INVESTIGATION OF POLITICAL ACTIVITIES BY

WHITE HOUSE AND FEDERAL AGENCY 

OFFICIALS DURING THE 2006 MIDTERM

ELECTIONS

U.S. OFFICE OF SPECIAL COUNSEL

JANUARY 2011 
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Table of Contents

INDEX OF CHARTS ................................................................................................................................... v

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1

I. Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 1

II. Background ...................................................................................................................................... 1

III. Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 2

IV. Organization of the Report ............................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER ONE: APPLICABLE PROVISIONS OF THE HATCH ACT .................................................. 4

I. Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 4

II. Historical Background ..................................................................................................................... 4

III. Current Law ..................................................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER TWO: THE WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF POLITICAL AFFAIRS ........................................ 9

I. Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 9

II. Establishment of OPA...................................................................................................................... 9

III. OPA’s Organizational Structure and Functions During the Bush II Administration ..................... 10

A. OPA Director and Deputy Director.......................................................................................... 11

B. OPA Associate Directors ......................................................................................................... 12

C. OPA’s Relationship With the White House Office of Scheduling and Appointments ............ 14

CHAPTER THREE: POLITICAL BRIEFINGS ........................................................................................ 15

I. Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 15

II. Factual Findings ............................................................................................................................. 15

A. Purpose of Political Briefings .................................................................................................. 15

B. Location and Scheduling of Political Briefings ....................................................................... 16

C. Political Appointees Were Expected to Attend Political Briefings .......................................... 18

D. PowerPoint Presentations Used During Political Briefings ..................................................... 20

E. Political Appointees’ Impressions of Political Briefings.......................................................... 27

III. Legal Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 29

A. 5 U.S.C. § 7324(a)–(b) – Prohibitions on Political Activity and Exemptions Thereto ............ 29

1. OPA’s Political Briefings ................................................................................................... 31

a. OPA Employees Engaged in Political Activity When They Gave Political Briefings .. 31

b. Political Briefings Occurred in a Federal Workplace or While Employees Were on 

Duty ............................................................................................................................... 32
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2. Some OPA Staff Were Exempt From the § 7324(a) Political Activity Restrictions When

They Gave Political Briefings ............................................................................................ 33

a. Only Certain EOP Employees Are Exempt From the § 7324(a) Political Activity 

Restrictions .................................................................................................................... 33

i. OPA Director ........................................................................................................... 35

ii. OPA Deputy Director .............................................................................................. 36

iii. OPA Associate Directors and the Surrogate Scheduler ......................................... 36

b. OPA Director and Deputy Director Were Exempt From § 7324(a) When They Gave 

Political Briefings .......................................................................................................... 37

c. Other OPA Staff May Have Violated § 7324(a) by Giving Political Briefings ............ 37

3. Agency Political Appointees May Have Violated § 7324(a) When They Attended Political 

Briefings Presented by OPA Employees ............................................................................ 37

B. 5 U.S.C. § 7323(a)(1) – Prohibition Against the Use of Official Authority or Influence for the 

Purpose of Interfering With or Affecting the Result of an Election ........................................ 39

1. OPA Employees Violated § 7323(a)(1) by Giving Briefings That Constituted Political 

Activity ............................................................................................................................... 40

2. Some White House Liaisons at Federal Agencies Violated § 7323(a)(1) .......................... 41

IV. Recommendations .......................................................................................................................... 42

CHAPTER FOUR: AS THE 2006 ELECTIONS DREW NEARER, OPA BECAME A PARTISAN 

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION................................................................................................................. 44

I. Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 44

II. Factual Findings ............................................................................................................................. 45

A. OPA and the RNC Worked Together on a Routine Basis........................................................ 45

1. OPA Served as a Link Between the RNC and Agency Political Appointees ..................... 46

2. OPA Tracked the Success of Republican Fundraising Efforts ........................................... 47

3. During the 2006 Midterm Elections, OPA Received Assistance From Several RNC Desk 

Coordinators ....................................................................................................................... 48

B. OPA Deployed Administration Officials to Help the Republican Party and Its Candidates by 

Appearing at Events ................................................................................................................ 48

1. During the Bush II Administration, OPA Arranged for High-Level Agency Political 

Appointees to Speak Before National, State, and Local Republican Groups and at 

Republican Campaign Events ............................................................................................. 49

2. OPA and Republican Groups Created the “Target List” to Prioritize the Travel of HighLevel Agency Political Appointees .................................................................................... 51

3. Earning Media for Targeted Candidates ............................................................................. 52
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4. OPA Tracked the Travel of High-Level Agency Political Appointees to Events with 

Targeted Republicans ......................................................................................................... 55

5. Travel of High-Level Agency Political Appointees Tracked by OPA Dramatically 

Increased in 2006 ................................................................................................................ 57

a. In the Months Before the 2006 Midterm Elections, OPA Engaged in “Final Push 

Efforts” to Assist Republican Candidates ...................................................................... 61

b. OPA’s Partisan Political Activity Related to the 2006 Midterm Elections Declined After 

November 7, 2006 ......................................................................................................... 64

III. Legal Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 65

A. OPA Staff and the Surrogate Scheduler Engaged in Political Activity for Purposes of the 

Hatch Act ................................................................................................................................. 65

B. OPA Staff and the Surrogate Scheduler Violated the Hatch Act When They Engaged in 

Political Activity While on Duty or in a Federal Workplace .................................................. 68

1. Non-Exempt Employees – OPA Associate Directors and the Surrogate Scheduler .......... 68

2. Exempt Employees – OPA Director and Deputy Director ................................................. 68

a. The Costs Associated With Political Activity May Not Be Paid for With Money 

Derived From the U.S. Treasury ................................................................................... 69

b. The Political Activity of OPA Staff and the Surrogate Scheduler Was More Than 

Incidental ....................................................................................................................... 70

IV. OPA During Prior Administrations ............................................................................................... 71

V. Recommendations .......................................................................................................................... 73

CHAPTER FIVE: POLITICAL TRAVEL OF HIGH-LEVEL AGENCY POLITICAL APPOINTEES .. 77

I. Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 77

II. Factual Findings and Analysis ....................................................................................................... 77

A. OPA Staff Regularly Recommended That High-Level Agency Political Appointees Attend 

Events With Targeted Republican Candidates ........................................................................ 77

B. U.S. Treasury funds Were Used to Pay for High-Level Agency Political Appointees to Travel 

to Events Aimed at the Success of Republican Candidates in 2006 ....................................... 81

1. Department of Veterans Affairs ......................................................................................... 82

2. Department of Transportation ............................................................................................ 84

3. Department of the Interior .................................................................................................. 84

4. Office of National Drug Control Policy ............................................................................. 86

5. Department of Housing and Urban Development .............................................................. 87

6. Department of Education.................................................................................................... 90

7. Department of Agriculture ................................................................................................. 91

8. Department of Health and Human Services ....................................................................... 92
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9. Small Business Administration ........................................................................................... 92

10. Department of Energy ......................................................................................................... 93

III. Discussion and Recommendations ................................................................................................ 93

A. Non-Hatch Act Standards Are Inapplicable ............................................................................. 94

B. Correctly Classifying Events as Official or Political for Hatch Act Purposes ......................... 95

C. Obtaining Reimbursement for the Costs of Traveling to Political Events ............................. 100

APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................... 104

Memorandum: Political Activity Guidance: Procedures For Vetting Invitations To Political Events 

And Allocating Travel Expenses Of Mixed Official/Political Travel ................................................ 104
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INDEX OF CHARTS

Chart 1: Events Tracked by OPA and Completed by High-Level Agency 

 Political Appointees – Comparison of Non-Election (2005) to Election (2006) 

 Years, January 1 Through November 6 .......................................................59 

 

Chart 2: Events Completed by High-Level Agency Political Appointees With Republican 

 Candidates – Comparison of Non-Election (2005) to Election (2006) Years, 

 January 1 Through November 6. ..............................................................60 

Chart 3: Events Tracked by OPA and Completed by High-Level Agency Political 

 Appointees in the Three Months Immediately Prior to 2006 Midterm 

 Elections...........................................................................................62 

Chart 4: Events Tracked by OPA and Completed by High-Level Agency Political 

 Appointees – Comparison of Non-Election (2005) to Election (2006) 

 Years, August 1 Through November 6 .......................................................79 

Chart 5: Events Tracked by OPA and Completed by High-Level Agency Political 

 Appointees in 2006 – Comparison of August 1 Through November 6, 2006, 

 to May 1 Through July 31, 2006...............................................................80 
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INTRODUCTION

I. Overview 

This report presents the U.S. Office of Special Counsel’s (OSC) investigative findings 

regarding White House Office of Political Affairs (OPA) employees conducting political 

briefings for agency political appointees during work hours and in the federal workplace.1

 

OSC’s investigation eventually expanded to examine other Hatch Act concerns involving OPA 

employees and agency political appointees. The activities investigated by OSC occurred during 

President George W. Bush’s administration (Bush II). 

Specifically, in addition to the briefings mentioned above, OSC investigated: 

• OPA’s assistance to the campaigns of Republican candidates in coordination with 

the Republican National Committee (RNC).

2

• The travel of high-level agency political appointees to events to support 

Republican candidates. 

 

• The improper classification of travel by high-level agency political appointees as 

“official” when it was, in fact, political. 

• The failure by agencies to collect reimbursement of government funds expended 

for political travel of high-level agency political appointees. 

In the chapters that follow, OSC explains its findings and legal conclusions, and recommends 

certain practices and regulatory amendments that OSC believes should be adopted to ensure 

future compliance with the Hatch Act.3

 

II. Background 

In February 2007, OSC received a complaint that, among other things, then-OPA Deputy 

Director J. Scott Jennings conducted a political briefing at the U.S. General Services 

Administration (GSA). During this briefing, Mr. Jennings presented PowerPoint slides, dated 

January 26, 2007, that summarized the 2006 midterm elections and identified Republican 

incumbents whom the White House considered vulnerable in the 2008 elections. The 

presentation included slides depicting how 72-hour deployments, a grassroots campaign 

technique for securing late-deciding voters, had been successfully employed by the Republican 

Party during the 2004 election cycle. 

 

1 “Agency” also refers to departments. 

2 The term “candidate” as used throughout this report refers to both incumbents and challengers.

3 Because all of the officials who were involved in Hatch Act violations described in this report are no longer 

employed by the federal government, OSC cannot bring disciplinary actions against these employees. 
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OSC uncovered evidence that the OPA Director and Deputy Director provided similar 

political briefings to political appointees at 21 other federal agencies. As a result, OSC initiated 

its investigation of these political briefings. To that end, OSC requested from the White House 

and numerous executive branch agencies any information and documentation pertaining to the 

political briefings.4

 Information OSC received in response to its requests revealed that various 

White House employees were issued non-official RNC e-mail accounts, which they used in their 

efforts to support Republican candidates. Based on that information, OSC asked the RNC to 

produce copies of any and all e-mails sent or received by White House employees relating to the 

political briefings conducted by OPA staff. In response, the RNC produced several thousand 

pages of e-mail records. 

A thorough review of the records provided by the White House, the RNC, and the 

agencies revealed that in addition to presenting political briefings, OPA staff and agency political 

appointees potentially were engaged in other activities prohibited by the Hatch Act. Specifically, 

evidence showed that, while on duty, OPA staff members coordinated the official travel of highlevel agency political appointees in the Bush II administration for the purpose of assisting in the 

election or reelection of Republican candidates, a practice referred to as “asset deployment.” In 

light of this evidence, OSC created a task force to investigate these matters, as well. 

III. Methodology 

In total, OSC received and reviewed approximately 100,000 pages of documentary 

evidence during its investigation. The documents largely consisted of e-mail communications 

between OPA employees and agency political appointees, and OPA employees and Republican 

candidates. Also reviewed were internal agency communications and memoranda, and internal 

White House communications and memoranda.5

 

OSC interviewed more than 80 individuals who served as political appointees during the 

Bush II administration. Several individuals were interviewed on multiple occasions. Among 

those interviewed were: former OPA Directors, Deputy Directors, and OPA Associate Directors, 

former Associate Directors of Scheduling, agency White House liaisons, agency Chiefs of Staff, 

 

4 Federal agencies from which OSC initially requested information pertaining to political briefings include the 

following agencies: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Defense, 

U.S. Department of Education, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Department of Housing 

and Urban Development, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Department of Labor, 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of National Drug Control Policy, Peace Corps, U.S. Office 

of Personnel Management, Office of Science and Technology Policy, U.S. Small Business Administration, U.S. 

Department of State, U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Department of the Treasury, United States Agency for 

International Development, and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.

5 OSC also reviewed documentation pertaining to grant allocation and distribution. Because neither OSC’s 

preliminary review of that information nor witness testimony indicated any improper actions with respect to grant 

allocation or distribution, OSC did not further pursue the issue of grants as a component of this investigation. 
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agency scheduling staff, and agency political appointees in attendance at OPA’s briefings. OSC 

also interviewed eight career agency ethics officials.

Additionally, OSC reviewed memoranda, news articles, books, congressional reports, and 

scholarly publications to gain a better understanding of OPA’s history and operations during the 

administrations of former Presidents George H.W. Bush (Bush I) and William Jefferson Clinton 

(Clinton).

IV. Organization of the Report 

This report is divided into five chapters as follows: 

• Chapter One provides a historical overview of the Hatch Act and examines the 

provisions of the Act and the relevant legislative history that are germane to this 

investigation. 

• Chapter Two includes OSC’s factual findings regarding OPA’s structure, function, 

and organization during the Bush II administration. 

• Chapter Three describes the factual findings and analysis pertaining to OPA’s 

practice of conducting political briefings at federal agencies. 

• Chapter Four examines the facts surrounding the activities of OPA employees, 

including the practice of coordinating the travel of high-level agency political 

appointees to events to support Republican candidates. This chapter concludes 

with a legal analysis of how these activities violated the Hatch Act.

• Chapter Five sets forth the factual findings and analysis regarding travel of highlevel agency political appointees to support Republican candidates. 

Chapters Three through Five conclude with recommendations for future Hatch Act compliance 

related to the activities discussed in this report. 
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CHAPTER ONE: APPLICABLE PROVISIONS OF THE HATCH ACT

I. Overview

This chapter traces the history of the Hatch Act. A synopsis of the current provisions of 

the Act follows, with particular emphasis on the provisions that are germane to this report. 

Specifically, the Act’s prohibition against engaging in political activity while on duty and in a 

federal workplace, and the exemption of certain high-level political appointees from this 

prohibition, are discussed in detail throughout the report. In addition, the Act’s prohibition 

against using one’s official authority or influence to affect the result of an election is explained 

here for use as a reference in later chapters.

II. Historical Background 

The political activity of government employees has been a concern since the earliest days 

of the Republic. President Thomas Jefferson was among the first to express concern about this 

issue, and, as a result, the heads of the executive departments at the time ordered employees “not 

[to] attempt to influence the votes of others nor take any part in the business of electioneering, 

that being deemed inconsistent with the spirit of the Constitution and [the employees’] duties to 

it.”6

 Nonetheless, the politicization of the federal workforce, the so-called spoils system, 

developed and persisted throughout the 19th Century. In 1881, a disgruntled office seeker who 

was denied an appointment in the new administration assassinated President James A. Garfield. 

This led Congress in 1883 to pass the Pendleton Act, making it unlawful to require federal 

employees to perform political favors or use their official authority to elicit political action from 

any person. The Act also created the Civil Service Commission as the agency that would 

enforce the Act. 

 Pursuant to the Pendleton Act, President Chester A. Arthur promulgated the Civil Service 

Rules, the first of which limited the political activities of federal employees and protected them 

from being coerced into engaging in political activity. In 1907, under President Theodore 

Roosevelt, who reiterated prior concern about the spoils system, the Civil Service Commission 

began recommending sanctions against employees who took an active role in partisan political 

management and campaigns. 

 Yet the problem of the politicization of the federal workforce persisted to the point where 

workers in New Deal jobs programs were forced to engage in political activity in the 1936 and 

1938 congressional elections. As a result, in 1939, Congress passed An Act to Prevent 

 

6 7 Cong. Globe, 25th Cong., 3d Sess. app. 409 (1893) (statement of Sen. Rives) available at

http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29275/m1/672/.
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Pernicious Political Activities, now known as the Hatch Act.7 In doing so, Congress determined 

that partisan activity by federal employees must be limited in order for public institutions to 

function fairly and effectively, and prescribed removal as the penalty for violators. Thus, after 

passage of this law in 1939, federal employees were prohibited, both on and off duty, from using 

their official authority or influence to affect the results of partisan elections, and virtually all such 

employees were prohibited, again both on and off duty, from taking an active part in political 

management or political campaigns. 

 Although employees of the Office of the President were likewise prohibited from using 

their official authority or influence to affect the results of elections, they were exempt from the 

restrictions concerning active participation in political management and political campaigns.8

 

However, appropriations law principles prohibited the use of appropriated funds and government 

resources for political purposes by all employees, including those exempt from some of the 

political activity restrictions of the Act.9 

 The Supreme Court has repeatedly upheld the Hatch Act as constitutional, and has stated 

that it is the “judgment of history” and of the Court itself that “it is in the best interests of the 

country, indeed essential, that federal service should depend upon meritorious performance 

rather than political service, and that the political influence of federal employees on others and 

on the electoral process should be limited.”10

 

7 Pub. L. No. 76-252, 53 Stat. 1147 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 5 U.S.C.).

8 In 1939, when the Hatch Act was enacted, “the appropriation for the ‘Office of the President,’ which provided for 

‘personal services in the office of the President,’ was the only appropriation for personnel under the heading 

‘Executive Office.’ Later that year, the Executive Office of the President (EOP) was established, and the Bureau of 

the Budget and other agencies were transferred to it. To reflect the change in organization, the next Appropriations 

Act carried a general heading for ‘Executive Office of the President.’ Instead of ‘Office of the President,’ the item 

covering ‘personal services’ was entitled ‘White House Office.’ With changes in form, the appropriation for the 

President’s personal staff has been carried under this item since then.” 1 U.S. Op. Off. Legal Counsel 54 (1977), 

1977 WL 18021, at *2 (citations omitted). Despite the establishment of the EOP, the U.S. Department of Justice 

Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) concluded the exemption from the Hatch Act was intended to apply only to persons 

paid from the item for the White House Office, which is the “lineal descendant” of the Office of the President. Id. 9 Memorandum from C. Boyden Gray, Counsel to the President, to White House Staff 3-4 (Nov. 27, 1991) 

(referencing both the Hatch Act and appropriations principles in advising EOP employees of the limits on political 

activity).

10 U.S. Civil Serv. Comm’n v. Nat’l Ass’n of Letter Carriers, 413 U.S. 548, 557 (1973) (affirming the 

constitutionality of the Hatch Act as applied to federal employees because the provisions of the Act were neither 

unconstitutionally vague nor fatally overbroad); see also United Pub. Workers v. Mitchell, 330 U.S. 75 (1947) 

(upholding the Hatch Act’s restrictions on partisan political management by federal employees); Oklahoma v. U.S. 

Civ. Serv. Comm’n, 330 U.S. 127 (1947) (upholding the constitutionality of the Hatch Act as applied to certain state 

and local employees).
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III. Current Law

The Hatch Act’s prohibitions remained largely unchanged until October 1993, when 

President Clinton signed legislation that substantially amended the Hatch Act.11 These 

amendments struck a balance whereby most federal employees were now permitted to engage in 

partisan political management and campaigns in their personal capacities and on their own time. 

They were, however, strictly forbidden from engaging in political activity while on duty or in the 

federal workplace. In pertinent part, the Hatch Act defined “employee” as “any individual, other 

than the President and the Vice President, employed or holding office in . . . an Executive agency 

other than the General Accounting Office.”12 Senator John Glenn, former Chairman of the 

Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs and a sponsor of the 1993 amendments to the Hatch 

Act, stated:

[W]hat we do by this legislation is we say basically that on the 

job . . . we tighten up the Hatch Act. We strengthen current 

prohibitions against on the job political activity by Government 

employees . . . and we say there will be no political activity on the 

job. There are no exceptions to that. There will be no political 

activity of any kind on the job.13

 

Like the original Hatch Act provisions, the constitutionality of the new statutory scheme was 

upheld in 2003.14 

With respect to the on-duty prohibitions, the Hatch Act, codified at 5 U.S.C. § 7324, 

provides the following: 

(a) An employee may not engage in political activity --

(1) while the employee is on duty; 

(2) in any room or building occupied in the discharge of 

official duties by an individual employed or holding office 

in the Government of the United States or any agency or 

instrumentality thereof; 

(3) while wearing a uniform or official insignia identifying 

the office or position of the employee; or 

 

11 See generally Hatch Act Reform Amendments of 1993, Pub. L. No. 103-94, 107 Stat. 1001 (codified in scattered 

sections of 5 U.S.C.).

12 5 U.S.C. § 7322(1)(A). The General Accounting Office was renamed the U.S. Government Accountability Office 

effective July 7, 2004. See U.S. GAO – Our Name, http://www.gao.gov/about/namechange.html (last visited Jan. 4, 

2011).

13 139 Cong. Rec. 15,739 (1993). 14 See Burrus v. Vegliante, 336 F.3d 82 (2d Cir. 2003) (holding that the prohibition against engaging in “political 

activity” while on duty or in a federal building was not unconstitutionally vague or overbroad).
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(4) using any vehicle owned or leased by the Government 

of the United States or any agency or instrumentality 

thereof.

(b)(1) An employee described in paragraph (2) of this subsection 

may engage in political activity otherwise prohibited by subsection 

(a) if the costs associated with that political activity are not paid for 

by money derived from the Treasury of the United States. 

(2) Paragraph (1) applies to an employee – 

(A) the duties and responsibilities of whose position 

continue outside normal duty hours and while away from 

the normal duty post; and 

(B) who is – 

(i) an employee paid from an appropriation for the 

Executive Office of the President; or 

(ii) an employee appointed by the President, by and 

with the advice and consent of the Senate, whose 

position is located within the United States, who 

determines policies to be pursued by the United 

States in relations with foreign powers or in the 

nationwide administration of Federal laws.

 “Political activity” is defined as “an activity directed toward the success or failure of a political 

party, candidate for partisan political office, or partisan political group.”15 

The attendant regulations to 5 U.S.C. § 7324(b) are 5 C.F.R. §§ 734.502-503.16 Section 

734.503 explains what constitutes “money derived from the Treasury of the United States” for 

purposes of 5 U.S.C. § 7324(b)(1).17 Specifically, “. . . costs associated with a political activity 

are deemed not to be paid for by money derived from the Treasury . . . if the Treasury is 

reimbursed for the costs within a reasonable period of time.”18 Further, “. . . costs associated 

with a political activity do not include any costs that the Government would have or have [sic] 

incurred regardless of whether the activity was political.”19 

 

15 5 C.F.R. § 734.101.

16 Pursuant to 5 C.F.R. § 734.102(c), OPM is authorized to promulgate regulations concerning the Hatch Act.

17 There is a typographical error in § 734.503 in that the reference to § 733.502(c) should be a reference to 

§ 734.502(c), as there is no § 733.502 in the regulations.

18 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(a).

19 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(b).
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Further insight into §7324(b) can be found in the legislative history. In 1993, the House 

Committee on Post Office and Civil Service of the 103rd Congress (Committee) issued a Report 

to accompany the Hatch Act Reform Amendments of 1993.20 Therein, the Committee noted 

several “matters of special interest,” including the use of U.S. Treasury funds for political 

activities.21 Specifically, the Committee discussed the amendments’ exception for certain “highlevel political officials,” i.e., employees who meet criteria set out in 5 U.S.C. § 7324(b)(2), to 

engage in political activity while on duty. The Committee cautioned that “[d]espite the 

exception . . . the committee expects that most of the political activity that these officials engage 

in will be conducted off Government property and not during regular duty hours.” 22 The 

Committee specifically noted that it did not expect all activities of high-level political officials to 

be itemized such that the cost of every incidental phone call or the portion of their salary 

attributable to time spent on political activities must be reimbursed. It specifically admonished, 

however, that “. . . if a Government office is turned into a political boiler room, all the costs 

associated with that activity should be reimbursed.”23 

Another provision of the Hatch Act that will be analyzed in this report is 5 U.S.C. 

§ 7323(a)(1). This provision of the Act was not changed by the 1993 amendments. It provides 

that an employee of the federal government may not “use his official authority or influence for 

the purpose of interfering with or affecting the result of an election.” The attendant regulations 

to this section provide examples of prohibited activities to include: using one’s official title while 

participating in political activity; using one’s authority to coerce any person to participate in 

political activity; and soliciting, accepting, or receiving uncompensated individual volunteer 

services from a subordinate for any political purpose.24

 

20 H.R. Rep. No. 103-16 (1993). 21 Id. at 22. 22 Id.

23 Id. 24 5 C.F.R. § 734.302.
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CHAPTER TWO: THE WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF POLITICAL AFFAIRS

I. Overview

OPA has been influential in American electoral politics since the 1970s. In this chapter, 

OSC traces the history of OPA and describes its organizational structure during the Bush II 

administration. In addition, OSC explains the functions of the OPA Director, Deputy Director, 

Associate Directors, and the Surrogate Scheduler, all of whom figure prominently in the chapters 

that follow. The individuals holding these positions during the Bush II administration played a 

role in the political briefings that will be addressed in Chapter Three. They were also involved in 

OPA’s assistance to the RNC to help Republican candidates discussed in Chapter Four, and the 

coordination of travel of high-level agency political appointees during the 2006 election season 

discussed in Chapter Five.

II. Establishment of OPA

While the White House has employed “political people” on its staff for decades, 

President James Earl “Jimmy” Carter, Jr., was the first to appoint someone to be exclusively 

responsible for dealing with political matters.25 In response to criticism that his administration

was staffed with “political novices” who lacked “political sensitivity,” President Carter 

appointed his scheduling deputy to the position of Assistant to the President for Political Affairs 

and Personnel.26 That individual met regularly with the Chairman of the Democratic National 

Committee (DNC) in order to supervise party affairs and, at the direction of President Carter’s 

Chief of Staff, initiated campaign planning efforts.27 As such, the Office of Political Affairs and 

Personnel, a predecessor to today’s OPA, was left to handle the “nuts-and-bolts campaign 

planning.”28 In 1980, “the office was first set up with its own segment of the White House 

budget.”29 Since then, the staff has been paid from U.S. Treasury funds and, like all career 

federal employees, is subject to federal ethics rules, financial disclosure requirements, and 

conflict of interest restrictions.30

Over the years, OPA has come to represent the centralization of electoral politics in the 

White House.31

 

25 Kathryn Dunn Tenpas, Presidents as Candidates: Inside the White House for the Presidential 

Campaign 7 (Garland Publ’g 1997).

 OPA has been staffed predominantly by individuals with sharp political instincts 

and expertise in political operations. Although OPA’s influence varied depending on the 

26 Id.

27 Id. at 8.

28 Id.

29 Bradley H. Patterson, Jr., The White House Staff: Inside the West Wing and Beyond 206 (Brookings Inst. 2000).

30 Id. at 205.

31 Kathryn Dunn Tenpas, Institutionalized Politics: The White House Office of Political Affairs, 26 Presidential 

Studies Quarterly, no. 2, Spring 1996, at 511 [hereinafter Tenpas, Institutionalized Politics].
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administration, its functions appear to have been nearly identical since the Carter 

administration.

32 

III. OPA’s Organizational Structure and Functions During the Bush II 

Administration 

During the Bush II administration, OPA resided in the White House Office, within the 

Executive Office of the President (EOP).33 President George W. Bush appointed Kenneth

Mehlman, the national field director of the Bush/Cheney 2000 campaign, to be his first Director 

of OPA. Working for Mr. Mehlman were five regional Associate Directors, also former 

members of the 2000 Presidential campaign. Matthew Schlapp, another Bush/Cheney 2000 

veteran, served as the Deputy Director of the office. 

Though its personnel frequently changed, certain aspects of the office remained constant 

during the Bush II administration. First, the organizational model implemented by Director

Mehlman remained unchanged during both terms of the administration. Second, all of the 

individuals hired to fill the positions of Director, Deputy Director, and Associate Director 

brought to the office a wealth of political and campaign experience, which they used, as one 

witness stated, to serve as the “political eyes and ears for the President.” On a daily basis, the 

staff of OPA was involved in the following: supporting the President and his advisors in the 

planning, development, and coordination of long-range strategies for achieving Presidential 

priorities; interfacing with constituents and political groups to evaluate the levels of support for 

Presidential initiatives and policies; monitoring the political rhythm in key districts across the 

country; coordinating travel of senior White House officials; conducting political briefings for 

agency political appointees and key constituent groups visiting the White House; serving as 

liaisons between federal agencies and political groups as well as the national, state, and local 

Republican Party organizations; supporting the early efforts of President Bush’s reelection 

campaign; assisting Republican incumbents with their reelection campaigns; and orchestrating 

the attendance of high-level agency political appointees at events hosted by Republican 

candidates.

 

32 OPA under the Clinton and Bush I administrations will be examined for historical perspective in Chapter Four. 

See infra pp. 71-73. 

33 “[EOP] consists of a group of federal agencies immediately serving the President. Among the oldest of these is 

the White House Office, where many of the President’s personal assistants are located . . . . Entities have been 

placed within the EOP by both Presidential action and congressional determination. Some components have 

endured; others have been brief experiments. Some have been transferred to other quarters of the executive branch; 

others have been abolished with no successor. In large measure, the tenure and durability of an Executive Office 

agency is dependent upon the agency’s usefulness to the President — as a managerial or coordinative auxiliary, a 

national symbol, or a haven of political patronage, among other considerations.” Harold C. Relyea, The Executive 

Office of the President: An Historical Overview, CRS Rep. No. 98-606, at Summary (March 17, 2008) available at

http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-606.pdf.
11 | Page

A. OPA Director and Deputy Director

During the Bush II administration, the OPA Director and Deputy Director were 

commissioned as Deputy Assistant and Special Assistant to the President, respectively.34 Their 

duties included: overseeing OPA, advising the President on the political implications of various 

policies and initiatives, managing the support that the administration provided to political 

candidates, using political organizations around the country to promote the President’s agenda, 

and identifying individuals around the country interested in serving the administration. 

Between 2001 and 2007, three individuals held the position of OPA Director: Kenneth 

Mehlman, Matthew Schlapp, and Sara Taylor. Each of these individuals possessed an extensive 

background in partisan politics and campaign management. As noted above, Mr. Mehlman 

served as the national field director for the Bush/Cheney 2000 campaign. Mr. Schlapp served as 

a regional director for the Bush/Cheney 2000 campaign and as Deputy Director at OPA from 

2001 to 2003, before being appointed to the position of Director. Ms. Taylor, who held the 

position during the second term of the Bush II administration, served as an executive director of 

the Bush/Cheney 2000 Michigan campaign, as an OPA Associate Director from 2001 to 2003, 

and as a strategist for the Bush/Cheney 2004 campaign. 

Generally, it was the Director’s job to use the collective expertise of the office to keep the 

President informed about political issues at both the national and state levels. As such, the 

Director frequently met with RNC officials who briefed him or her on emergent political issues. 

The Director also received updates on campaigns that the administration was interested in 

tracking, and used the information to align strategically the travel of high-level political 

appointees with the President’s priorities in key congressional districts. 

