NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131 November 1997

A Photographic Catalog

of Killer Whales, Orcinus orca,

from the Central Gulf of Alaska

to the Southeastern Bering Sea

Marilyn E. Dahlheim

u.s. Department of Commerce
u.s. DEPARTMENT

OF COMMERCE

WILLIAM M. DALEY

SECRETARY

National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration

D.James Baker

Under Secretary for

Oceans and Atmosphere

National Marine

Fisheries Service

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for Fisheries

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NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

A Technical Report of the Fishery Bulletin

A Photographic Catalog of

Killer Whales, Orcinus orca,

frOIll the Central Gulf of Alaska

to the Southeastern Bering Sea

Marilyn E. Dahlheim

November 1997

U.S. DepartDlent of CODlDlerce

Seattle, Washington
On the cover

Illustration of killer whales, Orcinus orca, by Katherine Zecca.

Suggested reference

M. E. Dahlheim. 1997. A photographic catalog of killer whales, Orcinus

orca, from the central Gulf of Alaska to the southeastern Bering Sea.

U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 130,58 p.

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A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales, Orcinus orca,

from the Central Gulf of Alaska to the Southeastern Bering Sea

MARILYN E. DAHLHEIM

National Marine Mammal Laboratory

Alaska Fisheries Science Center

National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA

7600 Sand Point Way N.£.

Seattle, Washington 98115

ABSTRACT

In 1992 and 1993, researchers from the National Marine Mammal Laboratory initiated

photo-identification studies on Alaskan killer whales, Orcinus orca. Waters from Kodiak

Island west to the central and eastern Aleutian Islands and southeastern Bering Sea were

surveyed. A total of 289 individual whales were identified. A photographic record of the

whales encountered during these surveys is presented. When photographs of the 289

individual whales were compared among various regions in Alaska (Prince William Sound

and Southeast Alaska) and areas outside Alaska (British Columbia, Washington, and California), 11 matches were found. The count is conservative because the 1992 and 1993

surveys were limited in geographical range, restricted to summer periods, and whales may

have been missed along the survey trackline. Future research incorporating both photoidentification studies and line transect surveys will provide reliable abundance estimates of

Alaskan killer whales.

Introduction

There are few systematic survey data to estimate population abundance of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Alaska.

The ational Marine Mammal Laboratory's (NMML)

Platforms of Opportunity Program provides a 34-year

record (1957-1991) of killer whale sightings throughout Alaska (Fig. 1). Although these data are valuable

with respect to overall distribution of killer whales

(Braham and Dahlheim, 1982), sightings were collected

opportunistically and a dedicated search effort has been

lacking. As a result, the sighting data are not useful for

estimating population abundance or trends.

Leatherwood et al. (1983) report the results of eight

aerial surveys conducted offKodiak Island, from Unimak

Pass westward along the Aleutian Islands, and between

Unalaska Island and the Pribilof Islands. A total of 36

killer whale groups, totaling 236 individuals, were

sighted. Abundance was not estimated because repeat

sightings ofthe same pod(s) could not be distinguished

from single sightings. Brueggeman (1987) flew 38,000

nautical miles (n mi) of aerial surveys from April to

December 1985 in the Shumagin Islands, the North

Aleutian Basin, and St. George Basin. A total of 25

groups (67 killer whales) were observed. Duplicate

sightings were not considered, thus the actual number

of killer whales seen was probably less.

Beginning in 1972, killer whale population biology

was studied through the use of photo-identification

techniques. This method was pioneered by Bigg and

Balcomb when they showed that a combination of dorsal fin shape, nicks in the dorsal fin, shape ofthe saddle

patch, and scars on the dorsal surface of the animal

were specific to individual killer whales (Balcomb and

Bigg, 1986; Bigg et aI., 1987; Bigg et aI., 1990). Thus,

individual killer whales could be tracked both temporally and spatially through the collection of photographs

(Olesiuk et aI., 1990).

