HORTON H. HOBBS, JR.

and

DANIEL J. PETERS

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 247
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOG Y • NUMBE R 247

The Entocytherid Ostracods

of North Carolina

Horton H. Hobbs, Jr.

and Daniel J. Peters

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1977
ABSTRAC T

Hobbs, Horton H., Jr., and Daniel J. Peters. The Entocytherid Ostracods of

North Carolina. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 247, 73 pages,

33 figures, 3 tables, 12 maps, 1977.—The entocytherid ostracods are obligate

external symbionts of crayfishes, and in North Carolina comprise 31 species

distributed among 13 genera. Except for five species that seem to be restricted

to burrowing crayfishes, all infest more than one host species. Following a brief

historical account of the studies of the species reported to occur in North Carolina are discussions of the topography and drainage systems of the State, entocytherid infestations and associates, hosts and the ostracods infesting them, zoogeographic and ecological distributions, life history, and taxonomic characteristics

employed in recognizing the North Carolina entocytherid fauna. Keys to the

genera and species introduce the annotated list containing synonymies, diagnoses

of the genera and species, type-localities, ranges, hosts, and entocytherid associates. Illustrations and distribution maps are also provided for each species. A

new genus, Aphelocythere, is proposed to receive a previously unaescribed

species, A. acuta. Five additional new species are included from the State:

Dactylocythere isabelae, D. peedeensis, Donnaldsoncythere leptodrilus, Entocythere costata, and Harpagocythere baileyi. Nine of the 31 species occur in the

Coastal Plain Province of the State, 19 in the Piedmont, and 17 in the Mountain

Province. Fourteen species are restricted to the Atlantic slope, four to streams

draining into the Gulf of Mexico, and 13 occur on both sides of the Appalachian

Divide.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea

cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Hobbs, Horton Holcombe, Jr., 1914—

The entocytherid ostracods of North Carolina.

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 247)

Bibliography: p.

1. Entoc) theridae. 2. Crustacea—North Carolina. I. Peters, Daniel J., joint author. II. Title.

III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology : no 247

QL1.S54 no. 247 [QL444.086] 591'.08s [595'.33] 76-45928
Contents

Page

Introduction 1

Acknowledgments 1

Historical Account 2

Topography and Drainage Basins 3

Entocytherid Infestations and Associates 4

Hosts and Entocytherid Infestations 8

Zoogeographic Considerations 9

Ecological Considerations 11

Lentic Habitats 11

Lotic Habitats 12

Life History 13

Key to the Instars of Entocytherinae 13

Taxonomic Characteristics 13

Key to Genera of Entocytheridae Occurring in North Carolina 15

Family ENTOCYTHERIDAE Hoff, 1942 16

Subfamily ENTOCYTHERINAE Hoff, 1942 16

Genus Ankylocythere Hart, 1962 16

Key to North Carolina Species of Genus Ankylocy there 16

Ankylocythere ancyla Crawford 17

Ankylocythere telmoecea (Crawford) 18

Ankylocythere tiphophila (Crawford) 20

Aphelocythere, new genus 21

Aphelocythere acuta, new species 21

Genus Ascetocythere Hart, 1962 23

Ascetocythere cosmeta Hobbs and Hart 23

Genus Cymocythere Hart, 1962 24

Cymocythere clavata Crawford 24

Genus Dactylocythere Hart, 1962 25

Key to North Carolina Species of Genus Dactylocythere 26

Dactylocythere chelomata (Crawford) 26

Dactylocythere daphnioides (Hobbs) 28

Dactylocythere falcata (Hobbs and Walton) 29

Dactylocythere isabelae, new species 30

Dactylocythere jeanae Hobbs 32

Dactylocythere leptophylax (Crawford) 33

Dactylocythere megadactylus Hart and Hart 35

Dactylocythere peedeensis, new species 36

Dactylocythere prinsi Hobbs and Walton 38

Dactylocythere runki (Hobbs) 38

Dactylocythere striophylax (Crawford) 40

Dactylocythere suteri (Crawford) 41

Genus Donnaldsoncythere Rioja, 1942 43

iii
Page

Key to North Carolina Species of Genus Donnaldsoncythere 43

Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis (Klie) 43

Donnaldsoncythere leptodrilus, new species 45

Genus Entocythere Marshall, 1903 47

Key to North Carolina Species of Genus Entocythere 47

Entocythere costata, new species 47

Entocythere dentata Crawford 49

Entocythere harrisi Peters 51

Entocythere internotalus Crawford 52

Entocythere reddelli Hobbs and Walton 54

Genus Harpagocythere Hobbs III, 1965 55

Harpagocythere baileyi, new species 55

Genus Litocythere Hobbs and Walton, 1968 57

Litocythere lucileae Hobbs and Walton 57

Genus Lordocythere Hobbs and Hobbs, 1970 58

Lordocythere petersi Hobbs and Hobbs 58

Genus Okriocythere Hart, 1964 59

Okriocythere cheia Hart 60

Genus Ornithocythere Hobbs, 1967 61

Ornithocythere waltonae Hobbs 61

Genus Uncinocythere Hart, 1962 62

Uncinocythere simondsi (Hobbs and Walton) 63

Literature Cited 65

Maps 68

IV
The Entocytherid Ostracods

of North Carolina

Horton H. Hobbs, Jr.,

and Daniel J. Peters

Introduction

The ostracods treated herein infest crayfishes on

which they occur as obligate external symbionts.

Although occasionally invading the branchial chambers of the hosts, they occur in greatest numbers

on setiferous areas or in crevices on the exoskeleton.

Insofar as is known, they do no harm to the crayfish, and, if their presence on the host is beneficial

to it, such has not been demonstrated.

The entocytherid fauna of North Carolina comprises 31 species distributed among 13 genera. All

of them are assigned to the nominate subfamily

Entocytherinae, the members of which are restricted

to Middle and North America and Cuba, and,

except for one Mexican species (see below), all

infest crayfishes of the families Astacidae and Cambaridae. Of the 27 native crayfishes occurring in the

State, only four are not known to harbor entocytherids. With little doubt, a lack of adequate

samples is responsible for our failing to report

infestations on them.

In this study, we have attempted to compile

all available information on the entocytherids

occurring in the State, and, while collections are

available from all parts of the latter, we have comparatively few records from the southeastern segment of the Tidewater region. Moreover, in all

Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., Department of Invertebrate Zoology,

National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Daniel J. Peters, York High

School, P. O. Box 547, Yorktown, Virginia 23690.

probability, additional species will be found at

lower elevations along the western slopes of the

mountains.

As is evident in the treatment of the various

species, except for their ranges, hosts, and a few

ecological data, virtually nothing is known of the

biology of any entocytherid occurring in the State.

A recent monographic review of the family, including summaries of what is known of the biology

of the entocytherids, has been provided by Hart

and Hart (1974). Inasmuch as this work includes

complete synonymies for all except those species

newly described here, we have limited our citations

to the original description, synonyms, and references

pertaining to North Carolina.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—We wish to express our

thanks to Joseph R. Bailey of Duke University and

Jean E. Pugh of Christopher Newport College for

their help in amassing many of the collections on

which this study is based, and we are grateful to the

following persons who have assisted us in obtaining

additional specimens: Raymond W. Bouchard of

the University of North Alabama, Joseph F.

Fitzpatrick, Jr., of the University of South Alabama,

Edward T. Hall, Jr., of the Georgia Department of

Natural Resources, C. W. Hart, Jr., of the Smithsonian Institution, Georgia B. Hobbs of Falls

Church, Virginia, Perry C. Holt of the Virginia

Polytechnic Institute and State University, Frank O.

Perkins of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science,

J. Dan Pittillo of Western Carolina University,

Cathy Salmons of Elkin, North Carolina, Kenneth
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

W. Simonds of Epworth, Georgia, Nina H.

Singleton of Simsbury, Connecticut, and Warwick

R. West, Jr., of the University of Richmond.

For assisting us in locating some of the maps

utilized, we express our appreciation to Rowland

M. Shelley of the North Carolina Museum of Natural History. Edward F. Menhinick of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte kindly lent us a

manuscript copy of his Fishes of North Carolina for

which we are most grateful.

We are indebted to Fenner A. Chace, Jr., of the

Smithsonian Institution, Martha R. Cooper of the

North Carolina Museum of Natural History, C. W.

Hart, Jr., Georgia B. Hobbs, and H. H. Hobbs III

of Wittenberg University for their criticisms of the

manuscript. We are especially grateful to Margaret

A. Daniel of the Smithsonian Institution for her

assistance in the preparation of the manuscript and

for her renditions of the tables.

Historical Account

The earliest record of the occurrence of an entocytherid ostracod in North Carolina is that of Allen

(1933:119-120) who reported finding Entocythere

cambaria Marshall (1903:117) on Cambarus acuminatus Faxon (1884:113) [= C. (Puncticambarus) sp.

C] collected near Durham, and on Cambarus blandingii (Harlan, 1830:464) [= Procambarus (O.)

blandingii] near Charlotte. Inasmuch as this ostracod has not subsequently been found in the State,

and several species occur in the areas mentioned, it

is not possible to determine what species Allen

encountered in her studies.

Twenty-two years elapsed before Hobbs (1955)

described two new species, Entocythere daphnioides

[= Dactylocythere daphnioides] and E. runki [ =

Dactylocythere runki] from the New and Watauga

basins, recording both, together with E. humesi Hoff

(1943:282) [= Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis],

from Ashe, Avery, and Watauga counties, and E.

runki also from the Little Tennessee Basin in

Swain County.

Two additional species were reported to occur

within the State by Hobbs and Walton (1961:381)

who noted that their Entocythere falcata [ = Dactylocythere falcata] was widespread in the Hiwassee

Basin and Entocythere hiwasseensis [ = Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis] was apparently limited

to streams in "the upper reaches of the Nottely

and Hiwassee rivers."

Crawford (1961:244), in describing Entocythere

chelomata [= Dactylocythere chelomata], indicated

that it had been found in Sugar Fork (Cullasaga

River) northwest of Highlands, in Macon County,

and in the Valley River at Andrews, Cherokee

County. The current nomenclature of the family

dates to Hart's revision (1962) in which seven of

the 12 genera known from the State were recognized.

Three years later, Crawford (1965:149, 153)

described Ankylocythere ancyla and Entocythere

dentata from Greensboro, Guilford County, and

noted that the former ranged northward to Albemarle County, Virginia, and southward to Richland

County, South Carolina.

Hobbs (1967:6) recorded the presence of Dactylocythere jeanae in Greene County, and Ferguson

(1968:501), summarizing the recently described

freshwater ostracods in North America, referred to

the two species described by Crawford in 1965. In

the same year, Hobbs and Walton (1968:242, 250)

reported the discovery of two previously undescribed species from the State: Dactylocythere prinsi,

which occurs in the Savannah Basin in Jackson

County, and Litocythere lucileae in the Catawba

drainage system in Avery County. They also indicated that Harpagocythere tertius (in part = H.

baileyi, see below) had been found in Jackson

County (p. 247) along with unidentified specimens

belonging to the genera Uncinocythere and

Dactylocythere.

Hart and Hart (1971:111) described Dactylocythere megadactylus from Randolph County where

it was associated with Ankylocythere ancyla, An.

telmoecea, Dactylocythere suteri, and Entocythere

internotalus. They also reported its occurrence in

Rowan County with An. ancyla and Dt. suteri, and

in Yadkin County with An. ancyla and Donnaldsoncythere sp.

In their monograph of the family Entocytheridae,

Hart and Hart (1974) included 16 species from

North Carolina as follows: Ankylocythere ancyla

from Bladen, Chatham, Columbus, Orange, Randolph, Wilson, and Yadkin counties (1974:22); An.

hobbsi from Alamance County (p. 28); An. telmoecea from Randolph County (p. 32); Dactylocythere

daphnioides from Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Transylvania, and Watauga counties (p. 56); Dt. chelomata

from Cherokee and Macon counties (p. 53); Dt.

jeanae from Greene County (p. 60); Dt. megadacty-
NUMBER 247

lus from Randolph, Rowan, and Yadkin counties (p.

64); Dt. prinsi from Jackson County (p. 66); Dt.

runki from Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Swain, and

Watauga counties (p. 68); Dt. suteri from Chatham,

Durham, Edgecombe, Orange, and Randolph counties (p. 73); Donnaldsoncythere hiwasseensis [= Dn.

donnaldsonensis] from southwestern North Carolina

(p. 79); Entocythere dentata from Guilford and

Orange counties (p. 86); E. internotalus from Beaufort, Bladen, and Randolph counties (pp. 90-91);

Litocythere lucileae from Avery County (p. 102);

Okriocythere cheia (p. 104) from Edgecombe [i.e.,

Greene] County (p. 104), and Uncinocythere zancla

from Alleghany, Durham, and Orange counties (p.

141). Two of these records are based upon erroneous determinations: as far as we know, neither Ankylocythere hobbsi nor Uncinocythere zancla occurs

in North Carolina. We have examined the specimens that Hart and Hart (1974) reported and have

identified them as Ankylocythere ancyla and Uncinocythere simondsi, respectively. Although no localities were mentioned by them in their treatments of

the following individual species, they included

North Carolina in plotting the ranges of An. tiphophila on plate 45, Cymocythere clavata on plate 47,

Dt. falcata on plate 49, Dt. striophylax (two localities) on plate 48, and Ornithocythere waltonae on

plate 53.

Thus by 1974, two-thirds of the presently known

entocytherid fauna of the State had been reported.

Topography and Drainage Basins

We are following Stuckey (1965) in recognizing

three physiographic provinces in the State: Coastal

Plain, Piedmont Plateau, and the Appalachian

Mountains, the first consisting of two regions,

the Tidewater and Inner Coastal Plain (Map 1). As

pointed out by him, the Coastal Plain encompasses

almost half of the State, extending from the ocean

inland some 100 to 150 miles (160 to 240 km),

attaining an altitude usually of no more than 400

feet (120 m).

According to Stuckey, the Tidewater Region

averages no more than 20 feet [6 m] in elevation.

In this low-lying area, there are many marshes and

swamps, and, particularly in that part of the State

south of the Neuse River, there are many lakes

and ponds. Most of the streams are sluggish, frequently coffee colored, and they usually support

luxuriant growths of vegetation.

The Inner Coastal Plain ranges in elevation

from "less than 50 feet [15 m]" to as much as 740

feet (230 m) along the fall line in Montgomery

County, rising, on the average "a little more than

one foot [0.3 m] per mile" (Stuckey and Steel,

1953:1). In general, in the north it is rolling and

well drained, but south of Raleigh, the eastern

half is much like the Tidewater, marked by swamps

and lakes. The topography of the western part is

rolling, particularly in the sand hill area in the

southern part of the State. The streams, with a

moderate to sluggish current, flow most often over

sand or clay beds with abundant organic deposits,

frequently supporting dense growths of both emergent and submergent plants. Many of the streams

are coffee colored.

The Piedmont Province, including about twofifths of the State, rises "at the rate of 3 or 4 feet

per mile [0.9 to 1.2 m per 1.6 km]" (Stuckey and

Steel, 1953:1) to elevations between 1500 and 2000

feet (450 and 600 m) along the edge of the Blue

Ridge escarpment. A rolling topography is characteristic of the Piedmont, and "where the streams

cross the ridges, their valleys are narrow and often

steep sided" (Stuckey, 1965:19). Most of the streams

flow with a swift to moderate current over rocky,

sandy, or clay beds largely devoid of vascular plants.

The Appalachian Mountains, covering some 6000

square miles (15,500 sq. km), rise for the most part

to elevations between 3000 and 4000 feet (910 and

1200 m) with a maximum of 6684 feet (2025 m).

"The contour of the mountains is gentle, generally

presenting smooth rounded outlines. Most of the

rivers are well graded and cascades and waterfalls

are only locally abundant in the region" (Stuckey,

1965:20). The streams in the Appalachian Mountains, originating in springs or seepage areas, vary

from small brooks that cascade over rocky and sandy

beds, to the larger, swiftly flowing creeks and rivers

flowing over bedrock or beds littered with rocks.

The water level in the streams frequently rises

sharply after heavy rains, but having steep gradients, the streams quickly return to their usual level.

Seldom are vascular plants present in the stream

beds.

The Appalachian Divide (the Blue Ridge in

North Carolina) traverses the western part of the

State, and those streams originating on its western
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

slope drain about one-eighth of the State (Stuckey

and Steel, 1953:3) and empty into the Gulf of

Mexico. Those streams on the eastern side debouch

into the Atlantic Ocean. All except one of the

westward flowing streams are tributaries of the

Tennessee River which flows southwestward into

Alabama before turning westward and then to the

north to join the Ohio River. The New River

courses northeastward into Virginia before being

diverted northwestward through the Allegheny

Mountains. Flowing across the State of West Virginia, it also joins the Ohio River, but several

hundred miles upstream from the mouth of the

Tennessee River.

Among the streams on the Atlantic slope (Map 2)

the Catawba (including the Broad), Pee Dee, and

Roanoke originate in the mountains. The former

is limited to the Mountain and Piedmont provinces

in North Carolina, but the latter two drain parts of

all four physiographic regions. Coursing between

the Pee Dee and the Roanoke rivers are the Cape

Fear, Neuse, and Pamlico, all originating in the

Piedmont and flowing across the Inner Coastal Plain

and Tidewater. Except for the Chowan River, the

remaining streams are largely confined to the Tidewater, although some of the headwaters of the

New (East) and White Oak lie in the lower part

of the Inner Coastal Plain.

The ostracods occurring in these regions are indicated in Table 1.

Entocytherid Infestations and Associates

In North Carolina, as elsewhere, frequently more

than one entocytherid infests the same host crayfish,

and in this study the ostracods were, for the most

part, obtained from collections of crayfishes in

which all of the specimens collected in one locality

were preserved in the same container. Thus, if two

or three species of crayfishes were obtained at one

station, we were unable to determine which of the

ostracods retrieved from the container infested

which host species. The only instances in which we

can be certain that an entocytherid was associated

with a particular host species are those in which

collections contain only one species of crayfish. In

Table 2, the associations indicated are based in

part upon records of ostracods occurring in the

same locality, perhaps infesting more than one

species of crayfish (open circles) rather than occurring on the same host species (solid circles).

In only a limited number of localities was a

single species of ostracod found to infest a host

species. This association occurred most frequently

between Ankylocythere tiphophila and Procambarus (O.) acutus acutus, but inasmuch as this

ostracod was found in company with Ankylocythere

ancyla in other collections and with 12 additional

entocytherids on other crayfishes, one may conjecture that environmental factors (those not directly

related to the exoskeleton of the host) are probably

responsible for the lone presence of An. tiphophila

on this crayfish in certain localities.

According to our data, the ostracods sharing their

hosts with the greatest number of entocytherid associates are Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis and

Ankylocythere ancyla (Table 3). The former has

been found in company with 10 (possibly 18) other

ostracod species; the corresponding number of associates for An. ancyla are 10 and 17.

No associates are recorded for Lordocythere

peter si because our record of its presence in North

Carolina is based on a sketch made by one of us

(Hobbs) bearing no other data except "Hiwassee

drainage system, North Carolina." The ostracods

having the fewest number of associates are Dactylocythere isabelae, with one, and Dactylocythere

chelomata, Entocythere costata, and Ornithocythere

waltonae, each with two.

In part, the number of entocytherid associates

is a reflection of both the ecological distribution

and the size of the range of the ostracod. For example, the range of An. ancyla not only extends

across all of the physiographic provinces in North

Carolina (where it occurs in habitats ranging from

mountain brooks to temporary pools in roadside

ditches and crayfish burrows) but also encompasses

most of the State. By contrast, in North Carolina

Ornithocythere waltonae is restricted to the northern sector of the Tidewater region where it has been

found in association with only Dactylocythere

jeanae and Okriocythere cheia, infesting the burrowing crayfish Cambarus (L.) diogenes diogenes.

Similarly, the mountain inhabiting Ascetocythere

cosmeta shares its only known host, the burrowing

Cambarus (/.) dubius, with Entocythere dentata,

Uncinocythere simondsi, and possibly Litocythere

lucileae. Similarly, the mountain-stream dwelling

Dactylocythere chelomata has been associated with
| U. simondsi [

• •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

[ Or. waltonae | •

•

•

| Ok. cheia | •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

| Lo. petersi |

# •

| Li. lucileae |

# •

•

•

•

| H. baileyi [

• •

•

| E. reddelli \m •

•

| E. internotalus J •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

[ E. harrisi J •

•

•

•

•

| E. dentata !

• •

•

| E. costata \ •

•

•

•

•

bt

f

2. f

? c

* ?

•

s

i

•

4

1 Dt. suteri I1 fin f/nnnn/Jonii inni n I

A

•

1

>

•

•

•

| Dt. striophylax [

• •

| Dt. runki |

# •

•

•

•

•

•

| Dt. prinsi !

• •

| Dt. peedeensis [ •| Dt. megadactylus | •

•

•

•

b t

•

•

•

1 Dt. isabelae \ •

1

•

1

>

1

1

1

b t

OK :

° I

a

i

•

• i

I Dt. chelomata |

#

1

•

1

1

1

| C. clavata [

• •

•

| As. cosmeta [

• •

•

| Ap. acul

a (

•

1

•

•

1

1

1

1

I An. telmoecea I

1 •

» •

1 •

1 •

1 •

1 •

1 •

1

1 •

>>

3

3

-5

n

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

ENT0CY

1

X

H

CO

Mountain

Piedmont

Inner Coastal Plain

Tidewater

Hiwassee

Little Tennessee

French Broad

Nolichucky

Watauga

New

Savannah

Catawba

Pee Dee

Cape Fear

New (East)

White Oak

Newport

Neuse

Pamlico

Alligator

Roanoke

Chowan

Perquimans

Pasquotank

North
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 2.—North Carolina entocytherid ostracods and their hosts (solid circles = known hostcommensal relationships, open circles = occurrence in same locality; see "Entocytherid Infestations and Associates" for more detailed explanation)

ENTOCYTHERIDS

An. ancyla

An. telmoecea

An. tiphophila

Ap. acuta

As. cosmeta

C. clavata

Dt. chelomata

Dt. daphnioides

Dt. falcata

Dt. isabelae

Dt. jeanae

Dt. leptophylax

Dt. megadactylus

Dt. peedeensis

Dt. prinsi

Dt. runki

Dt. striophylax

Dt. suteri

Dn. donnaldsonensis

Dn. leptodrilus

E. cos tata

E. dentata

E. harrisi

E. internotalus

E. reddelli

H. baileyi

Li. lucileae

Lo. petersi

Ok. cheia

Or. waltonae

U. simondsi

HOSTS

>| C. (C.) bartonii |

w

O

O

•

•

•

•

o

0

•

•

•

•

•

o

•

o

0

o

)1 C. (C.) sp. A |

o

o

o

o

•

o

o

)| C. (D.) catagius j

•

>| C. (D.) latimanus J

w

O

•

•

o

o

ft| C. (D.) reduncus

V

O

O

O

O

o

o

•

I C. (D.) sp. B

•

| C. (H.) chasmodactylus

•

•

O

•

o

| C. (H.) longirostris

O

o

o

o

o

)| C. (H.) longulus

^j

O

o

o

o

o

| C. (J.) asperimanus

•

•

•

O

O

o

o

o

0

•

•

•

•

I C. (J.) dubius

•

O

•

•

| C. (J.) nodosus

O

•

•

•

ll C. (L.) d. diogenes

w

•

•

•

•

O

•

•

| C. (P.) reburrus

O

O

o

0

o

CO

K. »

oi a

d c

i

c

• c

o

i

i

i

i

• i

4

•

i

i

c

(

O (

) Q

i d

0 09

5 d

h

1

)

)

o

0

1

1

D

D

»| F. (C.) uhleri

•

•

O

o

o

•

•

?

?

l| P. (0.) a. acutus

•

•

•

O

O

•

•

•

o

•

7

?

l| P. (0.) blandingii

•

I P. (0.) medialis

O

l| P. (0.) pearsei

O

O

#

> | P. (0.) plumimanus

O

o

#
NUMBER 247

TABLE 3.—Associations of North Carolina entocytherids (solid circles = known utilization of

same host species in at least one locality; open circles = occurrence in same locality; see

"Entocytherid Infestations and Associates" for more detailed explanation)

ENTOCYTHERIDS

An. ancyla

An. telmoecea

An. tiphophila

Ap. acuta

As. cosmeta

C. clavata

Dt. chelomata

Dt. falcata

Dt. isabelae

Dt. jeanae

Dt. leptophylax

Dt. megadactylus

Dt. peedeensis

Dt. prinsi

Dt. runki

Dt. striophylax

Dt. suteri

Dn. donnaldsonensis

Dn. leptodrilus

E. costata

E. dentata

E. harrisi

E. internotalus

E. reddelli

H. baileyi

Li. lucileae

Lo. petersi

Ok. cheia

Or. waltonae

U. simondsi

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES

a

c

a

ci

An. telmoecea

I*

O

O

•

O

O

•

•

•

•

•

o

•

•

o

O

O

•

An. tiphophila

Ap. acuta

• i

O

•

o

o

o

•

o

•

•

•

•

o

r

1

o

As. cosmeta

F

o

o

•

O

•

C. clavataDt. chelomata

n* Art r\ U -rtlnlA rtr.

C

o

o

4

4

C

i

O 4

i

4

c

<

0

k)

3

g

iS

.

lo

*

Dt. isabelae

O

-

I O

I O

1

D

1

Dt. jeanae

O

•

i

Dt. leptophylax

•

o

•

•

-

O

O

o

Dt. megadactylus

•

O

Dt. peedeensis

O

o

1

o

o

•

•

•

o

o

o

•

o

-

Dt. prinsi

O

Dt. runki

O

o

o

o

-

o

o

-

Dt. striophylax

O

•

o

o

o

Dt. suteri

•

O

•

•

•

Dn. donnaldsonensis

•

O

O

o

o

o

•

o

!

o

•

•

•

o

•

•

1

¥

•

•

o

•

•

Dn. leptodrilus

•

O

#

•

E. costata

•

•

o

o

o

r

1

E. dentata

•

•

-

1

•

E. harrisi

O

•

•

•

o

•

•

-

E. internotalus

•

•

•

O

O

•

o

o_

o

•

E. reddelli

O

o

•

•

H. baileyi

O

o

o

1

ol

•

1

o

o

r

F

Li. lucileae

O

/~\

u

o

•

-

1

o|o

Lo. petersi

-

Ok. cheia

•

•

•

O

o

o

Or. waltonae

•

1

U. simondsi

O

O

o

•

o

w

•

o

•

•

o

•

•

o

o

o

1

•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

only two possible hosts, C. (C.) bartonii and C. (H.)

longirostris, sharing them with Dactylocythere

daphnioides and Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis.