Also serving as a conduit of information from the White House, the OPA Director 

conducted briefings for political appointees at federal agencies. The briefings were instituted as 

a means to keep appointees engaged in the President’s initiatives and agenda, to prevent 

appointees from losing their connection to the administration, and to provide an update on the 

political climate of the country including races that were of particular interest to the White House 

and the RNC. Political briefings at federal agencies were typically accompanied by a 

 

34 Positions within the EOP are generally divided into two distinct categories: those individuals who are 

Presidentially appointed, receiving formal, signed commissions from the President; and those individuals who were 

appointed with Presidential approval. White House officials who are Presidentially appointed are considered 

“commissioned officers” in the White House. These commissioned officers are divided into three categories starting 

with the most senior: Assistant to the President, Deputy Assistant to the President, and Special Assistant to the 

President. For example, during the Bush II administration, a number of positions were commissioned as “Assistant 

to the President,” such as the Chief of Staff, Deputy Chief of Staff, Counsel to the President, Press Secretary, and 

Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs. See Patterson, supra note 29, at 220-21; Bradford A. Berenson, 

former Assoc. White House Counsel, Legal Decision-Making in the Bush White House: Enron, the War on Terror, 

and Homeland Security (June 30, 2004) available at http://www.rieti.go.jp/en/events/bbl/04063001.html. 
12 | Page

PowerPoint presentation. The Director was primarily responsible for the content of the 

PowerPoint slides, but Ms. Taylor and the former OPA Deputy Director Scott Jennings 

explained that OPA Associate Directors, as well as employees in the White House Office of 

Strategic Initiatives, helped collect the relevant data. 

As did the Director, the Deputy Director frequently conducted political briefings for 

political appointees at federal agencies as well as for state and local political groups visiting the 

White House. In addition to assisting the Director with the day-to-day administration of the 

office, the Deputy Director worked with the White House Office of Presidential Personnel to 

recruit and evaluate applicants for political appointments. 

B. OPA Associate Directors

OPA Associate Directors were appointed to their positions with Presidential approval but 

were not commissioned officers of the President or senior White House employees.35 Each 

Associate Director was responsible for one of five geographic regions of the United States. As 

Mr. Mehlman explained:

Each of those regional [Associate] Directors were people who had 

either worked on a campaign in that region, or worked, in some 

cases, at the RNC in that region, had knowledge of the region, had 

knowledge of the players, and knowledge of the people that were 

elected officials in the region. . . . Their job was to make sure that 

they were very much familiar with all of the political entities in the 

region, to help promote the President’s policies in the region, to 

interface with relevant campaigns in the region, to help the 

members [of Congress]. 

Associate Directors were considered political experts on their particular geographic 

region of responsibility. This expertise encompassed the region’s political landscape, contested 

congressional and local races, constituent interests, as well as key economic and regional issues. 

As stated by a former Associate Director:

It was expected that we would know more about our states, across 

the board, than anybody, and so it was important to be in constant 

contact . . . with people in the states, and move that information up 

the chain. And . . . I think that we were conduits of 

information . . . . [W]e would try to gather information, we would 

try to be as aware as possible of what was happening, and make 

 

35 Patterson, note 29, at 220-221.
13 | Page

sure that the President and senior officials were aware of what was 

going on in our states. 

Associate Directors coordinated and planned the travel of senior White House officials 

including, but not limited to, the President, the Vice President, and the First Lady. Associate 

Directors vetted venues for upcoming events, secured attendees for events, and invited elected 

officials to greet the arriving President, Vice President or First Lady. In order to continue 

coordinating details on the ground, Associate Directors personally staffed the planned events, 

often traveling on Air Force One, from state to state, alongside the President and senior White 

House officials.

Associate Directors also coordinated travel of high-level agency political appointees. 

They processed hundreds of requests from members of Congress and state and local political 

groups seeking to have a high-level agency political appointee travel to their respective 

congressional districts. If the Associate Directors determined that the event matched the 

administration’s agenda and electoral priorities, they communicated the request to the Associate 

Director of Scheduling (also called the Surrogate Scheduler) who, in turn, forwarded OPAapproved requests to the federal agencies. Subsequently, OPA furnished the travelling high-level 

agency political appointee with a summary of the political climate of the state where the event 

would be scheduled. Specifically, each Associate Director kept dossiers with up-to-date polling 

data as well as information on local elected officials, key campaigns, significant local issues, and 

the administration’s priorities for his or her region of responsibility. A former Associate 

Director testified that members of Congress often submitted their requests for administration 

speakers directly to OPA for the specific purpose of having OPA forward their requests to

agencies. During 2006 alone, OPA forwarded over 600 requests to agencies for events with 

high-level agency political appointees.

36

Finally, Associate Directors regularly communicated with their respective counterparts at 

the RNC. Not unlike OPA, the political office at the RNC was divided into geographic regions

manned by Desk Coordinators. The geographic region assigned to an RNC Desk Coordinator 

corresponded to the region assigned to an OPA Associate Director. As such, Associate Directors 

communicated with their RNC counterparts about matters politically relevant in their states, 

including sharing polling data, seeking updates on political candidates and elected officials, and 

addressing constituent concerns. 

 

36 This figure is gleaned from documents called Suggested Memoranda. The specific methodology for calculating 

this figure is described in detail in Chapter Four, infra pp. 57-58. 
14 | Page

C. OPA’s Relationship With the White House Office of Scheduling and 

Appointments

The White House Office of Scheduling and Appointments coordinated the President’s 

schedule and maintained his daily calendar of appointments. This office was comprised of the 

Director of Scheduling and several Assistant Schedulers who divided responsibility for the 

President’s schedule according to the days of the week. The functions of the Office of 

Scheduling and OPA were linked via the Surrogate Scheduler. The Surrogate Scheduler reported 

both to the Director of Scheduling and the Director of OPA and had separate duties in each 

office. 

Like an OPA Associate Director, the Surrogate Scheduler was appointed to his or her 

position with Presidential approval but was not a commissioned officer or a senior White House 

employee. The Surrogate Scheduler had two distinct job functions. First, the Scheduler was 

responsible for finding and scheduling surrogates to appear at events on behalf of the President 

when the President was unable to attend. These events, as former Surrogate Scheduler Mindy 

McLaughlin explained, were referred to as “POTUS regrets.”37 In this role of filling and 

coordinating POTUS regrets, the Surrogate Scheduler reported to the Director of Scheduling. 

The Surrogate Scheduler’s other duty was to facilitate the appearance of high-level 

agency political appointees at events when members of Congress, candidates for elective office, 

and constituent groups so requested. Essentially, once the requests were received by OPA, and 

approved as described above, the Surrogate Scheduler relayed the requests to the appropriate 

federal agencies for completion. The Surrogate Scheduler met with OPA staff daily to discuss 

OPA’s agenda and the status of pending requests for high-level agency political appointees. 

 

37 “POTUS” refers to the President of the United States.
15 | Page

CHAPTER THREE: POLITICAL BRIEFINGS

I. Overview 

 

This chapter addresses how OPA employees violated the Hatch Act by giving political 

briefings to agency political appointees during the Bush II administration. The briefings 

typically were given by the OPA Director or Deputy Director, who testified that the briefings 

were intended to boost morale among political appointees and provide an overview of the 

“political landscape.” However, witness testimony, e-mail messages, and PowerPoint slides 

used at some of the briefings indicate that the electoral success of the Republican Party, and 

possible strategies for achieving it, were often on the agenda. As such, these briefings 

constituted political activity. Because most of the briefings took place during normal business 

hours and in government buildings, many of the briefings implicated the Hatch Act’s prohibition 

against engaging in political activity while on duty or in a federal workplace. 

Accordingly, OSC analyzes whether the OPA Director, Deputy Director, Associate 

Directors, Surrogate Scheduler, White House liaisons, and other political appointees – the 

administration employees who took part in the briefings – violated any of the Hatch Act’s 

prohibitions by coordinating, presenting, or attending the briefings. OSC concludes that 

pursuant to § 7324(b), both the OPA Director and Deputy Director were exempt from the Act’s 

proscription against engaging in political activity while on duty or in a federal workplace. 

However, the Associate Directors, Surrogate Scheduler, White House liaisons, and some other 

political appointees were not exempt from this provision. Thus, involvement of these nonexempt individuals in the briefings raises Hatch Act concerns that are discussed below. In 

addition, OSC concludes that by virtue of their positions, the OPA Director and Deputy Director, 

as well as some White House liaisons who required political appointees to attend the briefings, 

violated the Hatch Act’s prohibition against using their official authority or influence to affect 

the result of an election. Based on these findings, OSC recommends that in the future, briefings 

like the ones discussed below should not occur in the federal workplace or during normal 

business hours, and attendance should be completely optional. 

II. Factual Findings

A. Purpose of Political Briefings 

OSC identified approximately 75 political briefings given by OPA employees to political 

appointees at 20 federal agencies between 2001 and 2007. Typically, these briefings were 

conducted by the OPA Director or Deputy Director. Associate Directors and the Surrogate 

Scheduler helped prepare the presentations and on rare occasions gave the presentations. Former 

OPA employees testified that they viewed working on political briefings as one of their official 

job duties. 
16 | Page

 The political briefings accomplished several objectives, one of which was to mobilize 

political appointees during election seasons. For example, in February 2002, OPA Director 

Mehlman instructed his staff that “[b]ecause this is a political year, regular, updated information 

will be important and interesting. We want to discuss targets, how people can help, our plan for 

coordinated activities, and (most importantly) what’s appropriate and legal.” In addition, the 

political briefings included information about the overall political climate, the economic 

landscape, the President’s job approval ratings, and the current and predicted makeup of 

Congress. Finally, according to Scott Jennings, Deputy Director during the 2006 election cycle, 

the political briefings were “morale boosting tools” that were “designed to let the appointees 

know that the White House appreciated . . . [and] cared very much about their service.” The 

purpose and content of the political briefings presented to agency political appointees remained 

largely the same throughout the Bush II administration. 

B. Location and Scheduling of Political Briefings 

Political briefings generally were conducted in one of three venues: (1) agency 

headquarters; (2) the Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB); or (3) private venues, such 

as the American Enterprise Institute or the Capitol Hill Club. A large number of the political 

briefings were open to an agency’s entire political staff, often including the head of the agency. 

At times, however, OPA presented its political briefings exclusively to the agency’s most senior 

political employees, i.e., non-career Senior Executive Service employees (SES) and Presidential 

appointees with Senate confirmation (PAS). On still other occasions, invitees to political 

briefings consisted of only agency Chiefs of Staff and White House liaisons.38 Former OPA 

Director Sara Taylor stated that, regardless of whether the audience consisted of Schedule C, 

SES or PAS attendees, the content of political briefings remained unchanged.39

Of the approximately 75 political briefings that took place between 2001 and 2007, 22 

briefings, the highest number in any one calendar year, were conducted in 2006. Half of those 

briefings occurred between August and October 2006. The next highest number was 17, in 

election year 2002. By comparison, twelve briefings occurred in 2005, ten in 2004, three in 

2003, and 11 in 2001.40 

 

38 A White House liaison was an individual occupying a politically appointed position, generally located within the 

immediate office of the agency head or closely associated with the agency’s Chief of Staff. The position of White 

House liaison, as explained to OSC by employees who held that position, as well as OPA officials, existed for the 

purpose of maintaining an open line of communication between an agency and the White House. 

39 OPM may grant hiring authority under Schedule C on a case-by-case basis in situations for which political 

appointments are appropriate. Schedule C appointees keep a confidential or policy-determining relationship with

their supervisor and agency head.

40 While the evidence suggests that there were likely many more political briefings that occurred during these time 

periods, the figures cited represent those briefings that OSC was able to identify conclusively from the documents 

reviewed in this investigation.
17 | Page

During the first term of the Bush II administration, there was no discernable pattern 

concerning the time of day at which the political briefings were scheduled; however, nearly all of 

the briefings, according to the documents reviewed, occurred between 10:30 a.m. and 6:00 

p.m.41 During the second term of the Bush II administration, an issue was raised with respect to 

the political briefings occurring during typical work hours. Specifically, in April 2005, an 

Executive Assistant in OPA advised the White House liaison at the U.S. Department of the 

Interior (DOI) that the White House Counsel’s Office was uncomfortable with the idea of OPA 

presenting political briefings at agencies during work hours. Ms. Sara Taylor testified that the 

White House Counsel’s Office advised that political briefings should be held after 5:00 p.m. to 

avoid using government resources for political activity. The evidence shows that on June 30, 

2005, an OPA Associate Director sent an e-mail to the White House liaison at the U.S. 

Department of Education (DOEd) stating that political briefings “MUST take place after hours 

due to content . . . [at] 5PM or later.” In spite of these warnings, between April 2005 and 

February 2007, OPA conducted 36 political briefings for political appointees at federal 

agencies.42 Of the 30 political briefings for which OSC was able to discern a specific time of 

presentation, 14 were held before 5:00 p.m. None of the witnesses interviewed by OSC reported 

taking leave to attend any of the political briefings referenced in this report.

The evidence shows that in scheduling political briefings, it was routine for OPA to 

contact an agency’s White House liaison to offer a political update, or for a White House liaison 

to request one directly from OPA. While many liaisons’ requests for political briefings sought a 

broad political discussion in anticipation of the upcoming elections, other White House liaisons 

 

41 OSC identified political briefings which took place at the following dates and times: March 12, 2001, 12:00 p.m.; 

April 2, 2001, time undetermined; April 6, 2001, 4:45 p.m.; April 11, 2001, 4:00 p.m.; May 18, 2001, 5:00 p.m.; 

July 12, 2001, 10:30 a.m.; August 6, 2001, time undetermined; August 14, 2001, time undetermined; August 15, 

2001, time undetermined; November 30, 2001, 2:00 p.m.; December 14, 2001, 4:00 p.m.; January 6, 2002, time 

undetermined; January 28, 2002, time undetermined; February 6, 2002, 3:00 p.m.; February 7, 2002, time 

undetermined; March 5, 2002, 3:15 p.m.; March 6, 2002, 12:00 p.m.; March 8, 2002, 12:00 p.m.; March 12, 2002, 

4:00 p.m.; March 21, 2002, 2:00 p.m.; March 25, 2002, 10:45 a.m.; April 11, 2002, 12:00 p.m.; April 16, 2002, 2:30 

p.m.; September 6, 2002, time undetermined; September 12, 2002, 4:00 p.m.; November 8, 2002, 10:30 a.m.; 

November 26, 2002, 3:00 p.m.; December 17, 2002, 12:00 p.m.; February 21, 2003, 2:30 p.m.; March 5, 2003, 

11:30 a.m.; March 14, 2003, 3:00 p.m.; January 12, 2004, 10:05 a.m.; March 8, 2004, 11:00 a.m.; March 19, 2004, 

11:00 a.m.; March 30, 2004, time undetermined; April 2, 2004, 2:00 p.m.; April 14, 2004, 1:00 p.m.; May 18, 2004, 

4:30 p.m.; June 24, 2004, 2:00 p.m.; July 15, 2004, 5:00 p.m.; September 22, 2004, 11:00 a.m.; and one briefing, at 

an undetermined time, shortly before the 2004 election. 42 These political briefings took place on the following dates: April 18, 2005, 5:00 p.m.; April 20, 2005, 1:00 p.m.; 

May 4, 2005, 5:00 p.m.; June 9, 2005, 5:00 p.m.; July 11, 2005, 10:30 a.m.; July 25, 2005, 5:00 p.m.; July 26, 2005, 

5:00 p.m.; August 16, 2005, 5:00 p.m.; August 29, 2005, time undetermined; September 15, 2005, 5:00 p.m.; 

October 26, 2005, time undetermined; December 19, 2005, 3:00 p.m.; January 10, 2006, 5:30 p.m.; January 20, 

2006, 1:15 p.m.; March 7, 2006, 5:00 p.m.; March 14, 2006, 3:00 p.m.; March 21, 2006, time undetermined; April 

17, 2006, 2:00 p.m.; April 19, 2006, 5:15 p.m.; April 20, 2006, 5:00 p.m.; May 22, 2006, time undetermined; June 

28, 2006, 6:00 p.m.; July 21, 2006, 12:00 p.m.; August 8, 2006, 9:30 a.m.; August 14, 2006, 12:00 p.m.; August 16, 

2006, time undetermined; September 5, 2006, 11:00 a.m.; September 8, 2006, 1:30 p.m.; September 12, 2006, 3:30 

p.m.; September 19, 2006, 5:30 p.m.; September 20, 2006, 5:30 p.m.; September 25, 2006, 5:00 p.m.; September 26, 

2006, time undetermined; November 16, 2006, 4:00 p.m.; January 26, 2007, 1:30 p.m.; and February 6, 2007, 4:00 

p.m. 
18 | Page

requested the briefings as a call-to-action to the agency’s political appointees. For example, on 

September 6, 2006, Surrogate Scheduler Mindy McLaughlin forwarded a request from the White 

House liaison at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to Ms. Taylor, 

stating that the White House liaison had asked for a “morale boosting meeting” with the HUD 

Schedule C appointees that would “put the fear of God in them about continuing to work hard 

and sign up for the 72hour.” According to Ms. McLaughlin, the liaison was “really impressed 

with the impact Karl’s meeting had on [the agency Chief of Staff] and thinks it will be helpful to 

the political appointees.” 

Similarly, on June 15, 2004, a White House liaison at the U.S. Department of Agriculture 

(USDA) asked OPA to give a briefing on the political strategy during the last months of the 2004 

election cycle, stating that “[e]veryone knows the general strategy, but I think people need a 

pick-me-up reminder.” More specifically, he wrote, “I feel like people need to hear the message 

about resisting the urge to travel to the districts of key committee chairmen and members for the 

sake of building relationships” because “the White House determines which members need visits 

and where we need to be strategically placing our assets.” As in the political briefing request 

from HUD described above, the USDA liaison referred to earlier presentations, indicating that 

“[t]he briefing you gave to the Deployment team about a year ago would be perfect,” and that he 

hoped for OPA’s “regular presentation on strategic priorities (messages, states, etc.). Our folks 

just need to hear from someone higher level than me that we need to focus our efforts like a laser 

beam.”

On August 24, 2006, another request to OPA from the White House liaison at the United 

States Agency for International Development (USAID) sought a political briefing that would 

“keep the troops informed, motivated and activated as we move forward toward the fall 

elections.” Again, the White House liaison asked OPA for a “presentation similar to the one you 

and Mr. Rove gave two weeks ago . . . in the EEOB.” He also recalled that a “similar briefing 

was held at USAID by either your office or the RNC back during the 2002 midterm election 

cycle for the politicals and we appreciated the presentation greatly.” Thus, the evidence reflects 

that some White House liaisons viewed the briefings as a call to action for other appointees in 

their agencies, and based this on past experience with briefings. 

C. Political Appointees Were Expected to Attend Political Briefings

White House liaisons employed various strategies to communicate to political appointees 

that they were expected to attend political briefings. A former White House liaison explained 

that it was important to have a good turn-out when OPA staff presented a political briefing. One 

way the White House liaisons encouraged attendance was by appealing to the political 

appointees’ commitment to the administration. For example, on June 6, 2004, in an e-mail 
19 | Page

invitation to a political briefing, the White House liaison at the National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration (NASA) wrote:

The White House Office of Political Affairs has offered to come 

over to NASA to brief the appointees on all the current goings on 

in the political world. For those of you who have been to one of 

these briefings before, I know you can attest to their usefulness and 

for those of you who haven’t, I would simply say that this can’t be 

missed. . . . These briefings are usually only done for Cabinet 

Agencies, but they have seen the dedication the appointees here 

have shown and are happy to come over to see us. 

The day before the scheduled political briefing, the White House liaison reminded political 

appointees that it would “be a very informative meeting, please make every effort to attend, if 

possible. And come with questions for them, [because] this is the time to ask.” 

One DOI Chief of Staff, in addition to relying on his own influence to encourage 

attendance, invoked the agency Secretary’s authority to ensure that an upcoming political 

briefing would be well-attended. Issuing a memorandum to the political appointees, the Chief of 

Staff wrote: “The Secretary has asked me to let you know that we will have a special 

presentation at the Politicals meeting on Monday, March 25. . . . Please make a special effort to 

attend.” Similarly, the White House liaison at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 

advised political appointees: 

The White House political team would like to come by to do an 

informal briefing and question and answer session on Friday, July 

15, at 5:00 p.m. I know that it is not fun to attend a briefing on a 

Friday afternoon, but the Secretary would like to join as well and 

that is the best time for him. 

While at some agencies political appointees were encouraged to attend political briefings

given by OPA staff, at other agencies, attendance at briefings was mandatory. For example, the 

White House liaison at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) extended an 

invitation to the political appointees and stated: “This meeting is mandatory. It will essentially 

be the same large meeting that we had last year about this time. So, please clear your schedule, 

put your pom-poms on, and let’s go!!!” On July 25, 2005, a White House liaison at the U.S. 

Department of Commerce (DOC) wrote to political appointees, “Please mark your calendars for 

a mandatory meeting Tomorrow, July 26, in the Department Conference Room at 5pm.” 

Likewise, a U.S. Department of the Treasury (Treasury) political appointee advised other agency 

appointees of an upcoming political briefing and noted, “This event is mandatory for all local 
20 | Page

appointees unless on official leave.” Several former White House liaisons also told OSC that 

attendance at briefings was tracked, and the names of absentees were recorded. For example, a 

former White House liaison at the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) maintained a 

document on which political appointees were asked to indicate whether they could attend a 

briefing; if the response was “No,” they were required to provide a reason. 

D. PowerPoint Presentations Used During Political Briefings

OSC obtained 11 different PowerPoint presentations that were given to political 

appointees in 2001, 2005, 2006, and 2007.43 On average, each presentation contained 20 slides. 

The slides contained both text and graphs, providing statistics and polling data. The slides also 

identified administration priorities, vulnerable Republican races and geographic districts with 

hotly contested elections, and illustrated the success of 72-hour deployment efforts. 

A significant portion of each PowerPoint presentation was devoted to analyzing past, 

present, and future elections. On average, 40 percent of the slides contained data concerning key 

congressional elections in a given year. In two PowerPoint presentations, however, 60 percent of 

the slides dealt specifically with upcoming elections.44 Further, a PowerPoint presentation given 

on January 26, 2007, was almost entirely focused on elections. Specifically, it demonstrated the 

impact of the “GOP [Grand Old Party] ground-game” and reported voter turn-out and other 

trends from the 2006 midterm election cycle. It also listed the races that OPA predicted, based 

on the historical data, would be the targeted races for the 2008 elections. For example, a slide 

titled “Battle for Governors ‘07/’08,” identified all the states with 2007 and 2008 gubernatorial 

elections. The slide designated four states as “Republican Offense,” five states as “Republican 

Defense,” and five states as “Not Competitive.” 

Other slides titled “2008 House Targets” and “2008 House GOP Defense” were also 

included as part of the January 26, 2007, PowerPoint presentation. The “2008 House GOP 

Defense” slide is depicted below. 

[THIS SPACE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY]

 

43 OSC was unable to obtain every PowerPoint presentation used at political briefings during the Bush II 

administration. Witnesses, both presenters and attendees at political briefings, testified that the 11 PowerPoint 

presentations reviewed by OSC are an accurate reflection of the type of slides OPA staff used from 2001 to 2007. 44 These presentations were dated October 26, 2005, and September 12, 2006. 
21 | Page

 

In explaining some of these PowerPoint slides to OSC, former OPA Directors and a Deputy 

Director stated that the slides did not identify all upcoming races, but instead focused on races 

that were considered to be close, competitive, or a target. 

Mr. Mehlman commented on a similar slide titled “Competitive House Districts,” which 

was taken from a July 12, 2001, PowerPoint presentation and is depicted below. 

[THIS SPACE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY] 
22 | Page

 

He noted that the information on this slide was important for political appointees to know 

because it identified the districts that contained the most swing voters. Thus, Mr. Mehlman 

stated, the message conveyed to political appointees by this kind of slide was: “You’re able to 

reach out to people that on those public policy issues maybe are undecided, maybe are 

unengaged, and get them involved, too. This is an example of where you have the most impact 

on public policy, on public thinking, and also obviously . . . potential political impact.” 

[THIS SPACE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY] 
23 | Page

Below is an example of another slide taken from the January 26, 2007, PowerPoint 

presentation. 

In reference to this slide, Mr. Jennings explained to OSC that 

These lists [of targeted races] exist for two reasons. [O]bviously 

there is an electoral analysis going on here, so that’s Point A. 

Point B, though, is if you’re looking at it from a policy perspective, 

who are we going to be targeting? I think you can reasonably 

assume all of these people are going to be in precarious political 

positions. 

Corroborating the testimony above, Mr. Mehlman explained that OPA highlighted “target 

states” because they represented geographic areas where there was “real interest in and real 

competitiveness with respect to public policy and also politics.” In addition, Adrian Gray, a 

former Surrogate Scheduler, testified that the information about “target races” was important for 

political appointees to learn so they would understand the goals of the White House and why 

they were being asked to travel to a particular area of the country. Mr. Gray explained further 
24 | Page

that slides identifying the top 20 candidates were presented to agency political appointees 

because: 

If we are gonna make political requests [of agency officials], and 

we are asking them to do races where there is no one even being 

challenged in the race, they’re gonna look at us like we’re not 

taking their time seriously. If we make a political request of a 

[Cabinet member] and they know that the request that we’re 

passing along is because it’s got some importance, then they’re 

gonna take that more seriously. 

A former White House liaison at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) told 

OSC that he understood slides with “target races, regions, states” to mean: “Here’s the five 

places where if you can do something for this governor, et cetera et cetera, can you do it? So 

yes, there was always that correlation. If you are going to be in those areas, please include this 

person if you can.” A DOI Chief of Staff referred to the map shown below as an example of a 

slide that he understood was used by OPA to underscore and predict close upcoming Senate 

races. He further recalled that the purpose of a map such as the one depicted below was to 

identify the states where PAS officials ought to consider engaging in political activity. 

45

 

45 This slide was taken from a PowerPoint presentation dated August 6, 2001. The notation on the slide in New 

Mexico contains the name “Domenici,” the Senator from that state. OSC obtained a copy of this slide from a 

witness, who stated that he wrote “Domenici” during the presentation. 
25 | Page

Finally, a review of the PowerPoint presentations also shows that the topic of 72-hour 

deployments was part of the political briefings agenda. OSC identified at least four PowerPoint 

presentations that depicted information about 72-hour deployments and/or the “GOP ground 

game,” and their value in boosting Republican voter turn-out.46

 

 Below are examples of slides 

with information about 72-hour deployments and other strategies for achieving electoral success.

[THIS SPACE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY]

 

46 These presentations include: a presentation without a date; a presentation dated September 12, 2006; a 

presentation dated January 4, 2007; and a presentation dated January 26, 2007.
26 | Page

47

48

 

47 This slide was taken from a PowerPoint presentation dated September 12, 2006.

48 This slide was taken from a PowerPoint presentation dated January 26, 2007.
27 | Page

49

Ms. Taylor stated that the purpose behind slides concerning 72-hour deployments was to 

illustrate the effects that late volunteering on campaigns had on election results. Ms. Taylor 

noted that the commentary accompanying these slides would have been that this “campaign 

activity turned a disadvantage into an advantage.” 

E. Political Appointees’ Impressions of Political Briefings

As discussed above, former OPA staff testified that the purpose of political briefings was 

to boost the morale of the political appointees, to discuss the country’s political landscape, and to 

present information about past and upcoming elections. The evidence, however, shows a 

discrepancy between former OPA employees’ stated purpose for conducting the political 

briefings and the impressions the briefings had on some political appointees. 

In interviews of former OPA employees, OSC inquired whether, during political 

briefings, political appointees were encouraged to volunteer for campaigns. The OPA employees 

consistently responded that the topic of volunteering was brought up by the audience, not by the 

presenters. Mr. Mehlman testified that only when the attendees expressed an interest in learning 

about assisting on campaigns would he have explained to them “the appropriate way to get 

involved.” He elaborated that his comments to the attendees would have included suggestions to 

consult with agency counsel, and that although “it was the President’s goal to achieve 

Republican wins, do it in an appropriate way” and contact the RNC. Similarly, Mr. Jennings 

commented: “I can reasonably assume that political appointees, most of whom have political 

 

49 This slide was also taken from a PowerPoint presentation dated January 26, 2007.
28 | Page

backgrounds, . . . are going to find an appropriate fashion to engage in campaigns. I don’t recall 

it coming up [during political briefings], other than to say, if you do, here are the rules.” 

By contrast, on several occasions, appointees left the political briefings sensing a need to 

assist on campaigns. For example, following a September 2002 political briefing, a DOT 

employee sent an e-mail to the OPA Director, Deputy Director, and Surrogate Scheduler, stating: 

“I just wanted to say thank you for a great presentation this afternoon. You have definately [sic] 

left an impression on the politicals of DOT. I look forward to helping out with the campaign.” 

On January 28, 2002, an appointee at HHS wrote to Mr. Mehlman: “I am a Schedule C appointee 

in the Dept. of Health and Human Services. Each time you spoke at one of the Schedule C 

briefings, you mentioned we should get involved in certain activities. Could you recommend 

how we could effectively do so?” The same appointee followed up two days later, writing: 

I am a Schedule C appointee in the Dept. of Health and Human 

Services . . . . At 2 Schedule C briefings I attended, you said that 

each of us should get involved to help Republicans win/hold onto 

seats in the 2002 elections. Taking your advice, I contacted the 

RNC and asked if any positions on any committees, boards, etc., 

were available on which I could volunteer my time. I was told that 

none exist but I could help “lick stamps” if I wanted. While I have 

attended/organized many lick’em and stick’em parties, and no 

doubt will attend/organize them in the future, I was hoping for a 

more involved role. Any ideas on how I could become more 

involved and help you in your goal of achieving Republican wins? 

When asked why he contacted OPA with these questions, the HHS political appointee 

stated that it was in his best interests to support the Republican Party because showing such 

support is what “got” him his job at HHS. A political appointee at NASA likewise suggested 

that one’s political involvement played a role in receiving a political appointment and advancing 

in the political ranks. He noted that “in terms of the hiring preference, the campaign worker 

would get the first look” because volunteering demonstrated an applicant’s level of dedication to 

the administration. Furthermore, while many former Schedule C appointees interviewed by OSC 

testified they did not have a clear recollection of specific political briefings, witnesses noted that 

the briefings were not party-neutral and consisted of discussions regarding the Republican 

Party’s priorities in terms of the races identified to be competitive in the upcoming elections. 

The evidence also showed that White House liaisons at several agencies systematically 

tracked political appointees’ leave requests made for the purpose of working on campaigns.50

 

50 OSC was unable to determine the impetus for this practice. However, OSC learned that the RNC similarly 

tracked the campaign volunteer efforts of political appointees. 

 
29 | Page

One Special Assistant to the Chief of Staff at the Peace Corps testified that she maintained a 

spreadsheet showing the agency’s political appointees and when and where they were deploying 

to be campaign volunteers. The witness explained that OPA wanted to know the level of 

participation by political appointees as a group, and that she believed OPA expected all 

appointees to volunteer. She also understood that supervisors were expected to permit political 

appointees to take leave so they could “go off and do 72-hour campaigns.” Although other 

witnesses from other agencies were not aware that their campaign activities were tracked, a 

Deputy Chief of Staff at the Peace Corps was not surprised and stated: “We are political. We 

wouldn’t be serving in these jobs if we weren’t political people. I think that’s across the board 

for every administration that comes through this town. We get in these political jobs because 

you’re usually engaged in some political process in some manner.” 

Although none of the former OPA employees interviewed by OSC acknowledged that 

appointees were required to volunteer on campaigns, there is some indication that OPA 

employees were aware that the stature of their senior positions, alone, may have motivated the 

appointees to volunteer assistance to targeted Republican races. Mr. Jennings testified: “I would 

always hang around and stick around afterwards. It may sound quaint, but most people that 

came in contact with me, that was the closest to the President of the United States they would 

ever get.” 

