-1- 

STATE OF MICHIGAN 

COURT OF APPEALS 

FAZLUL SARKAR, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

FOR PUBLICATION 

December 6, 2016 

9:00 a.m. 

v No. 326667 

Wayne Circuit Court 

JOHN DOE, LC No. 14-013099-CZ 

 Defendant-Appellee, 

and 

JANE DOE 

 Defendant, 

and 

PUBPEER FOUNDATION, 

 Appellee. 

FAZLUL SARKAR, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

v No. 326691 

Wayne Circuit Court 

JOHN DOE and JANE DOE, LC No. 14-013099-CZ 

 Defendants, 

and 

PUBPEER FOUNDATION, 

 Appellant. 
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Before: FORT HOOD, P.J., and GLEICHER and O’BRIEN, JJ. 

O’BRIEN, J. 

 The issues presented in these appeals boil down to one simple question: Are the 

identities of anonymous scientists who comment on other scientists’ research online protected by 

the First Amendment? 

I. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

 According to his complaint, “Fazlul H. Sarkar, PhD is a distinguished professor of 

pathology at Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University with a track record of cancer 

research over 35 years.”1 Dr. Sarkar began his research at Wayne State University in 1989, and 

“his work has led to the discovery of the role of chemopreventive agents in sensitization of 

cancer cells (reversal of drug resistance) to conventional therapeutics (chemo-radio-therapy).” 

Dr. Sarkar alleges that “[h]e is a perfect example of a true translational researcher bringing his 

laboratory research findings into clinical practice,” that he “is involved in several collaborative 

projects including breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer,” that “[h]e has published over 430 original 

scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals,” that he has written or reviewed hundreds of articles 

and book chapters, that he has edited several books, that he has received numerous publically 

funded grants, and that he has trained a variety of pre- and post-doctoral students. In short, it 

appears undisputed that he is well-accomplished in the cancer-research community. 

 It is presumably these accomplishments that led to Dr. Sarkar pursuing employment with 

the University of Mississippi in 2013. According to Dr. Sarkar, the University of Mississippi 

presented him with the “anticipated terms of an offer of a position” in September 2013, which set 

forth several terms of employment, including, most notably, tenure, a $350,000 salary, $15,000 

in relocation expenses, “[a] start up package of $750,000,” and a variety of other benefits. In 

March 2014, the University of Mississippi formally offered him this position, Dr. Sarkar 

accepted, and he resigned from Wayne State University approximately two months later. Dr. 

Sarkar relocated to Oxford, Mississippi, shortly thereafter and was set to begin his employment 

with the University of Mississippi in July 2014. At some point, however, “his start date was 

adjusted to August 1, 2014 per later agreement and approval . . . .” 

 On June 19, 2014, however, the University of Mississippi rescinded Dr. Sarkar’s offer of 

employment. According to Dr. Sarkar, the University of Mississippi was unwilling to “go 

forward with an employment relationship with [him] and [his] group” based on “allegations 

lodged in a public space and presented directly to colleagues [t]here . . . .” In pertinent part, the 

University of Mississippi’s personnel cited public comments made on pubpeer.com, which were 

 

1

 All quotations in Section I of our opinion are from the pleadings submitted by the parties before 

the trial court. In reviewing a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition 

pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8), we are required to accept the factual allegations in the pleadings, 

including in the complaint, as true; thus, quoting the pleadings is appropriate. 
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apparently made known to the University of Mississippi by an anonymous individual.2

 After 

losing this employment opportunity with the University of Mississippi, Dr. Sarkar attempted to 

rescind his resignation with Wayne State University the following day, on June 20, 2014, and 

Wayne State University allowed him to return, albeit in a non-tenured position. Once he learned 

he would be returning to Wayne State University, however, either the same or a different 

anonymous individual also distributed a flyer containing a screenshot from pubpeer.com to 

Wayne State University personnel.3

 Obviously unhappy with the outcome of his employment offer with the University of 

Mississippi, the comments on pubpeer.com, and the distribution of the flyer to Wayne State 

University personnel, Dr. Sarkar pursued a variety of legal remedies including this lawsuit. On 

October 9, 2014, Dr. Sarkar filed this five-count lawsuit against “John and/or Jane Doe(s).” Dr. 

Sarkar alleged, in pertinent part, that the comments made on pubpeer.com were defamatory, that 

the comments made on pubpeer.com and forwarded to the University of Mississippi intentionally 

interfered with a business expectancy, that the comments made on pubpeer.com and forwarded 

to Wayne State University intentionally interfered with a business relationship, that the posting 

of an email from Wayne State University personnel on pubpeer.com and in public constituted an 

invasion of privacy, and that the circulation of the flyer was intended to inflict emotional 

distress. 

 In an attempt to learn the identities of the individual or individuals who were responsible 

for the actions at issue, Dr. Sarkar subpoenaed the PubPeer Foundation (“PubPeer”), the entity 

that operates pubpeer.com, seeking the following: “All identifying information, including but 

not limited to user names, IP addresses, email addresses, profile information, and any other 

identifying characteristics of all users who have posted any of the comments that were posted on 

your web site that are described in the attached complaint that was filed in Wayne county, MI.” 

Although somewhat unclear from his complaint and subpoena, it appears that Dr. Sarkar sought 

all identifying information for approximately 30 comments made on pubpeer.com about his 

research. PubPeer objected, moving to quash the subpoena on First Amendment grounds. 

 Specifically, PubPeer argued that, in order to unmask the identity of the anonymous 

commenter or commenters, Dr. Sarkar was required to prove that his claims could survive a 

motion for summary disposition. Asserting that Dr. Sarkar had failed to do so, PubPeer argued 

that the trial court should quash the subpoena.4

 Analyzing each comment at issue, PubPeer also 

 

2

 According to Dr. Sarkar’s complaint, “Pubpeer.com . . . is a web site that describes itself as ‘an 

online community that uses the publication of scientific results as an opening for fruitful 

discussion among scientists.’ ” Pubpeer.com appears to have been created by anonymous 

scientists, and scientists are permitted to comment on pubpeer.com anonymously as well. 

3

 The contents of the flyer are discussed further below. 

4

 PubPeer also argued that Michigan courts should require that plaintiffs in defamation cases put 

forth evidence establishing a prima facie case of defamation before unmasking the identities of 

anonymous commenters as other jurisdictions have done. See, e.g., Dendrite Int’l, Inc v Doe, No 

3, 342 NJ Super 134, 141-142; 775 A2d 756 (2001) (“Dendrite”); see also Doe No 1 v Cahill, 
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argued that Dr. Sarkar failed to adequately plead the allegedly defamatory comments, that the 

allegedly defamatory comments were not capable of defamatory meaning, that the 

communications sent to or distributed at the universities were insufficiently connected to 

PubPeer, and that the balance of interests in this case favored preserving scientists’ ability to 

anonymously comment on other scientists’ research. 

 Dr. Sarkar responded, arguing that “[t]his case is not about free speech.” Rather, he 

asserted, “[i]t is about tortious conduct that is destroying a man’s life and career.” Dr. Sarkar 

described the anonymous commenter or commenters as “an enemy [or enemies] hiding behind 

the anonymity afforded by the internet” who is or are “sabotaging” his career. Dr. Sarkar, 

relying on the fact that one John Doe had already filed an appearance, argued that no preliminary 

showing was required and that, at best, the appearing John Doe could seek a protective order on 

behalf of him or herself. Dr. Sarkar also pointed to the fact that his complaint was adequate, that 

he alleged torts beyond defamation, that the confidential nature of misconduct proceedings had 

been breached, that the comments at issue are defamatory, and, ultimately, that disclosure of the 

commenters’ identities is necessary to seek the legal remedy that he is entitled to. 

 A hearing on PubPeer’s motion to quash was held on March 5, 2015. After hearing 

arguments similar to those discussed above, the trial court granted, in part, PubPeer’s motion to 

quash.5

 Specifically, the trial court granted the motion in full with the exception of one 

subparagraph in Dr. Sarkar’s complaint: Subparagraph 40(c). As it relates to subparagraph 

40(c), the trial court reserved its ruling as it related to that specific subparagraph for a later date 

after the parties were afforded additional time for supplemental briefing. A second hearing on 

Pubpeer’s motion to quash was held two weeks later, on March 19, 2015. After reviewing the 

parties’ supplemental briefs and hearing additional argument, the trial court denied PubPeer’s 

motion to quash with respect to subparagraph 40(c).6 These appeals followed. On April 20, 

2015, the trial court granted PubPeer’s motion to stay proceedings pending the outcome of these 

appeals. 

884 A2d 451, 460-461 (Del, 2005) (“Cahill”). PubPeer, John Doe (an anonymous defendant 

who has filed an appearance and is a party to this appeal), and amici (Google, Inc. and Twitter, 

Inc., Public Citizen, Inc., and Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Harold E. Varmus) raise this same 

argument on appeal. However, as indicated below and acknowledged by those parties, this Court 

has declined to do so in the past, and we are bound by that decision. MCR 7.215(J)(1). 

