# EUR-Lex - 52007SC0012 - EN

Important legal notice

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# 52007SC0012

**EU Energy Policy data (accompanying the following documents) /* SEC/2007/0012 final */ **

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EN

Brussels, 10.10.2007

SEC(2007) 12

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT

EU ENERGY POLICY DATA

(accompanying the following documents)

COM(2006) 841 final | SEC(2006) 1709 |

COM(2006) 843 final | SEC(2006) 1722 SEC(2006) 1723 |

COM(2006) 844 final | SEC(2006) 1717 SEC(2006) 1718 |

COM(2006) 845 final | SEC(2006) 1721 |

COM(2006) 846 final | SEC(2006) 1715 |

COM(2006) 847 final | - - - |

COM(2006) 848 final | SEC(2006) 1719 SEC(2006) 1720 |

COM(2006) 849 final | - - - |

COM(2007) 1 final | - - - |

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT

EU ENERGY POLICY DATA

Table of Contents:

1. Chapter 1: Global Energy Trends (...)3

2. Chapter 2: The Current EU Energy Position (...)7

3. Chapter 3: The Competitive Edge – Development of Energy Prices (...)20

4. Chapter 4: Snapshot of Renewable Energy Sources (...)25

5. Chapter 5: The Challenge of Climate Change (...)31

6. Chapter 6: Comparison of Main Energy Sources (...)38

7. Chapter 7: EU-27 and Member States Energy Factsheets (...)44

In order to ensure comparability figures rely mostly on IEA and Eurostat and are based on 2006 data for the new EU-27. The reference year used is 2004.

Sources:

European Commission

EUROSTAT

DG TREN

DG ENVIRONMENT

European Environmental Agency

EURATOM

European Energy and Transport: Trends to 2030 – Update 2005, DG TREN, 2006

International Energy Agency

World Energy Outlook 2006, OECD IEA, 2006

Electricity Annual Report 2005, OECD IEA, 2005

Coal Annual Report 2006, OECD IEA, 2006

Energy Prices and Taxes, 3Q2006, OECD IEA, 2006

Other sources

OMV, 2003

1. Chapter 1: Global Energy Trends

List of Figures:

1.1. World Primary Energy Demand 1980-2030 (IEA Reference Scenario) (...)4

1.2. World Energy Demand 2005-2030 by Region (IEA Reference Scenario) (...)4

1.3. World Incremental Electricity Generation by Fuel (IEA Reference Scenario) (...)5

1.4. Cumulative Energy Investment in Energy Supply Infrastructure 2005-2030 (IEA Reference Scenario) (...)5

1.5. Comparative Analysis of Energy Indicators of Major Global Energy Players (2004) (...)6

1.1.

World Primary Energy Demand 1980-2030 (IEA Reference Scenario)

(...PICT...)

Source: WEO 2006, OECD/IEA 2006

1.2. World Energy Demand 2005-2030 by Region (IEA Reference Scenario)

(...PICT...)

Source: WEO 2006 ©OECD/IEA 2006

1.3. World Incremental Electricity Generation by Fuel (IEA Reference Scenario)

(...PICT...)

Source: WEO 2006 ©OECD/IEA 2006

1.4. Cumulative Energy Investment in Energy Supply Infrastructure 2005-2030 (IEA Reference Scenario)

(...PICT...)

Source: WEO 2006 ©OECD/IEA 2006

1.5. Comparative Analysis of Energy Indicators of Major Global Energy Players (2004)

Main Energy Indicators | Brazil | China | India | Japan | Russia | USA | World | EU-27 |

Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) [2004, Mtoe] | 204.85 | 1 609.35 | 572.85 | 533.2 | 641.53 | 2 325.89 | 11 223.3 | 1 814.77 |

TPES/POP [toe/capita] | 1.11 | 1.24 | 0.53 | 4.18 | 4.46 | 7.91 | 1.77 | 3.78 |

TPES/GDP [toe/000 2000$] | 0.31 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.11 | 1.95 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.2 |

TPES/GDP (PPP) [toe/000 2000$ PPP] | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.49 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.16 |