III. Legal Analysis 

A. 5 U.S.C. § 7324(a)–(b) – Prohibitions on Political Activity and Exemptions 

Thereto

As noted previously, the Hatch Act prohibits federal employees from engaging in 

political activity 

(1) while the employee is on duty; 

(2) in any room or building occupied in the discharge of official 

duties by an individual employed or holding office in the 

Government of the United States or any agency or instrumentality 

thereof; 

(3) while wearing a uniform or official insignia identifying the 

office or position of the employee; or 

(4) using any vehicle owned or leased by the Government of the 

United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof.51

 

51 5 U.S.C. § 7324(a).
30 | Page

The Hatch Act regulations define “political activity” as “an activity directed toward the success 

or failure of a political party, candidate for partisan political office, or partisan political group.”52

Certain high-level officials are exempt from some of the political activity restrictions 

listed above, provided the costs associated with their political activity are not paid for by money 

derived from the Treasury of the United States.53 Specifically, anyone meeting the following 

criteria is exempt: 

(2) [A]n employee – 

(A) the duties and responsibilities of whose position 

continue outside normal duty hours and while away from 

the normal duty post; and 

(B) who is – 

(i) an employee paid from an appropriation for the 

Executive Office of the President; or 

(ii) an employee appointed by the President, by and 

with the advice and consent of the Senate, whose 

position is located within the United States, who 

determines policies to be pursued by the United 

States in relations with foreign powers or in the 

nationwide administration of Federal laws.54

Thus, a federal employee who meets the criteria set forth in § 7324(b)(2) (§ 7324(b) 

exemption) may engage in political activity while on duty or in any room or building occupied in 

the discharge of official duties (federal workplace), provided the political activity is not paid for 

with U.S. Treasury funds.55 Conversely, a federal employee who does not satisfy these criteria 

may never engage in political activity while on duty, in a federal workplace, while wearing a 

uniform or official insignia, or using a vehicle owned or leased by the government of the United 

States. 

 

52 5 C.F.R. § 734.101.

53 5 U.S.C. § 7324(b)(1).

54 5 U.S.C. § 7324(b)(2). 55 These officials, however, are still prohibited from: (1) using their official authority or influence for the purpose of 

interfering with or affecting the result of an election; (2) knowingly soliciting, accepting or receiving a political 

contribution from any person; (3) running for nomination or as a candidate for election to a partisan political office; 

(4) knowingly soliciting or discouraging the participation in any political activity of any person who has an 

application for any compensation, grant, contract, ruling, license, permit or certificate pending before the employing 

office of such employee; and (5) knowingly soliciting or discouraging the participation in any political activity of 

any person who is the subject of or a participant in an ongoing audit, investigation, or enforcement action being 

carried out by the employing office of such employee. See 5 U.S.C. §7323(a).
31 | Page

1. OPA’s Political Briefings

Section 7324(a) of Title 5 of the United States Code applies to those individuals 

employed or holding office in an executive agency, other than the President and Vice President, 

who do not meet the criteria set forth in § 7324(b). EOP, which encompasses OPA, is 

considered to be an “executive agency” for purposes of the Hatch Act.56 Below, OSC examines 

how OPA employees’ practice of giving political briefings while on duty or in the federal 

workplace violated the Hatch Act. 

a. OPA Employees Engaged in Political Activity When They Gave 

Political Briefings

Analyzing the meaning of political activity for Hatch Act purposes, the U.S. Court of 

Appeals for the Second Circuit found that there is no “lurking ambiguity in the term political 

activity.”57 The court noted that § 7324 places broad prohibitions on “on-the-job and at-theworkplace” political activity, and that “any and all activity directed toward the success or failure 

of a political . . . candidate” violates the Hatch Act.58

Several former OPA employees and political appointees interviewed by OSC 

characterized political briefings as no more than informational discussions about the political 

landscape. These witnesses also testified that PowerPoint presentations shown during political 

briefings were simply a means by which the White House could reach out and stay connected to 

political appointees throughout the executive branch. The greater weight of the evidence, 

however, showed that the briefings went beyond these parameters. Indeed, former OPA Director 

Mehlman acknowledged that the political briefings were a time to “discuss targets, how people 

can help, [and] our plan for coordinated activities.” More pointedly, the testimony of Ms. 

Taylor, another former OPA Director, and an e-mail from another OPA employee confirm that in 

or about April 2005, the White House Counsel’s Office became concerned that the content of the 

political briefings was not appropriate for discussion during duty hours. White House Counsel’s 

Office advised OPA to conduct any such briefings after 5:00 p.m. to avoid the use of government 

resources for political activity. Preponderant evidence showed that achieving favorable 

outcomes for Republican candidates was on the agenda during many of the political briefings.

In addition, the PowerPoint presentations reflect the fact that OPA did not conduct the 

political briefings merely to discuss the “political landscape” and “stay connected” with political 

 

56 See 19 U.S. Op. Off. Legal Counsel 103 (1995), 1995 WL 1767065 (concluding that for Hatch Act purposes, the 

White House Office is an executive agency); Application of 18 U.S.C. § 603 to Contributions to the President’s Reelection Committee, U.S. Op. Off. Legal Counsel (May 23, 2003), 2003 WL 25728359 (reaffirming conclusion that

the Hatch Act applies to employees of the White House Office).

57 Burrus v. Vegliante, 336 F.3d 82, 89 (2d Cir. 2003).

58 Id. at 88-89.
32 | Page

appointees. Specifically, the presentations identified targeted congressional, and in some 

instances gubernatorial, races on slides showing information about “2008 House Targets: Top 

20,” “Battle for Governors ‘07/’08,” and “2008 House GOP Defense.” A number of slides 

showed statistics illustrating the success of certain campaign strategies such as the 72-hour 

deployments. These slides show that OPA intended to convey to political appointees how they 

could be most effective in the effort to achieve Republican electoral wins.

Furthermore, e-mail communications between OPA and agency political appointees 

indicate that the presentations offered ideas on how the appointees could help with Republican 

campaigns. For example, after attending a briefing, one appointee wrote to OPA twice to follow 

up on the presenter’s request that attendees “get involved to help Republicans win/hold onto 

seats in the 2002 elections.” After he did not get from the RNC any suggestions that appealed to 

him, he turned to OPA for “ideas on how [he] could become more involved and help . . . 

achiev[e] Republican wins[.]” This appointee apparently believed that OPA could identify 

campaign activities for him where the Republican Party itself could not. What is more, some 

White House liaisons requested the political briefings to “put the fear of God” in appointees to 

sign up for the 72-hour deployments; give appointees a “pick-me-up reminder” that the White 

House would decide where to “strategically plac[e] our assets” because “we need to focus our 

efforts like a laser beam”; and “keep the troops informed, motivated and activated as we move 

forward toward the fall elections.” These requests specifically referenced past OPA political 

briefings, suggesting an understanding that the purpose of the briefings was to encourage 

attendees to get involved in campaign activities. OSC found no evidence that OPA declined the 

liaisons’ requests or agreed to conduct political briefings on the condition that it would only 

provide “information.” 

Based on the foregoing, OSC concludes that many, if not all, of the political briefings 

were directed at the electoral success of the Republican Party. They were designed to 

communicate the Republican electoral strategy and mobilize political appointees to act in support 

of that strategy. Conducting these types of political briefings thus constituted “political activity” 

for Hatch Act purposes. 

b. Political Briefings Occurred in a Federal Workplace or While 

Employees Were on Duty

The evidence shows that nearly all of the 75 political briefings of which OSC is aware 

were presented in conference rooms and auditoriums at federal agencies as well as at the
33 | Page

EEOB.59 Moreover, OSC found no evidence that any restrictions or limitations were imposed on 

the time of day the political briefings were presented during the first four years of the Bush II 

administration. In or around April 2005, correspondence from OPA to a White House liaison at 

DOI referenced a concern of the White House Counsel’s Office about conducting political 

briefings during duty hours. However, even after April 2005, political briefings continued to 

occur during the work day, a few starting as early as 9:30 or 10:30 in the morning. Of the 

approximately 70 former political appointees interviewed by OSC who reported attending 

political briefings before and after 2005, none took leave to attend them. 

Thus, OSC concludes that of the approximately 75 political briefings OPA conducted, a 

majority of them took place while presenters and attendees were on duty and/or in a federal 

workplace. Because in many circumstances giving these briefings constituted political activity 

under the Hatch Act, OSC now discusses whether either OPA employees or agency political 

appointees violated the Hatch Act by participating in briefings during duty hours and/or in the 

federal workplace.

2. Some OPA Staff Were Exempt From the § 7324(a) Political Activity 

Restrictions When They Gave Political Briefings 

a. Only Certain EOP Employees Are Exempt From the § 7324(a) 

Political Activity Restrictions

 A federal employee whose duties and responsibilities continue outside normal duty hours 

and while away from the normal duty post, and who is either a PAS or an employee paid from an

EOP appropriation, may engage in political activity on the job or while in a federal workplace, 

provided the costs are not paid for by money derived from the U.S. Treasury.60 The legislative 

history of § 7324(b) explains that this exemption was intended to apply only to “high-level 

political officials.”61 This narrow exemption was created to solve a problem whereby PAS or 

high-level EOP employees (§ 7324(b) employees) would never have an opportunity to be “off 

the clock” to engage in political activity because they are considered to be on duty and on-call by 

the President at all times.62

 

59 OSC notes that, according to an Associate Counsel to the President, three rooms in the White House complex are 

purportedly exempt from the Hatch Act prohibitions on political activity in “a room or building occupied in the 

discharge of duties by an individual employed or holding office in the Government of the United States.” See Letter 

from Dawn Chirwa, Assoc. Counsel to the President, to Karen Dalheim, Att’y, OSC (Mar. 5, 1997) (on file with 

author). These rooms are identified as The Ward Room, The Roosevelt Room, and The Indian Treaty Room. Id. 

OSC does not necessarily agree with these designations, but resolution of this issue is unnecessary to the outcome of 

this investigation. The term “a room or building occupied in the discharge of duties by an individual employed or 

holding office in the Government of the United States” is defined in the Hatch Act regulations at 5 C.F.R. § 734.101. 

 Congress determined that § 7324(b) employees should be permitted 

to engage in political activity while on duty or in the federal workplace, provided the costs 

60 5 U.S.C. § 7324(b)(1)-(2).

61 H.R. Rep. No. 103-16, at 22 (1993).

62 Id.
34 | Page

associated with that activity are not derived from U.S. Treasury funds.63 Conversely, Congress 

noted that those employees who “work their ordinary duty hours and perform their 

responsibilities for the Government” would still be free to engage in political activity “on their 

own time.”64

The EOP employees at issue in this investigation are, in particular, OPA employees and 

the Surrogate Scheduler. None of these employees were PAS.

 Therefore, employees who work their expected duty hours, but merely remain

accessible after hours by way of a personal digital assistance device, for instance, are still 

prohibited from engaging in political activity while on duty or in the federal workplace. 

65

It may be that officials in the Bush II White House believed that all employees paid from 

the appropriation for the EOP, including all OPA employees and the Surrogate Scheduler, were 

exempt from the Hatch Act’s on-duty restrictions. However, if Congress had intended such a 

result, it would not have included the threshold criterion requiring exempt officials to have 

responsibilities that continue beyond normal duty hours and while away from the normal duty 

post. To determine whether any OPA employees or the Surrogate Scheduler were considered to 

be continuously on duty, OSC looked to the Annual and Sick Leave Act (Leave Act), which 

governs leave requirements applicable to all federal employees, including those employed in the 

EOP.

 OPA employees and the 

Surrogate Scheduler were paid from the EOP appropriation; therefore, those employees met one 

criterion of the § 7324(b) exemption. Accordingly, OSC considers which of these employees 

met the threshold criterion, that is, employees whose duties and responsibilities continued 

outside normal duty hours and while away from the normal duty post. 

66 The Leave Act specifically exempts certain categories of executive branch employees 

from its application because “such officers never completely divest themselves of their 

responsibilities and actually are on duty at all times.”67

 

63 Id.

64 Id. at 23.

65 OSC emphasizes that the PAS status does not automatically confer § 7324(b) employee status. In order to be 

considered a § 7324(b) employee, a PAS must hold a position located within the United States, and must determine 

policies to be pursued by the United States in relations with foreign powers or in the nationwide administration of 

Federal laws. See 5 U.S.C. § 7324(b)(2)(B)(ii).

66 See 5 U.S.C. § 6301 et seq. The legislative history on the Hatch Act Reform Amendments of 1993 indicates that 

Congress recognized that the Leave Act can be used to help determine who is presumed to be on duty at all times. 

See H.R. Rep. No. 103-16, at 23 (1993). In addition, in a 1995 opinion, OLC, in considering which executive 

branch employees meet the criterion of § 7324(b), that is, who are presumed to be on duty at all times, looked to 

5 U.S.C. § 6301(2)(x)-(xi) for guidance. See 19 U.S. Op. Off. Legal Counsel 47 (1995), 1995 WL 1773222, at *22 

n.56. Also, although OLC did not specifically identify all positions that qualify for the § 7324(b) exemption, it 

recognized that OSC has the authority to make that determination. Id. at *22 n.55.

67 H.R. Rep. No. 95-1946, at 2 (1978). Additionally, the legislative history to the Leave Act Amendments of 1953, 

introducing the § 6301(2)(x)-(xi) exemptions for certain executive branch officers, explains that “the removal of 

such officials from the existing leave system is based on the theory that such officials are, by virtue of their 

respective offices and positions, actually on duty at all times, including periods of vacation or sickness.” P.L. 83-

102, Annual Sick and Leave Act of 1951—Exemption of Certain Officers, S. Rep. No. 83-629, at 3 (1953), reprinted 

in 1953 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1793, 1795-96, 1953 WL 3085.
35 | Page

In particular, the Leave Act identifies two categories of executive branch employees who 

are exempt from its provisions. These two categories of employees do not accrue annual or sick 

leave and are not required to use such leave when they are not reporting for duty on a day on 

which they would otherwise work and receive pay.68 The first category includes Presidential 

appointees whose rate of basic pay exceeds the highest base pay on the General Schedule. 69 The 

second category is comprised of individuals who are “officer[s] in the executive branch . . . 

designated by the President” as being exempt from the Leave Act irrespective of their basic rate 

of pay.70 The Leave Act’s attendant regulations set forth three criteria an officer must meet in 

order for the President to designate the officer as exempt from the Leave Act: (1) the officer 

must be a Presidential appointee; (2) the officer may not be a United States attorney or United 

States marshal; and (3) the officer’s job responsibilities must continue outside normal duty hours 

and while away from the normal duty post.71 

Below, OSC addresses the issue of which OPA employees who were involved in 

conducting or organizing political briefings met the requirements of the § 7324(b) exemption. 

i. OPA Director

 During the Bush II administration, the OPA Director was appointed by the President to 

the position of Deputy Assistant to the President. A review of 2006 White House staff salaries 

indicates that the then-Director of OPA earned a rate of basic pay in excess of the highest 

amount available under the General Schedule, and as such, was exempt from the Leave Act 

under § 6301(2)(x).72 Therefore, the OPA Director was a high-level political official presumed 

to be continuously on duty. Accordingly, OSC concludes that the Director was a § 7324(b) 

employee who was permitted to engage in political activity while on duty or in a federal 

workplace, provided the costs associated with that activity were not derived from the U.S. 

Treasury.

 

68 5 U.S.C. § 6302(a).

69 5 U.S.C. § 6301(2)(x). In addition to those employees within EOP who would be exempt from the Leave Act 

under 5 U.S.C. § 6301(2)(x), PAS officials occupy positions that are placed by law in the Executive Schedule for 

purposes of compensation. See 5 U.S.C. §§ 5311-16. Accordingly, PAS are exempt from the Leave Act because, as 

specified by § 6301(2)(x), they are officers in the executive branch, appointed by the President, and their basic rate 

of pay exceeds the highest rate payable under the General Schedule. Note that the lowest rate of pay under the 

Executive Schedule, Level V, exceeds the highest pay rate available under the General Schedule, GS-15, Step 10. 

This comparison does not take into account locality adjustments to pay under the General Schedule. Such a 

comparison to the basic pay is found at 5 U.S.C. § 5302(8).

70 5 U.S.C. § 6301(2)(xi); see also 5 C.F.R. § 630.211.

71 5 C.F.R. § 630.211(b).

72 This was consistent with and verified for years 2004-2008. Compare Dan Froomkin, 2006 White House Staff List 

– Salaries, Wash. Post, July 19, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/opinions/graphics/ 

2006stafflistsalary.html, with U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM), 2006 General Schedule (Base), 

http://www.opm.gov/oca/06tables/indexGS.asp. 
36 | Page

ii. OPA Deputy Director

The Deputy Director of OPA during 2006 was also a Presidential appointee. In addition, 

he testified that when he was promoted from an OPA Associate Director to the position of 

Deputy Director, he was commissioned as a Special Assistant to President. As such, he was no 

longer allowed to accrue leave hours because he was presumed to be on duty at all times. A 

review of the contemporaneous White House staff salaries indicates that in 2006 the Deputy 

Director did not earn a rate of basic pay in excess of the highest rate under the General 

Schedule.73 Therefore, the Deputy Director was not exempt from the Leave Act under 

§ 6301(2)(x). However, because he was not permitted to accrue leave hours, it is presumed that 

the President designated him as exempt from the Leave Act under § 6301(2)(xi).74 If so, as a 

high-level political official, the Deputy Director was permitted under § 7324(b) to engage in 

political activity on duty or in the federal workplace, provided that the costs associated with that 

activity were not derived from the U.S. Treasury.75 

iii. OPA Associate Directors and the Surrogate Scheduler

By contrast, OPA employees interviewed by OSC indicated that OPA Associate 

Directors and the Surrogate Scheduler fell into that group of White House staff members who, 

though appointed with Presidential approval, were not Presidentially appointed. They were hired 

by and reported to Presidentially-appointed commissioned officers, i.e., the Director or Deputy 

Director. A number of former OPA Associate Directors stated that the Director and the Deputy 

Director set the agenda for OPA and assigned and reviewed the work of the Associate Directors. 

Additionally, Associate Directors and the Surrogate Scheduler earned leave, were expected to 

use it to justify absence from work, and were paid less than the highest rate of basic pay under 

the General Schedule at the time.76

 

73 Again, this was consistent with and verified for years 2004-2008. Compare Dan Froomkin, 2006 White House 

Staff List – Salaries, Wash. Post, July 19, 2006, 

 The facts that some of these employees worked long hours 

and, at times, traveled outside of the Washington, D.C. area are not dispositive. In light of these 

findings, OSC concludes that OPA Associate Directors, the Surrogate Scheduler, and all other 

OPA employees during the Bush II administration, other than the Director and Deputy Director, 

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/opinions/graphics/ 

2006stafflistsalary.html, with OPM, 2006 General Schedule (Base), http://www.opm.gov/oca/06tables/ 

indexGS.asp.

74 OSC has no documentary evidence confirming that the President designated the OPA Deputy Director exempt 

from the Leave Act pursuant to § 6301(2)(xi).

75 Note that there may be some employees who are exempt from the Leave Act but who are not § 7324(b) 

employees, e.g., a doctor in the Veterans Health Administration of the Department of Veterans Affairs. Arguably, 

such employees would never be permitted to engage in any political activity because they are presumed to be 

“continuously on duty.” However, the legislative history of the Hatch Act clarifies that these employees are to be 

considered covered by the Hatch Act during normal duty hours. “On their own time, however, these individuals are 

free to engage in political activity.” H.R. Rep. No. 103-16, at 23 (1993).

76 Compare Dan Froomkin, 2006 White House Staff List – Salaries, Wash. Post, July 19, 2006, 

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/opinions/graphics/ 2006stafflistsalary.html, with OPM, 2006 General 

Schedule (Base), http://www.opm.gov/oca/06tables/indexGS.asp. 
37 | Page

were not presumed to be continuously on duty and were not the type of high-level political

officials to whom § 7324(b) was intended to apply. Therefore, the Hatch Act prohibited these 

individuals from engaging in political activity while on duty or in a federal workplace. 

b. OPA Director and Deputy Director Were Exempt From § 7324(a) 

When They Gave Political Briefings 

The OPA Director and the Deputy Director typically were the two OPA employees who 

presented political briefings to appointees at federal agencies. As explained above, many of

these political briefings were directed at the electoral success of the Republican Party and its 

candidates, and thus constituted political activity for purposes of the Hatch Act. However, 

because the OPA Director and Deputy Director were exempt from the Hatch Act’s prohibition 

against on-the-job political activity, neither the Director nor the Deputy Director violated 

§ 7324(a) by presenting political briefings. Nevertheless, the Hatch Act prohibits the use of U.S. 

Treasury funds to pay for political activity. In the next chapter of this report, OSC will examine, 

in greater detail, the general political activities of OPA employees. As a component of that 

examination, OSC will also address whether costs arising from the political activity of OPA 

employees should have been reimbursed to the U.S. Treasury, including those possibly 

associated with the OPA activity described in this chapter.

c. Other OPA Staff May Have Violated § 7324(a) by Giving Political 

Briefings

Witnesses testified that, on rare occasions, the Surrogate Scheduler or Associate 

Directors gave political briefings. As explained above, they were not exempt from the Hatch 

Act’s prohibition against engaging in political activity while on duty or in the federal workplace. 

If the Surrogate Scheduler or the Associate Directors gave briefings that constituted political 

activity under the Hatch Act while on duty or in the federal workplace, they violated the Act. 

The evidence was insufficient to permit OSC to conclude that the Surrogate Scheduler or the 

Associate Directors violated the Act. 

3. Agency Political Appointees May Have Violated § 7324(a) When They 

Attended Political Briefings Presented by OPA Employees

Throughout the Bush II administration, nearly all of the 75 political briefings of which 

OSC is aware were presented in conference rooms and auditoriums at various federal agencies, 

as well as at the EEOB. OSC determined that even after April 2005, when the White House 

Counsel’s Office apparently expressed some concern regarding the time of day when political 

briefings ought to be presented, briefings continued to take place during the workday and/or in 

the federal workplace. As discussed in the preceding sections, none of the 70 agency political 
38 | Page

appointees interviewed by OSC reported taking leave to attend political briefings. Because at 

least on some occasions political appointees attended political briefings while they were on duty 

or in a federal workplace, OSC will examine whether they engaged in political activity. 

As set forth above, political briefings given by OPA staff and attended by political 

appointees did not merely cover information concerning the country’s political climate or 

Presidential agenda and priorities. In fact, a review of the PowerPoint slides reveals that these 

political briefings, some almost in their entirety, were comprised of lists of targeted 

congressional districts, names of current and future vulnerable Republican candidates, and the 

benefits of certain campaign strategies employed to assist in the races identified as close. 

Indeed, in an e-mail to Mr. Mehlman, a political appointee at HHS referred to political briefings 

he attended during which the presenter said that “each” appointee should “get involved to help 

Republicans win/hold onto seats.” One week later, the same presenter sent an e-mail to OPA 

staff, noting that his intent was to disseminate information pertaining to Republican electoral 

goals and strategy during political briefings. In the e-mail, the presenter stated that because 2002 

was “a political year, regular, updated information will be important and interesting.” The 

presenter elaborated by explaining that OPA will “want to discuss targets, how people can help, 

and [OPA’s] plan for coordinated activities . . . .” 

Several White House liaisons echoed their understanding that at least one of the 

motivations for presenting political briefings was to encourage attendees to get involved in 

campaign activities. Specifically referencing past OPA political briefings, these liaisons invited 

OPA staff to come to the federal agencies to “put the fear of God” in the political appointees to 

get involved in volunteering for 72-hour deployments, to give appointees a “pick-me-up 

reminder,” and to keep appointees “informed, motivated and activated” in anticipation of 

upcoming elections. Based on the above, it is clear that many of the political briefings presented 

by the OPA Director and Deputy Director were akin to political party meetings held to discuss 

election strategy. 

Attending a political gathering for the purpose of promoting the success or failure of a 

political party, candidate for partisan political office, or partisan political group, constitutes 

political activity. However, despite evidence that OPA’s intent when giving certain political 

briefings was to disseminate information pertaining to vulnerable Republican candidates and 

electoral strategy, a number of other briefings covered a range of additional subjects, such as the 

country’s general political climate and the President’s approval ratings. Discussing such matters 

would not constitute political activity for purposes of the Hatch Act. Furthermore, agency 

political appointees were not always aware of the content of upcoming political briefings and, at 

times, attended the briefings after being told by White House liaisons or Chiefs of Staff that 

attendance was mandatory. Thus, under those circumstances, OSC has insufficient evidence to 
39 | Page

conclude that political appointees engaged in political activity in violation of the Hatch Act by 

attending political briefings while on duty or in the federal workplace. 

There is, nonetheless, substantial evidence that some agency political appointees did have 

knowledge that Republican candidates and electoral priorities would be identified and discussed 

during political briefings, due to their previous attendance at political briefings. For example, 

some White House liaisons evidenced their familiarity with the content of OPA’s political 

briefings by requesting from OPA a “regular presentation of strategic priorities” or a briefing 

similar to one held “back during the 2002 midterm election cycle” by “either [OPA] or the 

RNC.” Where political appointees had such knowledge in seeking political briefings and 

attended them while on duty or in the federal workplace, they violated the law by engaging in 

political activity prohibited by § 7324(a).77

B. 5 U.S.C. § 7323(a)(1) – Prohibition Against the Use of Official Authority or 

Influence for the Purpose of Interfering With or Affecting the Result of an 

Election

All federal employees, including PAS and high-level EOP employees, are subject to 

5 U.S.C. § 7323(a)(1), which provides that an employee may not “use his official authority or 

influence for the purpose of interfering with or affecting the result of an election.”78 Pursuant to 

the Act’s implementing regulations, a federal employee is prohibited by § 7323(a)(1) from, 

among other things: using his or her official title while participating in political activity; using 

his or her authority to coerce any person to participate in political activity; and soliciting, 

accepting, or receiving uncompensated individual volunteer services from a subordinate for any 

political purpose.79 A concern of Congress in passing the Hatch Act was to ensure that 

“employees [are] free from pressure and from express or tacit invitation[s] to . . . perform 

political chores in order to curry favor with their superiors.”80

 

77 As noted above, the Hatch Act restricts the political activity of most federal executive branch employees. Certain 

covered employees are prohibited from engaging in political activity while on duty or in the federal workplace. See

5 U.S.C. § 7324(a)(1)-(2). The political briefings at issue in this report were attended by agency political 

appointees, including Schedule Cs, non-career SES, and PAS, all of whom are covered by the Hatch Act. Because 

Schedule C and non-career SES appointees do not meet the criteria of the § 7324(b) exemption, they are prohibited 

from engaging in political activity on duty or in a federal workplace. Many PAS are exempt from the § 7324(a) 

restrictions on political activity provided they meet the requirements of § 7324(b), that is, their positions are located 

within the United States, their duties and responsibilities continue outside normal duty hours and while away from 

the normal duty post, and they determine policies to be pursued in the United States in relations with foreign powers 

or in the nationwide administration of Federal laws.

78 As noted above, the Hatch Act defines “employee” as “any individual, other than the President and the Vice 

President, employed or holding office in . . . an Executive agency other than the General Accounting Office.” 

5 U.S.C. § 7322(1)(A).

79 5 C.F.R. § 734.302.

80 Letter Carriers, 413 U.S. at 566.
40 | Page

Below, OSC examines whether OPA employees and/or political appointees at federal 

agencies violated § 7323(a)(1) when they presented or organized political briefings at federal 

agencies.

1. OPA Employees Violated § 7323(a)(1) by Giving Briefings That 

Constituted Political Activity

As set forth above, OPA Directors and Deputy Directors typically gave the political 

briefings. Both were high-level political officials within the EOP and commissioned officers of 

the President. While a White House commissioned officer does not per se supervise political 

appointees at federal agencies, both the commission from the President and the title of Deputy 

Assistant or Special Assistant to the President carry an air of authority and influence. Expressing 

this sentiment, former Deputy Director Jennings affirmed the weight of his position in the White 

House by noting that he was the closest that most political appointees would come to meeting the 

President of the United States. As the highest-ranking employees at OPA, the Director and 

Deputy Director also vetted applicants for political appointments at federal agencies; assisted 

agencies with selecting individuals to serve as White House liaisons; and implemented a series of 

efforts, such as briefings at the White House and at the federal agencies, to keep political 

appointees connected to the White House and to boost morale. 

Former White House liaisons testified that OPA’s invitations to political briefings were 

considered to be a particular honor. The liaisons viewed these briefings as valuable 

opportunities to interact with high-level White House officials and gain certain information these 

officials deemed important. As a result, White House liaisons and some agency Chiefs of Staff 

wanted to demonstrate to the White House the level of their responsiveness by having a briefing 

attended by most, if not all, of the agency’s political appointees, and by encouraging the 

appointees to come prepared with questions. 

When forwarding OPA’s political briefings invitations to political appointees, several 

White House liaisons added detailed information about the OPA employee who would be 

presenting the briefing, including the employee’s name, title, and professional background.81 At 

other agencies, White House liaisons mandated appointees’ attendance at the political briefings 

and required explanations for absence. The evidence also shows that the content of several 

political briefings energized political appointees about upcoming elections and, after attending a 

political briefing, one appointee was inspired to do more than merely “lick stamps” for 

vulnerable Republicans. 

 

81 Furthermore, slides taken from the July 12, 2001, and the August 6, 2001, PowerPoint presentations depict the 

name and title of the OPA employee presenting the respective briefing. 
41 | Page

Historically, the case law addressing the Hatch Act’s prohibition against using one’s 

official authority or influence to affect the result of an election concerns the 

supervisor/subordinate relationship and circumstances in which a supervisor requests, and a 

subordinate performs, political chores. By its terms, however, the Act applies more broadly than 

that because a federal employee’s influence can extend to situations where the 

supervisor/subordinate relationship is not at play. Recognizing this, the regulations state that 

§ 7323(a)(1) would prohibit using one’s official title while engaging in any political activity, 

regardless of whether subordinates are present.82 Although the OPA Director and Deputy 

Director did not have a traditional supervisor/subordinate relationship with political appointees at 

federal agencies, OSC maintains that the actual or perceived authority the Director and Deputy 

Director possessed, in combination with the level of discretion they exercised in vetting and 

approving political appointments, created the type of administrative influence and control 

characteristic of the relationship between a supervisor and a subordinate.83 Furthermore, based 

on the determination that conducting political briefings to shape electoral strategies and recruit 

campaign volunteers constituted political activity and encouraged political appointees to 

volunteer for campaigns, OSC concludes that the OPA Director and Deputy Director violated 

§ 7323(a)(1) and its implementing regulations when giving these briefings in their official 

capacity.84 

Even if a supervisor/subordinate relationship did not exist between the OPA Director and 

Deputy Director and agency political appointees, the Director and Deputy Director still violated 

§ 7323(a)(1) when giving briefings that constituted political activity. The evidence shows that 

the Director and Deputy Director were identified by their official title on both e-mail invitations 

distributed to agency personnel before a political briefing and on the introductory PowerPoint 

slides that were displayed during the briefings. Using one’s official title while encouraging 

others, subordinates or not, to assist Republican campaigns constituted an unlawful use of 

official influence to affect the outcome of an election in violation of the Hatch Act. 