5

 An order reflecting the trial court’s decision was entered on March 9, 2015, and it is that order 

that Dr. Sarkar challenges on appeal in Docket No. 326667. This Court granted Dr. Sarkar’s 

application for leave to appeal in Docket No. 326667 on August 27, 2015. Fazlul Sarkar v John 

Doe, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered August 27, 2015 (Docket No. 326667). 

6

 An order reflecting the trial court’s decision was entered on March 26, 2015, and it is that order 

that PubPeer challenges on cross-appeal in Docket No. 326691. This Court granted PubPeer’s 

application for leave to appeal in Docket No. 326691 on August 27, 2015. Fazlul Sarkar v John 

Doe, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered August 27, 2015 (Docket No. 326691). 
-5- 

II. ARGUMENTS ON APPEAL 

 Generally, we review a trial court’s decision on whether to compel discovery for an abuse 

of discretion. Cabrera v Ekema, 265 Mich App 402, 406; 695 NW2d 78 (2005). We review a 

trial court’s decision to grant summary disposition de novo, however. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 

Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). Similarly, constitutional issues, including the application 

of the First Amendment, are also reviewed de novo. Smith v Anonymous Joint Enterprise, 487 

Mich 102, 111-112; 793 NW2d 533 (2010). 

A. THE APPROPRIATE STANDARD 

 On appeal, Dr. Sarkar first argues that the trial court’s March 9, 2015 order must be 

reversed because the court erred in allowing PubPeer, a nonparty, to argue standards for 

summary disposition. Relatedly, Dr. Sarkar also argues that that the trial court erroneously 

heightened the pleading standard for defamation as well as erroneously refused to consider a 

protective order pursuant to MCR 2.302. Ultimately, these arguments are each part of Dr. 

Sarkar’s ultimate position before the trial court and before this Court on appeal: Dr. Sarkar 

argues that Thomas M Cooley Law Sch v Doe 1, 300 Mich App 245; 845 NW2d 128 (2013), not 

Ghanam v John Does, 303 Mich App 522; 833 NW2d 331 (2014), controls the outcome of this 

case. We will address each case, as well as their application to this matter, in turn. 

1. THOMAS M COOLEY LAW SCHOOL V DOE 1 (“COOLEY”)

 In Cooley, an anonymous speaker created a website titled “THOMAS M. COOLEY 

LAW SCHOOL SCAM” on weebly.com. 300 Mich App at 250. The speaker, who identified 

himself as a graduate of Thomas M. Cooley Law School (“Cooley” or “the school”), described 

the school as “THE BIGGEST JOKE of all law schools,” characterized the school as having an “ 

‘open door’ policy” for admission, criticized the school’s attrition rate and administrative 

policies, cited rankings, described the school as “ ‘A DIPLOMA MILL,’ ” and called the 

school’s graduates “unemployed.” Id. at 251. The speaker “permitted visitors to post their own 

comments on the website, and frequently responded to the commentators,” but he eventually 

“began to ‘filter’ comments, noting that he would delete ‘any stupid or irrelevant comments or 

personal attacks[.]’ ” Id. (alterations in original). 

 Cooley eventually filed a lawsuit against multiple anonymous defendants, alleging 

defamation against the anonymous speaker who created the website as well as the other 

anonymous commenters, and subpoenaed Weebly, Inc. (“Weebly”), the entity that operates 

weebly.com, “ordering it to produce documents that included [the speaker]’s user account 

information.” Cooley, 300 Mich App at 251-252. The anonymous speaker moved to quash the 

subpoena or for a protective order, but, in the meantime, an employee of Weebly apparently 

disclosed the speaker’s identity to the school. Id. at 252. After learning the speaker’s identity, 

the school filed an amended complaint identifying him by his legal name. Id. In addressing the 

speaker’s motion to quash or for a protective order, the trial court first struck the school’s 

amended complaint and ordered that the school not continue discovery or disclose the speaker’s 

identity further. Id. at 252-253. Ultimately, however, the trial court denied the speaker’s motion 

to quash, reasoning that the speaker’s statements at issue were slanderous per se and, thus, not 

entitled to First Amendment protection under Dendrite and Cahill. Id. at 253. 
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 The speaker appealed, and this Court reversed and remanded. Cooley, 300 Mich App at 

272. Specifically, this Court held that the trial court abused its discretion by applying Dendrite 

and Cahill rather than Michigan law as well as erred in making other conclusions. Id. at 267-

269. This Court explained, in pertinent part, as follows: 

 We conclude that the trial court abused its discretion, which requires 

reversal. A trial court by definition abuses its discretion when it inappropriately 

interprets and applies the law. First, the trial court erroneously concluded that 

Michigan law does not adequately protect [the speaker]’s interests, and then it 

erroneously adopted and applied foreign law. Second, the trial court’s findings 

and conclusions in support of its position were erroneous. Third, the trial court 

did not state any reason supporting its decision to deny [the speaker]’s alternative 

request for a protective order. 

 After adopting the Dendrite and Cahill standards as Michigan law, the 

trial court appears to have considered only two alternatives: (1) that the subpoena 

should be quashed and Cooley’s case dismissed, or (2) that the subpoena should 

not be quashed and the case should proceed with [the speaker]’s name on the 

complaint. But Michigan law does not address only these polar opposites. [The 

speaker] also asked for a protective order under MCR 2.302(C). The trial court’s 

order indicates that it denied [the speaker]’s requests for a protective order “for 

reasons stated on the record.” But the trial court did not state any reasons on the 

record to deny the protective order. The trial court appears not to have considered 

whether or to what extent to protect [the speaker]’s identity after it determined not 

to quash the subpoena. On remand, the trial court should consider whether good 

cause exists to support [the speaker]’s request for a protective order. 

 Next, the trial court ruled that defamatory statements per se were not 

entitled to First Amendment protections. The trial court was incorrect. Not all 

accusations of criminal activity are automatically defamatory. To put it simply, 

defamation per se raises the presumption that a person’s reputation has been 

damaged. In that instance, a plaintiff’s failure to prove damages for certain 

charges of misconduct would not require dismissal of the suit. Whether a plaintiff 

has alleged fault—which may require the plaintiff to show actual malice or 

negligence, depending on the status of the speaker and the topic of the speech—

concerns an element separate from whether the plaintiff has alleged defamation 

per se. Thus, the trial court erroneously concluded that Cooley would not have to 

prove fault or other elements because the statements were defamatory per se. 

 More importantly, this erroneous determination was central to the 

considerations the trial court may balance when determining whether to issue a 

protective order. As noted above, a trial court may consider that a party seeking a 

protective order has alleged that the interests he or she is asking the trial court to 

protect are constitutionally shielded. But the trial court need not, and should not, 

confuse the issues by making a premature ruling—as though on a motion for 

summary disposition—while considering whether to issue a protective order 

before the defendant has filed a motion for summary disposition. The trial court 
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should only consider whether good cause exists to issue a protective order, and to 

what extent to grant relief under MCR 2.302(C). 

 [The speaker] urges this Court to rule that Cooley has not pleaded legally 

sufficient claims for defamation and tortious interference with a business 

relationship. We conclude that [the speaker]’s motion for a protective order did 

not present the appropriate time or place to do this. These rulings are best made 

in the context of a motion for summary disposition, when the trial court is testing 

the legal sufficiency of the complaint. The trial court’s only concerns during a 

motion under MCR 2.302(C) should be whether the plaintiff has stated good 

cause for a protective order and to what extent to issue a protective order if it 

determines that one is warranted. [Id.] 

2. GHANAM V JOHN DOES (“GHANAM”)

 In Ghanam, several anonymous speakers made what the plaintiff characterized as “false 

and malicious statements about plaintiff on an Internet message board called The Warren 

Forum.” 303 Mich App at 525. The statements at issue included allegations that the plaintiff 

was “involved in the disappearance and theft of approximately 3,647 tons of road salt from city 

storage facilities and of stealing tires from city garbage trucks and selling them.” Id. Taking the 

position that these statements “ ‘prejudiced and caused harm to the Plaintiff in his reputation and 

office and held Plaintiff up to disgrace, ridicule, and contempt,’ ” plaintiff filed a defamation 

lawsuit against the anonymous speakers and sought to depose a former city employee who 

“plaintiff believed . . . was affiliated with the website” to learn the speakers’ identities. Id. at 

525, 527. 

 The former city employee, a nonparty, “moved for a protective order, arguing that the 

First Amendment protects a critic’s right to anonymously comment about the actions of a public 

official and that the identities of the anonymous writers were subject to a qualified privilege.” 

Ghanam, 303 Mich App at 527. Specifically, the former city employee “argued that before 

plaintiff could seek to compel the identification of the anonymous posters, he must produce 

sufficient evidence supporting each element of a cause of action for defamation against a public 

figure.” Id. The trial court, without “consider[ing] or acknowledg[ing] the First Amendment 

aspects involved,” “merely relied on the open and liberal discovery rules of Michigan” and 

denied the motion for a protective order. Id. at 527-528. 