Among our records, the greatest number of entocytherid species known to occur on a single host

species in one locality is six. A collection of Cambarus (P.) sp. C made in a tributary of the Yadkin

River (Pee Dee River Basin) 5 miles (8.1 km) northeast of Elkin on State Route 268, Surry County,

served as hosts to Dactylocythere daphnioides, Dt.

megadactylns, Dt. suteri, Donnaldsoncy there donnaldsonensis, Entocythere harrisi, and Uncinocythere simondsi.

As demonstrated by Walton and Hobbs (1971),

in instances in which two or more ostracods infest

a single host, different species of entocytherids

tend to be concentrated in different areas of the

exoskeleton of the crayfish. A study to determine

the distribution of the ostracods on the hosts has

not been made on any of the species occurring in

North Carolina.

As has been pointed out previously (Hobbs, Holt,

and Walton, 1967:7, and Hobbs III, 1968:40), there

is little evidence of host specificity among the

crayfish-ostracod associations. Among the entocytherids of North Carolina, only Ascetocythere

cosmeta (on C. (/.) dubius), Dactylocythere isabelae

(on C. (D.) sp. B), Lordocythere peter si (on C. (/.)

nodosus), Ornithocythere waltonae (on C. (L.) d.

diogenes), and possibly Okriocythere cheia (on C.

(L.) d. diogenes) are restricted to single host species.

Inasmuch as all of these hosts are largely confined

to burrows and no other primary burrowing crayfishes (sensu Hobbs, 1942:20) occur within the

ranges of these ostracods, it is possible, if not probable, that the associations are determined by the

habitat rather than a specific host-commensal relationship.

Hosts and Entocytherid Infestations1

TABLE 2

Of the 27 native crayfishes known to occur in

North Carolina, all except four have been found

to be infested with entocytherids in at least one

locality. We have no ostracod-bearing specimens of

Cambarus (/.) carolinus (Erichson, 1846:96), Orco-

'The preceding section on "Entocytherid Infestations and

Associates" should be consulted before reading the following

paragraphs.

nectes virginiensis Hobbs (1951:122), Procambarus

(O.) ancylus Hobbs (1958:164), or P. (O.) lepidodactylus Hobbs (1947:25) from the state. The

following crayfishes, all belonging to the Cambaridae, have been found to be infested with

entocytherids (for bibliographic data and other

information pertaining to the crayfish hosts, see

Hobbs, 1969 and 1974, and Bouchard and Hobbs,

1976):

1. Cambarus (Cambarus) bartonii (Fabricius, 1798:407)

2. Cambarus (Cambarus) sp. A

3. Cambarus (Depressicambarus) catagius Hobbs and Perkins, 1967:141

4. Cambarus (Depressicambarus) latimanus (LeConte, 1856:

402)

5. Cambarus (Depressicambarus) reduncus Hobbs, 1956a:61

6. Cambarus (Depressicambarus) sp. B

7. Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) chasmodactylus James, 1966:14

8. Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) longirostris Faxon, 1885:64

 2

9. Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) longulus Girard, 1852:90

10. Cambarus (Jugicambarus) asperirnanus Faxon, 1914:391

11. Cambarus (Jugicambarus) dubius Faxon, 1884:114

12. Cambarus (Jugicambarus) nodosus Bouchard and Hobbs,

1976:8

13. Cambarus (Lacunicambarus) diogenes diogenes Girard,

1852:91

14. Cambarus (Puncticambarus) reburrus Prins, 1968:458

15. Cambarus (Puncticambarus) robuslus Girard, 1852:90

16. Cambarus (Puncticambarus) sp. C

17. CambaruS (Puncticambarus) sp. D

18. Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) uhleri (Faxon, 1884:116)

19. Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus acutus (Girard, 1852:

91)

20. Procambarus (Ortmannicus) blandingii (Harlan, 1830:464)

21. Procambarus (Ortmannicus) medialis Hobbs, 1975:10

22. Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pearsei (Creaser, 1934:1)

23. Procambarus (Ortmannicus) plumimanus Hobbs and

Walton, 1958:8

The members of the genus Cambarus referred

to as "sp. A, B, C" belong to species complexes

which have not been analyzed adequately to permit

specific identifications. That designated as C. {Puncticambarus) sp. C (one of the most common species

occurring in the State) has been referred to repeatedly as Cambarus (P.) acuminatus, but as pointed

out by Hobbs, "Although . . . [the range of this

crayfish] is indicated to encompass an area extending from the Saluda River in South Carolina

northward to Maryland, it is almost certain that

two, and possibly three, distinct species are pres2

 Subsequent to the completion of this manuscript, Raymond W. Bouchard (1976:592) indicated that Cambarus

(Hiaticambarus) longirostris Faxon is a junior synonym of

Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) girardianus Faxon (1884:117).
NUMBER 247

ently assigned to Cambarus acuminatus" (1969:135).

Cambarus (Cambarus) sp. A is a close ally or a

variant of C. (C.) bartonii, and Cambarus (Depressicambarus) sp. B bears a similar relationship to C.

(D.) reduncus. The description of Cambarus (Puncticambarus) sp. D has been completed by one of us

(Hobbs) and will appear in a forthcoming review

of the crayfishes of Georgia.

As may be noted above, the genus Cambarus is

represented by 17 species distributed among six

subgenera. Members of this genus occur throughout

the State but are most abundant in the Mountain

and Piedmont provinces and are rare in the Tidewater region. Only one (Entocythere costata) of the

31 entocytherids is not known to use a member of

the genus Cambarus as a host.

A single member of the genus Fallicambarus

occurs in the Tidewater, Inner Coastal Plain and

Piedmont regions. Associated with it are only eight

(possibly ten) entocytherids, six (possibly eight) of

which also occur on P. (O.) acutus acutus. In North

Carolina, no ostracod utilizes only F. (C.) uhleri

as a host.

Five species of the genus Procambarus, all members of the subgenus Ortmannicus, have been reported from the State, and they are most abundant

in the Tidewater and Inner Coastal Plain regions,

occasionally invading the lower Piedmont. Except

for P. (O.) acutus acutus, that serves as host to 11

(possibly 13) entocytherids, none of the others is

infested with more than four ostracods, and P. (O.)

medialis is suspected to harbor only one.

The crayfishes serving as hosts to the greatest

number of entocytherid species are C. (P.) sp. C.

and C. (C.) bartonii, the former with nine definitely

associated symbionts and an additional seven suspected ones, and the latter with nine and 10,

respectively.

To summarize, none of the entocytherids is

limited to members of the genera Fallicambarus or

Procambarus. In contrast, 17 of the 31 species occurring in North Carolina appear to be restricted

to one or more members of the genus Cambarus.

Zoogeographic Considerations

Insofar as we are aware, the entocytherids of

North Carolina are obligate commensals of crayfishes and are largely dependent upon their hosts

for transporting them, especially from one drainage

basin to another. Thus, in the following discussion,

a passive migration on the part of the ostracods is

assumed. In crossing the Appalachian Divide, most,

if not all, of the ostracods have been dependent

upon migrations of hosts living in or around headwater streams, chiefly Cambarus (C.) bartonii and

C. (/.) asperimanus. This inference is made in light

of the fact that all except two of the entocytherids

known to occur on both sides of the Divide have

been found in collections containing the former;

the remaining two infest the burrowing C. (/.)

dubius which has been observed repeatedly to

wander over land on humid evenings. (The association of E. dentata with the latter crayfish is assumed because it is the only host of this ostracod

that has been found on both sides of the Divide.)

As may be observed in Table 1, among the entocytherids occurring within the State, Ankylocythere

ancyla is the only one that has been found in all

the physiographic areas recognized here, and only

15 are restricted to a single province. Of the latter,

10 occur only in the Mountain region: Aphelocythere acuta, Ascetocythere cosmeta, Cymocythere

clavata, Dactylocythere chelomata, Dt. falcata, Dt.

leptophylax, Dt. prinsi, Harpagocythere baileyi,

Litocythere lucileae, and Lordocythere petersi.

Limited to the Piedmont Province are Dt. isabelae,

Dt. megadactylus, Dt. peedeensis, and Donnaldsoncythere leptodrilus. None of the species is confined

to the Inner Coastal Plain, and only one, Ornithocythere waltonae, is restricted to the Tidewater

Region. Of the remaining species, five (Ankylocythere telmoecea, An. tiphophila, Entocythere harrisi,

E. internotalus, and Okriocythere cheia) occur from

the Piedmont through the Tidewater; seven (Dactylocythere daphnioides, Dt. runki, Dt. striophylax,

Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis, Entocythere

dentata, E. reddelli, and Uncinocythere simondsi)

range in the Mountain and Piedmont provinces;

one (Dactylocythere suteri) is found in the Piedmont and Inner Coastal Plain; and two (Dactylocythere jeanae and Entocythere costata) inhabit the

Inner Coastal Plain and Tidewater regions.

Only six of the North Carolina entocytherids are

not known to occur beyond the State boundary:

Aphelocythere acuta, Dactylocythere isabelae, Dt.

peedeensis, Dt. prinsi, Donnaldsoncy there leptodrilus, and Harpagocy there baileyi. Almost certainly, when the faunas of the Savannah River basin

in Georgia and South Carolina become better
10

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

known, Ap. acuta, Dt. prinsi, and H. baileyi will be

found in one or both states. On the basis of our

limited knowledge of the ranges of the other three,

it seems likely that they are indeed endemic in

North Carolina. Dactylocythere isabelae is known

from a single locality in the Catawba Basin where

it infests a burrowing crayfish, Cambarus (Depressicambarus) sp. B (a close relative of C. (D.) reduncus), a crayfish that has been found only in the

vicinity of Conover, Catawba County. Probably

slightly less restricted in its number of hosts, Dt.

peedeensis is known to infest Cambarus (Puncticambarus) sp. C and perhaps Procambarus (Ortmannicus) a. acutus in the Piedmont sector of the

Pee Dee Basin. Although utilizing perhaps as many

as five hosts, Donnaldsoncythere leptodrilus also has

a limited range in the Piedmont segments of the

Catawba, Pee Dee, and Cape Fear drainage systems.

An examination of the distribution of the entocytherids in the two major watersheds in the State

(Table 1) indicates that 13 species occur only in

streams flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, four in

those emptying into the Gulf of Mexico, and 14

have been found on both sides of the Appalachian

Divide.

Although we are aware of the dangers fraught

with suggesting directions of migrations across

divides between drainage basins, we nevertheless

suggest the following, hoping that with future

analyses of comparable ranges in other aquatic

organisms, generalizations of the migrations across

the Appalachian Divide in North Carolina may be

forthcoming. Of the 14 species that occur on both

sides of the Divide, only one, Ankylocythere ancyla,

can be assumed with any degree of certainty to have

crossed it into the New River. Hobbs, Holt, and

Walton (1967:35) reported the presence of this

ostracod in headwater tributaries of the Roanoke

River in Virginia, but they failed to find it in

adjacent tributaries of the New. It is therefore

probable that this species breached the Divide

between Pee Dee and New river basins in the

northwestern part of North Carolina. Perhaps

Entocythere dentata paralleled An. ancyla in

crossing the Divide from the Catawba into the New

River watershed.

Dactylocythere suteri, Cymocythere clavata, and

possibly Dt. striophylax, seem to have gained access

to the Gulf Basin through the French Broad headwaters. Also, inasmuch as H. georgiae (Hobbs III,

1965), the only other species belonging to the genus

Harpagocy there, occurs in the Atlantic Basin, the

presence of H. baileyi in the French Broad and

Savannah drainage systems suggests a migration

from the latter watershed into the former.

Believed to have crossed the divide in the opposite direction (west to east) is Dactylocythere daphnioides which has gained access to the Catawba and

Pee Dee drainages. There is no evidence as to which

of several routes it might have taken. Indeed it is

possible that it may have invaded the two eastern

basins separately, or equally likely, it gained access

to one and secondarily penetrated the other. Having

no records of the occurrence of Dt. runki in the

Pee Dee drainage system, it seems to have reached

the Catawba Basin directly from the French Broad,

Nolichucky, or Watauga systems. In view of the

ranges of certain cyprinid fishes cited below, both

perhaps utilized a path from the Nolichucky into

the Catawba watershed.

Uncinocy there simondsi, which is widespread west

of the Appalachian Divide, has not been reported

from South Carolina or Virginia, and, east of the

Divide in North Carolina, has not been found

except in the Catawba, Pee Dee, Neuse, and

Roanoke drainages. Although on the basis of the

materials available to us from North Carolina this

ostracod is known from more localities east of the

Divide than west of it, we believe that this is the

result of inadequate sampling of the lower tributaries of the westward flowing streams and that its

presence along the Atlantic slope of the State

represents an invasion from the west.

Because the only other known localities for

Entocythere reddelli lie within the Gulf Basin, we

suppose that its presence in the Catawba drainage

of North Carolina represents a migration from the

west.

Thus, in traversing the Appalachian Divide, there

is evidence that five species have crossed it in westward migrations, four moved eastward, and the following four lend no obvious clues as to which

direction was taken by them.

Donnaldsoncy there donnaldsonensis is one of the

most widespread species of the family, occurring

throughout much, if not all, of the Appalachians

from Georgia to Maine, eastward into the Piedmont

and even in the Tidewater of Virginia (see Peters,

1975:30—referred by him to Dn. hiwasseensis).

West of the mountains, its range extends through
NUMBER 247 11

much of Tennessee and Kentucky into southern

Indiana. In view of such a range, its route to North

Carolina will perhaps always remain unknown.

The monotypic Aphelocythere acuta, one of the

few species now known only from North Carolina,

occurs in both the French Broad and Savannah

drainage systems, and we have no evidence to indicate which of the two was first occupied by it.

The presence of Ascetocythere cosmeta and Litocythere lucileae, infesting crayfishes living at high"

altitudes in burrows and headwater streams on both

sides of the Divide, reveals no evidence as to the

direction taken in their traversing it. That they

were carried by their hosts in both directions, and

repeatedly, seems highly probable.

Dr. Edward F. Menhinick, of the University of

North Carolina at Charlotte, who is preparing a

synopsis of the fishes of North Carolina, has kindly

provided us with a copy of his manuscript containing spot maps of the distribution of all of the

species known to him. While we are aware of the

possibility that the occurrence of at least some

species on both sides of the Appalachian Divide

has resulted from introductions by man, some could

well have traversed it through piracy of headwater

streams.

As might be anticipated, a number of fishes occur on both sides of the Divide, and we call attention to a few of the cyprinids which exhibit patterns

of distribution similar to those of the entocytherids.

On the basis of Dr. Menhinick's maps, it appears

to us that perhaps Nocomis leptocephalus (Girard)

and Notropis chiliticus (Cope) crossed the Divide

from the Pee Dee to the New River as has been

suggested for Ankylocythere ancyla. (It is perhaps

equally likely that the fishes traversed the mountains between the Roanoke and the New.)

Several minnows, apparently widespread in the

Gulf Basin of the State, appear to have gained a

foothold in the Catawba (including the Broad)

watershed from the Nolichucky headwaters. These

include Nocomis micropogon (Cope), Notropis spectrunculus (Cope), N. coccigenis (Cope), N. galacturus (Cope), N. telescopus (Cope), and Rhinichthys

cataractae (Valenciennes). A similar route was suggested for the ostracods, Dactylocythere daphnioides

and Dt. runki. The former also may have gained

access to the Pee Dee from the New River as perhaps did Rhinichthys atratulus (Hermann).

Sharing the French Broad and Savannah basins

are two members of the genus Notropis: N. galacturus and N. spectrunculus. Restricted to the same

river systems are Aphelocythere acuta, Dactylocythere striophylax, Dt. suteri, and Harpagocythere

baileyi. The ranges of the fishes suggest a migration

from the French Broad to the Savannah basin, a

direction opposite to that postulated for the entocytherids. Regardless of the route taken by these

animals, the possibility of a former connection

between parts of the two basins exists.

The similarity in the ranges of Hypentilium

nigricans (Lesueur) and Uncinocy there simondsi in

North Carolina is rather striking, for in addition

to their presence along the western slope of the

Mountain Province, they are also inhabitants of a

number of streams in the upper Catawba, Pee Dee,

and Roanoke basins; furthermore, a hiatus exists

between the known localities in these three and

those in the upper Neuse watershed.

Ecological Considerations

Our knowledge of the entocytherid fauna of the

State has one outstanding weakness in that, as a

result of inadequate sampling, we have virtually no

records of their occurrence in the larger streams or

lakes. Consequently, in the following brief descriptions of the major habitats occupied by them, we

have excluded the larger bodies of water.

Following is a classification of the habitats that

we believe will be useful in locating specimens

of the entocytherids occurring in North Carolina.

In comparing the faunas of the various habitats

recognized here, it will become apparent that many

of the ostracods occurring in them demonstrate a

broad ecological tolerance. Nevertheless, some of

them do seem to be restricted to certain habitats;

these apparently more discriminating species are indicated by an asterisk.

LENTIC HABITATS

PONDS AND ROADSIDE DITCHES.—These habitats,

occurring primarily in the Coastal Plain and lower

Piedmont provinces, offer a wide range of variation

that is not recognized by either the entocytherids

or their hosts. The water in many of them is

temporary, disappearing in dry seasons when the

crayfish must burrow to or near the subsiding

watertable. Only members of the genera Ankylocy-
12

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

there and Entocythere occur in such habitats; the

species are An. ancyla, An. telmoecea, An. tiphophila, E. costata, E. harrisi, and E. internotalus.

CRAYFISH BURROWS.—In studying the crayfishes of

Florida, Hobbs (1942) recognized three types of

burrowing crayfishes that were classified as "primary, secondary, and tertiary burrowers," and

species of all three types serve as hosts to the North

Carolina entocytherids. The same adjectives applied

to the "burrows" are useful for classifying habitats

of the ostracods.

Primary Burrows: Such burrows, occurring in

areas where the water table is near the surface, are

constructed by crayfishes that spend most or essentially all of their life below ground. Some of these

burrows are complex, consisting of many horizontal,

branching galleries, several of which lead to openings to the surface. Others, while less complex,

always possess at least two openings. The North

Carolina crayfishes that construct such burrows at

higher altitudes include Cambarus (D.) sp. B, C.

(J.) carolinus, C. (J.) dubius, and C. (/.) nodosus.

Infesting at least one of them (see Table 2) are:

As. cosmeta*, Dt. falcata (possibly), Dt. isabelae*,

Dt. leptophylax, and Lo. petersi*. At lower altitudes

are the crayfishes Cambarus (£>.) catagius and C.

(L.) d. diogenes. Infesting one or the other of them

(see Table 2) are An. ancyla, An. tiphophila, Dt.

jeanae*, E. dentata, E. harrisi, Ok. cheia*, and Or.

waltonae*.

Secondary Burrows: These simple subvertical burrows, seldom with more than one or two openings

to the surface, are constructed by species that spend

much of their life in subsurface tunnels, but when

the burrows become flooded, the crayfish venture

into open water, often even during the daylight

hours. Among the North Carolina crayfishes that

construct such burrows are Cambarus (D.) reduncus,

Procambarus (O.) medialis, P. (O.) pearsei, and P.

(O.) plumimanus. Infesting these burrowing crayfishes are An. ancyla, E. dentata, and E. internotalus; others possibly include An. telmoecea, An.

tiphophila, Dt. megadactylus, Dt. suteri, Dn. donnaldsonensis, Dn. leptodrilus, and E. costata.

Tertiary Burrows: These, for the most part, are

the comparatively simple, subvertical burrows of

those crayfishes that occur in temporary bodies of

water and which are forced to dig because of a

subsiding watertable, or burrow only during the

reproductive season. The burrows of Fallicambarus

(C.) uhleri and Procambarus (O.) a. acutus are so

classified. Occurring on these crayfishes are: An.

ancyla, An. telmoecea, An. tiphophila, Dt. jeanae

(rarely), Dn. donnaldsonensis, E. costata, and E.

internotalus.

None of the entocytherids associated with secondary or tertiary burrows is confined to such

habitats.

Lone HABITATS

SEEPAGE AREAS AND CASCADING BROOKS.—Such

habitats located at higher elevations of the State are

principally occupied by only two crayfishes (excluding the primary burrowing species), Cambarus

(C.) bartonii and C. (J.) asperimanus, which are

infested with Ap. acuta*, C. clavata, Dt. daphnioides, Dt. prinsi, Dt. runki, Dt. striophylax, Li.

lucileae*, and U. simondsi.

LARGER MOUNTAIN STREAMS.—Characteristic of

mountainous areas of the State are swift, usually

clear, streams flowing over bedrock or rock-littered

beds. In them, the crayfish fauna include Cambarns (C.) bartonii, C. (C.) sp. A, C. (H.) chasmodactylus, C. (H.) longirostris, C. (H.) longulus, C.

(J.) asperimanus (occasionally), C. (P.) reburrus, C.

(P.) sp. C, and C. (P.) sp. D. Infesting them are Dt.

daphnioides, Dt. falcata, Dt. leptophylax, Dt. prinsi,

Dt. runki, Dt. striophylax, Dn. donnaldsonensis,

E. dentata, E. reddelli, H. baileyi, Li. lucileae, and

U. simondsi.

PIEDMONT STREAMS.—These streams, possessing a

swift to moderate current, flow over a sand or clay

bottom (often littered with rocks) that is frequently

scoured following heavy rains. Most lack submergent vascular plants. Frequenting these streams are

Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (D.) latimanus, C. (D.)

reduncus, C. (P.) sp. C, Fallicambarus (C.) uhleri, P.

(O.) a. acutus, and P. (O.) blandingii. Most of these

crayfishes construct burrows of varying complexity

in the banks of streams. In such burrows connections with the water in the streams are maintained.

Infesting them are Dt. megadactylus, Dt. peedeensis,

Dt. striophylax, Dt. suteri, Dn. donnaldsonensis, Dn.

leptodrilus, E. dentata, E. harrisi, E. internotalus,

E. reddelli, and U. simondsi.

COASTAL PLAIN STREAMS.—The streams of the

Coastal Plain are highly variable, ranging from

clear sand bottomed brooks to coffee colored creeks

having rich organic deposits and frequently choked
NUMBER 247 13

with both emergent and submergent vegetation.

Most are rather sluggish and many have conspicuous silt deposits. The crayfishes most frequently

found in such streams are Cambarus (D.) latimanus,

Fallicambarus (C.) uhleri, Procambarus (O.) a.

acutus, and P. (O.) blandingii. Infrequently C. (P.)

sp. C occurs in the uppermost part of the Province.

Infesting these crayfishes are Dt. suteri, E. costata,

E. harrisi, and E. internotalus.

Life History

Investigations of the life histories of entocytherids

have been summarized recently by Hobbs (1971:4-6)

and Hart and Hart (1974:1-3). Four studies

(Marshall, 1903; Rioja, 1940; Stamper, 1957; and

Young, 1971) include virtually all that is known

of the postembryonic development of the members

of the subfamily Entocytherinae. Our observations

indicate that the presence of six instars (as determined by Rioja in studying the life history of his

Ankylocythere heterodonta) is commonplace, if not

typical, of the postembryonic development of all

members of the subfamily. Although several characters may be used to recognize the stadium of a

specimen, the following key utilizes the most conspicuous features.

Young (1971) found that the eggs of Ankylocythere sinuosa (Rioja, 1942a:203), after being

deposited on setae of the host, hatched within

eight to 10 days at 20°C-22°C. He also pointed out

that populations are smallest in winter, become

larger in spring and early summer, and reach maximum concentrations in late summer. According to

him, in Texas An. sinuosa produces eggs at all

seasons of the year.

Whereas only adult males are members of amplexing pairs, usually biunguis (fifth instar) females

are their partners; however, occasionally triunguis

(adult) females have been observed to be paired

with a male.

The life span of no entocytherid has been determined; however, Hobbs III (1973:208) isolated entocytherids from their hosts and maintained them in

dishes. Of these, one triunguis female, Sagittocythere

barri (Hart and Hobbs, 1961:174), lived for 186

days.

Key to the Instars of Entocytherinae

1. One pair of larval legs (lacking multidentate terminal claws) present Instar 1

Two pairs of larval legs present or with one or more pairs of legs bearing terminal claws 2

2. Two pairs of larval legs present Instar II

Larval legs absent, one or more pairs of legs with multidentate terminal claws present 3

3. One pair of subadult legs (consisting of 3 podomeTes) present Instar HI

Two or three pairs of subadult or adult (consisting of 4 podomeres) legs present 4

4. Two pairs of subadult legs present Instar IV

Two or three pairs of adult legs present 5

5. Two pairs of adult legs and one pair of subadult legs present; male with 2 pairs of posteroventrally directed lappets situated slightly posterior to posterior pair of legs; antenna

of female with penultimate podomere undivided and bearing 2 apical claws (female referred to as "biunguis") Instar V

Three pairs of adult legs present; male with conspicuous copulatory apparatus; antenna of

female with penultimate podomere divided and also bearing 3 apical claws (female referred

to as "triunguis") Adult

Taxonomic Characteristics

FIGURES 1, 2

The characters that we have used in recognizing

the species and species groups of entocytherids in

North Carolina include (1) the size and shape of the

valves of the shell, (2) the terminal aspect of the

distal podomere of the antenna, (3) the structure

of the distal tooth of the mandible, (4) the composition of the genital complex of the female, and,

most reliable of all, (5) the features of the copulatory complex of the male.

Usually the shells of the members of Dactylocythere and Entocythere are larger than those of

the other entocytherids occurring in North Carolina. A specimen with an elongate shell, often with

an almost straight anteroventral margin, can

always be assigned to the genus Entocythere, and
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

one that possesses a posteroventral extension can,

with almost equal certainty, be recognized as a

member of the genus Dactylocythere.

A characteristic generally recognized to be of

generic rank is the appendix at the base of the

terminal claws of the antenna of the female, a

structure found only in members of the genus

Entocythere. The form of this appendix is, to some

degree, unique in each species.

The distal tooth of the mandible of most entocytherids is pectinate; however, in members of the

genus Entocythere it may be pectinate (E. costata),

multicuspide (E. dentata and E. internotalus), or

simple and acute (E. harrisi and E. reddelli).

