures were implemented during 

the course of the monitoring program to ensure the quality of 

the data. Procedures were implemented for water-level measurements, DCP-data and core-data collection, ground-water-sampling preparation, field-parameter measurements, ground-water 

sampling, and laboratory analysis. Quality-assurance procedures 

are detailed in the 1999 data report (Stevens and others, 2003). 

The analytical quality-assurance practices and procedures of the 

NWQL are described in Friedman and Erdmann (1982).

 Ground-Water Data

Monitoring at ground-water sites during 2001 produced 

meteorologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data. Meteorologic 

data include precipitation at four sites and air temperature at three 

sites. Hydrologic data include monthly water levels at all wells, 

hourly water levels and water temperature at three DCP sites, 

and hourly water levels at three EDL wells. Water-quality data 

include analytical results from quarterly sampling. Information 

Ground Water 7
8 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

about the ground-water monitoring sites is listed in table 6 (in the 

Data Section in the back of the report).

Meteorologic Data

Precipitation and air temperature were recorded hourly 

during 2001 at wells D25, DTX2, and DTX5 (figs. 5 through 7 

in the Data Section in the back of the report). Precipitation was 

recorded hourly during 2001 at the EDL site, the well cluster 

including well DTX11 (fig. 8 in the Data Section in the back 

of the report). Rain occurred during thunderstorms and frontal 

storms, usually during April–October. The precipitation data 

recorded during January through March and October through 

December could represent melted snow. The data indicate air 

temperatures can fluctuate more than 20°C during the day but 

were similar for all monitored sites. 

Hydrologic Data

Monthly water-level data and continuous water-level and 

water-temperature data can be useful for describing the hydrology 

of the aquifers in the area near Deer Trail. The monthly waterlevel data for the USGS monitoring wells used in this study are 

listed in table 7 (in the Data Section in the back of the report), 

and the continuous water-level and water-temperature data for 

the three DCP sites (D25, DTX2, and DTX5; fig. 1) are shown in 

figures 5–7 (in the Data Section in the back of the report). Continuous water-level data for the EDL site (wells DTX9, DTX10, 

and DTX11; fig. 1) and precipitation data are shown in figure 8 

(in the Data Section in the back of the report). Monthly waterlevel data are listed as depth to water below measuring point at 

a specific time. Continuous water-level data are shown as daily 

maximum depth to water below land surface. Water-level data 

can indicate seasonal effects and can aid in the interpretation of 

chemical data. 

Water-level data also can indicate ground-water recharge 

information. Robson and others (1981) showed that recharge of 

the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer along the margin of the Denver 

Basin (such as in the Deer Trail area) can be from deeper parts 

of the Denver Basin, from alluvial aquifers and surficial features, 

or from infiltration of precipitation on or near outcrop areas. 

Recharge of the alluvial aquifers in the Deer Trail area can be 

from the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer, from surface-water features, 

or from infiltration of precipitation (Robson and others, 1981). 

Hydrologic interactions between alluvial and bedrock aquifers 

can be inferred using water-level data for the same point in time 

for wells drilled into the aquifers at the same site. The direction 

of the vertical movement of ground water, or the recharge direction, may be indicated by noting that water moves from areas of 

high hydraulic head (high water-level elevation) to areas of low 

hydraulic head (low water-level elevation). For the expanded 

monitoring program, such interactions were monitored at two 

recharge-evaluation sites, each of which included one alluvialaquifer well and one bedrock-aquifer well. The interactions 

in the bedrock aquifer were monitored in two different zones 

(designated by “A” [shallow] or “B” [deep] after the well name). 

Therefore, three aquifer zones (one alluvial, one shallow bedrock, 

and one deep bedrock) were monitored at the north rechargeevaluation site (wells DTX7 and DTX8), and four aquifer zones 

(two alluvial, one shallow bedrock, and one deep bedrock) were 

monitored at the south recharge-evaluation site (wells DTX9, 

DTX10, and DTX11). Water levels for the paired alluvial-aquifer 

and bedrock-aquifer wells at the two recharge-evaluation sites are 

shown in figure 9 (in the Data Section in the back of the report) 

for the north recharge-evaluation site at discrete time periods, and 

in figure 10 (in the Data Section in the back of the report) for the 

south recharge-evaluation site continuously for the year. The July 

water levels shown in figure 9 represent hot, dry summer conditions; the August and September water levels shown in figure 9 

represent summer-recharge (rainy) conditions. 

Water-Quality Data

Water-quality data for samples collected quarterly from 11 

alluvial-aquifer and 3 bedrock-aquifer wells (fig. 1) in 2001 are 

listed in table 8 (in the Data Section in the back of the report). 

Data are given for field parameters, physical properties, major 

ions, nutrients, and trace elements. No radioactivity data are 

included for 2001 because the radioactivity samples were collected in October 2000 (included in Yager and others, 2004) and 

January 2002 (will be included in the 2002-2003 data report). 

Quality-control water-quality data for the blank samples are listed 

in table 9 (in the Data Section in the back of the report), and 

comparison data for replicate samples are listed in table 10 (in the 

Data Section in the back of the report). 

Discussion of Ground-Water Data

Concentrations for the blank samples (table 9) generally 

indicate little or no contamination bias. The blank samples collected January 10, 2001, were from the submersible pump, and 

these data indicate a slight high bias in some trace-element concentrations; this pump is used only at wells DTX8A, DTX10A, 

and D29, so only samples from these wells may be affected. 

Concentrations for the blank samples were much less than 

those for the ground-water samples. Data for rerun samples (not 

included in this report) indicate occasional slight contamination 

bias in laboratory analyses of aluminum, arsenic, copper, nickel, 

and zinc. Therefore, the sample data that indicate small concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, copper, nickel, and zinc could be 

affected by a slight high bias.

The relative percent differences (RPD) between the groundwater samples and the replicate samples were computed to 

summarize sample variability (table 10). Many of the larger 

RPD’s are due to values or concentrations near the MRL where 

precision is expected to be poor. In these cases, concentrations 

may vary little but result in large RPD’s. For example, a groundwater sample concentration of 0.01 mg/L and a replicate-sample 

concentration of 0.02 mg/L would result in an RPD of 67 percent, 

but the difference might be considered to be within the precision of the method at that concentration. Data values for individual replicate pairs also are listed in table 10 to help the reader 
determine if large RPD’s are the result of substantial differences 

between replicate-sample concentrations or just small differences 

between small concentrations. The replicate-sample data indicate 

generally reproducible analytical results.

In general, the expanded monitoring program is too new 

for sufficient data to have been collected for meaningful interpretation of the ground-water data. However, the data included 

in this report indicate alluvial- and bedrock-aquifer hydrology 

and chemistry are variable in space (from site to site) and in time 

(from one data-collection time to the next at the same site) in the 

study area. 

The USGS was asked to evaluate the water-quality data for 

biosolids effects each year of the monitoring program. Therefore, 

the results for selected constituents were tested to determine if 

statistical evidence indicated exceedance of regulatory standards 

and a trend in concentration with time.

Regulatory Standards

Regulatory standards that might be used as guidelines to 

evaluate the ground-water quality in the study area are the human 

health standards and agricultural standards enforced by the State 

of Colorado (Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 1993). For this report, a one-tailed Sign Test (Helsel and 

Hirsch, 1992) was used to indicate the level of statistical evidence 

that selected median constituent concentrations were significantly 

greater than regulatory standards. The hypotheses tested were as 

follows:

Ho = median concentration less than or equal to the 

regulatory standard and

Ha = median concentration greater than the regulatory 

standard.

A small p-value result from the Sign Test indicates Ho, 

the null hypothesis, should be rejected. The confidence level in 

rejecting Ho and, therefore, accepting Ha can be determined by 

subtracting the p-value from 1 and multiplying by 100. The confidence level also can be thought of as the probability (in percent) 

that the regulatory standard has been exceeded by the median 

concentration (table 11 at the back of the report). For example, if 

the Sign Test for a constituent results in a p-value of 0.100, there 

is a 90-percent confidence level or probability that the median 

concentration for that constituent is greater than the regulatory 

standard. The results of the statistical testing of the data for the 11 

alluvial-aquifer wells and 3 bedrock-aquifer wells for exceedance 

of regulatory standards for 11 constituents identified as important 

by the public are listed in table 11 (in the Data Section in the 

back of the report). Nitrate concentrations at well D6 were the 

only data that had a statistically significant probability that the 

median concentration exceeded the regulatory standard. 

Because quarterly samples have been collected for only 

3 years to date, the power of the statistical test (level of statistical evidence) is low. As sampling continues, the power of the 

test will increase. Radioactivity data were not statistically tested 

because few radiochemical samples, an insufficient number of 

samples for statistical testing, were collected at each well since 

1999. The distribution of concentrations at each well for selected 

constituents during 2001, and the regulatory standards used to 

test the ground-water data are shown in figure 11 (in the Data 

Section in the back of the report). Time-series graphs (concentration plotted with time) of selected constituents for selected wells 

are included as figure 12 (in the Data Section in the back of the 

report).

Trends

Upward trends in concentration mean that concentration for 

a parameter increases over time, although not necessarily in a 

straight line. These upward trends could indicate biosolids, other 

farm practices, grazing, or even natural processes such as geochemical dissolution are affecting ground water. For this report, 

the Kendall’s tau statistic (Helsel and Hirsch, 1992) was used 

as an a nonparametric measure of correlation between concentration and time. Kendall’s tau is a number between negative one 

and positive one where values approaching negative or positive 

one indicate increasing strength of the correlation and a number 

approaching zero indicates decreasing strength of correlation. 

Positive values of Kendall’s tau indicate upward trends, and negative values indicate downward trends. The results of the statistical testing of the data for trends in 11 constituents identified as 

important by the public are listed in table 12 (in the Data Section 

in the back of the report). A p-value is listed to indicate the level 

of significance of the coefficient, the tau value. The p-value must 

be less than or equal to 0.05 for tau to be significant with at least 

95-percent confidence. Values in table 12 indicating statistically 

significant trends are shown in bold. Radioactivity data were not 

statistically tested because only three radiochemical samples, 

which are an insufficient number of samples for statistical testing, have been collected at each well since the program began in 

1999.

If all data for a constituent were less than the MRL, no trend 

could be identified (such as for mercury at most of the wells). If 

at least one concentration value for a constituent at a well was 

greater than the MRL, the data were analyzed for trend. Many of 

the reported concentrations included in the trend analysis were 

less than the MRL, and the MRL varied for most of the constituents. Therefore, the trends evaluated by the statistical analyses 

may be artificial; that is, the difference in MRL, not differences in 

concentration, may result in an apparent trend. All the apparently 

statistically significant trends for cadmium, lead, and nickel 

(table 12) were caused by changes in the MRL, so these values 

are not shown in bold in table 12. 

The results of trend analysis on the 1999 through 2001 

combined data set (table 12) indicate a number of statistically 

significant upward trends in the ground-water data. Ground-water 

samples from well D6 had the greatest number of significant 

upward trends; nitrate, copper, selenium, and zinc data for this 

site all had significant upward trends. The constituent tested that 

had the most upward trends was copper (table 12). The results of 

trend analysis on the 1999 through 2001 combined data set (table 

12) commonly were different than the results of trend analysis 

on only the 1999 data set (Stevens and others, 2003) or the 1999 

through 2000 combined data set (Yager and others, 2004). Some 

Ground Water 9
10 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

of the trend directions changed from upward to downward trends 

or from downward to upward trends when the 1999 and 2000 

data were retested with the 2001 data, and significance of the 

trend result increased. Some of these changes may be caused by 

the low power of the test when few data are used in the test (as 

in 1999), by changes in the MRL as mentioned previously, or 

because seasonal effects have not been considered (too few data). 

Because quarterly samples have been collected for only 3 years to 

date, the power of the trend test is still low, and too few data are 

available to consider seasonal effects. As sampling continues, the 

power of the test will increase and the amount of data available 

will enable seasonal effects to be removed. Time-series graphs 

(concentration plotted with time) of selected constituents for 

selected wells are included as figure 12. 

Streambed Sediment

Animal waste related to grazing livestock and applications 

of pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers (including biosolids) to 

the land surface could affect surface-water quality directly by 

contaminated inflow or by runoff over contaminated soils or sediment (remobilization). These applications also can affect surface-water quality indirectly by tilling that mobilizes or changes 

surface constituents or surface characteristics; by inflow, base 

flow, or recharge to surface water from contaminated ground 

water; or by contributions to natural processes such as nitrification. Contaminated surface water could contaminate downstream, 

previously uncontaminated ponds, streams, streambed sediment, 

alluvial aquifers, or bedrock water-supply aquifers in aquiferrecharge zones.

Surface-water contamination from biosolids applications is 

a public concern. However, because streams flow off the MWRD 

properties only after intense thunderstorms, surface-water 

sampling is impractical, and monitoring extreme surface-water 

events is difficult. Monitoring streambed-sediment chemistry is 

more practical and cost effective and offers greater opportunity to 

establish comparison or baseline sites than monitoring surfacewater chemistry. For the expanded monitoring program, streambed sediment is defined as the fine-grained alluvium freshly 

deposited in the drainage bottoms by surface-water flow after 

rainstorms.

Sediment affected by the applications of biosolids could be 

transported off MWRD property into streambeds when precipitation is intense enough to cause overland flow. Therefore, 

streambed-sediment chemistry is used as an indirect indicator 

of surface-water quality because of the close contact between 

surface flows and sediment during transport. Contaminants in the 

streambed sediment could cause contamination in ground water 

or surface water if the contaminants are resuspended in water or 

leached from the streambed sediment. Furthermore, concentrations of trace elements and plutonium and gross alpha and gross 

beta activity may be higher in the streambed sediment than in the 

surface water.

Objectives of Monitoring Streambed Sediment

Streambed sediment was monitored to determine if concentrations of nitrate, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, 

mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, zinc, organic carbon, 

gross alpha and beta radioactivity, and plutonium in sediment 

derived from (or transported through) biosolids-application areas 

are significantly higher than in streambed sediment derived from 

nearby farmland that did not receive biosolids applications.

Approach for Monitoring Streambed Sediment

Two small drainage basins were selected for comparison of 

streambed-sediment chemistry (fig. 1). The basins have similar 

physical characteristics, but one basin (known as the biosolidsapplied basin) receives biosolids applications and is part of the 

MWRD farming program, and the other basin (known as the 

control basin) receives no biosolids applications and is farmed 

privately. 

A DCP site (with a rain gage) is near the biosolids-applied 

basin. The DCP data were transmitted remotely to enable the 

USGS to determine when rainfall of sufficient intensity and duration had occurred near the basins. For sampling to take place, sufficient rainfall was needed to cause the fine-grained materials and 

dissolved constituents to wash off the hillsides of the drainage 

basins into downgradient streambeds. Paired streambed-sediment 

samples were collected when freshly deposited streambed sediment was available from both the biosolids-applied basin and the 

control basin at the same time (after the same storm). The USGS 

determined that at least a 0.50 inch of rain in a single hour had 

to be received by the tipping-bucket rain gage at DTX2 before 

runoff in the biosolids-applied basin was enough for a streambedsediment sample to be collected. This rainfall scenario occurred 

only three times in 2001, and the USGS was able to collect three 

paired samples during 2001. When sufficient storms occur, three 

to four paired samples per year are planned. 

Streambed-sediment samples were analyzed for nitrate, 

phosphorus, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, 

molybdenum, nickel, selenium, zinc, carbon, gross alpha and beta 

radioactivity, and plutonium. The radioactivity analyses were 

included in response to public concerns that biosolids radioactivity concentrations could increase from the transfer of water from 

the Lowry Landfill Superfund site to the MWRD. When enough 

paired samples are collected, data will be statistically tested to 

determine if streambed-sediment chemistry is significantly different between the two basins.