 The former city employee appealed, and this Court reversed and remanded for further 

proceedings. Ghanam, 303 Mich App at 550. First, while it recognized that it was bound by 

Cooley, this Court nevertheless found that “application of the Cooley protections scheme in the 

instant case, containing circumstances which Cooley declined to address, appears inadequate to 

protect the constitutional rights of an anonymous defendant who is unaware of pending 

litigation.” Id. at 540. In light of this inadequate protection, this Court “conclude[d] that when 

an anonymous defendant in a defamation suit is not shown to be aware of or involved with the 

lawsuit, some showing by the plaintiff and review by the trial court are required in order to 

balance the plaintiff’s right to pursue a meritorious defamation claim against an anonymous 

critic’s First Amendment rights.” Id. Consequently, this Court “impose[d] two additional 

requirements in an effort to balance” these competing interests: (1) “a plaintiff must have made 
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reasonable efforts to provide the anonymous commenter with reasonable notice that he or she is 

the subject of a subpoena or motion seeking disclosure of the commenter’s identity,” and (2) “the 

plaintiff’s claims must be evaluated by the court so that a determination is made as to whether 

the claims are sufficient to survive a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8).” 

Id. at 541. Determining that there was nothing in the record that would satisfy either of those 

two additional requirements, this Court reversed and remanded for the entry of an order granting 

summary disposition in the anonymous speakers’ favor. Id. at 543-550. 

3. APPLICATION TO THIS CASE 

 In our view, this case does not fit neatly into the framework articulated by Cooley or 

Ghanam. As Dr. Sarkar argues, Cooley is similar in that it involved a defendant who had 

appeared. As PubPeer argues, however, Cooley differs in that it involved a defendant whose 

identity had already been disclosed to the plaintiff. That is, to date, the identities of the 

anonymous speakers in this case are not yet known by plaintiff.7

 On the other hand, as PubPeer 

argues, Ghanam is similar in that it involved a defendant whose identity had not yet been 

disclosed to the plaintiff. As Dr. Sarkar argues, however, Ghanam differs in that it involved a 

situation where seemingly no defendants were aware of nor had appeared in the matter. That is, 

as of now, one anonymous defendant is aware of and has filed an appearance in this matter. 

Thus, the protections schemes articulated in Cooley and Ghanam, while helpful, do not control 

the outcome of this case. 

 Nevertheless, it is our opinion that the framework as set forth in Ghanam is most 

appropriate here. In essence, Dr. Sarkar’s position is simple: He argues that because a defendant 

has appeared, PubPeer cannot argue the standards for summary disposition standards. We 

cannot agree with this position. 

 “The First Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that ‘Congress shall 

make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech . . . .’ ” Cooley, 300 Mich App at 255-256, 

quoting US Const, Am I. Similarly, our “Michigan Constitution provides that ‘[e]very person 

may freely speak, write, express and publish his views on all subjects, being responsible for the 

abuse of such right; and no law shall be enacted to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech . . . .’ 

 

7

 Additionally, and perhaps more importantly, Cooley is distinguishable from this matter in that 

Cooley involved a motion to quash or for a protective order filed by the anonymous speaker at 

issue, not a nonparty. 300 Mich App at 252 (“On August 5, 2011, Doe 1 filed a motion in the 

Ingham Circuit Court, requesting that it quash any outstanding subpoenas to Weebly or, 

alternatively, issue a protective order limiting or restricting Cooley’s use or disclosure of his 

identifying information.”). Conversely, this case involves a motion to quash by a nonparty 

relating, at least in part, to statements made by anonymous speakers who have not appeared. 

Thus, while Cooley is still helpful to our analysis in this case, the circumstances presented in that 

case are not identical to those here as Dr. Sarkar claims. 
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” Id. at 256, quoting Const 1963, art 1, § 5 (alterations by the Cooley Court).8

 The United States 

Constitution protects an individual’s “speech over the Internet to the same extent as speech over 

other media,” and this remains true regardless of whether the individual identifies him or herself 

or remains anonymous. Id. Stated again, “The United States Supreme Court has . . . determined 

that ‘an author’s decision to remain anonymous, like other decisions concerning omissions or 

additions to the content of a publication, is an aspect of the freedom of speech protected by the 

First Amendment.’ ” Id., quoting McIntyre v Ohio Elections Comm, 514 US 334, 342; 115 S Ct 

1511; 131 L Ed 2d 426 (1995). However, “[t]he right to anonymous expression over the Internet 

does not extend to defamatory speech, which is not protected by the First Amendment.” 

Ghanam, 303 Mich App at 534. 

 While courts in other jurisdictions have tried, “[t]o very different extents,” “to balance a 

defendant’s right to speak anonymously against a plaintiff’s interest in discovering the 

information necessary to prosecute its defamation claims,” Cooley, 300 Mich App at 257, this 

Court has clearly held “that Michigan’s procedures for a protective order, when combined with 

Michigan’s procedures for summary disposition, adequately protect a defendant’s First 

Amendment interests in anonymity,” id. at 264, and we are bound by that decision. MCR 

7.215(J)(1).9

 Thus, as recognized by Cooley, it is this state’s procedures for protective orders 

and summary disposition that control in this circumstance. 300 Mich App at 259-264. 

 A party commences a civil action when he or she files a complaint with the court. 

Cooley, 300 Mich App at 259. After doing so, a party is permitted to “ ‘obtain discovery 

regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the 

pending action[.]’ ” Id. at 260, quoting MCR 2.302(B)(1) (alteration by the Cooley Court). 

Generally speaking, “Michigan follows a policy of open and broad discovery.” Id. 

Nevertheless, “a trial court should protect parties from excessive, abusive, or irrelevant discovery 

requests” by issuing a protective order. Id. at 260-261. In deciding whether to do so, i.e., 

whether to issue a protective order, courts turn to the procedure set forth in MCR 2.302(C). Id. 

at 261. Relatedly, courts may also grant summary disposition to one party when the opposing 

party has failed to state a viable claim pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8). Id. Summary disposition 

pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) should be granted “if the claim is so clearly unenforceable as a 

matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify the opposing party’s right to 

recovery.” Id. at 262. As this Court explained in Cooley, “[t]he availability and application of 

summary disposition is important in this case because summary disposition is an essential tool to 

protect First Amendment rights.” Id. 

 

8

 Because “[t]he United States and Michigan Constitutions provide the same protections of the 

freedom of speech,” “this Cout may consider federal authority when interpreting the extent of 

Michigan’s protections of free speech.” Cooley, 300 Mich App at 256. 

9

 In Cooley, a panel of this Court expressly refused to adopt Dendrite, reasoning that any 

expansion beyond the Michigan rules of civil procedure would be better-suited for the 

Legislature. 300 Mich App at 266-267. 
-10- 

 However, when an anonymous defendant has not appeared, it is clear that he or she is 

completely unable to seek summary disposition on unviable claims; stated differently, when an 

anonymous defendant has not appeared, it is clear that he or she is completely unable to utilize 

an (and arguably the most) important tool to protect his or her First Amendment rights. This is 

precisely the concern that was identified in Ghanam: 

 In the present case, no defendant was notified of the lawsuit and no 

defendant had been involved with any of the proceedings, which means that there 

was no one to move for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8). Thus, one 

of the two protections that Cooley relied upon is conspicuously absent. Further, 

when defendants are not aware of and not involved with a lawsuit, any protection 

to be afforded through the entry of a protective order under MCR 2.302(C) is 

contingent upon a nonparty, e.g., the Internet service provider, asserting the 

defendants’ First Amendment rights. Thus, application of the Cooley protections 

scheme in the instant case, containing circumstances which Cooley declined to 

address, appears inadequate to protect the constitutional rights of an anonymous 

defendant who is unaware of pending litigation. [303 Mich App at 539-540 

(emphasis in original).]10

 Consequently, under Ghanam, “some showing by the plaintiff and review by the trial 

court are required in order to balance the plaintiff’s right to pursue a meritorious defamation 

claim against an anonymous critic’s First Amendment rights.” 303 Mich App at 540. In this 

case, that requires that plaintiff satisfy the two additional requirements imposed by the Ghanam 

panel and set forth above: (1) Dr. Sarkar “must have made reasonable efforts to provide the 

anonymous commenter with reasonable notice that he or she is the subject of a subpoena or 

motion seeking disclosure of the commenter’s identity,” and (2) Dr. Sarkar’s “claims must be 

evaluated by the court so that a determination is made as to whether the claims are sufficient to 

survive a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8).” Id. at 541. With respect to 

the “reasonable notice” requirement, there is no dispute in this case that reasonable notice was 

 

10 As indicated above, Dr. Sarkar argues on appeal that the appearance of one anonymous 

speaker, in and of itself, renders Ghanam wholly inapplicable. We cannot agree. The practical 

implications of such an understanding are unacceptable. In essence, that understanding would 

require that the appearing anonymous speaker represent the interests of all anonymous speakers, 

and that is simply unacceptable in cases, such as this one, where the anonymous speakers made 

different statements. There is simply no legal authority that would support a conclusion that the 

appearance of one anonymous speaker somehow affects the anonymity protections afforded to 

other anonymous, but non-appearing, speakers simply because they happened to comment on the 

same website. Furthermore, Dr. Sarkar’s position overlooks the fact that Ghanam expressly held 

that a motion for summary disposition, whether it be made by an anonymous speaker or a 

nonparty, is not required: “This evaluation is to be performed even if there is no pending motion 

for summary disposition before the court.” 303 Mich App at 541 (emphasis added). Thus, the 

trial court was required to perform this evaluation regardless of whether PubPeer, an anonymous 

speaker, or any other individual or entity moved for summary disposition. 
-11- 

provided, and we see no reason to address it further.11 Thus, the primary issue we need to 

address here is whether the second requirement, i.e., whether Dr. Sarkar’s claims could survive a 

motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8), is satisfied. We conclude that it 

is not. 