In the late 1970's, researchers in Alaska began collecting identification photographs of Prince William

Sound killer whales (Hall, 1981). In 1984, Prince William Sound whales were first assigned to pods based on

observed associations of individuals (Leatherwood et

aI., 1984). This resulted in the production of the first

catalog of Prince William Sound killer whales (Ellis,

1984); the catalog was updated in 1987 (Ellis, 1987)

and again in 1991 (Heise et aI., 1991). In 1984, photographic studies on killer whales were also initiated in
2 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

• 0

lIIIr----tti57

"

...:

69 r-tt--------''F;-------+_---:=~--+_------+_------+_---'''-~~('___Oj'\.-~_I+i 69

60 Ht--------H

66 f+t------1F1L----------,;p--F=-------'=~~+_---------'--'-----+_...:........:-----+_------~ 66

63 r-tt---~;:::___<;_t------'------f"------r~'-----_r_-------+_-----'----+_------_I+i 63

1-tt-'''-'tI'''--''--*------''-'''t-----=-----j--------+----''--------I--------''+--'''-------tt151

130

Figure I

Sightings ofAlaskan killer whales from the National Marine Mammal Laboratory's Platform ofOpponunity Program, 1957-91.

Southeast Alaska (Leatherwood et a!., 1984) with photographs of individual killer whales from Southeast

Alaska included in Ellis (1984, 1987). Although opportunistic photographs of killer whales were collected

between the years 1985 through 1988 (Prince William

Sound and Southeast Alaska), photo-identification research was limited in both areas. Between 1989 and

1997, researchers from the NMML carried out dedicated photo-identification research on killer whales

throughout Alaskan waters. Although certain geographical regions were studied each year (e.g. Southeast

Alaska), research in other regions was sporadic.

In 1992 and 1993, NMML initiated photo-identification studies on killer whales that occur from the central

Gulf of Alaska west to the southeastern Bering Sea and

eastern and central Aleutian Islands region (Fig. 2).

The objectives of this particular study were to:

1. Develop a photographic identification catalog of all

killer whales encountered.

2. Obtain a minimum count of killer whales in the southeastern Bering Sea, eastern/central Aleutian Islands

region, and the western and central Gulf ofAlaska.

3. Establish baseline data for designing protocol for

estimating population abundance of killer whales in

Alaska.

4. Develop a baseline ofinformation for long-term studies of killer whales in Alaska.

This document provides a photographic record of

each killer whale encountered during the 1992 and

1993 NMML investigations observed from the Central
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 3

-65°N

ALASKA

-600

Gulf of Alaska

I

1700 W

I

160 0

I

1500

I

1400

I

1300

Figure 2

Areas surveyed during 1992/1993 killer whale MML investigations.

Gulf of Alaska west to the eastern/central Aleutian

Islands and southeastern Bering Sea. It is not the intent

of this document to report on the details of the scientific results of the Kodiak Island/Bering Sea study or

present the photographic record of whales encountered in other Alaskan regions. These data are pending

publication in separate documents.

Methods

When killer whales were encountered, two skiffs were

launched (weather permitting) from the support vessel

to obtain photographs of individual whales. Researchers aboard the skiff selected a course and speed to

approximate that of the whales' to facilitate optimal

photographic positioning. An approach within 20-30

m was required to obtain a high-quality photograph.

Photographs were taken of the left side of the killer

whale's dorsal fin and saddle patch. A Nikon 8008 (35

mm SLR) auto-focus camera was used. The camera was

equipped with a motor drive and a 300 mm lens. The

camera shutter speed was set to 1/2000th second. The

film type selected allowed for a high shutter speed and

good depth offield (e.g. black and white Fuji 1600).

Photographs were analyzed for individual killer whale

identification. Obvious nicks or scarring on the saddle

patch were noted (Fig. 3). Sub-standard photographs

(i.e. not showing enough detail or improper angle/

side) were discarded, thus reducing the probability of

mis-identification or mis-matching photographs. Two

independent readers reviewed the photographs to obtain the total number of individual whales. If independent readers disagreed with a particular identification

(which was not the case in this study), another independent reader was asked to review the photograph in

question. The minimum count was obtained by listing

the number ofindividual whales photographed. Photographs of each whale identified during this study were

then compared to the killer whale photographic database available from other regions (e.g. Prince William

Sound [Heise et a!., 1991; NMMU], Southeast Alaska

[Dahlheim et a!., 1997], British Columbia and Washington State [Bigg et a!., 1987; Ford et a!., 1994], and

California [Black et a!., In press]).