The genital complex of the female is highly

variable, but there is marked similarity in all of

the members of each of the genera except those

assigned to Dactylocythere. In a few of the genera

(for example, Ankylocythere, Uncinocythere, Aphelocythere, and Okriocythere) the genitalia are so

markedly similar that a generic assignment of the

female cannot always be made. For convenience in

pointing out some of the major differences in the

genital complex of the female, we refer to five basic

types: tubelike, clawlike, campanulate, consisting

of an amiculum and J-shaped rod, and variable

complex. Among the genitalia that are tubular in

form, some are associated with a hyalin mass

(Ascetocythere); some are tubuliform and weakly

sclerotized {Ankylocythere, Aphelocythere, Litocythere, and Uncinocy there); others are similar in

form but heavily sclerotized (Donnaldsoncythere

and Okriocythere). Characteristic of most female

members of the genus Dactylocythere is an amiculum associated with a J-shaped rod. In the monotypic Lordocythere, the most conspicuous part of

the female genitalia is the posteroventrally directed

clawlike structure. A bell-shaped flange, campanula,

surrounding a simple weakly sclerotized papilla is

characteristic of all of the members of the genus

Ornithocythere. In members of the genus Entocythere, the genital complex, while uniform in each

of the species, is highly variable in respect to the

presence or absence of components, but regardless

of its nature is always supported by conspicuous

sclerotized bars extending caudally from similar

LABIAL PLATE

MASTICATORY LOBE I

ANTENNA

RESPIRATORY LOBE

FIGURE 1.—Generalized entocytherid ostracod (from Hobbs, 1971:5).

MAX ILLA
NUMBER 247 15

DORSAL

ANTERIOR

PENIFERUM

ACCESSORY GROOVE

FINGER GUARD

DORSAL FINGER

VENTRAL MARGIN

VENTRAL FINGER

CLASPING APPARATUS

VERTICAL RAMUS

FLANGE

PREAXIAL BORDER

TERMINAL DENTICLES

HORIZONTAL RAMUS

POSTAXIAL BORDER

TALON

FICURE 2.—Generalized clasping apparatus of male entocytherid ostracod (modified from Hobbs, 1971:5).

ones supporting the last pair of legs. These bars

are probably homologues of the pastina (Hart and

Hart, 1969:161) in the male.

"The most useful character for distinguishing

species among all entocytherids is the copulatory

complex of the adult males (Figure 2). This complex consists of a pair of appendages suspended

from the posterodorsal portion of the body and is

capable of being rotated 180°. Through convention, all descriptions are based on the appendages

in their copulatory attitude, that is, with the

'fingers' and clasping apparatus directed anteriorly

or anteroventrally rather than posteriorly" (Hobbs,

1971:4).

The recognition of entocytherid species in the

North Carolina fauna must, on the basis of our

present knowledge, be largely restricted to the adult

male, and, to some extent, to the adult female.

Juveniles and biunguis females can seldom, if ever,

be identified even at the generic level.

Key to Genera of Entocytheridae Occurring in North Carolina

(Based on adult males)

1. Penis directed posteriorly, emerging from posterior side of peniferum Lordocythere

1'. Penis directed anteroventrally or ventrally, emerging, if at all, from mesial or ventral

side of peniferum 2

2.(1') External border of clasping apparatus with talon or simple excrescence Ankylocythere

2'. External border of clasping apparatus entire or subserrate 3

3.(2') Penis with prostatic and spermatic elements distinctly diverging along part of their

length Ascetocythere

3'. Penis with prostatic and spermatic elements contiguous throughout their lengths 4

4.(3') Anteroventral end of peniferum with small posteriorly directed barblike prominence ...

Harpagocythere

4'. Anteroventral end of peniferum never with posteriorly curved projection 5

5.(4') Anteroventral end of peniferum with dorsally curved beaklike projection, peniferum

resembling inverted head of a bird Ornithocythere

5'. Anteroventral end of peniferum never with dorsally curved beaklike projection 6

6.(5') Clasping apparatus with ventral margin serrate Okriocythere

6'. Clasping apparatus with ventral margin entire 7

7.(6') Ventral portion of peniferum bulbous Cymocythere

7'. Ventral portion of peniferum never bulbous 8

8.(7') Finger guard present 9

8'. Finger guard absent 11

9.(8') Ventral portion of peniferum platelike with ventral margin concave Utocythrre

9'. Ventral portion of peniferum never platelike 10

10.(9') Ventral margin of peniferum provided with anteroventrally directed acute or subacute

process; accessory groove absent Aphelocythere

10'. Ventral margin of peniferum not provided with anteroventrally directed acute or subacute process; accessory groove present although greatly reduced in Dt. leptophylax ....

Dactylocythere

11.(8') Distal tooth of mandible simple or with two or three cusps Entocythere

11'. Distal tooth of mandible pectinate 12

12.(11') Rami of clasping apparatus disposed at angle of at least 90 degrees Uneinocy there

12'. Rami of clasping apparatus disposed at angle of no more than 70 degrees

Dotmaldsoncy there
16

Family ENTOCYTHERIDAE Hoff, 1942

DIAGNOSIS.—"Shell reniform to elliptical, thin

chitinous, laterally compressed; valves slightly unequal in size, with or without protuberances, and

with marginal or submarginal setae. Eyes, when

present, fused and pigmented. Antennules consisting of 6 or 7 podomeres. Antennae with 4 podomeres, armed distally with 2 or 3 claws and basal

podomere bearing long setiform flagellum (claw).

Mandible well developed with all podomeres of

palp fused except distal one. Thoracic legs similar

to one another, each terminating in large curved

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

claw. Maxillae variable, consisting of a palp, and

only one masticatory process. Copulatory apparatus

of male complex; consisting of peniferum, penis,

clasping apparatus, 1 or 2 fingers, and with or

without finger guard" (Hart and Hart, 1974:16-17).

Of the five currently recognized subfamilies

(Entocytherinae Hoff, 1942; Sphaeromicolinae Hart,

1962; Microsyssitrinae Hart, Nair, and Hart, 1967;

Notocytherinae Hart and Hart, 1967; and Hartiellinae Danielopol, 1971), only the Entocytherinae

is represented in the North Carolina fauna. For

additional information concerning the family and

the other subfamilies, see Hart and Hart (1974).

In this annotated list, the measurements included are based almost

exclusively on specimens from North Carolina. Precise locality data are

included only for those species reported from no more than 20 localities;

for the more commonly occurring ostracods, the localities are indicated

only on the accompanying maps. In instances in which two localities are

close together, they are represented on the map by a single spot. The

"Hosts" and "Entocytherid Associates" listed include only those from North

Carolina. For records of hosts elsewhere, see Hart and Hart (1974).

Subfamily ENTOCYTHERINAE Hoff, 1942

DIAGNOSIS.—"Distal spine and mandibular palp

never spatulate; respiratory plate of maxilla well

developed; maxilla well developed; maxilla with

masticatory lobe ending in setae. Peniferum elongate, bearing curved to angular penis, with only

relatively slightly convex posterior margin" (Hart

and Hart, 1974:17).

RANGE.—Southern Canada, the United States (excluding Alaska, introduced into Hawaii), Mexico,

and Cuba (including Isla de Pinos).

HOSTS.—Crayfishes of the families Astacidae and

Cambaridae, and, in the state of Veracruz, Mexico,

a crab belonging to the family Pseudothelphusidae,

Pseudothelphusa (Tehuana) veracruzana Rodriguez and Smalley (see Hobbs, 1971:26-28).

Genus Ankylocythere Hart, 1962

Ankylocythere Hart, 1962:126.

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Copulatory complex of male without finger

guard. Ventral portion of peniferum tapering, bifid,

truncate often with anteroventral subacute extenKey to North Carolina Species of Genus Ankylocythere

1. Postaxial border of horizontal ramus of clasping apparatus with low, rounded excrescence

telmoecea

Postaxial border of horizontal ramus of clasping apparatus with well developed talon 2

2. Clasping apparatus with length of talon more than twice least diameter of horizontal ramus,

talon extending distally at least to level midway between tooth on preaxial border and

proximal terminal denticle; 2 terminal denticles present ancyla

Clasping apparatus with length of talon less than twice least diameter of horizontal ramus,

talon never extending distally to level midway between tooth on (preaxial) border and

proximal terminal denticle; 2 or 3 terminal denticles present tiphophila
NUMBER 247 17

sion; accessory groove lacking. Penis small, its

length less than anteroposterior diameter of peniferum at level of penis; spermatic and prostatic

elements contiguous. Clasping apparatus extending

ventrally beyond ventral margin of peniferum, with

distinct horizontal and vertical rami; preaxial

border of horizontal ramus with 1 or 2 teeth (sometimes serrate proximally), postaxial border with

talon or excrescence, and apex with 2 or 3 denticles.

Female without pectinate appendix at base of

apical claws of second antenna; genital complex

consisting of slender, conical, weakly sclerotized

papilla.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Entocythere heterodonta Rioja,

1940:593.

RANGE.—From Campeche and Chiapas, Mexico,

to Illinois, and eastward to Maryland and Florida.

Also present on Cuba and Isla de Pinos.

Ankylocythere ancyla Crawford

FIGURE 3, MAP 3

Ankylocythere ancyla Crawford, 1965:148-149, figs. 1-9.—

Hobbs, 1966:70, fig. 13.—Hart and Hart, 1974:21, 22, pi. 1:

figs. 1-6; pi. 45.

Ankylocythere hobbsi.—Hart and Hart, 1974:28 [in part], fig.

45 [in part].

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): cf» 0.35-0.43 (0.40);

$, 0.41-0.45 (0.43). Shell height: <$, 0.20-0.25

FIGURE 3.—Ankylocythere ancyla (a,b,f, from Rowan County): a, copulatory complex of male;

b, clasping apparatus of male; c, same, Sampson County; d, same, Alexander County; e, same,

Randolph County; /, shell of male; g, shell of female, Brunswick County; h, female genitalia,

Catawba County (scales in mm).
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

(0.22); $, 0.24-0.27 (0.25). Peniferum (Figure 3a)

excavate ventrally, excavation delimited anteriorly

and posteriorly by acute angles. Vertical ramus of

clasping apparatus (Figure Sb-e) longer than horizontal ramus and with preaxial and postaxial

borders entire; horizontal ramus with single tooth

near midlength of preaxial border; postaxial border

with long talon arising distinctly proximal to level

of tooth on preaxial border and, extending subparallel to ramus, reaching approximately midway

between tooth and two terminal denticles; talon

frequently bearing tubercle extending distally from

near base. Female with genital apparatus as in

Figure 3g,/i.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Greensboro, Guilford County,

North Carolina; host: Cambarus (Depressicambarus)

catagius Hobbs and Perkins, 1967; reported by

Crawford (1965:149) as "crayfish related to Cambarus latimanus (LeConte, 1856)."

RANGE.—Along the Atlantic and Gulf slopes from

the Mobile River drainage in Alabama and Mississippi northeastward to the Potomac drainage in

Virginia, and in the New River Basin of North

Carolina.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Widespread in the

state in all of the provinces, in the major drainage

systems flowing eastward between the Broad and

Roanoke basins, and in the New River system in

Alleghany County (Map 3). Hart and Hart (1974:

22) reported this ostracod from the following counties: Alamance (as An. hobbsi (Hoff, 1944)), Bladen,

Chatham, Columbus, Orange, Randolph, Wilson,

and Yadkin counties.

HOSTS.—Twelve species of crayfishes (see Table

2).

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Seventeen species (see

Table 3).

REMARKS.—The talon of the clasping apparatus

of Ankylocythere ancyla is highly variable: in some

localities a basal tubercle (Figure 3d), or projection,

is present that may extend distally for half the

length of the talon (Figure 3e); in other localities,

the talon lacks any ornamentation (Figure 36). In

contrast, both types of talons have been encountered in a single population, and in one specimen

from 4.1 miles (6.6 km) west of Red Springs (State

Route 11), Robeson County, the talon on one

clasping apparatus has a well defined tubercle extending from its base, and the other has none.

Specimens have also been encountered in which

the vertical ramus appears to be proportionately

longer than previously observed in members of

this species (Figure 3c). None of these variations

has been correlated with specific drainage systems

or physiographic provinces in the state.

The Alamance County record for An. hobbsi

cited by Hart and Hart (1974:28) is based on a

misidentification of An. ancyla.

Ankylocythere telmoecea (Crawford)

FICURE 4, MAP 4

Entocythere telmoecea Crawford, 1959:167-173, figs. 24-30.

Ankylocythere telmoecea.—Han, 1962:128.—Hobbs, 1966:68,

fig. 9.—Hart and Hart. 1974:32-33, pi. 4: figs. 1-5; pi. 46.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): tf, 0.36-0.39

(0.37); ?, 0.41-0.45 (0.43). Shell height: rf, 0.20-

0.23 (0.21); ? , 0.24-0.27 (0.25). Peniferum (Figure

4a) truncate ventrally with thickened, acute anteroventral angle; vertical ramus of clasping apparatus (Figure 4e,f) with preaxial and postaxial

borders entire, its length subequal to that of horizontal ramus; horizontal ramus with single tooth

on preaxial border approximately at midlength;

postaxial border with low excrescence opposite or

slightly proximal to tooth on preaxial border, or

with oblique ridge slightly distal to tooth; apex of

ramus usually with 2, occasionally 3, denticles. Female with genital apparatus as in Figure \c,d.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Gills Creek, 2.7 miles (4.3 km)

south-southeast of the University of South Carolina

stadium on State Route 48, Richland County,

South Carolina; host: Procambarus (S.) troglodytes

(LeConte, 1856:400).

RANGE.—From the Flint River drainage in Georgia to the York Basin in Virginia.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Sixteen localities in the Piedmont, Inner Coastal Plain, and Tidewater regions from the

Broad to the Perquimans drainage systems. CATAWBA

BASIN. MECKLENBERG COUNTY: (1) Steel Creek, 4.8 mi (7.7 km)

S Shopton on St Rte 28 (host: P. (O.) acutus acutus; no associate); MONTGOMERY COUNTY: (2) Hamer Creek, 3 mi (4.8 km)

N Richmond Co line on St Rte 73 (hosts: C. (D.) reduncus,

C. (P.) sp. C, P. (O.) a. acutus; associate: An. ancyla); (3)

creek, 4.6 mi (7.4 km) W Mt. Gilead on St Rte 73 (hosts:

C. (C.) sp. A, C. (P.) sp. C, P. (O.) a. acutus; associates: An.

ancyla, Dt. megadactylus, Dt. suteri); UNION COUNTY: (4) 5.5

mi (8.9 km) NE Waxhaw on St Rte 75 (host: P. (O.) a. acutus;

no associate). CAPE FEAR BASIN. DUPLIN COUNTY: (5)

Island Creek, 1.8 mi (2.9 km) N Tin City on St Rte 11
NUMBER 247 19

FICURE 4.—Ankylocythere telmoecea (a,d-f, from Pender County; bjc, from Pasquotank County):

a, copulatory complex of male; b, shell of male; c, shell of female; d, female genitalia; e,f,

clasping apparatus of male (scales in mm).

(hosts: C. (D.) latimanus, P. (O.) a. acutus; no associate); LEE

COUNTY: (6) 1.1 mi (1.8 km) S Sanford on U.S. Hwy 1 (host:

P. (O.) a. acutus; no associate); (7) 1.5 mi (2.4 km) S Sanford

on U.S. Hwy 1 (host: P. (O.) a. acutus; associate: An. ancyla);

PENDER COUNTY: (8) 14.7 mi (23.7 km) N Rock Point on U.S.

Hwy 117 (host: P. (O.) a. acutus; associate: £. internotalus).

NEUSE BASIN. PAMLICO COUNTY: (9) tributary to Fork Run,

about 2 mi (3.2 km) NE Arapahoe (host: P. (O.) a. acutus;

no associate). PAMLICO BASIN. NASH COUNTY: (10) locality

on St Rte 48 (host: P. (O.) a. acutus; no associate). PEE DEE

BASIN. DAVIDSON COUNTY: (11) tributary to Yadkin River, 0.4

mi (0.6 km) W jet of St Rte 109 and secondary road to

Lexington (hosts: C. (D.) reduncus, P. (O.) a. acutus; associate: Dt. megadactyius); RANDOLPH COUNTY: (12) 2.8 mi (4.5

km) NE Davidson Co line on St Rte 49 (hosts: C. (P.) sp. C,

P. (O.) a. acutus; associates unknown (Hart and Hart, 1974:

32)). PERQUIMANS BASIN. PASQUOTANK COUNTY: (13) 2.9 mi

(4.7 km) NE of Perquimans County line on Co Rd 1001

(host: P. (O.) a. acutus; no associate); (14) 4 mi (6.4 km) SW

Elizabeth City on U.S. Hwy 17 (host: P. (O.) a. acutus; associate: An. tiphophila); PERQUIMANS COUNTY: (15) 4.5 mi (7.2

km) N Windfall Post Office on U.S. Hwy 37 (hosts: F. (C.)

uhleri, P. (O.) a. acutus; associate: An. tiphophila); (16) 5 mi

(8.1 km) W Hertford on U.S. Hwy 17 (hosts: F. (C.) uhleri,

P. (O.) a. acutus; associate: An. tiphophila).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) sp. A, C. (D.) latimanus,

C. (£).) reduncus, C. (P.) sp. C, Fallicambarus (C.)

uhleri, and Procambarus (O.) acutus acutus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla, An. tiphophila, Dactylocythere megadactyius,

Dt. suteri, and Entocythere internotalus.

REMARKS.—Variation in the clasping apparatus
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

of this species is more apparent than real, for the

differences noted in the appearance of the excrescence on the postaxial border of the horizontal

ramus of the clasping apparatus are due largely to

the angle at which the ramus is viewed. In lateral

aspect, the excrescence is distinctly ventral in position and lies slightly proximal to the tooth on the

preaxial border of the ramus (Figure 4e). If the

latter is slightly tilted so that it is seen more ventrally, the excrescence appears to move distally and

does not project so distinctly ventrally (Figure 4/).

The distal extremity of the ramus is armed with

either 2 or 3 denticles.

Ankylocythere tiphophila (Crawford)

FIGURE 5, MAP 5

Entocythere tiphophila Crawford, 1959:173-178, figs. 31-37.

Ankylocythere tiphophila.—Hart, 1962:128.—Hart and Hart,

1974:33, pi. 4: figs. 6-8; pi. 45.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): o*, 0.35-0.38 (0.36);

? , 0.39-0.43 (0.41). Shell height: tf, 0.18-0.22

(0.20); ? , 0.21-0.25 (0.24). Peniferum (Figure 5a)

very shallowly excavate ventrally with distinct acuminate anteroventral angle. Vertical ramus of clasping apparatus (Figure 5b) with preaxial and postaxial borders entire and longer than horizontal

ramus; horizontal ramus with single tooth near midlength of preaxial border; postaxial border with

prominent talon arising ventrally or slightly proximoventrally to tooth on preaxial border and

extending anteroventrally at angle of approximately

60 degrees to shaft of ramus, latter terminating in

2 or 3 apical denticles. Female genitalia as in

Figure 5d,e.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Roadside ditch, 9.1 miles southeast of the University of South Carolina stadium,

Richland County, South Carolina, on State Route

48; hosts: Procambarus (S.) troglodytes and Fallicambarus (C.) uhleri.

RANGE.—Lower Piedmont and Coastal Plain

provinces from the Escambia River system in

Florida northward to the York River Basin in

FIGURE 5.—Ankylocythere tiphophila from Perquimans County: a, copulatory complex of male;

b, clasping of apparatus of male; c, shell of male; d, female genitalia; e, shell of female (scales

in mm).
NUMBER 247 21

Virginia. Hart and Hart (1974:33) also reported it

from two localities in Ohio.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Twenty-seven localities in the lower Piedmont, Inner Coastal Plain,

and Tidewater regions from the Pee Dee Basin

northward to the North River drainage system.

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) sp. A, C. (D.) reduncus,

C. (L.) d. diogenes, C. (P.) sp. C, Fallicambarus

(C.) uhleri, Procambarus (O.) a. acutus, P. (O.)

blandingii, P. (O.) medialis, P. (O.) pearsei, and

P. (O.) plumimanus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla,

An. telmoecea, Dactylocythere jeanae, Dt. peedeensis, Dt. runki, Dt. striophylax, Dt. suteri, Donnaldsoncythere leptodrilus, Entocythere costata, E.

harrisi, E. internotalus, Okriocythere cheia, and

Uncinocythere simondsi.

Aphelocythere, new genus

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible with

cusps. Copulatory complex of male with finger

guard; peniferum not tapering ventrally, with ventral margin subtruncate but produced anteroventrally in subacute to acute process. Peniferal

and accessory groove lacking. Penis complex with

spermatic and prostatic elements contiguous

throughout their length; penis situated at base of

distal fourth of peniferum, its length approximately

one-half anterior-posterior dimension of peniferum

at level of base of penis. Clasping apparatus clearly

divisible into vertical and horizontal rami dispersed

at angle of approximately 90°; preaxial and postaxial borders of vertical ramus and postaxial border

of horizontal ramus entire; preaxial border of

horizontal ramus with 2 or 3 teeth on distal third;

and 3 apical denticles present.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Aphelocythere acuta (see below).

REMARKS.—Members of this monotypic genus

have a finger guard as do those of the genera

Cymocythere, Dactylocythere, Harpagocythere, Litocythere, Phymocythere, and Saggitocythere; it differs

from Dactylocythere and Saggitocythere in lacking

accessory and peniferal grooves; from Phymocythere

it differs in having contiguous prostatic and spermatic elements of the penis. It is distinct from

Cymocythere, Harpagocythere, and Litocythere in

possessing a subacute or acute anteroventral process

on the peniferum.

GENDER.—Feminine.

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Greek "Apheles," meaning simple, plus generic name Cythere, alluding to

the absence of accessory and peniferal grooves in

the peniferum.

Aphelocythere acuta, new species

FIGURE 6, MAP 3

DIAGNOSIS.—Same as that for genus; in addition,

shell length in mm (numbers in parentheses represent averages): tf, 0.38-0.39 (0.38); o, 0.39-0.41

(0.40). Shell height: d\ 0.20-0.22 (0.21); $, 0.23-

0.25 (0.24). Finger guard bifid distally with one

ramus distinctly longer than other.

MALE.—Eye situated only little less than onefourth shell length from anterior margin. Shell

(Figure 6d) elongate ovate with greatest height

slightly posterior to midlength; broadly rounded

posteriorly, lacking posteroventral prominence;

ventral margin almost straight to weakly convex;

submarginal setae lacking dorsally and somewhat

closer together anteriorly and posteriorly than

ventrally.

Copulatory complex (Figure 6a) with clasping

apparatus extending ventrally below ventral margin

of peniferum. Latter not tapering ventrally, and

ventralmost part subtruncate but produced at

cephalic angle in subacute to acute process. Accessory and peniferal grooves absent. Finger guard

comparatively slender, with rami of bifid tip of

unequal lengths; dorsal finger robust and with

forked tip; ventral finger with strong (about 80°-

90°) subangular bend slightly beyond basal fourth

and very gently curved to bend. Clasping apparatus

L-shaped with rami subequal in length, both entire

except for preaxial border of horizontal ramus,

latter bearing 2 or 3 teeth along distal third followed by 3 apical denticles; proximalmost tooth

very low and broad, sometimes hardly discernible.

FEMALE.—Eye situated slightly less than one-fifth

shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure 6e)

highly vaulted, approximately three-fifths as high

as long; greatest height distinctly posterior to midlength; posteroventrally projecting prominence

lacking, and ventral margin conspicuously concave

anterior to midlength; submarginal setae distributed as in male.

Genital apparatus (Figure 6/) consisting of sclerotized acute conical tubercle.
22

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 6.—Aphelocythere acuta, new species, from Jackson County: a, copulatory complex of

holotype; b,c, clasping apparatus of same; d, shell of same; e, shell of allotype; f, genitalia of

allotype (scales in mm).

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Cascading mountain brook (Savannah River basin), 0.7 mile (1.1 km) north of the

South Carolina line on U.S. Highway 178, Transylvania County, North Carolina; hosts: Cambarus

(/.) asperimanus and C. (C.) bartonii.

TYPES.—The holotypic male and allotypic female

are deposited in the National Museum of Natural

History, Smithsonian Institution, numbers 155324

and 155325, respectively. Para types are in the

British Museum, Smithsonian Institution, and in

the collections of H. H. Hobbs III and the junior

author.

RANGE.—This ostracod is known from only three

localities, all in the Mountain Province, in headwaters of the French Broad and Savannah rivers

in North Carolina.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—FRENCH BROAD BASIN.

TRANSYLVANIA COUNTY: (1) French Broad River at U.S. Hwy

64 (host: C. (/.) asperimanus; associate: Dn. donnaldsonensis).

SAVANNAH BASIN. TRANSYLVANIA COUNTY: (2) Typelocality; (3) creek, 1.1 mi (1.8 km) N South Carolina line on

U.S. Hwy 178 (hosts: C. (C.) bartonii, C. (/.) asperimanus;

associates: C. clavata, Dn. donnaldsonensis, U. simondsi).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii and C. (/.)

asperimanus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Cymocythere clavata,

Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis, and Uncinocythere simondsi.

RELATIONSHIPS.—Aphelocythere acuta is probably

as closely allied to Uncinocythere stubbsi Hobbs

and Walton (1966:9) as to any other member of the

subfamily. They possess a similar clasping apparatus, and the penis guide on the peniferum together

with the subacutely produced anteroventral extremity of the latter suggest a rather close affinity

between the two. Aphelocythere acuta, however,

differs markedly from U. stubbsi in possessing a

finger guard, and the ventral surface of the peniferum is weakly emarginate rather than being

deeply cleft; furthermore, the genital apparatus
NUMBER 247 23.

of the female is distinctly more acute and more

sharply delimited basally.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name acuta was selected in

token of the acute process on the anteroventral

extremity of the peniferum.

Genus Ascetocythere Hart, 1962

Ascetocythere Hart, 1962:128.

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Copulatory complex of male with reduced

finger guard. Ventral portion of peniferum bulbiform with one or more variously shaped ventrally

and/or cephalically projecting prominences; accessory groove lacking. Penis long, its length greater

than anteroposterior diameter of peniferum at level

of penis; spermatic and prostatic elements widely

separated basally and converging to apex. Clasping

apparatus not reaching ventral margin of peniferum, horizontal and vertical rami seldom distinct;

preaxial border of distal portion of horizontal

ramus unarmed or with 1 to 3 teeth, postaxial

border entire, and apex with 3 to 5 denticles.