 As indicated above, a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) may 

be filed “when the opposing party has failed to state a claim on which relief can be granted.” 

Cooley, 300 Mich App at 261. A motion for summary disposition pursuant to subsection (C)(8) 

“tests the legal basis of the complaint on the pleadings alone.” Id. Therefore, all factual 

allegations made in the complaint must be viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmoving 

party and accepted as true. Id. at 261-262. “The trial court will grant the motion if the claim is 

so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify the 

opposing party’s right to recovery.” Id. at 262. 

 In Michigan, a defamation claim requires proof of four elements: 

“(1) a false and defamatory statement concerning the plaintiff, (2) an unprivileged 

communication to a third party, (3) fault amounting at least to negligence on the 

part of the publisher, and (4) either actionability of the statement irrespective of 

special harm (defamation per se) or the existence of special harm caused by 

publication.” [Smith, 487 Mich at 113, quoting Mitan v Campbell, 474 Mich 21, 

24; 706 NW2d 420 (2005).]12 

At issue on appeal is whether the statements identified in Dr. Sarkar’s complaint are capable of 

defamatory meaning. “A communication is defamatory if it tends so to harm the reputation of 

another as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to deter third persons from 

associating or dealing with him” Smith, 487 Mich at 113 (citation and internal quotation marks 

omitted). “To be considered defamatory, statements must assert facts that are ‘provable as false.’ 

” Ghanam, 303 Mich App at 545, quoting Milkovich v Lorain Journal Co, 497 US 1, 19; 110 S 

Ct 2695; 111 L Ed 2d 1 (1990). “ ‘The dispositive question . . . is whether a reasonable factfinder could conclude that the statement implies a defamatory meaning.’ ” Id., quoting Smith, 

 

11 The record reflects that a copy of the complaint filed by Dr. Sarkar in this action was posted to 

pubpeer.com. It also appears that this lawsuit, as well as the underlying allegation, has generated 

significant publicity in the cancer-research community. In sum, while neither party expressly 

agrees or disagrees that the “reasonable notice” requirement was satisfied, it appears 

insignificant and is largely irrelevant in light of our conclusion with respect to the second 

requirement. 

12 With respect to the third element, we would note that Dr. Sarkar appears to be a limitedpurpose public figure. Thus, he is required to prove that the anonymous speakers acted with 

actual malice in making the statements at issue. VandenToorn v Bonner, 129 Mich App 198, 

207; 342 NW2d 297 (1983). Nevertheless, because none of the comments at issue are capable of 

defamatory meaning, we need not address whether the record reflects any indication of actual 

malice. 
-12- 

487 Mich at 128. “The context and forum in which statements appear also affect whether a 

reasonable reader would interpret the statements as asserting provable facts,” and this Court has 

recognized “that Internet message boards and similar communication platforms are generally 

regarded as containing statements of pure opinion rather than statements or implications of 

actual, provable fact.” Id. at 546-547. “Whether a statement is actually capable of defamatory 

meaning is a preliminary question of law for the court to decide.” Id. at 544. 

 Accordingly, to determine whether Dr. Sarkar’s defamation claim could survive a motion 

for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8), we are tasked with analyzing each 

allegedly defamatory statement identified in his complaint, and we do so below.13

I. PARAGRAPHS 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, & 56 

 Paragraphs 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, and 56 of Dr. Sarkar’s complaint 

state, in full, as follows: 

41. At https://pubpeer.com/publications/16546962 there are comments that 

conclude that certain figures are “identical” to others, accusing him of research 

misconduct. 

42. At https://pubpeer.com/publications/21680704 there are comments that 

conclude that certain figures show “no vertical changes,” are the “same bands,” 

and are “identical” to others, also accusing him of research misconduct. 

* * * 

44. At 

https://pubpeer.com/publications/2D67107831BCCB85BA8EC45A72FCEF, 

another discussion takes place among posters, accusing Dr. Sarkar of “sloppiness” 

of such magnitude that it calls into question the scientific values of the papers. 

The comments demand a “correction” with a “public set of data to show that the 

experiments exist,” falsely stating that the data were false and that the 

experiments were fabricated. 

 

13 At the outset, it must be noted that facially deficient claims cannot survive a motion for 

summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) as a matter of law. Ghanam, 303 Mich App 

at 543. Thus, because “ ‘[a] plaintiff claiming defamation must plead a defamation claim with 

specificity by identifying the exact language that the plaintiff alleges to be defamatory,’ ” our 

review as to whether statements are capable of defamatory meaning in order to survive a motion 

for summary disposition is limited to those statements that are specifically identified in the 

complaint. Ghanam, 303 Mich App at 543, quoting Cooley, 300 Mich App at 262 (alterations by 

the Ghanam Court). We have therefore elected to quote, in full, each paragraph at issue in Dr. 

Sarkar’s complaint. We would also note, however, that we attempted to copy the formatting 

used by Dr. Sarkar in his complaint as closely as possible. Some spacing, however, differs 

minimally. 
-13- 

45. An unregistered submission on the URL as #44 above doubts that the 

authors have taken “physics” and that they have decided to “show the world” 

fabricated data. The same, or perhaps a different unregistered submission 

concludes: “One has to wonder how this was not recognized earlier by the 

journals, reviewers, funding agencies, study sections, and the university. 

Something is broken in our system.” 

46. At https://pubpeer.com/publications/21680704, “Inactivation of 

AR/TMPRSS2-ERG/Wnt signaling networks attenuates the aggressive behavior of 

prostate cancer cells,” accusations include “no vertical changes ... problematic,” 

and “same image.” 

47. On July 24, 2014, at https://pubpeer.com/publications/22806240, 

“Activated K-Ras and INK4a/Arf deficiency promote aggressiveness of pancreatic 

cancer by induction of EMT consistent with cancer stem cell phenotype,” a 

comment made from “Peer 3” contains the comment “There seems to be a lot 

more [‘]honest errors[’] to correct,” with the quotes communicating that they were 

not honest errors. 

* * * 

50. The dialogue set forth in #49 above urges the PubPeer “community” to 

target Dr. Sarkar, and contains a false statement, as the Plaintiff has previously 

replied to PubPeer comments [November 10, 2013 submission apologizing for the 

inadvertent error and promising a correction at this page: 

https://pubpeer.com/publications/170E31360970BE43408F4AC52E57FD, 

“CXCR2 Macromolecular Complex in Pancreatic Cancer: A Potential 

Therapeutic Target in Tumor Growth.”] 

51. The interaction between anonymous posters in the paragraphs above 

suggests that multiple users are independently conversing about Dr. Sarkar and 

making false accusations about him. On information and belief, these are from 

the same person pretending to have a dialogue with someone else, or persons 

working in concert. 

52. For example, a “dialogue” between two allegedly different posters took 

place on July 24, 2014. These posters, “Peer 1” and “Unregistered Submission,” 

each posted in the middle of the night, one responding to the other just 56 minutes 

later. See: 

https://pubpeer.com/publications/A3845DA138FC83780CB5071ED74AEC, 

“Concurrent Inhibition Of NF-Kappab, Cyclooxygenase-2, And Epidermal 

Growth Factor Receptor Leads To Greater Anti-Tumor Activity In Pancreatic 

Cancer.” This is either a very odd coincidence that two scientists were 

independently reading the same page regarding Dr. Sarkar (in the example stated 

in this paragraph, a page regarding a 2010 paper that at the time had only had 151 

views) – on the same day, in the middle of the night; or drawing a reasonable 
-14- 

inference from these facts, it’s the same person feigning a dialogue; or two 

persons working in concert with one another. 

53. These probably fake dialogues are an attempt to falsely communicate that 

there are more scientists concerned about Dr. Sarkar, and more persons 

communicating accusations, than there actually are. This is significant because 

there are so many criticisms of Dr. Sarkar that rely on the sheer number of 

PubPeer comments as an indication that he must be engaged in misconduct. See, 

for example, the examples cited at paragraphs 40 (d) and 48, above. 