CO2/TPES [tCO2/toe] | 1.58 | 2.94 | 1.93 | 2.28 | 2.38 | 2.49 | 2.37 | 2.27 |

CO2/GDP [kgCO2/2000$] | 0.49 | 2.76 | 1.9 | 0.25 | 4.65 | 0.54 | 0.76 | 0.46 |

CO2/GDP (PPP) [kgCO2/2000$ PPP] | 0.23 | 0.67 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 1.17 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.36 |

Total Primary Energy Supply - Mix [2004, share in %] | | | | | | | | |

oil | 42.3% | 19.3% | 22.2% | 47.8% | 20.4% | 40.7% | 35.2% | 36.8% |

gas | 7.7% | 2.6% | 4.1% | 13.2% | 54.0% | 22.1% | 20.6% | 24% |

coal/solid fuels | 6.9% | 61.7% | 34.1% | 21.8% | 16.2% | 23.4% | 24.7% | 16.2% |

nuclear | 1.5% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 13.8% | 5.9% | 9.1% | 6.4% | 14.4% |

hydro | 13.5% | 1.9% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 2.2% | 1.54% |

combined renewable + waste | 26.5% | 13.7% | 37.4% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 3.0% | 10.5% | 4.51% |

geothermal/solar/wind | 0.0% | | 0.1% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.66% |

Total Final Consumption [2004, Mtoe] | 172.2 | 1038.4 | 403.3 | 354.3 | 425.2 | 1 600.8 | 7 644.4 | 1 177.10 |

Intensity of total R&D [2003, % of GDP] (1) | | | | 3.12% | | 2.59% | | 1.97% |

Net Imports [Mtoe] | 31.33 | 90.37 | 105.8 | 440.75 | -511.01 | 714.51 | 4 352.7 | 934.51 |

Net Imports/TPES [%] | 15.29% | 5.62% | 18.47% | 82.66% | -79.65% | 30.72% | 38.8% | 50% |

(1) Including industry and public research. Data for EU refer to EU-25 (Source: DG RTD)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, IEA

2. Chapter 2: The Current EU Energy Position

List of Figures:

2.1. EU-27 Total Primary Energy Supply (2004): about 1 800 Mtoe (...)8

2.2. EU-27 Electricity Mix (2004) (...)8

2.3. EU-27 Energy Intensity (...)9

2.4. EU-27 Import Dependency 2004 (%) (...)10

2.5. EU-27 Energy Mix with Renewable Energy Sources (2004) (...)11

2.6. EU-27 Origin of Natural Gas (2004) (...)11

2.7. EU-27 Origin of Oil (2004) (...)12

2.8. EU-27 Origin of Hard Coal (2004) (...)12

2.9. EU-27 Net Imports of Fossil Fuels (Baseline Scenario) (...)13

2.10. EU-27 Development of Import Dependence up to 2030 (Baseline Scenario) (...)13

2.11. EU-27 Total Primary Energy Supply (Baseline Scenario) (...)14

2.12. Origin of Enriched Uranium to EU-25 (2005) (...)14

2.13. EU-25 Origins of natural uranium 2005 (...)15

2.14. EU-27 Overview of Operational and Shutdown Nuclear Power Plants (...)15

2.15. Anticipated effects on Capacity of Coal-Fired Power Plants 2005-2050 (...)16

2.16. Nuclear Share in Power Generation in the Member States (...)16

2.17. EU-27 Cumulative Energy Investment Needs up to 2030 (Baseline Scenario) (...)17

2.18. EU-27 Cumulative Investments in Energy by Electricity Supply Infrastructure (2005-2030) (...)18

2.19. EU-27 Cumulative Energy Investments (2005-2030): €1 800 billion (...)18

2.20. EU-27 Cumulative Electricity Investments (2005-2030): €900 billion (...)19

2.1. EU-27 Total Primary Energy Supply (2004): about 1 800 Mtoe

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat

2.2. EU-27 Electricity Mix (2004)

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat, *Renewables:

2.3. EU-27 Energy Intensity

(...PICT...)

Source: Eurostat

2.4. EU-27 Import Dependency 2004 (%)

(...PICT...)