Female without pectinate appendix at base of apical

claws of second antenna; genital complex variable

but consisting essentially of small genital papilla

surrounded by irregular amorphous hyalin mass.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Entocythere asceta Hobbs and

Walton, 1962:42.

RANGE.—Southern Appalachian Mountains and

Cumberland Plateau from Pennsylvania to Kentucky, North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee. Only

one species is known to occur in North Carolina.

Ascetocythere cosmeta Hobbs and Hart

FIGURE 7, MAP 6

Ascetocythere cosmeta Hobbs and Hart, 1966:46-47, figs. 24,

25.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): cf» 0.39-0.44 (0.41);

? , 0.41-0.43 (0.42). Shell height: o", 0.21-0.25

FIGURE T.—Ascetocythere cosmeta from Avery County: a, copulatory complex of male; bjc,

clasping apparatus of male; d, shell of male; e, female genitalia; /, shell of female (scales in mm).
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

(0.23); $, 0.23-0.26 (0.24). Peniferum (Figure la)

with swollen subterminal enlargement bearing 3

anteroventrally projecting prominences, posteriormost acute, others rounded. Clasping apparatus

(Figure lb,c) well developed, not clearly divisible

into horizontal and vertical rami; preaxial and

postaxial borders entire; distal extremity armed

with 5 apical denticles. Female with genital complex (Figure le) consisting of short tubular papilla

surrounded by hyalin mass.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Seepage area, 4 miles north of

the junction of State Route 89 and the Blue Ridge

Parkway, Grayson County, Virginia; host: Cambarns (Jugicambarus) dubius Faxon, 1884:114

(reported by Hobbs and Hart, 1966:46, as Cambarus

carolinus).

RANGE.—The Catawba and New river basins in

Alleghany and Avery counties, North Carolina, and

Grayson County, Virginia.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Known from only 3 localities

in the Mountain Province. CATAWBA BASIN. AVERY

COUNTY: (1) tributary of Linville River near U.S. Hwy 221

at Linville (host: C. (/.) asperimanus; associate: Li. lucileae);

(2) burrows along creek 0.5 mi (0.8 km) N jet of St Rte 181

and Co Rd 1345 on latter (host: C. (/.) dubius; associates:

E. dentata, U. simondsi). NEW BASIN. ALLEGHANY COUNTY:

(3) burrows along creek at Roaring Gap (host: C. (/.) dubius;

associate: U. simondsi).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (/.) asperimanus and C. (/.)

dubius.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Entocythere dentata,

Litocythere lucileae, and Uncinocythere simondsi.

REMARKS.—Only one specimen of this species has

been found on a crayfish collected outside of a

burrow (the first locality cited above), and this is

the only record of its being associated with a crayfish other than C. (/.) dubius. Like most of its

congeners, it appears to be confined largely to crayfishes that spend most of their lives in the subsurface waters of burrows.

Genus Cymocythere Hart, 1962

Cymocythere Hart, 1962:128.

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Copulatory complex of male with slender,

bifid finger guard. Ventral portion of peniferum

somewhat bulbiform, slightly excavate, entire, or

with broadly rounded lobe; accessory groove

lacking. Penis small, length less than anteroposterior diameter of peniferum at level of penis;

spermatic and prostatic elements contiguous.

Clasping apparatus not reaching ventral margin of

peniferum and with or without distinct horizontal

and vertical rami; preaxial border of horizontal

ramus with as many as 3 teeth and 3 apical denticles, or with 4 or 5 denticles crowded apically,

postaxial border entire. Female without pectinate

appendix at base of terminal claws of second

antenna; genital complex consisting of posterodorsally situated, weakly sclerotized papilla.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Entocythere cyma Hobbs and

Walton, 1960:18.

RANGE.—Southern flank of Appalachians from

North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia and

Alabama. Hart and Hart (1974:43) indicated that

North Carolina is within the range of the genus

but cited neither a species nor a specific locality for

the state. Only one species is known to occur in

North Carolina.

Cymocythere clavata Crawford

FIGURE 8, MAP 7

Cymocythere clavata Crawford, 1965:149-151, figs. 4, 5, 8, 9.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): $, 0.38-0.39 (0.38);

? , 0.36-0.40 (0.38). Shell height: d1. 0.21-0.23

(0.22); ?, 0.22-0.23 (0.23). Peniferum (Figure 8a)

with portion ventral to base of clasping apparatus

constituting at least two-thirds of length of peniferum, and with penis directed distally; preaxial

border of clasping apparatus (Figure 8&) with 1 or

2 emarginations, and apex with 4 denticles. Female

with genital complex (Figure 8c) consisting of short

subacute papilla flanked posteriorly by complex

lappet.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—East Fork of the Chattooga

River at its junction with Indian Camp Creek, 21

miles (33.8 km) northwest of Walhalla, Oconee

County, South Carolina; hosts: Cambarus (C.) bartonii and C. (/.) asperimanus.

RANGE.—Savannah River drainage in North

Carolina and South Carolina.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Known from only three localities in the Mountain Province, FRENCH BROAD BASIN.

TRANSYLVANIA COUNTY: (1) French Broad River at U.S. Hwy

64 (hosts: C. (C.) bartonii, C. (/.) asperimanus; associates: Ap.

acuta, Dn. donnaldsonensis, U. simondsi). SAVANNAH
NUMBER 247 25

FIGURE 8.—Cymocythere clavata from Transylvania County: a, copulatory complex of male; b,

clasping apparatus of male; c, female genitalia; d, shell of female; e, shell of male (scales in mm).

BASIN. TRANSYLVANIA COUNTY: (2) Big Hogback Creek at

U.S. Hwy 64 (hosts: C. (C.) bartonii, C. (/.) asperimanus;

associate: Dn. donnaldsonensis); (3) creek at Camp Toxaway,

E of Cashiers on U.S. Hwy 64 (host: C. (/.) asperimanus; no

associate).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii and C. (/.)

asperimanus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Aphelocythere acuta,

Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis, and Uncinocy there simondsi.

Genus Dactylocythere Hart, 1962

Dactylocy there Hart, 1962:129.

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Copulatory complex of male with prominent

finger guard. Ventral portion of peniferum variously shaped but usually rounded, anteroventral

extremity rounded or angular; accessory groove

always present and usually well developed except

in Dt. leptophylax. Penis small, length less than

anteroposterior diameter of peniferum at level of

penis; spermatic and prostatic elements contiguous.

Clasping apparatus extending ventrally beyond

ventral margin of peniferum except in Dt. leptophylax in which posteroventral margin of peniferum provided with 2 or 3 conspicuous tubercles.

Clasping apparatus C- to L-shaped; preaxial border

of horizontal ramus without or with as many as 4

teeth, postaxial border entire, and apex naked or

bearing as many as 4 denticles. Female without

pectinate appendix at base of terminal claws of

second antenna; genital complex almost always with

J-shaped rod and amiculum (not present in Dt.

isabelae and Dt. leptophylax).

TYPE-SPECIES.—Entocythere runki Hobbs, 1955:

330.

RANGE.—From Pennsylvania and Michigan southward to Alabama, Georgia, and northwestern

Florida.
2 6 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Key to North Carolina Species of Genus Dactylocythere

1. Shell with posteroventral prominence 2

1'. Shell lacking posteroventral prominence 3

2.(1) Finger guard distinctly arched, sharply truncate or with 2 or 3 subacute apices ventrally; junction of horizontal and vertical rami of clasping apparatus distinctly thickened and former with series of step-like excavations decreasing in height distally from

slightly distal to midlength daphnioides

2'. Finger guard not distinctly arched, tapering, and rounded ventrally; junction of horizontal and vertical rami of clasping apparatus not thickened and former with low

prominences in distal third peedeensis

3.(1') Clasping apparatus with distal portion expanded; peniferum with tuberculiform

prominences posteroventrally leptophylax

3'. Clasping apparatus with distal portion tapering; peniferum never with tuberculiform

prominences posteroventrally 4

4.(3') Preaxial border of horizontal ramus of clasping apparatus entire, without prominences

of any kind and usually without apical denticles falcata

4'. Preaxial border of horizontal ramus with 1 or more prominences (rounded elevations,

teeth, ridges, or annulations); if without apical denticles then with subapical annulations 5

5.(4') Finger guard with prominent rounded bulge on posterior surface 6

5'. Finger guard lacking prominent rounded bulge on posterior surface 7

6.(5) Vertical ramus of clasping apparatus with weak shoulder on postaxial border; junction of rami rounded and not thickened; bulge on posterior surface of finger guard

moderately well developed isabelae

6'. Vertical ramus of clasping apparatus without shoulder on postaxial border; junction

of rami with postaxial margin subangular and distinctly thickened; bulge on posterior

surface of finger guard very large megadactylus

7.(5') Peniferum with anteroventral extremity angular 8

7'. Peniferum with anteroventral extremity rounded 9

8.(7) Sternal spine present; horizontal ramus of clasping apparatus with series of steplike

excavations decreasing in height distally rutUu

8'. Sternal spine absent; horizontal ramus of clasping apparatus not provided with series

of steplike excavations chelomata

9.(7') Preaxial border of horizontal ramus of clasping apparatus with 3 teeth along distal

two-thirds prinsi

9'. Preaxial border of horizontal ramus of clasping apparatus with or without teeth, if

present confined to distal one-third 10

10.(9*) Horizontal ramus of clasping apparatus terminating in 3 apical denticles; postaxial

border of vertical ramus with strong acute, or subacute, shoulder jeanae

10'. Horizontal ramus of clasping apparatus terminating in 2 apical denticles; postaxial

border of vertical ramus with or without weak shoulder 11

11.(10') Distal part of horizontal ramus of clasping apparatus ringed by annulations frequently

forming small ridges on preaxial surface nriophylax

11'. Distal part of horizontal ramus of clasping apparatus with low elevations or teeth and

2 apical denticles 12

12.(11') Finger guard trilobed and not tapering distally suteri

12'. Finger guard simple, tapering distally peedeensis

Dactylocythere chelomata (Crawford) parentheses represent averages): tf, 0.42-0.47 (0.45);

F.GURE9 MAPS ?• O-44"

0

-

48

 (0-46). Shell height: tf, 0.25-0.27

(0.26); $ , 0.26-0.30 (0.28). Shell (Figure 9e,d) withEntocythere chelomata crzy/iord, 1961:242-244, figs. 15-21. out posteroventral prominence. Sternal spine

Dactylocythere chelomata.—Han, 1962:130.—Hart and Hart, „(,.„„. \rontr.^ » m -» r -c /t- n \

1974:53. plate 12: figs, n-15; plate 48.

 absent ' Ventra l extremit

y of peniferum (Figure 9a)

directed anteroventrally, tapering to subacute apex;

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in width of extremity of peniferal groove as great as
NUMBER 247 27

least diameter of vertical ramus of clasping apparatus. Accessory groove simple and extending dorsally to level of spermatic loop. Finger guard

comparatively massive, tapering distally and terminating in 3 lobes. Clasping apparatus (Figure 9a,b)

without shoulder or hump on postaxial border of

vertical ramus; junction of rami slightly thickened,

with posteroventral margin rounded; preaxial

border of horizontal ramus with 1 tooth slightly

distal to midlength of horizontal ramus, and 2

small preapical ones; apex of ramus with 3 apical

denticles.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—"West Fork of the Little Pigeon

River, one mile [1.6 km] south of Gatlinburg,

Sevier County, Tennessee, on U.S. Highway 441, in

the Great Smoky Mountain National Park. The

hosts are Cambarus longulus longirostris [= C. (H.)

longirostris], Cambarus bartonii bartonii and Orconectes juvenilis" (Crawford, 1961:244).

RANGE.—From the Pigeon River basin in Tennessee south to the Little Tennessee and Hiwassee

river systems in North Carolina.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Two localities within the

Mountain Province. HIWASSEE BASIN. CHEROKEE COUNTY:

(1) "Valley River at Andrews" (hosts: C. (C.) bartonii, C. (H.)

longirostris; associates: none reported) (Crawford, 1961:244).

LITTLE TENNESSEE BASIN. MACON COUNTY: (2) "Sugar

Fork (Cullasaga) River northwest of Highlands" (host: C.

(C.) bartonii; associates: none reported) (Crawford, 1961:244).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii and C. (H.)

longirostris.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—None was reported

from North Carolina, but Daetylocythere daphnioides and Entocythere humesi Hoff (1943) (= Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis) were found with it

in the type-locality.

REMARKS.—The only specimens of this ostracod

that we have examined are several from the type

series collected in the type-locality.

FIGURE 9.—Dactylocythere chelomata from Sevier County, Tennessee: a, copulatory complex of

holotype; b, clasping apparatus of same; c, genitalia of allotype; d, shell of allotype; e, shell

of holotype (scales in mm).
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Dactylocythere daphnioides (Hobbs)

FICURE 10, MAP 9

Entocythere daphnioides Hobbs, 1955:325-330, figs. 1, 2, 5-9.

Entocythere daphinoides Ferguson, 1958:198 [erroneous spelling]-

Dactylocy there daphnioides.—Hart, 1962:130.—Hart and Hart,

1974:55-56, pi. 14: figs. 1-5; pi. 48.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): cf, 0.48-0.55 (0.51);

$, 0.53-0.60 (0.56). Shell height: tf, 0.27-0.31

(0.29); $.0.29-0.37 (0.31). Shell (Figure \M,f) with

rounded to acute posteroventral prominence.

Sternal spine only slightly curved and directed

posteriorly or posteroventrally. Ventral extremity

of peniferum (Figure 10a) directed anteroventrally,

tapering to subacute apex; width of distal end of

peniferal groove no greater than half least diameter

of vertical ramus of clasping apparatus. Accessory

groove complex and extending dorsally to or almost

to level of dorsal margin of spermatic loop. Finger

guard comparatively heavy, strongly concave posteriorly, and subtruncate distally with 3 short

subangular prominences. Clasping apparatus (Figure l0b,c) with rounded hump on posterior margin

of vertical ramus slightly proximal to midlength;

junction of horizontal and vertical rami distinctly

thickened, and posteroventral margin rounded;

preaxial border of horizontal ramus with 3 teeth

(distal 2 sometimes appearing as slight elevations

set off basally by oblique lines on mesial surface),

followed by 3 apical denticles. Female genital complex consisting of J-shaped rod and flared amiculum

(Figure 10e,f).

TYPE-LOCALITY.—East Fork of the Greenbrier

River at U.S. Highway 250, east of Durbin, Pocahontas County, West Virginia; hosts: Cambarus

(H.) chasmodactylus, and C. (P.) robustus.

RANGE.—From headwaters of the Little TenFICURE 10.—Dactylocythere daphnioides from Ashe County: a, copulatory complex of male; b,

clasping apparatus of male; c, same (Iredell County); d, shell of male; e, female genitalia; /,

shell of female (scales in mm).
NUMBER 247 29

nessee and Pee Dee drainage systems in North

Carolina northward to the New and Big Sandy

systems in Virginia and West Virginia. The Kentucky and Missouri localities cited by Hart and

Hart (1974:56) should be confirmed.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Twenty-seven localities in the Mountain and upper Piedmont provinces

in headwaters of the Pee Dee, Catawba, Little Tennessee, French Broad, Nolichucky, Watauga, and

New rivers. Hart and Hart (1974:56) recorded it

from several localities in Alleghany and Ashe

counties as well as from Avery, Transylvania, and

Watauga counties.

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (H.) chasmodactylus, C. (H.) longirostris, C. (H.) longulus, C.

(/.) asperimanus, C. (P.) reburrus, C. (P.) robustus,

and C. (P.) sp. C.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla, Dactylocy'there chelomata, Dt. falcata, Dt.

megadactylus, Dt. runki, Dt. striophylax, Dt. suteri,

Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis, Dn. leptodrilus, Entocythere dentata, E. harrisi, E. reddelli, Litocythere lucileae, and Uncinocythere simondsi.

Dactylocythere falcata (Hobbs and Walton)

FIGURE 11, MAP 3

Entocythere falcata Hobbs and Walton, 1961:379-381, figs. 2,

3, 7, 8.

Dactylocythere falcata.—Han, 1962:130.—Hart and Hart,

1974:58-59, pi. 15: figs. 1-5; pi. 49 [in part?].

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): o"» 0.37-0.47 (0.44);

o, 0.46-0.48 (0.47). Shell height: tf, 0.23-0.27

(0.25); ° , 0.25-0.29 (0.27). Shell (Figure lld,e)

without posteroventral prominence. Sternal spine

slightly curved and directed posteriorly or posteroventrally. Ventral extremity of peniferum (Figure

lla) directed anteroventrally, subtruncate, with

width of end of peniferal groove as wide as least

diameter of vertical ramus of clasping apparatus.

Accessory groove complex, extending dorsally much

beyond spermatic loop, almost half distance between dorsal extremity of loop and dorsal margin

of peniferum. Finger guard comparatively slender,

concave posteriorly and subtruncate distally with

2 short terminal lobes, posterior one sometimes subFIGURE 11.—Dactylocythere falcata from Yancey County: a, copulatory complex of male; b,

clasping apparatus of male; c, female genitalia; d, shell of female; e, shell of male (scales in mm).
30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

angular. Clasping apparatus (Figure 116) with

angular shoulder on postaxial border of vertical

ramus near midlength; junction of rami not thickened, and posteroventral margin rounded; preaxial

border of horizontal ramus entire or with minute

denticle near base of distal sixth; apex of ramus

with or without two minute denticles. Female

genitalia consisting of J-shaped rod and alariform

amiculum (Figure \\c,d).

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Small spring-fed creek, 3.0 miles

(4.8 km) south of Charleston, Bradley County,

Tennessee, on U.S. Highway 11; host: Cambarus

(H.) longirostris.

RANGE.—From the Coosa River drainage in

Georgia and northeastern Alabama to the Tennessee Basin in Virginia, and east of the Appalachian

Divide in the upper James and Roanoke drainage

systems in Virginia. The records from Missouri and

Canada cited by Hart and Hart (1974:58,59) should

be confirmed.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Three localities in the Mountain Province. H1WASSEE BASIN. CHEROKEE COUNTY: (1)

6.9 mi (11.1 km) E of Tennessee line on U.S. Hwy 64 (hosts:

C. (/.) nodosus, C. (P.) sp. D; associate: Dt. leptophylax);

CLAY COUNTY: (2) Steve Branch, 3 mi (4.8 km) S Tuni Gap

on Hayesville-Andrews Rd (hosts: C. (C.) bartonii; no associate). NOLICHUCKY BASIN. MITCHELL YANCEY county line:

(3) Big Crabtree Creek, 2.3 mi (3.7 km) N St Rte 19 on Co

Rd 1002 (hosts: C. (H.) longirostris, C. (P.) robustus; associates: Dt. daphnioides, Dt. runki, Dn. donnaldsonensis).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (H.) longirostris, C. (/.) nodosus, C. (P.) robustus, and C. (P.)

sp. D.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Dactylocythere daphnioides, Dt. leptophylax, Dt. runki, and Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis.

Dactylocythere isabelae, new species

FIGURE 12, MAP 9

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): <$, 0.43-0.46 (0.44);

9, 0.47-0.50 (0.49). Shell height: rf, 0.22-0.26

(0.24); ?, 0.27-0.31 (0.29). Shell without posteroventral prominence. Sternal spine absent. Ventral

extremity of peniferum directed anteroventrally,

acute, and width of end of peniferal groove as great

as least diameter of vertical ramus of clasping

apparatus. Accessory groove rather complex dorsally

and extending to level of dorsal margin of spermatic loop. Finger guard heavy, distally bifid, with

prominent caudal bulge (approaching that of Dt.

megadactylus). Clasping apparatus with shoulder

on postaxial border of vertical ramus; junction of

rami not conspicuously thickened; preaxial border

of horizontal ramus with teeth restricted to 2 small

ones no larger than, and immediately proximal to,

3 apical denticles.

MALE.—Eye situated between one-fourth and

one-fifth shell length from anterior margin. Shell

(Figure 12rf) subovate with greatest height posterior

to midlength; ventral margin very gently curved;

submarginal setae distinctly more abundant anteriorly and posteriorly than ventrally, and absent

dorsally.

Copulatory complex (Figure \2a,b) with clasping

apparatus extending ventrally beyond ventral

extremity of peniferum. Peniferum tapering ventrally, with ventralmost portion terminating in

acute tip directed almost cephalically. Peniferal

groove broad, as wide as least diameter of vertical

ramus of clasping apparatus. Penis situated at base

of ventral fourth of peniferum, its length about

equivalent to width of peniferum at level of penis.

Finger guard massive, with bifid ventral extremity,

and very broad at level immediately dorsal to

penis. Dorsal finger comparatively long and slender

with distal setiform element bifid, ventral finger

with single gentle curve, distal portion extending

subparallel to ventral margin of peniferum. Accessory groove rather complex dorsally, reaching level

of dorsal extremity of spermatic loop. Clasping

apparatus C-shaped with angular shoulder on postaxial border of vertical ramus, otherwise both preand postaxial borders entire except for 2 small

teeth on distal end of preaxial border no larger

than, and grouped with, 3 terminal denticles.

FEMALE.—Eye situated about one-sixth shell

length from anterior end. Shell (Figure 12e) subovate with greatest height near midlength, its ventral

margin very weakly concave; submarginal setae as

in male.

Genital apparatus (Figure 12c) consisting of comparatively long, slender tubular pendant suspended

in posterodorsal part of body; differing from most

members of genus in lacking amiculum and Jshaped rod.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Crayfish burrows along springbranch tributary to Lyle Creek (Catawba Basin),
NUMBER 247 31

FIGURE 12.—Dactylocythere isabelae, new species, from type-locality: a, copulatory complex of

holotype; b, clasping apparatus of holotype; c, genitalia of allotype; d, shell of holotype; e,

shell of allotype (scales in mm).

2.5 miles (4.0 km) north of Conover, off State

Route 16, Catawba County, North Carolina, on

Cambarus (D.) sp. B, a crayfish closely allied to,

if not conspecific with, C. (D.) reduncus.

TYPES.—The holotypic male and allotypic female

are deposited in the National Museum of Natural

History, Smithsonian Institution, numbers 155326

and 155327, respectively. Para types are in the

British Museum, Smithsonian Institution, and in

the collections of H. H. Hobbs III and the junior

author.

RANGE.—This ostracod is known only from the

type-locality, located in the Piedmont Province of

North Carolina.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Known only from

the type-locality.

HOST.—Cambarus (Depressicambarus) sp. B.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATE.—Ankylocythere ancyla.

RELATIONSHIPS.—Dactylocythere isabelae seems to

share more features with Dt. chelomata, Dt. jeanae,

Dt. megadactylus, and Dt. suteri than with most of

its congeners. None of those listed has a sternal

spine. All except Dt. megadactylus have a C-shaped

clasping apparatus with reduced denticles, and the

latter has a massive finger guard very similar to

that of Dt. isabelae. Differing from all of them,

the female of the latter lacks a J-shaped rod and an

amiculum. It and Dt. chelomata have an acute

anteroventral extremity of the peniferum as opposed to a rounded one in Dt. jeanae and Dt. suteri,

and the clasping apparatus of Dt. chelomata differs

from that of Dt. isabelae in having a spine near

midlength of the preaxial border of the horizontal

ramus.

ETYMOLOGY.—This ostracod is named in honor

of our mutual friend, Isabel Perez Farfante, who has

assisted us in our ostracod investigation on numerous occasions.
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Dactylocy there jeanae Hobbs

FIGURE 13, MAP 6

Dactylocy there jeanae Hobbs, 1967:6-8, fig. lgjij.—Hart and

Hart, 1974:59-60, pi. 15: figs. 6-10; pi. 49.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): <?» 0.42-0.53 (0.48);

$, 0.46-0.50 (0.48). Shell height: <$, 0.24-0.28

(0.27); $, 0.27-0.32 (0.29). Shell (Figure \5c,e)

without posteroventral prominence. Sternal spine

absent. Ventral extremity of peniferum (Figure 13a)

forming rounded lobe; aperture of peniferal groove

subequal in diameter to least diameter of vertical

ramus of clasping apparatus. Accessory groove simple, extending dorsally approximately to level of

dorsal margin of spermatic loop. Finger guard

moderately slender, almost straight and with

notched distal extremity. Clasping apparatus (Figure 13b) with angular or rounded prominence on

posterior margin of vertical ramus; junction of rami

not thickened and posteroventral margin rounded;

preaxial border of horizontal ramus with 2 teeth

(distal one sometimes vestigial) along distal third

of ramus; distal extremity with 3 apical denticles.

Female genitalia consisting of curved rod and flared

amiculum (Figure 13d,e).

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Roadside ditch in Virginia

Beach on State Route 605 near Stumpy Lake,

Princess Anne County, Virginia; host: Cambarus

(L.) d. diogenes.

RANGE.—The Coastal Plain Province from the

Neuse River system in North Carolina northward

to the Maurice River drainage in New Jersey.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Fifteen localities in the Inner

Coastal Plain and Tidewater from the Neuse River system to

the Chowan and Pasquotank river basins. ALLIGATOR

BASIN. DARE COUNTY: (1) roadside ditch, 5.5 mi (8.9 km) W

U.S. Hwy 264 on U.S. Hwy 64 (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes, P.

(O.) a. acutus; associates on former: Ok. cheia, Or. waltonae);

TYRRELL COUNTY: (2) roadside ditch, 5.0 mi (8.1 km) W Dare

Co line on U.S. Hwy 64 (hosts: C. (L.) d. diogenes, P. (O.) a.

acutus; associates: An. tiphophila, Ok. cheia); WASHINGTON

COUNTY: (3) roadside ditch, 4.0 mi (6.4 km) E Plymouth on

FIGURE 13.—Dactylocythere jeanae (male from Washington County; female from Beaufort

County): a, copulatory complex of male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of male; d,

female genitalia; e, shell of female (scales in mm).
NUMBER 247 33

U.S. Hwy 64 (hosts: C. (L.) d. diogenes, F. (C.) uhleri, P. (O.)

a. acutus; associates: An. tiphophila, Ok. cheia). CHOWAN

BASIN. CHOWAN COUNTY: (4) roadside ditch, 1.2 mi (1.9 km)

S Gates Co line on St Rte 32 (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; no

associate); (5) swamp stream, 2.6 mi (4.2 km) S Gates Co line

on St Rte 32 (hosts: C. (L.) d. diogenes, P. (O.) a. acutus; no

associate); HERTFORD COUNTY: (6) seepage area and creek, 1.1

mi (1.8 km) S Virginia line on U.S. Hwy 258 (hosts: C. (L.)

d. diogenes, P. (O.) a. acutus; associates: An. ancyla, E. harrisi, E. internotalus, Ok. cheia); NORTHAMPTON COUNTY: (7)

roadside ditch in Woodland (host: C. (L) d. diogenes; associate: Ok. cheia). NEUSE BASIN. GREENE COUNTY: (8) 3.8

mi (6.1 km) N Snowhill on U.S. Hwy 258 (host: C. (L.) d.

diogenes; associate: An. ancyla); WAYNE COUNTY: (9) Nahonta

Swamp, 3.7 mi (6 km) S Freemont on U.S. Hwy 117 (host: C.