54. Another example of a tactic to artificially increase accusations of 

misconduct is to make a single comment on old papers. Similar to what is stated 

in paragraph 53 above, this too is significant because there are so many comments 

that rely on the sheer number of papers with comments on PubPeer (as opposed to 

the total number of comments, cf. ¶ 53) to indicate misconduct: 

 a. There are two comments at this page: 

https://pubpeer.com/publications/5A875EBFF7D16C8CCE342257412E5B, “BDIM Impairs Radiation-Induced Survival Pathways Independently Of Androgen 

Receptor Expression and Augments Radiation Efficacy in Prostate Cancer.” 

These two comments are in April and July, 2014, concerning a 2012 paper with 

no previous comments. This indicates someone intentionally seeking to increase 

the number of papers with comments on PubPeer. 

 b. Below is a comment simply inviting the reader to perform a search 

on Dr. Sarkar, at 

https://pubpeer.com/publications/58FE2E47C6FEB3BE00367F26BF7A83, has 

nothing at all to do with that 1999 paper, but instead is intended for the reader to 

search and see how many of Dr. Sarkar’s papers have been commented about on 

PubPeer: 

Unregistered Submission: 

(April 21st, 2014 1:33am UTC) 

 1994-2014 here: 

 https://pubpeer.com/search?q=Sarkar+FH 

 c. Another comment was made on July 24, 2014 at 7:04 AM from 

“Peer 1” at https://pubpeer.com/publications 

/997E578FC0B61F6BAE1974D4051157, “Mitochondrial Dysfunction Promotes 

Breast Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion through HIF1α Accumulation via 

Increased Production of Reactive Oxygen Species.” This doubled the amount of 

comments on this 2006 paper. 

 d. A July 13, 2014 comment was made about a 2005 paper that 

previously had no comments: 

https://pubpeer.com/publications/6B44D6D4111B59BAB78E642C8D1758, 
-15- 

“Molecular Evidence for Increased Antitumor of Gemcitabine by Genistein in 

Vitro and in Vivo Using an Orthopedic Model of Pancreatic Cancer.” 

 e. All told, there are 42 papers with Dr. Sarkar as lead researcher that 

have garnered only one comment on PubPeer, many of them extremely recent 

comments on relatively old papers. 

55. The comment that was made [as set forth in paragraph 54 (d)] appears 

innocuous on its face, merely stating that one illustration appears to be the same 

as another one, but “flipped.” This would meet PubPeer’s guidelines that it was 

permissible to state that one illustration appears the same as another. The 

comment is as follows: 

Unregistered Submission: 

(July 13th, 2014 6:26pm UTC) 

 Compare Fig. 3B and Fig. 3D [AT 

http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/65/19/9064.full.pdf+html] 

 When Colo357 lane for 0 and 25 in 3B is flipped it looks similar to the 

control and genistein in Fig. 3D for Colo357. 

56. However, while that comment communicates that these are the same 

illustration, they are in fact not – they are clearly different illustrations to the 

untrained eye. As such, this is another false accusation of research misconduct. 

While some PubPeer comments do point out illustrations that appear similar, 

others like this example are not. Accordingly, the comment set forth in this 

paragraph is false, made in bad faith, and defamatory. 

 After reviewing these paragraphs, we conclude that they are facially deficient and unable 

to survive a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8). As stated above, 

“[a] plaintiff claiming defamation must plead a defamation claim with specificity by identifying 

the exact language that the plaintiff alleges to be defamatory.” Ghanam, 303 Mich App at 543 

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).14 Here, minimal language is specifically 

identified in these paragraphs in the complaint, and Dr. Sarkar apparently relies on the trial court 

and this Court to visit pubpeer.com and learn the underlying science at issue to determine 

whether the statement constitutes a potentially defamatory accusation. In essence, we would be 

 

14 See also Royal Palace Homes, Inc v Channel 7 of Detroit, Inc, 197 Mich App 48, 57; 495 

NW2d 392 (1992) (“Plaintiffs must plead precisely the statements about which they complain.”); 

Gonyea v Motor Parts Fed Credit Union, 192 Mich App 74, 77; 480 NW2d 297 (1991) (“These 

elements must be specifically pleaded, including the allegations with respect to the defamatory 

words, the connection between the plaintiff and the defamatory words, and the publication of the 

alleged defamatory words.”); Cooley, 300 Mich App at 266 (“[U]nder Michigan law, the plaintiff 

must allege the exact defamatory statements.”). 
-16- 

left searching the webpages that he cites to in hopes of finding comments that do or do not 

support his claim. This is his, not our, burden, and we decline to do so for him.15 Thus, as 

identified in Dr. Sarkar’s complaint, the statements at issue in paragraphs 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 

50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, and 56 are not capable of defamatory meaning. Thus, defendants are 

entitled to summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) with respect to these paragraphs, 

and the trial court correctly granted PubPeer’s motion to quash in this regard.16

II. PARAGRAPHS 40(A), (B), AND (D), 43, 48, & 49 

 Paragraphs 40(a), (b), and (d), 43, 48, and 49 of Dr. Sarkar’s complaint, however, 

identify, at least to an extent, the exact language at issue; thus, we are able to provide meaningful 

review.17 These paragraphs provide, in full, as follows: 

40. At and commenting from “Down-regulation of Notch-1 contributes to cell 

growth inhibition and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells” 

[https://pubpeer.com/publications/16546962] 

 a. In this discussion, “Peer 1’s” commentary begins with an invitation for 

the reader to compare certain illustrations with others. But then an unregistered 

submission links to another page, where someone sarcastically asserted that a 

paper “[Used] the same blot to represent different experiment(s). I guess the reply 

from the authors would be inadvertent errors in figure preparation.” 

 b. Perhaps that same unregistered submission complains, “You might 

expect the home institution to at least look into the multiple concerns which have 

 

15 To be clear, we are holding that Michigan law requires a plaintiff to specifically identify every 

statement that he or she claims is capable of defamatory meaning. Here, Dr. Sarkar quotes 

certain words, some phrases, and provides citations to various webpages. This is insufficient. 

Indeed, the majority of the webpages that Dr. Sarkar cites to have changed and no longer include 

the words or phrases that he quotes. For example, the webpage cited in in paragraph 41 of Dr. 

Sarkar’s complaint includes approximately 63 comments, the majority of which were made after 

he filed the complaint in this case. The comments were made between November 2013 and 

October 2016, beginning with invitations to “please compare” certain figures that appear similar 

and ending with a link to an article on retractionwatch.com that summarizes a Wayne State 

University investigation finding that Dr. Sarkar had engaged in misconduct. 

16 Nevertheless, we do recognize that, ordinarily, a plaintiff may be given an opportunity to 

amend a facially deficient complaint. See MCR 2.116(I)(5). However, for the reasons discussed 

below, allowing Dr. Sarkar to do so in this case would be futile and is thus unnecessary. 

17 We should note that we are assuming, for purposes of paragraphs 40(a), (b), and (d), 43, 48, 

and 49, that Dr. Sarkar’s complaint sufficiently identified the allegedly actionable statements. 

While we still believe that some of these paragraphs or subparagraphs are inadequate, we feel 

that we are able to provide meaningful review and choose to do so. Nevertheless, providing a 

citation to a webpage and quoting words or incomplete phrases is not sufficient. 
-17- 

been raised.” (sic) This statement is defamatory. Given the regulatory scheme 

described above that requires such investigations only where there are ”good 

faith” complaints of “alleged research misconduct” [deliberate fabrication, 

falsification, or plagiarism], this unknown author has accused Dr. Sarkar of 

deliberate misconduct. 

* * * 

 d. The discussion that follows attack’s [sic] Dr. Sarkar’s character and 

expresses an invitation for his current employer (Wayne State), his potential 

future employer (the University of Mississippi), the National Institute of Health, 

and even the Department of Defense to investigate and take negative action 

against Dr. Sarkar: 

Unregistered Submission: 

(June 19th, 2014 1:11pm UTC) 

 Talking about the Board of Governors, see this public info 

 http://prognosis.med.wayne.edu/article/board-of-governors-names-drsarkar-a-distinguished-professor 

Peer 2: 

(June 19th, 2014 7:52pm UTC) 

 “currently funded by five National Institutes of Health RO1 grants” 

 That probably works out at about $200k per PubPeer comment. I should 

think that NIH must be pretty happy with such high productivity. 

Unregistered Submission: 

(June 20th, 2014 9:44am UTC) 

 just letting you know that the award for doing what he/she allegedly did is 

promotion a prestigious position at a different institution. Strange 

http://www.umc.edu/news_and_publications/thisweek.aspx?type=thisweek&date

=6%2F9%2F2014 [link is to the University of Mississippi site announcing Dr. 

Sarkar’s hire] 

Unregistered Submission: 

 (June 20th, 2014 5:30pm UTC) 

 The last author is now correcting “errors” in several papers. Hopefully he 

will be able to address and correct the more than 45 papers (spanning 15 years of 

concerns: 1999-2014), which were all posted in PubPeer. 