Source: Eurostat

2.5. EU-27 Energy Mix with Renewable Energy Sources (2004)

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat

2.6. EU-27 Origin of Natural Gas (2004)

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat

2.7. EU-27 Origin of Oil (2004)

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat

2.8. EU-27 Origin of Hard Coal (2004)

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat

2.9. EU-27 Net Imports of Fossil Fuels (Baseline Scenario)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, PRIMES

2.10. EU-27 Development of Import Dependence up to 2030 (Baseline Scenario)

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, PRIMES

2.11. EU-27 Total Primary Energy Supply (Baseline Scenario)

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, PRIMES

2.12. Origin of Enriched Uranium to EU-25 (2005)

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Euratom Supply Agency

2.13. EU-25 Origins of natural uranium 2005

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, AAE

2.14. EU-27 Overview of Operational and Shutdown Nuclear Power Plants

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, PRIS

2.15. Anticipated effects on Capacity of Coal-Fired Power Plants 2005-2050

(...PICT...)

Note:

Option 0: No policy Change,

Option 1: Removal of Barriers to Sustainable Coal Technologies,

Option 2: Pro-active Introduction of Incentives for the Penetration of Sustainable Coal Technologies

Source: European Commission DG TREN

2.16. Nuclear Share in Power Generation in the Member States

(...PICT...)

The asterisks indicate to whether a nuclear plant is being constructed in that country or whether a project for a new plant is already in preparation or finally a decision on new build may be possible in future.

(1) * | 1 Unit under construction | (3) *** | Project(s) under decision |

(2) ** | Project(s) in preparation |

2.17. EU-27 Cumulative Energy Investment Needs up to 2030 (Baseline Scenario)

Investment | (billion EUR).........Share |

Oil (development, exploration, refining) | 90 | 5.1% |

Gas (exploration and development, distribution) | 221 | 12.3% |

Coal (mining, shipping) | 24 | 1.3% |

Renewables (heating and biofuels) | 78 | 4.4% |

Electricity: total investment | 1 377 | 76.9% |

Of which:Generation | Total | 897 | 50% |

| Gas | 148 | 8.3% |

| Oil | 19 | 1% |

| Coal | 261 | 14.6% |

| RES | 327 | 18.3% |

| Nuclear | 141 | 7.9% |

Of which: Transmission | 116 | 6.5% |

Of which: Distribution | 364 | 20.3% |

Total Energy Investment | 1 790 | 100% |

Source: European Commission DG TREN

2.18. EU-27 Cumulative Investments in Energy by Electricity Supply Infrastructure (2005-2030)

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN

2.19. EU-27 Cumulative Energy Investments (2005-2030): €1 800 billion

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN

2.20. EU-27 Cumulative Electricity Investments (2005-2030): €900 billion

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN

3.

Chapter 3: The Competitive Edge – Development of Energy Prices

List of Figures:

3.1. Average Crude Oil and Natural Gas Import Prices (...)21

3.2. Coal Import Prices (...)21

3.3. EU, US and Japan LNG and EU Pipeline Import Prices (...)22

3.4. EU Emission Trading Scheme: Market Volume (...)22

3.5. EU Emission Trading Scheme: Price Development (...)23

3.6. EU-15 Average Electricity and Gas Retail Prices 1997-2006 (...)23

3.7. EU-15 Electricity Price Summary 1997-2006 (...)24

3.8. EU-15 Gas Price Summary 1997-2006 (...)24

3.1. Average Crude Oil and Natural Gas Import Prices

(...PICT...)

Source: WEO 2006 ©OECD/IEA 2006

3.2. Coal Import Prices

(...PICT...)

Source: Electricity Prices and Taxes 3Q2006, OECD/IEA 2006

3.3. EU, US and Japan LNG and EU Pipeline Import Prices

(...PICT...)

Source: Electricity Prices and Taxes 3Q2006, OECD/IEA 2006

3.4. EU Emission Trading Scheme: Market Volume

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG ENV, Point Carbon

3.5. EU Emission Trading Scheme: Price Development

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

............ price for allowances for use in the ETS period 2005 to 2007

(...PICT...)