(/..) d. diogenes; no associate). PAMLICO BASIN. BEAUFORT

COUNTY: (10) roadside ditch N St Rte 264 on St Rte 32

(hosts: C. (L.) d. diogenes, P. (O.) a. acutus; associates: An.

ancyla, An. tiphophila, E. harrisi, Ok. cheia); EDCECOMBE

COUNTY: (11) roadside ditch, 2.2 mi (3.5 km) S St Rte 97 on

U.S. Hwy 258 (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; associate: Ok. cheia);

HALIFAX COUNTY: (12) burrows adjacent to Deep Creek, 2 mi

(3.2 km) S Scotland Neck on U.S. Hwy 258 (host: C. (L.) d.

diogenes; no associate); HYDE COUNTY: (13) roadside ditch in

Fairfield (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; associates: An. tiphophila,

Ok. cheia). PASQUOTANK BASIN. PASQUOTANK COUNTY: (14)

roadside ditch 2.9 mi (4.7 km) NE Perquimans Co line on

Co Rd 1001 (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; associates: Ok. cheia,

Or. waltonae). ROANOKE BASIN. BERTIE COUNTY: (15) roadside ditch, 8.8 mi (14.1 km) S Powellsville on U.S. Hwy 13

(host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; associate: Ok. cheia).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (L.) diogenes diogenes, Fallicambarus (C.) uhleri, and Procambarus (O.) acutus

acutus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla, An. tiphophila, Entocythere harrisi, E. internotalus, Okriocythere cheia, and Ornithocythere

waltonae.

Dactylocythere leptophylax (Crawford)

FIGURE 14, MAP 10

Entocythere leptophylax Crawford, 1961:238-242, figs. 9-14.

Dactylocythere leptophylax.—Hart, 1962:130.—Hart and Hart,

1974:61-62, pi. 16: figs. 1-5, pi. 48.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): c?, 0.36-0.42 (0.39);

?, 0.36-0.41 (0.39). Shell height: tf, 0.20-0.25

(0.23); ?, 0.19-0.23 (0.22). Shell (Figure I4d,e)

lacking posteroventral prominence. Sternal spine

present. Ventral extremity of peniferum (Figure

14a,g) subtruncate to acute with subacute anteroventral angle and bearing 2 or 3 small tubercles on

ventral margin; peniferal groove not evident. Accessory groove simple and very short, not nearly

reaching base of spermatic loop. Finger guard

moderately slender to heavy and terminating in 1

to 3 prominences. Clasping apparatus (Figure 14&,

c,h,i) strongly curved, lacking hump on postaxial

border of vertical ramus; horizontal ramus thickened in proximal portion of distal third and

bearing series of 6 small teeth along distal preaxial

border, distalmost forming apex of clasping

apparatus.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—East Fork of the Chattooga

River at its junction with Indian Camp Creek, 21

miles (33.8 km) northwest of Walhalla, Oconee

County, South Carolina; hosts: Cambarus (C.) bartonii and C. (/.) asperimanus.

RANGE.—From the Choctawhatchee River basin

in Florida northward to the upper Savannah and

Coosa drainage systems in South Carolina and

Georgia, and in the Tennessee River system

in southwestern North Carolina and eastern

Tennessee.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Confined to tributaries of the

Hiwassee, Little Tennessee, and Savannah river basins in the

Mountain Province. HIWASSEE BASIN. CHEROKEE COUNTY:

(1) Rose Creek, 1.8 mi (2.9 km) off Beaver Dam Rd (hosts: C.

(C.) bartonii, C. (P.) sp. D; no associates); (2) 6.9 mi (11.1 km)

E Tennessee line on U.S. Hwy 64 (hosts: C. (/.) nodosus, C.

(P.) sp. D; associate: Dt. falcata); (3) 1.6 mi (2.6 km) W U.S.

Hwy 64 on St Rte 60 (host: C. (7.) nodosus; no associate);

CLAY COUNTY: (4) Steve Branch, 3 mi (4.8 km) S Tuni Gap

on Hayesville-Andrews Rd (host: C. (C.) bartonii; associates:

Dt. falcata, Dn. donnaldsonensis). LITTLE TENNESSEE

BASIN. GRAHAM COUNTY: (5) creek, 0.6 mi (1 km) SW U.S.

Hwy 129 on U.S. Hwy 19 (host: C. (C.) bartonii; no associate); MACON COUNTY: (6) Bald Forest Creek, W Otto, on

paved road near Allen Mountain (host: C. (C.) bartonii; no

associate). SAVANNAH BASIN. JACKSON COUNTY: (7) tributary to Whitewater River, 5.6 mi (9 km) S U.S. Hwy 64 on

St Rte 107 (hosts: C. (C.) bartonii, C. (/.) asperimanus; associates: Dt. prinsi, Dn. donnaldsonensis, H. baileyi).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (/.) asperimanus, C. (/.) nodosus, and C. (Puncticambarus)

sp. D.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Dactylocythere falcata, Dt. prinsi, Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis, Harpagocythere baileyi.

REMARKS.—There are rather conspicuous variations in the ventral portion of the peniferum and

in the finger guard of the copulatory complex of

the males. The peniferum may bear a shallow notch
34

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE W.—Dactylocythere leptophylax (aji, from Graham County; b-gj, from Cherokee

County): a, copulatory complex of male; b,c, clasping apparatus of male; d, shell of male; e,

shell of female; /, female genitalia; g, copulatory complex of male; h, clasping apparatus of

male; i, same (scales in mm).

at the anteroventral extremity or there may be a

small anteapical, subspiniform tubercle on the

anterior margin, or the anterior margin and angle

may be entire. The finger guard may be rather simple, tapering to a single apex or it may be bifid or

trifid. Entirely too few specimens are available to

determine whether or not these variations are associated with a restricted portion of the range.
NUMBER 247 35

Dactylocythere megadactylus Hart and Hart

FIGURE 15, MAP 7

Dactylocythere megadactylus Hart and Hart, 1971:110-111,

fig. 5a-e — Hart and Hart, 1974:63-64, pi. 17: figs. 6-10, pi.

48.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): o*, 0.48-0.53 (0.50);

$, 0.49-0.54 (0.53). Shell height: d\ 0.27-0.30

(0.28); $, 0.30-0.34 (0.32). Shell (Figure 15/,g)

without posteroventral prominence. Sternal spine

absent. Ventral extremity of peniferum (Figure

15a) directed anteroventrally, tapering to subacute

apex; width of extremity of peniferal groove

slightly greater than half least diameter of vertical

ramus of clasping apparatus. Accessory groove only

moderately complex and reaching to, or slightly

dorsal to, dorsal extremity of spermatic loop.

Finger guard massive, its basal portion greatly

expanded posteriorly; distal half of posterior margin broadly and weakly concave, and distal extremity rounded, shallowly bilobed, with posterior lobe

much larger than anterior. Clasping apparatus (Figure 15 b-d) without shoulder or hump on postaxial

FIGURE 15.—Dactylocythere megadactylus (a,dg, from Rowan County, b,c, from Rockingham

County; e,f, from Davidson County): a, copulatory complex of male; b-d, clasping apparatus

of male; e, female genitalia; /, shell of female; g, shell of male (scales in mm).
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

border of vertical ramus; junction of rami greatly

thickened and posteroventral margin subangular;

horizontal ramus with preaxial border bearing 1

to 4 slight elevations, or very small teeth, on distal

third, set off basally by oblique lines on mesial

surface of ramus, these followed by 3 apical denticles. Female genitalia (Figure I5e,f) consisting of

undulating rod and flared amiculum.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Tributary of the Yadkin River

(Pee Dee Basin), 2.8 miles (4.5 km) northeast of

Randolph-Davidson County line, Randolph County,

North Carolina, on State Route 49; hosts: Cambarus (P.) sp. C. and Procambarus (O.) a. acutus.

RANGE.—In the Piedmont Province from the

Broad River (Catawba Basin) in North Carolina

northward to the James River in Virginia where

it was reported in the Valley and Ridge Province

by Hart and Hart (1974:64) in Botetourt County.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Thirty-seven localities in the Catawba, Pee Dee, Cape Fear, and

Roanoke drainage systems in which it is confined

to the Piedmont Province. Hart and Hart (1974:64)

reported it from three localities, one each in Randolph, Rowan, and Yadkin counties.

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (C.) sp. A.,

C. (D.) latimanus, C. (D.) reduncus, C. (H.) Iongulus, C. (/.) asperimanus, C. (P.) reburrus, C. (P.)

sp. C, and Procambarus (O.) a. acutus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla, An. telmoecea, Dactylocythere daphnioides, Dt.

peedeensis, Dt. runki, Dt. suteri, Donnaldsoncythere

donnaldsonensis, Dn. leptodrilus, Entocythere harrisi, E. internotalus, E. reddelli, Litocythere lucileae, and Uncinocythere simondsi.

REMARKS.—The only conspicuous variation noted

in this species is in the development of the postaxial angular junction of the horizontal and vertical rami of the clasping apparatus of the male.

In some specimens it is produced posteriorly in an

acute or subacute prominence (Figure 15&); in

others (Figures \5c,d) the junction is angular or

subangular but lacking a prominence. Although

one of the two types seems to predominate in a

local population, such proportions are not limited

to a specific part of the range of the species.

Dactylocythere peedeensis, new species

FIGURE 16, MAP 8

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): <$, 0.48-0.51 (0.49);

?, 0.49-0.53 (0.52). Shell height: tf, 0.28-0.30

(0.30); $, all estimated at 0.31-0.32 (0.32). Shell

usually with weak posteroventral prominence.

Sternal spine usually discernible, subspiculiform.

Ventral extremity of peniferum rounded; width of

ventral extremity of peniferal groove subequal to

least diameter of vertical ramus of clasping apparatus. Accessory groove complex proximally with

broad lobe subtruncate and reaching level of dorsal

margin of spermatic loop. Finger guard massive,

simple distally, its posterior margin weakly concave.

Clasping apparatus with subangular prominence on

postaxial margin of vertical ramus; junction of rami

not thickened, and postaxial junction of rami

rounded; preaxial border of slender horizontal

ramus with 4 elevations, or small teeth, on distal

third set off basally by oblique lines on mesial

surface of ramus; elevations not appreciably lower

distally; apex of ramus with 2 apical denticles.

MALE.—Eye situated between one-fourth and

one-fifth shell length from anterior margin. Shell

(Figure I6c-e) subtriangular with greatest height

distinctly posterior to midlength, and usually

bearing small posteroventral prominence; ventral

margin slightly concave; submarginal setae present

around entire margin, somewhat closer together

anteriorly and posteriorly than dorsally and

ventrally.

Copulatory complex (Figure 16a,&) with clasping

apparatus extending ventrally beyond ventral

extremity of peniferum. Latter tapering ventrally,

with ventralmost portion terminating in rounded

lobe directed cephaloventrally. Peniferal groove

broad, as wide as least diameter of vertical ramus

of clasping apparatus and with rounded membranous lobe inserted between sclerotized areas

flanking groove. Penis situated at base of ventral

third of peniferum, its length slightly less than

width of peniferum at level of penis. Finger guard

massive, somewhat tapered ventrally and not conspicuously broad at level immediately dorsal to

penis. Dorsal finger comparatively long and slender

with distal setiform element simple; ventral finger

gently curved throughout its length. Accessory

groove rather complex dorsally, subtruncate part

reaching level of dorsal extremity of spermatic

loop. Clasping apparatus C-shaped with subangular

shoulder on postaxial border of vertical ramus,

otherwise remainder of postaxial border entire;
NUMBER 247 37

FIGURE 16.—Dactylocythere peedeensis, new species (a,b,d,f, from Randolph County; c#, from

Cabarrus County): a, copulatory complex of holotype; b, clasping apparatus of same; c, shell of

paratypic male; d, shell of paratypic female; e, shell of paratypic male; /, genitalia of allotype

and copulatory complex of paratypic male during amplexus (male elements stippled). (Scales

in mm.)

distal third of preaxial border of horizontal ramus

with 4 low elevations (small teeth) set off basally

by oblique lines on mesial surface of ramus, elevations subequal in size and closely followed by 2

apical denticles.

FEMALE.—Eye situated about one-fifth shell

length from anterior end. Shell (Figure 16d) subovate with greatest height distinctly posterior to

midlength and bearing small posteroventral prominence; ventral margin more distinctly concave than

in male; submarginal setae disposed as in male.

Genital apparatus (Figure 16d,/) with J-shaped

rod only slightly curved and amiculum with rather

short ventral portion flared, supported by U- or Vshaped thickenings. (The only specimen available

in which the apparatus is not damaged by crushed

shell is that illustrated. Very unusual is the participation of a triunguis female in a copulating pair,

and in this illustration the stippled portion is the

copulatory complex of the male. The finger guard

of the latter is not included because of its over-
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

lying the dorsal finger and its outline being distorted by refraction from the shell margin.)

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Tributary to Little River (Pee

Dee Basin) 1.0 mile (1.6 km) south of Seagrove on

U.S. Highway 220, Randolph County, North Carolina; host: Cambarus (P.) sp. C.

TYPES.—The holotypic male, no. 155328, allotypic female and paratypic male, no. 155329, are

deposited in the National Museum of Natural

History, Smithsonian Institution. Paratypes are in

the Smithsonian Institution and in the collections

of H. H. Hobbs III and the junior author.

RANGE.—This ostracod is known from only three

localities in the Pee Dee drainage system of North

Carolina, all situated within the Piedmont Province

of the State.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—PEE DEE BASIN. RANDOLPH

COUNTY: (1) Type-locality (host: C. (P.) sp. C; associates: An.

ancyla, An. tiphophila, Dt. suteri); CABARRUS COUNTY: (2)

Coddle Creek, 4 mi (6.4 km) SW Concord on U.S. Hwy 29

(hosts: C. (P.) sp. C, P. (O.) a. acutus; no associates); UNION

COUNTY: (3) Rocky River, 1.7 mi (2.7 km) NE Brief on Co Rd

off U.S. Hwy 601 (hosts: C. (P.) sp. C, P. (O.) a. acutus; associates: An. ancyla, Dt. megadactylus, Dt. suteri).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (Puncticambarus) sp. C and

Procambarus (O.) acutus acutus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla, An. tiphophila, Dactylocythere megadactylus,

and Dt. suteri.

ETYMOLOGY.—This ostracod bears the name of

the Pee Dee River basin to which it is apparently

confined.

RELATIONSHIPS.—There seems to be little doubt

that Dactylocythere peedeensis is closely allied to

Dt. suteri, Dt. chelomata, and Dt. jeanae, and more

distinctly to Dt. isabelae and Dt. megadactylus.

Most individuals may be distinguished from all of

these species by possessing a small posteroventral

prominence on the shell, in this respect resembling

the shell of Dt. daphnioides. It is larger than all

except some members of Dt. megadactylus (from

which it can be distinguished by the distinctly

slenderer finger guard and the rounded postaxial

border of the junction of the rami of the clasping

apparatus) and Dt. jeanae (from which it can be

separated by the membranous lobe at the anteroventral extremity of the peniferum and by the

more massive finger guard; in the female, the genital apparatus is more nearly vertical with the flared

amiculum much shorter than in Dt. jeanae).

Dactylocythere prinsi Hobbs and Walton

FIGURE 17, MAP 11

Dactylocythere prinsi Hobbs and Walton, 1968:242-243, fig.

2e-g.—Hart and Hart, 1974:66, pi. 18: figs. 8-10; pi. 49.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): c?, 0.39-0.41 (0.40).

Shell height: tf, 0.22-0.23 (0.22). Female unknown.

Shell (Figure 17c) without posteroventral prominence. Sternal spine absent. Ventral extremity of

peniferum (Figure 17a) rounded, and width of

extremity of peniferal groove no greater than least

diameter of vertical ramus of clasping apparatus.

Accessory groove simple and short, not nearly

reaching dorsal margin of spermatic loop. Finger

guard very slender, only slightly concave posteriorly, and with finger-like distal extension. Clasping

apparatus (Figure 176) with postaxial margin of

vertical ramus slightly bowed; junction of rami

little thickened with posteroventral margin somewhat angulate; preaxial border of horizontal ramus

with 3 well defined teeth along distal two-thirds;

distal extremity with 3 denticles.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Whitewater River at State

Route 107, Jackson County, North Carolina; hosts:

Cambarus (C.) bartonii and C. sp.

RANGE.—Known from only two localities in the

Savannah River system (Mountain Province) in

North Carolina.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS—SAVANNAH BASIN. JACKSON

COUNTY: (1) Type-locality (hosts: C. (C.) bartonii, and C. sp.;

associate: H. baileyi); (2) creek 5.6 mi (9.0 km) S of U.S. Hwy

64 on St Rte 107 (hosts: C. (C.) bartonii, C. {].) asperimanus;

associates: Dt. leptophylax, Dn. donnaldsonensis, H. baileyi).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (J.) asperimanus, and C. sp.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Dactylocythere leptophylax, Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis, and

Harpagocythere baileyi.

Dactylocythere runki (Hobbs)

FICURE 18, MAP 12

Entocythere runki Hobbs, 1955:330-332, figs. 3, 4, 10.—Ferguson, 1958:198.

Dactylocythere runki.—Han, 1962:130.—Hart and Hart, 1974:

67-68, pi. 19: figs. 6-9; pi: 49.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): o*. 0.45-0.50 (0.48);
NUMBER 247 39

FIGURE 17.—Dactylocythere prinsi from Jackson County: a, copulatory complex of male; b,

clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of male (scales in mm).

? , 0.49-0.53 (0.51). Shell height: d\ 0.27-0.29

(0.28); ? , 0.29-0.32 (0.31). Shell (Figure 18d,/) without posteroventral prominence. Sternal spine

arched dorsally and directed posteriorly or posteroventrally. Ventral extremity of peniferum (Figure

18a) directed anteroventrally, tapering to subacute

apex; width of extremity of peniferal groove as

great, or greater than, least diameter of vertical

ramus of clasping apparatus. Accessory groove complex and extending dorsally slightly beyond dorsal

margin of spermatic loop. Finger guard comparatively slender, concave posteriorly and with 2 apical,

posteroventrally directed subacute prominences.

Clasping apparatus (Figure lSb,c) with posterior

margin of vertical ramus slightly arched or with

weak hump near midlength; junction of rami

somewhat thickened with posteroventral margin

rounded; preaxial border of horizontal ramus with

1 strong tooth at or slightly proximal to midlength

and 1 or 2 additional teeth or elevations along

distal half of ramus (set off basally by oblique lines

on mesial surface), followed by 3 apical denticles.

Female genitalia (Figure \9>d,e) consisting of Jshaped rod and flared amiculum.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Tributary to the New River,

15.9 miles (25.6 km) southwest of Galax on Blue

Ridge Parkway, Alleghany County, North Carolina; hosts: Cambarus (C.) sp. A., C. (H.) chasmodactylus, and C. (P.) robustus.

RANGE.—West of the Appalachian Divide, from

the Little Tennessee drainage system in North

Carolina to the New River system in Virginia; east

of the Appalachian Divide in the Catawba and

Roanoke basins.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Twenty-one localities in the Mountain and upper Piedmont provinces, in the headwaters of the Little Tennessee,

French Broad, Nolichucky, Catawba (Broad),

Watauga, New, and Roanoke rivers. Previous records cited by Hobbs (1955) and Hart and Hart

(1974) do not include the French Broad, Nolichucky, Broad, or Roanoke drainages.
40

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 18.—Dactylocythere runki (a,b,d,f, from Alleghany County; c, from Swain County; e,

from Watauga County): a, copulatory complex of male; b,c, clasping apparatus of male; d, shell

of female; e, female genitalia; /, shell of male (scales in mm).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (C.) sp. A,

C. (H.) chasmodactylus, C. (H.) longirostris, C. (H.)

longulus, C. (P.) robustus, and C. (P.) sp. C.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla, An. tiphophila, Dactylocythere daphnioides,

Dt. falcata, Dt. megadactylus, Dt. suteri, Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis, and Dn. leptodrilus.

Dactylocythere striaphylax (Crawford)

FIGURE 19, MAP 8

Entocythere striophylax Crawford, 1959:157-162, figs. 10-17.

Dactylocythere striophylax.—Hart, 1962:131.—Hart and Hart,

1974:71, pi. 21: figs. 1-5; pi. 48.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in parentheses represent averages): cf, 0.40-0.46 (0.43);

$, 0.46-0.48 (0.47). Shell height: tf, 0.23-0.28

(0.26); 9, 0.27-0.32 (0.29). Shell (Figure I9c,d) without posteroventral prominence. Sternal spine lacking. Ventral extremity of peniferum (Figure 19a)

rounded and shallowly emarginate; width of extremity of peniferal groove much less than least

diameter of vertical ramus of clasping apparatus.

Accessory groove simple, extending almost as far

dorsally as dorsal margin of spermatic loop. Finger

guard comparatively heavy, its posterior margin

concave, and broadly truncate but slightly emarginate distally. Clasping apparatus (Figure 196)

with vertical ramus slightly arched posteriorly and

lacking prominence on postaxial border; junction

of rami not thickened and posteroventral margin

rounded; preaxial border of horizontal ramus without teeth but with annulations in distal fourth,

distalmost annulations sometimes elevated, resembling denticles. Female genitalia (Figure \9d,e)

with bowed rod and flared amiculum.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Cedar Creek at State Route 215,

about 9.6 miles (15.5 km) north-northeast of city

limits of Columbia, Richland County, South Caro-
NUMBER 247 41

FICURE 19.—Dactylocythere striophylax (a,c-e, from Cleveland County; b, from Scotland County):

a, copulatory complex of male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of male; d, shell of female; e, female genitalia (scales in mm).

Una; hosts: Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (D.) latimanus, C. (P.) spicatus Hobbs (1956b: 116), and

Procambarus (0.) a. acutus.

RANGE.—From the Savannah Basin in South

Carolina to the Pee Dee drainage system in North

Carolina; also in the French Broad watershed of

North Carolina.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Confined to the Mountain and

Piedmont provinces. CATAWBA BASIN. CLEVELAND COUNTY:

(1) Potts Creek on Oak Ground Road, Co Rd 1001 (host: C.

(P.) sp. C; no associate): (2) tributary to Buffalo Creek, 4 mi

(6.4 km) N Shelby on St Rte 150 (hosts: C. (C.) sp. A, C. (P.)

sp. C; associates: An. tiphophila, Dt. suteri, E. harrisi); (3)

tributary to Buffalo Creek on Co Rd 274 (host: C. (P.) sp. C;

no associate); MCDOWELL COUNTY: (4) creek, 5.3 mi (8.5 km)

S 1-40 on Sugar Hill Rd, S of Marion (hosts: C. (C.) bartonii,

C. (P.) sp. C; associate: E. reddelli); RUTHERFORD COUNTY: (5)

Cane Creek, 1.3 mi (2.1 km) S McDowell Co line on U.S.

Hwy 64 (host: C. (P.) sp. C; associate: Dn. donnaldsonensis).

FRENCH BROAD BASIN. HAYWOOD COUNTY: (6) Homing

Creek, 1.7 mi (2.7 km) E Canton on U.S. Hwy 19 (host: C.

(C.) bartonii; associates: Dt. daphnioides, Dn. donnaldsonensis, E. reddelli); TRANSYLVANIA COUNTY: (7) tributary to

French Broad River, 4 mi (6.4 km) E Brevard on U.S. Hwy

64 (hosts: C. (C.) bartonii, C. (/.) asperimanus; associates:

Dn. donnaldsonensis, V. simondsi). PEE DEE BASIN. SCOTLAND COUNTY: (8) Shoe Heel Creek, 2 mi (3.2 km) SW Wagram on U.S. Hwy 15 (host: P. (O.) a. acutus; associate: Dn.

donnaldsonensis).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (C.) sp. A,

C. (/.) asperimanus, C. (P.) sp. C, and Procambarus

(O.) a. acutus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere tiphophila, Dactylocythere daphnioides, Dt. suteri, Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis, Entocythere harrisi, E. reddelli, and Uncinocythere simondsi.

Dactylocythere suteri (Crawford)

FIGURE 20, MAP 10

Entocythere suteri Crawford, 1959:162-167, figs. 18-23.

Dactylocythere suteri.—Hart, 1962:131.—Hart and Hart, 1974:

47, 72-74, pi. 21: figs. 11-15; pi. 49.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in pa-
42

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 20.—Dactylocythere suteri (a,b,e,f, from Randolph County): a, copulatory complex of

male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, same, Wilkes County; d, same, Burke County; e, shell of

male; /, shell of female; g, genitalia of female, Rowan County (scales in mm).

rentheses represent averages): cf, 0.39-0.46 (0.43);

9, 0.41-0.48 (0.45). Shell height: o*, 0.24-0.28

(0.25); ?, 0.27-0.32 (0.29). Shell (Figure 20e,/)

without posteroventral prominence. Sternal spine

absent. Ventral extremity of peniferum (Figure

20a) rounded and width of extremity of peniferal

groove only slightly less than least diameter of vertical ramus of clasping apparatus. Accessory groove

complex and extending dorsally approximately to

level of dorsal margin of spermatic loop. Finger

guard heavy, its posterior margin not convex, and

distal extremity trilobed with anterior lobe extending farther distally than others. Clasping apparatus (Figure 206-d) with angular or rounded

prominence on postaxial margin of vertical ramus;

junction of rami not thickened, and posteroventral

margin rounded; preaxial border of horizontal

ramus bearing 3 or 4 elevations, or small teeth, on

distal third set off basally by oblique lines on

mesial surface of ramus, elevations progressively
NUMBER 247 43

lower distally; apex of ramus with 2 denticles. Female genitalia (Figure 20f,g) consisting of bowed

rod and narrow amiculum.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Twenty-five Mile Creek, 4.5

miles (7.2 km) east of Blythewood, Richland

County, South Carolina; hosts: Cambarus (D.) latimanus and C. (P.) acuminatus.