I National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Seattle, WA, unpublished

data.
4 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

Results and Discussion

Aclrnowledgments _

Surveys of this magnitude could not have been completed without the help of many people. I thank our

survey crews and photographers for their many hours

of effort: K. Balcomb-Bartok, T. Chandler, B. Caruso,

K. Chumbley, D. Ellifrit,]. Evenson, C. Hutchinson,].

Jacobsen,]. Lerczak, B. Mathews, B. Miller, R. Osborne,

R. Ream, T. Schall,]. Sease, F. Sharpe,]. Stern, M.

Strick,]. Swenson, R. Towell, and]. Waite. Myappreciation is extended to the captain (Jon Williams) and crew

ofthe FIVBrielynMarie, and the captain (Tom Crawford)

and crew of the RIV Clorita. Panda Laboratories (Dana

Drake) developed all film related to this project and

produced the high quality 5 x 7 prints used in this

Figure 3

Various characters (e.g. nicks, saddle patch, scratches, etc.) used to

identify individual killer whales.

2 A match was found between AK173 and A.K207 reducing the total

number of whales from 290 to 289.

Based on the 1992 and 1993 surveys,

289 individual killer whales were identified.2 Because the majority of whale

groups were only encountered once

during the 2-year survey, whales were

not assigned to specific pods. Table 1

lists the identification numbers of the

whale groups encountered during field

operations (i.e. AKI through AK4 were

encountered as a group, AK5 through

AK85 were encountered as a group).

Because ofthe paucity of data available

for each whale group (i.e. most whales

seen only once), we did not attempt to

classify the whales as "transient" or "resident" killer whales as described by Bigg

et aI., 1987.

When photographs of individual

whales were compared among various

regions in Alaska (Prince William and

Southeast Alaska) and areas outside of

Alaska (British Columbia, Washington,

and California), 11 matches were

found. Matches occurred between

whales observed near Seward, Alaska

(this study), and whales observed in

Prince William Sound (Table 2). This

is not surprising given that these two

areas are only 35 n mi apart.

Despite considerable coverage during our investigations (i.e. approximately 5,000 n mi surveyed each year),

few killer whales were encountered

(289 individual whales documented).

We suspect that the count is conservative because: 1) surveys were limited in

geographical range, 2) surveys were

restricted to the summer season, and

3) whales could have been present but missed along the

survey trackline. However, the overall survey results

obtained during the 1992 and 1993 investigations (i.e.

relatively few whale groups encountered) are similar to

those obtained by other investigators working in Alaska

(Leatherwood et aI., 1983; Brueggeman, 1987). Overestimation of killer whale abundance in the absence of

systematic surveys may easily result because the same

animals are repeatedly sighted at slightly different times

or in different locations.
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 5

Table 2

Photographic matches made ofindividual killer whales,

Orcinus orca, between this study and Prince William

Sound. No photographic matches were found when

comparing whales observed during this study and whales

photographed in Southeast Alaska, British Columbia,

Washington, and California.

Table I

Encounters with killer whales, Orcinus orca, off Kodiak

Island, south side of the Alaska Peninsula, eastern and

central Aleutian Islands, and the southeastern Bering Sea.

Date Location AK Number

1992

7/12 Shelikof Strait 1-4

7/16 Chiswell Islands 5-85

7/17 Chiswell Islands 86-87

7/19 Portlock Banks 88-91

7/29 Shelikof Strait 92-95

8/4 Alaskan Peninsula 96-102

8/7 Unimak Pass 103-139

8/13 Amukta Pass 140-146

8/17 Bering Shelf 147-159

8/22 Unalaska Island 160-163

8/22 Unalaska Island 164-169

8/22 Unalaska Island 170-182

1993

7/19 Albatross Banks 183-197

7/24 Pye Islands 198-200

8/16 Akutan Island 201-208

8/20 Bering Shelf 209-242

8/21 Unalaska Island 243-285

8/23 Bogoslof Island 286-290

This study

AK34

AK36

AK37

AK38

AK41

AK45

AK48

AK50

AK52

AK67

AK87

I See Heise et aI., 1991.

Prince William Soundl

AD8

AD 5

AD21

AD4

AD 2

AD 11

AX19

AX 8

AX 1

AX6

ABO

catalog. Dave Ellifrit and Janice Waite conducted the

analyses of the photographic data. Chris Boucher provided Figure 1. Bonnie Storm assisted in catalogue layout. The cover ofthis report was illustrated by Katherine

Zecca (Graphics Unit, AFSC/NMFS). Howard Braham

and Doug DeMaster provided valuable reviews of this

report.