............ price for allowances for use in 2008 to 2012, for which active trading started later

Source: European Commission, DG ENV, Point Carbon

3.6. EU-15 Average Electricity and Gas Retail Prices 1997-2006

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

Weighted average of large industrial, industrial, commercial and household prices (at 1995 price levels and not including taxes).

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Internal Market Report

3.7. EU-15 Electricity Price Summary 1997-2006

1997 = 100, constant prices | July 1997 | July 2000 | July 2005 | July 2006 |

Average (all consumers) | 100 | 86 | 89 | 98 |

Very large | 100 | 83 | 96 | 121 |

Medium industrial | 100 | 82 | 94 | 107 |

Small commercial and households | 100 | 88 | 86 | 91 |

Source: Eurostat

3.8. EU-15 Gas Price Summary 1997-2006

1997 = 100, constant prices | July 1997 | July 2000 | July 2005 | July 2006 |

Average (all consumers) | 100 | 92 | 120 | 153 |

Very large industrial users | 100 | 98 | 133 | 201 |

Large industrial users | 100 | 93 | 135 | 186 |

Medium industrial users | 100 | 95 | 138 | 206 |

Small commercial and households | 100 | 91 | 114 | 146 |

Source: Eurostat

4. Chapter 4: Snapshot of Renewable Energy Sources

List of Figures:

4.1. Development of the Share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) per Sector (...)26

4.2. Contribution of Renewable Energy (Electricity, Transport and Heat) 1990-2004 (...)26

4.3. Non-hydro Renewable Electricity Generation in EU-25 (1990-2005) (...)27

4.4. Renewables Growth: Electricity Projections up to 2020 (...)27

4.5. Renewables Growth: Heating and Cooling Projections up to 2020 (...)28

4.6. CO2 Emissions Avoided due to New RES Deployment up to 2020 in EU-25 (...)28

4.7. Development of the Biofuels Share in EU Member States (...)29

4.8. Biomass Share of Heating in Member States (...)30

4.9. Geothermal Share of Heating in Member States (...)30

4.10. Solar Share of Heating in Member States (...)30

4.1 Development of the Share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) per Sector

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN

4.1. Contribution of Renewable Energy (Electricity, Transport and Heat) 1990-2004

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission, DG TREN

4.2. Non-hydro Renewable Electricity Generation in EU-25 (1990-2005)

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission, Renewables Roadmap

4.3. Renewables Growth: Electricity Projections up to 2020

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission, Renewables Roadmap

4.4. Renewables Growth: Heating and Cooling Projections up to 2020

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission, Renewables Roadmap

4.5. CO2 Emissions Avoided due to New RES Deployment up to 2020 in EU-25

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission, Renewables Roadmap

4.6. Development of the Biofuels Share in EU Member States

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Biofuels Progress Reports provided by Member States

4.7. Biomass Share of Heating in Member States

(...PICT...)

Source: Eurostat, European Commission DG TREN

4.8. Geothermal Share of Heating in Member States

(...PICT...)

Source: Eurostat, European Commission DG TREN

4.9. Solar Share of Heating in Member States

(...PICT...)

Source: Eurostat, European Commission DG TREN

5. Chapter 5: The Challenge of Climate Change

List of Figures:

5.1. World Energy-related CO2 Emissions by Sector (IEA Reference Scenario) (...)32

5.2. Energy-related CO2 Emissions by Region (IEA Reference Scenario) (...)32

5.3. EU-27 Energy- related CO2 Emissions on Current Trends (...)33

5.4. EU-25 Total Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Fuel Combustion by Sector (...)34

5.5. EU-25 Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Capita (1990-2004) (...)35

5.6. Summary of Planned Measures and Progress towards Targets (by Country) (...)36

5.7. EU-25 Key Figures on the Emission Trading Scheme 2005-2007 (...)37

5.1. World Energy-related CO2 Emissions by Sector (IEA Reference Scenario)

(...PICT...)

Source: WEO 2006 ©OECD/IEA 2006

5.2. Energy-related CO2 Emissions by Region (IEA Reference Scenario)

(...PICT...)

Source: WEO 2006 ©OECD/IEA 2006

5.3. EU-27 Energy- related CO2 Emissions on Current Trends

(...PICT...)

Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat

5.4. EU-25 Total Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Fuel Combustion by Sector

(...PICT...)

Source: Eurostat

5.5. EU-25 Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Capita (1990-2004)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

1990

(...PICT...)

2004

Source: EEA Report No 9/2006

5.6. Summary of Planned Measures and Progress towards Targets (by Country)

(...PICT...)

Source: EEA Report No 9/2006

5.7. EU-25 Key Figures on the Emission Trading Scheme 2005-2007

(...PICT...)

Source: EEA Report No 9/2006

6. Chapter 6: Comparison of Main Energy Sources

List of Figures:

6.1. Energy Sources for Electricity Generation (...)39

6.2. Energy Sources for Heating (...)42

6.3. Fuels for Road Transport (...)43

6.1. Energy Sources for Electricity Generation

Energy sources | Technology considered for the cost estimate | 2005 Cost(€ / MWh) | Projected Cost 2030(€ / MWh with €20-30/t/CO2) | GHG emissions(Kg CO2eq/MWh) (4) | EU-27 Import dependency (5) | Efficiency (6) | Fuel price sensitivity | Proven reserves/Annual production (7) |

| | Source IEA (1) | | 2005 | 2030 | | | |

Natural gas | Open cycle gas turbine | 45 – 70 (2) | 55 - 85 | 440 | 57% | 84% | 40% | Very high | 64 years |

| CCGT (Combined Cycle Gas Turbine) | 35 - 45 | 40 - 55 | 400 | | | 50% | Very high | |

Oil | Diesel engine | 70 - 80 | 80 - 95 | 550 | 82% | 93% | 30% | Very high | 42 years |

Coal | PF (Pulverised Fuel with flue gas desulphurisation) | 30 - 40 | 45 - 60 | 800 | 39% | 59% | 40-45% | medium | 155 years |

| CFBC (Circulating fluidized bed combustion) | 35 - 45 | 50 - 65 | 800 | | | 40-45% | medium | |

| IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) | 40 - 50 | 55 - 70 | 750 | | | 48% | medium | |

Nuclear | Light water reactor | 40 - 45 | 40 - 45 | 15 | Almost 100% for uranium ore | 33% | low | Reasonable reserves: 85 years (8) |

Biomass | Biomass generation plant | 25 - 85 | 25 - 75 | 30 | nil | 30 - 60% | medium | Renewable |

Wind | On shore | 35 - 175 | 28 - 170 | 30 | | 95-98% | nil | |

| | ...35 – 110 (3) | . 28 – 80 (3) | | | | | |

| Off shore | 50 - 170 | 50 - 150 | 10 | | 95-98% | | |

| | ...60 – 150 (3) | ...40 – 120 (3) | | | | | |

Hydro | Large | 25 - 95 | 25 - 90 | 20 | | 95-98% | | |

| Small (<10MW) | 45 - 90 | 40 - 80 | 5 | | 95-98% | | |

Solar | Photovoltaic | 140 - 430 | 55 -260 | 100 | | / | | |

Nota 1:

Costs are calculated at the boundary of the power plant (ex factory), without transmission and distribution costs.

Costs cover investments, operation & maintenance and fuel costs. Investment costs include construction cost, refurbishment costs and decommissioning cost. For nuclear fuel, costs include all the steps from mining to disposal of spent fuel.

Plants are operating on base load conditions with 2006 fuel prices (coal ~ 2€/GJ; gas ~ 4€/GJ; oil ~ 6€/GJ), no cogeneration and no carbon price included. 2030 costs with CCS include capture, transportation and storage.

Intermittent energy sources are without any additional costs for the stand-by generation (back up)

Sources for generation costs:

2005 costs: IEA: Projected cost of generating electricity - IEA, NEA 2005 (European projects only)

2030 costs: IEA: Energy Technology Perspectives - IEA 2006

With 10% discount rate and 1€ = $1.25

Regarding 2030 costs for fossil fuel based generation; additional costs for CO2 emissions have been calculated and added, on the basis of €20 and €30/tCO2, to the current generation costs.