2. Some White House Liaisons at Federal Agencies Violated § 7323(a)(1) 

Often White House liaisons occupied senior positions within their respective federal 

agencies. Typically, White House liaisons reported to the agency Chief of Staff or directly to the 

head of the agency. One liaison interviewed by OSC described himself as a “leader” of the 

 

82 5 C.F.R. § 734.302(b)(1).

83 The Merit Systems Protection Board (Board) recently found a use of official authority violation where a 

traditional supervisor/subordinate relationship did not exist. The Board held that an agency Contracting Officer 

Technical Representative had authority over privately employed government contractors and violated § 7323(a)(1) 

by sending them e-mails promoting then-Senator Obama’s candidacy for President. Special Counsel v. Ware, 114 

M.S.P.R. 128 (2010) (adopting Administrative Law Judge’s Recommended Decision on the violation, but increasing 

the recommended penalty of a 60-day suspension to removal from federal employment).

84 See 5 C.F.R. § 734.302(b)(2).
42 | Page

political appointees within his agency; another liaison understood his position to reflect the “face 

of the White House” for the political appointees. 

Most White House liaisons were tasked with handling personnel matters involving 

applicants for political appointments and current political appointees at their respective agencies. 

In that capacity, the White House liaisons interviewed applicants seeking appointments, 

recommended appointees for raises and/or promotions, conducted meetings of all appointees, 

kept track of appointees’ leave requests, informally reviewed the performance of some of the 

appointees, and occasionally resolved disciplinary matters. Such responsibilities are generally 

handled by individuals who are expected to have supervisory authority over a staff of 

subordinate employees. Therefore, where White House liaisons maintained a level of 

administrative control and influence over other agency political appointees, the liaisons could be 

considered superior to, or in a position of authority or influence over, such appointees. 

In addition to their personnel responsibilities, some White House liaisons had 

instrumental roles in coordinating and scheduling political briefings at their respective agencies. 

In circumstances where White House liaisons knew that the scheduled political briefings were 

going to include discussions about targeted races and electoral strategy, mandated appointees’ 

attendance at the briefings, and tracked which appointees signed up to volunteer for Republican 

campaigns, these liaisons violated the Hatch Act’s prohibition against the use of official 

authority or influence for the purpose of affecting the result of an election.85 

IV. Recommendations

 

 Based on the evidence gathered during this investigation, many of the political briefings 

presented by OPA staff during the Bush II administration addressed upcoming elections, targeted 

congressional districts, and ways in which appointees at the federal agencies could help by 

volunteering in those targeted races. In light of the content of the PowerPoint slides and the 

testimony of many witnesses, these briefings created an environment aimed at assisting 

Republican candidates, constituting political activity within the meaning of the Hatch Act. 

Going forward, OSC recommends that political briefings, such as the ones described in 

this report, take place outside of the federal workplace and during off-duty hours. OSC 

emphasizes that it does not suggest that the White House must restrict its communication with 

political appointees regarding, for example, the President’s executive priorities, policies, and 

legislative agenda. On the other hand, communications pertaining to soliciting campaign 

volunteers and identifying electoral strategies and targets constitute partisan political activity and 

therefore, in order to comply with the Hatch Act, should not take place in the federal workplace 

or while participants are on duty. In addition, as discussed above, given that White House 

 

85 See 5 U.S.C. § 7323(a)(1).
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employees exert influence over agency political appointees, careful consideration should be 

given to who organizes and hosts these types of political briefings. For example, White House 

employees involved in these briefings should not use their official titles in connection with these 

briefings, use government resources to prepare these briefings, or invite subordinates or others 

over whom they have influence to such briefings or any other political events. 

Finally, while not the focus of this investigation, we note that White House liaisons and 

other agency political appointees are covered by the Hatch Act and do not qualify for the 

§ 7324(b) exemption. We would caution, therefore, that White House liaisons and all other 

political appointees must avoid coordinating political briefings that constitute political activity 

while they are on duty or in the federal workplace. In addition, political appointees should not 

be required to attend any briefings that would constitute political activity. Lastly, White House 

liaisons and other agency political appointees should not invite subordinates or others over 

whom they have influence to said briefings or any political events. 
44 | Page

CHAPTER FOUR: AS THE 2006 ELECTIONS DREW NEARER, OPA BECAME A 

PARTISAN POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

I. Overview 

 

 In addition to the political briefings addressed in the previous chapter, OSC’s 

investigation uncovered evidence of a much broader involvement of OPA employees in on-duty 

political activities directed at the success of Republican candidates during the 2006 election 

season. The evidence shows that certain activities conducted by OPA employees constituted 

prohibited political activity under the Hatch Act. Specifically, OSC’s investigation revealed that 

OPA was essentially an extension of the RNC in the White House. Thus, OPA: 

• Worked with the RNC to develop a “target list” consisting of those Republican 

candidates involved in close races. 

• Encouraged high-level agency political appointees to attend events with targeted 

Republican candidates in order to attract positive media attention to their campaigns, a 

practice called “asset deployment.” 

• Utilized the services of several RNC Desk Coordinators – who worked inside the White 

House – to help coordinate high-level political appointees’ travel to both political and 

official events with Republican candidates. 

• Kept track of Republican candidates’ fundraising efforts as well as high-level agency 

political appointees’ attendance at events with targeted candidates. 

• Encouraged political appointees, on behalf of the RNC, to participate in 72-hour 

deployment efforts. 

 As explained below, OSC has concluded that all of these activities constituted “political 

activity” because they were directed at the electoral success of Republican candidates and the 

Republican Party as a whole. These activities took place in federal buildings and during normal 

business hours in violation of the Hatch Act. And although the OPA Director and Deputy 

Director, at whose direction these activities occurred, were exempt from the Hatch Act’s 

prohibition against engaging in political activity while on duty or in a federal workplace, the 

regulations require that the costs associated with the political activity of exempt employees be 

reimbursed to the U.S. Treasury when the activity is more than incidental.86

 

86 See 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(b); H.R. Rep. No. 103-16, at 1-3 (1993).

 Here, the entire 

OPA staff was enlisted in pursuit of Republican success at the polls and many OPA employees 

believed that effort was part of their official job duties. Based on the extent of the activities 

described below, OSC concludes that the political activities of OPA employees were not 

incidental to their official functions, and thus U.S. Treasury funds were unlawfully used to 

finance efforts to pursue Republican victories at the polls in 2006. OSC concludes this chapter 

with recommendations for avoiding like violations in the future. 
45 | Page

II. Factual Findings

 

Former OPA Director Mehlman testified that “the Office of Political Affairs does, by 

definition, partisan political activity.” Sara Taylor, another former Director, echoed this 

sentiment and clarified that OPA’s job was “to help the President. And one of the ways we help 

the President is to help members of Congress.” The following is a summary of some of the ways 

in which OPA employees performed these roles.

A. OPA and the RNC Worked Together on a Routine Basis 

OPA regularly coordinated its activities with the RNC. OPA staff attended weekly RNC 

meetings and dialed into RNC’s conference calls. Former Deputy Director Scott Jennings 

recalled that he and Ms. Taylor met with the RNC Chairman and representatives of the 

Republican Governors Association (RGA), National Republican Congressional Committee 

(NRCC), and the National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC) every Tuesday morning. 

These were opportunities for OPA employees “to compare notes” with the political staff at the 

RNC. In turn, OPA briefed the RNC on various Presidential initiatives and policies. Mr. 

Mehlman stated that because a common goal of both entities was to avoid duplicating efforts and 

resources of the Republican Party and the President as its leader, OPA and RNC staff members 

frequently met to discuss hotly contested races and to strategize on the deployment of 

administration assets to assist those races. Further, Mr. Mehlman explained that OPA “would 

interact with the RNC on a number of different issues that were important both to the RNC and 

to the President.” 

Mr. Mehlman characterized OPA’s interaction with the RNC as an integral component of 

OPA employees’ job functions. In fact, OPA employees were given dual sets of computers, 

printers, e-mail accounts, and telephones. One set was provided and maintained by the White 

House for use on official government business. The second set was furnished by the RNC. Mr. 

Mehlman understood that the separate system “wasn’t required, [but] the best practice would be 

to have RNC e-mail, et cetera,” for the activities that were “purely political and involved 

working on campaigns.” 

In addition, OPA employees sometimes traveled for partisan political purposes, at the 

request of the RNC. Mr. Jennings recalled an occasion when the entire OPA staff traveled to an 

RNC meeting. The White House financed the trip in advance, and the RNC reimbursed the 

government. Mr. Jennings also traveled with senior White House officials to fundraisers 

sponsored by the RNC. On at least one of those occasions, the White House again advanced the 

travel costs and subsequently received reimbursement from the RNC.
46 | Page

1. OPA Served as a Link Between the RNC and Agency Political Appointees 

The evidence shows that OPA acted as a liaison between the administration and the RNC 

by facilitating communications between the RNC and agency political appointees in a variety of 

circumstances. Some of the communications pertained to purely political events, such as 

invitations to fundraisers hosted by the RNC, RGA, NRSC, or NRCC, which OPA forwarded to 

agency political appointees. Mr. Jennings explained that OPA would serve as the liaison 

between the group that organized the fundraiser and the high-level agency political appointee

being invited to speak at the event. 

In addition, OPA forwarded to high-level agency political appointees invitations to 

various non-fundraising events. For example, on May 10, 2006, the RNC sent Surrogate 

Scheduler McLaughlin an invitation for then-U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) Secretary Elaine 

Chao to participate in an Asian Pacific American Heritage Month event at the RNC. When she 

forwarded the invitation to DOL, Ms. McLaughlin indicated that OPA, based on a suggestion 

from the RNC, recommended the Secretary’s attendance at the event. Similarly, on October 26, 

2006, the RNC’s Communications Department contacted an Associate Director at OPA to “get a 

dialogue started on some folks that might be able to help out [Arizona Senator Jon] Kyl.”87 Ms. 

McLaughlin, who was included in the October 26 e-mail exchange for the purpose of 

accommodating the RNC’s request, responded to the Associate Director with updates on the 

schedules and upcoming travel plans for several Cabinet Secretaries. 

OPA also served as a liaison between the RNC and agency political appointees to discuss 

recruitment for the 72-hour deployments. A former OPA Associate Director testified that while 

she was at OPA, political appointees from various agencies frequently contacted her asking 

about how they might get involved in 72-hour deployments. She would either provide them with 

contact information for the RNC staff responsible for the 72-hour deployments or direct them to 

an upcoming RNC recruitment event. At some point, to streamline the process of sharing 

information about campaign volunteering and to make introductions between the White House 

liaisons and the RNC, OPA staff began coordinating conference calls. During these calls, RNC 

staff members highlighted key races in the upcoming elections, identified important geographic 

regions for travel, described available volunteer opportunities, and noted sign-up deadlines. 

Another method OPA used to help the RNC gain volunteers was to have a White House liaison 

serve as the “point person” at his or her agency for political appointees to contact. Mr. Jennings 

recalled that to prepare the White House liaisons for this role, OPA helped the RNC schedule a 

meeting at which the RNC could make a presentation to all of the White House liaisons. 

 

87 Senator Kyl was listed as a targeted Senator on OPA’s Final Push Matrix, a document which served as one 

version of a list of targeted races used by OPA staff and the Surrogate Scheduler to prioritize Republican candidates’ 

requests for assistance from the administration. The concept of a “target list” and the Final Push Matrix document 

are discussed in further detail in this chapter. 
47 | Page

To engage agency political appointees in the 72-hour deployment efforts discussed 

during these calls and meetings, White House liaisons were instructed to provide information 

about available opportunities to political appointees who wanted to volunteer. As a result, White 

House liaisons passed on information to political appointees at their respective agencies. Some 

liaisons discussed volunteering for 72-hour deployments with the appointees at their agencies. 

Others used their personal e-mail accounts to disseminate relevant dates for upcoming meetings. 

Others, still, obtained the appointees’ personal contact information and forwarded it directly to 

OPA. 

The evidence shows that the RNC tracked, by agency, the political appointees who were 

signed up to assist on campaigns. The Administration Tracker, a multi-page spreadsheet created 

and distributed by the RNC, contained the names of all of the agency political appointees who 

were signed up to deploy to targeted races and campaigns in 2006. A former White House 

liaison at the Peace Corps testified that she used the Administration Tracker to monitor how 

many appointees from each agency were signed up across the federal government. This agencyspecific volunteer tracking spurred a “friendly competition” among some White House liaisons 

to see who could enlist the most volunteers. On one occasion, a White House liaison at DOEd

reminded political appointees to identify their agency when signing up for an upcoming 72-hour 

deployment, writing: “Remember to include Dept of Education and/or our reference code 4c451. 

The RNC is tracking volunteer numbers by agency.” 

2. OPA Tracked the Success of Republican Fundraising Efforts

OPA staff tracked the amount of money raised at fundraisers held by Republican 

candidates and national, state, and local Republican groups. Several former OPA employees 

testified that they understood this task to be political activity. As a result, they typically used the 

computers and e-mail accounts provided to them by the RNC. They did not, however, refrain 

from engaging in these activities while on duty or in their offices.

The Surrogate Scheduler collected and analyzed information about fundraisers for the 

OPA Director’s review. Ms. McLaughlin testified that she tracked fundraisers on a spreadsheet 

that she inherited from her predecessor. She described this document as a Microsoft Excel 

spreadsheet that contained information showing: the dates and locations of fundraising events; 

the attending administration official(s), e.g., the President, the Vice President, the First Lady, 

senior White House staff, and/or high-level agency political appointee; the fundraiser’s host(s); 

the number of attendees; and the amount of money raised at the event. Ms. McLaughlin

circulated the document to other OPA employees and staff at the RNC. 
48 | Page

Associate Directors generally contacted the campaigns and local party groups in their 

respective regions to obtain the most current dollar amounts raised. From time to time, RNC 

employees were also asked to verify the amounts raised at fundraisers. A former RNC staff 

member explained that she was often required to call campaigns directly when asked by OPA to 

verify fundraising figures. 

3. During the 2006 Midterm Elections, OPA Received Assistance From 

Several RNC Desk Coordinators

 When high-level agency political appointees traveled to Republican events 

recommended by OPA, the trips were reported to the OPA Associate Director in charge of the 

region where the event took place. As explained below, the volume of incoming requests and 

administration travel significantly increased in the three to four months preceding the 2006 

midterm elections. During this time, Associate Directors received assistance from several RNC 

Desk Coordinators – employees of the RNC responsible for managing political events within 

corresponding geographic regions of the country. Ms. Taylor explained that “[Desk 

Coordinators] were hired in advance of elections because it’s a very high travel period in the 

White House,” and “[i]t was determined there was a need to have help in a specific area that was 

political, and you needed people with very specific political knowledge. That was the service 

that [the Desk Coordinators] were able to provide.” 

These RNC Desk Coordinators actually reported for work at the OPA during the six 

months leading up to the 2006 midterm elections. While at OPA, the Desk Coordinators 

effectively became members of that office in that they were provided working space and were 

paired with OPA Associate Directors who reviewed their activities and their work. Desk 

Coordinators communicated with campaigns on behalf of OPA, attended daily OPA meetings, 

and were copied on various documents that the Surrogate Scheduler circulated among OPA staff. 

In addition, the Desk Coordinators provided support to Associate Directors for a number of 

political tasks. They reviewed media sources for information on key races identified by the 

White House and the RNC. They also researched and updated facts concerning the political 

climate of states to which administration officials were scheduled to travel. Using this 

information, they drafted and edited state political briefing documents. Shortly after the 

November 2006 elections, the Desk Coordinators left OPA. 

B. OPA Deployed Administration Officials to Help the Republican Party and Its 

Candidates by Appearing at Events 

 During the Bush II administration, staff members for Republican candidates regularly 

asked OPA to provide administration speakers, typically high-level agency political appointees, 
49 | Page

at campaign events.

88 OPA worked with agency White House liaisons to provide the requested 

high-level appointees to attend the events. Mr. Mehlman explained that this “asset deployment” 

was “the attempted effort to try to make sure that if you were gonna help a candidate for 

office . . . you try to do it in a methodical way . . . .” Mr. Jennings and Ms. McLaughlin 

indicated that it was common knowledge among campaign staff members that they could seek 

support from OPA. Mr. Mehlman explained that OPA tried to encourage campaigns to send 

their requests for administration speakers to OPA. Then, “working with our colleagues at the 

RNC and other places, [OPA tried to] thoughtfully recommend where people should go.” As 

explained below, OPA deployed administration speakers as assets to help candidates targeted by 

the RNC during the 2006 midterm elections.

1. During the Bush II Administration, OPA Arranged for High-Level 

Agency Political Appointees to Speak Before National, State, and Local 

Republican Groups and at Republican Campaign Events

In support of Republican groups and campaigns, OPA filled requests from state and local 

Republican groups with speakers at upcoming events such as Lincoln Day Dinners.89 Mr.

Mehlman explained that having an administration appointee as a keynote speaker at a party event 

was significant because it was perceived to drive press coverage, attract attendees, and motivate 

fundraising efforts. With respect to Lincoln Day Dinners in particular, OPA’s responsibilities 

were two-fold. At the start of a calendar year, OPA began matching administration speakers 

with potential dinners. For example, early in 2007, Surrogate Scheduler McLaughlin circulated 

to OPA staff a draft list of counties around the country where a dinner might be held. OPA 

chose the counties identified on the draft list based on “2006 activity” and whether the counties 

were located in “targeted districts” and thus correlated to close races. OPA’s Associate Directors 

and the Associate Director in the White House Office of Strategic Initiatives made 

recommendations for amending the list. The Political Director at the RNC also participated in 

this process by identifying state counties with “the biggest Lincoln Day / Spring GOP dinners.” 

Once OPA finalized its list, Ms. McLaughlin contacted the groups located in the 

highlighted counties and offered to help secure administration speakers to give keynote speeches. 

On January 16, 2007, for example, she wrote to individuals at state and local Republican 

organizations: “I’m the Surrogate Scheduler at the White House. . . . We are strategically 

targeting Lincoln Day, Reagan Day, or Winter GOP dinners for County GOPs. In Louisiana, we 

are particularly interested in the following parishes because of their important [sic] to the LA-03 

 

88 It was not unusual for individuals seeking to invite high-level agency political appointees to events to submit their 

requests to several offices in the White House at the same time. However, because this investigation focused on 

OPA’s activities, and not the activities of other offices in the White House, the factual findings laid out in this 

chapter pertain only to the manner in which OPA received, prioritized, and filled the incoming requests.

89 Mr. Mehlman explained that a Lincoln Day Dinner is an annual party-building event, hosted by a state or local 

Republican Party, for the purpose of bringing together political activists to talk about common concerns and goals.
50 | Page

and Governor’s race.” Ms. McLaughlin sent many other e-mails to state and local Republican 

political groups conveying similar information. Sometimes an Associate Director contacted the 

local Republican group to offer “any help from the White House when it comes to surrogates.” 

Another method by which OPA employees and the Surrogate Scheduler supported 

Republican campaigns was to find administration appointees to headline fundraisers. On some 

occasions, the campaigns contacted OPA with a speaker already in mind. For example, on 

October 13, 2006, New Jersey U.S. Senate candidate Thomas Kean’s staff asked OPA to provide 

a Cabinet Secretary or “someone like [B]olton or [T]ony [S]now” to speak at an upcoming 

event.90 Although Kean’s staff ultimately declined assistance from administration appointees, 

the Surrogate Scheduler indicated that future assistance would be available, if needed, writing: 

“Please let Sara [Taylor] or I know if you need further assistance. We have a number of 

Administration folks heading up to NJ in the next few weeks.” In another instance, a staff 

member on Florida Representative Clay Shaw’s campaign contacted OPA five days before the 

2006 general election, asking for an administration speaker who would be a “moderate draw for 

a rally OR message event.”91 An Associate Director responded, “We’ve possibly got some 

cabinet secretaries, but little else that hasn’t already been allocated.”

At other times, OPA initiated efforts to send administration appointees to fundraisers. 

For example, after the midterm elections but before a runoff election, one Associate Director 

wrote to a candidate’s staff member: “I know that we are inching closer to a final date for the 

runoff and wanted to check in and see if . . . y’all would be interested in a top-level surrogate to 

help raise some cash? Please advise – Thanks.” 

OPA staff attempted to make high-level agency political appointees available for 

requested fundraisers. For example, on October 21, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin advised the White 

House liaison at HUD: “The Michigan folks called [an Associate Director] on Friday after you 

guys told them [the event] was off complaining about it. I guess they think they’ll get $20K and 

have a decent attendance. They are pushing us to send someone else in [Secretary Alphonso] 

Jackson’s place now.” The liaison responded: “The Secretary would reconsider if we told him 

he had to. At this point, could we make a strong enough case, and would [Michigan GOP] come 

through?” Confirming that the Michigan GOP was still interested in a high-level agency 

political appointee, the Associate Director suggested to Ms. McLaughlin that perhaps a 

conference call by HUD Secretary Jackson, in lieu of a visit, would suffice, writing: “I think we 

can make this work and then HUD will owe us one. However, if we can get [DOC Secretary 

Carlos] Gutierrez, I think that’s the better fit.” 

 

90 Mr. Kean was identified as a targeted Senator on OPA’s Final Push Matrix.

91 Representative Shaw was listed as a Tier 1 priority on the Final Push Matrix.
51 | Page

The evidence also shows that matching administration speakers with Republican 

campaign events was not unique to the 2006 midterm election cycle. In 2007, looking forward to 

the 2008 elections, an OPA Associate Director contacted a political consultant for Washington 

State Representative Dave Reichert and asked the consultant to send OPA “[a] ‘wish list’ of your 

top 10 WH/Administration surrogates. Start the list from 1 to 10 (1 being most desirable, 10 less 

desirable).”

2. OPA and Republican Groups Created the “Target List” to Prioritize the 

Travel of High-Level Agency Political Appointees

OPA did not fulfill every speaker request by campaigns or Republican groups. Rather, 

the OPA Director and Associate Directors identified certain requests as worthwhile, in that they 

involved a race that had been deemed competitive or a target. Former OPA Deputy Director 

Jennings explained that in this context, “target” is “a term most political people use to 

generically describe the type of regions or races that expect to see more intense political activity 

than others.” In order to readily identify which requests corresponded to these “target” races or 

regions, OPA referred to a so-called “target list,” which it had devised together with the White 

House Office of Strategic Initiatives, the RNC, and the NRCC. Ms. McLaughlin recalled to 

OSC that the target list was a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that detailed the names, states and 

district numbers of Republican candidates whom OPA deemed vulnerable. The rationale for the 

target list was that candidates involved in the most competitive races needed the most “help” 

from the administration, such as preferential allocation of assets, including participation in the 

event by high-level agency political appointees. Thus, the list illustrated to political appointees 

where, geographically, the White House viewed their travel to be most beneficial, i.e., which 

media markets received the most attention and where the most competitive races were taking 

place. 

Ms. McLaughlin identified a document titled Final Push Surrogate Matrix (Final Push 

Matrix) as similar to a target list from which she worked. The Final Push Matrix was a 

Microsoft Excel style spreadsheet, the first column of which contained names of targeted 

Republican candidates. For example, the list of congressional candidates, totaling over 70 

entries, was divided into tiers of priority from “Tier 1” to “Tier 3” of candidates identified for 

defense, and “Tier 1 Offense” and “Tier 2 Offense.” Targeted senators and governors were 

identified without a priority designation, each list totaling 14 and 26 entries, respectively. As 

Mr. Jennings explained: 

Tier One [candidates] are considered to be more important . . . than 

Tier Two or Tier Three. . . . The collective political judgment of us 

at OPA, our counterparts at the RNC, and the relevant 

congressional and Senate committees was that [for example] Geoff 
52 | Page

Davis’ race [a Tier One priority] was . . . more competitive than 

Ron Lewis’ race [a Tier Three priority].

 After identifying which requests for high-level political appointees involved target races 

or districts, the OPA Director and Associate Directors forwarded the requests to the Surrogate 

Scheduler. According to former Surrogate Scheduler Gray, he “did not have the authority to 

overrule what OPA suggested,” but prioritized the invitations before forwarding them to the 

appropriate agencies. Mr. Gray explained that he used the target list to put the requests in order 

of importance, “[s]o if a request came in from somebody on that list, . . . all else being equal, I 

would give a name on that list more priority than a name not on that list. . . . If the request was a 

priority, we would communicate it as such.” In 2006, the following Republican candidates were 

at the top of the target list, and as such, received the most assistance: Pennsylvania Senator Rick 

Santorum (15 visits); New Mexico Representative Heather Wilson (12 visits); Ohio 

Representative Steve Chabot (10 visits); Kentucky Representative Geoff Davis (9 visits); Indiana 

Representative Mike Sodrel (9 visits); and Connecticut Representative Nancy Johnson (9 

visits).92 

3. Earning Media for Targeted Candidates

 As the 2006 midterm elections approached, candidates involved in contentious races 

made more requests for administration speakers than those who were favored in their elections. 

Discussing this trend, Ms. Taylor explained: 

If you look at the 435 members of Congress, the ones who are 

typically in tough elections typically do the most activity. Ones 

who are not in tough elections, or who don’t have somebody 

running against them, they sit back and take it a little more easy. 

So it’s a little bit of a chicken and an egg scenario. People who are 

most engaged and most interested and are most aggressive about 

securing surrogates typically have to be the people who believe 

that they’re in a challenging race. 

Witnesses with campaign experience testified that earned media is a valuable asset for 

vulnerable candidates because it can draw positive attention to their candidacies.93

 

92 The data for this analysis were derived from the 2006 Suggested Memoranda as described below. In this instance, 

OSC utilized data from the 2006 Suggested Memoranda for all 17 agencies.

 As Mr. 

Jennings explained, many members of Congress are “desperate to get on television” in the fall of 

an election year. At least two former Associate Directors further stated that any event featuring 

93 Earned media refers to free favorable publicity gained through a variety of outlets, such as newspapers, television, 

radio, and Internet, and may include a variety of formats, such as news articles, editorials, and polls. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_media (last visited Jan. 17, 2011).
53 | Page

high-level agency appointees is an effective tool for garnering media coverage for the host, and 

that having an administration appointee at a press conference, a speech given to a civic group, a 

grant announcement, or even a visit to a nursing home, are all methods by which a candidate can 

attract attention to the event. These former Associate Directors noted that high-level agency 

political appointees, even when attending non-campaign events, attract cameras and newspapers

and that, in turn, raises the stature and coverage of the event. 

Illustrative of this fact is a September 2006 e-mail exchange between an OPA Associate 

Director and a staff member of Ohio Senator Mike DeWine.94 Using his RNC e-mail account, 

the Associate Director inquired whether any of the following events would be considered 

“helpful to DeWine”: (1) a visit to a Goodyear Tire Facility by DOT’s National Highway Traffic 

Administrator; (2) remarks by DOL’s Director of the Women’s Bureau at a Working Women in 

Transition Workshop and Graduation; (3) remarks by DOC’s Assistant Secretary for 

Manufacturing and Services at the Annual Meeting of the Cleveland Chapter of the National 

Tooling and Machining Association; and (4) a visit by the Office of National Drug Control 

Policy’s Deputy Director to the Drug Free Communities and Major Cities Meeting. Two of the 

events were “open press”; one event was “TBD press”; and one event was marked as closed to 

the press. In response to the Associate Director’s e-mail, a member of Senator DeWine’s staff 

recognized that the events would be helpful, but expressed reservations about the event marked 

“closed press.” This illustrates the value to candidates of events, even when official, where press 

would be in attendance. 

 The evidence underscores the notion that Republican candidates wished to capitalize on 

the administration assets available to them by ascertaining which official events would garner the 

most coverage and thus would be the most effective. For example, in a May 2006 e-mail, Ms. 

McLaughlin wrote to DOL political appointees: 

I have received several questions from our congressional members 

about what type of official events the Secretary does that garner 

the most press and are, by virtue of that, the most effective. Do 

you have any thoughts on this? I think they are looking to know if 

a roundtable with civic leaders, a Chamber event, a plant tour, 

etc. . . are the best things to do or not. This will deeply affect what 

they will ask for from your office.

Other Republican candidates did not specify in what capacity, official or political, a highlevel agency political appointee was being asked to attend an event. For example, on February 

24, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin forwarded a request from Martha Rainville, a congressional candidate 

from Vermont, to DOL, adding: 

 

94 Senator DeWine was listed as a target Senator on OPA’s Final Push Matrix.
54 | Page

She is requesting the Secretary for an event (either official or FR

[fundraiser]). We have a chance to pick this seat up and would like 

to be helpful in any way we can. Also, this might be a good place 

to go on one of our policy pushes (i.e. economic push, energy 

push, etc.).95 

Four days later, an OPA employee clarified: “Martha Rainville is currently Adjutant General of 

Vermont National Guard. Her resignation is effective April 1st, so any event before then can be 

an official event.”96 Similarly, on May 2, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin advised the staff at DOL: 

“Cong. [Curt] Weldon (R, PA-07) and Cong. Nancy Johnson (CT-05) are both requesting the 

Secretary for a FR and/or Official Event in their districts. I’ll get you details on what they are 

asking for.”97 On August 23, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin followed up, writing: “I saw on the Cabinet 

report that the Secretary will be in Norfolk, VA on October 3rd. Do you think she’d be willing to 

do an event (either official or political) with Cong. Thelma Drake (VA-02)? Drake is a priority 

for us.”98 

Eight days before the election, Representative Sue Kelly from New York submitted to 

OPA an “urgent request” for an earned media event.99 The Associate Director in charge of the 

region that included the State of New York explained to Ms. McLaughlin, “I think they are open 

to political or official events – they just want to earn media.” 

On June 8, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin advised several White House liaisons: 

In case you haven’t marked your calendars yet, the next Jobs Day 

push will be Friday July 7th. Like always, I’ll be sending Cabinet 

Liaison a list of cities that are important to OPA. As you know, 

half of this project is getting good press on the status of the 

economy. The other half is getting good press for incumbent 

officials and your principal. If you do not have the appropriate 

information on the latter, please let me know.

Similarly, on May 5, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin asked the staff at DOL as follows: 

 

95 Ms. Rainville was identified as a Tier 1 Offense candidate on OPA’s Final Push Matrix.

96 This e-mail is an example of the practice of manipulating official business to serve the ends of Republican 

candidates. Chapter Five addresses this problem in more detail.

97 Representative Weldon was identified as a Tier 1 priority candidate on OPA’s Final Push Matrix. As noted 

above, Representative Johnson was also a Tier 1 candidate.

98 Representative Drake was identified as a Tier 1 priority on the Final Push Matrix.

99 Representative Kelly was identified as a Tier 3 priority on the Final Push Matrix.
55 | Page

We had heard that the Secretary had done a grant announcement 

[for] a $5 million project in Northern CA from DC this week. I 

believe this grant affects the constituents of Cong. Pombo and 

Cong. Doolittle, 2 of our targeted folks. Do you think we can send 

a DoL surrogate out there to physically hand out a check? I think 

it would be helpful in terms of good press in a much needed 

area.100

A September 18, 2006, e-mail from an Associate Director to a staff member of 

Representative Curt Weldon underscores OPA’s involvement in encouraging high-level agency 

political appointees to travel to targeted regions and districts. The Associate Director wrote:

[W]e are working with the agencies to help lock down their travel for the 

last month before the campaign. Below is a list of Cabinet Officials that 

we have requests in to either do an official event or political event for you. 

Please let me know if you agree with this list or [if] there are any 

additions/deletions. Some of these might already be in the works and you 

have been dealing with the agencies already. Of course I can’t make a 

guarantee that all of these folks will do events – but this is what OPA will 

be pushing them to do: Cino[;] Chao (I think this is locked in)[;] Leavitt[;] 

Waters[; ]Paulson[;] Also – Kempthorne is doing more and more so let me 

know if you are interested in him. 

Likewise, OPA was interested in tracking those trips by high-level agency political 

appointees where “good press for incumbents” could be obtained. In an e-mail dated March 3, 

2006, Ms. McLaughlin noted to the Confidential Assistant to the GSA Administrator, “I’m 

particularly interested in any grant announcements (or anything where checks are handed out) 

that might be good press for incumbents.” 

4. OPA Tracked the Travel of High-Level Agency Political Appointees to 

Events with Targeted Republicans 

A former OPA intern stated that OPA’s ultimate objective in coordinating travel of highlevel administration appointees at the request of Republican candidates was to “get Republicans 

elected” and that “[s]ome needed more help than others. But, ‘get them elected,’ . . . that is what 

I saw going on.” In the words of Mr. Mehlman, the message to campaigns was, “If you need 

someone from the administration to come and be supportive, let us know, and we’ll work to try 

and coordinate it, expedite it, and make it effective for you.” As a result of OPA’s efforts, high-

 

100 California Representative Richard Pombo was listed as a Tier 1 candidate the Final Push Matrix. California 

Representative John Doolittle was listed as a Tier 2 candidate. 
56 | Page

level political appointees often traveled for the exclusive purpose of participating in campaignrelated events, aligned official business travel with requests for participation in campaign events 

in targeted districts, or created nominally official events with targeted incumbents to draw 

positive attention to their campaigns.101 

On December 12, 2005, Ms. McLaughlin sent an e-mail to White House liaisons at 

federal agencies advising: “This year and next promise to be very full of activity as we prepare 

for the midterm elections. In the coming months you will be receiving more and more requests 

for travel in targeted regions.” To keep track of the many speaker requests that were sent by 

OPA to federal agencies, OPA and the Surrogate Scheduler created agency-specific memoranda

titled “Secretary [Last Name] Suggested Event Participation” (Suggested Memoranda), which 

listed OPA’s suggestions for travel by each Cabinet Secretary and other high-level agency 

political appointees.102 These Suggested Memoranda identified OPA requests for upcoming 

events, the Republican candidates hosting them, and the agency political appointee attending the 

events. The Suggested Memoranda were reviewed by the OPA Director and forwarded to the 

agencies’ White House liaisons, Chiefs of Staff, and/or the scheduling staff. OPA staff and the 

Surrogate Scheduler recorded on the Suggested Memoranda which events were completed by the 

agency political appointees, which events remained outstanding, and which events were 

regretted, retracted, or cancelled. For example, where an agency political appointee declined to 

attend an event, the event was identified as “regretted” on the Suggested Memorandum to that 

agency; invitations for events that were withdrawn by the requestors were marked as “retracted”;

and “cancelled” events were cancelled for a variety of reasons. 

Only events with Republican candidates appearing on the target list were included in 

OPA’s Suggested Memoranda to the agencies. A former Associate Director explained to a 

White House liaison at DOI, “You can be assured that we would not ask for these events unless 

they were priorities . . . .” In fact, attendance at events with non-priority candidates was 

discouraged. For example, in an e-mail dated August 9, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin asked the White 

House liaison at DOL: “Do you know why [the Secretary] is doing an event for [Ohio 

Representative Ralph] Regula when we’ve explicitly asked the Cabinet to curtail events for nonpriority members? Especially in Ohio, where there are tons of folks to help?”103 Mr. Jennings 

explained that OPA would “have considered it a waste of time for a Secretary to do a fundraiser 

for a member who was not in a target race or in a competitive race.” He continued: “From the 

 

101 Chapter Five addresses in detail the practice of holding “official” events as a pretext for helping incumbents get 

reelected. There, OSC explains that these events were “political” and thus should not have been financed with funds 

derived from the U.S. Treasury. 

102 OSC is in possession of OPA Suggested Memoranda for calendar years 2005, 2006, and 2007. 

103 Representative Regula was not identified as a priority or a targeted candidate on OPA’s Final Push Matrix. 
57 | Page

legislative affairs view point, it may have been a good use of time. However, [OPA’s] outlook 

tended to be more political.” 

In addition to the agency-specific Suggested Memoranda, the Surrogate Scheduler 

maintained a master tracking document that reflected the status of all of the events in 2006 in 

which OPA was asked for assistance by Republican campaigns or groups. For each request to 

OPA, the document listed the requester, the “asset,” the asset’s employing agency, the category 

of the event, i.e., official or political, a description of the event, the city and state where the event 

would take place, the date of the event, and the status of the request. Ms. McLaughlin explained 

that “asset” referred to the Cabinet member or sub-Cabinet official asked by OPA to attend the 

event. In the status column, each event was labeled either “A – Completed,” “B – Scheduled,” 

“C – Scheduling,” or “D – Requesting.” For several requested events, the “Category” column 

was marked “TBD.” For example, the document reflects that Senator DeWine requested a 

“Fundraiser or Official Event” with DOC Secretary Gutierrez to take place on September 21, 

2006. Similarly, New York Representative Vito Fossella requested a fundraiser or official visit 

with DOT Acting Secretary Maria Cino, the date for which was “TBD October 2006.” 

5. Travel of High-Level Agency Political Appointees Tracked by OPA 

Dramatically Increased in 2006 

As part of its investigation, OSC examined all travel tracked by OPA in 2006. OSC also 

reviewed documents showing the amount of travel tracked by OPA in the non-election years of 

2005 and 2007. OSC does not assert that these OPA-tracked events represent all of the travel of 

high-level agency political appointees in a given year. 

As noted above, OPA staff tracked travel of high-level agency political appointees in 

documents titled Suggested Memoranda. OSC reviewed OPA’s Suggested Memoranda for 14 

federal agencies for calendar years 2005, 2006, and 2007.104

 

104 These include, along with the respective principals: USDA (Secretary Mike Johanns); DOC (Secretary Carlos 

Gutierrez); DOEd (Secretary Margaret Spellings); Department of Energy (Secretary Samuel Bodman); EPA 

(Administrator Stephen Johnson); HHS (Secretary Michael Leavitt); Department of Homeland Security (Secretary 

Michael Chertoff); HUD (Secretary Alphonso Jackson); DOI (Secretary Gail Norton & Secretary Dirk 

Kempthorne); DOJ (Attorney General Alberto Gonzales); Office of National Drug Control Policy (Director John 

Walters); Small Business Administration (Administrator Steve Preston & Administrator Hector Barreto); DOT 

(Secretary Norman Mineta & Secretary Mary Peters & Deputy and/or Acting Secretary Maria Cino); and VA 

(Secretary James Nicholson). 

 For calendar year 2005, each of 

OPA’s Suggested Memoranda was dated on or about November 20, 2005, reflecting travel 

suggested by OPA for 2005. For calendar year 2006, OPA’s Suggested Memoranda were dated 
58 | Page

on or about November 28, 2006, also showing travel for 2006.105 Finally, for calendar year 

2007, the Suggested Memoranda OSC was able to obtain were dated earlier in the year. 

Specifically, out of the 2007 Suggested Memoranda produced to OSC for 14 federal agencies, 

three were dated March 6, 2007; four were dated April 17, 2007; six were dated April 24, 2007; 

and one was dated July 13, 2007. 

Looking at each year individually, the evidence shows that in 2006, as depicted in Chart 

1 below, OPA tracked 635 events for completion by high-level agency political appointees. The 

data shows that of the 635 events, 375 were completed. These 375 events included both official 

and political gatherings, nearly all of which were held outside the Washington, D.C. 

metropolitan area. Of the 375 events, 300, or 80 percent, as depicted in Chart 2 below, were 

hosted by targeted Republican candidates.106 Furthermore, DOL Secretary Chao’s travel was not 

captured in the 2006 figures cited above because OSC was not provided with similar Suggested 

Memoranda for Secretary Chao for 2005. However, it is worth noting that between January 1 

and November 6, 2006, Secretary Chao completed 36 events, 25 of which were with a 

Republican candidate. 

 By comparison, in 2005, as shown in Chart 1 below, OPA tracked a total of 154 events, 

or approximately one-fourth of the events tracked in 2006. Of the 154 tracked events, high-level 

agency political appointees completed 128 events. As shown in Chart 2, of those 128 events, 

only 53, or 41 percent, were hosted by a Republican candidate. 

[THIS SPACE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY]

 

105 Because the focus of OSC’s investigation was the travel of high-level agency political appointees preceding the 

2006 midterm elections, e.g. travel completed prior to November 7, 2006, the figures that OSC derived from the 

Suggested Memoranda and cited to in this report exclude any event identified on the Suggested Memoranda with a 

date past November 6 or with an undetermined date in November. For example, OSC excluded any event identified 

as “scheduled” for “TBD November.” 

106 No event tracked by OPA and listed on its 2006 Suggested Memoranda was hosted or requested by a Democratic 

candidate.
59 | Page

Chart 1: Events Tracked by OPA and Completed by High-Level Agency Political Appointees – Comparison of 

Non-Election (2005) to Election (2006) Years, January 1 Through November 6.107

[THIS SPACE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY]

 

107 The data in this graph were derived from the Suggested Memoranda for 2005 and 2006 for 14 agencies. 

154

635

128

375

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2005 2006

Total Events Suggested by OPA

Total Events Completed 
60 | Page

 

Chart 2: Events Completed by High-Level Agency Political Appointees With Republican Candidates – 

Comparison of Non-Election (2005) to Election (2006) Years, January 1 Through November 6.108

Next, OSC compared these figures with data extracted from OPA’s Suggested 

Memoranda for 2007 in an effort to determine whether the dramatic increase in events was 

specific to the 2006 midterm elections or part of a larger upward trend from 2005 to 2006 and

beyond. As noted above, three of the 2007 Suggested Memoranda were dated March 6, 2007. 

These Suggested Memoranda were for the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) 

Director John Walters, U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Secretary Michael 

Chertoff, and U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. Four of the 

Suggested Memoranda were dated April 17, 2007 (April 17 Suggested Memoranda). They were 

for the HHS Secretary Michael Leavitt, EPA Administrator Stephen Johnson, DOC Secretary 

Gutierrez, and DOI Secretary Dirk Kempthorne. An additional six Suggested Memoranda were 

dated April 24, 2007 (April 24 Suggested Memoranda). They were for HUD Secretary Jackson, 

USDA Secretary Mike Johanns, DOEd Secretary Margaret Spellings, Small Business 

Administration (SBA) Administrator Steve Preston, DOT Secretary Mary Peters, and VA

Secretary James Nicholson. Finally, one Suggested Memorandum for the U.S. Department of 

Energy (DOE) Secretary Samuel Bodman was dated July 13, 2007. 

 

108 The data in this graph were derived from the Suggested Memoranda for 2005 and 2006 for 14 agencies. 

128

375

53

300

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2005 2006

Total Events Completed

Total Events Completed 

with a Republican 

Candidate
61 | Page

To derive data for a comparison of non-election years, i.e., 2005 and 2007, with election 

year 2006, OSC reviewed the four April 17 Suggested Memoranda and the six April 24 

Suggested Memoranda. OSC then compared the data contained in the April 17 and April 24 

Suggested Memoranda to data for the same agencies, during the same time frame in 2005 and 

2006, namely January 1 through April 17, and January 1 through April 24, respectively. 

A review of the data shows that there was a marked decline in the number of events OPA 

tracked in non-election years. Specifically, through April 17, 2005, OPA tracked one event. By

comparison, during that same time frame in 2006, OPA tracked 54 events. In 2007, OPA tracked 

only five events during the January through April 17 time frame. 

A comparison of the April 24 Suggested Memoranda shows a parallel trend. From 

January 1 through April 24, 2005, OPA tracked 12 events. During the same four months in 

2006, however, OPA tracked 58 events. In the same time frame in 2007, the number again 

decreased, and OPA tracked only 21 events. It is especially worth noting that in 2005, none of 

the suggested events included a Republican candidate, yet in the election year 2006, 26 of the 58 

events were completed with a Republican candidate. By comparison, in 2007, after the election, 

only four of the 21 tracked events were completed with a Republican candidate. 

At least two former OPA employees testified about the difference in the number of events 

completed in non-election versus election years. Ms. Taylor explained that an election cycle 

signified an influx in requests for appearances of high-level agency political appointees “because 

incumbents tend to become much more engaged as it gets closer to the election.” Similarly, Mr. 

Jennings testified that the increase in travel was due to the “ramp up” in an election cycle.

a. In the Months Before the 2006 Midterm Elections, OPA Engaged in 

“Final Push Efforts” to Assist Republican Candidates 

 OPA’s efforts to prioritize and schedule the travel of high-level agency political 

appointees resulted in a significant increase in the number of completed events in the three 

months before the 2006 midterm elections. In the first seven months of 2006, a total of 178 

OPA-tracked events were completed. Strikingly, an additional 197 events were completed 

during the final three months before the elections. See Chart 3 below. Thus, during those final 

three months, high-level agency political appointees were completing an average of 66 events 

per month, 93 percent of which involved a Republican candidate. 
62 | Page

Chart 3: Events Suggested by OPA and Completed by High-Level Agency Political Appointees in the Three 

Months Immediately Prior to 2006 Midterm Elections.109

Mirroring these trends, much of the written communication from OPA and the Surrogate 

Scheduler to federal agencies during the final months before the 2006 midterm elections 

pertained to travel connected to the upcoming elections. For example, in July 2006, Ms. 

McLaughlin advised the political staff at 17 agencies as follows: 

 

With only 4 months left before the end of the 05-06 cycle, I am

interested to speaking [sic] with each of you regarding what is and 

what is not possible in terms of your current (and future) OPA 

surrogate requests. . . . On that note, we are now asking each 

agency to do at least 5 OPA recommended event [sic] per month 

from now until November. 

In or about August 2006, Ms. McLaughlin began counting down for the agencies the 

number of days left before the elections. She tracked the number of days from 88, to 84, to 42, 

to 35, to “28 days and counting.” In this countdown correspondence, Ms. McLaughlin thanked 

the agencies for working through the issues in scheduling events, urged them to complete any 

outstanding travel requests, and commended them for doing a great job and noting they were 

 

109 The data in this graph were derived from the 2006 Suggested Memoranda for 14 agencies

178

197

117

183

0

50

100

150

200

250

Events Completed, January 1 

Through July 31, 2006

Events Completed, August 1 

Through November 6, 2006

Total Events Completed

Total Events Completed with a 

Republican Candidate
63 | Page

“almost done.” Continuing from 21 days, to 19, to 15, to 8, Ms. McLaughlin kept track of the 

upcoming midterm elections. On October 19, 2006, 19 days before the election, she wrote to 

political appointees at DOI: 

I was just looking through Secretary Kempthorne’s memo and 

wanted to say a quick thank you for getting so many of these 

scheduled. I think you have a good plan here that is going to cover 

a lot of our strategic areas and will do a lot of good. I know some 

of the folks on our list can be ‘challenging,’ but we are confident 

of a good result on 11/7. . . . P.S. Only 19 days to go. 

The final days before the 2006 midterm elections were critical to the administration and 

OPA called this period “crunch time.” On September 12, 2006, writing to the White House 

liaison at the VA, Ms. McLaughlin laid out the “surrogate plan for the last 2-3 weeks.” Therein, 

she highlighted seven congressional races to which OPA was “thinking of deploying” Secretary 

Nicholson. She concluded her e-mail by noting: 

All Cabinet Secretaries are being asked to withhold from 

international travel until after 11/7. We need [Secretary 

Nicholson] to be around for “emergenc” [sic] events as well as 

these seven:

1. CT-2: Simmons

2. FL-22: Shaw 

3. IA-02: Leach

4. NV-3: Porter 

5. OH-15: Pryce 

6. VA-2: Drake

7. WY-a1 [sic]: Cubin. 

Throughout September, OPA and the Surrogate Scheduler continued to contact several 

agencies, outlining their “top priorities” for travel “going into November.” Writing to a political 

appointee at DOC on September 22, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin explained: “We have come up with a 

list of events that our highest priority congressional incumbents have requested for the Secretary. 

We are asking them to happen somewhere between October 9-November 3rd to be the most 

effective.” Political appointees at DOL, VA, and HHS received similar “last push requests” for 

travel in the final weeks before November 7, 2006. In at least one of these requests, Ms. 

McLaughlin emphasized that all the listed events “really need to happen.” 
64 | Page

During the final “crunch time,” one tool OPA used to track electoral priorities and its 

efforts of deploying high-level agency political appointees to events with Republican candidates 

was a document referred to as the Final Push Matrix. According to a former OPA Associate 

Director, the term “final push” is political vernacular for the “final 2 weeks before an election,” a 

time frame during which it was considered especially important to provide a great deal of 

support to the targeted candidates. As discussed above, the Final Push Matrix was a Microsoft 

Excel spreadsheet on which the columns were divided by date from October 23 through 

November 6, 2006, and each row represented a targeted Republican candidate, including 

members of the U.S. House, U.S. Senate, and governors. When an administration appointee 

attended a targeted candidate’s event, the appointee’s name was entered into the cell 

corresponding to the date of the event. 

The evidence overwhelmingly shows that the events catalogued on the Final Push Matrix 

were coordinated with the specific purpose of supporting the election or reelection of vulnerable 

Republicans. However, numerous trips listed on this matrix appeared on both OPA’s Suggested 

Memoranda to the agencies and the master tracking document, where they were improperly 

categorized as “official” government events. 

Finally, the focus on the final weeks before the midterm elections was not unique to 

2006. Evidence shows that the last two weeks before the 2002 midterm elections received 

similar attention. To illustrate, in an August 8, 2002, e-mail, then-Surrogate Scheduler Gray 

wrote to several White House liaisons asking: “FINAL TWO WEEKS: Wherever possible, can 

we put a hold on schedules for the final two weeks on the campaign season (October 21-

November 5). . . . Our goal is to duplicate [previous efforts] for our final targets using cabinet 

members and other administration officials.” In another 2002 e-mail to DOI appointees, Mr. 

Gray listed events for five different Republican candidates that the DOI Secretary was requested 

to attend as part of a “final swing” effort. Mr. Gray explained that the listed event for each 

candidate was necessary because, for example, the “[l]atest polling has him up about 7 points,” 

or the “[l]atest internal polling has him down.” 

b. OPA’s Partisan Political Activity Related to the 2006 Midterm 

Elections Declined After November 7, 2006 

OSC observed two trends immediately following the 2006 congressional elections. First, 

there was a precipitous decline in the number of requests to or by OPA for travel to events with 

Republican candidates or groups. In fact, in December 2006, e-mails between OPA and the 

agencies discussing surrogate travel became sparse. After April 2007, OSC discovered no 

further evidence of coordination between OPA and federal agencies regarding travel to events. 

Indeed, “there was official travel going on [in 2007],” explained Mr. Jennings, “it just wasn’t 

going through our office.” 
65 | Page

Second, OPA’s tone changed in the few travel-related e-mails that were sent to federal 

agencies after November 7, 2006. As noted above, during the final weeks before the elections, 

e-mail communications pertaining to travel was filled with urgent requests for “priority” events 

and “push” efforts. The correspondence included requests for agencies to complete a certain 

number of events per month, to “hold off” on international travel until after the election, and to 

“urgently” assist troubled campaigns. Conversely, shortly after the November 7, 2006, elections, 

OPA’s requests for agencies to complete events lacked any sense of urgency. For example, in a 

November 9, 2006, e-mail to the Chief of Staff and White House liaison at DOE, Surrogate 

Scheduler McLaughlin inquired: “Is the Secretary going to do this event by chance? Not a big 

push . . . .” On the same date, OPA contacted DOI in reference to a proposed event with the 

New Jersey Representative Scott Garrett, noting that because he had been reelected, doing an 

event with him “would be good, but not a push.” Similarly, after the election, OPA indicated via 

e-mail to HUD and DOEd that certain events were not “a push.” Likewise, OPA’s requests 

throughout 2007 lacked any sense of exigency, and indicated that those trips were not a priority 

or “not a push.” 

III. Legal Analysis 

The following analysis assesses whether any OPA employees or the Surrogate Scheduler 

violated the Hatch Act by engaging in activity directed at assisting the Republican Party and its 

candidates.

110 First, OSC addresses whether any such activity constituted “political activity” as 

defined in the Hatch Act regulations, and concludes that it did.111 Second, OSC concludes that 

the political activity of employees qualifying for the § 7324(b) exemption was not incidental to 

operating OPA for official business. Thus, failure to reimburse the U.S. Treasury for the costs 

associated with that activity violated the Hatch Act. 

A. OPA Staff and the Surrogate Scheduler Engaged in Political Activity for 

Purposes of the Hatch Act 

One of OPA’s official functions was to advise the President on matters of policy. As 

discussed earlier in this chapter, OPA staff, under the direction of the Director and the Deputy 

Director, routinely worked with constituents and political groups to, among other things: 

evaluate levels of support for Presidential policies and initiatives; plan and develop long range 

strategies to achieve Presidential priorities; maintain contact with national, state, and local 

Republican groups; and monitor the political rhythm in key districts across the country. In order 

to properly advise and assist the President, OPA staff necessarily remained informed about the 

 

110 For purposes of the legal analysis, any reference to OPA staff or OPA employees includes the Surrogate 

Scheduler. 111 See 5 CF.R. § 734.101.
66 | Page

current political environment. OSC believes these types of functions, which relate to the 

policies, initiatives, and agenda of the President, are not political activity under the Act. 

However, OPA staff, again under the direction of the Director and the Deputy Director 

and their superiors, also engaged in activities that went beyond merely gathering politically 

relevant information for the purpose of advising the President on matters of policy. OPA 

employees, particularly during the 2006 midterm election season, methodically coordinated 

administration support to aid the campaigns of Republican candidates. In fact, one former OPA 

intern observed that OPA’s goal was, in sum, to “get Republicans elected.” For example, OPA 

acted as a liaison between the RNC and political appointees to shore up volunteers for 72-hour 

deployments. As set forth in Chapter Three, OPA conducted political briefings at numerous 

agencies where PowerPoint presentations were displayed noting targeted candidates. OPA also 

maintained a target list of Republican candidates to guide the prioritization of candidates’ 

requests for appearances by high-level political appointees. During the same time period, OPA 

also tracked fundraisers by identifying the number of attendees and amount of money raised at 

events where high-level political appointees gave keynote addresses. When campaigns contacted 

OPA to seek administration appointees to speak at their events – which, by itself, shows OPA’s 

cooperation with and support for political candidates – OPA used the target list to guide the 

allocation of assets and deploy appointees as speakers to best achieve Republican success in 

close races. All of these activities constituted political activities under the Hatch Act.

 

OPA’s purpose in keeping the target list and directing travel according to the list was no 

secret. Indeed, e-mails from the Surrogate Schedulers and OPA employees during the Bush II 

administration speak for themselves: 

• “We are strategically targeting Lincoln Day, Reagan Day, or Winter GOP dinners 

for County GOPs . . . in [certain Louisiana] parishes because of their important 

[sic] to the LA-03 and Governor’s race.” 

• “We have a number of Administration folks heading up to NJ in the next few 

weeks to help Kean as well.” 

• “I know that we are inching closer to a final date for the runoff and wanted to 

check in and see if . . . y’all would be interested in a top-level surrogate to help 

raise some cash?” 

• “[A]s we prepare for the midterm elections . . . you will be receiving more and 

more requests for travel in targeted regions.” 

• “[Martha Rainville] is requesting the Secretary for an event (either official or FR). 

We have a chance to pick this seat up and would like to be helpful in any way we 

can.” 

• “Do you think [the Secretary would] be willing to do an event . . . with Cong. 

Thelma Drake (VA-02)? Drake is a priority for us.” 
67 | Page

• “With only 4 months before the end of the 05-06 election cycle . . . we are now 

asking each agency to do at least 5 OPA recommended event [sic] per month from 

now until November.” 

• “We have come up with a list of events that our highest priority congressional 

incumbents have requested for the Secretary. We are asking them to happen 

somewhere between October 9-November 3 to be the most effective.” 

• “FINAL TWO WEEKS: Wherever possible, can we put a hold on schedules for 

the final two weeks on the campaign season (October 21-November 5). . . . Our 

goal is to duplicate [previous efforts] for our final targets using cabinet members 

and other administration officials.” 

That OPA’s purpose in coordinating administration appointees’ travel to targeted districts to 

support Republican candidates’ campaigns constituted political activity under the Hatch Act can 

hardly be debated in light of these statements.

Besides using RNC-provided office equipment and e-mail accounts, an even more 

striking indicator of political activity within OPA was the daily presence of several RNC Desk 

Coordinators during the six months leading up to the 2006 midterm elections. Specifically, in 

the last few months before the 2006 elections, several Desk Coordinators, while still employed 

by the RNC, began to report for duty to the offices of OPA rather than the RNC. While at OPA, 

the Desk Coordinators were assigned their own working space and were paired with OPA 

Associate Directors who supervised their activities and reviewed their work. In this manner, the 

Desk Coordinators undertook responsibilities otherwise borne by OPA staff. Evidence revealed 

that the Desk Coordinators became so integrated into the activities of OPA that they were 

expected to attend daily OPA meetings, were copied on various internal documents circulated 

only among OPA staff, and were frequently asked to communicate with outside groups, 

including campaigns, on behalf of OPA. Shortly after the November 2006 elections, these Desk 

Coordinators ceased reporting to OPA’s offices. 

OSC acknowledges that providing sound advice about the political implications of 

Presidential policies is important for achieving various policy objectives. OSC also 

acknowledges that individuals who are asked to provide this type of advice are more effective in 

doing so if they are able to maintain contacts with the national, state, and local elected officials 

across the country. Undeniably, maintaining political contact with voters, political parties, and 

public interest groups enables OPA staff to provide sound recommendations to the President and 

is not prohibited by the Hatch Act. However, the systematic, partisan political activity described 

in this report, including strategically supplying targeted candidates with administration support to 

secure electoral gains, goes far beyond a need for political information to effectively advise the 

President. It is, in fact, the type of electioneering proscribed by the Hatch Act. Reflecting on 
68 | Page

this topic, Richard W. Painter, a former Associate Counsel to the President in the Bush II 

administration, noted: 

[C]oncurrent political and official roles put people in a position 

that is difficult and arguably untenable. Critics will blame Office 

of Political Affairs staff members and other officials who engage 

in political activity for poor ethical judgment when problems arise. 

These problems, however, may be inevitable if government 

officials continue to be asked to perform official and political roles 

concurrently. The public image of the White House and the rest of 

the government will suffer as a consequence.112

B. OPA Staff and the Surrogate Scheduler Violated the Hatch Act When They 

Engaged in Political Activity While on Duty or in a Federal Workplace 

1. Non-Exempt Employees – OPA Associate Directors and the Surrogate 

Scheduler

As explained in Chapter Three, only OPA employees who qualify for the § 7324(b) 

exemption, i.e., high-level officials whose duties and responsibilities continue outside normal 

duty hours and while away from the normal duty post, may engage in political activity while on 

duty or in a federal workplace. OSC has concluded that during the Bush II administration, OPA 

Associate Directors and the Surrogate Scheduler did not qualify for the § 7324(b) exemption, 

and thus were not permitted to engage in any political activity while they were on duty or in a 

federal workplace. As a result, the Associate Directors and the Surrogate Scheduler violated the 

Hatch Act by performing, while on duty or in the federal workplace, the duties described in this 

chapter that constitute political activity. However, because these individuals engaged in the 

prohibited activities at the direction of their superiors, OSC below analyzes the larger problem: 

the use of OPA as a whole to pursue partisan advantage at the polls. 

2. Exempt Employees – OPA Director and Deputy Director

During the Bush II administration, the OPA Director and Deputy Director occupied highlevel positions within the EOP in that their duties and responsibilities continued outside normal 

duty hours and while away from the normal duty post. As a result, the Director and the Deputy 

Director were exempt from the § 7324(a) restrictions, and thus, were permitted to engage in 

political activity while they were on duty or in a federal workplace. Notwithstanding this 

 

112 Richard W. Painter, Getting the Government America Deserves: How Ethics Reform Can Make a Difference 252 

(Oxford Univ. Press 2009). Currently, Mr. Painter is the S. Walter Richey Professor of Corporate Law at the 

University of Minnesota Law School.
69 | Page

exemption, however, the Hatch Act requires that any costs associated with such permitted 

political activity not be paid for with U.S. Treasury funds. OSC examines this issue in greater 

detail below.

a. The Costs Associated With Political Activity May Not Be Paid for 

With Money Derived From the U.S. Treasury 

Although the Director and Deputy Director, who oversaw the activities of OPA and its 

staff, were permitted to engage in political activity while on duty or in a federal workplace, 

according to the legislative history of the Hatch Act, Congress expected that “most of the 

political activity that these officials engage in will be conducted off Government property and 

not during regular duty hours.”113 Where such on-the-job activity occurs, the Hatch Act requires 

that costs associated with that activity not be paid with U.S. Treasury funds. 

The Act’s attendant regulations provide that “[c]osts associated with a political activity 

are deemed not to be paid for by money derived from the Treasury of the United States if the 

Treasury is reimbursed for the costs within a reasonable period of time.”114 The regulations 

further instruct that “costs associated with a political activity do not include any costs that the 

Government would have or have [sic] incurred regardless of whether the activity was 

political.”115 For example, where a Cabinet Secretary holds a catered political reception in his or 

her office, and a security detail attends the reception to provide security for the Secretary, the 

Hatch Act does not require reimbursement of the costs associated with the use of the Secretary’s 

office, the Secretary’s salary, or the costs of the security detail.116 This is because the Secretary 

would have had a security detail in the office regardless of what type of event was taking 

place.117 

Lastly, as discussed above, the legislative history reflects that Congress did not expect 

that all activities of high-level political officials be itemized such that the cost of every phone 

call, a few photocopies, or the portion of their salary attributable to time spent on political 

activities must be reimbursed.

118 It specifically admonished, however, that “. . . if a Government 

office is turned into a political boiler-room, all the costs associated with that activity should be 

reimbursed.”119

 

113 H.R. Rep. No. 103-16, at 22 (1993).

 Likewise, OSC has advised in the past that an agency’s policies concerning 

limited personal use of government equipment can serve as a guide for determining what costs 

are truly incidental. Thus, for example, the cost of using government resources for incidental, 

political communications need not be reimbursed, but the cost of using those resources for 

114 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(a).

115 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(b).

116 See 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(b); § 734.503 ex. 1.

117 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(b). 118 H.R. Rep. 103-16, at 22 (1993).

119 Id.
70 | Page

political activity on a recurring, non-incidental basis should be reimbursed.120 As explained 

below, the political activity of OPA staff and the Surrogate Scheduler was not incidental to the 

official functions of the office, and as such, costs associated with that activity would not have 

been incurred in its absence. 

b. The Political Activity of OPA Staff and the Surrogate Scheduler 

Was More Than Incidental 

Based on the preceding, at the point where the volume of political activity conducted by 

OPA Director, Deputy Director, or at their direction went beyond incidental, Congress expected

that U.S. Treasury funds not be used to finance such activity. In order to make this assessment, 

OSC had to consider not only the individual activity of the OPA Director and Deputy Director, 

but also any activity performed at their direction, i.e., the activity of OPA staff and the Surrogate 

Scheduler. 

The evidence gathered during this investigation shows that partisan political activity was 

in no way incidental to OPA’s functions. Indeed, OPA employees routinely worked with the 

RNC to strategize about how to best utilize administration assets to help targeted candidates. As 

the evidence discussed in this chapter demonstrates, OPA staff, under the direction of the 

Director and Deputy Director, focused a significant portion of their daily activities, at least 

during the 2006 midterm election cycle, on assisting with the electoral goals of Republican 

candidates involved in targeted races. Several OPA employees viewed this as a part of their 

official job functions. They helped draw positive attention to these vulnerable Republican 

candidates by strategically dispatching high-level agency political appointees to predetermined 

areas of the country. This large-scale deployment was guided by a target list of competitive 

races that was created by OPA in cooperation with the RNC. The trends explored in this chapter 

show the degree to which, in 2006, the focus of the OPA staff shifted from gathering politically 

relevant information to advance the functions of government, to assisting or supporting the 

Republican Party’s electoral priorities. 

OPA’s support was not limited to recommending and requesting that high-level political 

appointees be available for events with Republican candidates. It also included tracking 

fundraisers attended by administration appointees, motivating political appointees at executive 

agencies via political briefings, and working in close coordination with the RNC. Especially 

during the last three months preceding November 7, 2006, OPA staff ensured that federal 

agencies timely filled requests from Republican candidates who sought high-level agency 

political appointees to speak at events in order to garner media attention. What is more, as noted 

 

120 See Letter from William E. Reukauf, Associate Special Counsel for Prosecution, OSC, Reimbursement of de 

minimis expenses for PAS employees (Feb. 25, 2000), available at http://osc.gov/documents/hatchact/federal/fha24.pdf. 
71 | Page

above, RNC Desk Coordinators worked out of OPA offices full-time in order to more effectively 

support Republican candidates. 

In 2006, the partisan political activity of OPA staff was not incidental to the functions of 

the office. Instead, the OPA Director and Deputy Director focused the time and energy of OPA 

staff to help advance the Republican Party’s electoral prospects, thereby transforming the office 

into a setting akin to a political boiler room. Because bolstering candidates’ campaign efforts 

and helping advance a political party’s electoral prospects is not something that the government 

would have paid for otherwise, U.S. Treasury funds should not have been used to pay for this

political activity. Using U.S. Treasury funds to finance such activity, including employees’ 

salaries, violated the Hatch Act. 

In light of the issues addressed in this report about OPA’s political activities, which, as 

explained below, were not unique to the Bush II administration, OSC offers guidance regarding 

how OPA may prevent similar violations of the Hatch Act in the future. 

IV. OPA During Prior Administrations

In order to formulate recommendations to bring the activities of OPA into compliance 

with the Hatch Act, OSC reviewed OPA as it existed during prior administrations (pre-Bush II). 

OSC notes that it did not investigate the practices of OPA in prior administrations, and makes no 

findings as to whether any such practices were in conflict with the Hatch Act. Instead, OSC’s 

review serves two purposes. First, it lends a historical perspective to the activities of OPA 

during the Bush II administration that were the subject of this investigation. Second, and 

perhaps more importantly, it shows that the aspects of OPA that came in conflict with the Hatch 

Act during the Bush II administration have apparently existed for decades.

A review of news articles, scholarly journals, and government publications reveals that 

OPA staff in prior administrations worked closely with their counterparts in the RNC and the 

DNC. For example, OPA’s second Director under Bush I explained that he held a weekly 

“political directors meeting” to include his counterparts at the RNC, NRCC, and the RGA for the 

purpose of working out what those organizations “needed from the administration.”121 

Comparable allegations of involvement between OPA and the DNC abounded during the Clinton 

administration.

122 For example, a 1997 Washington Times article exposed memoranda titled 

“Recommended Cabinet Travel,” co-authored by a member of President Clinton’s OPA staff and 

“DNC-paid ‘volunteers’ in the White House.”123

 

121 Patterson, note 29, at 207-208.

 These “Recommended Cabinet Travel” 

memoranda were alleged to have been distributed to Cabinet Secretaries in anticipation of travel 

122 Id. at 212.

123 Paul Bedard, Cabinet Members Were Pushed to Go On Campaign Trail; Most Fulfilled White House’s Requests.

Wash. Times, Dec. 1, 1997, at A1.
72 | Page

in support of vulnerable Democratic candidates. The article also examined additional documents 

from President Clinton’s OPA and reported that “the White House political affairs office 

organized a massive effort to enlist 10 Cabinet members . . . to campaign for President Clinton’s 

reelection and for troubled Democrats in 1994 . . . .”124 The article noted that “[o]ne key 

memo . . . addressed to the [Clinton] White House political director . . . details a plan for 89 

campaign-related trips by 10 Cabinet heads and three other top administration officials.”125 

Likewise, the concept of official agency events being utilized to “earn media” for targeted 

candidates is not unique to the Bush II administration. For a 1994 article, a journalist at The 

National Journal interviewed “campaign operatives” who explained that they sought out Cabinet 

Secretaries who could do official policy events to garner free media attention for the Democratic 

candidates involved in close races.126

 Also, during the administration of President Ronal Reagan, the political activities of OPA 

staff caused some concern. For example, the second Director of OPA during the Reagan 

administration left his position with the office in 1983 to run the President’s reelection 

campaign.127 When he left, according to one account, the Director “took the entire political shop 

with him and it was not replaced. The U.S. Government Manual does not have a listing for the 

Office of Political Affairs for the years 1984-1985.”128 

Former Associate White House Counsel Painter has reflected on the intricacies of OPA’s 

existence in relation to the Hatch Act. In his discussions on the subject, Mr. Painter highlighted 

the difficulties faced by attorneys in the White House Counsel’s Office who are asked to advise 

EOP employees, including OPA staff, on how official and political roles may be reconciled:

For legal advisors, in particular, the combination of official with 

political work is fraught with difficulty. Regardless of synergies 

between official capacity political advice and personal capacity 

political activity, the Hatch Act requires the two to be separate. In 

instances in which the formalities of separation are not properly 

observed, the White House comes under intense criticism. At the 

same time, employees who engage in both types of activity may 

have difficulty, conceptually, separating functions they perceive to 

revolve around a single objective: the political success of the 

[P]resident and his policies.129 

 

124 Id.

125 Id.

126 James A. Barnes, Like His Home-State Razorbacks Clinton’s Cabinet Pays to Win, National Journal, Apr. 9, 

1994, at 852.

127 Tenpas, Institutionalized Politics, supra note 31, at 515.

128 Id. at 515 n.30.

129 Painter, supra note 112, at 249.
73 | Page

Likewise, OSC attorneys, during investigative interviews, observed the “conceptual 

difficulty” the OPA staff during the Bush II administration experienced in separating their 

official and political functions. With respect to the RNC e-mail accounts, for instance, some 

OPA staff professed their confusion and simply defaulted to using their RNC accounts for all

communication. Others confidently believed that the Hatch Act permitted them to engage in 

full-time political activity as their official job. This lack of understanding was common to OPA 

Directors, Deputy Director, Associate Directors, Surrogate Schedulers, and paid RNC staff 

members who worked at OPA during the 2006 midterm election cycle.

V. Recommendations 

 The Hatch Act provides that U.S. Treasury funds cannot be used to pay for the political 

activities of those select officials who are permitted, by the § 7324(b) exemption, to engage in 

political activity while on duty or in the federal workplace.130 The legislative history of the 1993 

Hatch Act Reform Amendments makes it clear that Congress intended that if the political 

activity of exempt employees was more than incidental, the costs associated with that activity 

should be reimbursed. Further, if an office engages in so much political activity that it becomes 

akin to a political boiler room, all the costs associated with that activity, including costs related 

to activities of exempt employees, must be repaid.131 

OSC cannot pinpoint with certainty the period of time during which OPA rose to the 

level of a “political boiler-room” during the Bush II administration. However, OPA engaged in a 

significant amount of political activity during the 2006 midterm election cycle, such as: 

conducting partisan political briefings for agency personnel; developing and managing lists of 

targeted Republicans in upcoming elections; coordinating the travel of high-level agency 

political appointees to events with targeted Republican campaigns; interfacing and strategizing 

with the RNC, NRCC, and other political groups; suggesting participation in 72-hour 

deployment efforts; tracking the results of such volunteer efforts; and tracking money raised at 

fundraisers attended by administration officials. The sheer volume of political activity is also 

evidenced by the daily presence of RNC Desk Coordinators working in OPA in the period before 

the election and the use of office equipment provided by the RNC. 

 

130 Appropriations laws also may forbid the use of appropriated funds for political purposes. See 31 U.S.C. 

§ 1301(a) (providing that “appropriations shall be applied only to the objects for which the appropriations were 

made except as otherwise provided by law”). OLC has interpreted this provision, then found at 31 U.S.C. § 628, as 

prohibiting the use of appropriated funds for the “personal private activities of Government officers and employees” 

to include political activities and political travel. See Memorandum from John M. Harmon, Acting Asst. Att’y Gen., 

OLC, to Robert J. Lipshutz, Counsel to the President 3 (Mar. 15, 1977) [hereinafter Political Trips Memorandum] 

(on file with author). In particular, OLC saw “no difference between using appropriated funds for political or other 

non-official travel, which we concluded at the outset of this memorandum was generally improper, and using 

appropriated funds to pay the salaries of personnel who are engaged in political or other non-official support 

activities in connection with such travel.” Id. at 14.

131 H.R. Rep. 103-16, at 22-23 (1993). 
74 | Page

The Hatch Act regulations clearly state that political activity is “an activity directed 

toward the success or failure of a political party, candidate for partisan political office, or 

partisan political group” and that such political activity is prohibited.132 Therefore, because most 

OPA employees and the Surrogate Scheduler are not exempt under § 7324(b), they are barred 

from engaging in the noted activities while on duty or while in the federal workplace. 

The Director and Deputy Director, on the other hand, were permitted to engage in 

political activity on duty and in the federal workplace provided the costs associated with the 

activity were reimbursed to the Treasury.133 However, Congress expected that on-the-job 

political activity by § 7324(b) employees would be kept to a minimum. The legislative history 

indicates that the exemption was meant to afford certain high-level officials the same 

opportunities to engage in political activity that the Hatch Act Reform Amendments allowed 

non-exempt employees, that is, to engage in political activity off-the-job.134 Because they are 

presumed to be continuously on duty, the exemption was necessary to put them on equal footing 

with the rest of the federal workforce.135 Further, the House Report accompanying the Hatch 

Act Reform Amendments noted that “[d]espite the exception, the committee expects that most of 

the political activity that these officials engage in will be conducted off Government property 

and not during regular duty hours.”136 

Accordingly, although the plain language of the Hatch Act and its regulations place no 

limitations on the extent to which § 7324(b) employees can engage in political activity on duty 

and in the federal workplace as long as the costs are reimbursed, OSC maintains that imposing 

no restraints at all goes beyond what Congress intended. Further, a potentially pernicious 

situation arises where, as here, § 7324(b) employees supervise a staff of non-exempt employees 

and direct them to engage in on-duty political activity. Thus, OSC recommends that the 

regulations concerning § 7324(b) exemption should be revised to reflect Congress’ intent that the 

exemption be interpreted narrowly.

OPA employees should avoid engaging in political activities to prevent it from 

transforming from an official government office into a partisan political operation. Foremost, 

individuals employed by a political party or partisan political group should never be permitted to 

operate out of government offices.137

 

132 See 5 C.F.R. § 734.101.

 Doing so converts an office funded with U.S. Treasury 

funds into an extension of a political party or partisan political group. In addition, OPA 

employees should not participate in RNC or DNC events in their official capacities. Although 

133 See 5 U.S.C. § 7324(b). 

134 H.R. Rep. 103-16, at 22 (1993).

135 Id.

136 Id.

137 See Political Trips Memorandum, supra note 130, at 20 (stating that “volunteers” engaged in purely political 

work “should not use Government office space, facilities, or supplies” so as to “avoid any appearance of undue 

involvement of White House staff in purely political matters”).
75 | Page

they are permitted to take an active part in political management, they should do so in their 

personal capacities and outside of the federal workplace. 

 OSC also recommends that OPA should not coordinate, or be involved in, the political 

travel of high-level agency political appointees to aid congressional campaigns. This function 

should be handled by partisan political groups such as the RNC, DNC, NRCC, and DCCC.138 

As Mr. Painter has stated:

White House Office of Political Affairs staff members do not 

enhance their own advisory role by recruiting other executive 

branch agency officials to engage in personal capacity political 

activity. This does little to politically inform White House 

decision making and may introduce unwanted politicization into 

the agencies.139

Additionally, OSC recommends that OPA should not be involved in coordinating or suggesting, 

via official announcements, that high-level agency political appointees attend official events in 

order to generate favorable media coverage for political candidates. Because the purpose of such 

travel is to achieve electoral success, it follows that it is not in fact official and U.S. Treasury 

funds should not be used to cover its cost. 

 In an election year, activities of OPA employees dealing with individuals running for 

partisan elected office appear to be political activity, should be scrutinized closely and, where 

appropriate, handled by an outside political organization funded with non-U.S. Treasury funds. 

As Mr. Painter noted, “[T]here is a powerful argument that having an Office of Political Affairs 

that is active in political campaigns is not necessary or even a desirable component of the 

political advisory function in the White House.”140

 

138 The activity described in this chapter also implicates federal regulations concerning ethical conduct. EOP 

employees currently are subject to the same standards that apply to all executive branch employees. 3 C.F.R. 

§ 100.1. In pertinent part, the regulations state that employees “shall not use public office for private gain,” they 

“shall protect and conserve Federal property and shall not use it for other than authorized purposes,” and they “shall 

endeavor to avoid any actions creating the appearance that they are violating the law or the ethical standards set 

forth in this part.” 5 C.F.R. § 2635.101(b)(7), (9), (14). In light of the standards of conduct, OLC has opined that 

where government employees are involved in political matters, such as coordinating purely political trips “. . . that 

would ordinarily be taken care of by a political organization or candidate for office, there may be an appearance that 

the public office is being unduly used for the benefit of the political party. . . .” Political Trips Memorandum, supra

note 130, at 15. Thus, OLC recommended that “. . . partisan political activities be the responsibility of the [relevant 

political party] or other outside organization. . . .” Id.

 

139 Painter, supra note 112, at 249.

140 Id. While the recommendations and issues discussed herein are specific to OPA, it should be noted that they 

potentially apply to all individuals, other than the President and Vice-President, employed within the EOP. 

Consequently, simply re-naming OPA, or moving its functions to another White House office such as the Office of 

Cabinet Liaison, Office of Strategic Initiatives, Office of Intergovernmental Affairs, etc., is not a viable solution 

under the law.
76 | Page

In October 2008, the U.S. House of Representatives’ Committee on Oversight and 

Government Reform (Oversight Committee) issued a Draft Report titled “The Activities of the 

White House Office of Political Affairs.” In its report, the Oversight Committee found that OPA 

“Under the Bush [II] Administration ran a full-fledged political operation that enlisted agency 

heads across government in a coordinated effort to elect Republican candidates to Congress.”141 

The Oversight Committee further opined that said OPA activity represented “a gross abuse of the 

public trust.”142 In light of its findings, the Oversight Committee recommended the following: 

To prevent a repetition of the abuses of the White House Office of 

Political Affairs, Congress should revise the Hatch Act. American 

taxpayers should not pay the salaries of White House officials 

when they are engaged in helping to elect members of the 

President’s political party. They should also not pay the travel 

expenses of cabinet and other senior officials who fly across the 

country to boost the reelection chances of vulnerable members of 

Congress. 

For these reasons, the Committee recommends that Congress 

develop legislation to eliminate the White House Office of 

Political Affairs. If this is not politically feasible, Congress should 

adopt reforms to ensure that the office serves the interests of the 

taxpayer rather than the political party of the President.143

 Regardless of whether Congress decides to follow this recommendation, OSC 

recommends that to address some of the issues raised in this report the Hatch Act’s attendant

regulations should be reviewed and amended as necessary. OSC would welcome the opportunity 

to work with the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) to evaluate the current 

regulations and offer suggestions for clearer guidance and more contemporary examples 

consistent with the findings of this investigation. 

 

141 Staff of H. Comm. on Oversight and Gov’t Reform, 110th Cong., The Activities of the White House Office of 

Political Affairs 23 (Comm. Print 2008). 

142 Id.

143 Id.
77 | Page

CHAPTER FIVE: POLITICAL TRAVEL OF HIGH-LEVEL AGENCY POLITICAL 

APPOINTEES

I. Overview 

 

As discussed in Chapter Four, OPA arranged for high-level agency political appointees to 

appear at events to assist Republican candidates identified as targeted by RNC and OPA staff. 

Employees at the agencies where the political appointees were employed were then responsible 

for coordinating the appointees’ trips. During this investigation, OSC found that several 

agencies classified such trips as official government business when, in fact, the trips were 

directed at the success of targeted Republican candidates. Because those trips were classified as 

official, funds from the U.S. Treasury were used to finance the trips and reimbursement from the 

relevant campaigns was never sought. In other cases, even when trips were correctly designated

as political, agencies used U.S. Treasury funds to cover the costs associated with the trips and 

did not recoup those funds as required by the Hatch Act and its regulations. 

Below, OSC reviews a number of trips from 2006 that fall into each of these categories. 

OSC concludes this chapter with recommendations concerning the method agency officials

should use to classify travel to events during an election year to ensure future Hatch Act 

compliance. OSC also recommends that the costs of attending events classified as political 

should be paid in advance by the candidate, a political organization, or the traveler. In the 

Appendix, OSC provides an example of a system agencies can adopt to ensure that this occurs. 

In furtherance of these recommendations, OSC also believes that the Hatch Act regulations, 

rather than permitting post-travel reimbursement, should be amended to expressly prohibit the 

use of U.S. Treasury funds to finance political travel by § 7324(b) employees.

II. Factual Findings and Analysis

A. OPA Staff Regularly Recommended That High-Level Agency Political 

Appointees Attend Events With Targeted Republican Candidates 

 Throughout the 2006 election cycle, OPA staff, in cooperation with the RNC, 

strategically aligned the travel of high-level agency political appointees, typically PAS, to events 

hosted by targeted Republican candidates. This was done for the purpose of garnering media 

attention and supporting fundraising efforts for Republican campaigns. Employees who worked 

in the Bush II administration acknowledged that OPA offered to produce high-level appointees

to help in targeted races, a practice referred to as “asset deployment.” The purpose of 

dispatching high-level appointees to appear at events with candidates was to “get Republicans 

elected.” Former OPA Director Mehlman stated that his office conveyed to campaigns that “[i]f 
78 | Page

you want someone from the administration to come be supportive, let us know, and we’ll work to 

try and coordinate it, and expedite it, and make it effective for you.” 

OPA’s suggested events included both “official” and “political” events. Either type of 

event could be beneficial to a candidate’s campaign. As former Surrogate Scheduler

McLaughlin explained, “An official event would be advantageous to a member because . . . a 

surrogate . . . could use their official title.” In addition, Ms. McLaughlin understood that official 

events were beneficial because they received more press coverage than political ones and could 

be paid for by the agency rather than the campaign. In light of these advantages, so-called 

“official” events could help a campaign as much as, or more than, political events could. As 

described in Chapter Four, on February 24, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin forwarded a request from 

Martha Rainville to staff at DOL, adding: “She is requesting the Secretary for an event (either 

official or FR). We have a chance to pick this seat up and would like to be helpful in any way 

we can.” Four days later, an OPA employee wrote: “Martha Rainville is currently Adjutant 

General of Vermont National Guard. Her resignation is effective April 1st, so any event before 

then can be an official event.”144 In fact, Ms. McLaughlin testified, “As we got closer to the 

election date, requests that had involved fundraisers sort of dropped off, or were retracted,” 

because “raising money at that point is not that important.” Instead, campaigns “cared more 

about having message events, whether political or official,” among other things. 

The number of such trips substantially increased as the November 2006 elections 

approached. Correspondence between Ms. McLaughlin and agency appointees reveals this 

trend. For example, in July 2006, Ms. McLaughlin advised the political staff at 17 agencies: 

With only 4 months left before the end of the 05-06 cycle, I am 

interested to speaking [sic] with each of you regarding what is and 

what is not possible in terms of your current (and future) OPA 

surrogate requests. . . . On that note, we are now asking each 

agency to do at least 5 OPA recommended event [sic] per month 

from now until November. 

In addition, throughout September 2006, OPA employees and Ms. McLaughlin contacted several 

agencies, outlining their “top priorities” for travel “going into November.” Writing to DOC on 

September 22, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin explained OPA’s effort: “We have come up with a list of 

events that our highest priority congressional incumbents have requested for the Secretary. We 

are asking them to happen somewhere between October 9-November 3rd

 

144 This e-mail is an example of the practice of manipulating official business to benefit Republican candidates. 

to be the most 

effective.” VA, HHS, and DOL received similar “last push requests” for travel in the final 

weeks before November 6, 2006. In these requests, Ms. McLaughlin emphasized that all the 

listed events “really need to happen.” 
79 | Page

As Chart 4 below illustrates, between August 1 and November 6, 2006, i.e., the final 

three months before the 2006 midterm elections, high-level agency political appointees

completed 197 events tracked by OPA. Of these 197 events, 183 events were held with a 

Republican candidate. By comparison, during the same time frame in 2005, i.e., August 1, 2005, 

through November 6, 2005, high-level agency political appointees completed a total of 76 

events. Of these events, 46 were held with a Republican candidate. 

Chart 4: Events Tracked by OPA and Completed by High-Level Agency Political Appointees – Comparison of 

Non-Election (2005) to Election (2006) Years, August 1 Through November 6.145

 A review of the data also shows that in 2006, high-level agency political appointees were 

completing a disproportionately large number of events with Republican candidates between 

August 1 and November 6, 2006, as compared to May 1 through July 31, 2006. For example, 

between August 1 and November 6, 2006, high-level agency political appointees completed 183 

events with a Republican candidate, while only 14 events were completed without a Republican 

candidate. By comparison, between May 1 and July 31, 2006, high-level agency political 

appointees completed 78 events with a Republican candidate and 17 events without such a 

candidate. See Chart 5 below. 

 

145 The data in this chart were derived from the 2005 and 2006 Suggested Memoranda for 14 agencies. 

76

197

46

183

0

50

100

150

200

250

August 1 Through November 

6, 2005

August 1 Through November 

6, 2006

Total Events Completed 

Events Completed With a 

Republican Candidate
80 | Page

Chart 5: Events Tracked by OPA and Completed by High-Level Agency Political Appointees in 2006 – 

Comparison of August 1 Through November 6, 2006, to May 1 Through July 31, 2006.146

While OPA worked with the RNC to develop lists of targeted campaigns and advised 

agencies which events were priorities, OPA relied on agency officials to coordinate the travel 

plans and ensure that the events were completed. Generally, Chiefs of Staff and White House 

liaisons were responsible for implementing OPA’s travel requests. Some invitations indicated 

whether the proposed event was to be “official” or “political.” Sometimes, however, the 

invitations did not contain specific information about the upcoming events. In those 

circumstances, the details and the nature of the events were subsequently coordinated between 

the inviting party and political appointees at the relevant agency. OPA employees testified that 

during the Bush II administration, decisions pertaining to the classification of agency travel as 

either official or political were ultimately made by the employees at the federal agencies, not the 

OPA. 

 

146 These data were derived from the 2006 Suggested Memoranda for 14 agencies.

183

78

14 17

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

August 1 through November 

6, 2006

May 1 through July 31, 2006

Events Completed With a 

Republican Candidate

Events Completed Without a 

Republican Candidate
81 | Page

B. U.S. Treasury funds Were Used to Pay for High-Level Agency Political 

Appointees to Travel to Events Aimed at the Success of Republican Candidates 

in 2006 

 The high-level agency political appointees, i.e., PAS, for whom OPA created Suggested

Memoranda, which outlined the events that OPA recommended for their travel, were exempt 

from the Hatch Act’s prohibition against engaging in political activity while on duty or in a 

federal workplace.147 Recall that these § 7324(b) employees – so called because of the section of 

Title 5 of the U.S. Code providing for this exemption – include individuals who are presumed to 

be on duty at all times and who are either paid from an EOP appropriation or are PAS officials 

whose position is located within the U.S. and who determine policies to be pursued by the U.S. 

in relation with foreign powers or in the nationwide administration of federal laws.

148 

Notwithstanding the exemption, the Hatch Act provides that the costs associated with § 7324(b) 

employees’ political activity cannot be paid for with U.S. Treasury funds.149 The Hatch Act 

regulations provide that political activity is deemed not to be paid with money derived from the 

U.S. Treasury if the associated costs are reimbursed to the Treasury “within a reasonable period 

of time.”150 Even in cases of mixed travel, i.e., where a trip has both official and political 

components, the travel costs and expenses must be apportioned according to the time spent at 

each activity so that the cost attributable to attending a political event can be reimbursed to the 

government.151 

Accordingly, when § 7324(b) employees engage in political activity, care must be taken 

to ensure that U.S. Treasury funds are not used to finance the activity and any costs advanced are 

reimbursed within a reasonable time. First, agency officials must determine whether an activity 

is “official” or “political” in nature. Second, for activities determined to be “political,” agencies 

must have a mechanism to ensure either that U.S. Treasury funds are not used or that the 

appropriate party reimburses the Treasury in a timely manner for the political travel costs. 

Below, OSC presents a sampling of political trips in 2006 to illustrate that employees in the Bush 

II administration incorrectly classified political events as official, or in some cases, failed to 

 

147 See 5 U.S.C. § 7324(b).

148 See 5 U.S.C. § 7324(b)(2).

149 5 U.S.C. § 7324(b)(1).

150 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(a). Additionally, 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(c) provides the formula officials are required to use 

when determining the appropriate allocation of costs for mixed travel involving both official and political 

components. 

151 See 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(c). For federal and Presidential election activities, agencies should follow the Federal 

Election Commission’s (FEC) formula for apportioning the costs of mixed travel. 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(d); see also

11 C.F.R. § 106.3 (giving the apportionment formula for travel to federal campaign events); 11 C.F.R. §§ 9004.7, 

9034.7 (providing the formula for allocating the costs of travel to Presidential and Vice Presidential campaign 

events).
82 | Page

recoup funds for events classified as political.152 These failures resulted in the use of U.S. 

Treasury funds to pay for political activity. 

In addition to the improper use of U.S. Treasury funds, when a political trip is incorrectly 

classified as official, the traveler’s participation during the event, in his or her official capacity, 

may violate § 7323(a)(1). As noted above, while certain PAS are § 7324(b) employees, they are 

still prohibited from using their official authority or influence to affect the result of an election. 

Moreover, while the majority of the travel discussed in this report involved travel by PAS, i.e., 

§ 7324(b) employees, the determination of whether travel is official or political is important to 

all federal employees. Specifically, where a non-§ 7324(b) employee, in his or her official 

capacity, attends a political event incorrectly classified as official, that employee may have 

engaged in prohibited political activity in violation of § 7323(a)(1) and while on duty in violation 

of § 7324(a). Also, U.S. Treasury funds would have been used improperly to finance that 

political trip.

1. Department of Veterans Affairs 

On August 11, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin sent an e-mail to the White House liaison at the 

VA that read:

Congresswoman Deborah Pryce (OH-15) is requesting the 

Secretary for an official event in her district. I believe her office 

sent an official invitation to you via mail in late July. I’ll fax you a 

copy of it as well. Pryce is a top priority definitely on our radar, so 

if you can get up to Columbus, that would be helpful. 

Representative Pryce’s 2006 reelection campaign was identified on OPA’s Final Push Matrix as 

a “Tier 1” priority.

 On September 12, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin again contacted the VA’s White House liaison 

and explained: “As a preview, below are the folks we are thinking of deploying the Secretary in 

for. We are checking with all of them now as to whether or not an event with the Secretary will 

be beneficial at crunch time.” She then listed seven Republican incumbents, including 

Representative Pryce. On September 22, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin contacted the White House 

liaison a third time and advised that OPA had come up with a list of events for which the 

Secretary’s appearance was requested. In an e-mail entitled “last push requests,” she identified 

four “highest priority congressional incumbents” and instructed the White House liaison that an 

event with each incumbent needed to “happen somewhere between October 9 – November 3rd

 

152 Later in this chapter, OSC makes recommendations regarding how to properly analyze whether an event is 

“official” or “political” in nature. See infra pp. 95-100. 

 to 
83 | Page

be the most effective.” Representative Pryce was identified as one of the four priority 

incumbents. The e-mail also noted that Representative Pryce’s staff had not yet determined what 

type of event was being proposed. 

According to documents produced to OSC, VA Secretary James Nicholson attended an 

event with Representative Pryce on October 10, 2006. The event consisted of a tour of the site 

where a new ambulatory clinic was being built, a meet-and-greet with local veterans and 

Representative Pryce, and a press conference with Representative Pryce. The VA classified this 

event as official. Although meeting with veterans and touring a future VA facility bear some 

relation to the VA’s official business, OSC submits that the evidence shows that the Secretary’s 

appearance was politically motivated. Specifically, the Surrogate Scheduler repeatedly asked the 

White House liaison to send Secretary Nicholson to an event with Representative Pryce, a high 

priority, because it would be “beneficial at crunch time.” Furthermore, the event took place 

during a window that the Surrogate Scheduler identified as “the most effective” time frame to 

help Pryce’s campaign. Finally, as late as September 22, over a month after the trip was 

originally proposed, the agenda for the event had not yet been created. Thus, it appears as 

though the tour and meet-and-greet merely served as a pretext to have Secretary Nicholson make 

an appearance with Representative Pryce in order to draw positive attention to her campaign “at 

crunch time.” Looking at the totality of the circumstances, OSC concludes that the event should 

have been classified as political and the costs associated with it reimbursed to the U.S. Treasury. 

Using U.S. Treasury funds to finance this trip violated the Hatch Act. 

Moreover, Secretary Nicholson attended three events with Republican congressional 

candidate Doug Roulstone on July 6, 2006, in the State of Washington. The VA classified these 

events as political. On September 5, 2006, 60 days after the events took place, the White House 

liaison contacted an OPA Associate Director asking if he could “gently prod” the Roulstone 

campaign for $694.73 as “reimbursement for the trip on July 6.” The Associate Director then 

asked the White House liaison whether that amount included any costs for an official component, 

adding, “Needless to say, trying to save the campaign as much $$ as possible.” The White 

House liaison responded that the $694.73 in fact reflected the portion owed to the VA by the 

campaign. During its investigation, OSC asked VA staff whether the Roulstone campaign ever 

reimbursed the agency. To date, the VA has not produced any evidence showing that it has 

received the $694.73 due from the 2006 Roulstone campaign. Although the VA correctly 

designated these three events as political, using U.S. Treasury funds for a political purpose 

without seeking, and receiving, reimbursement within a reasonable time is a violation of the 

Hatch Act. 
84 | Page

2. Department of Transportation 

Five days before the November 7, 2006, elections, Representative Nancy Johnson, listed 

as “Tier 1” on OPA’s Final Push Matrix, hosted DOT’s Acting Secretary Maria Cino at an event 

in Waterbury, Connecticut. On October 18, 2006, Ms. McLaughlin e-mailed DOT’s White 

House liaison inquiring whether upcoming trips with Connecticut Representatives Chris Shays 

and Nancy Johnson were going to be “official events.” The White House liaison responded that 

the events were, in fact, official and that they were “probably ‘transportation tours.’” The White 

House liaison testified that “transportation tour” was a term used to describe an event where the 

Secretary and a “member go out and look at a road or a bridge in their district.” 

On November 2, 2006, the day of the event with Representative Johnson, Acting 

Secretary Cino sent an e-mail at 7:05 a.m. to three individuals at “rnchq.org” and “mac.com” 

e-mail accounts.153 In the e-mail, Acting Secretary Cino noted that she was “. . . going to get a 

plane to campaign for Nancy Johnson.” At 7:43 a.m., 38 minutes later, Acting Secretary Cino 

sent another e-mail in which she wrote that she was “[o]ff to CT for Mrs[.] Johnson . . . .” 

The Official TDY Traveler Authorization for Acting Secretary Cino reflects that DOT 

classified travel to this event as official. Several facts, however, indicate that the motivation for 

the event was political. First, Representative Johnson was on the target list as a “Tier 1” 

candidate. Second, Acting Secretary Cino was under the impression that the purpose of her trip 

to Connecticut, which occurred just five days before the election, was to “campaign for Nancy 

Johnson.” Finally, the Surrogate Scheduler’s involvement indicates that the trip was not 

genuinely official. Indeed, former OPA Deputy Director Jennings testified that in non-election 

years, OPA was not involved in coordinating official travel.

154 OSC concludes, therefore, that 

the trip was political in nature, and thus using U.S. Treasury funds to pay for it violated the 

Hatch Act.

3. Department of the Interior 

 On October 20, 2006, former OPA Director Sara Taylor sent an e-mail to several OPA 

Associate Directors informing them that Secretary Dirk Kempthorne “Wants to help Taylor, 

Pombo and Gov. Pawlenty.” North Carolina Representative Charles Taylor was seeking 

reelection in 2006 and was listed as a “Tier 1” priority on OPA’s target list.155

 

153 The names of the individual e-mail account holders were redacted before the documents were produced to OSC. 

OSC was unable to determine the identities of these individuals.

 Former DOI 

appointees testified that when Secretary Kempthorne expressed a desire to help elected officials 

154 Specifically, he said that “there was certainly official travel going on [in 2007] . . . it just may have been that they 

didn’t come through our office at that time.”

155 Similarly, California Representative Richard Pombo and Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty were up for 

reelection in 2006.
85 | Page

in 2006, they interpreted it to mean he wanted to help those individuals with their reelection 

efforts. 

In response to the October 20, 2006, e-mail, the OPA Associate Director responsible for 

the region including North Carolina noted that a “mock-up” of a proposed Visitor’s Center in 

Representative Taylor’s district might provide a good backdrop for an event with Secretary 

Kempthorne and Representative Taylor. Ms. McLaughlin forwarded information about the 

Visitor’s Center, along with a point of contact on Representative Taylor’s staff, to the scheduling 

staff at DOI. The trip agenda indicated that between 3:00 and 3:30 p.m. on November 6, 2006, 

an open press event would take place at the Blue Ridge Parkway Headquarters, the site of the 

mock-up of the proposed new Visitor’s Center. In addition to touring the parkway, Secretary 

Kempthorne was scheduled to participate in a 30-minute press conference along with 

Representative Taylor and the North Carolina Transportation Superintendent. Secretary 

Kempthorne and Representative Taylor were each set to deliver remarks, but the Superintendant 

was not. According to DOI trip authorization documents, Secretary Kempthorne’s travel to tour 

the Blue Ridge Parkway and the Visitor’s Center mock-up was classified as “official business.” 

The stated purpose of the trip was to “tour/participate in the Blue Ridge Parkway Destination 

Center Construction Project with Congressman Charles Taylor and [National Park Service] 

employees.” 

There is no evidence that DOI had any plans for Secretary Kempthorne to travel to North 

Carolina for a tour of the Visitor’s Center mock-up or the Blue Ridge Parkway before the 

Secretary expressed an interest in helping Representative Taylor. Rather, the evidence supports 

a conclusion that OPA coordinated the event in order to help Representative Taylor on the eve of 

the election.156 Based on the event’s immediate proximity to the date of the election, Secretary 

Kempthorne’s personal interest in providing assistance to Representative Taylor’s reelection bid, 

and the absence of preexisting plans for Secretary Kempthorne to tour those locations, OSC 

concludes that the Secretary’s attendance at the November 6 event was political activity. Any 

official funds spent on Secretary Kempthorne’s travel to this event, without subsequent 

reimbursement to the U.S. Treasury, were expended in violation of the Hatch Act. 

In addition, OPA’s Suggested Memorandum to DOI shows that on November 3, 2006, 

Secretary Kempthorne traveled to Phoenix, Arizona for an “Official Native American Event” 

with Arizona Representative Rick Renzi. The following day, Secretary Kempthorne attended a 

second event with Representative Renzi in Payson, Arizona. OPA’s target list identified 

Representative Renzi as a “Tier 2” priority in 2006, and the event appeared on the Final Push 

Matrix discussed in Chapter Four. According to the trip agenda prepared by DOI staff, the 

Payson event was labeled “open press” and the event’s intended purpose was to provide 

 

156 A review of the 2006 Suggested Memoranda shows that Representative Taylor hosted two other official events 

with high level agency officials.
86 | Page

“Remarks and Discussion on Fire Danger to Payson, AZ with Congressman Renzi.” Secretary 

Kempthorne’s talking points for the event included statements such as, “I am delighted to be here 

in Payson with Rep. Rick Renzi, whom I have known for many years and who is a strong and 

effective advocate for your interests in the Congress,” and “Rick Renzi has been a champion of 

the need for thinning and removing hazardous fuels . . . and is also working to resurrect local 

timber businesses in rural Arizona.” DOI classified both of the Renzi events as official.

The circumstances surrounding Secretary Kempthorne’s trip to Arizona suggest a 

political motive. Again, the proximity of November 3 and 4 events to the date of the election, as 

well as their being on the Suggested Memorandum to DOI and the Final Push Matrix, 

respectively, raise questions as to the events’ true purpose. Moreover, Secretary Kempthorne’s 

praise for Representative Renzi’s performance in Congress at the Payson event was a clear 

political endorsement before the media. As discussed earlier, events featuring high-level agency 

political appointees and candidates in close races are intended to draw positive attention, earn 

media, and potentially influence the outcome of contentious races. In this context, Secretary 

Kempthorne’s appearances with Representative Renzi were official in name only. In reality, 

these events constituted political activity because they were directed toward Representative 

Renzi’s electoral success. As such, reimbursement of travel-related costs and expenses for the 

November 3 and 4 events should have been sought and obtained within a reasonable time. 

Failure to do so was a misuse of U.S. Treasury funds and a violation of the Hatch Act. To date, 

OSC has received no information that reimbursement has occurred. 

4. Office of National Drug Control Policy 

On April 4, 2006, a political appointee at ONDCP prepared a pre-travel document 

entitled “Read Ahead for the Deputy Director Maryanne Solberg” in anticipation of an April 11, 

2006, event with Representative John Doolittle of California. Representative Doolittle was 

identified by OPA as a “Tier 2” targeted incumbent. The pre-travel document detailed two 

roundtable discussions between Deputy Director Solberg and Representative Doolittle on April 

11 and 12, and stated that the purpose of these events was “to support Congressman Doolittle 

who holds a vulnerable seat in this election, and to give local communities in his district an idea 

of programs they can implement to fight drug use in their area.” The events were classified as 

official and ONDCP did not seek reimbursement for Deputy Director Solberg’s travel costs. 

However, an event, the purpose of which is to “support” a candidate who “holds a vulnerable 

seat in this election,” cannot legitimately be designated as official. Participation in that type of 

event was political activity as defined by the Hatch Act, and using U.S. Treasury funds to pay for 

the costs related to this travel, without seeking and obtaining timely reimbursement, was a 

violation of the Hatch Act. 
87 | Page

The evidence also shows that another ONDCP official engaged in travel that was 

incorrectly classified as official. Specifically, Jack Claypoole, Administrator of the Drug Free 

Communities program, spoke to the Bucks County, Pennsylvania drug-free coalition along with 

Pennsylvania Representative Michael Fitzpatrick on October 23, 2006.157 Representative 

Fitzpatrick’s 2006 reelection bid was highly contentious, and OPA identified him as a “Tier 1” 

priority on the target list. Three months before the event, Administrator Claypoole asked the 

White House liaison whether more than one event could take place during the Bucks County trip 

given that there were numerous drug-free coalitions there and “support for Congressman 

Fitzpatrick” could be garnered. In subsequent discussions between Administrator Claypoole and 

the White House liaison about the event, the liaison rejected a proposal to extend an invitation to 

the event to Pennsylvania Senator Arlen Specter, explaining: “I vote no on Spector [sic] and I 

doubt he’ll even show. We are doing this event for Fitzpatrick. We want him to get all of the 

attention.” 

 This event was designated as official because, as a former ONDCP employee testified, in 

2006, ONDCP “was not involved in political travel.”158 Nonetheless, the facts indicate that the 

trip to Bucks County had a strong partisan political component, despite its general relevance to 

drug policy. The proximity of this event to the November 7, 2006, election, Administrator 

Claypool’s belief that his appearance at the event would help obtain “support for Congressman 

Fitzpatrick,” and the White House liaison’s desire to ensure that Representative Fitzpatrick 

would “get all of the attention” created by the event, indicate that the real reason for the event 

was to help get Representative Fitzpatrick reelected. Indeed, Administrator Claypoole’s e-mail 

to the White House liaison suggests that the large number of drug-free coalitions in Bucks 

County provided a pretext for him to go there and help Representative Fitzpatrick. Thus, the 

event was political activity for Hatch Act purposes, and reimbursement of travel-related costs 

and expenses should have been sought and obtained within a reasonable time. Failure to do so 

was a violation of the Hatch Act. 

5. Department of Housing and Urban Development 

On October 31, 2006, seven days before the midterm elections, HUD Secretary Alphonso 

Jackson traveled to Connecticut. Upon arrival, the Secretary made a brief stop at a local HUD 

field office, and then traveled to the district of Connecticut Representative Rob Simmons, 

considered a “Tier 1” candidate on OPA’s Final Push Matrix. Secretary Jackson spent 45 

minutes with Representative Simmons visiting the Welles Country Village Retirement Home and 

 

157 Contemporaneous e-mails from the BlackBerry of Administrator Claypoole acknowledge his presence at the 

October 23, 2006, event.

158 In fact, federal law prohibits all PAS at ONDCP from engaging in federal election campaign activity. See 21 

U.S.C. § 1703(a)(5). Although the statute did not prohibit Administrator Claypoole from engaging in such activity 

because he was not a PAS, a former ONDCP employee told OSC that, internally, ONDCP extends the prohibition to 

all ONDCP employees.
88 | Page

making a grant announcement. Secretary Jackson then traveled across the state to meet with 

Representative Nancy Johnson,159 who was also listed on the Final Push Matrix as a “Tier 1” 

Republican incumbent. The Secretary made a separate grant announcement in Representative 

Johnson’s district, at the Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception. Both grant 

announcements were classified as official HUD events.

 Both Representative Simmons and Representative Johnson were involved in hotly 

contested races in 2006. That the October 31 events took place within one week of the election 

and were tracked by OPA as part of the “final push” efforts suggest that Secretary Jackson’s 

appearance at both events constituted political activity as defined by the Hatch Act. Again, using 

U.S. Treasury funds to pay for the costs related to these events, without seeking and obtaining 

reimbursement of those funds, violated the Hatch Act. 

In addition to the October 31 travel, OPA’s 2006 Suggested Memorandum to HUD lists 

as “completed” an April 19, 2006, fundraiser on behalf of Representative Elton Gallegly of 

California. Travel records obtained from HUD reflect that Secretary Jackson attended a political 

event in California on April 19, 2006. Specifically, on April 14, 2006, an agency employee sent 

an e-mail to HUD’s White House liaison and approximately 20 other agency officials with the 

subject line, “Political event added in Los Angeles on 4/19.” A document labeled “Gallegly 4-

19-06” was attached to the e-mail.160 In addition, the Secretary’s Event Information Sheet 

indicated that a fundraiser for Representative Gallegly featuring Secretary Jackson was 

scheduled for April 19, 2006. Moreover, documents submitted by Representative Gallegly’s 

Principal Campaign Committee to the Federal Election Commission (FEC) indicated that on 

April 19, 2006, 11 individuals made contributions to his campaign. By contrast, Secretary 

Jackson’s travel voucher only accounted for roundtable discussions and two keynote addresses 

that took place on April 18, 19, and 20. The agency’s Associate General Counsel classified the 

entire April trip as “official travel” in a memorandum dated April 28, 2006. Neither the travel 

voucher nor the memorandum mentioned the Gallegly fundraiser. During its investigation, OSC 

found no evidence that reimbursement was sought for the costs associated with Secretary 

Jackson’s attendance at that event.

 The Gallegly fundraiser is only one of several examples of HUD’s failure to account for a 

political event attended during mixed travel. Also listed by OPA on the 2006 Suggested 

Memorandum as “completed” was a June 9, 2006, fundraiser with Representative Thad 

McCotter in Detroit, Michigan. Internal HUD documents noted that Secretary Jackson was in 

Detroit on June 9 and June 10, 2006, to visit HUD’s Detroit field office and to give the keynote 

address at a Council on Legal Education Opportunity

 

159 As described above, Congresswoman Johnson hosted at least eight more agency heads during her campaign. 

seminar. However, the Associate General 

Counsel’s memorandum concerning the Detroit trip did not reference the McCotter fundraiser. 

160 The attachment was not produced to OSC.
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After discussing only the field office visit and the seminar, the Associate General Counsel 

concluded that “this was official travel.” 

 OSC was not provided with any documents indicating that HUD sought reimbursement 

of the costs associated with Secretary Jackson’s travel to the McCotter fundraiser. Of particular 

concern are the memoranda prepared by HUD’s Office of the General Counsel (OGC), which 

omitted any reference to the Gallegly and the McCotter fundraisers.161 Without specifying that a 

trip includes both official and political components, agencies cannot properly apportion the costs 

associated with political activity, and, consequently, U.S. Treasury funds are improperly used to 

pay for the costs of partisan political activity. 

A third instance of HUD’s failure to seek reimbursement of costs associated with 

political activity occurred with respect to an October 12, 2006, “community event” that Secretary 

Jackson attended in Minnesota with Representative Mark Kennedy, who was a candidate for the 

U.S. Senate in 2006. The event was designated as political on Secretary Jackson’s Confidential 

Schedule and Travel Order Request and Authorization. Specifically, the Secretary’s 

Confidential Schedule reflects that on October 12, 2006, Secretary Jackson was to participate in 

approximately 45 minutes of official activity and one hour of political activity, thus obliging the 

Kennedy campaign to bear financial responsibility for over 50 percent of the total travel costs. 

OPA identified the fundraiser as “completed” on the 2006 HUD Suggested Memorandum.” 

However, a memorandum from HUD’s Acting Associate General Counsel apportioned the trip 

as 91 percent official and 9 percent political. During its investigation, OSC asked OGC about 

this discrepancy. In response, HUD acknowledged that the Kennedy campaign actually owed 57 

percent of the total trip cost, or $542.46, as opposed to the $85.85 previously assessed. 

However, HUD has provided no evidence showing that the balance owed for Secretary Jackson’s 

political travel has been sought or received by HUD. Therefore, U.S. Treasury funds apparently 

were used to finance Secretary Jackson’s political activity in violation of the Hatch Act. 

 Finally, OPA’s Suggested Memorandum for HUD indicates that on October 27, 2006, 

Secretary Jackson attended two events with Representative Shays in Connecticut. HUD 

documents show that on that date, Secretary Jackson went to a “political reception” and luncheon 

with Representative Shays. As late as March 11, 2009, however, HUD acknowledged that the 

Shays campaign owed an outstanding balance of $232.30 because the agency previously had 

miscalculated the political portion of the Secretary’s trip. To date, HUD has not produced any 

evidence showing that it has sought or received reimbursement for the outstanding costs. Again, 

failure to obtain timely reimbursement violates the Hatch Act. 

 

161 OSC is uncertain whether the OGC attorneys were ever informed of the events, believed that the Secretary’s 

attendance at the events did not need to be taken into account when classifying the Secretary’s travel, or consciously 

excluded the events from their analyses.
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6. Department of Education 

On February 23, 2006, DOEd Secretary Margaret Spellings attended two events with 

Rick O’Donnell, a “Tier 1” candidate from Colorado who was running for a seat in the U.S. 

House of Representatives. At the time, Mr. O’Donnell was Chairman of the Colorado 

Commission on Higher Education. The first event was a fundraising breakfast for Mr. 

O’Donnell and was classified as “political” by DOEd. Following the fundraising breakfast, 

Secretary Spellings attended an event described as “Remarks and Q&A with Rick O’Donnell.” 

This second event was classified as official. After the trip, DOEd determined that O’Donnell’s 

campaign was responsible for 35 percent of the costs of Secretary Spellings’ trip to Denver on 

that date. 

 A look behind the scenes, however, shows that Secretary Spellings’ attendance at the 

second event actually was intended to support Mr. O’Donnell’s campaign. On February 7, 2006, 

an individual from O’Donnell’s campaign staff sent an e-mail to Surrogate Scheduler 

McLaughlin with the subject line, “RE: Spellings event for O’Donnell on 2/23” using an e-mail 

address ending in “rickodonnell.com.” The staff member asked: “Do you need a proposal today? 

We definitely would like to schedule an event in the Denver area that morning.” The campaign 

staff member continued: “We are thinking a fundraising breakfast round-table and then we could 

pop into a school on the way to the airport . . . . Yes we definitely want her and I will get back to 

you with a proposal shortly.” Thereafter, Ms. McLaughlin e-mailed the campaign’s proposal to 

the White House liaison at DOEd, who, in turn, forwarded it to the agency’s OGC. The origin of 

the proposal, i.e., a campaign staff member, could be traced on this e-mail chain.

The campaign’s proposal, which was entitled “Proposed Schedule with Rick 

O’Donnell[,] Candidate for U.S. House of Representatives, CO-7,” began, “The following 

proposed schedule assists the campaign both with fundraising as well as earned media by playing 

to Mr. O’Donnell’s strengths as the Governor’s Cabinet appointee overseeing the Colorado 

Commission on Higher Education.” The proposal then outlined the itinerary for both events, 

listing the purpose of the second event as “Earned media.” The second event was described as a 

town hall meeting at a local school, where the Secretary would speak about “her priorities 

regarding high school reform” and “[reflect] on the important work Colorado is undertaking in 

this area under Mr. O’Donnell’s leadership.” OGC attorneys told the White House liaison that 

the introductory language “raises issues,” so the campaign subsequently submitted another 

proposal that was identical to the first except for the introductory language, which had been 

changed to read, “Mr. O’Donnell is the Governor’s Cabinet appointee overseeing the Colorado 

Commission on Higher Education.” As a result, Secretary Spellings attended the event and 

DOEd used appropriated funds to pay for it. Because this event evolved from the request of a 

candidate’s campaign to “assist the campaign” by earning media and highlight the candidate’s 
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“important work,” it should not have been classified as official.162 Using appropriated funds to 

send Secretary Spellings to the event violated the Hatch Act. 

7. Department of Agriculture 

On November 1, 2006, USDA Secretary Mike Johanns took a two-day trip to New 

Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada for three “final push” events involving Representative Wilson, 

Representative Renzi, and Senator Kyl. OPA’s target list prioritized these incumbents as 

follows: Representative Wilson was a “Tier 1” priority; Representative Renzi was a “Tier 2” 

priority; and Senator Kyl was a targeted Senator. According to the travel schedule, Secretary 

Johanns was to travel to the Albuquerque Forest Service Human Capital Management Facility 

for a media briefing and a tour of the facility with, among others, Representative Wilson and 

New Mexico Senator Pete Domenici.163 Later that day, the Secretary was scheduled to attend an 

Arizona Republican Party Photo Opportunity and Reception with Senator Kyl. A roundtable 

discussion with Representative Renzi was scheduled for the following day, November 2, 2006, at 

7:30 a.m. USDA classified all three of these events as official.

OSC disagrees with this classification. First, the Arizona Republican Party Photo 

Opportunity and Reception was obviously political. Moreover, each of these events appeared on 

OPA’s Final Push Matrix and took place within a week of the midterm elections, indicating a 

political motivation for the events. Additionally, all three candidates were involved in highly 

competitive races that were targeted by OPA. As a result, Secretary Johanns’ attendance at these 

events was political activity as defined by the Hatch Act and a reimbursement of travel-related 

costs and expenses should have been sought and obtained within a reasonable time. Failure to do 

so was a violation of the Hatch Act. 

 OSC also found evidence that USDA failed to obtain reimbursement for trips that were 

properly labeled as political. For example, on March 23, 2006, Secretary Johanns participated in 

a political event with Senate candidate Mark Kennedy. On September 19, 2006, USDA sent the 

Kennedy campaign a “formal notice for reimbursement” reflecting that the Secretary’s political 

activity constituted 46.15 percent of the total trip. The Kennedy campaign, therefore, was billed 

$377.47, which was to be reimbursed to USDA and remitted to the National Finance Center. A 

handwritten note in the margin of the bill says “Payment Unknown.” 

 

162 OSC notes that in February 2006, before OSC began the investigation that prompted this report, OSC advised 

attorneys at DOEd that Secretary Spellings could attend the town hall meeting in her official capacity as long as the 

discussion covered only official topics. OSC was not privy to the e-mails or the proposal from the campaign until 

they were produced in 2009 in connection with this investigation. This incident underscores the importance of 

taking into account all available information before determining whether an event is official or political. For more 

on this, please see the Recommendations section below, infra pp. 93-103. 

163 Senator Domenici was not seeking reelection in 2006.
92 | Page

 The evidence showed that the status of another payment due to USDA is likewise 

unknown. Internal USDA documents indicate that on October 24, 2006, Secretary Johanns 

attended a political fundraiser and a town hall meeting involving Mark Kennedy. USDA 

determined that the Kennedy campaign was responsible for reimbursing 26.67 percent of the 

total trip cost, or $194.63. Also appearing on a copy of this bill was a handwritten note 

indicating “Payment Unknown.” This failure to ensure timely reimbursement of U.S. Treasury 

funds that were used for political activity was a violation of the Hatch Act. 

8. Department of Health and Human Services 

 According to OPA’s Suggested Memorandum to HHS, on October 27, 2006, Secretary 

Michael Leavitt attended a fundraiser for Senate candidate Mark Kennedy in Minneapolis, 

Minnesota. On or about October 27, 2006, “Mark Kennedy ‘06” filed a “48 Hour Notice of 

Contributions/Loans Received” form with the FEC. The FEC Notice identified eight individuals 

who, on October 27, 2006, made substantial donations to “Mark Kennedy ‘06.” However, the 

documentation provided to OSC by HHS regarding the Secretary’s October 27, 2006, travel to 

Minnesota indicates that the trip was classified as official, despite his attendance at a political 

fundraiser. In fact, the “remarks” sections of the Secretary’s Traveler Authorization and Travel 

Voucher identified the official purpose of the travel as “Value Driven Healthcare.” Failure to 

determine what percentage of U.S. Treasury funds was used to pay for political activity, and 

ensuring that those costs were reimbursed to the Treasury, was a violation of the Hatch Act. 

9. Small Business Administration

 OPA’s 2006 Suggested Memorandum to SBA listed as completed two October 2, 2006, 

events involving SBA Administrator Steve Preston and Montana Senator Conrad Burns. OPA’s 

Final Push Matrix identified Senator Burns as being in a targeted race. OPA listed one of the 

events with Senator Burns as official on its Suggested Memorandum; the second event was 

identified as a “Political Small Business event.” By contrast, an SBA press release publicizing 

both events stated that Administrator Preston and Senator Burns would be announcing the 

opening of a satellite office in Billings, Montana, followed by a “small business roundtable.” 

Based on the records SBA provided, OSC found no indication that any portion of Administrator 

Preston’s trip was classified as political or that the agency sought reimbursement of the 

appropriate portion of the travel expenses. Arguably, however, the timing of the events and the 

fact that Senator Burns was in a targeted race, suggest that both events may have occurred for 

political purposes. Moreover, because Administrator Preston attended an event on October 2, 

2006, that OPA called a “Political Small Business event” on the Suggested Memorandum, OSC 

believes it may have been political activity. If the true nature of these events was indeed 

political, as the evidence suggests, then reimbursement of costs and expenses should have been 

sought and received by SBA within a reasonable time after the event. 
93 | Page

10. Department of Energy 

Finally, the evidence shows that in addition to the customary costs of travel such as 

lodging, meals, and transportation expenses, at least one Cabinet member used governmentowned aircraft, rather than commercial or private airlines, to travel to several events 

recommended by OPA and hosted by targeted candidates. Specifically, several DOE documents 

entitled “Request for Official Travel on Government Aircraft” indicate that in 2006, Secretary 

Samuel Bodman used Department of Defense and Federal Aviation Administration aircraft to 

travel to six events with Republican incumbents appearing as priorities on OPA’s target list. 

The six events were: (1) a January 6, 2006, Energy Summit with Pennsylvania 

Representatives Tim Murphy and Melissa Hart, who were “Tier 3” priorities on the target list;164

(2) a February 23, 2006, visit to GT Solar Technologies with New Hampshire Representative 

Charles Bass, a “Tier 2” incumbent;165 (3) a June 2, 2006, Fuel Cell Technology Event with 

Representative Simmons, a “Tier 1” incumbent;166 (4) an October 10, 2006, Energy Event with 

Representative Chabot, a “Tier 1” priority on the target list;167 (5) an October 11, 2006, Energy 

Event with Indiana Representative Chris Chocola, another “Tier 1” priority; and (6) an October 

27, 2006, Energy Event included on the Final Push Matrix with Representative Davis, also a 

“Tier 1” priority.168 Collectively, the total airfare for these six trips cost approximately $30,795. 

At this time, OSC has insufficient information to reach a conclusion as to whether one or more of 

these events should have been classified as political and reimbursement should have been sought. 

Due to the seriousness of using government aircraft to attend political events, however, OSC has 

opened a separate investigation into these events. 

III. Discussion and Recommendations 

 

At the outset, we note that the trips discussed in this chapter most likely are not the only 

instances in which agency officials traveled for political purposes with appropriated funds. 

Many agencies were unable to produce the relevant documents to OSC due to the passage of 

time and other factors. Thus, the amount of money improperly used for political trips that 

agencies classified as official likely is much greater than what is reflected in this report. This 

underscores the need for agencies to properly distinguish political events from official ones. 

As the trips described above demonstrate, the line between official and political is not 

always clear at first glance. In order to avoid using funds derived from the U.S. Treasury to pay

 

164 $2,100 for Federal Aviation Administration aircraft.

165 $10,000 for Department of Defense aircraft.

166 $4,600 for Department of Defense aircraft.

167 $10,000 for Federal Aviation Administration aircraft, multi-day trip including October 10-11, 2006.

168 $4,095 for Federal Aviation Administration aircraft.
94 | Page

for the political activity of § 7324(b) employees such as those mentioned in this chapter, 

agencies must be able to determine whether events attended by these high-level agency political 

appointees are directed toward the success of a political party, partisan political group, or 

candidate for partisan political office. Any event meeting that definition must be classified as 

“political” and the agency political appointee’s travel costs associated with attending the event 

must be reimbursed to the U.S. Treasury. Even in cases of mixed travel, the travel costs and 

expenses must be properly apportioned.169

The evidence shows that when classifying events attended by high-level agency political 

appointees, agencies often employed either a “reasonable relation” standard set forth in a 1982 

OLC opinion, or looked at whether the event would include express advocacy, to determine 

whether travel expenses must be reimbursed to the U.S. Treasury. Below, OSC explains why 

these standards are not applicable to determining whether an agency political appointee’s 

attendance at an event implicates the Hatch Act, and provides advice for future classification in 

accordance with the Act. Only a candid, comprehensive review of the facts surrounding an event 

will prevent the improper payment of U.S. Treasury funds for political activity. 

A. Non-Hatch Act Standards Are Inapplicable

Based on an OLC opinion titled “Payment of Expenses Associated with Travel by the 

President and Vice President,” some agencies were under the impression that if a proposed event 

was “reasonably related” to an official purpose, then the event could be designated as official.170 

However, this opinion is inapposite because the President and the Vice President are explicitly 

exempt from the Hatch Act’s prohibitions.171 Indeed, by its terms, the opinion is limited to “the 

unique context presented by the peculiar functions and responsibilities of the President and Vice 

President” in that that they have dual roles – official roles as governmental leaders and political 

roles as leaders of their political party.172 “Thus, it is simply not possible to divide many of the 

actions of the President and Vice President into utterly official or purely political categories. To 

attempt to do so in most cases would ignore the nature of our political system and the structure of 

our government.”173 

All other federal executive branch employees, on the other hand, have only official 

functions and are subject to the Hatch Act; therefore, a distinction can and must be made 

between their official and political activities. The Hatch Act forbids the use of federal funds to 

pay for even the permissible political activity of § 7324(b) employees. Because of the OLC 

 

169 See 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(c)(1) (providing the formula for determining the proper allocation of costs for mixed 

travel).

170 See 6 Op. Off. Legal Counsel 214 (1982), 1982 WL 170689; Political Trips Memorandum, supra note 130

(addressing “Political Trips” taken by the President and Vice President).

171 See 5 U.S.C. § 7322(1).

172 6 Op. Off. Legal Counsel at 215.

173 Id.
95 | Page

opinion’s narrow focus on Presidential and Vice Presidential travel, the standards articulated in 

the opinion do not apply to classifications of travel by political appointees, including agency 

heads and other high-level officials. 

 The second standard upon which agency personnel often relied in designating travel as 

official or political is whether the high-level agency political appointee would expressly advocate 

for a candidate at the event. Witnesses testified that an event held with an incumbent was 

deemed “official” if the agenda did not include speeches or other activity that overtly promoted 

the reelection of the incumbent. Furthermore, even events likely to have electoral consequences 

could be classified as official as long as no one expressly advocated for the election (or defeat) of 

a candidate. 

 Neither the Hatch Act nor its regulations require an activity to include express advocacy 

for or against a candidate to constitute political activity. Rather, the Hatch Act regulations define 

political activity more broadly as “an activity directed toward the success or failure of a political 

party, candidate for partisan political office, or partisan political group.”174 There is no 

requirement that an employee explicitly advocate for or against a candidate. Instead, an 

appearance at an event constitutes political activity if the aim of the appearance is the success or 

failure of a political party, partisan candidate, or partisan group. Accordingly, the express 

advocacy standard is too narrow to use when evaluating agency officials’ travel for purposes of 

the Hatch Act.

B. Correctly Classifying Events as Official or Political for Hatch Act Purposes 

 Because the standards described above are inapposite for Hatch Act purposes, 

determining whether travel by high-level agency political appointees should be classified as 

official or political under the Hatch Act requires a frank and thorough factual analysis of each 

event. While events like fundraisers and rallies, for example, can easily be identified as political, 

the nature of other events is less obvious. Ostensibly, many of the events on OPA’s Suggested 

Memoranda to the agencies bore some relation to the pertinent agency’s overall mission. Given 

the circumstances, however, the mere existence of a “reasonable relation” or the absence of 

express advocacy does not suffice to properly classify an event as official because it could still 

be held for the electoral interests of a partisan political candidate.175

 

174 5 C.F.R. § 734.101.

 Recall the Surrogate 

Scheduler’s e-mail to DOL White House liaison asking whether the Secretary could make a grant 

announcement in person in California, rather than from Washington, D.C., in order to earn media 

for two targeted incumbents. While awarding grants can be an official activity, this e-mail 

175 To illustrate, in 2006, numerous “official” events were listed on OPA’s Suggested Memoranda as “retracted,” 

i.e., the invitation had been withdrawn by the requester. If the event is truly “official,” questions arise as to the real 

purpose of an event when the agency political appointee does not attend the event after the invitation is withdrawn 

by the requesting party, who, during an election year, is often a vulnerable incumbent. 
96 | Page

reveals the manipulation of agency business to help targeted candidates. In light of this practice, 

more than a “reasonable relation” to an agency’s business is required to classify an event as 

official. For Hatch Act purposes, care must be taken to ensure that the official nature of an event 

is bona fide, substantial, and not merely a guise for a political endorsement.176

 To do so, agencies must take into account all relevant facts to identify the predominant 

purpose of the event in question. Examples of circumstances to consider include: (1) the type of 

event and the reason for holding it; (2) whether candidates (including incumbents seeking 

reelection) will be present at the event and what their role will be; (3) the relationship, if any, 

between the event and official agency business; (4) whether a candidate’s request is one reason 

for the agency political appointee to attend the event; (5) whether the event was scheduled prior 

to a candidate’s involvement or after; (6) the agency political appointee’s motivation for 

attending the event; (7) the frequency of similar types of events during non-election years and 

whether agency political appointees participated in such events in those years; (8) the proximity 

of the event to the date of the election; (9) who invited the agency political appointee to attend 

(e.g., congressional office, campaign staff, OPA, other agency officials, political party); (10) the 

parties responsible for planning and organizing the event; (11) whether the event is open or 

closed to media; (12) remarks made during the event by any person; and (13) other event invitees 

and the audience, i.e., whether party operatives or donors will be present.177 Only a candid 

analysis of all the circumstances will reveal whether the official aspect of an event is bona fide or 

just a pretext for helping a candidate. Failure to classify events with the Hatch Act in mind will 

continue to result in the unlawful use of U.S. Treasury funds to pay for political activity.

For example, proximity of the event to the date of an election is a critical factor. 

Candidates seek to gain voter support in the final months and weeks before an election by, 

among other things, earning media to show what they are doing or will do for their constituents. 

Official appearances with Cabinet members and other high-level agency political appointees

draw positive attention to candidates and their campaigns and the evidence demonstrates that 

OPA used administration assets the most during the final three months before the 2006 elections. 

 

176 Using marginally business-related events to justify official travel also has occurred in the context of hometown 

visits by high-level government officials. Gregory Walden, former counsel to Presidents Reagan and George H.W. 

Bush, has written and testified before Congress on this topic, and many of his recommendations are also applicable 

to distinguishing truly official events from political ones. See Gregory S. Walden, On Best Behavior: The Clinton 

Administration and Ethics in Government 479-489 (Hudson Inst. 1995); Compliance by Senior Executive Branch 

with Federal Travel Guidelines: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Government Management, Information and 

Technology of the H. Comm. on Government Reform and Oversight, 104th Cong. (1996) (statement of Gregory S. 

Walden).

177 This list is intended to serve as a guide. OSC notes that in some cases, one or more of these considerations may 

not apply, and that depending on all the circumstances, some may be more useful than others in classifying an event. 

In addition, this is not an exhaustive list. Other facts peculiar to an event tending to indicate the nature of an event 

may exist in some cases, and they should be considered as well. 
97 | Page

 Most of the events described in this chapter occurred in the last few months before the 

November 2006 elections. During that time, the pressure to earn positive media attention is the 

most acute and, as Mr. Jennings explained, members of Congress are “desperate to get on 

television” in the fall of an election year. Research shows that media coverage during the final 

three months before an election is more valuable than coverage earlier in the cycle. For example,

on June 8, 2006, the FEC transmitted to Congress its revised regulations regarding 

communications that are coordinated with political parties and candidates for federal office.178 

These regulations address whether such advertisements and communications would constitute an 

in-kind contribution to the candidate or party. In its Explanation and Justification, the FEC 

stated that “commentators agreed that a time frame is helpful in identifying communications that 

are made for the purpose of influencing an election” and that “proximity to an election factors 

into the value of the communication.”179 The FEC further noted: 

[N]early all Senate and House candidate advertising takes place 

within 60 days of an election. Senate candidates aired 91.60 

percent and 94.73 percent of their advertisements within 60 days of 

the primary and general election respectively. . . . House 

candidates aired 88.16 percent and 98.09 percent of their 

advertisements within 60 days of the primary and general 

elections, respectively.180

Additionally, the report stated that earlier than 90 days before an election, “the amount of 

candidate advertising approaches zero.”181 

VA Secretary Nicholson’s October 10, 2006, trip to Ohio to tour a future ambulatory 

clinic, meet with veterans, and hold a press conference with Representative Pryce illustrates the 

importance of the time frame in which an event occurs. For that event, Ms. McLaughlin 

repeatedly checked in with the White House liaison at the VA about “deploying” the Secretary to 

events that would be “beneficial at crunch time,” and that an event with Representative Pryce 

needed to “happen somewhere between October 9 – November 3rd

 

178 71 Fed. Reg. 33190 (June 8, 2006) (codified at 11 C.F.R. § 109). In response to the decision of the Court of 

Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in Shays v. FEC, 528 F.3d 914 (D.C. Cir. 2008), the FEC revised its 

regulations regarding coordinated communications, effective December 1, 2010. These revisions do not affect the 

information cited in this report.

to be the most effective.” The 

fact that the event took place not only within the last three months before the election, but also 

within the time frame suggested by Ms. McLaughlin, shows a clear political motivation for the 

Secretary’s attendance, despite its loose connection to VA business. OSC therefore recommends 

that heightened scrutiny occur when classifying events as official when the events are planned to 

take place in the final three months preceding an election. 

179 71 Fed. Reg. 33194 (June 8, 2006).

180 Id.

181 Id.
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 The Nicholson/Pryce event, to which Ms. McLaughlin repeatedly referred as a “top 

priority” because it would be “beneficial at crunch time,” demonstrates another important 

consideration when classifying an event – whether the event is organized before or after plans 

are made to have the agency political appointee meet with a candidate. Put another way, the 

individual responsible for classifying the event must ask whether the event would have been 

planned absent an invitation from a candidate. Here, the clinic tour and meet-and-greet were 

planned only after both Representative Pryce and OPA contacted the VA asking for the Secretary 

to appear with Representative Pryce. In fact, on September 22, 2006, more than one month after 

the event had been proposed and less than three weeks before the event took place, the agenda 

for the event had yet to be established. Thus, it seems obvious that VA and OPA staff arranged 

the event to put Secretary Nicholson next to a vulnerable incumbent less than one month before 

the election – and made it appear official so the candidate would not have to pay for the 

publicity. But these facts were ignored, and the event was classified as official. 

DOI Secretary Kempthorne’s November 6, 2006, event with Representative Taylor is 

another example of an agency ignoring indications that an event is politically motivated and 

classifying it as official. The Secretary had no plans to visit North Carolina until he told Ms.

Taylor that he wanted to help Representative Taylor get reelected. Subsequently, it was an OPA 

employee, not a DOI staff member, who suggested the Secretary visit a mock-up of a proposed 

Visitor’s Center at the Blue Ridge Parkway Headquarters. This event was arranged not to further 

DOI business, but to bring positive attention to Representative Taylor on the eve of the election. 

 The Kempthorne/Taylor event also highlights the importance of the traveler’s own 

motivation when determining whether an event is official or political. Secretary Kempthorne 

wanted to help Representative Taylor, and this desire was the impetus for scheduling the event. 

Similarly, DOT Acting Secretary Cino believed that the purpose of her attending the November 

2, 2006, transportation tour in Connecticut was “to campaign for Nancy Johnson.” Had the 

individuals responsible for classifying travel taken into account the travelers’ motivations, they 

would have seen that the events were held for political purposes. Even though these officials 

were permitted to engage in political activity while on duty, they should not have used their

positions and agency resources to do so. Rather, the cost of attending these events should have 

been reimbursed to the U.S. Treasury because they were directed at the success of partisan 

political candidates. 

Likewise, planning official agency events to accommodate a request from a member of 

Congress who is seeking reelection calls into question the purpose of an event. Events truly 

necessary to carry out agency business ordinarily are proposed and planned by agency staff. 

Requests from congressional incumbents for an agency principal to attend an event, particularly 

in the last three months before an election and with media present, indicate that legislators are 
99 | Page

attempting to use the executive branch to further their electoral goals. OPA encouraged and 

facilitated this practice during the Bush II administration, resulting in the expenditure of untold 

amounts of U.S. Treasury funds that had been appropriated to accomplish the agency’s mission – 

not to “get Republicans elected.” 

Similarly, when a request for a high-level political appointee to attend an event originates 

with campaign staff, rather than congressional staff or a candidate’s employing office, alarm 

bells should ring. For example, the so-called “official” event with DOEd Secretary Spellings and 

candidate O’Donnell originated with Mr. O’Donnell’s campaign staff, not his official staff at the 

Colorado Commission on Higher Education. DOEd’s OGC was aware of this, as well as the 

campaign’s proposal stating that the event would assist Mr. O’Donnell’s campaign through 

earned media, but did not view these as relevant facts in determining whether Secretary Spellings 

could attend in her official capacity. On the contrary, all available information concerning the 

origin of a proposed event is relevant and should be carefully considered. 

In addition, agency staff will need to inquire whether the event is open or closed to the 

media, and if a candidate will be present, what his or her role will be. Special attention should be 

paid to events where an incumbent is going to make a speech, provide any remarks, participate in 

a photo opportunity, or receive any type of attention from the media. Likewise, if the agency 

official intends to speak at an event, the content should be vetted to ensure it is free of any 

language that could be interpreted as endorsing a candidate for partisan elected office. For 

example, a close evaluation of DOI Secretary Kempthorne’s November 4, 2006, talking points 

concerning Representative Renzi – that he is a “strong and effective advocate for your interests 

in the Congress” – along with the fact that the event was open to the press, should have signified 

to DOI staff that the event was political rather than official. Likewise, DOEd Secretary 

Spellings’ remarks, proposed by the campaign as “reflecting on the important work Colorado is 

undertaking . . . under Mr. O’Donnell’s leadership” at an open-press event should have raised a 

red flag concerning the real reasons for the event, particularly given the campaign’s statement 

that such an event would assist Mr. O’Donnell’s campaign by earning media. An agency 

official’s remarks, as well as all other aspects of an event, should also be assessed after a trip is 

completed to be sure that an event initially labeled official in fact included only official activities 

before allowing U.S. Treasury funds to pay for the trip.

To ensure that each event receives an objective and candid review, OSC recommends that 

career staff be involved in determining whether an event is official or political. In particular, the 

Designated Agency Ethics Official (DAEO), after being supplied with all the relevant facts, 

communications, and circumstances, should analyze whether the Hatch Act would permit the use 

of U.S. Treasury funds. The DAEO should review every event on the official’s itinerary so that 

in the case of mixed travel, the costs of political events can be apportioned. This review should 
100 | Page

be completed in advance of the travel and also upon completion of the event to make certain that 

the costs of political activity are not paid with official funds. 

 

C. Obtaining Reimbursement for the Costs of Traveling to Political Events 

When agencies designate travel as political based on the foregoing factors, two important 

considerations remain. First, the Hatch Act requires that if U.S. Treasury funds were used to pay 

for the official’s travel to a political event, the agency must seek and receive reimbursement of 

those costs in a timely manner.182 The evidence shows that at several agencies, the costs and 

expenses associated with political travel were never reimbursed to the U.S. Treasury. When an 

agency is unable to recoup the costs of travel to a political event from the relevant campaign, 

political group, or political party in a timely manner, the traveler, that is, the agency Secretary or 

other high-level political appointee, ultimately should be responsible for refunding the 

outstanding amounts. Indeed, the political activity of a federal employee, including §7324(b) 

employees, is personal activity.

OSC recommends that the Hatch Act regulations be amended to require agencies to 

obtain payment in advance for costs and expenses associated with traveling to a political event. 

A system to receive prepayment should be in writing and should include career staff, such as the 

DAEO and the Financial Officer, to ensure that the funds are properly obtained regardless of the 

turnover of political appointees or a change in administration. In addition, the regulations should 

explicitly state that where payment is not received from the relevant campaign or political group, 

the traveler is responsible for paying travel costs in advance. Such a system would ensure that 

the U.S. Treasury does not fund political travel. Similarly, for costs of political activity that do 

not involve travel, the exempt employee whose political activity is at issue should be ultimately 

responsible for reimbursing the U.S. Treasury.

In a memorandum dated March 19, 2010, one federal executive agency established 

procedures that offer a good example of the practices suggested above.183

 

182 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(a). In the case of mixed travel, i.e., where a § 7324(b) employee attends both official and 

political events during the same trip, the total travel costs must be apportioned according to the time spent at each 

event. See 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(c) (explaining the formula for apportioning travel costs).

 This agency requires 

PAS to submit all requests for appearances at political events to the OGC for review and 

oversight. The campaign, political party, or other outside entity that invited the PAS must pay 

travel costs in advance of the trip, even in cases of mixed travel. If the campaign or political 

party does not provide payment, then the PAS is personally responsible for advancing the cost. 

The agency further requires a post-event review to compare the pre-event estimates to the actual 

political costs of the trip. If the actual political costs were greater than what was estimated, then 

183 See Memorandum on Political Activity Guidance: Procedures for Vetting Invitations to Political Events and 

Allocating Travel Expenses of Mixed Official/Political Travel (Mar. 19, 2010) (attached to this report as the 

Appendix, infra pp. 109-17).
101 | Page

the outside entity must immediately reimburse the agency and, if the entity does not do so, the 

PAS must pay the outstanding cost. The OGC at this agency will not close its file on the trip 

until the PAS signs a document personally certifying that final reconciliation of the political 

costs has been made and provides supporting documentation. OSC believes that OGC’s 

involvement, requiring advance payment for political costs, and holding the PAS personally 

responsible for political costs will prevent the use of U.S. Treasury funds for political activity.

In this vein, OSC notes that theoretically, federal regulations concerning the § 7324(b) 

exemption would permit a high-level political appointee to obligate appropriated funds to finance 

a wholly political trip – that is, one in which every event on the itinerary is classified as political 

– provided the costs are reimbursed to the Treasury in a timely manner.184 The evidence shows 

that if certain events described above had been properly classified as political, then the pertinent 

trip would have had no official component and would not have constituted mixed travel. For 

example, DOI Secretary Kempthorne’s trip to tour the Blue Ridge Parkway Headquarters with 

Representative Taylor had no genuinely official component; nor did his trip to Arizona to appear 

with Representative Renzi at two separate events. OSC submits that in such circumstances, 

§ 7324(b) employees should not be permitted to use U.S. Treasury funds to finance travel to the 

event, even if they intend to obtain reimbursement from the relevant campaign after the fact. 

Rather, travel to the event should be treated like any other personal travel, such as a family 

vacation. 

Indeed, the § 7324(b) exemption was meant to be a concession for employees deemed to 

be on duty at all times who, for that reason, could not take advantage of the right afforded to 

non-exempt employees to engage in political activity on their own time. In fact, Congress 

explained that “despite the exception . . . the committee expects that most of the political activity 

that these officials engage in will be conducted off Government property and not during regular 

duty hours.” 185 

Allowing § 7324(b) employees to advance U.S. Treasury funds to pay for their political 

activity does more than place them on equal footing with the rest of the federal workforce; it 

permits them to use their official positions, including government resources, for the benefit of 

partisan political groups or candidates – a practice the Hatch Act was designed to prevent.186

 

184 See 5 C.F.R. § 734.503.

 

Accordingly, OSC proposes that OPM revise the Hatch Act regulations to make clear that U.S. 

Treasury funds may not be used to finance wholly political travel, even if the costs ultimately 

would have been reimbursed. 

185 H.R. Rep. No.130-16, at 22 (1993).

186 Abusing the § 7324(b) exemption such that appropriated funds are used to finance political activity also 

implicates federal regulations concerning ethical conduct. In pertinent part, federal regulations state that federal 

employees “shall not use public office for private gain,” they “shall protect and conserve Federal property and shall 

not use it for other than authorized activities,” and they “shall endeavor to avoid any actions creating the appearance 

that they are violating the law or the ethical standards set forth in this part.” 5 C.F.R. § 2635.101(b)(7), (9), (14). 
102 | Page

Furthermore, OSC recommends that the Hatch Act regulations be amended to set a clear 

deadline for reimbursing political costs to the U.S. Treasury instead of requiring reimbursement 

for the costs of political activity “within a reasonable period of time.”187 Because what period of 

time is “reasonable” is open to interpretation, OSC proposes a 30-day time period, similar to a 

typical credit card billing cycle, for obtaining reimbursement. Furthermore, the regulations 

should make clear that if the campaign or political party does not timely reimburse the 

government, then the exempt employee will be billed for the outstanding amount because 

political activity is tantamount to personal activity.188

The second consideration raised by events classified as political is that, although 

§ 7324(b) employees are permitted to engage in political activity while on duty, they remain 

subject to several other Hatch Act restrictions. Among these are the prohibitions against 

soliciting, accepting, or receiving political contributions and soliciting or discouraging the 

political activity of persons with business before their employing agency.189 

Moreover, § 7324(b) employees may not use their official authority or influence to affect 

the result of an election.190 This means that they must attend political events in their personal, 

not official, capacities, and must use the generic title “The Honorable,” if applicable, rather than 

their official titles.191 Also, § 7324(b) employees may not trade on their official positions, and 

the expertise acquired in those positions, to advocate for or against a political party or partisan 

political candidate at a political event. The prohibition against the use of official authority or 

influence forbids agency officials from soliciting, accepting, or receiving uncompensated 

services from subordinate employees for a political purpose.192 Accordingly, when a § 7324(b) 

employee attends a political event, other federal employees should not be involved in planning 

the event or, for example, preparing the appointee’s remarks. And, other than security personnel 

who must remain with the appointee at all times, agency employees should not be asked to attend 

the event with the agency appointee. Nor should they be permitted to accompany the appointee 

even if they are like-minded and wish to attend.193

In conclusion, the Hatch Act requires a strict separation between official agency 

functions and political activity. Government business must not be manipulated and used as a 

resource for the electoral benefit of the governing administration’s political party, and the federal 

 

187 See 5 C.F.R. § 734.503(a). 

188 OSC also notes that the costs of political activity by § 7324(b) employees, whether through travel or other 

activities, may be considered a “contribution” for purposes of campaign finance laws enforced by the FEC. See 11 

C.F.R. § 100.79.

189 5 U.S.C. § 7323(a)(2), (4).

190 5 U.S.C. § 7323(a)(1).

191 See 5 C.F.R. § 734.302(b)(1).

192 5 C.F.R. § 734.302(b)(3)

193 Provided such employees are not on duty, they would be permitted to attend the event separately.
103 | Page

workforce “should not be employed to build a powerful, invincible, and perhaps corrupt political 

machine.”194 The evidence presented in this report shows a systematic misuse of federal 

resources. However, as this investigation revealed, such practices are not unique to the Bush II 

administration. Thus, OSC hopes that this report is informative for the federal workforce and 

clarifies misconceptions regarding the Hatch Act so that future abuses can be avoided. 

 

194 Letter Carriers, 413 U.S. at 565.
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APPENDIX

Memorandum: Political Activity Guidance: Procedures For Vetting Invitations To Political 

Events And Allocating Travel Expenses Of Mixed Official/Political Travel

I. Political Event Review Procedures 

As soon as a Presidential appointee with Senate confirmation (PAS) receives an invitation 

requesting that he or she attend, speak or otherwise participate in a political event, and the 

PAS is interested in accepting the invitation, the PAS will follow the procedures below: 

Develop Information Concerning Event 

1. Send a letter to the host organization requesting additional information about the event 

and laying forth the ground rules that govern the PAS's participation. 

2. After receiving the host organization's response, complete the "Political Activity Review" 

form (Appendix A). 

Review of the Political Activity Form by Chief of Staff and the Office of General Counsel 

3. Deliver the fully completed "Political Activity Review" form and a copy of all 

correspondence from the host organization to the Chief of Staff. 

4. The Chief of Staff will review the "Political Activity Review" form and attached 

documents, as necessary. If the Chief of Staff concurs that the official event(s) 

listed in Section II will serve an agency function and concludes that the expected 

attendees at the political event(s) have not been targeted because they have 

business before this agency, he will sign the form and forward the package to the 

Office of General Counsel (OGC) for review. The Chief of Staff may consult 

with OGC when making the above determinations. 

5. OGC will review the "Political Activity Review" form and determine the estimated 

political travel costs that must be paid by the host organization or other outside entity. 

OGC will give the signed form to Chief of Staff, and the Chief of Staff will return it to 

the PAS. 

Confirming Attendance at the Event 

Only after the Chief of Staff and OGC have reviewed and signed the "Political Activity 

Review" form may the PAS accept the invitation to attend and/or participate in the political 

event. 

6. If the PAS accepts the host organization's invitation and attendance at the political event 

will require the PAS to travel, the PAS will discuss with the host organization the 

advance payment of the estimated political travel costs. 
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• Political Event Only Trips: The agency may not pay for any portion of the travel costs 

of the trip. The PAS must make appropriate travel arrangements with the outside 

organization and arrange for outside payment of all travel costs. The PAS will not 

use his/her, the agency’s or other agency official's Government credit card in 

making these arrangements. 

• Mixed Official/Political Event Trips: When the PAS will attend a political event on a 

trip that also includes official travel, the PAS will provide the total estimate of 

political travel costs to the outside organization and require that (1) payment be made 

to the agency in advance of the travel, or (2) the outside organization provide 

payment in-kind. 

The PAS is responsible for ensuring that payment of the estimated political travel 

costs is made in advance of the travel. If the outside organization cannot provide 

payment in advance of the travel, the PAS must pay the estimated political travel 

costs and may seek reimbursement from an outside entity. 

7. Payments received by the agency from an outside entity to pay for political costs must be 

recorded on the "Worksheet for Determining Actual Amount of Political Costs" 

(Appendix B) and supported by documentation. For example, if the outside entity pays 

via check, a copy of the check should be attached to Worksheet for Determining Actual 

Amount of Political Costs. If the outside entity provides in kind payment (e.g., buys the 

airline ticket or provides hotel room), a receipt of the in-kind payment showing that the 

agency did not pay for the travel expense should be attached. 

Review of the Invitation

8. The host organization must forward a draft of the invitation and any other public 

communications regarding the political event to the agency OGC review. 

9. OGC must sign off on the invitation and other public communications regarding the 

political event before the hosting organization may publicly distribute the invitation or 

other public communications. 

Adding Official or Political Event(s) to an Existing Political Trip 

10. Before the PAS adds an official event to an existing political trip, the official event must 

be reviewed by the Chief of Staff to ensure that the event serves a needed agency 

function and furthers the agency’s mission. 

11. The PAS must provide the Chief of Staff with: 

• A full description of the proposed official event. 

• An explanation on how this event furthers this agency mission. 

• Who suggested or requested that the PAS attend this event. 

• Who else will be present at or invited to attend the official event.
106 | Page

• The approximate duration of the event. 

• An estimate of any additional travel costs if the PAS attends this official event. 

The Chief of Staff may consult with OGC to determine whether it is appropriate to add the 

official event to the existing political trip. 

12. If the PAS wishes to add a political event to an existing trip, the PAS must send a letter 

to the host organization as described in paragraph 1.1 above. The PAS then provides the 

Chief of Staff with: 

• A full description of the new political event. 

• The proposed venue. 

• Any sponsors or affiliated entities. 

• Summary description of the proposed invitees. 

• The expected number of attendees at the event. 

• Description of the PAS's role at the event. 

• The approximate duration of the event. 

• An estimate of any additional travel costs if the PAS attends this political event.

13. If a political or official event is added, the PAS must deliver the package with the 

information concerning the new political and/or official events to OGC and OGC will 

reconfigure the estimated political costs for the trip.

II. After the Political Event/Trip

1. If the PAS did not travel outside of the Washington DC Metro area to attend the political 

event, no additional consultation with OGC is necessary. The PAS should retain a copy 

of the signed "Political Activity Review" form. 

2. For trips involving both official and political events, the "Worksheet for Determining 

Actual Amount of Political Costs" (Appendix B) must be completed. This worksheet 

should be completed at the same time the PAS's travel voucher is created. 

3. The completed "Worksheet for Determining Actual Amount of Political Costs," a copy of 

the PAS's final itinerary for the trip and a copy of PAS's travel voucher must be 

forwarded to OGC. 

4. OGC will review the package and determine the total actual political costs incurred 

during the trip. If the estimate of the political costs is greater than the total actual political 

costs, then the agency owes the outside entity the difference. However, if the estimate of 

political costs is less than the total actual political costs, the outside entity has to 

immediately reimburse the agency the difference. When the outside entity does not 

immediately reimburse the agency, the PAS will do so. 
107 | Page

5. The PAS shall sign and certify on the "Worksheet for Determining Actual Amount of 

Political Costs" that final reconciliation of the political costs has been made. A 

notification that this certification has been made must be sent to the OGC attorney who 

signed the "Worksheet for Determining Actual Amount of Political Costs." 

6. OGC will close out its file in this matter. 

When agreeing to travel to attend a political event, the PAS should remember that he or 

she is engaging in such activities in his or her personal capacity. Consequently, if any costs 

associated with the PAS engaging in the political activity are not paid by an outside entity, 

the PAS will be personally liable for such costs and will reimburse the agency for any that 

it has borne. 

Please be advised that any unreimbursed payment for transportation expenses incurred by a PAS 

on behalf of any candidate or political committee of a political party may be considered a 

"contribution" under the Federal campaign finance laws. See 11 C.F.R. § 100.79. Questions 

concerning this matter should be directed to the Federal Election Commission. 
108 | Page

APPENDIX A 

POLITICAL ACTIVITY REVIEW

Name of PAS: ______________________________

I. Information about the Political Event

Name and Location of Event 

 

Date of Event Time of Event

Description of Event

Name of Organization Hosting the Event Name of Sponsor(s) or Affiliated Entities

Description of Proposed Invitees Number of Expected Attendees

Role of PAS at the Event (e.g. attendee, speaker, special guest) 

□ Attach the hosting organization’s draft invitation for the event 

II. Mixed Official and Political Travel

Will attendance at the political event require the PAS to travel outside the Washington DC Metro Area? 

□ Yes □ No 

If yes, all applicable information below must be provided. If no, skip Sections II and III. 

Date(s) of Travel Location(s) of Travel

Date and Name of Political Event(s) the PAS will Attend While on Travel

1.

2.

3.

4.

Total Duration in Minutes

1.

2.

3.

4.

 

 Total Minutes for Political Events = 
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Name, Description and Justification for each Official Event the PAS Will Attend While on Travel

1.

2.

3.

4.

Date and Total Duration in 

Minutes

1.

2.

3.

4.

 

 Total Minutes for Official Events = 

Was each of the above official events on the PAS’s schedule before he or she received the invitation to attend the 

political event(s)?

□ Yes □ No

Name and Position Title of Each Agency Official Who Will Be Accompanying the PAS on the Trip (excluding security personnel):

□ Attach a copy of the PAS’s draft itinerary for this trip.

III. Estimated Trip Expenses

Travel Fares $_____________ Hotel/Lodging $_____________

(Airfare, Train fare)

Per diem $_____________ Other Expenses $_____________ 

 (Rental car, local transportation)

 Total Estimated Trip Costs $___________

Intended Form of Payment for Political Costs by Outside Entity or PAS:

□ In-Kind (e.g. political party provides airline ticket) 

□ Check/other monetary instrument 

□ Attach a copy of the PAS’s trip authorization with estimated expenses.

IV. PAS Certification

Certification: I certify that the answers above 

are truthful and correct. I understand that I am 

liable for all costs associated with my 

attendance at the political event(s).

Signature Date Signed
110 | Page

V. Chief of Staff Review

REVIEW FINDINGS: Based upon the facts above, the 

agency official’s participation in the political event(s) 

does not violate 5 U.S.C. §7323(a)(4), and I concur that 

the above official event(s) serves an agency function and 

furthers this agency’s programs and interests.

Signature Date Signed

VI. Office of General Counsel Review

REVIEW FINDINGS: Based upon the facts above, the 

Agency official could attend and participate in the 

political event in his/her personal capacity, as long as 

costs of engaging in the activity are not paid by the 

agency or the U.S. Treasury. The estimate of total 

political costs, as determined below, is 

$ ______________.

Signature Date Signed

ESTIMATE OF POLITICAL COSTS:

_____ Total Political Minutes PLUS _____ Total Official Minutes = _________ Total Activity Time

_____ Total Political Minutes DIVIDED BY ______ Total Activity Time = ______% for Political Reimbursement

_____ Total Estimate of Trip Costs MULTIPLIED BY _____ % for Political Reimbursement = $___________ Total Estimate of 

Political Costs

□ OGC reviewed and approved the draft invitation to the political event on __________. _________ (date) (initial)

VII. PAS Re-Certification

CERTIFICATION: I have reviewed the total estimate 

of political costs, and I understand that if I choose to 

attend the political event(s) that I must ensure that 

payment of the estimated political costs is made in 

advance of the travel. I hereby certify that I

□ will □ will not (check one)

attend the political event(s) listed in Section II. 

Signature Date Signed
111 | Page

APPENDIX B 

WORKSHEET FOR DETERMINING ACTUAL AMOUNT OF POLITICAL COSTS

Name of PAS: _________ _____________________

I. Payment of Estimated Political Travel Costs

I hereby certify that on _______ the Agency received $_______

 (date)

via □ check/other monetary instrument □ in-kind contribution(s) 

from _________________________ to pay for the estimated political travel expenses

 (name of outside entity or PAS)

associated with the above trip, and I have attached documentation evidencing such payment.

_____________________________________ _______________ (signature of PAS) (Date)

II. Travel Details

Date(s) of Travel Location(s) of Travel

Date and Name of Political Event(s) the agency official attended 

1.

2.

3.

4.

Total Duration in Minutes

1.

2.

3.

4.

 

 Total Minutes for Political Events = 

Date and Name of Official Event(s) the agency official attended

1.

2.

3.

4.

Total Duration in Minutes

1.

2.

3.

4.

 

 Total Minutes for Official Events = 

 Attach a copy of PAS’s final travel itinerary 

III. Actual Trip Expenses

Travel Fares $_____________ Hotel/Lodging $_____________

(airfare, train fare)

Per diem $_____________ Other Expenses $_____________ 

 Total Trip Costs $___________
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Attach a copy of the PAS’s travel expense report and receipts for air and/or train fare.

IV. Office of General Counsel Review

REVIEW FINDINGS: Based upon the facts above, the 

total actual political costs for this trip, as determined 

below, is $ _____________. Therefore, the agency

 

□ is owed □ must pay

$__________________ from/to the outside entity. 

Signature Date Signed

ACTUAL POLITICAL COSTS:

_____ Total Political Minutes PLUS ______ Total Official Minutes = __________ Total Activity Time

_____ Total Political Minutes DIVIDED BY ______ Total Activity Time = ______% for Political 

Reimbursement

_____ Total Actual Trip Costs MULTIPLIED BY _____ % for Political Reimbursement = $___________ 

Total Actual 

Political Costs

Reconciling Estimate and Actual Costs:

$________ Total of Estimated Political Costs Paid in Advance or Provide In-Kind MINUS 

$________ Total Actual Political Costs = $____________. (if negative, outside entity owes the agency 

the amount; if positive, the agency owes outside entity the amount)

□ Agency owes the outside entity $____________

□ The outside entity owes agency $ ___________

V. FINAL RECONCILIATION

Certification: I hereby certify that the 

political travel costs of the above trip have 

been paid in full by the above-named 

outside entity, and the agency has 

reimbursed the outside entity for any 

overpayment of political expenses made in 

advance. 

Signature Date Signed