Site Selection for Monitoring Streambed Sediment 

Several pairs of similar small basins (one on MWRD property and one on nearby private property) were considered by the 

USGS for monitoring. Only small (less than 5-mi2) basins were 

considered because (1) the large biosolids basins did not have a 

nearby corresponding control basin that had similar characteristics, (2) the thunderstorms likely to cause runoff were usually 

localized and were not likely to affect two large basins with 
the same duration and intensity, (3) sampling is more efficient 

in small basins because each streambed-sediment sample is a 

composite of sediment collected throughout the basin, and (4) 

the large basins in the study area are more variable with respect 

to geology, soil type, and land use. Sediment collected from the 

large basins is more likely to be affected by this variability and, 

therefore, may not indicate effects from biosolids. The criteria 

used to pair basins included distance between basins; proximity to a USGS ground-water-monitoring well that included DCP 

instrumentation; land use (farmed); likely accessibility even after 

severe thunderstorms; and similar bedrock geology, soil type, 

aspect, stream order, channel length, channel slope, relief, and 

ponding. From the three basin pairs identified as candidates for 

streambed-sediment monitoring (Stevens and others, 2003), the 

pair on Badger Creek tributaries (on and near the MWRD’s north 

property) was selected. The selected basins are shown as streambed-sediment sampling areas in figure 1.

 Sampling Methods for Streambed Sediment

Before sampling, equipment was washed with phosphatefree detergent, rinsed three times with deionized (DI) water and 

wrapped in clean, plastic bags for transport to the sampling site. 

Trace-element sampling equipment received an additional rinse 

with 5-percent trace-element-grade nitric-acid solution and three 

more rinses with DI water. Clean 63-μm sieve cloth was used for 

each site. The trace-element equipment was allowed to air dry 

and was stored in plastic bags until use. Stainless-steel equipment (which was not used to prepare trace-element samples) was 

allowed to air dry and was wrapped in aluminum foil and stored 

in sealed plastic containers.

DCP data transmitted by satellite to the USGS were monitored daily throughout the year to determine the occurrence, 

intensity, and duration of rainfall in the study area. If sufficient 

rainfall in the area of the paired basins was indicated by the data, 

the sampling crew visited the sites to determine if the rainfall 

had produced sediment transport from the hillsides to the alluvial 

channel in both basins. If transport occurred in both basins, a 

streambed-sediment sample was collected from the newly transported sediment in the mainstream channel of the basin.

Freshly deposited streambed sediment from the basins (fig. 

1) was sampled after rainfall runoff by using dedicated equipment for each basin in accordance with the procedures of Radtke 

(1997). Streambed sediment was collected from various locations 

in the alluvial channel in each of the selected basins by using 

Teflon spoons. The upper 2 cm of fine-grained, wet sediment 

that collects in depositional areas was removed, composited in 

a clean sealable plastic bag, and transported in a cooler containing ice to the USGS District laboratory in Denver for processing. Processing consisted of homogenizing, sieving, and bottling 

each sample. For the trace-element sample, the sediment was 

washed into an acid-rinsed polypropylene sample jar through a 

nylon, 63-μm sieve using DI water. The sediment in the jar was 

allowed to settle, and then any clear water was removed from the 

top of the sample by using a plastic syringe. This procedure was 

repeated until sufficient sediment (about 35 g total) was sieved 

for the sample. The procedure was repeated using a 2-mm stainless-steel sieve to fill sample containers for analyses of inorganic 

and organic carbon (500 g in a 1-liter, baked glass jar), nutrients 

(20 g in a polypropylene jar), gross alpha (1 g in a polypropylene 

jar), and plutonium (150 g in a polypropylene jar). The samples 

were labeled and transported to the USGS NWQL for analyses. 

Laboratory analyses consisted of nutrients (total nitrogen and 

total phosphorus), carbon, trace elements (aluminum, arsenic, 

cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, 

selenium, and zinc), and plutonium and gross alpha and gross 

beta activity.

Analytical Methods for Streambed Sediment

Nitrogen analyses were done by Severn Trent Laboratory 

in Arvada, Colo., under a contract with the USGS. Gross alpha, 

gross beta, and plutonium analyses were done by Severn Trent 

Laboratory in Richland, Wash., under a contract with the USGS 

NWQL. All other analyses were done by the USGS NWQL. 

The analytical methods used to analyze the streambed-sediment 

samples and the laboratory MRL’s or MDC’s are listed in table 13 

(in the Data Section in the back of the report). 

Quality Assurance for Streambed Sediment

Quality-assurance procedures were implemented during the 

course of the monitoring program to ensure the quality of the 

data. Laboratory and field cleaning procedures were rigorous and 

designed to prevent contamination of samples. Prior to sample 

collection, all sampling equipment and materials were cleaned 

according to standard procedures given in Horowitz and others 

(1994), Radtke (1997), and Wilde and others (1998-99). 

If results for a particular constituent were questionable, the 

sample was reanalyzed by the laboratory. If results from the second analysis were more consistent with known characteristics of 

the site or the particular sample, the new results were used instead 

of the previous results; otherwise, the initial result was retained. 

The analytical quality-assurance practices and procedures of the 

NWQL are described in Friedman and Erdmann (1982).

Sufficient streambed sediment was available for replicate 

samples, so a replicate July 27 sample of the biosolids-applied 

site and a replicate August 17 sample of the control site also were 

analyzed. These data provide information about variability in the 

sediment itself or contributed by field conditions, sampling equipment, or the laboratory. Other quality-control data for 2001 not 

included in this report are lab replicates, lab method blanks, and 

lab spikes analyzed only for plutonium and gross alpha and gross 

beta activity. The lab replicate was used to assess analytical precision. Lab blanks were used to assess contamination bias. The lab 

spike was prepared by the laboratory using known concentrations 

of a constituent to assess recovery and analytical precision. The 

quality-control samples provided information about the bias and 

variability contributed by the laboratory but not the bias and variability contributed by field conditions or sampling equipment or 

about the variability of the sediment.

Streambed Sediments 11
12 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

Streambed-Sediment Data

The USGS collected three paired samples during 2001: July 

27, August 17, and September 1. Chemical data for these samples 

are listed in table 14, and radioactivity data for these samples are 

listed in table 15 (in the Data Section in the back of the report). 

The associated replicate data, a calculation of the difference in 

sample data between the two sites, and a calculation of the difference in sample data between the environmental sample and the 

replicate are included in table 16 (in the Data Section in the back 

of the report).

Discussion of Streambed-Sediment Data

A comparison of the sample data with the replicate data 

(table 16) indicate variability within the sample may be about the 

same as variability between the basins. No statistical evaluations 

are possible with the limited data collected. 

The radioactivity data are reported in the uncensored form 

as received from the laboratory rather than censored by either the 

contract or calculated MDC. Relative to the censored form (data 

reported as less than the MDC), the uncensored form provides 

more information about the uncertainty, the very small concentrations of plutonium, and the gross alpha and gross beta activity. 

The negative activity concentration reported for the radiochemical 

samples means the sample count was less than the laboratory 

background count for that day. Radioactivity data are produced 

from instruments that detect radioactive decay (disintegrations) 

in a sample as counts per minute. The background count was 

subtracted from the sample count, and the resulting value was 

converted to activity-concentration units of picocuries per gram.

The streambed-sediment data in this report were all collected after the Lowry Landfill Superfund site water transfer to 

the MWRD and can provide information about contamination 

associated with biosolids applications and that water transfer. 

The beginning of the water transfer from the Lowry site to the 

MWRD was July 25, 2000.

References Cited

Briggs, P.H., 1996, Forty elements by inductively coupled 

plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, in Arbogast, B.F., ed., 

1996, Analytical methods manual for the Mineral Resource 

Surveys Program, U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 96–525, p. 77–94.

Briggs, P.H., and Meier, A.L., 1999, The determination of 

42 elements in geological materials by inductively coupled 

plasma-mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 99–166, 15 p.

Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 1993 

(1997 revision), Basic standards for ground water: 5CCR 

1002–41, July 14, 1997, 56 p.

Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 1998, 

Biosolids regulation: 5CCR 1002–64, January 12, 1998, 53 p.

Drever, J.I., 1988, The geochemistry of natural waters (2d ed.): 

New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, p. 328–329.

Drew, L.J., Schuenemeyer, J.H., and Bawiec, W.J., 1979, Petroleum exhaustion maps of the Cretaceous “D–J” sandstone 

stratigraphic interval of the Denver Basin: U.S. Geological 

Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I–1138, scale 

1:200,000, sheet 2.

Faires, L.M., 1993, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological 

Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—Determination of 

metals in water by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92–634, 28 p.

Fishman, M.J., ed., 1993, Methods of analysis by the U.S. 

Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—Determination of inorganic and organic constituents in water and 

fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

93–125, 217 p.

Fishman, M.J., and Friedman, L.C., 1989, Methods for determination of inorganic substances in water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources 

Investigations, book 5, chap. A1, 545 p.

Friedman, L.C., and Erdmann, D.E., 1982, Quality-assurance 

practices for the chemical and biological analyses of water 

and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of 

Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. A6, 181 p.

Garbarino, J.R., and Damrau, D.L., 2001, Methods of analysis 

by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—Determination of organic plus inorganic mercury in filtered and unfiltered natural water with cold vapor—automatic 

fluorescence spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 01–4132, 16 p.

Greenberg, A.E., ed., 1992, Method 7110—Gross alpha and 

gross beta radioactivity (total, suspended, and dissolved), in

American Public Health Association and the AWWA, Standard 

Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (18th 

ed.): Washington, D.C., p. 7–1 through 7–14.

Hageman, P.L., and Welsch, Eric, 1996, Arsenic, antimony, and 

selenium by flow injection or continuous flow-hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry, in Arbogast, B.F., ed., 

Analytical methods manual for the Mineral Resource Surveys 

Program, U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 96– 525, p. 24–30.
Helsel, D.R., and Hirsch, R.M., 1992, Statistical methods in 

water resources: Amsterdam, Elsevier Studies in Environmental Science 49, 529 p.

Horowitz, A.J., Demas, C.R., Fitzgerald, K.K., Miller, T.L., and 

Rickert, D.A., 1994, U.S. Geological Survey protocol for the 

collection and processing of surface-water samples for the 

subsequent determination of inorganic constituents in filtered 

water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94–539, 57 p.

Jones, S.R., and Garbarino, J.R., 1999, Methods of analysis 

by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—Determination of arsenic and selenium in water and 

sediment by graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98–639, 39 p.

Larsen, L.S., Baber, T.G., Wesswick, E.L., McCoy, D.E., and 

Harman, J.B., 1966, Soil survey of Elbert County, Colorado: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Soil 

Survey series, 79 p.

Larsen, L.S., and Brown, J.B., 1971, Soil survey of Arapahoe 

County, Colorado: U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Soil Survey series, 78 p.

Lyon, W.S., ed., 1980, Radioelement analysis—Progress and 

problems: Ann Arbor Science, p. 215–221 and 223–230.

Major, T.J., Robson, S.G., Romero, J.C., and Zawistowski, Stanley, 1983, Hydrogeologic data from parts of the Denver Basin, 

Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83–274, 

425 p.

McLain, Betty, 1993, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological 

Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—Determination 

of chromium in water by graphite furnace atomic absorption 

spectrophotometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

93–449, 16 p.

Motooka, Jerry, 1996, Organometallic halide extraction for 10 

elements by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, in Arbogast, B.F., ed., Analytical methods manual 

for the Mineral Resource Surveys Program, U.S. Geological 

Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96–525, 

p. 102–108.

O’Leary, R.M., Hageman, P.L., and Crock, J.G., 1996, Mercury 

in water, geologic, and plant materials by continuous flow-cold 

vapor-atomic absorption spectrometry, in Arbogast, B.F., ed., 

Analytical methods manual for the Mineral Resource Surveys 

Program, U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 96–525, p. 42–50.

Patton, C.J., and Truitt, E.P., 1992, Methods of analysis by the 

U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—

Determination of total phosphorus by a Kjeldahl digestion 

method and an automated colorimetric finish that includes 

dialysis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92–146, 

39 p.

Patton, C.J., and Truitt, E.P., 2000, Methods of analysis by the 

U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—

Determination of ammonium plus organic nitrogen by a Kjeldahl digestion method and an automated photometric finish 

that includes digest cleanup by gas diffusion: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 00–170, 31 p.

Radtke, D.B., 1997, Bottom-material samples: U.S. Geological 

Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 9, 

chap. A8, 52 p. accessed August 20, 2004 at 

http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/twri9A8/

Robson, S.G., and Banta, E.R, 1995, Ground water atlas of the 

United States, segment 2, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, 

Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas 

730–C, p. C20–C22.

Robson, S.G., Wacinski, Andrew, Zawistowski, Stanley, and 

Romero, J.C., 1981, Geologic structure, hydrology, and water 

quality of the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer in the Denver Basin, 

Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations 

Atlas Map HA–650, scale 1:500,000, sheet 1.

Seaber, P.R., Kapinos, F.P., and Knapp, G.L., 1987, Hydrologic 

unit maps: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2294, 

63 p.

Sharps, J.A., 1980, Geologic map of the Limon 1 x 2 quadrangle, 

Colorado and Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous 

Investigations Series Map I–1250, scale 1:250,000, sheet 1.

Stevens, M.R., Yager, T.J.B., Smith, D.B., and Crock, J.G., 2003, 

Biosolids, soils, ground-water, and streambed-sediment data 

for a biosolids-application area near Deer Trail, Colorado: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 02–51, 118 p.

Struzeski, T.M., DeGiacomo, W.J., and Zayhowski, E.J., 1996, 

Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National 

Water Quality Laboratory—Determination of dissolved aluminum and boron in water by inductively coupled plasma-atomic 

emission spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 96–149, 17 p.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, March 1983 (and subsequent revisions), Methods for chemical analysis of water and 

wastes: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency document EPA600/4-79-020, variously paginated.

References Cited 13
14 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

U.S. Geological Survey, 1974, Hydrologic unit map—1974, State 

of Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Unit Map 

1974, scale 1:500,000, 1 sheet.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1980, Land use and land cover, 1975, 

Limon, Colorado; Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Land Use 

Series L–191, scale 1:250,000, 1 sheet.

Whittaker, E.L., and Grothaus, G.E., 1979, Acid dissolution 

method for the analysis of plutonium in soil, EPA–600/7– 

79–081, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, 

Office of Research and Development: Las Vegas, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, p. 23–59.

Wilde, F.D., Radtke, D.B., Gibs, J., and Iwatsubo, R.T., 1998-

1999, National field manual for the Collection of water-quality 

data—Chapters A1-A5: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of 

Water-Resources Investigations, Book 9, Chapters A1, A2, A3, 

A4, and A5, variously paginated, accessed August 20, 2004 at 

http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/twri9A/

Yager, T.J.B., and Arnold, L.R., 2003, Hydrogeology of a biosolids-application site near Deer Trail, Colorado, 1993-99: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

03–4209, 90 p.

Yager, T.J.B., Smith, D.B., Crock, J.G., and Stevens, M.R., 2004, 

Biosolids, soils, crops, ground-water, and streambed-sediment 

data for a biosolids-application area near Deer Trail, Colorado, 

2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03–400, 90 p.
Data Section
16 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

The following terms and abbreviations are used in this section:

bls below land surface

bmp below the measuring point of the well casing

mi mile

ft or feet

hhmm 24-hour time

mm/dd/yy numerical date format for two-digit month/two-digit day/and the last two digits of the year

C Celsius

cm centimeters

° degree

in. or inch

μS/cm microsiemens per centimeter at 25°C

pH units are the negative base-10 log of the hydrogen-ion activity in moles per liter

mg/L milligrams per liter

μg/L micrograms per liter

dissolved refers to that fraction of material in a water sample that passes through a 0.45-μm

 membrane filter

> greater than

< less than

WH whole water (unfiltered) sample

g/kg gram per kilogram

mg/kg milligrams per kilogram

pCi/g picocuries per gram

μg/g micrograms per gram

“

‘
Figure 1. Location of study area and U.S. Geological Survey monitoring sites near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001. Metro 

Wastewater Reclamation District property boundaries shown are from 1999.

Data Section 17

�����

���

����

����

� � �����

� ����������

�

� �

�

�

�

�

�����������

����� ���������� ����������� ��������

��������

���� ���������������� ���������� ����

���� ��������������� ���������� ����

���������� ���� ���� ���������� ��������

������������� ����

������������������

�������� ���� ������

�����

����

� � � � � � � �

������ ������

�����

�����

�����������

����������� �����

��� ���

����������

����

��

���

���

����

���

������� ��

�

���

������

������ �����

�����

����������

����

����

����

����� ������

�������� ������

������

���

� ��

�

���

������ �����

�����

�����

��

���������� ������� �������

������

����

����

����� ��

�����

�����

��� ��� ���

��� ��� ���

����

����

����

�����

�����

��� ���

����������

��

��

���������

����� ��������

�������

��������

�����

��������

���� ���� ���� ���������� ������ ��������

������������ ������ ������ ��� �������� ������

�� ��� ��� �
18 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

�

��

��

��

��

�

� � �� ��

��

��

��

��

�

� � �� �� �� �

� � �

��

�� �� ��

�

�

��

��

��

��

�

�� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��

�� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��

��

�� ��

�� ��

� � �

� �� ��

�� �� �� �� ��

��

�� �� ��

�� ��

� � �

�� ��

�

��

U.S. HIGHWAY 36

�������

�������

�������

�������

������� �������

������� �������

�������

�������

����������������

����������������

����������������

���������������� ��������

��������

����������������

����������������

�������

�������

����������������

ARAPAHOE COUNTY ROAD 34

JOLLY ROAD

��������������

RD 166

������

������

������

������

������

������

������ ������

������

������

������ ������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

DC 397

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������ ������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

� �

��

� ��

� �

�� �� ��

�� ��

�� ��

�� ��

��

��

��

�� ��

�� �� ��

� � �

�� �� ��

� �

�� � � � ��

�� �� �� �� ��

�� �� �� �� ��

� � �

�� �� �� �� ��

�� �� �� ��

� �

�

� � �

��

�� ��

�� ��

�� ��

�� ��

�� ��

�

������

������ ������

������

� �������

������������

�

� �

�

�

�

�

Figure 2. Metro Wastewater Reclamation District biosolids-application areas (METROGRO Farm) near Deer Trail, Colorado, 

2001. Map provided by Metro Wastewater Reclamation District. (DC, Destination Code.)
Badger

Creek �������

����

�������

����

���������

�����������

���� ��������

������������

��������

��������

��������

�������� �������� ��������

��������

��������������������������

� ����� ����������

� ��� ����������

N

Figure 3. Arapahoe County, Colorado, soil-monitoring site: T. 4 S., R. 58 W., sec. 22 (from 

Metro Wastewater Reclamation District).

Data Section 19
20 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

�������

����

�������

����

���������

�����������

����

��������

������������

��������

��������

��������

�������� �������� ��������

�������������������������

Beaver

Creek

� ����� ����������

� ��� ����������

N

Figure 4. Elbert County, Colorado, soil-monitoring site: T. 6 S., R. 57 W., sec. 8 (from Metro Wastewater 

Reclamation District).
Figure 5.

345678

 Continuous water-level, water-temperature, precipitation, and air-temperature data for well D25 near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001. 

10

9

11

13126050403020

10

0

–10–20

11

10

98

2.01.51.0

0

0.5

2001

Jan

7 14 21 28

Feb

7 14 21 28

Mar

7 14 21 28

Apr

7 14 21 28

May

7 14 21 28

June

7 14 21 28

July

7 14 21 28

Aug

7 14 21 28

Sept

7 14 21 28

Oct

7 14 21 28

Nov

7 14 21 28

Dec

7 14 21 28

2001

Jan

7 14 21 28

Feb

7 14 21 28

Mar

7 14 21 28

Apr

7 14 21 28

May

7 14 21 28

June

7 14 21 28

July

7 14 21 28

Aug

7 14 21 28

Sept

7 14 21 28

Oct

7 14 21 28

Nov

7 14 21 28

Dec

7 14 21 28

2001

Jan

7 14 21 28

Feb

7 14 21 28

Mar

7 14 21 28

Apr

7 14 21 28

May

7 14 21 28

June

7 14 21 28

July

7 14 21 28

Aug

7 14 21 28

Sept

7 14 21 28

Oct

7 14 21 28

Nov

7 14 21 28

Dec

7 14 21 28

2001

Jan

7 14 21 28

Feb

7 14 21 28

Mar

7 14 21 28

Apr

7 14 21 28

May

7 14 21 28

June

7 14 21 28

July

7 14 21 28

Aug

7 14 21 28

Sept

7 14 21 28

Oct

7 14 21 28

Nov

7 14 21 28

Dec

7 14 21 28

 DAILY MAXIMUM DEPTH BELOW LAND SURFACE, IN FEET

DAILY MAXIMUM WATER TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS

DAILY SUMMATION PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES

DAILY MAXIMUM AIR TEMPERATURE , IN DEGREES CELSIUS

DEPTH BELOW 

LAND SURFACE, 

IN FEET

WATER 

TEMPERATURE,

IN DEGREES

 CELSIUS

PRECIPITATION,

IN INCHES

AIR TEMPERATURE,

IN DEGREES 

CELSIUS

Data Section 21
22 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

Figure 6. Continuous water-level, water-temperature, precipitation, and air-temperature data for well DTX2 near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001. 

12345678

9

1312

6050403020

10

0

11

10

–10–20

98

2.01.51.0

0

0.5

2001

Jan

7 14 21 28

Feb

7 14 21 28

Mar

7 14 21 28

Apr

7 14 21 28

May

7 14 21 28

June

7 14 21 28

July

7 14 21 28

Aug

7 14 21 28

Sept

7 14 21 28

Oct

7 14 21 28

Nov

7 14 21 28

Dec

7 14 21 28

2001

Jan

7 14 21 28

Feb

7 14 21 28

Mar

7 14 21 28

Apr

7 14 21 28

May

7 14 21 28

June

7 14 21 28

July

7 14 21 28

Aug

7 14 21 28

Sept

7 14 21 28

Oct

7 14 21 28

Nov

7 14 21 28

Dec

7 14 21 28

2001

Jan

7 14 21 28

Feb

7 14 21 28

Mar

7 14 21 28

Apr

7 14 21 28

May

7 14 21 28

June

7 14 21 28

July

7 14 21 28

Aug

7 14 21 28

Sept

7 14 21 28

Oct

7 14 21 28

Nov

7 14 21 28

Dec

7 14 21 28

2001

Jan

7 14 21 28

Feb

7 14 21 28

Mar

7 14 21 28

Apr

7 14 21 28

May

7 14 21 28

June

7 14 21 28

July

7 14 21 28

Aug

7 14 21 28

Sept

7 14 21 28

Oct

7 14 21 28

Nov

7 14 21 28

Dec

7 14 21 28

 DAILY MAXIMUM DEPTH BELOW LAND SURFACE, IN FEET

DAILY MAXIMUM WATER TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS

DAILY SUMMATION PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES

DAILY MAXIMUM AIR TEMPERATURE , IN DEGREES CELSIUS

DEPTH BELOW LAND 

SURFACE, IN FEET

WATER 

TEMPERATURE,

IN DEGREES

 CELSIUS

PRECIPITATION,

IN INCHES

AIR TEMPERATURE,

IN DEGREES 

CELSIUS
Figure 7.

345678

 Continuous water-level, water-temperature, precipitation, and air-temperature data for well DTX5 near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001. 

10

9

11

1312

6050403020

10

0

11

10

–10–20

98

2.01.51.0

0

0.5

2001

Jan

7 14 21 28

Feb

7 14 21 28

Mar

7 14 21 28

Apr

7 14 21 28

May

7 14 21 28

June

7 14 21 28

July

7 14 21 28

Aug

7 14 21 28

Sept

7 14 21 28

Oct

7 14 21 28

Nov

7 14 21 28

Dec

7 14 21 28

2001

Jan

7 14 21 28

Feb

7 14 21 28

Mar

7 14 21 28

Apr

7 14 21 28

May

7 14 21 28

June

7 14 21 28

July

7 14 21 28

Aug

7 14 21 28

Sept

7 14 21 28

Oct

7 14 21 28

Nov

7 14 21 28

Dec

7 14 21 28

2001

Jan

7 14 21 28

Feb

7 14 21 28

Mar

7 14 21 28

Apr

7 14 21 28

May

7 14 21 28

June

7 14 21 28

July

7 14 21 28

Aug

7 14 21 28

Sept

7 14 21 28

Oct

7 14 21 28

Nov

7 14 21 28

Dec

7 14 21 28

2001

Jan

7 14 21 28

Feb

7 14 21 28

Mar

7 14 21 28

Apr

7 14 21 28

May

7 14 21 28

June

7 14 21 28

July

7 14 21 28

Aug

7 14 21 28

Sept

7 14 21 28

Oct

7 14 21 28

Nov

7 14 21 28

Dec

7 14 21 28

 DAILY MAXIMUM DEPTH BELOW LAND SURFACE, IN FEET

DAILY MAXIMUM WATER TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS

DAILY SUMMATION PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES

DAILY MAXIMUM AIR TEMPERATURE , IN DEGREES CELSIUS

WATER 

TEMPERATURE,

IN DEGREES

 CELSIUS

DEPTH BELOW

LAND SURFACE,

IN FEET PRECIPITATION,

IN INCHES

AIR TEMPERATURE,

IN DEGREES 

CELSIUS

Data Section 23
24 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

����

����������

����

����������

����

����������

�

���

���

���

���

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

����

� �� �� ��

����

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

����

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

����������������

��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���� ���� ��� ���� ��� ��� ���

� �� �� ��

� �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

����

� �� �� ��

����

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

����

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

����

� �� �� ��

����

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

����

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

���

� �� �� ��

 DAILY MAXIMUM DEPTH BELOW LAND SURFACE AT WELL DTX9, IN FEET

DAILY MAXIMUM DEPTH BELOW LAND SURFACE AT WELL DTX10A, IN FEET 

DAILY MAXIMUM DEPTH BELOW LAND SURFACE AT WELL DTX11, IN FEETDAILY SUMMATION PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES

�� ���������

��� � ���������

�������

�� ���������

��� � ���������

�������

�� ���������

��� � ���������

������� ������ � ��������

���������

Figure 8. Continuous water-level data for wells DTX9, DTX10A, and DTX11, and precipitation data for the EDL recharge-evaluation site near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001. (EDL, electronic data logger)
�������������

����

������������

����

��������������������������

�������������

����������������

�������������

�������������

����������������

�������������

�������������

����������������

�������������

�������������������������

�����������������������

����������������

EXPLANATION

��

������������������

�����������������������

�����

�����

Figure 9. Water levels for the recharge-evaluation site containing wells DTX7 and DTX8 near 

Deer Trail, Colorado, for (a) July, (b) August, and (c) September 2001. (Elevation is in feet above 

NAVD 88.)

Data Section 25
26 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

�������������

����

������������

����

��������������������������

�������������������������

�����������������������

����������������

EXPLANATION

��

������������������

�������������������������

�������������

����������������

�������������

�������������

����������������

�������������

�������������

����������������

�������������

�����

�����

Figure 9. Water levels for the recharge-evaluation site containing wells DTX7 and DTX8 

near Deer Trail, Colorado, for (a) July, (b) August, and (c) September 2001. (Elevation is in 

feet above NAVD 88.)—Continued
�������������

����

������������

����

��������������������������

�������������������������

�����������������������

����������������

EXPLANATION

��

������������������

����������������������������

�������������

����������������

�������������

�������������

����������������

�������������

�������������

����������������

�������������

�����

�����

Figure 9. Water levels for the recharge-evaluation site containing wells DTX7 and DTX8 

near Deer Trail, Colorado, for (a) July, (b) August, and (c) September 2001. (Elevation is in feet 

above NAVD 88.)—Continued

Data Section 27
28 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

Figure 10. Data for the recharge-evaluation site containing wells DTX9, DTX10, and DTX11 near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

������������������

�

���

���

���

���

���

�������������������������������������������������������������������������

���������������������������������������������������������������������������

��������������������������������������������������������������������������

�������������������������������������������������������

����������������������������������������������������������������������������

EXPLANATION

����

������������������������

� �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� � �� �� ��

��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���� ���� ��� ���� ��� ��� ���
ED NITRITE PLUS NITRATE OLV SS DI

OGEN, IN TR NI AS

MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

MONITORING WELL NUMBER

0.037

80

6040

20

120100

MRL =

10

Colorado Human Health Standard

Colorado Agricultural Standard

Colorado Human Health Standard

Colorado Agricultural Standard

0.04

86542

10

S OGRAM CR D CADMIUM, IN MI VE OL SS DI

R PER LITE

MRL =

MRL = 0.07

X1 DT

X10A DT

X2 DT

3 TX D

4 TX D

X5 DT

6 TX D

TX8A D

6 D

13 D

7 D1

5 D2

9 D2

30 D

X1 DT

0A X1 DT

X2 DT

3 TX D

X4 DT

5 X DT

X6 DT

A X8 DT

D6

3 D1

7 D1

5 D2

9 D2

0 D3

X1 DT

0A 1 TX D

X2 DT

X3 DT

X4 DT

5 X DT

X6 DT

A X8 DT

D6

3 D1

7 D1

5 D2

9 D2

0 D3

X1 DT

X10A DT

X2 DT

3 TX D

4 TX D

X5 DT

X6 DT

A X8 DT

D6

13 D

7 D1

5 D2

9 D2

0 D3

MONITORING WELL NUMBER MONITORING WELL NUMBER

MONITORING WELL NUMBER

8060402010

100

120

LVED ARSENIC, IN MICROGRAMS SSO DI

PER LITER

MRL = 1

Colorado Agricultural Standard

Colorado Human Health Standard

0.8

80604020

100120

S LVED CHROMIUM, IN MICROGRAM SSO DI

R LITE PER

Colorado Human Health and Agricultural Standards

MRL=

Figure 11. Distribution of ground-water data collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, compared to regulatory standards for selected constituents, 2001.

Data Section 29
30 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

or 0.01

8642

1210

 MONITORING WELL NUMBER

DISSOLVED MERCURY, IN 

R MICROGRAMS PER LITE

Colorado Agricultural StandardColorado Human Health Standard

MRL= 0.23

0

800600400200

1,2001,000

MONITORING WELL NUMBER

LVED COPPER, IN MICROGRAMS SSO DI

PER LITER

Colorado Human Health Standard

Colorado Agricultural Standard

MRL= 0.23

0.08

8060504020

100120

MONITORING WELL NUMBER

S OGRAM CR D LEAD, IN MI VE OL SS DI

PER LITER

Colorado Agricultural Standard

Colorado Human Health Standard

MRL=

0.02

8642

141210

MONITORING WELL NUMBER

(No Colorado Standards)

OGRAMS CR BDENUM, IN MI ED MOLY OLV SS DI

R LITE PER

MRL=

X1 DT

X10A DT

X2 DT

X3 DT

X4 DT

X5 DT

6 TX D

A X8 DT

D6

13 D

7 D1

5 D2

9 D2

30 D

X1 DT

X10A DT

X2 DT

3 TX D

4 TX D

5 X DT

X6 DT

A X8 DT

D6

3 D1

7 D1

5 D2

9 D2

0 D3

X1 DT

X10A DT

X2 DT

X3 DT

X4 DT

X5 DT

X6 DT

A X8 DT

D6

3 D1

7 D1

5 D2

9 D2

0 D3

X1 DT

X10A DT

X2 DT

X3 DT

X4 DT

X5 DT

X6 DT

A X8 DT

D6

3 D1

7 D1

5 D2

9 D2

0 D3

Figure 11. Distribution of ground-water data collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, compared to regulatory standards for selected constituents, 2001.—Continued
0.06

50

250200150100

MRL=

MONITORING WELL NUMBER

S OGRAM CR ED NICKEL, IN MI OLV SS DI

PER LITER Colorado Human Health Standard

Colorado Agricultural Standard

2.4

52504232222012

MRL=

MONITORING WELL NUMBER

S OGRAM CR ED SELENIUM, IN MI OLV SS DI

PER LITER

Colorado Human Health Standard

Colorado Agricultural Standard

1,000

2,0003,0004,0005,0006,000

MRL= 1

MONITORING WELL NUMBER

S OGRAM CR ED ZINC IN, MI OLV SS DI

PER LITER

Colorado Human Health Standard

Colorado Agricultural Standard

X1 DT

X10A DT

X2 DT

X3 DT

4 TX D

X5 DT

6 X DT

A X8 DT

D6

13 D

7 D1

5 D2

9 D2

0 D3

X1 DT

X10A DT

X2 DT

X3 DT

X4 DT

5 TX D

X6 DT

8A X DT

D6

3 D1

7 D1

5 D2

9 D2

0 D3

X1 DT

0A X1 DT

X2 DT

X3 DT

X4 DT

X5 DT

X6 DT

8A X DT

D6

3 D1

17 D

5 D2

29 D

0 D3

Figure 11. Distribution of ground-water data collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, compared to regulatory standards for selected constituents, 2001.—Continued

Data Section 31
32 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

Figure 12. Ground-water concentrations near Deer Trail, Colorado, for selected constituents and selected wells, 1999-2001. (MRL, minimum reporting limit.)

ARSENIC

�����

876543210

����������

������������������������������������

���������

�������������������������������������������������������

����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

���������������������������������������������������

��������������������������

������������������������������������������������������������������������������

���������������

���������������

�����������

�����������

�����������

���������������������������������

���������

��

�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

������������������������ �� �� ����

����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

����������� ��

��������

��

�������������������������� � �� �� ��

�������

���� ��� ���� ��� ��� ���� ���� ��� ��� ���� ����

���� ���� ����

���� ��� ���� ��� ��� ���� ���� ��� ��� ���� ����

���� ���� ����

���� ��� ���� ��� ��� ���� ���� ��� ��� ���� ����

���� ���� ����

���� ��� ���� ��� ��� ���� ���� ��� ��� ���� ����

���� ���� ����

��������������������

��������
Figure 12. Ground-water concentrations near Deer Trail, Colorado, for selected constituents and selected wells, 1999-2001. (MRL, minimum reporting limit.)—Continued

����

0

908070605040302010

C, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITERNZI

86420

16141210

����������

IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER �� MOLYBDENUM

������

0

80604020

120100

IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER �� COPPER

D6, value greater than MRL

D6, value greater  than MRL

D25, value greater than MRL

D25, value greater  than MRLDTX1, value greater  than MRL

D17, value greater  than MRLD17, value less  than MRL

June Mar Sept Dec Mar June Sept Dec Mar June Sept

1999 2000 2001

June Mar Sept Dec Mar June Sept Dec Mar June Sept

1999 2000 2001

June Mar Sept Dec Mar June Sept Dec Mar June Sept

1999 2000 2001

�����������

����������� �����������

Data Section 33
3

4 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 [All information provided by Metro Wastewater Reclamation District; DC, destination code (shown in fig. 2); Legal description is of the form quarter-section section township range CAKE, Grade I Class B biosolids; MAC, biosolids ammended with wood fiber; lbs/Ac, pounds per acre; Y, yes; N, no; O/GR, oats and grass] DC Code Legal Description Area Applied To, Acres METROGRO Product Start Date Stop Date Total Loads Total Wet Tons Total Dry Tons Nitrogen Loading Rate lbs/Ac Crop Reclamation Project Cake MAC 306 N 1/2 SEC 20 T5S R58W 106.6 CAKE/MAC 02/15/01 04/23/01 58 1283.11 266.5 1.93 0.57 62 WHEAT N 306 N 1/2 SEC 20 T5S R58W 117 CAKE/MAC 08/13/01 09/08/01 41 879.19 173.24 1.18 0.30 32 PASTURE N 306 N 1/2 SEC 20 T5S R58W 106 CAKE/MAC 11/26/01 12/17/01 67 1362.16 230.65 2.03 0.14 62 WHEAT N 307 S 1/2 SEC 20 T5S R58W 92.1 CAKE 03/14/01 03/31/01 52 1167.31 208.52 2.27 0.00 63 WHEAT N 307 S 1/2 SEC 20 T5S R58W 139 CAKE/MAC 08/13/01 09/11/01 49 1063.52 212.68 1.27 0.25 36 PASTURE N 310 N 1/2 SEC 22 T5S R58W 235.5 CAKE 11/29/01 12/02/01 86 1878.23 299.15 1.27 0.00 38 WHEAT N 311 S 1/2 SEC 22 T5S R58W 233.2 CAKE/MAC 12/02/01 12/12/01 85 1895.72 317.3 1.30 0.06 39 WHEAT N 313 S 1/2 SEC 28 T5S R58W 96 CAKE 09/19/01 09/22/01 40 873.47 151.74 1.58 0.00 43 WHEAT N 314 N 1/2 SEC 29 T5S R58W 48.8 CAKE/MAC 02/19/01 03/13/01 38 867.9 165.82 3.07 0.31 89 WHEAT N 318 N 1/2 SEC 33 T5S R58W 78.7 CAKE 09/19/01 09/21/01 33 721.26 125.02 1.59 0.00 43 WHEAT N 323 S 1/2 SEC 3 T6S R58W 230.6 CAKE/MAC 12/26/00 01/04/01 184 4144 683 2.83 0.13 82 WHEAT N 333 N 1/2 SEC 16 T4S R58W 310 CAKE/MAC 12/17/01 12/30/01 209 4729.81 837.57 2.45 0.25 70 WHEAT N 340 W 1/2 SEC 9 T4S R58W 258.4 CAKE/MAC 10/06/00 06/20/01 99 2207.24 487.04 1.21 0.67 41 WHEAT N 341 N 1/2 SEC 8 T4S R58W 120.2 CAKE/MAC 11/07/01 12/18/01 26 581.72 123.34 0.74 0.28 24 WHEAT N 347 N 1/2 SEC 22 T4S R58W 160 CAKE/MAC 09/21/01 12/15/01 35 763.18 139.86 0.77 0.10 22 WHEAT N 348 S 1/2 SEC 22 T4S R58W 160 CAKE/MAC 12/11/01 12/14/01 36 767.8 137.21 0.76 0.10 22 WHEAT N 353 N 1/2 SEC 27 T4S R58W 280 CAKE 09/22/01 10/04/01 141 3043.57 517.5 1.85 0.00 51 WHEAT N 354 S 1/2 SEC 27 T4S R58W 280 CAKE 10/01/01 10/12/01 193 4359.38 734.16 2.62 0.00 67 WHEAT N 359 N 1/2 SEC 4 T5S R58W 290 CAKE/MAC 01/03/01 01/20/01 231 5262.24 871.01 2.84 0.16 78 WHEAT N 360 S 1/2 SEC 4 T5S R58W 145 CAKE/MAC 12/30/00 01/19/01 116 2564.07 443.56 2.75 0.30 77 WHEAT N 361 N 1/2 SEC 3 T5S R58W 25.8 CAKE/MAC 01/24/01 01/30/01 23 511.53 121.81 2.98 1.74 108 WHEAT N 361 N 1/2 SEC 3 T5S R58W 220.3 CAKE 10/12/01 10/17/01 111 2454.08 427.99 1.94 0.00 52 WHEAT N 362 S 1/2 SEC 3 T5S R58W 100.3 CAKE/MAC 01/27/01 02/02/01 75 1649.34 304.97 2.73 0.31 88 WHEAT N 362 S 1/2 SEC 3 T5S R58W 179 CAKE 10/18/01 10/24/01 115 2561.56 436.17 2.44 0.00 66 WHEAT N

363 N 1/2 SEC 9 T5S R58W 81.3 CAKE/MAC 01/20/01 01/24/01 67 1526.49 263.42 3.05 0.18 80 WHEAT N364 S 1/2 SEC 9 T5S R58W 145.9 CAKE/MAC 01/21/01 01/26/01 62 1405.33 247.73 1.60 0.10 48 WHEAT N365 N 1/2 SEC 10 T5S R58W 139.8 CAKE/MAC 01/25/01 02/09/01 109 2400.57 455.29 2.70 0.55 89 WHEAT N366 S 1/2 SEC 10 T5S R58W 127.5 CAKE/MAC 02/02/01 02/10/01 105 2299.27 421.04 2.83 0.47 93 WHEAT N411 S 1/2 SEC 2 T6S R57W 350 CAKE/MAC 02/10/01 05/09/01 263 5866.74 1103.28 2.75 0.40 81 WHEAT N414 N 1/2 SEC 12 T6S R58W 105 CAKE 07/23/01 07/27/01 72 1627.17 278.67 2.66 0.00 70 WHEAT N415 S 1/2 SEC 12 T6S R58W 92 CAKE 07/14/01 07/17/01 65 1469.63 262.66 2.86 0.00 75 WHEAT N416 N 1/2 SEC 7 T6S R57W 188.79 CAKE 07/18/01 07/23/01 121 2694.39 480.48 2.54 0.00 68 WHEAT N417 S 1/2 SEC 7 T6S R57W 205 CAKE 07/12/01 07/18/01 45 994.14 176.38 0.86 0.00 22 WHEAT N418 N 1/2 SEC 8 T6S R57W 242 CAKE/MAC 03/21/01 09/05/01 98 2227.92 474.55 1.52 0.44 44 WHEAT N419 S 1/2 SEC 8 T6S R57W 255 CAKE 06/29/01 07/08/01 175 3966.4 686.68 2.69 0.00 70 WHEAT N420 N 1/2 SEC 9 T6S R57W 290 CAKE/MAC 10/31/01 12/11/01 196 4414.75 774.27 2.44 0.22 72 WHEAT N421 S 1/2 SEC 9 T6S R57W 240.6 CAKE 09/07/01 09/19/01 155 3495.13 605.42 2.51 0.00 66 WHEAT N430 N 1/2 SEC 18 T6S R57W 139 CAKE 07/10/01 07/12/01 51 1168.51 209.03 1.50 0.00 39 WHEAT N431 S 1/2 SEC 18 T6S R57W 221.33 CAKE 07/31/01 08/07/01 152 3366.84 577.47 2.61 0.00 66 WHEAT N432 N 1/2 SEC 17 T6S R57W 157 CAKE 07/08/01 07/10/01 36 821.22 144.87 0.92 0.00 40 WHEAT N433 S 1/2 SEC 17 T6S R57W 207 CAKE 08/07/01 08/20/01 142 3217.99 564.93 2.73 0.00 71 WHEAT N434 N 1/2 SEC 16 T6S R57W 190 CAKE/MAC 10/26/01 11/02/01 130 2919.71 489.84 2.48 0.09 71 WHEAT N435 S 1/2 SEC 16 T6S R57W 47.7 CAKE 10/24/01 10/26/01 33 733.32 122.52 2.58 0.00 73 WHEAT N458 N 1/2 SEC 30 T6S R57W 106.2 CAKE/MAC 01/04/99 09/07/01 350 7781.53 1534.92 11.80 2.66 329 O/GR Y459 S 1/2 SEC 30 T6S R57W 112.5 CAKE/MAC 01/04/99 08/28/01 389 8644.99 1500.39 13.12 0.21 319 O/GR Y460 N 1/2 SEC 29 T6S R57W 20 CAKE 01/11/99 08/29/01 28 611.98 103.09 5.15 0.00 139 O/GR Y461 S 1/2 SEC 29 T6S R57W 23.9 CAKE/MAC 01/09/99 08/24/01 76 1696.32 294.27 11.72 0.59 300 O/GR Y

Table 1. Biosolids applications by Metro Wastewater Reclamation District to the study area near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.

Loading Rate, Dry

Tons per Acre 
������� ������������������� ������ � �������������������������

������� ��������� ������ � �����������������������

������� ����� �������� ��������������

������ ��������� ������ � �����������������������

������ ����� �������� �������������

���� ��������� ������ �����������������������

���� ����� �������� �������������

������� ������������������� ����� � �������������������������

���������� ��������� ����� � �����������������������

���������� ����� ������� � ��������������

������ ��������� ����� � �����������������������

������ ����� ������� � �������������

�������� �������������������� ������� �������������������������

���� ��������� ������ �����������������������

���� ����� ������� � �������������

������������������ ������������������� ������������������� ����������������

������������������ ������������������� ������������������� ����������������

�������������������� ������������������� ������������������� ������������������������������������������

������������������������ ������������������� ������������������� �������������������������������������������

�

�

�

�

�������� Methods used to analyze biosolids and soil samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.

����������

�������� ������

����������

������ ���������

��������������������������������������������������

���������������������������������������������

��������������������������������������������������������

����������������������������������������������������������

Data Section 35
36 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 Table 3. Chemical data for biosolids samples collected at the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District during 2001. [ppm, parts per million; pCi/g, picocuries per gram; , plus or minus the analytical uncertainty; *, these data are in review because of quality-assurance issues; Maximum allowable values from Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (1998)] Maximu

m

allowable Element or property January April July October

Arsenic, pp

m 41 1.5 2.1 2.1 1.7

Cadmium, pp

m 39 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.7

Copper, pp

m 1,500 570 610 610 630

Lead, ppm 300 59 62 63 61

Mercury, pp

m 17 1.4 1.4 2.0 1.7

Molybdenum, pp

m No standard set for 21 30 28 33

Grade I, 75 for Grade II

Nickel, ppm 420 24 30 25 24Selenium, pp

m 100 8.8 7.0 12 12

Zinc, pp

m 2,800 640 670 680 700

Gross alpha, pCi/g 40 *30

± 10 *34

± 12 *54 

± 12 *49 

± 11

Gross beta, pCi/g No standard set for 24 

± 5 22 

± 5 31 ± 7 28 

± 6

Plutonium 238, pCi/g No standard set for -0.01

± 0.01 0.00

± 0.01 -0.004

± 0.019 -0.004

± 0.120

Grade I

Grade I

Plutonium 239+240, pCi/g No standard set for 0.01 

± 0.02 0.00

± 0.01 0.009

± 0.012 0.000

± 0.012

Grade I

±
������� �����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

�����

��� ��� ��� ���� ���� ����

������� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���

������ ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����

���� �� �� �� ���� �� ��

������� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����

���������� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���

������ �� �� �� �� �� ��

�������� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���

���� �� �� �� �� �� ��

����������� ����� ������

������

������

������

������������

�������������

�������������

�������������

������

������

��������������

�������������

������

������

��������������

�������������

������

������

�������������

�������������

������

������

�������������

�������������

���������� �����

���������

���

�����

���������

�������

�����

�������� U.S. Geological Survey soil data for samples collected June 11, 2001, at the Arapahoe County site and 

November 29–December 1, 2000, at the Elbert County site.

�����������

���

��������

��������

�������������

���������������

��������

��������������

����������

������������

�����

��������

�������������

����������

�����

��������������

���������������

�����

��������������

������

����������

������������

�����

��������������

���������������

����� �����

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ � ����������������������������

������������

Data Section 37
38 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

�������������������������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������� ��������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������

����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������μ������������

������������������������������������������������������������������������� μ��������������������������

Major ions and mineral characteristics

Property or constituent Units Analytical method

Method

MRL Reference

Nutrients

Trace elements

������������������������ μ����

������� �����

������������������ ����

�������������������� ����

����������������� ����

�������������������� ����

���������������������������������������� ����

������������������ ����

������������������� ����

������������������� ����

������������������ ����

����������������� ����

��������������������������������°� ����

������������������������������� ���� ����

���������������������������������� ����

������������������������������� ����

�������������������������������� ����

����������������������� ����

��������������������������� ����

������������������������� μ���

Table 5. Methods used to analyze ground-water samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.