With complementary data from

- The Energy Review Report 2006 – DTI (UK)

- The cost of generating electricity - Royal Academy of engineering 2004(UK)

- Study of reference costs for power generation – Industry Ministry; DGEMP 2004(FR)

For intermittent renewable energy sources, the main driving factor for costs calculations is the "capacity factor" (The capacity factor of a power plant is the amount of electricity that it produces over a period of time, divided by the amount of electricity it could have produced the time). The capacity factor varies widely from site to site, especially for wind power and solar power, explaining the wide range of generation costs.

Nota 2: For the open gas cycle turbine, cost figures are from the Royal academy of engineering

Nota 3: Green X Project

Nota 4: The total rate of GHG emission is the sum of the emission during operation (fuel combustion), upstream (construction, mining) and downstream (decommissioning, spent fuel) activities

Source for GHG emissions: Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation chains: Assessing the difference; IAEA bulletin 42/2/2000

Nota 5: Import dependency for fossil fuels relate to broad energy sources and not specific derived fuels; numbers are given for coal plus lignite, oil and natural gas rather than for e.g. diesel; import dependency 2005: preliminary statistics; 2030: baseline modelling results (European Energy and Transport Trends to 2030 – update 2005)

Nota 6: Efficiency is the ratio expressed in percent of energy output to the energy input (calorific value of fuel for thermal plants)

Nota 7: The [proven reserves / annual production] ratio represents the length of time that those proven reserves would last if the annual production were to continue at the same level

Sources: World Energy Outlook 2006 - AIE (oil, gas, coal)

Uranium 2005: Resources, Production and Demand – NEA (for uranium)

Nota 8: According to the IAE WEO 2006 "identified conventional uranium resources are sufficient for several decades of operation at current usage rates." The "Uranium 2005: resources, production and demand" published by the OECD mentions 85 years of 2004 world nuclear electricity generation with identified resources.

6.2. Energy Sources for Heating

Energy sources | EU-25 market share by energy source | Market price(€/toe ) | Lifecycle cost(€/toe ) | GHG emissions(t CO2eq/toe ) | EU-27 import dependence |

| | | | | 2005 | 2030 |

Fossil fuels | Heating gas oil | 20% | 525(€0.45/l) | 300-1300 | 3.1 | 82% | 93% |

| Natural gas | 33% | 230 – 340(€20-30/MWh) | | 2.1 | 57% | 84% |

| Coal | 1.8% | 70 (€100/tce) | | 4 | 39% | 59% |

Biomass | Wood chips | 5.7% | 280 | 545-1300 | 0.4 | 0 | ? |

| Pellets | | 540 | 630-1300 | 0.4 | 0 | ? |

Electricity | 31% | 550 - 660 (€50-60/MWh) | 550 - 660 | 0 to 12 | <1% | ? |

Solar | 0.2% | / | 680-2320 | Very low | 0 | 0 |

Geothermal | 0.4% | / | 230-1450 | Very low | 0 | 0 |

Data from:

· EIE Project K4 RES-H

· Green X model

6.3. Energy Sources for Road Transport

| Market price(€/toe) | CO2 emissions(t CO2/toe) [1] | Import dependence |

| | | 2005 | 2030 |

Petrol and diesel | 398-582 [2] | 3.6–3.7 | 82% | 93% |

Natural gas | 230–340(NB: requires a specially adapted vehicle and a dedicated distribution system) | 3.0 | 57% | 84% |

Domestic biofuel | 609-742 | 1.9–2.4 | 0% | 0% |

Tropical bio-ethanol | 327-540 | 0.4 | 100% | 100% |

Second-generation biofuel | 898–1 109 | 0.3–0.9 | / | 15% |

Source: JRC well-to-wheels report.

7. Chapter 7: EU-27 and Member States Energy Factsheets

Introduction:

Total primary energy supply – shows the share of energy sources in the energy mix. It is the quantity of energy consumed within the borders of a country. It is calculated using the formula: primary production + recovered products + imports + stock changes - exports - bunkers (i.e. quantities supplied to sea-going ships).

Total final consumption – (Mtoe) - is the energy finally consumed in the transport, industrial, commercial, agricultural, public and household sectors. It excludes deliveries to the energy conversion sector and to the energy industries themselves.

Electricity mix – shows the share of the various energy sources used for electricity generation.

Electricity generation – (TWh) – is the quantity of electricity consumed within the borders of a country.

Indigenous production - shows the share of energy sources extracted and used from domestic natural sources. The precise definition depends on the fuel involved.

Coal - quantities of fuels extracted or produced, calculated after any operation to remove inert matter. In general, production includes the quantities consumed by the producer during the production process (e.g. for heating or operation of equipment and auxiliaries) plus any quantities supplied to other on-site producers of energy for conversion or other uses.

Crude oil - quantities of fuels extracted or produced within national boundaries, including off-shore production. Production includes only marketable production and excludes any quantities returned to formation. Production includes all crude oil, natural gas liquids (NGL), condensates and oil from shale and tar sands, etc.

Natural gas - quantities of dry gas, measured after purification and extraction of natural gas liquids and sulphur. Production includes only marketable production, and excludes any quantities re-injected, vented and flared, and any extraction losses. Production includes all quantities used within the natural gas industry, in gas extraction, pipeline systems and processing plants.

Nuclear - quantities of heat produced in a reactor. Production is the actual heat produced or the heat calculated on the basis of the gross electricity generated and the thermal efficiency of the nuclear plant. All nuclear production is set as fully indigenous.

Renewables

Geothermal - quantities of heat extracted from geothermal fluids. Production is calculated on the basis of the difference between the enthalpy of the fluid produced in the production borehole and that of the fluid disposed of via the re-injection borehole.

Biomass/Waste - in the cases of municipal solid wastes (MSW), wood, wood wastes and other solid wastes, production is the heat produced after combustion and corresponds to the heat content (NCV) of the fuel. In the case of anaerobic digestion of wet wastes, production is the heat content (NCV) of the biogases produced. Production includes all quantities of gas consumed in the installation for the fermentation processes, and excludes all quantities of flared gases. In the case of biofuels, production is the heat content (NCV) of the fuel.

Hydro – electricity generated by hydro power plant includes small hydro. Tide, Wave, Ocean power plants are included as well, because Eurostat is using it in this way.

Wind - electricity generated by onshore and offshore wind power plants. Figures are set for the end of 2004, while there was a significant increase of new installed Wind Power Plants in 2005.

Net imports by fuels (Mtoe) – share of all energy sources imported, excluding all nuclear, which is set as indigenous by Eurostat. Net electricity imports are included.

Imports of crude oil – imported crude oil divided by countries of origin. EU-27 is counted without imports inside the EU.

Imports of natural gas - imported natural gas divided by countries of origin. EU-27 is counted without imports inside the EU.

Imports of hard coal - imported hard coal divided by countries of origin. EU-27 is counted without imports inside the EU.

Abbreviations

Mtoe – million tonnes of oil equivalent.

TWh – Terawatt hours.

Sources

All data are 2004 data from Eurostat, unless otherwise stated.

EU-27 |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORT BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

AUSTRIA |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| Source: OMV,2003 | |

BELGIUM |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

BULGARIA |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

CYPRUS |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| No imports | |

CZECH REPUBLIC |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

DENMARK |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| No imports | |

ESTONIA |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

No imports | | No imports |

FINLAND |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

FRANCE |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

GERMANY |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

GREECE |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

HUNGARY |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

IRELAND |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

ITALY |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

LATVIA |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

LITHUANIA |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

LUXEMBOURG |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

No crude import | Member State declares imports of natural gas only as a total non broken down by country of origin (Eurostat) | |

MALTA |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

No Crude Import | No imports | No imports |

NETHERLANDS |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

POLAND |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

PORTUGAL |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

ROMANIA |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

SLOVAKIA |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

SLOVENIA |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

No crude imports | | |

SPAIN |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

SWEDEN |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

UNITED KINGDOM |

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) | TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

ELECTRICITY MIX | ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION | NET IMPORTS BY FUELS |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| |

IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL | IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS | IMPORTS OF HARD COAL |

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

(...PICT...)

| | |

[1] Figures given for biofuels are those for the cheapest production techniques

[2] Assuming oil price of $48/barrel and $70/barrel respectively

--------------------------------------------------