RANGE.—From northern Georgia and McMinn

County, Tennessee, northeastward to York County,

Pennsylvania (see Hart and Hart, 1974:73).

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Fifty-one localities

in the Mountain, Piedmont, and Inner Coastal

Plain segments of the French Broad, Catawba, Pee

Dee, Cape Fear, Neuse, Pamlico, and Roanoke

basins. Hart and Hart (1974:73) cited six localities

from the State.

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (C.) sp. A,

C. (D.) latimanus, C. (D.) reduncus, C. (H.) longulus, C. (/.) asperimanus, C. (L.) d. diogenes, C. (P.)

sp. C, and Fallicambarus (C.) uhleri.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla, An. telmoecea, An. tiphophila, Dactylocythere

daphnioides, Dt. megadactylus, Dt. peedeensis, Dt.

runki, Dt. striophylax, Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis, Dn. leptodrilus, Entocythere harrisi, E.

internotalus, E. reddelli, Okriocythere cheia, and

Uncinocythere simondsi.

Genus Donnaldsoncythere Rioja, 1942

Donnaldsoncythere Rioja, 1942b:686.

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Copulatory complex of male without finger

guard. Ventral portion of peniferum variously

shaped, usually with acute, broadly rounded, or

truncate, heavily sclerotized projection; accessory

groove lacking. Penis large and heavily sclerotized,

its length at least as great as anteroposterior diameter of peniferum at level of penis; spermatic and

prostatic elements contiguous. Clasping apparatus

reaching to or beyond ventral margin of peniferum

and never with horizontal and vertical rami clearly

defined; teeth on preaxial border grouped toward

distal end, never with more than 2 separated by interval from apical denticles; total number of teeth

and denticles ranging from 5 to 10; postaxial border entire. Female without pectinate appendix at

base of apical claws of second antenna; genital

complex consisting of strongly sclerotized tubular

papilla.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Entocythere donnaldsonensis Klie,

1931:334.

RANGE.—Maine and Indiana southward to northern Georgia.

Key to North Carolina Species of Genus Donnaldsoncythere

Anteroventral extremity of peniferum rounded and not produced in acute extension; diameter of distal half of penis distinctly more than half greatest diameter of proximal

naif donmddsonensis

Anteroventral extremity of peniferum produced in acute extension; diameter of distal half

of penis less than half that of greatest diameter of proximal half leptodrilus

Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis (Klie)

FIGURE 21, MAP 4

Entocythere donnaldsonensis Klie, 1931:334-341, figs. 1-9.

Entocythere donnaldsoni Wolf, 1934-1938, 2:489 [erroneous

spelling].

Entocythere donnalsonensis Dobbin, 1941:185 [erroneous spelling]-

Entocythere (Cytherites) donnaldsonensis.—Hoff, 1942:66, 69.

Entocythere (Donnaldsoncythere) donnaldsonensis.—Rioja,

1942b:688.

Entocythere donalsonensis Rioja, 1943:568 [erroneous spelling]-

Entocythere (Cytherites) humesi Hoff, 1943:282-285, fig. 2a-h.

[Type-locality, stream near Boston, Erie County, New York.

Host: Cambarus (P.) robustus.]

Entocythere humesi.—Hoff, 1944:331.—Hobbs, 1955:332.—

Hart and Hart, 1974:78-80, pi. 23: figs. 11-14; pi. 50.

Entocythere donaldsonensis Tressler, 1947:705 [erroneous

spelling].

Entocythere pennsylvanica Hart, 1960:1-4, figs. 1-7. [Typelocality, Ridley Creek, 3/4 mile (1.2 km) SW of Goshenville,

Delaware County, Pennsylvania; host: Cambarus (C.) bartonii.]

Entocythere hiwasseensis Hobbs and Walton, 1961:381-384,

figs. 1, 4-6. [Type-locality, stream 2.5 miles (4.0 km) E of

Brasstown Bald, Towns County, Georgia. Hosts: Cambarus

(C.) bartonii and C. (Puncticambarus) sp. D.]

Entocythere tuberosa Hart and Hobbs, 1961:182-184, figs. 29-

32. [Type-locality, Upper Parrott Cave, 10 miles (16.1 km)

NW of Livingston, Overton County, Tennessee. Host: Cambarus (£.) tenebrosus Hay, 1902:232.]
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Entocythere tuberculata Hart and Hobbs, 1961:174 [erroneous

spelling of Entocythere tuberosa].

Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis.—Hart, 1962:131-132.—

Hart and Hart, 1974:78-79, pi. 23: fig. 6; pi. 50.

Donnaldsoncythere humesi.—Hart, 1962:132.—Hart and Hart,

1974:79-80, pi. 23: figs. 11-14; pi. 50.

Donnaldsoncythere pennsylvanica.—Hart, 1962:132.—Hart

and Hart, 1974:80-81, pi. 24: figs. 6-7; pi. 50.

Donnaldsoncythere tuberosa.—Hart, 1962:132.—Hart and

Hart, 1974:77, 82, pi. 25: figs. 1, 2; pi. 50.

Donnaldsoncythere hiwasseensis.—Hart, 1962:132.—Hart and

Hart, 1974:77, 79, pi. 23: figs. 7-10; pi. 50.

Donnaldsoncythere scalis Hobbs and Walton, 1963:364-366,

figs. 1-5, 25 [type-locality, Little Stony Creek, 2.8 miles (4.5

km) N of Mountain Lake Biological Station on State Route

613, Giles County, Virginia. Host: Cambarus (C.) bartonii].—Hart and Hart, 1974:77. 81, pi. 24: figs. 8-12; pi. 50.

Donnaldsoncythere ileata Hobbs and Walton, 1963:364, 366,

368, figs. 11-15, 23 [type-locality, Greenbriar Branch at

Newport, Giles County, Virginia. Host: Cambarus (C.)

bartonii].—Hart and Hart, 1974:77. 80, pi. 24: figs. 1-5;

pi. 50.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): o*» 0.36-0.43 (0.40);

? , 0.39-0.43 (0.41). Shell height: tf, 0.21-0.25

(0.22); ?, 0.23-0.26 (0.24). Anteroventral extremity

of peniferum produced in rounded or truncate

lobe; penis massive, not tapering distally.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Donaldson's Cave, Lawrence

County, Indiana. Hosts unknown but probably Orconectes inermis inermis Cope (1872:419) and/or

Cambarus (Erebicambarus) tenebrosus Hay (1902:

232).

RANGE.—From northern Georgia to Indiana and

Maine.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Forty-six localities

in the Mountain and Piedmont provinces in the

following drainage systems: Hiwassee, Little Tennessee, French Broad, Nolichucky, Watauga, New,

Savannah, Catawba, Pee Dee, and Roanoke.

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (C.) sp. A,

C. (D.) reduncus, C. (H.) chasmodactylus, C. (H.)

longirostris, C. (/.) asperimanus, C. (/.) dubius, C.

(P.) reburrus, C. (P.) robustus, C. (P.) sp. C, and

Procambarus (O.) a. acutus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla, Aphelocythere acuta, Cymocythere clavata,

Dactylocythere chelomata, Dt. daphnioides, Dt. falcata, Dt. leptophylax, Dt. megadactylus, Dt. prinsi,

FIGURE 21.—Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis from Clay County: a, copulatory complex of

male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, female genitalia; d, shell of male; e, shell of female

(scales in mm).
NUMBER 247 45

Dt. runki, Dt. striophylax, Dt. suteri, Entocythere

dentata, E. harrisi, E. reddelli, Harpagocythere

baileyi, Litocythere lucileae, and Uncinocythere

simondsi.

REMARKS.—With the acquisition of hundreds of

locality records for members of the genus Donnaldsoncythere, it has become increasingly apparent that

most of the species described since Klie named his

Entocythere donnaldsonensis represent local variants of a single wide-spread species. At least part

of the confusion surrounding the identity of Klie's

species arose from the lack of detail in his description and illustrations as well as the apparent loss

of his types. A broad range of local variations, including the absence of pigment in the eyes of at

least some members of populations occurring in

subterranean waters, added to our lack of understanding of this comparatively widely dispersed

species. Upon comparisons of the several species

here relegated to the synonomy of Dn. donnaldsonensis with specimens collected from a stream

flowing from Donaldson's Cave and with numerous

specimens from many localities within the range

of the species, we are unable to distinguish between them. One of us (Peters, 1975:30) has already

been convinced that whereas populations of this

ostracod in the Mountain Lake area of Virginia

assigned to Dn. scalis by Hobbs, Holt, and Walton

(1967:39) seem to be distinct from Dn. ileata, elsewhere in the James River basin there exists a complete series of intermediate forms. Consequently,

the former was relegated to synonomy with the

latter. Here, the two, together with Dn. humesi,

Dn. pennsylvanica, Dn. hiwasseensis, and Dn. tuberosa, are considered to be conspecific with Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis.

Donnaldsoncythere leptodrilus, new species

FIGURE 22, MAP 4

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): cf, 0.39-0.41 (0.39);

?, 0.34-0.41 (0.39). Shell height: d", 0.20-0.24

(0.22); $, 0.21-0.25 (0.24). Anteroventral extremity

of peniferum produced in acute projection; distal

half of penis distinctly slender.

MALE.—Eye situated approximately one-fifth

shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure

22/) subovate with greatest height near midlength;

ventral margin gently curved; submarginal setae

present from level of eye anteriorly around ventral

margin of shell and dorsally along posterior margin

but not reaching quite so high as anteriorly.

Copulatory complex (Figure 22a-c,g) with clasp

ing apparatus extending ventrally slightly beyond

level of peniferum. Peniferum produced anteroventrally in complex prominence with acute extremity. Penis tapering rapidly from base and

slender along distal two-thirds; least diameter of

distal half of penis less than half that of greatest

diameter of proximal half. Ventral finger varying

from almost straight to gently curved. Clasping apparatus virtually straight along proximal threefourths; distal fourth suddenly curved anteriorly,

flared, and bearing 5 or 6 denticles.

FEMALE.—Eye situated as in male. Shell (Figure

22e) with greatest height near midlength; ventral

margin slightly rounded. Submarginal setae distributed as in male. Genital apparatus (Figure 22d,e)

consisting of sclerotized, tubular papilla.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Middle Little River (Catawba

Basin), 8.9 miles (14.3 km) east of Lenoir (junction

of State routes 18 and 90) on Route 90, Caldwell

County, North Carolina; hosts: Cambarus (C.) sp.

A and C. (P.) sp. C; entocytherid associates include

Ankylocythere ancyla, Dactylocythere megadactylus,

and an unidentified member of the genus Entocythere.

TYPES.—The holotypic male and allotypic female are deposited in the National Museum of

Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, numbers

155330 and 155331, respectively. Para types are in

the British Museum, Smithsonian Institution, and

in the collections of H. H. Hobbs III and the

junior author.

RANGE.—Confined to the Piedmont Province of

North Carolina where it occurs in the Catawba,

Pee Dee, and Cape Fear drainage systems.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—CATAWBA BASIN. BURKE

COUNTY: (1) tributary to Upper Creek, 14.9 mi (24 km) N Oak

Hill on St Rte 181 (host: C. (C.) bartonii; associates: Dt.

daphnioides, Dt. runki); (2) creek at E city limits of Valdose

on U.S. Hwy 64 (hosts: C. (C.) sp. A, C. (P.) sp. C; associates:

Dt. suteri, U. simondsi); (3) creek 6.4 mi (10.3 km) W of

Catawba Co line on U.S. Hwy 64 (hosts: C. (C) sp. A, C.

(P.) sp. C: associates: Dt. suteri, U. simondsi); CALDWELL

COUNTY: (4) Type-locality; (5) tributary to Mulberry Creek,

8.8 mi (14.2 km) S Watauga Co line on U.S. Hwy 321 (hosts:

C. (H.) longulus, C. (P.) sp. C; associates: An. ancyla, Dt.

daphnioides, Dt. runki, E. internotalus); CATAWBA COUNTY:

(6) tributary to Catawba River at Alexander Co line on St
46

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE ZZ.—Donnaldsoncythere leptodrilm, new species (aj-f, from Caldwell County; bg, from

Alexander County): a, copulatory complex of holotype; b, same of paratypic male; c, clasping

apparatus of holotype; d, female genitalia of allotype; e, shell of same; /, shell of holotype; g,

clasping apparatus of paratypic male (scales in mm).

Rte 16 (host: C. (C.) bartonii; no associate). CAPE FEAR

BASIN. CHATHAM COUNTY: (7) Rocky River, 3 mi (4.8 km)

N Lee Co line on U.S. Hwy 501 (hosts: C. (£>.) reduncus, C.

(P.) sp. C, F. (C.) uhleri; associates: An. ancyla, An. tiphophila, Dt. suteri). PEE DEE BASIN. IREDEIX COUNTY: (8)

Three Forks Creek, 4 mi (6.4 km) W Statesville on U.S. Hwy

64 (host: C. (P.) sp. C; associates: An. ancyla, Dt. daphnioides,

Dt. megadactylus).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (C.) sp. A,

C. (D.) reduncus, C. (H.) longulus, C. (P.) sp. C,

and Fallicambarus (C.) uhleri.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla, An. tiphophila, Dactylocythere daphnioides,

Dt. megadactylus, Dt. runki, Dt. suteri, Entocythere

internotalus, and Uncinocythere simondsi.

RELATIONSHIPS.—Donnaldsoncy there leptodrilus

differs from the other members of the genus in

possessing a slender penis, and, except in exhibiting

an acute anteroventral prominence on the peniferum resembling that of Dn. ardis Hobbs and

Walton (1963:366), it appears to be no more closely

allied to that species than to any other of its congeners.

ETYMOLOGY.—This name is derived from leptos

(Greek, = thin) + drilos (Greek, = penis), so

named because of the unique slender penis.
NUMBER 247 47

Genus Entocythere Marshall, 1903

Entocythere Marshall, 1903:120.

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible simple,

with lateral denticles, occasionally pectinate. Copulatory complex of male without finger guard. Ventral portion of peniferum subtruncate and often

with heavily sclerotized areas; accessory groove

lacking. Penis small, length less than anteroposterior diameter of peniferum at level of penis;

spermatic and prostatic elements contiguous. Clasp

ing apparatus extending ventrally beyond ventral

margin of peniferum; usually L-shaped, and often

with posterior junction of rami produced in heellike fashion; preaxial border of horizontal ramus

with 5 teeth, postaxial border entire, and apex

with 3 denticles (teeth on preaxial border and

apical denticles sometimes forming continuous series). Female with pectinate appendix or spine at

base of apical claws of second antenna. Genital

apparatus of female consisting of long or short

sclerotized tubercle or tube, usually associated with

amorphous mass and caudally or ventrally protruding prominences.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Entocythere cambaria Marshall,

1903:120.

RANGE.—From Virginia to Wisconsin and Idaho

southward to Veracruz, Mexico, Cuba, and Florida.

Key to North Carolina Species of Genus Entocythere

1. Male 2

1'. Female (triunguis) 6

2.(1) Clasping apparatus with flange on mesial surface at junction of horizontal and vertical

rami 3

2'. Clasping apparatus without flange on mesial surface at junction of horizontal and vertical rami 4

3.(2) Clasping apparatus with flange reaching level distinctly dorsal to tip of proximalmost

tooth on preaxial border of horizontal ramus reddeUi

3'. Clasping apparatus with flange never reaching level distinctly dorsal to tip of proximalmost tooth on preaxial border of horizontal ramus internotalus

4.(2') One or more teeth on preaxial border of horizontal ramus of clasping apparatus produced in ridges extending obliquely across mesial surface of ramus costata

4'. Teeth on preaxial border of horizontal ramus of clasping apparatus never produced in

ridges extending obliquely across mesial surface of ramus 5

5.(4') Clasping apparatus distinctly thickened at junction of horizontal and vertical rami

nOTTtSt

5 ' . Claspin g apparatu s little , if a t all , thickene d a t junctio n o f horizonta l an d vertica l ram i ...

dentata

6.(1') Genital complex consisting of simple slender tube; base of apical claws of antenna with

2 pectinate prominences harriH

6'. Genital complex of female consisting of complex combination of sclerotized and hyaline

units, never of a pendant tube; base of apical claws of antenna with 1 pectinate prominence 7

7.(6') Pectinate prominences at base of apical claws of antenna with more than 4 teeth .. reddeUi

7'. Pectinate prominence at base of apical claws of antenna with no more than 4 teeth 8

8.(7') Length of shell more than 0.5 mm intemotalus

8'. Length of shell less than 0.5 mm 9

9.(8') Pectinate prominence at base of apical claws of antenna with 4 teeth; genital complex

with 2 acute projections costata

9'. Pectinate prominence at base of apical claws of antenna with 2 teeth; genital complex

with 1 acute projection dentata

Entocythere costata, new species

FIGURE 23, MAP 7

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in parentheses represent averages): cf» 0.44-0.48 (0.46);

$, 0.44-0.47 (0.46). Shell height: <?, 0.24-0.27

(0.26); $, 0.25-0.26 (0.25). Distal tooth of mandible

subpectinate. Clasping apparatus with postaxial

border weakly bowed at junction of horizontal and

vertical rami (not produced into heellike exten-
48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

sion), junction little thickened and lacking flange

on mesial surface; horizontal ramus with 1 or more

oblique ridges on mesial surface extending from

teeth on preaxial border to, or almost to, postaxial

border; ridges not elevated into platelike extensions as in E. claytonhoffi Rioja (1942a:201). Female with genital apparatus consisting of complex

coil embedded in amorphous mass and 2 acute projections: one extending posteriorly, other ventrally; second antenna with pectinate appendix at

base of terminal claws bearing 4 denticles.

MALE.—Eye situated approximately one-fourth

shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure

23g) subovate with greatest height slightly posterior

to midlength; ventral margin almost linear, cephaloventral margin rounded; submarginal setae

present except dorsally. Distal tooth of mandible

subpectinate, cusps short and heavy but forming

transverse row.

Copulatory complex (Figure 23a-/) with clasping

apparatus extending much beyond ventral margin

of peniferum. Peniferum with ventral extremity

FIGURE 23.—Entocythere costata, new species (ag-i, from Duplin County; c,d,j, from Bladen

County): a, copulatory complex of holotype; b, clasping apparatus of paratypic male, Carteret

County; c,d, same; e,f, same, Beaufort County; g, shell of holotype; h, shell of allotype; i, genitalia of allotype; /, distal part of antenna of female (scales in mm).
NUMBER 247 49

heavily sclerotized and bearing somewhat mesially

directed penis situated about one-third distance between ventral extremity and apex of spermatic loop.

Dorsal and ventral fingers slender and both terminating in simple setiform tip. Clasping apparatus

with horizontal and vertical rami joining at angle

greater than 90 degrees. Preaxial border of horizontal ramus with 5 teeth, distal 4 equally spaced,

proximal 2 more widely separated; each tooth supported by ridge on mesial surface, and ridge of 1

or more extending obliquely ventrally to postaxial

border of ramus; apex of horizontal ramus with

row of 3 dorsally directed denticles.

FEMALE.—Eye situated as in male. Shell (Figure

23/J) more highly vaulted than in male; ventral

margin with broad shallow concavity near midlength, in area of greatest height of shell. Submarginal setae also disposed as in male. Genital

apparatus (Figure 23i) and distal part of second antenna (Figure 23/) as illustrated and described in

"Diagnosis."

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Drainage ditch, 4 miles (6.4 km)

east of Kenansville on State Route 24, Duplin

County, North Carolina; hosts: Fallicambarus (C.)

uhleri and Procambarus (O.) plumimanus; associates: An. ancyla and An. tiphophila.

TYPES.—The holotypic male and allotypic female are deposited in the National Museum of

Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, numbers

155334 and 155335, respectively. Para types are in

the collection of H. H. Hobbs III, the Smithsonian

Institution, and the junior author.

RANGE.—Known from only six localities, all in

the coastal plain segments of the Pee Dee, Cape

Fear, Newport, and Pamlico drainage systems in

North Carolina.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—CAPE FEAR BASIN. DUPLIN

COUNTY: (1) Type-locality; (2) 1.8 mi (2.9 km) N Tin City on

St Rte 11 (host: F. (C.) uhleri; associate: An. tiphophila);

SAMPSON COUNTY: (3) 6.7 mi (10.8 km) S Newton Grove on

U.S. Hwy 13 (host: F. (C.) uhleri; associates: An. ancyla, An.

tiphophila). NEWPORT BASIN. CARTERET COUNTY: (4) roadside ditch, 3.5 mi (5.6 km) E Newport on St Rte 101 (host: P.

(O.) a. acutus; no associate). PAMLICO BASIN. BEAUFORT

COUNTY: (5) roadside ditch 3.9 mi (6.3 km) N U.S. Hwy 264

on St Rte 32 (host: F. (C.) uhleri; associates: An. ancyla, An.

tiphophila). PEE DEE BASIN. BLADEN COUNTY: (6) roadside

ditch, 3.4 mi (5.5 km) N Clarkton on U.S. Hwy 701 (hosts: F.

(C.) uhleri, P. (O.) pearsei; associates: An. ancyla, An. tiphophila).

HOSTS.—Fallicambarus (C.) uhleri, Procambarus

(O.) a. acutus, P. (O.) pearsei, and P. (O.) plumimanus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla

and An. tiphophila.

RELATIONSHIPS.—Entocythere costata has its

closest affinities with E. dentata from which it differs in possessing a clasping apparatus the vertical

ramus of which is longer than the horizontal, and

the oblique ridges extend ventrally from the teeth

on the preaxial border toward the postaxial border; at least one of the ridges extends to the latter

border.

ETYMOLOGY.—This name is derived from costa

(Latin, = rib), so named because of the subparallel

oblique ridges on the horizontal ramus of the clasping apparatus of the male.

Entocythere dentata Crawford

FIGURE 24, MAP 7

Entocythere dentata Crawford, 1965:151-154, figs. 10-16.—

Hart and Hart, 1974:86, pi. 25: figs. 8-12, pi. 51.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): d\ 0.42-0.46 (0.44);

o, 0.46-0.52 (0.48). Shell height: tf, 0.22-0.25

(0.23); $, 0.25-0.29 (0.27). Distal tooth of mandible

multicuspide but not pectinate. Clasping apparatus

(Figure 246) of male with postaxial border at

junction of horizontal and vertical rami rather

evenly curved, not produced in heellike prominence, and junction not thickened; mesial surface

of area of junction without flange; horizontal

ramus without ridges extending across mesial surface. Female with genital apparatus (Figure 2id,e)

composed of complex coil embedded in amorphous

mass and 1 anteroventrally directed acute projection; second antenna (Figure 24/) with appendix

at base of terminal claws bearing 2 teeth.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Burrows in lawn at East Whittington Street, Greensboro, Guilford County, North

Carolina; host: Cambarus (D.) catagius; associate:

Ankylocythere ancyla.

RANGE.—According to Hart and Hart (1974:86),

the northern and southern limits of the known

range of this ostracod are Crawford County,

Pennsylvania, and Cook County, Georgia. They

also cited a new locality record in Orange County,

North Carolina. We have examined their specimens and are of the opinion that those from the
50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

two Georgia localities are members of the closely

allied Entocythere dorsorotunda Hoff (1944:341).

Their single specimen from Pennsylvania is a male

that had recently molted, but it appears to be a

typical specimen of E. dentata. Thus the range

appears to be disjunct, one segment occurring in

the northern part of North Carolina and the other

in northwestern Pennsylvania.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Confined to the Mountain and

Piedmont provinces. CAPE FEAR BASIN. GUILFORD COUNTY:

(1) Type-locality; ORANGE COUNTY: (2) 5 mi (8.1 km) E Chapel

Hill (host: C. (D.) reduncus; associate: An. ancyla (Hart and

Hart, 1974:86)). CATAWBA BASIN. AVERY COUNTY: (3) 0.5

mi (0.8 km) N Linville on Co Rd 1349 (host: C. (/.) dubius;

associates: As. cosmeta, U. simondsi). NEW BASIN. ALLECHANY COUNTY: (4) 1 mi (1.6 km) SE Blue Ridge Parkway

on St Rte 18 (hosts: C. (H.) chasmodactylus, C. (P.) robustus;

associates: Dt. daphnioides, Dn. donnaldsonensis.)

HOSTS.—Cambarus (D.) catagius, C. (D.) reduncus, C. (//.) chasmodactylus, C. (/.) dubius, and

C. (P.) robustus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla, Ascetocythere cosmeta, Dactylocythere daphnioides, Donnaldsoncy there donnaldsonensis, and Uncinocythere simondsi.

FIGURE 24.—Entocythere dentata from Guilford County (topotypes): a, copulatory complex of

male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of male; d, shell of female; e, female genitalia;

/, distal part of antenna of female (scales in mm).
NUMBER 247 51

Entocythere harrisi Peters

FIGURE 25, MAP 11

Entocythere harrisi Peters, 1975:32-33, figs. 5a, 6e,f, 7a.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): no males available

from North Carolina; $, 0.60-0.71 (0.66). Shell

height: 9, 0.34-0.41 (0.37). Distal tooth of mandible simple. Clasping apparatus of male (Figure 256)

with postaxial border bowed into heellike prominence at junction of horizontal and vertical rami,

junction thickened; mesial surface of area of junction without flange; horizontal ramus without

oblique ridges on mesial surface. Female genital

apparatus (Figure 25e,f) composed of simple tubular projection extending posteroventrally, lacking

complex coil situated in amorphous mass; second

antenna (Figure 25d) with pectinate appendix at

base of terminal claws bearing 3 or 4 denticles.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Rocky Creek, 4.3 miles (6.9

km) east of junction of U.S. Highway 60 and U.S.

Highway 29 on former, Amherst County, Virginia;

hosts: Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (H.) longulus,

and C. (P.) sp. C.

FIGURE 25.—Entocythere harrisi (a-c, from Amherst County, Virginia; d-f, from Surry County,

North Carolina): a, copulatory complex of male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of

male; d, distal part of antenna of female; e, shell of female; /, female genitalia (scales in mm).
52

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

RANGE.—Previously known only from the James,

Potomac, and York basins in Virginia (Peters, 1975:

32); here reported from as far south as the Broad

River (Catawba Basin) in North Carolina.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Occurring in the Piedmont, Inner Coastal Plain and Tidewater regions. CATAWBA BASIN.

BURKE COUNTY: (1) Irish Creek, 4.5 mi (7.2 km) N Oak Hill

on St Rte 181 (hosts: C. (C.) sp. A, C. (P.) sp. C; associates:

An. ancyla, Dt. megadactylus, Dt. suteri, Dn. donnaldsonensis,

E. internotalus, U. simondsi); CLEVELAND COUNTY: (2) tributary to Buffalo Creek, 5 mi (8.1 km) S Cherryville on Co Rd

2002 (hosts: C. (C.) sp. A, C. (P.) sp. C; associates: An. tiphophila, Dt. striophylax, Dt. suteri); MCDOWELL COUNTY: (3)

Sugar Creek, 0.5 mi (0.8 km) S Marion (host: C. (C.) bartonii, C. (P.) sp. C; associates: Dt. suteri, Dn. donnaldsonensis,

E. reddelli); (4) creek, 1.7 mi (2.7 km) N Sugar Hill (hosts: C.

(C.) bartonii, C. (P.) sp. C; associates: Dt. suteri, Dn. donnaldsonensis). CAPE FEAR BASIN. HARNETT COUNTY: (5)

tributary to Neal's Creek, 4 mi (6.4 km) N Lillington on

U.S. Hwy 15A (hosts: C. (D.) latimanus, P. (O.) a. acutus;

associates: An. ancyla, Dt. megadactylus); HOKE COUNTY:

(6) Rockfish Creek, 8.5 mi (13.7 km) W Cumberland Co

line on U.S. Hwy 401 by-pass (host: C. (P.) sp. C; associates:

An. ancyla, E. internotalus). CHOWAN BASIN. HERTFORD

COUNTY: (7) creek, 1.1 mi (1.8 km) S Virginia line on U.S.

Hwy 258 (hosts: C. (L.) d. diogenes, P. (O.) a. acutus; associates: An. ancyla, Dt. jeanae, E. internotalus, Ok. cheia).

PAMLICO BASIN. BEAUFORT COUNTY: (8) 3.9 mi (6.3 km)

N St Rte 264 on St Rte 32 (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; associates: An. tiphophila, Dt. jeanae). PEE DEE BASIN. SURRY

COUNTY: (9) 5 mi (8.1 km) NE Elkin on St Rte 268 (host: C.

(P.) sp. C; associates: Dt. daphnioides, Dt. megadactylus, Dt.

suteri, Dn. donnaldsonensis, U. simondsi).

HOSTS.—Cambarw (C.) bartonii, C. (C.) sp. A,

C. (£>.) latimanus, C. (L.) d. diogenes, C. (P.) sp. C,

and Procambarus (O.) a. acutus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla, An. tiphophila, Dactylocythere daphnioides,

Dt. jeanae, Dt. megadactylus, Dt. striophylax, Dt.

suteri, Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis, Entocythere internotalus, E. reddelli, Okriocythere

cheia, and Uncinocythere simondsi.

Entocythere internotalus Crawford

FIGURE 26, MAP 12

Entocythere internotalus Crawford, 1959:152-157, figs. 1-9.—

Hart and Hart, 1974:90-91, pi. 26: figs. 3-7; pi. 52.

Entocythere internotalis Hobbs, Holt, and Walton, 1967:35

[erroneous spelling].

E(ntocythere) internnotalus Peters, 1975:10 [erroneous spelling]-

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): cf, 0.55-0.62 (0.57);

$, 0.66-0.73 (0.69). Shell height: tf, 0.27-0.31

(0.28); $, 0.36-0.40 (0.38). Distal tooth of mandible

multicuspide but not pectinate. Clasping apparatus

(Figure 266) of male with postaxial border at junction of horizontal and vertical rami produced in

heellike prominence and junction thickened; mesial

surface of area of junction with angular margined

pouch, apex of angle not reaching level of proximal

tooth on preaxial margin of horizontal ramus;

horizontal ramus without ridges extending across

mesial surface. Female genital apparatus (Figure

26d,e) composed of anteroventrally directed spiculiform projection arising from multipartite base, latter embedded in amorphous mass; second antenna

(Figure 26/) with appendix at base of terminal

claws bearing 3 teeth.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Colonel's Creek, 14.6 miles

(23.5 km) east of city limits of Columbia, Richland

County, South Carolina, on State Route 262; host:

Cambarus (P.) acuminatus.

RANGE.—According to Hart and Hart (1974:90-

91), this species ranges in the Piedmont and Coastal

Plain provinces from the Pamlico Basin in North

Carolina south and southwestward to the Colorado

Basin in Texas and as far north along the Mississippi Basin as Hickman County, Kentucky. Peters

(1975:34) reported its occurrence in the James

River drainage in Virginia.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Restricted to the Piedmont,

Inner Coastal Plain, and Tidewater regions. CATAWBA

BASIN. CALDWELL COUNTY: (1) Middle Little River, 8.9 mi

(14.3 km) E Lenoir (host: C. (P.) sp. C; associates: An. ancyla,

Dt. megadactylus, Dt. suteri, Dn. leptodrilus, U. simondsi).

CAPE FEAR BASIN. BLADEN COUNTY: (2) 3.7 mi (6 km) S

Dublin on St Rte 41 (host: P. (O.) pearsei; no associate);

HARTNETT COUNTY: (3) 2.8 mi (4.5 km) N Lillington on U.S.

Hwy 15A (hosts: C. (D.) latimanus, C. (P.) sp. C, P. (O.) a.

acutus; associate: An. ancyla); HOKE COUNTY: (4) Rockfish

Creek, 8.5 mi (13.7 km) W Cumberland Co line on U.S. Hwy

401 by-pass (host: C. (P.) sp. C; associate: An. ancyla); JONES

COUNTY: (5) roadside ditch, 1.3 mi (2.1 km) SE Hargets on

U.S. Hwy 258 (host: P. (O.) a. acutus; associate: An. ancyla);

FENDER COUNTY: (6) 14.7 mi (23.7 km) N Rock Point on U.S.

Hwy 117 (host: P. (O.) a. acutus; associate: An. telmoecea);

SAMPSON COUNTY: (7) Ward Swamp Creek, 3.9 mi (6.3 km) S

Newton Grove on U.S. Hwy 701 (host: P. (O.) a. acutus; associate: An. sp.). CHOWAN BASIN. GATES COUNTY: (8) 5 mi

(8.1 km) NE Murfreesboro on U.S. Hwy 258 (host: P. (O.)

a. acutus; associate: An. tiphophila); (9) roadside ditch 8.6

mi (13.8 km) NE Hertford Co line on U.S. Hwy 13 (host: P.

(O.) a. acutus; associates: An. ancyla, An. tiphophila); HERTFORD COUNTY: (10) seepage area and creek, 1.1 mi (1.8 km)

S Virginia line on U.S. Hwy 258 (hosts: C. (L.) d. diogenes,

P. (O.) a. acutus; associates: An. ancyla, Dt. jeanae, E. harrisi,
NUMBER 247 53

FIGURE 26.—Entocythere internotalus (a-e, from Gates County; /, from Northampton County):

a, copulatory complex of male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of male; d, shell of female; e, female genitalia; /, distal part of antenna of female (scales in mm).

Ok. cheia); (11) roadside ditch 10.3 mi (16.6 km) N Bertie

Co line on U.S. Hwy 13 (host: F. (C.) uhleri; associate: An.

tiphophila); NORTHAMPTON COUNTY: (12) creek 8 mi (12.9 km)

SE Garysburg on U.S. Hwy 301 (host: P. (O.) a. acutus; associate: An. ancyla); (13) tributary to Poticasi Creek, 5 mi (8.1

km) S Hertford Co line on U.S. Hwy 258 (host: P. (O.) a.

acutus; associate: An. ancyla). NEUSE BASIN. CRAVEN

COUNTY: (14) 2 mi (3.2 km) SE Havelock on U.S. Hwy 70

(host: P. (O.) plumimanus; associate: An. ancyla). NEW

RIVER (EAST) BASIN. ONSLOW COUNTY: (15) 4.8 mi (7.7 km)

SE Hargets on U.S. Hwy 258 (host: P. (O.) a. acutus; associate:

An. ancyla). PAMLICO BASIN. BEAUFORT COUNTY: (16) road-
54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

side ditch 4 mi (6.4 km) W Pantego on U.S. Hwy 264 (host: P.

(O.) a. acutus (Hart and Hart, 1974:90)). PEE DEE BASIN.

BLADEN COUNTY: (17) 3.7 mi (6 km) S Dublin on St Rte 41

(host: P. (O.) pearsei (Hart and Hart, 1974:91)); COLUMBUS

COUNTY: (18) 0.6 mi (1 km) E Hallsboro on U.S. Hwy 76 (host:

P. (O.) pearsei; no associate); RANDOLPH COUNTY: (19) 28

mi (4.5 km) NE Davidson Co line on St Rte 49 (hosts: C.

(P.) sp. C, P. (O.) a. acutus (Hart and Hart, 1974:91)). ROANOKE BASIN. BERTIE COUNTY: (20) 6.5 mi (10.5 km) N

Williamston on U.S. Hwy 17 (host: P. (O.) a. acutus; no associates).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (D.) latimanus, C. (L.) d.

diogenes, C. (P.) sp. C, Fallicambarus (C.) uhleri,

Procambarus (O.) a. acutus, P. (O.) pearsei, P. (O.)

plumimanus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere ancyla, An. telmoecea, An. tiphophila, Dactylocythere

jeanae, Dt. megadactylus, Dt. suteri, Donnaldsoncythere leptodrilus, Entocythere harrisi, Okriocythere cheia, Uncinocythere simondsi.

Entocythere reddelli Hobbs and Walton

FICURE 27, MAP 12

Entocythere reddelli Hobbs and Walton, 1968:243, 246, Fig.

2a-d.—Hart and Hart, 1974:92-93, pi. 27: figs. 11-15; pi. 52.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): tf, 0.54-0.60 (0.56);

FICURE 27.—Entocythere reddelli {ajcjd, from Haywood County; b, from McDowell County;

e-g, from Burke County): a, copulatory complex of male; b/:, clasping apparatus of male; d,

shell of male; e, shell of female; /, female genitalia; g, distal part of antenna of female (scales

in mm).
NUMBER 247 55

$, 0.60. Shell height: tf, 0.29-0.32 (0.30); $, 0.36.

Distal tooth of mandible acute, neither multidentate nor pectinate. Clasping apparatus (Figure

27b,c) of male with postaxial border at junction of

horizontal and vertical rami produced in heellike

prominence and junction thickened; mesial surface

of area of junction with angular flange, apex of

angle reaching level proximal to proximal tooth

on preaxial margin of horizontal ramus; horizontal

ramus lacking long oblique ridges extending across

mesial surface. Female genital apparatus (Figure

27e,f) composed of ventrally directed subspiculiform projection arising from bipartite base, latter

embedded in amorphous mass; second antenna

(Figure 27g) with appendix at base of terminal

claws conspicuously enlarged, pectinate, with 8

denticles.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Golden Fawn Cave, 8.0 miles

(12.9 km) north-northeast of Boerne, Kendall

County, Texas; host: Procambarus (5.) clarkii

(Girard, 1852:91).

RANGE.—In addition to the type-locality, Hart

and Hart (1974:93) recorded its presence in Greene

County, Arkansas, and Sumner County, Kansas.

Here it is reported from the Catawba, French

Broad, and Hiwassee basins in North Carolina.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—In the Mountain and Piedmont

provinces. CATAWBA BASIN. BURKE COUNTY: (1) creek 6.5

mi (10.5 km) NE McDowell Co line on U.S. Hwy 64 (hosts:

C. (C.) bartonii, C. (P.) sp. C; associates: Dt. suteri, Dn. sp.);

MCDOWELL COUNTY: (2) creek 4.7 mi (7.6 km) N Sugar Hill

(hosts: C. (C.) bartonii, C. (P.) sp. C; associates: Dt. suteri,

Dn. donnaldsonensis, E. harrisi). FRENCH BROAD BASIN.

HAYWOOD COUNTY: (3) tributary to East Fork of Pigeon River,

1.7 mi (2.7 km) E Canton on U.S. Hwy 19 (host: C. (C.) bartonii; no associate). HIWASSEE BASIN. CHEROKEE COUNTY:

(4) Rose Creek, 1.0 mi (1.6 km) NW Ebenezer on Co Rd

1345 (host: C. (C.) bartonii; no associate).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, and C. (P.) sp.

C.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Dactylocythere daphnioides, Dt. megadactylus, Dt. striophylax, Dt.

suteri, Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis, and

Entocythere harrisi.

REMARKS.—The single female available from

Burke County is only tentatively assigned to this

species, for it differs from females taken from the

type-locality in possessing an enlarged appendix

(with 8 denticles) at the base of the apical claws

of the second antenna. In topotypes, the appendix

is smaller and bears no more than 6 denticles.

Genus Harpagocythere Hobbs III, 1965

Harpagocythere Hobbs III, 1965:163.

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Copulatory complex of male with simple or

excised finger guard. Ventral portion of peniferum

sometimes tapering (never bulbous) and bearing

small recurved terminal or barblike lateral prominence on anteroventral angle; accessory groove

lacking. Penis size variable, shorter or longer than

1/3 anteroposterior diameter of peniferum at level

of penis; spermatic and prostatic elements contiguous. Clasping apparatus C-shaped, almost or quite

reaching ventral extremity of peniferum, with or

without 2 teeth on preaxial border near apex;

postaxial border entire, and apex with 4 or 6 terminal lobes or denticles. Female without pectinate

appendix at base of terminal claws of second antenna; genital complex consisting of tubular papilla

with acute apex.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Harpagocythere georgiae Hobbs

111,1965:163.

RANGE.—Southern Appalachians in North Carolina and South Carolina. Only one species is known

to occur in North Carolina.

Harpagocythere baileyi, new species

FIGURE 28, MAP 6

fHarpagocythere tertius.—Hobbs and Walton, 1968:247 [in

part].—Hart and Hart, 1974:99, pi. 52 [in part].

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): o*» 0.36-0.41 (0.39);

? , 0.39-0.44 (0.41). Shell height: tf, 0.21-0.23

(0.21); $, 0.22-0.25 (0.23). Ventral portion of peniferum not tapering and bearing mesially situated

recurved barblike prominence on anteroventral

extremity; length of penis subequal to anteroposterior diameter of peniferum at level of penis.

Clasping apparatus without teeth on preaxial

border; apex with 4 denticles. Genital complex of

female indistinguishable from that of its congeners.

MALE.—Eye situated approximately one-fourth

shell length from anterior margin. Shell (Figure

28/) subovate with greatest height slightly posterior

to midlength; ventral margin gently curved; submarginal setae somewhat evenly spaced anteriorly,

ventrally, and posteriorly, absent dorsally.

Copulatory complex (Figure 28a-c) with clasping
56

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 28.—Harpagocythere baileyi, new species (a,b,d-f, from Jackson County; c, from Macon

County): a, copulatory complex of holotype; b, clasping apparatus of holotype; c, same of paratypic male; d, genitalia of allotype; e, shell of same; /, shell of holotype (scales in mm).

apparatus extending ventrally about same level as

peniferum. Peniferum with anterior and posterior

margins of ventral portion subparallel and with

lateral barblike prominence on anteroventral

angle. Penis located at base of ventral third of peniferum, comparatively large, its length subequal to

anteroposterior diameter of ventral part of peniferum. Finger guard slender, long, and with distal

excision on posterior border. Ventral finger forming

single broad continuous arc. Clasping apparatus

C-shaped with pre- and postaxial borders entire

and bearing four apical denticles.

FEMALE.—Eye situated as in male. Shell (Figure

28e) much more highly vaulted than in male, greatest height near midlength; ventral margin almost

straight. Submarginal setae disposed as in male.

Genital apparatus (Figure 28d) consisting of long

tubular tapering papilla situated in posterodorsal

region of body.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Stream tributary to Whitewater

River at State Route 107, 5.6 miles (9.0 km) south

of junction with U.S. Highway 64 at Cashiers,

Jackson County, North Carolina; hosts: Cambarus

(C.) bartonii and C. (/•) asperimanus; associates:

Dactylocythere leptophylax, Dt. prinsi, and Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis.

TYPES.—The holotypic male and allotypic female

are deposited in the National Museum of Natural

History, Smithsonian Institution, numbers 155332

and 155333, respectively. Paratypes are in the

Smithsonian Institution and in the collections of

H. H. Hobbs III and the junior author.

RANGE.—Known from only six localities, all in

the Mountain Province of North Carolina: headwaters of the Savannah River in Jackson County

and in the Little Tennessee watershed in Jackson

and Macon counties.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—LITTLE TENNESSEE BASIN.

JACKSON COUNTY: (1) creek 0.6 mi (1.0 km) N of St Rte 107

on Cane Creek Road, 5.0 mi (8.1) km S of Sylva (hosts: C.

(C.) bartonii and C. (/.) sp.; associate: U. simondsi); MACON

COUNTY: (2) stream in Primeval Forest near Highlands (host:

C. (/.) asperimanus; no associates); (3) stream flowing from
NUMBER 247 57

Lake Ravenel at Highlands (host: C. (/.) asperimanus; no

associates). SAVANNAH BASIN. JACKSON COUNTY: (4) Typelocality; (5) tributary to lake at High Hampton golf course at

Cashiers (host: C. (/.) asperimanus; no associates); (6) stream

3.5 mi (5.6 km) S U.S. Hwy 64 on St Rte 107 (hosts: C.

(C.) bartonii, C. (/.) asperimanus; associates: Dn. donnaldsonensis, U. simondsi).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (/.) asperimanus, and C. (/.) sp.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Dactylocythere leptophylax, Dt. prinsi, Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis, and Uncinocythere simondsi.

RELATIONSHIPS.—Harpagocythere baileyi has its

closest affinities with its congeners, H. georgiae

Hobbs III (1965:163) and H. tertius Hobbs and

Walton (1968:247), the latter a probable synonym

of the former. It differs from them in lacking teeth

on the preaxial border of the clasping apparatus

and in the lateral position of the recurved prominence on the anteroventral extremity of the clasping

apparatus.

ETYMOLOGY.—We are pleased to name this ostracod in honor of Joseph R. Bailey, Duke University,

who has donated a large number of crayfishes

(harboring entocytherids) from North Carolina to

the Smithsonian Institution.

REMARKS.—In describing Harpagocythere tertius,

Hobbs and Walton probably erred in reporting it

from the Whitewater River (Savannah Basin), inasmuch as the type-locality of H. baileyi lies in a

nearby headwater stream in the same drainage

system. Unfortunately, the specimen on which their

record was based has been misplaced. Subsequent

collections made in the Whitewater watershed near

State Route 107 contained no specimen of H.

tertius.

Genus Litocythere Hobbs and Walton, 1968

Litocythere Hobbs and Walton, 1968:247.

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Copulatory complex of male with finger

guard. Ventral portion of peniferum flattened

laterally, flared, and with concave ventral margin.

Penis small, length less than anteroposterior diameter of peniferum at level of penis; spermatic and

prostatic elements contiguous; accessory groove

lacking. Clasping apparatus reaching ventrally to

or beyond ventral margin of peniferum, not clearly

divisible into horizontal and vertical rami but

much thickened in area of their junctions; preaxial

border of horizontal ramus with single blunt tooth

near base, and apex with cluster of six rounded

denticles. Female without pectinate appendix at

base of apical claws of second antenna; genital

complex consisting of broad-based, acute cone.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Litocythere lucileae Hobbs and

Walton, 1968:247.

RANGE.—A monotypic genus ranging in the Blue

Ridge of North Carolina from Buncombe to Avery

and Watauga counties.

Litocythere lucileae Hobbs and Walton

FIGURE 29, MAP 11

Litocythere lucileae Hobbs and Walton, 1968:247, 250, fig.

3d-/.—Hart and Hart, 1974:102, pi. 30: figs. 1-3; pi. 53.

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): cf» 0.36-0.39 (0.38);

? , 0.34-0.37 (0.35). Shell height: <f, 0.20-0.22

(0.21); $, 0.21-0.23 (0.21). See diagnosis of genus.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Tributary to the Linville River

(Catawba drainage system) near U.S. Highway 221,

Linville, Avery County, North Carolina; host:

Cambarus (/.) asperimanus; associate: Ascetocythere

cosmeta.

RANGE.—Headwater tributaries of the Catawba,

French Broad, Nolichucky, and Pee Dee rivers in

North Carolina.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Restricted to the Mountain

Province. CATAWBA BASIN. AVERY COUNTY: (1) Typelocality; BUNCOMBE COUNTY: (2) Hickory Nut Gorge, 1 mi

(1.6 km) NW McDowell Co line on U.S. Hwy 74 (host unknown; associate: U. simondsi); BURKE COUNTY: (3) creek 12.8

mi (20.6 km) N Oak Hill on St Rte 181 (hosts: C. (C.) bartonii, C. (/.) asperimanus; associate: Dn. donnaldsonensis).

FRENCH BROAD BASIN. BUNCOMBE COUNTY: (4) Big Piney

Creek at Montreat (hosts: C. (C.) bartonii, C. (/.) asperimanus;

associates: Dt. daphnioides, Dn. donnaldsonensis, U. simondsi); (5) creek 3 mi ( 4.8 km) W Black Mountain (hosts:

C. (C.) bartonii, C. (J.) asperimanus, C. (P.) reburrus; associates: Dt. megadactylus, Dn. donnaldsonensis, U. simondsi);

MCDOWELL COUNTY: (6) creek 2.3 mi (3.7 km) E Buncombe

Co line on U.S. Hwy 70 (hosts: C. (C.) bartonii, C. (/.) asperimanus, C. (P.) sp. C; associates: Dt. sp., U. simondsi).

NOLICHUCKY BASIN. MITCHELL COUNTY: (7) tributary to

Big Crabtree Creek, 2.5 mi (4.0 km) N jet St Rte 19 and Co

Rd 1002 (host: C. (/.) asperimanus; no associate). PEE DEE

BASIN. WATAUGA COUNTY: (8) creek at Deep Gap (host: C.

(/.) asperimanus; associate: Dn. donnaldsonensis).
58

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 29.—Litocythere lucileae from Mitchell County: a, copulatory complex of male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of male; d, shell of female; e, genitalia of female (scales in mm).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (/.) asperimanus, C. (P.) reburrus, and C. (P.) sp. C.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Cymocythere cosmeta, Dactylocythere daphnioides, Dt. megadactylus, Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis, and Uncinocythere simondsi.

REMARKS.—Although Hart and Hart (1974:102)

indicated that this ostracod is known only from the

type-locality, three localities corresponding to ones

cited herein are indicated on their distribution

map (pi. 53, p. 229).

Genus Lordocy there Hobbs and Hobbs, 1970

Lordocythere Hobbs and Hobbs, 1970:15.

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Copulatory complex of male without finger

guard. Ventral portion of peniferum tapering to

acute apex and with angular prominences on posterior margin at level of penis; accessory groove

lacking. Penis small but its length at least as great

as anteroposterior diameter of tapering peniferum

at level of penis, its tip directed posteroventrally;

spermatic and prostatic elements contiguous.

Clasping apparatus almost reaching ventral margin

of peniferum, only slightly bent, tapering, and with

6 denticles grouped at apex, otherwise margins

entire. Genital complex of female consisting of

large, ventrally disposed acute projection.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Lordocythere petersi Hobbs and

Hobbs III, 1970:16.

RANGE.—A monotypic genus known only from

the Cumberland River drainage in Kentucky, and

the Hiwassee River drainage in North Carolina.

Lordocythere petersi Hobbs and Hobbs

FIGURE 30

Lordocythere petersi Hobbs and Hobbs III, 1970:16, fig. 9.—

Hart and Hart, 1974:103, pi. 30: figs. 4-7; pi. 53.

DIAGNOSIS.—Same as that for genus.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Creek and burrows in seepage
NUMBER 247 59

FIGURE SO.—Lordocythere petersi from Whitley County, Kentucky, type-locality: a, copulatory

complex of male; b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of male; d, shell of female (from Hobbs

and Hobbs, 1970; scales in mm).

area, 4.8 miles (7.7 km) southwest of junction of

Interstate Hwy 75 and U.S. Highway 25W on latter,

southwest of Corbin, Whitley County, Kentucky;

hosts: Cambarus (D.) sphenoides Hobbs, 1968:262,

and C. (L.) diogenes subsp.

RANGE.—Same as that for genus.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—As pointed out in

the discussion of "Entocytherid Associates," our

single record of the presence of this ostracod in

North Carolina is based on a sketch of the genitalia

of a male taken from Cambarus (/.) nodosus made

by one of us (Hobbs) several years ago. The host

was collected by Kenneth W. Simonds 1.6 miles

(2.6 km) southwest of U.S. Highway 64 on State

Route 60 (Hiwassee Basin), Cherokee County. The

ostracod was in the collection of Dr. Simonds and

is no longer available.

HOST.—Cambarus (/.) nodosus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Unknown.

Genus Okriocythere Hart, 1964

Okriocythere Hart. 1964:243.

Okricocythere Peters, 1975:ii [erroneous spelling].

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Copulatory complex of male without finger

guard. Ventral portion of peniferum with prominent, ventrally directed, rounded lobe on anteroventral extremity; accessory groove lacking. Penis

moderately large, longer than anteroposterior

diameter of peniferum at level of penis; spermatic

and prostatic elements contiguous. Clasping apparatus not reaching ventral margin of peniferum,

flared and subtruncate ventrally with posteroventral angle subacute, ventral margin serrate and

anteroventral extension annulate; apical denticles

lacking. Female without pectinate appendix at

base of terminal claws of second antenna; genital

complex consisting of tapering sclerotized papilla

bearing anterior and posterior barbs at base.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Okriocythere cheia Hart, 1964:

243.

RANGE.—The monotypic Ok. cheia ranges in the

Coastal Plain Province from the Cape Fear Basin

in North Carolina to the Potomac Basin in

Maryland.
60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Okriocythere cheia Hart

FIGURE 31, MAP 9

Okriocythere cheia Hart, 1964:245-245, [2 figs.].—Hart and

Hart. 1974:104, pi. 30: figs. 8-10; pi. 53.

Okricocythere cheia.—Peters, 1975:ii [erroneous spelling].

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): <$, 0.44-0.50 (0.47);

$, 0.48-0.50 (0.49). Shell height: tf, 0.25-0.27

(0.26); ?, 0.28-0.31 (0.30). See generic diagnosis.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—"Prince George's Co., Maryland"; host: Cambarus (L.) d. diogenes.

RANGE.—Same as that cited for genus.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—In all of the major drainage

systems between Cape Fear and Perquimans drainage systems

where occurring in the Piedmont, Inner Coastal Plain, and

Tidewater regions. ALLIGATOR BASIN. DARE COUNTY: (1)

roadside ditch 5.5 mi (8.9 km) W U.S. Hwy 264 on U.S. Hwy

64 (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; associates: Dt. jeanae, Or. waltonae); TYRRELL COUNTY: (2) roadside ditch 5 mi (8.1 km)

W Dare Co line on U.S. Hwy 64 (hosts: C. (L.) d. diogenes,

F. (C.) uhleri, P. (O.) a. acutus; associates: An. tiphophila,

Dt. jeanae); WASHINGTON COUNTY: (3) roadside ditch 4 mi

(6.4 km) E Plymouth on U.S. Hwy 64 (hosts: C. (L.) d. diogenes, F. (C.) uhleri, P. (O.) a. acutus; associates: An. tiphophila, Dt. jeanae). CAPE FEAR BASIN. CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

(4) roadside ditch 1.8 mi (2.9 km) NE Wade on U.S. Hwy 301

(host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; associate: An. ancyla). CHOW AN

BASIN. BERTIE COUNTY: (5) roadside ditch 8.8 mi (14.2 km)

S Powellsville on U.S. Hwy 13 (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes;

associate: Dt. jeanae); HERTFORD COUNTY: (6) roadside ditch

and creek 1.1 mi (1.8 km) S Virginia line on U.S. Hwy 258

(hosts: C. (L.) d. diogenes, P. (O.) a. acutus; associates: An.

ancyla, Dt. jeanae, E. harrisi, E. internotalus); NORTHAMPTON

COUNTY: (7) roadside ditch in Woodland (host: C. (L.) d.

diogenes; associate: Dt. jeanae). NEUSE BASIN. WAKE

COUNTY: (8) roadside ditch 1 mi (1.6 km) S Durham Co line

on St Rte 55 (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; no associate);

WAYNE COUNTY: (9) roadside ditch 6.1 mi (9.8 km) S U.S.

Hwy 117 on U.S. Hwy 13 (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; associate:

An. ancyla). PAMLICO BASIN. BEAUFORT COUNTY: (10)

roadside ditch 3.9 mi (6.3 km) N St Rte 264 on St Rte 32

(hosts: C. (L.) d. diogenes, F. (C.) uhleri, P. (O.) a. acutus;

associates: An. ancyla, An. tiphophila, Dt. jeanae); EDGECOMBE COUNTY: (11) roadside ditch 2.2 mi (3.5 km) S St Rte

97 on U.S. Hwy 258 (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; associate: Dt.

FIGURE 31.—Okriocythere cheia (a,b,d, from Hyde County; c, from Nash County; e,f, from

Pasquotank County): a, copulatory complex of male; b,c, clasping apparatus of male; d, shell of

male; e, shell of female; /, female genitalia (scales in mm).
NUMBER 247 61

jeanae); GREENE COUNTY: (12) 9.0 mi (14.5 km) E Saratoga

(host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; no associate (Hart and Hart, 1974:

104, cited this locality as in Edgecombe County)); HYDE

COUNTY: (13) roadside ditch in Fairfield (host: C. (L.) d.

diogenes; associates: An. tiphophila, Dt. jeanae); NASH

COUNTY: (14) roadside ditch 7 mi (11.3 km) NE Elm City

on U.S. Hwy 301 (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; associate: Dt.

suteri). PASQUOTANK BASIN. PASQUOTANK COUNTY: (15)

roadside ditch 2.9 mi (4.7 km) NE Perquimans Co line on

Co Rd 1001 (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; associates: Dt. jeanae,

Or. waltonae). ROANOKE BASIN. CASWELL COUNTY: (16)

Moon Creek about 12 mi (19 km) E Rockingham Co line at

Co Rd 1306 (host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; no associate).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (L.) d. diogenes; questionable

hosts include Fallicambarus (C.) uhleri and Procambarus (O.) a. acutus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocy there ancyla, An. tiphophila, Dactylocythere jeanae, Dt.

suteri, Entocythere harrisi, E. internotalus, and

Ornithocythere waltonae.

REMARKS.—Worthy of note perhaps is the observation that the specimens from Hyde County are

distinctly larger than those elsewhere in the State.

The shells of the males range from 0.48 to 0.49 mm

in length and are consistently 0.27 mm in height;

the corresponding maxima elsewhere are 0.47 and

0.26 mm. The Hyde County females range from

0.50 to 0.51 mm in length and 0.29 to 0.31 mm in

height, and the corresponding maxima in other

North Carolina localities are 0.49 and only 0.29

mm (except for one female from Washington

County which is 0.31 mm). Otherwise, few variations other than those of the clasping apparatus

(cf. Figure 316,c) have been noted.

Genus Ornithocythere Hobbs, 1967

Ornithocythere Hobbs, 1967:2.

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Copulatory complex of male without finger

guard. Ventral portion of peniferum resembling

head of bird with beak projecting from anteroventral angle; accessory groove lacking. Penis moderately large, but its length less than anteroposterior diameter of peniferum at level of penis;

spermatic and prostatic elements contiguous.

Clasping apparatus never surpassing ventral margin of peniferum, well-developed, sometimes divisible into horizontal and vertical rami, with

annulations, teeth, or rounded denticles on preaxial, postaxial, and/or mesial surfaces; apex with

3 to 5 denticles. Female without pectinate appendix

at base of apical claws of second antenna; genital

apparatus consisting of sclerotized genital papilla;

campanula present or absent.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Ornithocythere waltonae Hobbs,

1967:2.

RANGE.—Discontinuous: Maryland to northeastern North Carolina, and Kentucky to Mississippi

and Alabama. Only one species is known to occur

in North Carolina.

Ornithocythere waltonae Hobbs

FIGURE 32, MAP 10

Ornithocythere waltonae Hobbs, 1967:2-4, fig. la-c.—Hart

and Hart, 1974:108-109. pi. 32: figs. 3-6; pi. 53.

Ornithocythere Waltonae.—Peters, 1975:44 [lapsus calami].

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): cf» 0.45-0.48 (0.47);

$, 0.51-0.53 (0.52). Shell height: tf, 0.24-0.27

(0.25); $, 0.31-0.32 (0.31). Peniferum with prominent, corneous, dorsally curved beaklike projection

on anteroventral extremity. Clasping apparatus

(Figure 32&) almost reaching ventral margin of

peniferum, with vertical and horizontal rami moderately well defined; vertical ramus, with both

preaxial and postaxial borders entire, subequal in

length to horizontal ramus; postaxial border of

latter entire; preaxial border with 4 somewhat

equally spaced serrations; apex bearing 4 terminal

denticles. Female genital apparatus (Figure S2d,e)

with campanula.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Roadside ditch at Acerdale,

0.4 mile (0.6 km) from junction of Great Bridge

and Indian River, Princess Anne County, Virginia;

host: Cambarus (L.) d. diogenes. Procambarus (O.)

a. acutus was cited as a host in the type-locality by

Hobbs (1967:3) because the types were obtained

from a collection containing both crayfishes mentioned. On the basis of subsequent observations of

entocytherids on both crayfish species, we are convinced that Or. waltonae is restricted to Cambarus

(L.) d. diogenes. Dactylocy there jeanae was the only

entocytherid associate.

RANGE.—From Dare and Washington counties,

North Carolina, northward to Anne Arundel

County, Maryland.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Known only from the Tidewater Region. ALLIGATOR BASIN. DARE COUNTY: (1) road-
62

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Ficuu 32.—Omithocythere waltonae from Pasquotank County: a, copulatory complex of male;

b, clasping apparatus of male; c, shell of male; d, shell of female; e, female genitalia (scales

in mm).

side ditch 5.5 mi (8.9 km) W U.S. Hwy 264 on U.S. Hwy 64

(host: C. (L.) d. diogenes; associates: Dt. jeanae, Ok. cheia);

WASHINGTON COUNTY: (2) roadside ditch 4 mi (6.4 km) E Plymouth on U.S. Hwy 64 (hosts: C. (L.) d. diogenes, F. (C.)

uhleri (?), P. (O.) a. acutus (?); associate: Dt. jeanae). PASQUOTANK BASIN. PASQUOTANK COUNTY: (S) roadside ditch

2.9 mi (4.7 km) NE Perquimans Co line on Co Rd 1001 (host:

C. (L.) d. diogenes; associates: Dt. jeanae, Ok. cheia).

HOSTS.—Cambarus (L.) d. diogenes; questionable

hosts include Fallicambarus (C.) uhleri and Procambarus (O.) a. acutus.

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Dactylocythere jeanae

and Okriocythere cheia.

Genus Uncmocythere Hart, 1962

Uncinocythere Hart, 1962:136.

DIAGNOSIS.—Terminal tooth of mandible pectinate. Copulatory complex of male without finger

guard. Ventral portion of peniferum never inflated,

variously sculptured, often concave, frequently

bearing single anteroventral acute prominence, and

sometimes with anterolateral fold; accessory groove

lacking. Penis small, length less than anteroposterior diameter of peniferum at level of penis;

spermatic and prostatic elements contiguous.

Clasping apparatus extending to or beyond ventral

margin of peniferum, L-, C-, or U-shaped, with

preaxial border of horizontal ratnus bearing 1 to

4 teeth, postaxial border entire, and apex with 2

to 4 denticles. Female without pectinate appendix

at base of apical claws of second antenna. Genital

complex of female consisting of small, weakly

sclerotized, tubular papilla.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Entocythere Columbia Dobbin,

1941:184.

RANGE.—In the Atlantic and Gulf basins, from

Ontario to northern Florida and from Minnesota

and South Dakota to Pueblo and Veracruz, Mexico;

in the Pacific Basin from Utah and Washington to

California. Only one species is known to occur in

North Carolina.
NUMBER 247 63

Uncinocythere simondsi (Hobbs and Walton)

FIGURE 33, MAP 5

Entocythere simondsi Hobbs and Walton, 1960:17, 18, figs.

1-10.

Uncinocy there simondsi.—Hart, 1962:138.—Hart and Hart,

1974:133-135, pi. 37: figs. 4-7; pi. 55.

Uncinocy there zancla.—Hart and Hart, 1974:141 [in part].

DIAGNOSIS.—Shell length in mm (numbers in

parentheses represent averages): o*» 0.31-0.36 (0.32);

? , 0.32-0.41 (0.36). Shell height: <$, 0.18-0.24

(0.19); ? , 0.20-0.25 (0.22). Peniferum shallowly or

deeply cleft ventrally. Clasping apparatus (Figure

336,c) well developed, extending ventrally approximately as far as peniferum, and clearly divisible

into horizontal and vertical rami, latter with preand postaxial borders entire and subequal in length

to horizontal ramus; horizontal ramus with 2 teeth

on preaxial border; proximal tooth, situated near

midlength of ramus, only slightly larger than more

distal one, latter located slightly distal to midway

between proximal tooth and proximalmost of 3

or 4 apical denticles; postaxial border of horizontal

ramus entire. Female genital apparatus (Figure

33d,/) consisting of slender, tubular papilla.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Dunn Creek, 1.9 miles (3.1 km)

west of Fighting Town Creek on Hell's Hollow

Road, Fannin County, Georgia; hosts: Cambarus

(C.) bartonii and Cambarus (D.) latimanus.

RANGE.—According to Hart and Hart (1974:231),

this ostracod ranges from Illinois and Kentucky to

the panhandle of Florida and from Mississippi to

Georgia and South Carolina. It is reported here

from several localities in the mountain and piedmont sections of North Carolina.

NORTH CAROLINA RECORDS.—Twenty-five localities in the Mountain and Piedmont provinces,

encompassing parts of the Little Tennessee, French

Broad, Watauga, New, Catawba, Pee Dee, Neuse,

and Roanoke basins. Most of these localities are in

the mountains; however, it has become established

in the upper Piedmont province. The report of the

occurrence of U. zancla in North Carolina by Hart

and Hart (1974:141) was based on misidentificaFICUKE 33.—Uncinocythere simondsi from Avery County: a, copulatory complex of male; bjc,

clasping apparatus of male; d, female genital ia; e, shell of male; /, shell of female (scales in mm).
6 4 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

tions of U. simondsi collected in Alleghany, Dur- cyla, An. tiphophila, Aphelocythere acuta, Ascetoham, and Orange counties. cythere cosmeta, Cymocythere clavata, DactyloHOSTS.—Cambarus (C.) bartonii, C. (C.) sp. A, cythere daphnioides, Dt. megadactylus, Dt.

C. (H.) chasmodactylus, C. (/.) asperimanus, C. (/.) striophylax, Dt. suteri, Donnaldsoncythere donnalddubius, C. (/.) nodosus, C. (P.) reburrus, C. (P.) sonensis, Dn. leptodrilus, Entocythere dentata, E.

robustus, and C. (P.) sp. C. harrisi, E. internotalus, Harpagocythere baileyi,

ENTOCYTHERID ASSOCIATES.—Ankylocythere an- and Litocythere lucileae.
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1962. A Revision of the Ostracods of the Family Entocytheridae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia, 114(3): 121-147. 18 figures.

1964. Two New Entocytherid Ostracods from the Vicinity

of Washington, D.C. Proceedings of the Biological

Society of Washington, 77(28) :243-246, 4 figures.

Hart, C. W., Jr., and Dabney G. Hart

1967. The Entocytherid Ostracods of Australia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 119(1): 1-51.95 figures.

1969. The Functional Morphology of Entocytherid Ostra65
66

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

cod Copulatory Appendages, with a Discussion of

Possible Homologues in Other Ostracods. Pages 154-

167 in John W. Neale. editor, The Taxonomy,

Morphology and Ecology of Recent Ostracods. 12

figures. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, Ltd.

1971. New Entocytherid Ostracods of the Genera Ankylocythere, Dactylocythere, Entocythere, Geocythere, and

Uncinocythere—with a New Diagnosis of the Genus

Entocythere. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia, 123(5): 105-125,15 figures.

Hart, C. W., Jr., and Horton H. Hobbs, Jr.

1961. Eight New Troglobitic Ostracods of the Genus Entocythere (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the Eastern

United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 113(8):173-185, 32

figures.

Hart, C. W., Jr., N. Balakrishnan Nair, and Dabney G. Hart

1967. A New Ostracod (Ostracoda: Entocytheridae) Commensal on a Woodboring Isopod from India. Notulae

Naturae of the Academy of Natural Sciences of

Philadelphia, 409: 11 pages, 17 figures.

Hart, Dabney G., and C. W. Hart, Jr.

1974. The Ostracod Family Entocytheridae. Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monograph, 18:

ix + 239 pages, 49 figures, 52 plates.

Hay, W. P.

1902. Observations on the Crustacean Fauna of the Region

about Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Proceedings of the

United States National Museum, 25(1285):223-236, 1

figure.

Hobbs, Horton H., Jr.

1942. The Crayfishes of Florida. University of Florida Publications, Biological Science Series, 3(2): v + 179

pages, 24 plates.

1947. A Key to the Crayfishes of the Pictus Subgroup of

the Genus Procambarus, with the Description of a

New Species from South Carolina (Decapoda, Astacidae). Florida Entomologist, 30(3):25-31, 12 figures.

1951. A New Crayfish of the Genus Orconectes from Southeastern Virginia (Decapoda, Astaddae). Virginia

Journal of Science, 2(2):122-128,10 figures.

1955. Ostracods of the Genus Entocythere from the New

River System in North Carolina, Virginia, and West

Virginia. Transactions of the American Microscopical

Society, 74(4):325-333,10 figures.

1956a. A New Crayfish of the Genus Cambarus from North

Carolina and South Carolina (Decapoda, Astacidae).

Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society,

72(l):61-67,11 figures.

1956b. A New Crayfish of the Extraneus Section of the

Genus Cambarus with a Key to the Species of the

Section (Decapoda, Astaddae). Proceedings of the

Biological Society of Washington, 69(18):115-121, 11

figures.

1958. Two New Crayfishes of the Genus Procambarus from

South Carolina. Journal of the Washington Academy

of Sciences, 48(5): 160-168, 24 figures.

1966. An Illustrated Key to the Species of the Genus

Ankylocythere with a Description of a New Species

from Louisiana (Ostracoda, Entocytheridae). Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Sciences, 29:

67-75,18 figures.

1967. A New Genus and Three New Species of Ostracods

with a Key to the Genus Dactylocy there (Ostracoda:

Entocytheridae). Proceedings of the United States

National Museum, 122(3587): 1-10, 1 figure.

1968. Two New Crayfishes of the Genus Cambarus from

Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee (Decapoda, Astacidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 81(31):261-274, 22 figures.

1969. On the Distribution and Phylogeny of the Crayfish

Genus Cambarus. In Perry C. Holt, Richard L. Hoffman, and C. Willard Hart, Jr., editors, The Distributional History of the Biota of the Southern

Appalachians, part I: Invertebrates. Virginia Polytechnic Institute Research Division Monograph, 1:

93-178, 20 figures.

1971. The Entocytherid Ostracods of Mexico and Cuba.

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 81: 55 pages,

31 figures.

1974. A Checklist of the North and Middle American

Crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidae and Cambaridae).

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 166: iii +

161 pages, 294 figures.

1975. New Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the

Southern United States and Mexico. Smithsonian

Contributions to Zoology, 201: iii + 34 pages, 8

figures.

Hobbs, Horton H., Jr., and C. W. Hart, Jr.

1966. On the Entocytherid Ostracod Genera Ascetocythere,

Plectocythere, Phymocythere (gen. nov.), and Cymocythere with Descriptions of New Species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of

Philadelphia, 118(2):35-61, 37 figures.

Hobbs, Horton H., Jr., and H. H. Hobbs III

1970. New Entocytherid Ostracods with a Key to the

Genera of the Subfamily Entocytherinae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 47: 19 pages, 9 figures.

Hobbs, Horton H., Jr., Perry C. Holt, and Margaret Walton

1967. The Crayfishes and Their Epizootic Ostracod and

Branchiobdellid Associates of the Mountain Lake,

Virginia, Region. Proceedings of the United States

National Museum, 123(3602): 1-84, 22 figures.

Hobbs, Horton H., Jr., and Frank O. Perkins

1967. A New Burrowing Crayfish from North Carolina

(Decapoda, Astacidae). Proceedings of the Biological

Society of Washington, 80(21): 141-146, 11 figures.

Hobbs, Horton H., Jr., and Margaret Walton

1958. Procambarus pearsei plumimanus, a New Crayfish

from North Carolina (Decapoda, Astacidae). Journal

of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 74(1):7-12,

13 figures.

1960. Three New Ostracods of the Genus Entocythere

from the Hiwassee Drainage System in Georgia and

Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of

Science, 35(l):17-23, 20 figures.

1961. Additional New Ostracods from the Hiwassee Drainage System in Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennes-
NUMBER 247 67

see. Transactions of the American Microscopical

Society, 80(4):379-384, 8 figures.

1962. New Ostracods of the Genus Entocythere from the

Mountain Lake Region, Virginia (Ostracoda, Entocytheridae). Virginia Journal of Science, 13(2):42^8,

13 figures.

1963. Four New Species of the Genus Donnaldsoncythere

(Ostracoda, Entocytheridae) from Virginia with a

Key to the Species of the Genus. Transactions of the

American Microscopical Society, 82(4):363-370, 26

figures.

1966. A New Genus and Six New Species of Entocytherid

Ostracods (Ostracoda, Entocytheridae). Proceedings

of the United States National Museum, 119(3542):1-

12,2 figures.

1968. New Entocytherid Ostracods from the Southern

United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 120(6):237-252, 3 figures.

Hobbs. H. H., Ill

1965. Two New Genera and Species of the Ostracod Family Entocytheridae with a Key to the Genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington,

78(19): 159-164, 5 figures.

1968. The Possibility of Host Specificity in the Genus

Ornithocythere (Ostracoda, Entocytheridae). The

ASB Bulletin [Association of Southeastern Biologists],

15(2):40-41. [Abstract.]

1973. The Population Dynamics of Cave Crayfishes and

Their Commensal Ostracods from Southern Indiana.

xiv + 247 pages, 54 figures. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington.

Hoff, C. Clayton

1942. The Subfamily Entocytherinae, a New Subfamily of

Fresh-water Cytherid Ostracods, with Descriptions of

Two New Species of the Genus Entocythere. American Midland Naturalist, 27(l):63-67, 13 figures.

1943. Two New Ostracods of the Genus Entocythere and

Records of Previously Described Species. Journal of

the Washington Academy of Sciences, 33(9):276-286,

2 figures.

1944. New American Species of the Ostracod Genus Entocythere. American Midland Naturalist, 32(2):327-357,

33 figures.

James, Hugo A.

1966. Range and Variations of Subspecies of Cambarus

longulus (Decapoda, Astacidae). Proceedings of the

United States National Museum, 119(3544): 1-24, 2

figures, 1 plate.

Klie, W.

1931. Campagne Speologique de C. Bolivar et R. Jeannel

dans 1'Amerique du Nord (1928), 3: Crustaces Ostracodes. Biospeologica: Archives de Zoologie Experimental et Generale, 71(3):333-344, 20 figures.

LeConte, John

1856. Descriptions of New Species of Astacus from Georgia.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of

Philadelphia, 7:400-402.

Marshall, W. S.

1903. Entocythere cambaria n. g., n. sp., a Parasitic Ostracod. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 14(1): 117-144, 30 figures.

Peters, Daniel J.

1975. The Entocytherid Ostracod Fauna of the James and

York River Basins with a Description of a New

Member of the Genus Entocythere. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and University, Research Division

Bulletin, 93: iii + 50 pages, 15 figures.

Prins, Rudolph

1968. A New Crayfish of the Genus Cambarus from North

Carolina (Decapoda, Astacidae). Journal of the Elisha

Mitchell Scientific Society, 84(4):458-461, 11 figures.

Rioja, Enrique

1940 Estudios carcinoldgicos, V: Morfologia de un ostracodo epizoario observado sobre Cambarus (Cambarellus) montezumae Sauss. de Mexico, Entocythere

heterodonta n. sp. y descripci6n de algunos de sus

estados larvarios. Anales del Instituto de Biologic,

Universidad Nacional Autdnoma de Mexico, 11(2):

593-609, 33 figures.

1942a. Descripci6n de una especie y una subespecie nuevas

del gc-nero Entocythere Marshall, procedentes de La

Cueva Chica. Ciencia (Mexico), 3(7):201-204, 1 figure.

1942b. Estudios carcinol6gicos, XIII: Consideraciones y

datos acera del genero Entocythere (Crust. Ostracodos) y algunas de sus especies, con descripcidn de

una nueva. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autdnoma de Mexico, 13(2):685-

697, 21 figures.

1943. Estudios carcinol6gicos, XV: Polimorfismo femenino

en los ostracodos del gdnero Entocythere. Anales del

Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autdnoma de Mexico, 14(2):567-585, 39 figures.

Stamper, M. N.

1957. Incubation and Hatching of the Egg of a Commensal Ostracod, Entocythere illinoisensis Hoff, 1942.

Journal of the Colorado-Wyoming Academy of Science, 4(9) :50.

Stuckey, Jasper Leonidas

1965. North Carolina: Its Geology and Mineral Resources.

xviii + 550 pages, 13 figures, 14 plates. Raleigh:

North Carolina Department of Conservation and

Development.

Stuckey, Jasper Leonidas, and Warren G. Steel

1953. Geology and Mineral Resources of North Carolina.

North Carolina Department of Conservation and

Development, Division of Mineral Resources, Educational Series, 3: v + 34 pages, 2 figures, 1 plate.

Tressler, Willis L.

1947. A Check List of the Known Species of North American Freshwater Ostracods. American Midland Naturalist, 38:698-707.

Walton, Margaret, and Horton H. Hobbs, Jr.

1971. The Distribution of Certain Entocytherid Ostracods

on Their Crayfish Hosts. Proceedings of the Academy

of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 123(4):87-103.

Wolf, Benno

1934-1938. Animalium cavernarum catalogus. 2 volumes,

918 pages, 's Gravenhage: W. Junk.

Young, Williard

1971. Ecological Studies of the Entocytheridae (Ostracoda).

American Midland Naturalist, 85(2):399-409, 3 figures.
68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

INNER

COASTAL PLAIN TIDEWATER

MAP 1.—The physiographic regions and counties of North Carolina.

Nolichuct

MAP 2.—The major drainage systems of North Carolina.
NUMBER 247 69

• An. oncylo

• Ap. acute

A Di. falcalo

MAP 3.—Distribution of Ankylocythere ancyla, Aphelocy there acuta, and Dactylocythere falcata.

MAP 4.—Distribution of Ankylocythere telmoecea, Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis,

and Donnaldsoncythere leptodrilus.
70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

MAP 5.—Distribution of Ankylocythere Hphophila and Uncinocythere simondsi.

MAP 6.—Distribution of Aseetocythere cosmeta, Dactylocythere jeanae,

and Harpagocythere baileyi.
NUMBER 247 71

_ A C. clovolo

• Ot. magodoctylut

®E coitolo

• f. denloto

8<*

MAP 7.—Distribution of Cymocythere clavata, Dactylocythere megadactylxts,

Entocythere costata, and Entocythere dentata.

A Dl. paedeensis

• CM. striophylax

MAP 8.—Distribution of Dactylocythere chelomata, Dactylocythere peedeensis,

and Dactylocythere striophylax.
72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

• Dl. daphnioides

A O l cheio

• Dl. isobclae

81.

MAP 9.—Distribution of Dactylocythere daphnioides, Okriocythere cheia,

and Dactylocythere isabelae.

Dl. leptophyloj

Dl. suteri

i Or. woltonoe

MAP 10.—Distribution of Dactylocythere leptophylax, Dactylocythere suteri,

and Ornithocythere waltonae.
NUMBER 847 73

I 01. prinii

>t. korriti

, I. lucilto*

MAP 11.—Distribution of Dactylocylhere prinsi, Entocythere harrisi, and Idtocythere lueileae.

MAP 12.—Distribution of Dactylocythere runki, Entocythere tntemotalus,

and Entocythere reddellt.



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