Literature Cited

Balcomb, K. c., and M. A. Bigg.

1986. Population biology of the three resident killer whale

pods in Puget Sound and off southern Vancouver Island. In

B. C. Kirkevold and]. S. Lockard (eds.), Behavioral biology

of killer whales, p. 85-95. Zoo Biology Monographs, Vol. 1.

Alan R. Liss, Inc., ew York, .Y.

Bigg, M. A., G. M. Ellis,]. K. B. Ford, and K. C. Balcomb.

1987. Killer whales: a study of their identification, genealogy

and natural history in British Columbia and Washington

State. Phantom Press and Publishers, Inc., Nanaimo, B. c.,

Canada, 79 p.

Bigg, M. A., P. F. Olesiuk, G. M. Ellis,]. K. B. Ford, and

K. C. Balcomb.

1990. Social organization and genealogy ofresident killer whales

(Orcinus oreal in the coastal waters of British Columbia and

Washington State. In P. S. Hammond, S. A. Mizroch, and G.

P. Donovan (eds.), Individual recognition of cetaceans: use

of photo-identification and other techniques to estimate

population parameters, p. 386-406. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm.,

Special Issue 12.

Black, N. A., A. Shulman:laniger, R. L. Ternullo, and

M. Guerro-Ruiz.

In press. Killer whales of California and western Mexico: a

catalog of photo-identified individuals. NOAA Tech. Memo.

NMFS-F/SWFSC.

Braham, H. W., and M. E. Dahlheim.

1982. Killer whales in Alaska documented in the Platforms of

Opportunity Program. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. 32:643-646.

Brueggeman,].

1987. Aerial surveys of endangered cetaceans and other marine mammals in the northwestern Gulf ofAlaska and southeastern Bering Sea. Rep. to MMS and NOAA; OCSEAP

Research Unit 673, Contract o. 85-ABC-00093, p. 4-73 to

4-83.

Dahlheim, M. E., D. K. Ellifrit, and]. D. Swenson.

1997. Killer whales ofsoutheast Alaska: a catalogue of photoidentified individuals. Day Moon Press, Seattle, 79 p.

Ellis, G. M.

1984. Killer whales ofSouthern Alaska, a catalogue of individuals photo-identified in 1984. Hubbs Sea World Research

Institute Tech. Rep. 84-176, 73 p.

1987. Killer whales ofPrince William Sound and Southeast Alaska:

a catalogue of individuals photo-identified, 1976-1986. Hubbs

Sea World Research Institute Tech. Rep. 87-200,76 p.

Ford,]. K. B., G. M. Ellis, and K. C. Balcomb.

1994. Killer whales: the natural history and genealogy of Orcinus

area in British Columbia and Washington State. UBC Press

(Vancouver, B.C., Can.) and University of Washington Press

(Seattle), 102 p.

Hall,]. D.

1981. Aspects of the natural history of cetaceans of Prince

William Sound, Alaska. Ph.D. dissert., University of California Santa Cruz, 10 I p.

Heise, K., G. Ellis, and C. Matkin.

1991. A catalogue of Prince William Sound killer whales. North

Gulf Oceanic Society, Homer, Alaska, 51 p.
6 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

Leatherwood, S., A. Bowles, and R. Reeves.

1983. Endangered whales ofthe eastern Bering Sea and Shelikof

Strait, Alaska; results of aerial surveys, April 1982 through April

1983 with notes on other marine mammal behavior. Hubbs

Sea World Research Institute Tech. Rep. 83-159:173-182.

Leatherwood, S., K. C. Balcomb III, C. O. Matkin, and G. Ellis.

1984. Killer whales (Orcinus orca) in southern Alaska. Hubbs

Seaworld Research Institute Tech. Rep. No.84-175, 54 p.

Olesiuk, P. F., M. A. Bigg, and G. M. Ellis.

1990. Life history and population dynamics of resident killer

whales (Orcinus orca) in the coastal waters of British Columbia and Washington State, p. 209-243. In P. S. Hammond, S.

A. Mizroch, and G. P. Donovan (eds.), Individual recognition of cetaceans: use of photo-identification and other

techniques to estimate population parameters. Rep. Int.

What. Comm., Special Issue 12.
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 7

AK2

-~

-= -= ---....'...'"',;:;--"~~...,; ....--~-'"

-.

--

AK1

AK3

-- AK5

~~.. ,ij~~

~- - AK6
8 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AKa Iii AK7 .. - -~:::..

--

AK10

. _.-..- .-:~'H

AK9

---

-

--

----..

_.

....--

AK12
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea

AK13

- , -

AK14

9

'-_ 1"·__"""'."'._..1:;'

AK15

AK17

.-

AK16
10 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK20

-- AK22
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 11

AK27

AK26

AK30
12 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK32

AK33 AK34

AK36

~--'~-----
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 13

AK37 --

AK39

AK38
14 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK45

- AK44
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 15

AK50

-

AK51

AK53

;;:

AK54
16 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK56

-- AK55

AK59

AK58

AK60
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 17

•

AK61

AK63

AK65
AK68

18 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK70

AK72
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 19

AK74

-- AK75 - AK76

AK77 AK78
20 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK79 AK80

~'-:"~-"

-=-~""""'"

AK81 AK82

-. -

AK83 .- --
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 21

AK85

--

AK88

----- - -

- ..........

AK89 AK90
22

''T'' -

NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

--

- - - AK91

--

--

AK93
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 23

AK98

- ...."----

'" ..... ,....

AK97

.:......

,...~ , .

;%-;"'11 '1.t-4filtr-. ~1'~

••_~.~~-.f ....,

>~,

,~ .. -

.'''''''' .....

- AK100

AK101 AK102

-"../

---
24 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK103

AK105

AK107
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea

AK109

25

AK113
26 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK118

AK119
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 27

AK124

AK126
28 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK127

AK129

AK131 AK132
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea

AK133

AK135

29

AK136

AK138
AK142

30 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK139

AK143

AK140

AK144
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 31

AK145 AK146

AK147

AK149

AK148
32 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

--"

--

AK151

AK153 AK154

AK155 AK156
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 33

'".... -, ~~.~-

AK157

AK159

-'

AK161

__ "'l: -""

......

- ':i..-"':

AK158

AK160

-

AK162
34 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK166

AK164

-- --

AK165

_.

AK163

---::.:.-~.-

--.......-

-

AK167 AK168
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 35

".

---

AK169

-.

AK171

'-.

AK170

-

A~ i~t~rnal ~atch ~as f~~nd_

AK173 equals AK207.

AK174
36 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK175

AK177 AK178

AK179
AK182

AK184

_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 37

AK185

AK186
38 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

.........

--

-.

AK187

AK189

AK191

-

AK190

AK192
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 39

-

--. AK193

-

AK194

AK195

AK197

AK196
40 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

-- .-

AK199 AK200

- AK20a

AK204
____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 41

AK205

AK207

AK206

AK208
42 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK213 AK214

AK216

-

AK217 AK218
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea

-- AK219

43

AK222

AK223 AK224
44 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK225

AK229

AK226

-----::... ,--

....-

AK228

AK230
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 45

AK233

AK235

-- ........... -- -:.-.:-.,..

AK236
46 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK237

AK239

AK241

-

---

AK238

AK242
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea

AK243

-----

.~~

T'~ :::;!.~~.~" ":Ii -'-"'"

47

AK247
48 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK250

.--~-

AK251

AK252

~- -.-. AK253 ...... AK254
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 49

AK256

AK260

AK257

AK258
50 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK261

AK263

"'" ........-

....,,~ -= ,-~ - ,;-;::....

--- w __ -:.? ~.".,-. ':~ '-,.,~<llll-"~ AK262

-~'- ~A

;-

--'" -",
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 51

AK268

..J::;- --":------

"'_. .- -';'

......--- ~~~

--""""---,~

-- ~, :~~~~~,~-~~~~ _. -~~!Ji-

_::-;1....,.-.'" ;_

.:-

-..,,.,..~ -~

---~

-

AK270

.'

AK271

. -

-~-

AK272
AK278

52 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK273

AK275

AK274

AK276
_____ Dahlheim: A Photographic Catalog of Killer Whales from Central Gulf of Alaska to S.E. Bering Sea 53

--,

AK280

AK281

AK282

'.

-~

_--.......

. .

-

AK283 AK284
54 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 131

AK285

AK286

AK287

AK289

-

-

AK288

AK290