Peer 2: 
-18- 

(June 20th, 2014 6:39pm UTC) 

 From the newsletter: 

 “Sarkar has published more than 525 scholarly articles” 

 ... nearly 50 of which have attracted comments on PubPeer! 

 It’s not hard to imagine why Wayne State may not have fought to keep 

him. And presumably the movers and shakers at the University of Mississippi 

Medical Center didn’t know that they should check out potential hires on PubPeer 

(they just counted the grants and papers). I wonder which institution gets to 

match up NIH grants with papers on PubPeer. 

 It can only be a matter of time, grasshopper, but that time may still seem 

long. You saw it first on PubPeer. 

 ... 

Unregistered Submission: 

(July 5th, 2014 12:58am UTC) 

 From a look at this PI’s funding on NIH website it seems this lab has 

received over $13 million from NIH during the last 18 years. An online CV 

shows he has received DOD funds as well, bring the federal fund close to $20 

million. Why isn’t the NIH and DOD investigating? The problems came to light 

only because they were gel photos. What else could be wrong? Figures, tables 

could be made-up or manipulated as well. 

 The problems on PubPeer is for about 50 papers-all based on image 

analysis. That is just 10% of the output from this lab (or $2 million worth of 

federal dollars). What about the other 90%? Sadly this is what happens when 

research output becomes a numbers game. An equivalent PI would be happy to 

have just 50 high impact papers properly executed, that moves the research field 

forward. This lab has 500; but now it will be very difficult to figure out the true 

scientific value of any of them. Sad! 

* * * 

43. At https://pubpeer.com/publications/22806240, there are comments that 

state: “You are correct: using the same blot to represent different experiment(s). 

I guess the reply from the authors would be “inadvertent errors in figure 

preparation,” which also accuse him of research misconduct and sarcastically 

noting that any defense to the contrary would be inadequate. 

* * * 
-19- 

48. At 

https://pubpeer.com/publications/88B8619C6BD964F6EDDD98AD8ECE47, 

“Inhibition of Nuclear Factor Kappab Activity by Genistein Is Mediated via 

Notch-1 Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer Cells,” a discussion takes place 

between an unregistered submitter and “Peer 1,” accusing significant misconduct, 

as follows: 

Unregistered Submission: 

(March 29th, 2014 11:20pm UTC) 

 The last author has more than 20 papers commented in Pubpeer. 

Peer 1: 

 (March 30th, 2014 10:07am UTC) 

“The last author has more than 20 papers commented in Pubpeer.”

 He’s been very productive. 

 Presumably the journals know and his university knows. How long would 

it have taken for you to find out from them? Still counting. 

Unregistered Submission: 

(May 17th, 2014 7:38pm UTC) 

 An Erratum to a report this previous PubPeer comment has been published 

by the authors in Int J Cancer. 2014 Apr 15;134(8):E3. In the erratum, the 

authors state that: “An error occurred during the creation of the composite figure 

for Fig-5B (Rb) and Fig-6B (I?B?) which has recently been uncovered although it 

has no impact on the overall findings and conclusions previously reported” 

 Not so fast! 

 See additional concerns (band recycling, not addressed in Erratum) in 

Figure 4A and Figure 6; here: 

 http://imgur.com/LVa2cVc 

 http://i.imgur.com/4ARd2Mp.png 

 http://i.imgur.com/miK0HGw.png 

 Based on these issues, can we agree with the authors that “an ERROR 

occurring during the creation of the composite figures” and that these (and 

previous “errors” have “NO IMPACT on the overall findings and conclusions 

previously reported”? 

49. At 

https://pubpeer.com/publications/0189A776A6094A60759DB718F9C535, 

“Foxm1 Is a Novel Target of a Natural Agent in Pancreatic Cancer,” there are 

two comments that seem to be finishing each other’s thought: 
-20- 

Unregistered Submission: 

(July 23rd, 2014 6:37pm UTC) 

 FH Sarkar has never replied to any of the Pubpeer comments. 

Peer 1: 

 (July 23rd, 2014 10:31pm UTC) 

 but if we send our concerns to his institution and the journals involved, 

hopefully there will be changes... 

 Assuming that these paragraphs are facially sufficient, we nevertheless conclude that they 

are also unable to survive a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8). 

While we are unable to find any Michigan caselaw specifically addressing comments of this 

nature, other jurisdictions, both federal and state, have addressed similar issues on many 

occasions. In doing so, they have recognized “that when a speaker outlines the factual basis for 

his conclusion, his statement is protected by the First Amendment.” Partington v Bugliosi, 56 

F3d 1147, 1156 (CA 9, 1995).18 This is true even if the speaker expresses his or her opinion

 

18 While not binding, we are permitted to consider caselaw from other jurisdictions as persuasive. 

Travelers Prop Cas Co of America v Peaker Servs, Inc, 306 Mich App 178, 188; 855 NW2d 523 

(2014) (citation omitted). We find the Ninth Circuit’s reasoning persuasive and quote it at length 

below: 

 Reading each of the statements in context, we find that the statements 

themselves, as well as the implications that Partington attributes to them, do not 

represent assertions of objective fact. When one reads the first passage in context, 

it is clear that Bugliosi does not claim to know the reason for the defense lawyers’ 

failure to bring out the existence of the contradiction; rather, he speculates on the 

basis of the limited facts available to him. The passage clearly represents 

Bugliosi’s personal interpretation of the available information and not a verifiable 

factual assessment of Partington’s conduct. As the Seventh Circuit has noted: 

A statement of fact is not shielded from an action for defamation 

by being prefaced with the words “in my opinion,” but if it is plain 

that the speaker is expressing a subjective view, an interpretation, a 

theory, conjecture, or surmise, rather than claiming to be in 

possession of objectively verifiable facts, the statement is not 

actionable. 

 With regard to the second statement, Bugliosi merely outlines a set of 

facts, allowing the reader to draw his own conclusion about them. Even if we 

were to attribute to Bugliosi’s statement the implication that Partington contends 

arises from it—that Partington represented his client poorly—Bugliosi can only 

be said to have expressed his own opinion after having outlined all of the facts 

that serve as the basis for his conclusion. 
-21- 

anonymously. Cooley, 300 Mich App at 256. Each of the paragraphs above reflect the speaker’s 

opinion based on underlying facts that are available to readers. Specifically, Dr. Sarkar 

expressly admits in his complaint that the comment at issue in subparagraph 40(a) “begins with 

an invitation for the reader to compare certain illustrations with others,” the comment at issue in 

subparagraph 40(b) was in response to the same underlying facts as subparagraph 40(a), and the 

comment at issue in subparagraph 40(d) as in response to those underlying facts as well. 

Similarly, the comments at issue in paragraphs 43, 48, and 49 are all also part of discussions 

based on underlying facts that are available on the same webpages on pubpeer.com. This is 

precisely the type of opinion that state and federal courts have consistently held was protected by 

the First Amendment, and we believe the same should be true in Michigan as well. Thus, 

summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) was appropriate with respect to paragraphs 

40(a), (b), and (d), 43, 48, and 49, and the trial court correctly granted PubPeer’s motion to quash 

in this regard. 

III. PARAGRAPH 40(C) 

 In light of our conclusions above, we are left with only one subparagraph—subparagraph 

40(c)—that Dr. Sarkar alleges is capable of defamatory meaning. Indeed, it is this subparagraph, 

and only this subparagraph, that the trial court concluded was capable of defamatory meaning, 

and it is this subparagraph that is at issue in PubPeer’s cross-appeal in Docket No. 326691. 

Subparagraph 40(c) of Dr. Sarkar’s complaint provides, in entirety, as follows: 

 The courts of appeals that have considered defamation claims after 

Milkovich have consistently held that when a speaker outlines the factual basis for 

his conclusion, his statement is protected by the First Amendment. As the Fourth 

Circuit noted, “[b]ecause the bases for the . . . conclusion are fully disclosed, no 

reasonable reader would consider the term anything but the opinion of the author 

drawn from the circumstances related.” Similarly, the District of Columbia 

Circuit has noted that “ ‘[b]ecause readers understand that such supported 

opinions represent the writer’s interpretation of the facts presented, and because 

the reader is free to draw his or her own conclusions based on those facts, this 

type of statement is not actionable in defamation.’ ” Finally, the First Circuit has 

held that, as long as the author presents the factual basis for his statement, it can 

only be read as his “personal conclusion about the information presented, not as a 

statement of fact.” 

* * * 

Thus, we join with the other courts of appeals in concluding that when an author 

outlines the facts available to him, thus making it clear that the challenged 

statements represent his own interpretation of those facts and leaving the reader 

free to draw his own conclusions, those statements are generally protected by the 

First Amendment. [Partington, 56 F 3d at 1156-1157 (citations omitted; 

alterations and emphasis by the Partington Court).] 
-22- 

c. Then an unregistered user (likely the same one, given the context) reveals that 

s/he is either a person at Wayne State University who made a formal complaint 

against Dr. Sarkar, or is otherwise privy to the a [sic] person who did so: 

Unregistered Submission: 

(June 18th, 2014 4:51pm UTC) 

 Has anybody reported this to this institute? 

