* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

JUN 12 1998

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

JEWEL FORD,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

TOGO D. WEST, JR., Department

of the Army, Fitzsimmons Army

Medical Center,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 97-1342

(D.C. No. 96-N-2621)

(D. Colo.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before PORFILIO , BARRETT , and HENRY , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.
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Plaintiff Jewel Ford appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment

in favor of defendant, the Secretary of the Department of the Army, on plaintiff’s

claims brought pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552

(FOIA). We affirm.

On August 9, 1996, plaintiff, an African-American, discovered a noose

hanging over a chair in an employee break room at Fitzsimmons Army Medical

Center. Believing the noose to be directed at him because of his race, plaintiff

reported the incident, and the Army initiated an investigation. The investigation

concluded the noose was not directed at plaintiff, but was a practical joke directed

at a coworker based on comments made during a game of dominoes.

On October 21, 1996, plaintiff filed a FOIA request with defendant,

seeking release of all documents relating to the investigation. Several days later,

defendant received a FOIA request for the same information from one of

plaintiff’s coworkers. On October 28, 1996, defendant released fifty-two pages

of documents, with certain information redacted to protect individual privacy

under the exemption contained in § 552(b)(6). Defendant also withheld a

document concerning the results of the investigation, written by Captain Michele

Hately, based on the attorney-client work product exemption contained in

§ 552(b)(5). Defendant informed plaintiff that the withheld information had been

forwarded to a higher authority for determination whether it should be released.
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On November 13, 1996, plaintiff filed this action in the district court

seeking unredacted versions of the information provided to him, a copy of the

Hately memorandum, and attorney fees. In late December 1996, defendant

determined that plaintiff was entitled to the Hately memorandum and provided

him with a copy. Plaintiff was advised of his right to appeal the denial of his

request for unredacted copies of the fifty-two pages already provided.

The redacted information consists of (1) the names of the person who hung

the noose and the two employees who refused to identify that person; (2) personal

information about the person who hung the noose; (3) proposed discipline of the

coworkers who refused to identify the perpetrator; (4) plaintiff’s medical

diagnosis; (5) social security numbers of those interviewed; and (6) perceptions

by coworkers about plaintiff’s work habits and statements attributed to coworkers

by plaintiff. For some reason, on certain pages the names of the coworkers who

withheld information about the perpetrator were not redacted.

In February 1997, defendant moved for summary judgment, raising as

an additional ground the FOIA exemption contained in § 552(b)(7)(C), for

information compiled for law enforcement purposes. In September 1997, the

district court granted summary judgment in favor of defendant, finding no need

to review the unredacted documents in camera, and concluding the redacted

information was properly withheld under both §§ 552(b)(6) and (7)(C). The court
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granted defendant’s motion to strike two paragraphs of plaintiff’s supporting

affidavit concerning prior racial charges against defendant. This appeal followed. 

We review the district court’s summary judgment on a FOIA claim de novo,

so long as the decision rests on an adequate factual basis. See Audubon Soc’y v.

United States Forest Serv. , 104 F.3d 1201, 1203 (10th Cir. 1997). FOIA is to

be broadly construed in favor of disclosure, and the government bears the burden

of justifying nondisclosure under a particular FOIA exemption. See id.

Defendant relies on FOIA exemption 6, which prohibits disclosure of

information in “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure

of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,”

5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6), and exemption 7(C), which prohibits disclosure of “records

or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to the extent

that the production of such . . . information . . . could reasonably be expected

to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,” 5 U.S.C. § 552(7)(C).

Plaintiff argues neither of these exemptions applies because the requested

file is not “similar” to personnel or medical files, and because it was not compiled

for law enforcement purposes. We disagree. A file is a “similar file” under

exemption 6 if it contains personal information that “applies to a particular

individual.” United States Dep’t of State v. Washington Post Co. , 456 U.S. 595,

600-02 (1982). Defendant’s investigatory file contained information personal to
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plaintiff, his coworkers, and the person who hung the noose. Further, the file

was one compiled for law enforcement purposes, as the investigation centered

on determining if illegal racial harassment occurred.

To decide whether either exemption prevents disclosure, we must “balance

the public interest in disclosure against the interest Congress intended the

[e]xemption to protect.” United States Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for

Freedom of the Press , 489 U.S. 749, 776 (1989). The privacy interest protected

by exemptions 6 and 7 encompasses an individual’s interest in avoiding disclosure

of personal matters through identifying information. See id. at 762, 766-71

(exemption 7); Department of the Air Force v. Rose , 425 U.S. 352, 380-81 (1976)

(exemption 6).