����������������� ���

���

����������������������������

������������������ ����� ����������������������������

��� ���� ��������������

��������������

��������������

��� �����

��� ����

�� ���� ���������������������������

����������������������� ���������������������������

��

��

���� ���������������������������

���� ���������������������������

�������������������������������

������������

��� ����������������������������

����������������������������� ���� ����������������������������

���

��� ���� ��������������

����������� ��

�

���������������������������

�������������������������

���������������������������

����� ��������������

�����������������������������

���������������

����� ��������������

�������������������������������

������������

�������������������������������

������������

�������������������������������

������������

�������������������������������

������������

��� �������������������������

�������������������������

�������������������������

�������������������������

���

����

����

������ �

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

������

���

�����

������������������

�������������

��������������

�������������

� �������������

� �������������

� �������������

� �������������

� �������������

� �������������

� ��������������

�� �������������������������

�������������������

�

� ��������������������������

��������������

����������

������������������������� μ���

������������������������ μ���

����������������������� μ���

�������������������������� μ���

���������������� �� � μ���

������������������������ μ���

������������������������� μ���

����������������������� μ���

����������������������� μ���

��������������������� μ���

��������������������� μ���
�������������������������� μ���

������������������������ μ���

��������������������������� μ���

����������������������� μ���

������������������������� μ���

����������������������� μ���

�������������������������� μ���

��������������������� μ���

��������������������������� μ���

������������������������ �����

���������������������������� �����

������������������

������������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������� ����������� ��

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������

����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������μ������������

������������������������������������������������������������������������� μ��������������������������

Property or constituent Units Analytical method

Method

MRL Reference

Table 5. �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�������������

�����

������

������

������

������

���

������

������

������������������

� �������������

���� ���������������������������

� �������������

� �������������

��� ��������������������������

� �������������

� ��������������

� �������������

� �������������

����

����

�������������

�������������

����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�������������������������������������������������������� ����������������

Data Section 39
40 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ���������� Information for U.S. Geological Survey monitoring wells near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001. DTX1 ������ ������� �������� �������� ���� ����� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ����� ����� � DTX2* ������ ������� �������� �������� ���� ����� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ����� ����� � DTX3 ������ ������� ������ �������� ���� ����� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ����� ����� � DTX4 ������ ������� ������ �������� ���� ����� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ����� ����� � DTX5* ������ ������� ������ �������� ���� ����� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ����� ����� � DTX6 ������ ������� ������ ������� ���� ����� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ����� ����� � ���� ������ ������� �������� �������� ���� ����� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ����� ����� � DTX8

A ������ ������� �������� ������� ���� ����� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ����� ����� �

����� ������ ������� �������� ������� ���� ������ ������ ������ ���� ����� ���� ����� ����� �

����� ������ ������� �������� �������� ���� ����� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ����� ��������� �

DTX10A* ������ ������� �������� ������� ���� ����� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ����� ��������� �

������ ������ ������� �������� ������� ���� ������ ������ ������ ���� ����� ���� ����� ��������� �

������ ������ ������� �������� �������� ���� �� �� �� ���� ����� ���� ����� ��������� �

D6 ������ ������� �������� �������� ���� �� �� �� �� ����� ��� �������� ����� ����� ������ ������� ������ �������� ���� ������ ������ ������ �� ����� ����� ����� ����� �D13 ������ ������� �������� ������� ���� �� � �� �� ����� ��� �������� ����� �

D17 ������ ������� ������ ������� ���� �� �� �� �� ����� ��� �������� ����� �

D25* ������ ������� �������� ������� ���� �� �� �� �� ����� ��� �������� ����� �

D29 ������ ������� �������� ������� ���� ������ ������ ������ �� ����� ����� ����� ����� �

D30 ������ ������� �������� ������� ���� �� � �� �� ����� ��� �������� ����� �

��������������������������������������������

���� �������� ��������� ������

����

�������

�������

������

������

������

������

������

���������������

��������

�����

����

������

������

�����

������������

�����

������

����

��������

��������

�����

�����

�����

����

���

�����

����

������

�����

����

�����������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Table 7. Monthly water-level data for U.S. Geological Survey monitoring wells near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.

Well 

January

(01/06/01)

W.L. bmp, 

Et1

February

(02/06/01) 

W.L. bmp,

Et1

March 

(03/05/01)

W.L. bmp, 

Et1

April 

(04/02/01)

W.L. bmp, 

Et1

May 

(05/11/01) 

W.L. bmp,

Et1

June

(06/06/01) 

W.L. bmp,

Et1

July

(07/04/01)

W.L. bmp,

Et1

August 

(08/02/02 - 

08/10/01) 

W.L. bmp,

Et1

September

(09/06/01) 

W.L. bmp, 

Et2, ST

October 

(10/04/01)

W.L. bmp,

Et3, Et2

November

(11/02/01)

W.L. bmp, 

Et3

December

(12/06/01)

W.L. bmp,

Et3

DTX1 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.44 6.80 7.71 8.25 8.25 8.26 8.49 8.58 8.58

DTX2* 8.33 8.19 7.95 7.69 7.04 7.62 8.43 9.24 9.44 9.35 9.07 8.78

DTX3 10.54 10.72 10.89 11.02 9.93 10.20 10.53 10.04 10.53 10.78 10.92 11.07

DTX4 12.82 12.92 13.01 13.06 6.13 8.56 10.54 11.73 11.69 13.18 13.43 13.47DTX5* 12.00 12.07 12.22 12.12 7.36 9.89 10.81 11.54 11.98 12.23 12.27 12.24DTX6 22.69 22.75 22.80 22.63 21.05 21.02 21.47 21.58 21.73 21.98 22.18 22.33DTX7 8.13 7.98 7.94 7.75 6.12 6.84 7.51 7.74 8.48 8.63 8.35 8.10

DTX8A 8.50 8.32 8.28 8.04 5.97 7.16 8.24 8.54 9.37 9.54 9.27 8.58

DTX8B 4.77 4.74 4.79 4.66 4.50 4.62 4.72 4.76 4.88 4.89 4.93 4.80DTX9* 12.89 12.88 12.99 12.90 12.00 11.94 12.18 12.43 12.48 12.59 12.68 12.69

DTX10A* 13.11 13.14 13.21 13.09 11.78 11.96 12.42 12.70 12.74 12.83 12.91 12.95DTX10B 18.32 18.23 18.24 18.08 17.72 17.93 18.14 18.35 18.42 18.53 18.56 18.51DTX11* 13.22 13.22 13.31 13.22 12.35 12.29 12.52 12.76 12.81 12.93 13.01 13.02D6 9.23 9.42 9.40 9.16 7.36 6.31 7.21 8.03 8.45 7.98 9.36 9.45

D9 57.75 57.78 57.84 57.75 57.88 57.85 57.80 57.74 57.53 57.57 57.57 57.50

D11a 112.92 112.91 113.15 112.92 113.31 113.13 113.04 113.00 112.53 112.85 112.92 112.84

D13 7.42 7.25 7.08 6.55 4.55 6.04 7.13 7.32 7.47 7.72 7.50 7.06

D17 12.34 12.27 12.18 12.10 11.06 10.76 10.87 11.08 11.12 11.27 11.37 11.45

D19 20.94 21.02 21.11 21.16 21.21 21.18 21.22 21.24 21.13 21.17 21.18 21.19D25* 9.41 9.51 9.57 9.49 6.81 7.38 8.35 8.56 9.28 9.71 9.92 10.00D29 154.14 154.18 154.54 154.03 154.63 154.36 154.46 154.44 154.45 154.10 154.24 154.12

D30 4.33 4.31 4.31 4.23 3.57 4.31 4.73 4.59 4.85 4.97 4.79 4.32

[Et1, Solinst electric tape; Et2, Slope Indicator electric tape; Et3, Keck electric tape; ST, steel tape; *, Data Collection Platform or Electronic Data Logger continuous-recorder 

site; W.L. bmp, water level below measuring point, in feet] 

Data Section 41
42 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 Table 8. Water-quality data for monitoring wells near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.

[μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; oC, degrees Celsius 

ND, no data available; E, value estimated by laboratory; M, presence of material verified but not quantified; --, no sample submitted;analytical uncertainty is the 2-sigma precision estimate calculated by the laboratory as a combined standard analytical uncertainty]

Site

number

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Sample time

(hhmm)

Specific

conductance, field

(μS/cm) 

pH, field

(standard

units)

Water 

temperature 

(  ̊C)

Water level

before

sampling, depth

below

measuring

point (feet) 

dissolved

(mg/L)

Air 

temperature

(  ̊C)

Specific

conductance, lab

(μS/cm) 

pH, WH, 

laboratory

(standard

units)

Hardness, total

(mg/L as

CaCO3)

DTX1 01/05/01 1000 4,000 7.2 12.0 9.60 0.6 9 4,160 7.3 2,000

DTX1 04/09/01 0945 4,200 7.0 10.0 9.45 .6 11 4,100 7.3 2,100

DTX1 07/11/01 1635 4,300 7.1 11.0 8.38 .7 28 3,990 7.3 2,000

DTX1 10/12/01 0950 4,000 7.0 11.0 8.52 1.4 6 4,060 7.3 2,000

DTX2 01/05/01 1215 4,200 7.0 12.0 5.31 .8 18 4,380 7.1 2,100

DTX2 04/09/01 1120 4,500 6.8 10.0 7.78 .8 15 4,330 7.1 2,100

DTX2 07/13/01 1150 4,400 6.8 12.0 8.70 1.2 31 4,180 7.1 2,100

DTX2 10/12/01 1130 4,200 6.8 11.0 9.23 2.1 7 4,270 7.1 2,100

DTX3 01/04/01 1005 2,100 6.9 11.0 10.50 4.6 10 2,160 7.3 1,100

DTX3 04/05/01 1020 2,100 6.8 9.0 11.03 6.0 17 2,140 7.2 1,100

DTX3 07/10/01 1430 2,200 6.9 13.0 10.60 5.6 33 2,070 7.3 1,000

DTX3 10/10/01 1340 1,800 6.8 9.0 10.81 N

D 14 1,700 7.3 760

DTX4 01/04/01 1210 3,100 6.8 12.0 12.75 3.4 17 3,200 7.0 1,800

DTX4 04/05/01 1200 3,100 6.8 12.0 13.07 7.4 19 3,130 7.1 1,900

DTX4 07/11/01 1430 2,900 6.8 12.0 10.87 1.2 36 2,680 7.1 1,400

DTX4 10/11/01 1530 3,100 6.9 16.0 13.26 ND 14 -- -- 1,800

DTX5 01/04/01 1430 3,000 6.9 11.0 11.94 1.0 18 3,050 7.2 1,600

DTX5 04/05/01 1335 3,200 6.8 10.0 12.15 1.6 26 3,140 7.2 1,700

DTX5 07/12/01 1240 2,900 6.8 12.0 11.02 .8 32 2,770 7.2 1,600

DTX5 10/11/01 1430 2,900 6.8 13.0 12.19 .8 21 2,840 7.1 1,600

DTX6 01/08/01 1040 4,100 7.2 12.0 22.69 1.4 3 4,310 7.2 2,400

DTX6 04/06/01 1020 4,300 6.9 13.0 22.60 1.5 18 4,330 7.2 2,300

DTX6 07/12/01 1420 4,600 6.9 14.0 21.57 2.3 4,270 7.2 2,300

DTX6 10/11/01 1300 4,300 6.9 13.0 22.02 1.3 23 4,260 7.1 2,300

DTX8

A 01/05/01 1445 1,840 7.5 15.0 8.49 3.4 19 1,920 7.5 470

DTX8

A 04/06/01 1420 1,900 7.3 15.0 8.02 5.4 24 1,910 7.6 500

DTX8

A 07/11/01 1230 2,000 7.4 15.0 8.43 1.4 31 1,900 7.6 510

DTX8

A 10/12/01 1400 1,900 7.4 13.0 9.46 .4 15 1,900 7.5 490

Oxygen, 
�μ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ μ����������������������������������������� ��������������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Site

number

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Sample time

(hhmm)

Specific

conductance, field

(μS/cm) 

pH, field

(standard

units)

Water 

temperature 

(  ̊C)

Water level

before

sampling, depth

below

measuring

point (feet) 

dissolved 

(mg/L)

Air 

temperature

(  ̊C)

Specific

conductance, lab

(μS/cm) 

pH, WH, 

laboratory

(standard

units)

Hardness, total

(mg/L as

CaCO3)

Oxygen, 

Table 8. Water-quality data for monitoring wells near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ����� ��� �� ����� ��� �����

������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ����� ��� ����� ��� ����������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ����� ��� �� ����� ��� ����������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ����� ��� � ����� ��� �����

�� �������� ���� ������ ��� ���� ���� �� ������ ��� �����

�� �������� ���� ������ ��� ���� ���� �� �� ������ ��� ������� �������� ���� ������ ��� ���� ���� ��� �� ������ ��� ������

�� �������� ���� ������ ��� ��� ���� �� �� ������ ��� ������

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ��� �� ����� ��� ���

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� �� � ����� ��� ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ���� �� �� ����� ��� ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ���� �� � ����� ��� ���

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� ����� �� �� ��� ��� ���

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� ����� �� �� ��� ��� ���

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� ����� �� �� ��� ��� ���

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� ����� �� �� ��� ��� ���

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ���� �� �� ����� ��� �����

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� �� � ����� ��� �������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ���� �� �� ����� ��� �������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ���� �� � ����� ��� �����

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ������ ��� �� ����� ��� �����

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ������ ��� �� ����� ��� �����

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ������ ��� �� ����� ��� �����

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ������ �� �� ����� ��� �����

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ���� �� �� ����� ��� �����

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� �� �� ����� ��� �����

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ���� �� �� ����� ��� �����

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ���� �� �� ����� ��� ����� Data Section 4

3
44 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

�μ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ μ����������������������������������������� ��������������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Site

number

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Sample time

(hhmm)

Calcium,

dissolved

(mg/L as Ca)

Magnesium,

dissolved

(mg/L as Mg)

Potassium,

dissolved

(mg/L as K)

Sodium

adsorption

ratio

Sodium,

dissolved

(mg/L as Na)

Sodium

(percent)

Acid neutralizing

capacity, titration

to pH 4.5, lab

(mg/L as CaCO3)

Chloride,

dissolved

(mg/L as Cl)

Fluoride,

dissolved

(mg/L as F)

Silica, 

dissolved

(mg/L as SlO2)

Table 8. Water-quality data for monitoring wells near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

���� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� ��� �������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� �������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� �������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� �������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� �������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� �������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� �������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� �������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� �������� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ���� �� ��� ���� �� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ���

���� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ��� �� � ���� �� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ��� �� ��� ��� �� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ��� �� ��� ��� �� �������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� �������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� �������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� �������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

����

� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

����

� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

����

� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

����

� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����
�μ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ μ����������������������������������������� ��������������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Site

number

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Sample time

(hhmm)

Calcium,

dissolved

(mg/L as Ca)

Magnesium,

dissolved

(mg/L as Mg)

Potassium,

dissolved

(mg/L as K)

Sodium

adsorption

ratio

Sodium,

dissolved

(mg/L as Na)

Sodium

(percent)

Acid neutralizing

capacity, titration

to pH 4.5, lab

(mg/L as CaCO3)

Chloride,

dissolved

(mg/L as Cl)

Fluoride,

dissolved

(mg/L as F)

Silica, 

dissolved

(mg/L as SlO2)

Table 8. Water-quality data for monitoring wells near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

������ �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� ��� ����

������ �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

������ �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ���������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� ��� ����

�� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� � ����� �� ��� ��� �� ����

�� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� � ����� �� ��� ��� �� ����

�� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� � ����� �� ��� ��� �� ����

�� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� � ����� �� ��� ��� �� ����

��� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ����

��� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� ��� ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ������� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ������� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ������� �������� ���� ���� ���� ���� ��� ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ����

��� �������� ���� ���� ���� ���� ��� ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ������� �������� ���� ���� ���� ���� ��� ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ������� �������� ���� ���� ���� ���� ��� ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� ��� ����

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� ��� ����

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ��� �� ����

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� ��� ����

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ��� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����

Data Section 45
46 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

�μ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ μ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Site

number

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Sample time

(hhmm)

Sulfate,

dissolved

(mg/L as SO4)

Nitrogen

ammonia

plus organic,

dissolved

(mg/L as N)

Nitrogen

ammonia plus

organic, total

(mg/L as N)

Nitrogen

ammonia,

dissolved

(mg/L as N)

Nitrogen plus

nitrate,

dissolved

(mg/L as N)

Phosphorus,

dissolved

(mg/L as P)

Phosphorus,

total

(mg/L as P)

Solids,

residue on

evaporation at

180 ̊C, 

dissolved 

(mg/L)

Dissolved

solids, sum of

constituents

(mg/L)

Aluminum,

dissolved

(μg/L as Al)

Table 8. Water-quality data for monitoring wells near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

���� �������� ���� ����� ���� ���� ������� ���� ����� ����� ����� ����� �

���� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� �������� ���� ���� ���� ����� ����� ���

���� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� �������� ���� ���� ���� ����� ����� ������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ������� ���� ���� �������� ����� ����� ������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� �������� �������� �������� ����� ����� ������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� �������� �������� �������� ����� ����� ������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� �������� �������� �������� ����� ����� ������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� ������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ��� �������� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� ������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ��� �������� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� ������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ��� �������� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� ������� �������� ���� ��� ��� ��� �������� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� ������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ������� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� ������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ������� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� �

���� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� �������� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� ���

���� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� �������� �������� �������� ����� ����� ���

���� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� �������� �������� �������� ����� ����� ����� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ������� �������� �������� �������� ����� ����� ����� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ������� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� ���

���� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ������� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� ������� �������� ���� ����� ������ ��� �������� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� �

���� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� �������� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� ����� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� �������� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� ���

���� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ������� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� ���

����

� �������� ���� ��� ��� ��� ���� �������� �������� �������� ����� ����� �

����

� �������� ���� ��� ��� ��� ���� �������� �������� �������� ����� ����� �

����

� �������� ���� ��� ��� ��� ���� �������� �������� �������� ����� ����� �

����

� �������� ���� ��� ��� ��� ���� ���� �������� �������� ����� ����� �
�μ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ μ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Site

number

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Sample time

(hhmm)

Sulfate,

dissolved

(mg/L as SO4)

Nitrogen

ammonia

plus organic,

dissolved

(mg/L as N)

Nitrogen

ammonia plus

organic, total

(mg/L as N)

Nitrogen

ammonia,

dissolved

(mg/L as N)

Nitrogen plus

nitrate,

dissolved

(mg/L as N)

Phosphorus,

dissolved

(mg/L as P)

Phosphorus,

total

(mg/L as P)

Solids,

residue on

evaporation at

180 ̊C, 

dissolved 

(mg/L)

Dissolved

solids, sum of

constituents

(mg/L)

Aluminum,

dissolved

(μg/L as Al)

Table 8. Water-quality data for monitoring wells near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ������� ������� ������� ����� ����� ���

������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� �������� ������� ������� ����� ����� ���

������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ������� ������� ������� ����� ����� ��������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ���� ������� ������� ����� ����� ���

�� �������� ���� ������ ��� ��� ���� ���� ������� ������� ������ ������ �

�� �������� ���� ������ ��� ��� ���� ���� ������� ������� ������ ������ ��� �������� ���� ������ ��� ��� ���� ���� ������� ������� ������ ������ ���

�� �������� ���� ������ ��� ��� ���� ���� ������� ������� ������ ������ ���

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ��� ������� ������� ������� ������� ����� ����� ���

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ��� �������� ������� ������� ������� ����� ����� ���

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ��� �������� ������� ������� ������� ����� ����� ������ �������� ���� ��� ��� ��� ���� ���� ������� ������� ����� ����� ������ �������� ���� ���� ��� ������ �������� ���� ���� ���� ��� ��� ������ �������� ���� ���� ������ ������ �������� ���� ���� ���� ��� ��� ������ �������� ���� ���� ������ ��� �������� ���� ���� ���� ��� ��� ������ �������� ���� ���� ������ ������ �������� ���� ���� ���� ��� ��� ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ������� ���� ���� ���� ����� ����� ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ������� ���� ���� ���� ����� ����� ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ������� ���� ���� ���� ����� ����� ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ����� � ���� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ������� ������� ���� ����� ����� ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ������� ������� ���� ����� ����� ���� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ������� ������� ������� ����� ����� ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ���� ������� ���� ����� ����� ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ������� ������� ������� ����� ����� ���� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ������� ������� ������� ����� ����� ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ������� ������� ������� ����� ����� ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���� ���� ������� ������� ����� ����� ��� Data Section 4

7
48 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

�μ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ μ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Site

number

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Sample time

(hhmm)

Antimony,

dissolved

(μg/L as Sb)

Arsenic,

dissolved

(μg/L as As)

Barium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Ba)

Beryllium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Be)

Boron,

dissolved

(μg/L as B)

Bromide,

dissolved

(mg/L as Br)

Cadmium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Cd)

Chromium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Cr)

Cobalt,

dissolved

(μg/L as Co)

Copper,

dissolved

(μg/L as Cu)

Iron,

dissolved

(μg/L as Fe)

Table 8. Water-quality data for monitoring wells near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

���� �������� ���� ���� ����� ��� ������ ��� ���� ���� ��� ���� ��� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ����� ��� ������� ��� ��� ��� ����� ��� ��� ����

���� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ������� ��� ��� ����� �� ��� ���� ����

���� �������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ������� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ���� ��� ���

���� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ���� ��� ���

���� �������� ���� ����� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ���� ���� ���

���� �������� ���� ����� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ���� ���� ������� �������� ���� ����� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ��� ��� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ��� ��� ����

���� �������� ���� ����� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ��� ��� ����

���� �������� ���� ����� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ��� ��� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ��� ����� ���� ��� �������� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���� ���� ����

���� �������� ���� ����� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� �� ��� ��� ����

���� �������� ���� ���� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ���� ��� ���

���� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ���� ��� ������� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ���� ���� ��

���� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ���� ��� ����

���� �������� ���� ���� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���� ���� ��

���� �������� ���� ��� ����� ��� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ��� ��� ����

���� �������� ���� ��� ����� ��� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ��� ���� ����

���� �������� ���� ���� ����� ��� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ��� ���� �������� �������� ���� ���� ����� ��� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ��� ���� ����

����

� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ��� ��� ���

����

� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ��� ��� ���

����

� �������� ���� ���� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ��� ��� ���

����

� �������� ���� ���� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ��� ��� ���
�μ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ μ�������������������������������������������������������������

���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Site

number

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Sample time

(hhmm)

Antimony,

dissolved

(μg/L as Sb)

Arsenic,

dissolved

(μg/L as As)

Barium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Ba)

Beryllium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Be)

Boron,

dissolved

(μg/L as B)

Bromide,

dissolved

(mg/L as Br)

Cadmium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Cd)

Chromium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Cr)

Cobalt,

dissolved

(μg/L as Co)

Copper,

dissolved

(μg/L as Cu)

Iron,

dissolved

(μg/L as Fe)

Table 8. Water-quality data for monitoring wells near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

������ �������� ���� ���� ����� ���� ������ ��� ���� ������ ����� ���� ��� �����

������ �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ������� ������ ��� ��� ����������� �������� ���� ����� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ������� ������ ��� ��� ����������� �������� ���� ����� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ������� ������ ��� ���� �����

�� �������� ���� ��� ����� ��� ������� ��� ���� ��� ������ ���� ���� �������

�� �������� ���� ��� ����� ��� ������� ��� ���� ��� ������ ���� ���� ��������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ����� ������� ��� ���� ������ ������ ���� ���� ��������� �������� ���� ����� ���� ����� ������� ��� ���� ������ ������ ���� ��� �������

��� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� �� ��� ������ ������ ��� ��� �����

��� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� �� ��� ������ ������ ��� ��� ���� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ������ �� ��� ��� ��

��� �������� ���� ����� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ������ ������ ��� ��� ��

��� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� �� ��� ������ ������ ��� �� �����

��� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� �� ��� ������ ������ ��� �� �����

��� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� �� ��� ������ ������ ��� �� �����

��� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� �� ��� ������ ������ ��� �� �����

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� ������� ��� ���� ��� ������ ���� ���� �����

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� ������� ��� ���� ��� ������ ���� ���� �����

��� �������� ���� ��� ��� ���� ������� ��� ���� ��� ��� ���� ���� �����

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ������� ��� ���� ��� ��� ���� ���� �������� �������� ���� ����� ����� ��� ������� ��� ��� ����� ������ ���� ��� �������� �������� ���� ����� ����� ��� ������� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���� ���� �����

��� �������� ���� ����� ����� ��� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ���� ���� �����

��� �������� ���� ����� ����� ��� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ���� ���� �������� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���� ���� �����

��� �������� ���� ��� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ���� ���� �����

��� �������� ���� ����� ����� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ��� ���� ���� ���

��� �������� ���� ����� ����� ��� ������� ��� ��� ����� ������ ���� ���� ���

Data Section 49
50 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

�μ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ μ�������������������������������������������������������������

���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Site

number

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Sample time

(hhmm)

Lead,

dissolved

(μg/L as Pb)

Manganese,

dissolved

(μg/L as Mn)

Mercury,

dissolved

(μg/L as Hg)

Molybdenum,

dissolved

(μg/L as Mo)

Nickel,

dissolved

(μg/L as Ni)

Selenium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Se)

Silver,

dissolved

(μg/L as Ag)

Strontium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Sr)

Zinc,

dissolved

(μg/L as Zn)

Uranium,

natural,

dissolved

(μg/L as U)

Table 8. Water-quality data for monitoring wells near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

���� �������� ���� ������ ���� ������ ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� � ����

���� �������� ���� ������� ���� ������� ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ���� ��� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� �� �������� �������� ���� ������� ����� ������� ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� ������� ����� ������� ��� ����� ����� ����� ����� �� �������� �������� ���� ������� ����� ������� ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� ������� ����� ������� ��� ����� ����� ����� ����� �� �������� �������� ���� ������� ����� ������� �� ����� ���� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� ������� �� ������� �� ��� ���� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� ������� ���� ������� �� ����� ���� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� ������� ���� ������� �� ����� ���� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� ������� ���� ������� �� ���� ��� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� ��� ���� ������� �� ���� ����� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� �� ���� ��� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� ��� �������� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ����� ��� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� ��� ���� ������� ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� �������� ��� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� �������� ��� ������� ��� ����� ����� ����� ����� �� �������� �������� ���� �������� �� ������� �� ���� ��� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� �������� �� ������� �� ����� ����� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� �������� �� ������� �� ����� ��� ����� ����� � �������� �������� ���� �������� �� ������� �� ����� ��� ����� ����� �� ����

����

� �������� ���� ��������� ��� ������� �� ����� ����� ����� ����� � ���

����

� �������� ���� ��������� ��� ������� �� ����� ����� ����� ����� � ���

����

� �������� ���� ��������� ��� ������� �� ����� ����� ����� ����� � ���

����

� �������� ���� ��������� ��� ������� �� ����� ����� ����� ����� � ���
�μ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ μ�������������������������������������������������������������

���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Site

number

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Sample time

(hhmm)

Lead,

dissolved

(μg/L as Pb)

Manganese,

dissolved

(μg/L as Mn)

Mercury,

dissolved

(μg/L as Hg)

Molybdenum,

dissolved

(μg/L as Mo)

Nickel,

dissolved

(μg/L as Ni)

Selenium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Se)

Silver,

dissolved

(μg/L as Ag)

Strontium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Sr)

Zinc,

dissolved

(μg/L as Zn)

Uranium,

natural,

dissolved

(μg/L as U)

Table 8. Water-quality data for monitoring wells near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

������ �������� ���� ������ ��� ������ ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� � ����

������ �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ����� ����� ����� ����� � ���

������ �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ����� ����� ����� ����� � ���

������ �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ����� ����� ����� ����� �� ���

�� �������� ���� ��� ����� ������� ��� ���� ���� ����� ������ �� ���

�� �������� ���� ��� ����� ������� ��� ���� ���� ����� ������ �� ���

�� �������� ���� ��� ����� ������� ��� ���� ���� ����� ������ �� ���

�� �������� ���� ����� ����� ������� ��� ���� ���� ����� ������ �� ���

��� �������� ���� ������ ���� ������� �� ����� ����� ����� ����� � ����

��� �������� ���� ������� ���� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ��� � ������� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ����� � ������� �������� ���� ������� ���� ������� ��� ����� ����� ����� ����� � ������� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ��� ��� ����� ��� ��� ������� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ��� ��� ����� ��� ��� ������� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ��� ��� ����� ��� ��� ������� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ���� ��� ����� ��� ��� ������� �������� ���� ����� ����� ������� ���� ���� ��� ����� ����� � ������� �������� ���� ����� ����� ������� ��� ����� ����� ����� ����� �� ����

��� �������� ���� ������� ����� ������� ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� � ����

��� �������� ���� ������� ����� ������� ���� ����� ��� ����� ����� �� ����

��� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� �� ���� ��� ����� ����� � ���

��� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� �� ���

��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ������� �� ���� ����� ����� ����� �� ������ �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ��� ����� ����� ����� �� ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ������� ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� �� ������� �������� ���� ����� ��� ������� ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� �� ����

��� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ����� ����� ����� ����� �� ������� �������� ���� ������� ��� ������� ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� �� ����

Data Section 51
52 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 Table 9. Quality-control data for blank samples associated with ground-water samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.

[μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; E, value estimated by laboratory; 

M, presence of material verified but not quantified; --, no sample submitted; ND, no data available; *, low-level trace-element blank;  ̊C, degrees Celsius;

site number refers to site where sample was processed or, for DTX10A blank, site where equipment was last used]

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Sample time

(hhmm)

Site

Number

Specific

conductance, lab

(μS/cm)

Calcium,

dissolved

(mg/L as Ca)

Magnesium,

dissolved

(mg/L as Mg)

Potassium,

dissolved

(mg/L as K)

Sodium,

dissolved

(mg/L as Na)

Chloride,

dissolved

(mg/L as Cl)

pH, WH,

laboratory

(standard

units)

Acidneutralizing

capacity,

titration to

pH 4.5, lab

(mg/L as CaCO3)

Blank

type

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Fluoride,

dissolved

(mg/L as F)

Sulfate,

dissolved

(mg/L as SO4)

Nitrogen,

ammonia plus

organic,

dissolved

(mg/L as N)

Nitrogen,

ammonia plus

organic, total

(mg/L as N)

Nitrogen,

ammonia,

dissolved

(mg/L as N)

Nitrite plus

nitrate,

dissolved

(mg/L as N)

Phosphorus,

dissolved

(mg/L as P)

Phosphorus,

total

(mg/L as P)

Silica,

dissolved

(mg/L as SiO2)

Solids,

residue on

evaporation at

180  ̊C,

dissolved

(mg/L)

Blank

type

� �������� ���� ��� �� ��� ������ ������� ������ ����� � ������ �������� ���� ���� � ��� ����� ������ ����� ���� � ����� �������� ���� ������ ���� ��� ��� ������ ����� ���� � ����

�� �������� ���� ������� �� �� ��� ���� �� ������ �� ��

� �������� ���� ���� ��� ��� ����� ������ ����� ���� � ����� �������� ���� ��� � ��� ����� ������ ����� ���� � ����� �������� ���� ���� ��� ��� ����� ������ ����� ���� � ����� �������� ���� ��� � ��� ����� ������ ����� ���� � ����� �������� ���� ���� ��� ��� ����� ������ ����� ���� � ����

� �������� ����� ����� ��� ������ ������ ������� ������� ������� ������� ����� �������� ������ ������ ������ ������� ������� �������� �������� �������� �������� ����� �������� ������ ������ ������ ������� ������� �������� �������� �������� �������� ����

�� �������� �� ������� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��

� �������� ������ ������ ������ ������� ������� �������� �������� �������� �������� ����� �������� ������ ������ ������ ������� ������� �������� �������� �������� �������� ����� �������� ������ ������ ������ ������� ������� �������� �������� �������� �������� ��� �������� ������ ������ ������ �� �� �� �� �� �� ����� �������� ������ ������ ������ ������� ������� �������� ���� �������� �������� ����
Table 9. Quality-control data for blank samples associated with ground-water samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

[μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; E, value estimated by laboratory; 

M, presence of material verified but not quantified; --, no sample submitted; ND, no data available; *, low-level trace-element blank;  ̊C, degrees Celsius;

site number refers to site where sample was processed or, for DTX10A blank, site where equipment was last used]

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Aluminum,

dissolved

(μg/L as AI)

Beryllium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Be)

Barium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Ba)

Boron,

dissolved

(μg/L as B)

Bromide,

dissolved

(μg/L as Br)

Cadmium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Cd)

Chromium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Cr)

Cobalt,

dissolved

(μg/L as Co)

Copper,

dissolved

(μg/L as Cu)

Antimony,

dissolved

(μg/L as Sb)

Arsenic,

dissolved

(μg/L as As)

Blank

type

Sample date

(mm/dd/yy)

Iron,

dissolved

(μg/L as Fe)

Lead,

dissolved

(μg/L as Pb)

Manganese,

dissolved

(μg/L as Mn)

Mercury,

dissolved

(μg/L as Hg)

Molybdenum,

dissolved

(μg/L as Mo)

Nickel,

dissolved

(μg/L as Ni)

Selenium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Se)

Silver,

dissolved

(μg/L as Ag)

Strontium,

dissolved

(μg/L as Sr)

Zinc,

dissolved

(μg/L as Zn)

Uranium,

natural,

dissolved

(μg/L as U)

Blank

�

type

�������� ��� ������� ����� ����� ������ ���� ���� ������ ����� ������ �����

� �������� ��� �������� ����� ����� ������� ���� ������ ������� ������ ������� ��� �������� ��� �������� ����� ����� ������� ���� ������ ������� ������ ��� ���

�� �������� ����� �������� �� �� ������� ����� �� ������� ������ ������� ���

� �������� ��� ����� ����� ����� ������� ���� ������ ������� ������ ������� ��� �������� ��� ����� ����� ����� ������� ���� ������ ������� ������ ������� ������� �������� ��� �������� ����� ����� ������� ���� ������ ������� ������ ������� ��� �������� ��� �������� ����� ����� ������� ���� ������ ������� ������ ������� ������� �������� ��� �������� ����� ����� ������� ���� ������ ������� ������ ������� ��

� �������� ���� ������ ����� ������ ����� ������ ����� ����� ������ ��� ������� �������� ���� ������� ������ ������� ������ ������� ����� ����� ������� ��� �������� �������� �� ������� �� ������� ������ ��� ����� ����� ������� � �������

�� �������� � ������� �� �� ������ ������� �� ������ ��� � �������

� �������� ���� ������� ������ ������� ������ ����� ����� ����� ������� � � �������� �������� ���� ������� ������ ������� ������ ������� ����� ����� ������� ��� �������� �������� ���� ������� ������ ������� ������ ������� ����� ����� ������� ��� �������� �������� ���� ����� ������ ������� ������ ������� ����� ����� ������� ��� �������� �������� ���� ������� ������ ������� ������ ������� ����� ����� ������� ��� �������

Data Section 53
54 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ����������� Comparison of water-quality data for ground-water and replicate samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001. ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������μ��������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������μ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��� �������� ������ ������������������������ ��� �� �������� ������ ��� �� �������� ������ ��� ���������������������������μ������������� ����� ����� �� ������ ������ �� ������ ������ �� ������������������������������� ��� ��� � ��� ��� �� ��� ��� �� ����������������������� ������ ����� ����� � ����� ����� � ����� ������ �� ��������������������������� ��� ��� ��� � ��� ��� �� ��� ��� ��

����������������������������� ��� ��� ��� � ����� ����� � ����� ����� �

�������������������������� ��� ��� ��� � ����� ����� � ����� ����� ��

�������������������������������� ���� ���� � ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �

��������������������������������������������������������������� ������

��� ��� �� ��� ��� � ��� ��� �

�������������������������������� ����� ����� � ������ ������ �� ������ ������ �

���������������������������� ��� ���� ���� � ��� ��� �� ��� ��� �

������������������������������� ��� ��� ��� �� �� � �� �� �������������������������������� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� � ���� ���� �

�����������������������������

� � � ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �

��������������������������������������������������������� ����� ����� � ������ ������ �� ������ ������ �

�������������������������������������������� ����� ����� � ������ ������ �� ������ ������ ��

���������������������������������������� �� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �

�������������������������������������� �� ������ ������ �� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� ���

���������������������������������������������� �� ��� ��� �

��� ���

�

��� ��� ��� �������������������������������������������������� �� ��� ��� �

��� ���

�

��� ��� �

����������������������������� ���� ���� � ������ ������ �� ������ ������ ��

��������������������������������� ���� ���� �� ������ ������ �� ������ ������ ��

��������� ��������� ���������
����������� Comparison of water-quality data for ground-water and replicate samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������μ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������μ�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

���

��������

��������� ������ ���

��

��������

��������� ������ ���

��

��������

��������� ������ ���

���������������������μ���������� ��� ��� �� � � � � � ���

���������������������μ����������� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� �����������������������μ����������� ��� ��� � ����� ����� �� ������ ������ ���������������������μ���������� ���� ���� �� ��� ��� � ��� ��� ������������������������μ����������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� ��������������������μ��������� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� � ��� ��� �

��������������������μ������ ���� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���

���������������������μ����������� ���� ���� �� ���� ��� �� ����� ����� ��

�������������������μ������ ���� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� ��

�������������������μ������ ���� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� ��

�����������������μ����������� ���� ���� �� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� ��

�����������������μ����������� ����� ����� �� ��� ��� � ��� ��� ���

����������������������μ������ ���� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� ��

��������������������μ������ ���� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� ��

�����������������������μ������ ���� ���� ���� �� ��� ��� � ��� ��� ���������������������μ������ ���� ���� ���� ��� ���� ���� ��� ���� ���� �

���������������������μ����������� ��� ��� �� ���� ���� ��� ���� ���� �

�������������������μ����������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� ��

����������������������μ����������� ����� ����� � ������ ������ � ������ ������ �

�����������������μ����������� � � � �� �� �� �� �� ��

�����������������������������μ������ �� ���� ���� �� ��� ��� � ��� ��� ��

������������������������

Data Section 55
56 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ����������� Comparison of water-quality data for ground-water and replicate samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������μ�������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������μ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��� �������� ��������� ������ ������������������������ ��� ��� �������� ��������� ������ ��� �� �������� ��������� ������ ��� ���������������������������μ�������������� � ����� ����� � ����� ����� � ������ ������ � ������������������������������� ��� ��� � ��� ��� � ��� ��� � ����������������������� ������ ����� ����� � ����� ����� � ������ ������ � ��������������������������� ��� ��� ��� � ��� ��� �� ��� ��� �

����������������������������� ��� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� � ����� ����� �

�������������������������� ��� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� �� ����� ����� �

�������������������������������� ���� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ���� ���� �

������������������������������������������������

���������������� ������

��� ��� � ��� ��� �� ��� ��� �

�������������������������������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� � ������ ������ �

���������������������������� ��� ���� ���� � ��� ��� �� ��� ��� ��

������������������������������� ��� �� �� �� �� � �� �� ���������������������������������� ���� ���� � ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �

�����������������������������

��� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �

������������������������������������� �������������������

� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� �� ������ ������ �

�������������������������������������������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� � ������ ������ ������������������������������������������ �� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� ��

�������������������������������������� �� ������ ������ �� ������ ������ �� ���� ���� ��

���������������������������������������������� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� �

�������������������������������������������������� �� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� � ��� ��� ������������������������������ ���� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ������ ������ ����������������������������������� ���� ���� ��� ���� ���� � ������ ������ ��
����������� Comparison of water-quality data for ground-water and replicate samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������μ�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������μ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

���

��������

��������� ������ ������������������������ ���

���

��������

��������� ������ ���

��

��������

��������� ������ ���

���������������������μ���������� ���� ���� �� ���� ����� �� ����� ���� ��

���������������������μ���������� ��� ��� � ��� ��� � ����� ����� ����������������������μ���������� ��� ����� �� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� ���

�������������������μ���������� ���� ���� � ���� ���� � ����� ����� ��

����������������������μ���������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� ��������������������μ��������� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� �

��������������������μ���������� ��� ��� � ��� ��� �� ����� ����� ��

���������������������μ���������� ����� ����� �� ��� ��� �� ����� ����� ���������������������μ���������� ���� ���� � ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �

�������������������μ���������� ���� ���� � ���� ���� ��� ���� ���� ��

�����������������μ���������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� ��

�����������������μ������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� �� ��� ��� ��

����������������������μ������� ����� ����� ��� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� �

��������������������μ���������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� ��

�����������������������μ������� ��� ���� �� ��� ��� � ��� ��� �

�������������������μ������� ����� ���� �� ���� ����� �� ���� ���� ���

���������������������μ������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� �� ���� ���� ��

�������������������μ������� ����� ����� �� ������ ������ �� ����� ����� ��

����������������������μ������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� � ������ ������ �

�����������������μ������� �� �� � � �� ��� �� �� ��

�����������������������������μ��������� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �� ��� ��� �

Data Section 57
58 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ����������� Comparison of water-quality data for ground-water and replicate samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������μ������ �������������������������������������������������������������������������������μ�������������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������� �� �������� ��������� ������ ������������������������ ��� ��� �������� ��������� ������ ��� ���������������������������μ�������������� � ������ ������ � ����� ����� � ������������������������������� ��� ��� � ��� ��� � ����������������������� ������ ������ ����� � ����� ����� � ��������������������������� ��� ��� ��� � ��� ��� �

����������������������������� ��� ����� ����� � ��� ��� �

�������������������������� ��� ����� ����� � ��� ��� ��������������������������������� ���� ���� � ���� ���� ���

����������������������������������������

����������������������� ������

��� ��� � ��� ��� ��

�������������������������������� ������ ������ � ����� ����� �

���������������������������� ��� ��� ��� � ���� ���� ��

������������������������������� �� �� ��� ��� ��� �

������������������������������� ���� ���� � ���� ���� ��

�����������������������������

��� ���� ���� � ���� ���� �

��������������������������������������������������������� � ������ ������ � ����� ����� ���������������������������������������������� ������ ������ � ����� ����� ����������������������������������������� �� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� ��������������������������������������� �� ���� ���� � ���� ������ ��

���������������������������������������������� �� ��� ��� � ��� ��� ��

�������������������������������������������������� �� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� �

����������������������������� ������� ������ �� ���� ���� �

��������������������������������� ������� ������ �� ���� ���� �
����������� Comparison of water-quality data for ground-water and replicate samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������μ�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������μ��������������������������������������������������������

���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

����������������������������������������������������

��

��������

��������� ������ ������������������������ ���

���

��������

��������� ������ ���

���������������������μ���������� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� ��

���������������������μ���������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� ����������������������μ���������� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� ��

�������������������μ���������� ����� ����� �� ���� ���� �

����������������������μ���������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� ��

������������������μ��������� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� �

��������������������μ���������� ������ ������ �� ��� ��� �

���������������������μ���������� ����� ����� �� ��� ��� �

�������������������μ���������� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� ��

�������������������μ���������� ��� ��� �� ���� ���� ��

�����������������μ���������� ������ ������ �� ����� ����� ��

�����������������μ���������� ������ ������ �� ����� ����� ��

����������������������μ���������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� �

��������������������μ���������� ������ ������ �� ����� ����� ��

�����������������������μ���������� ��� ��� � ���� ���� �

�������������������μ���������� ���� ���� ��� ����� ����� ��

���������������������μ���������� ���� ���� �� ��� ��� ��

�������������������μ���������� ����� ����� �� ����� ����� ��

����������������������μ���������� ������ ������ � ����� ����� �

�����������������μ���������� �� �� �� �� �� �

�����������������������������μ��������� ��� ��� �� ���� ���� �

Data Section 59
60 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

���������� Statistical comparison of concentrations for selected chemical constituents in 

ground-water samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 1999–2001, and lowest applicable 

water-quality standard.

Nitrate

Arsenic

Cadmium

3

D6 12 11 16.5 14 10 H 0.0002

D13 11 .018 .049 .019 10 H >0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

>0.6

D17 12 .68 5.68 2.0 10 H

D25 11 1.6 7.4 3.4 10 H

D29 11 .018 .053 .018 10 H

D30 11 .018 .06 .018 10 H

DTX1 11 1.1 2.8 1.2 10 H

DTX10A 12 .018 .058 .018 10 H

DTX2 12 .018 .05 .018 10 H

DTX3 12 .018 15.8 4.2 10 H

DTX4 11 .018 6.52 .33 10 H

DTX5 12 .018 .25 .018 10 H

DTX6 11 .22 .34 .28 10 H

DTX8A �� ���� ���� ���� �� �

��

��� ��

�� �

�

�

�

��

��

�� � � ��

��

��

��

�

�

�

���

���

��� �� �� �

�

�

� �� �

�

��� �� �� ��� � �� �

���� �� � ��� ���

���

���

���

�� �

������ �� �� ��� � �� �

���� �� �� � � �� �

���� �� �� � � �� �

���� �� �� � � �� �

���� �� �� ��� � �� �

���� �� �� ��� � �� �

����� �� �� � � �� � �

�� �� �� ��� �� � �

��� �� ��� �� �� � �

��� �� ��� �� �� � �

��� �� ��� ��� �� � �

��� �� ��� � �� � �

��� �� ��� � �� � �

���� �� ��� � ��� � �

������ �� ��� � �� � �

���� �� ��� � ��� � �

���� �� ��� �� �� � �

���� �� ��� � ��� � �

����

�����������

���������������

����������

��������

��������

����� ��

����������

��������

�������

�������

������ �����

����� ���

�����������

�����������

�������

�������

������ �����

����� ���

�����������

�����������

������

�������

������ �����

����� ���

�����������

����������� p������

���� �� ���� � ��� � �

���� �� ��� � �� � �

����� �� ��� �� �� � �

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�����������������������������������������������������������������

���
D6 �� ��� �� ��� ��� ����

D13 �� �� � �� ��� ����

D17 �� �� �� �� ��� ����

D25 �� �� �� ��� ��� ����

D29 �� �� �� �� ��� ����

D30 �� �� ��� � ��� ����

DTX1 �� �� �� ��� ��� ����

DTX10A �� �� ��� �� ��� ����

DTX2 �� �� �� � ��� ����

DTX3 �� �� �� �� ��� ����

DTX4 �� �� �� ��� ��� ����

DTX5 �� �� ��� ��� ��� ����

DTX6 �� �� �� ��� ��� ����

DTX8A �� �� �� �� ��� ����

D6 �� � ��� �� ���

���

�

D13 �� � � �

D17 �� �� � ��� ��� �

�

D25 �� � �� �� ��� �

D29 �� � �� � ��� �

D30 �� � �� �� ��� �

DTX1 �� � �� � ��� �

DTX10A �� � �� � ��� �

DTX2 �� � �� � ���

���

�

DTX3 �� � � ��� �

DTX4 �� � �� ��� ��� �

DTX5 �� � �� � ��� �

DTX6 �� � �� ��� ���

���

�

DTX8A �� � � ��� � 5

D6 �� ��� ��� ��� �� �

D13 �� ��� �� �� �� �

D17 �� ��� �� �� �� �

D25 �� ��� ��� �� �� �

D29 �� ��� � �� �� �

��� �� ��� � �� �� �

���� �� ��� � ��� �� �

������ �� ��� � �� �� �

Well

Sample size

for statistical

comparison

Colorado

standard

Type of

regulatory

standard

Minimum

groundwater value

used for

statistical

comparison1

Maximum

groundwater value

used for

statistical

comparison1

Median

groundwater value

used for

statistical

comparison1 p-value

���� �� ��� � ���� �� �

���� �� ��� �� �� �� �

���� �� ��� � �� �� �

���� �� ��� � �� �� �

���� �� ��� � �� �� �

����� �� ��� �� �� �� �

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

Table 11. �������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

���������������������������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�����������������������������������������������������������������

���

��������

������

����

Data Section 61
62 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

D6 �� ����� ���� ��� � �

D13 �� ���� �� �� � �

D17 �� ���� �� �� � �

D25 �� ���� �� �� � �

D29 �� ���� �� �� � �

D30 �� ���� �� �� � �

DTX1 �� ���� �� �� � �

DTX10A �� ���� �� �� � �

DTX2 �� ���� �� �� � �

DTX3 �� ���� �� �� � �

DTX4 �� ���� �� �� � �

DTX5 �� ���� �� �� � �

DTX6 �� ���� �� �� � �

DTX8A �� ���� �� �� � �

�

D6 �� �� � ��� ��� �� ��

D13 �� �� � � ��� �� ��

D17 �� � � � ��� �� ��

D25 �� � �� �� ��

� �� ��

D29 �� �� � � ��� �� ��

D30 �� � � � ��� �� ��

DTX1 �� � � � ��� �� ��

DTX10A �� �� � � ��� �� ��

DTX2 �� � ��� ��� ��� �� ��

DTX3 �� �� �� �� ��� �� ��

DTX4 �� � � � ��� �� ��

DTX5 �� �� � � ��� �� ��

���� �� �� � � ��� �� ��

����� �� �� � ��� ��� �� ��

�� �� � �� �� ��� �

��� �� ��� �� � ��� �

��� �� ��� � � ��� �

��� �� ��� �� �� ��� �

��� �� �� �� � ��� �

Well

Sample size

for statistical

comparison

Colorado

standard

Type of

regulatory

standard

Minimum

groundwater value

used for

statistical

comparison1

Maximum

groundwater value

used for

statistical

comparison1

Median

groundwater value

used for

statistical

comparison1

��� �� ��� �� ��� ��� �

���� �� � �� �� ��� �

������ �� ��� �� � ��� �

���� �� ��� �� �� ��� �

���� �� ��� � � ��� �

���� �� �� �� � ��� �

���� �� ��� �� ��� ��� �

���� �� ��� �� ��� ��� �

����� �� ��� � ��� ��� �

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

p-value

Table 11. �������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

���������������������������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�����������������������������������������������������������������

���

������

����������

�������
 1

 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

�������������p��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�������������������������

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

��������������������������������������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�����������������������������������������������������������������������

D6 �� � �� �� �� �

D13 �� �� ��� ��� �� �

D17 �� � � � �� �

D25 �� ��� � ��� �� �

D29 �� �� ��� ��� �� �

D30 �� �� ��� ��� �� �

DTX1 �� ��� � ��� �� �

DTX10A �� �� � ��� �� �

DTX2 �� �� ��� ��� �� �

DTX3 �� � �� �� �� �

DTX4 �� � �� � �� �

DTX5 �� �� ��� ��� �� �

DTX6 �� �� ��� ��� �� �

DTX8A �� �� ��� ��� �� �

Zinc

Selenium

D6 �� � �� �� ����� �

D13 �� �� � � ����� �

D17 �� �� �� �� ����� �

D25 �� � �� ��� ����� �

D29 �� ��� �� �� ����� �

D30 �� � �� ��� ����� �

DTX1 �� � �� � ����� �

DTX10A �� � �� ��� ����� �

DTX2 �� � �� ��� ����� �

DTX3 �� � ��� � ����� �

DTX4 �� � ��� ��� ����� �

DTX5 �� � �� � ����� �

DTX6 �� � �� ��� ����� �

DTX8A �� ��� ��� � ����� �

����

�����������

���������������

����������

��������

��������

�������

����������

��������

�������

�������

�����������

��������

�����������

�����������

�������

�������

�����������

��������

�����������

�����������

������

�������

�����������

��������

�����������

�����������

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

����

p������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�����������������������������������������������������������������

 2

���������� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

���������������������������������

Data Section 63
64 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001

1

 No concentrations were greater than the laboratory minimum reporting limit.

D6 0.818 0.0003 0.258 0.272 -0.500 0.028 -0.242 0.304 0.576 0.011 -0.454 0.047

D13 .036 .938 .303 .193 -.591 .009 -.273 .244 .454 .047 – 1 – 1

D17 -.182 .451 -.272 .244 -.530 .020 – 1 – 1 .424 .064 – 1 – 1

D25 -.309 .213 -.121 .631 -.591 .009 -.212 .373 .606 .007 -.545 .016

D29 -.127 .640 -.152 .537 -.576 .011 .061 .837 .500 .028 -.576 .011

D30 .054 .876 .152 .537 -.652 .004 .076 .784 .470 .040 -.561 .014

DTX1 -.036 .938 .182 .451 -.591 .009 -.197 .410 .515 .024 -.530 .020

DTX10A – 1 – 1 .409 .075 --1 – 1 -.288 .217 .439 .055 – 1 – 1

DTX2 -.212 .373 -.121 .631 -.561 .014 -.167 .493 .591 .009 -.561 .014

DTX3 .454 .047 – 1 – 1 -.500 .028 -.106 .681 .515 .024 -.500 .028

DTX4 .273 .276 .152 .537 -.515 .024 -.091 .732 .394 .086 -.530 .020

DTX5 ����� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ����� ����

DTX6 ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� .515 .024 � � � �

DTX8A ����� ���� � � � � � � � � ����� ���� .545 .016 � � � �

D6 ������ ����� ����� ����� ������ ����� 0.561 0.014 0.485 0.034

D13 � � � � ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����

D17 � � � � ����� ���� ����� ���� ����� ���� � � � �

D25 � � � � ����� ���� ����� ���� ����� ���� ���� ����

D29 ����� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����

D30 � � � � ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����

DTX1 � � � � .470 .040 ����� ���� ����� ���� ���� ����

DTX10A � � � � ����� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����

DTX2 � � � � ���� ���� ����� ���� ����� ���� .454 .047

DTX3 � � � � ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� .576 .011

DTX4 � � � � ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����

DTX5 � � � � ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����

DTX6 � � � � ����� ����� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����

DTX8A � � � � ���� ����� ����� ���� � � � � .500 .028

������������ Statistical evaluation of monotonic time-series trend using the Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient for selected 

constituents in ground-water samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 1999–2001.

���� ��� ������� ��� ������� ��� ������� ��� ������� ��� ������� ��� �������

�������

���� ��� �������

�������

��� �������

����������

��� �������

������

��� �������

��������

��� �������

����

������� ������� �������� ������ ����

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
1 Analyses done by Severn Trent Laboratory in Arvada, Colorado. MRL calculated for each sample. 2

 Analyses done 

3

 Method described by Fishman and Friedman (1989).

4

 Method described by Garbarino and Struzeski (1998).

5

 Method described by U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory Technical Memo 98.08

 (September 29, 1998).

by Severn Trent Laboratory in Richland, Washington. MDC calculated for each sample.

Table 13. Methods used to analyze streambed-sediment samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.

[Samples were analyzed at the National Water Quality Laboratory in Denver, except for constituents footnoted; MRL, minimum reporting 

level; MDC, minimum detectable concentration (radiochemical samples); USEPA 351.2, method described in U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, 1983; ICP, inductively coupled plasma; MS, mass spectroscopy; GFAA, graphite furnace atomic absorption; AA,

atomic absorption; ASF, automated segmented-flow spectrophotometry; *, not applicable; mg/kg, milligrams per kilogram; μg/g, micrograms per gram; g/kg, grams per kilogram; pCi/g, picocuries per gram]

Constituent Units Analytical method MRL or

MDC

Nutrients

Carbons

Radioactivity

Trace elements

Nitrogen, ammonia plus organic1

4

3

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

3

4

5

mg/kg *

Phosphorus, total as P mg/kg 40

Aluminum μg/g

μg/g

μg/g

μg/g

μg/g

μg/g

μg/g

μg/g

μg/g

μg/g

μg/g

ICP 2.8

Arsenic GFAA 1

Cadmium ICP-MS .1

Chromium ICP .4

Copper ICP 2

Lead ICP-MS .1

Mercury AA manual cold vapor .01

Molybdenum ICP-MS .1

Nickel ICP-MS .1

Selenium GFAA 1

Zinc ICP 3.1

Inorganic carbon g/kg Coulimetric .2

Organic carbon g/kg Wet oxidation .2

Total carbon g/kg Induction furnace (Leco) .1

Gross alpha2 pCi/g Alpha proportional counting, Thorium-230 curve *

Gross beta2 pCi/g Beta proportional counting, Cesium-137 curve *

Plutonium-2382 pCi/g Alpha spectrometry *

Plutonium-239+2402 pCi/g Alpha spectrometry *

USEPA 351.2, Colorimetry, ASF,

salicylate-hypochlorite

Colorimetry, ASF, phosphomolybdate3

Data Section 65
66 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 [Sampling sites are shown in figure 1; mg/kg, milligrams per kilogram; g/kg, grams per kilogram; μg/g, micrograms per gram; ER, value is an estimate because reanalysis for that constituent has been requested; <, less than] Biosolids applied 07/27/01 1,100 720 4.4 13 8.3 17,000 1.59 0.2 Biosolids applied 8/17/01 1,400 580 4.3 16 11 15,000 1.41 .2 Biosolids applied 9/01/01 850 1,100 6.0 14 8.2 18,000 1.23 .2 No biosolids 7/27/01 1,400 580 4.5 18 14 15,000 1.58 .2 No biosolids 8/17/01 850 620 3.6 10 6.4 15,000 1.33 < .2 No biosolids 9/01/01 580 650 5.4 11 5.7 10,000 1.19 .1 ���� �����������

���� �����������

�����

�����

��������

�������

�����

�����

�����

��������

�������

����������

������������

�����

������

���������

����������

������

�������

�����

������

���������

�������

����������

�������������

�����

���������

��������

����������

������������

�����

���������

��������

�������

����������

����������

�����������

����������

��������������

�����

�����

����

��������

�������

����������

������

�������

�����

����������

����

�����

���������

��������

�����

���� �����������

μ��� μ��� μ��� μ��� μ��� μ��� μ��� μ���

Biosolids applied 07/27/01 14 18 18 0.02 0.1 18 0.22 60

Biosolids applied 8/17/01 16 22 16 .02 ER 12 ER .2 .31 60

Biosolids applied 9/01/01 18 14 16 .03 .7 16 .16 60

No biosolids 7/27/01 13 17 17 .02 .1 18 .34 60

No biosolids 8/17/01 14 18 14 .02 < .4 11 .25 50

No biosolids 9/01/01 10 10 12 .02 .1 12 .26 40

[Sampling sites are shown in figure 1; pCi/g, picocuries per gram; analytical uncertainty reported is the two-sigma total propagated analytical uncertainty]

Biosolids applied 7/27/01 8.3 2.4 7.4 1.6 064 0.0087 0.0062 0.0092

Biosolids applied 8/17/01 9.5 2.6 10 2.2 -0.00026 .00052 0.01300 .0030 .0065 0.013

No biosolids 7/27/01 10.3 2.6 9.6 1.9 0 .0097 0.0107 -0.00032 .00063 0.01590No biosolids 8/17/01 10.7 2.7 9.8 2.1 0 .015 0.016 .005 .012 0.024

0.0 0.0092 0.013

���������

�������������������

�����

�����������

�����

�������

����������

����

�������

�����

����

�������

��������

����

���������

μ���

��������

μ���

��������

μ���

������� ����� �������� ����������� ������� ��������� �����

����������� Radioactivity data for streambed-sediment samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.

����������� Chemical data for streambed-sediment samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.
Table 16. Comparison of chemical data for streambed-sediment and replicate samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.

[RPD, relative percent difference, which is defined as [(sample value - replicate value)/[(sample value + replicate value)/2]] x 100; mg/kg, milligrams per kilogram; g/kg, grams per kilogram; 

μg/g, micrograms per gram ; pCi/g, picocuries per gram; <, less than; --, not analyzed; ND, not determined because data were less than the minimum reporting limit] 

Biosolids-applied site No-biosolids-applied site Biosolids-applied site

07/27/01 7/27/01 07/27/01

Property or constituents Sample Sample Replicate

RPD between 

sites

RPD between 

environmental 

sample and 

replicate

Total nitrogen, (mg/kg) 1,100 1,400 1,000 -24 10

Phosphorus (mg/kg) 720 580 610 22 17

Carbon, inorganic, (g/kg) 4.4 4.5 4.6 -2 -4

Carbon, total, (g/kg) 13 18 13 -32 0

Carbon, organic, (g/kg) 8.3 14 8.2 -51 1

Aluminum (μg/g)

μg/g)

μg/g)

μg/g)

μg/g)

μg/g)

μg/g)

μg/g)

μg/g)

μg/g)

μg/g)

17,000 15,000 17,000 13 0

Arsenic ( 1.59 1.58 1.62 1 -2

Cadmium ( .2 .2 .2 0 0

Chromium ( 14 13 15 7 -7

Copper ( 18 17 21 6 -15

Lead ( 18 17 19 6 -5

Mercury ( .02 .02 .01 0 67

Molybdenum ( .1 .1 .1 0 0

Nickel ( 18 18 18 0 0

Selenium ( .22 .34 .27 -43 -20

Zinc ( 60 60 70 0 -15

Gross alpha radioactivity (pCi/g) 8.3 10.3 7.6 -22 9

Gross beta radioactivity (pCi/g) 7.4 9.6 7.0 -26 6

Plutonium-238 (pCi/g) .0064 0 0 200 200

Plutonium-239+240 (pCi/g) .0062 -0.00032 .0040 222 43

Data Section 67
68 Data for a Biosolids-Application Area Near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001 ����������������������� ����� ��� ��� �� �� ������������������ ��� ��� ��� �� �� ������������������������� ��� ��� ��� �� ��� ��������������������� �� �� ��� �� � ����������������������� �� ��� ��� �� �� �������� �μ���� ������ ������ ������ � � ���������μ���� ���� ���� ���� � �� ���������μ���� �� ����� �� � � �������� �μ���� �� �� � �� �� ��������μ���� �� �� �� �� � ������μ���� �� �� �� �� � ���������μ���� ��� ��� ��� � � ���������� �μ���� �� ����� �� ��� � ��������μ���� ��� �� ��� ��� �� �������� �μ���� ��� ��� ��� �� � ������μ���� �� �� �� �� ���

��������������������������������� ��� ���� ��� ��� ��

�������������������������������� �� ��� �� � ���

��������������������� �������� � ����� ��� ����

������������������������� ����� ���� ����� ��� ��

������������

��������������

�����������

���������

����������� Comparison of chemical data for streambed-sediment and replicate samples collected near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001.—Continued

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

μ������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

���������������������� ������������������������� �������������������������

�������� �������� ��������

������������������������ ������ ������ ���������

������������

�����
������������������������

����������������������� ��� ��� ��

������������������ ����� ��� ��

������������������������� ��� ��� ��

��������������������� �� �� ��

����������������������� ��� ��� ��

�������� �μ���� ������ ������ ��

���������μ���� ���� ���� �

���������μ���� �� �� ��

�������� �μ���� �� �� ��

��������μ���� �� �� ��

������μ���� �� �� ��

���������μ���� ��� ��� ��

���������� �μ���� �� �� ���

��������μ���� �� �� ��

�������� �μ���� ��� ��� ���

������μ���� �� �� ��

��������������������������������� � � �

�������������������������������� � � ���������������������� � � �������������������������� � � �

����������� Comparison of chemical data for streambed-sediment and replicate samples collected near Deer Trail,Colorado, 2001.—Continued

�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

����������������������������������������������������������μ������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

���������������������� �������������������������

�������� ��������

������ ������

������������

�����

Data Section 69