Unregistered Submission: 

(June 18th, 2014 5:43pm UTC) 

 Yes, in September and October 2013 the president of Wayne State 

University was informed several times. 

 The Secretary to the Board of Governors, who is also Senior Executive 

Assistant to the President Wayne State University, wrote back on the 11th of 

November 2013: 

 “Thank you for your e-mail, which I have forwarded to the appropriate 

individual within Wayne State University. As you are aware, scientific 

misconduct investigations are by their nature confidential, and Wayne would not 

be able to comment on whether an inquiry is under way, or if so, what its status 

might be.[”] 

 “Thank you for bring this matter to our attention.” 

 On appeal, Dr. Sarkar claims that the trial court’s decision with respect to 

paragraph 40(c) was correct because the statement at issue “is a clear indication that [the 

speaker] is alleging that Dr. Sarkar committed research misconduct – which is a public 

accusation at the very heart of Dr. Sarkar’s case (and contrary to PubPeer’s denials that such an 

accusation was never made on their web site).” The trial court apparently agreed to an extent, 

opining that “there could be an inference that this was of a nature to attempt to defame Dr. 

Sarkar.” Ultimately, it appears that Dr. Sarkar argues and the trial court concluded that these 

statements, in context and when coupled with the public disclosure of the email from Wayne 

State University, are capable of defamatory meaning. We cannot agree with this reasoning. 

 The contents of the email, even when released to the public, are no more defamatory than 

the other comments discussed above. It reflects, drawing inferences in a light most favorable to 

Dr. Sarkar, Cooley, 300 Mich App at 261-262, that the email sender, i.e., the individual from 

Wayne State University, was “not . . . able to comment on whether an inquiry [presumably a 

scientific misconduct inquiry] is under way, or if so, what its status might be.” Other than 

reaffirming the intent of the speaker, i.e., the PubPeer commenter, the publication of this email 

did not make any false assertions that were otherwise capable of defamatory meaning. As 

indicated above and below, “when a speaker outlines the factual basis for his conclusion, his 

statement is protected by the First Amendment,” Partington, 56 F3d at 1156. This is true 

regardless of whether the speaker later publicizes his or her actions that he or she took based on 

that subjective opinion. Accordingly, we disagree that the statements at issue in subparagraph 
-23- 

40(c) are sufficient to survive summary disposition or entitled Dr. Sarkar to learn the identities of 

the anonymous speakers. Thus, the trial court should have granted summary disposition and 

PubPeer’s motion to quash with respect to subparagraph 40(c) as well.19

IV. THE STATEMENTS AS A WHOLE 

 Dr. Sarkar additionally argues that, while perhaps the individual statements, taken in 

isolation, do not appear capable of defamatory meaning, a reasonable person reviewing the 

entirety of the comments regarding Dr. Sarkar’s research on pubpeer.com would find them 

defamatory. In essence, it is Dr. Sarkar’s position that all criticism of his research on PubPeer is 

defamatory and therefore not protected by the First Amendment. For similar reasons as those 

articulated with respect to paragraphs 40, 43, 48, and 49, we also conclude that the anonymous 

speakers’ criticism of Dr. Sarkar’s research, even when reviewed as a whole and in the 

appropriate context, is not capable of a defamatory meaning. 

 As stated above, the First Amendment protects an individual’s right to speak 

anonymously. Cooley, 300 Mich App at 256. However, defamatory statements are not entitled 

to this same protection. Ghanam, 303 Mich App at 534. “To be considered defamatory, 

statements must assert facts that are ‘provable as false.’ ” Id. at 545. Nevertheless, state and 

federal courts alike have consistently held “that when a speaker outlines the factual basis for his 

conclusion, his statement is protected by the First Amendment,” Partington, 56 F3d at 1156. 

That is, when a speaker presents a factual basis for the opinion he or she reached, his or her 

opinion is not capable of defamatory meaning. Id. 

 Applying those rules to the facts of this case, we cannot conclude that the comments 

made on pubpeer.com regarding Dr. Sarkar are capable of defamatory meaning. In short, Dr. 

Sarkar is asking this Court to hold that the anonymity of individuals who engage in critical 

discussions of his work is not protected by the First Amendment, and we simply cannot do so. 

Had this been a situation where, for example, speakers falsely stated that he was found guilty of 

research misconduct, our conclusion may well have been different. But that is not what is before 

us. Rather, the situation before us involves critical discussions between anonymous individuals 

that are, at least to some extent, critical of Dr. Sarkar’s research. At best, some of the speakers 

opine that Dr. Sarkar should be investigated for research misconduct, and their opinions in that 

regard are protected by the First Amendment. Indeed, their discussions repeatedly invite readers 

to review Dr. Sarkar’s research for themselves and reach their own conclusions, and we are not 

inclined to chill this type of constitutionally protected speech. Accordingly, for the reasons set 

 

19 Dr. Sarkar has also raised the idea that, by quoting the email in a public post on pubpeer.com, 

the commenter violated various federal laws involving the confidentiality of research-misconduct 

investigations. However, he fails to fully develop this argument as well as to provide sufficient 

legal support for his claim so as to allow us to provide meaningful review. Thus, we deem it 

abandoned. Peterson Novelties, Inc v City of Berkley, 259 Mich App 1, 14; 672 NW2d 351 

(2003). In any event, we do not believe that the public disclosure of this email, alone, constitutes 

a violation of any federal laws involving confidentiality in research-misconduct investigations. 

See, e.g., 42 CFR 93.108 (2005). 
-24- 

forth above, we conclude that summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) with respect to 

the comments made on pubpeer.com regarding Dr. Sarkar is appropriate.20 For similar reasons, 

PubPeer’s motion to quash should have been granted in full. 

V. THE FLYER 

 As indicated above, we conclude that none of the statements from pubpeer.com 

identified, whether specifically or implicitly, in Dr. Sarkar’s complaint are not capable of 

defamatory meaning. Thus, with respect to those statements, summary disposition pursuant to 

MCR 2.116(C)(8) is appropriate. However, the flyer that was allegedly distributed to Wayne 

State University personnel presents a different issue. According to Dr. Sarkar, the distributed 

flyer implied that he was under senatorial investigation when he was, in fact, not. Taking that as 

true, we agree that summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) with respect to Dr. 

Sarkar’s defamation claim based on that flyer is inappropriate at this time. With that being said, 

it is still necessary for us to determine whether, and to what extent, Dr. Sarkar is permitted to 

unmask the identities of commenters on pubpeer.com as it relates to that flyer, and it is our view 

that he is not entitled to unmask the identities of any of those commenters. Stated simply, there 

is no reasonable connection between the flyer and pubpeer.com. The only connection between 

the two is the fact that the flyer included a screenshot of a webpage on pubpeer.com; however, 

pubpeer.com is a public website available to, literally, everyone. While Dr. Sarkar asks that we 

assume that the flyer was likely distributed by someone who criticized his research on 

pubpeer.com and therefore unmask the identities of all the individuals who have commented on 

his research on that website, we simply cannot do so. In short and as indicated above, 

individuals are entitled to make anonymous statements under the First Amendment, and the mere 

fact that someone later prints some of those anonymous statements and distributes them does not 

suddenly destroy that protection. Accordingly, we conclude that, while Dr. Sarkar’s defamation 

claim may nevertheless proceed, he is not entitled to discovery from PubPeer in this regard. 

B. EVIDENCE BEYOND THE PLEADINGS 

 On appeal, Dr. Sarkar also argues that the trial court’s March 9, 2015 order must be 

reversed because the court erred in considering affidavits, erred in making factual inferences 

against him, and erred in requiring the production of evidence. In essence, Dr. Sarkar argues that 

the trial court misapplied MCR 2.116(C)(8) under Ghanam. As stated in greater detail above, a 

motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) may be filed “when the opposing 

party has failed to state a claim on which relief can be granted.” Cooley, 300 Mich App at 261. 

Such a motion “tests the legal basis of the complaint on the pleadings alone.” Id. This standard 

requires that all factual allegations made in the complaint be viewed in a light most favorable to 

the nonmoving party and accepted as true. Id. at 261-262. 

 

20 See also Orr v Argus-Press Co, 586 F2d 1108, 1114-1115 (CA 6, 1978) (differentiating 

between stating “that the plaintiff sits around in his back yard with a drink in his and therefore 

must be an alcoholic,” which is “not actionable,” and stating “that the plaintiff is an alcoholic,” 

which is actionable. (Citation and internal quotation marks omitted.) 
-25- 

1. AFFIDAVITS 

 As indicated above, Dr. Sarkar claims on appeal that the trial court impermissibly 

considered two affidavits in reaching its decision, which is undisputedly prohibited by MCR 

2.116(C)(8). However, Dr. Sarkar does not point to anything in the record to support his claim 

that the trial court actually considered these affidavits in reaching its decision.21 Thus, this 

argument is abandoned. Peterson Novelties, Inc, 259 Mich App at 14. Moreover, we are unable 

to find any mention of these affidavits by the trial court in the entire record. Thus, this claim of 

error is meritless. 