The information withheld by defendant falls within this protection: names

and social security numbers; a medical diagnosis; coworkers’ thoughts, sentiments

and emotions; discipline of coworkers; and information that would enable others

to identify the perpetrator. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6) (protecting medical

information); Rose , 425 U.S. at 380-81 (holding exemption 6 protects names and

other identifying information, as viewed by colleagues familiar with the subject’s

history, including disciplinary actions); Reporters Comm. , 489 U.S. at 763, n.15

(noting common law protection for “thoughts, sentiments, and emotions”);

KTVY-TV v. United States , 919 F.2d 1465, 1469-70 (10th Cir. 1990) (holding
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coworkers interviewed after shooting had legitimate privacy interest in

nondisclosure of their identities). Even the information that is personal to

plaintiff is protected from disclosure, as the identity of the FOIA requester is

irrelevant to the information disclosed, and every member of the public is

entitled to the same information. See Reporters Comm. , 489 U.S. at 771.

The Supreme Court has narrowly defined the “public interest” in FOIA

cases, as “the extent to which disclosure would serve the core purpose of the

FOIA, which is contribut[ing] significantly to the public understanding of the

operations or activities of the government.” United States Dep’t of Defense v.

Federal Labor Relations Auth. , 510 U.S. 487, 495 (1994) (quotations and

emphasis omitted). Plaintiff argues that the public’s interest in knowing how

defendant investigates a claim of racial harassment outweighs the privacy

interests protected by FOIA exemptions 6 and 7.

We conclude the public interest in disclosing the redacted material is low,

as disclosure would not lead to a better understanding of defendant’s activities in

this case. The redacted pages are sufficient to inform the public about

defendant’s response to a racial harassment claim, disclosing interviews

of coworkers, the discipline of those coworkers who refused to identify the

perpetrator, and the evidence upon which defendant relied to conclude the

incident was not racially motivated. See, e.g. , United States Dep’t of State v.
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Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 178-79 (1991) (holding redacted reports of interviews

with Haitian returnees sufficiently informed reader about State Department’s

performance of duties, disclosure of names and other identifying information

would not add to this goal; mere suggestion that reports might be inaccurate did

not justify disclosure). Given the low public interest in disclosure, the balance

tips in favor of protecting the privacy of the subjects of the file, and the redacted

information was properly withheld.

Plaintiff argues that defendant’s incomplete redaction of certain names and

negative opinions of his work ethics somehow waives the protection of the FOIA

exemptions. No authority is cited for this proposition, and we have found none. 

We conclude defendant’s inadequate redactions do not operate to waive the

personal privacy interests of the individuals discussed in the investigative file. 

Further, the fact that some of the information has been obtained through other

channels, such as through the EEOC investigation, does not change its protected

status under FOIA. See Reporters Comm. , 489 U.S. at 770 (holding information

was protected although it had once been public, noting “the fact that an event is

not wholly ‘private’ does not mean that an individual has no interest in limiting

disclosure or dissemination of the information”) (quotations omitted); L&C

Marine Transp., Ltd. v. United States , 740 F.2d 919, 922-23 & n.4 (11th Cir.
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1984) (noting witnesses did not lose privacy interest under exemption 7(C) just

because identities could be discovered through other means).

Plaintiff argues that the district court erred in failing to conduct an

in camera review of the unredacted documents. Such review is discretionary,

however. See Hale v. United States Dep’t of Justice , 99 F.3d 1025, 1029 n.4

(10th Cir. 1996). We find no abuse of discretion in the court’s relying on

defendant’s declaration, which set out the reason for each redaction, to determine

the exempt nature of the redacted information. Although such a document is to be

disregarded upon a showing of agency bad faith, requiring in camera review,

“‘the mere allegation of bad faith’ should not ‘undermine the sufficiency of

agency submissions.’” Minier v. Central Intelligence Agency , 88 F.3d 796, 803

(9th Cir. 1996) (quoting Carter v. United States Dep’t of Commerce , 830 F.2d

388, 393 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). We decline plaintiff’s invitation to review the

documents in camera on appeal, as the district court’s order provided a sufficient

basis upon which to predicate our review. See Hale , 99 F.3d at 1029 n.4.

Plaintiff argues the district court improperly struck two paragraphs of his

affidavit, arguing that his “prior EEO successes and the way that [plaintiff’s]

allegations of racism were handled by the Army in the past [were] important to

the district court’s balancing as to whether or not there was a public interest in

disclosure.” Appellant’s Br. at 31. The balancing of interests does not, however,
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turn on the purpose for which the FOIA request for information is made. See

Reporters Comm. , 489 U.S. at 771-72, 775. Thus, the EEOC history between

plaintiff and defendant is irrelevant to the inquiry, and the district court did

not abuse its discretion in striking this information from plaintiff’s affidavit. 

We do not address plaintiff’s arguments regarding attorneys fees, as he has not

substantially prevailed in this litigation.

The judgment of the United States District Court for the District

of Colorado is AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court

Robert H. Henry

Circuit Judge