2. FACTUAL INFERENCES 

 As indicated above, Dr. Sarkar also claims on appeal that the trial court impermissibly 

made factual inferences against him, which is also undisputedly prohibited by MCR 2.116(C)(8). 

Again, however, Dr. Sarkar does not point to anything in the record to support his claim that the 

trial court made any factual inferences against him.22 Thus, this argument is abandoned as well. 

 

21 Dr. Sarkar argues, in pertinent part, as follows: 

 The court’s error in considering (C) (8) factors was compounded when it 

considered the affidavit of Dr. Krueger (opining about Dr. Sarkar’s research) 

attached to PubPeer’s motion. Even assuming arguendo that the court were 

permitted to consider (C) (8) factors on the motion to quash, MCR 2.116 does not 

permit reference to affidavits in determining a (C) (8) motion by its plain 

language: “Only the pleadings may be considered when the motion is based on 

subrule (C)(8) or (9).” 

* * * 

 As argued above, because there was an appearing defendant, PubPeer was 

not permitted under Cooley to argue the standards of MCR 2.116 (C) (8). The 

error was exacerbated by PubPeer’s submission of two affidavits in support of 

their motion. They may not submit them, and this court may not consider them. 

Specifically, their expert’s affidavit must be completely disregarding, and it is not 

harmless, because its focus was that the anonymous commenters’ statements were 

substantially true and not defamatory – an argument the lower court considered. 

As is obvious from the quoted text above, Dr. Sarkar points to nothing in the record to support 

his claim that the trial court consider these affidavits. In essence, Dr. Sarkar asks this Court to 

assume that, because they are included in the record, the trial court impermissibly relied on them, 

and that is certainly not an assumption we are willing to make.

22 Dr. Sarkar argues, in pertinent part, as follows: 

 Furthermore, clear precedent requires that all factual allegations and the 

inferences to be drawn from there are to be taken in the light most favorable to the 

non-moving party and taken as true. However, the court’s remarks at oral 
-26- 

Peterson Novelties, Inc, 259 Mich App at 14. Moreover, as with his argument with respect to the 

affidavits, we are unable to find any indication in the record that the trial court made any factual 

inferences in one party’s favor over the other. Thus, this claim of error is also meritless. 

3. PRODUCTION OF EVIDENCE 

 Additionally, Dr. Sarkar argues that the trial court’s March 9, 2015 order must be 

reversed because the court required that he produce evidence in support of his claims.23 This 

claim of error is meritless as well. While it is true that the trial court requested that Dr. Sarkar’s 

counsel provide PubPeer’s counsel with a copy of the distributed document, Dr. Sarkar does not 

cite, and we are unable to find, any authority to support the proposition that this request requires 

reversal. Thus, this argument is also abandoned. Peterson Novelties, Inc, 259 Mich App at 14. 

Furthermore, Dr. Sarkar’s attorney expressly stated that he was “happy” to allow PubPeer’s 

counsel an opportunity to review this document. Consequently, even if not abandoned, we deem 

the issue waived. The Cadle Co v City of Kentwood, 285 Mich App 240, 254-255; 776 NW2d 

145 (2009). Moreover, this request, which appears to have been made for convenience purposes 

only, i.e., to allow PubPeer’s counsel to know what document Dr. Sarkar’s counsel was referring 

to, has no impact on the application of the First Amendment in this matter. 

argument repeatedly assumed an interpretation of the pleadings favorable to the 

defendant. That is improper when considering the pleadings alone. 

* * * 

 As argued in the first section, because there was an appearing defendant, 

PubPeer was not permitted under Cooley to even argue the standards of MCR 

2.116 (C) (8). The error was compounded by the court’s interpretation of all of 

Dr. Sarkar’s factual allegations, and the inferences therefrom, in a light favorable 

to PubPeer. 

Again, Dr. Sarkar points to nothing in the record to support his claim that the trial court made 

factual inferences against him other than to generally point to the tone of the trial court’s 

“remarks.” In essence, Dr. Sarkar is asking us to search the record for him in hopes of finding 

something that supports this assertion, and it is not our duty to do so. 

23 Specifically, Dr. Sarkar argues, in entirety, as follows: 

 PubPeer argued, and the court agreed, that plaintiff was required to 

produce evidence at this stage, to wit: the document that suggested Dr. Sarkar 

was under U.S. Senate inquiry. The transcript will indicate that after the court 

directed plaintiff produce this document, a copy was handed over on the record to 

the attorneys for PubPeer. For the same reasons set forth above, that any analysis 

under MCR 2.116 (C) (8) must be based on the pleadings alone, this was plain 

error. 
-27- 

C. REMAINING CAUSES OF ACTION 

 On appeal, Dr. Sarkar lastly argues that the trial court’s March 9, 2015 order must be 

reversed because the court did not separately consider his other four causes of action. 

Specifically, Dr. Sarkar contends that, assuming that the First Amendment prohibits the 

unmasking of the identities of the anonymous commenters with respect to his defamation claim, 

he is nevertheless entitled to learn their identities with respect to his other four claims. However, 

First Amendment protections “are not exclusive to defamation claims.” Ireland v Edwards, 230 

Mich App 607, 624; 584 NW2d 632 (1998). That is, the same First Amendment protections 

apply whether Dr. Sarkar is trying to unmask the speakers’ identities in a defamation lawsuit or 

any other type of lawsuit. Id.

24 To the extent Dr. Sarkar claims that the defamation claim is 

distinguishable from the others because the others rely solely on conduct completely separate 

from the comments on pubpeer.com, we agree that summary disposition pursuant to MCR 

2.116(C)(8) in that respect would be improper.25 However, like with the flyer, any conduct that 

is completely separate from the comments on pubpeer.com is not reasonably connected so as to 

allow discovery of the anonymous speakers’ identities. Thus, while the other claims may 

proceed, PubPeer’s motion to quash with respect to those claims was nevertheless properly 

granted. See Hustler Magazine, Inc v Falwell, 485 US 46, 56; 108 S Ct 876; 99 L Ed 2d 41 

(1988) (“We conclude that public figures and public officials may not recover for the tort of 

intentional infliction of emotional distress by reason of publications such as the one here at issue 

without showing in addition that the publication contains a false statement of fact that was made 

with ‘actual malice’ . . . .”).26

 

24 Stated differently, where the alleged tortious conduct “is a defendant’s utterance of negative 

statements concerning a plaintiff, privileged speech is a defense.” Lakeshore Community Hosp, 

Inc v Perry, 212 Mich App 396, 401; 538 NW2d 24 (1995). 

25 It should be noted, however, that Dr. Sarkar’s complaint does not identify completely separate 

conduct as he claims. Rather, his complaint expressly identifies the comments on pubpeer.com 

as the basis or at least as part of the basis for more than just his defamation claim. For example, 

while Dr. Sarkar claims that the additional causes of action cite completely separate conduct, his 

intentional infliction of emotional distress claim expressly relies on “false statements made on 

PubPeer[.]” Thus, we feel it necessary to clearly state that, to the extent his other causes of 

action rely in any way upon the statements made on pubpeer.com, those causes of action may not 

proceed on remand because they are premised on constitutionally protected speech. 

26 Relatedly, we completely reject the idea that only the defamation claim is subject to First 

Amendment limitations. Using that logic, if Dr. Sarkar simply dismissed his defamation claim 

and continued with the other four claims with respect to the statements on pubpeer.com, there 

would be no First Amendment protection, and that is directly contrary to the United States and 

Michigan Constitutions as well as Michigan’s, other states’, federal, and United States Supreme 

Court caselaw. 
-28- 

III. CONCLUSION 

 Accordingly, the trial court’s March 5, 2015 and March 19, 2015 orders are affirmed in 

part and reversed in part, and this matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this 

opinion. Specifically, the trial court’s March 5, 2015 order partially granting summary 

disposition to defendants and partially granting PubPeer’s motion to quash is affirmed, and its 

March 19, 2015 order denying summary disposition to defendants and denying PubPeer’s motion 

to quash with respect to subparagraph 40(c) is reversed. Nevertheless, to the extent either order 

dismissed Dr. Sarkar’s defamation claim with respect to the distributed flyer or his intentional 

interference with a business expectancy, intentional interference with a business relationship, 

invasion of privacy, or intentional infliction of emotional distress claims, we conclude that the 

trial court did so erroneously. Those claims may proceed; however, we hold that Dr. Sarkar is 

not entitled to unmask the identities of any speakers on pubpeer.com with respect to those claims 

due to the anonymity protections afforded by the First Amendment. 

 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with 

this opinion. As the prevailing party, PubPeer may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219. 

/s/ Colleen A. O’Brien 

/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood 

/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher