## Technical Support Document: **Preparation of Emissions Inventories**
**for the Version 4.1, 2005-based Platform**



# DRAFT

March 4, 2011

**U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards**  **Air Quality Assessment Division**

**Contacts:** Madeleine Strum, Rich Mason, Alison Eyth, Marc Houy oux,

### ii 

## TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS ..........................................

................................................... ................................................... ............. III

LIST OF TABLES ....................................

................................................... ................................................... ............ V

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................

................................................... ................................................... ......... VI

LIST OF APPENDICES ................................

................................................... ................................................... .... VI

1 INTRODUCTION ......................................

................................................... ................................................... .. 1

2 2005 EMISSION INVENTORIES AND APPROACHES ..........

................................................... ................. 3

2.1 2005 NEI P OINT SOURCES ( PTIPM AND PTNONIPM ) ................................................. ....................................... 11

2.1.1 IPM sector (ptipm) ................................

................................................... ............................................ 16

2.1.2 Non-IPM sector (ptnonipm) .........................

................................................... ..................................... 16

2.2 2005 N ONPOINT SOURCES ( AFDUST

, AG

, NONPT ).................................................. .......................................... 18

2.2.1 Area Fugitive dust sector (afdust) ................

................................................... ..................................... 19

2.2.2 Agricultural Ammonia sector (ag) ..................

................................................... .................................. 20

2.2.3 Other nonpoint sources (nonpt) ....................

................................................... .................................... 23

2.3 F IRES ( AVEFIRE ) .................................................

................................................... ......................................... 25

2.4 B IOGENIC SOURCES ( BIOG ) .................................................

................................................... ......................... 28

2.5 2005 M OBILE SOURCES ( ON

_ NOADJ

, ON

_ MOVES

_ RUNPM

, ON

_ MOVES

_ STARTPM

, NONROAD

, ALM

_ NO

_ C 3,

SECA

_ C 3) ................................................

................................................... ................................................... ........... 28

2.5.1 Onroad mobile MOVES cold-start exhaust sources requ iring temperature adjustments (on_moves_startpm) ................................

................................................... ................................................... ..... 30

2.5.2 Onroad mobile MOVES running exhaust sources requiri ng temperature adjustments (on_moves_runpm) ..................................

................................................... ................................................... ..... 33

2.5.3 Onroad no-adjustments mobile sources (on_noadj) ...

................................................... ...................... 34

2.5.4 Nonroad mobile sources – NMIM-based nonroad (nonroa d) ................................................ ............. 35

2.5.5 Nonroad mobile sources: locomotive and non-C3 comm ercial marine (alm_no_c3) ........................ 36

2.5.6 Nonroad mobile sources: C3 commercial marine (seca _c3) .............................................. ................ 38

2.6 E MISSIONS FROM C ANADA

, M EXICO AND O FFSHORE D RILLING P LATFORMS ( OTHPT

, OTHAR

, OTHON

, OTHPT

_ HG

, AND OTHAR

_ HG ) .................................................

................................................... ............................... 40

2.7 SMOKE- READY NON

- ANTHROPOGENIC INVENTORIES FOR MERCURY AND CHLORINE ................................... 43

2.7.1 Mercury ...........................................

................................................... ................................................. 4 3

2.7.2 Chlorine ..........................................

................................................... .................................................. 44

3 EMISSIONS MODELING SUMMARY ........................

................................................... ............................. 44

3.1 K EY EMISSIONS MODELING SETTINGS

................................................... ................................................... ....... 45

3.1.1 Spatial configuration .............................

................................................... ........................................... 46

3.1.2 Chemical speciation configuration .................

................................................... .................................. 48

3.1.3 Temporal processing configuration .................

................................................... ................................. 56

3.2 E MISSIONS MODELING ANCILLARY FILES

.................................................. ................................................... .. 58

3.2.1 Spatial Allocation Data ...........................

................................................... ......................................... 58

3.2.2 Chemical speciation ancillary files ...............

................................................... .................................... 63

3.2.3 Temporal allocation ancillary files ...............

................................................... .................................... 67

4 REFERENCES ........................................

................................................... ................................................... ... 75

### iii 

## Acronyms

BAFM Benzene, Acetaldehyde, Formaldehyde and Methanol

BEIS Biogenic Emissions Inventory System

C3 Category 3 (commercial marine vessels)

CAIR Clean Air Interstate Rule

CAMD EPA’s Clean Air Markets Division

CAM X Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions

CAP Criteria Air Pollutant

CARB California Air Resources Board

CEM Continuous Emissions Monitoring

CHIEF Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors

Cl Chlorine CMAQ Commun ity Multiscale Air Quality

CMV Commercial marine vessel

CO Carbon monoxide

EGU Electric generating units

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

EMFAC Emission Factor (California ’s on road mobile model)

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FCCS Fuel Characteristic Classification System

FIPS Federal Information Processing Standards

HAP Hazardous Air Pollutant

HCL Hydrochloric acid Hg Mercury

HGNRVA Natural recycled, volcanic and anthropogenic Hg

HMS Hazard Mapping System

ICR Information Collection Request

IMO International Marine Organization

IPM Integrated Planning Model

ITN Itinerant

MACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology

MOBILE OT AQ’s model for estimation of on road mobile emissions factors

MOVES Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator

-- OTAQ’s model for estimation of onroad mobile

emissions – replaces the use of the MOBILE model

NEEDS National Electric Energy Database System

NEI National Emission Inventory

NESHAP National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollu tants
NH 3 Ammonia

nm nautical mile

NMIM National Mobile Inventory Model

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NONROAD OTAQ’s model for estimation of nonroad mobile emissions

NO X Nitrogen oxides OAQPS EPA’s Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards OTAQ EPA’s Office of Transportation and Air Quality

ORD EPA’s Office of Research and Development

ORL One Record per Line

PF Projection Factor, can account for growth and/or controls

PFC Portable Fuel Container

### iv

PM 2.5 Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 micron s PM 10 Particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns

RIA Regulatory Impact Analysis

RFS2 Revised Annual Renewable Fuel Standard

RRF Relative Response Factor

RWC Residential Wood Combustion

RPO Regional Planning Organization

SCC Source Classification Code

SMARTFIRE Satellite Mapping Automated Reanalysis Tool for Fir e Incident Reconciliation

SMOKE Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions

SO 2 Sulfur dioxide

SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol

SPPD 

### Sector Policies and Programs Division

TAF Terminal Area Forecast TCEQ Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

TSD Technical support document

VOC Volatile organic compounds

VMT Vehicle miles traveled

WRAP Western Regional Air Partnership

### v 

## List of Tables

Table 2-1. Platform sectors used in emissions mode ling for the 2005 platform, version 4.1........ 4 Table 2-2. Summary of significant changes between v4 and v4.1 platforms by sector ................ 7 Table 2-3. 2005 Emissions by Sector: VOC, NOX, C O, SO2, NH3, PM10, PM2.5 ................ 10 Table 2-4. Summaries of Hg (speciated), HCL and CL 2* ................................................ .......... 11 Table 2-5. Summaries of the non-anthropogenic merc ury across the modeling domain ............ 11 Table 2-6. Hg changes made to the 2005 NATA Hg inv entory (June 18, 2010 version) for the 2005 ptnonipm, ptipm, and nonpt sectors. ..........

................................................... ............... 14

Table 2-7

. SCCs in the afdust platform sector ..............

................................................... ............ 20

Table 2-8. Livestock SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI to create the ag sector ....................... 21

Table 2-9. Fertilizer SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI for inclusion in the “ag” sector .......... 23 Table 2-10. Additional TCEQ oil and gas emissions added to the 2005v2 NEI ......................... 2 4 Table 2-11. SCCs provided with Oklahoma oil and ga s sector emissions ................................ .. 25 Table 2-12. Changes to Oklahoma oil and gas emissi ons ............................................... ............ 25 Table 2-13. Average fire VOC changes from 2002 to 2005 platform. .................................... .... 26 Table 2-14. HAP emission factors applied to avefir e PM 2.5 

### emissions ....................................... 27 Table 2-15. Pollutants covered by MOVES2010 as use d in the 2005v4.1 platform 1 

### .................. 29 Table 2-16. SCCs in the 2005 alm_no_c3 inventory c ompared to the 2002 platform alm sector 37 Table 2-17. Adjustment factors to update the 2005 seca_c3 sector emissions for the v4.1 platform. .........................................

................................................... .................................... 39 Table 2-18. Contiguous U.S. C3 CMV emissions in 20 02 and 2005 platforms .......................... 40 Table 2-19. Summary of the othpt, othpt_hg, othar, othar_hg, and othon sectors changes from the 2002 platform .................................

................................................... .............................. 42 Table 3-1. Key emissions modeling steps by sector.

.................................................. ................. 46 Table 3-2. Descriptions of the 2005-based platform grids ............................................ .............. 47 Table 3-3. Model species produced by SMOKE for CB0 5 with SOA for CMAQ4.7 ................ 49 Table 3-4. Integration status of benzene, acetalde hyde, formaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) for each platform sector ..............................

................................................... ............................. 53 Table 3-5. Source-category specific criteria for i ntegrating nonpt SCCs for categories comprising 80% of the nonpoint VOC emissions.......

................................................... ....... 54 Table 3-6. Temporal settings used for the platform sectors in SMOKE, v4.1 platform .............. 57 Table 3-7. U.S. Surrogates available for the 2005v 4.1 platform. ..................................... ........... 59 Table 3-8. Surrogate assignments to new mobile cat egories in the 2005v4 platform ................. 61 Table 3-9. Canadian Spatial Surrogates for 2005-bas ed platform Canadian Emissions (v4.1 unchanged from v4) ................................

................................................... ........................... 62 Table 3-10. Differences between two profiles used for commercial marine residual oil ............ 65 Table 3-11. Differences between two profiles used for coal combustion ............................... ..... 66

Table 3-12: PM 2.5 

### speciation profile updates assignments for the v4 platform ............................ 66 Table 3-13. Summary of VOC speciation profile appro ach by sector for 2005 ........................... 67 Table 3-14. Summary of spatial surrogates, tempora l profiles, and speciation profiles used by gasoline vehicle types for the onroad parking area- related SCCs. ..................................... .. 70 Table 3-15. Summary of spatial surrogates, tempora l profiles, and speciation profiles used by diesel vehicle types for the onroad parking area-re lated SCCs from MOVES2010............. 72

### vi 

## List of Figures

Figure 2-1. MOVES exhaust temperature adjustment f unctions. ......................................... ....... 32 Figure 3-1. CMAQ modeling domains .................

................................................... ..................... 47 Figure 3-2. Process of integrating BAFM with VOC f or use in VOC Speciation....................... 52 Figure 3-3. Diurnal Profiles based on road type (u se local for “start”) and whether the road is

urban versus rural ................................

................................................... ............................... 69 Figure 3-4. Diurnal temporal profile for HDDV 2B t hrough 8B at Parking areas ...................... 6 9



## List of Appendices

Appendix A: Revisions to PTIPM Sector SO2 and NOX emissions fr om V4 to V4.1 Appendix B: Creation of the modeling file (“ORL point file”) p arameters from the Boiler

MACT ICR unit level emissions Appendix C: Pollutants in the onroad emission sectors generate d from NMIM or MOVES2010 Appendix D: Approach to develop CMAQ PM2.5 species from Parti ally-speciated

MOVES2010 EXHAUST PM2.5 for the 2005 Platform, vers ion 4.1

### 1



## 1 Introduction

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), her eafter referred to as “we,” has developed an updated version of the 2005-based air quality mo deling platform, version 4.1. This document describes the emissions inventory and emissions mod eling for this version, focusing on the changes made from version 4. The version 4 platfor m is documented at the emissions modeling clearinghouse website, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/ , under the section entitled “2005- Based Modeling Platform” and the subsection entitle d “CAP-Hg-BAFM 2005-Based Platform

Version 4.1”.

The platform consists of Criteria Air Pollutants (C APs) and the following select Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs): mercury (Hg), chlorine (CL2), hy drochloric acid or hydrogen chloride (HCL) and benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methano l. The latter four are also denoted BAFM. This platform is called the “CAP-Hg-BAFM 2005-Based Platform, Version 4.1” platform (we

will use the shortened name “2005v4.1” in this docu mentation). This platform supports the Regulatory Impact Analysis for National Emission St andards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutio nal Boilers and Process Heaters (a.k.a. “Boiler MACT”) and the proposal for the Toxics rule

.

The underlying 2005 inventories used are: 1) the 2 005 National Emission Inventory (NEI), version 2 ( http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.html ), 2) the 2005 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) mercury inventory from Jun e 2010, and 3) an inventory of Hg developed from the Boiler MACT Information Collecti on Request (ICR) for the National Emission Standards for Major Sources: Industrial/Co mmercial/Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/boiler/boilerpg .html). This document describes the approach and data used to produce the emission inpu ts to the air quality model used in the 2005v4.1 platform.

Emissions preparation for the 2005v4.1 platform sup ports the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model ( http://www.epa.gov/AMD/CMAQ/ ) and (2) the Comprehensive Air Quality Model, with extensions (CAMx) ( http://www.camx.com/ ). Both models support modeling ozone (O 3 

### ), particulate matter (PM) and mercury (Hg), and re quire hourly and gridded emissions of chemical species from the following inventory pollu tants: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO X 

### ), volatile organic compounds (VOC), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 

### ), ammonia (NH 3 

### ), particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns (PM 10 

### ), individual component species for particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 micron s (PM 2.5 

### ) and individual component species of gaseous and particulate mercury (Hg). In addition, the CMAQ Carbon Bond 05 (CB05) chemical mechanism with chlorine chemistry, which i s part of the “base” version of CMAQ, allows explicit treatment of BAFM and includes HAP emissions of HCL and CL2. The platform

BAFM emissions come from either the NEI values for benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) or via speciation of NEI VOC into t he component species.

The effort to create the emission inputs for the 20 05v4.1 platform included: (1) modification of emission inventories used for t he 2005v4 base case, (2) updates to the emissions modeling ancillary fil es used with the emissions modeling tools,

and

### 2

(3) application of the emissions modeling tools.

The primary emissions modeling tool used to create the CMAQ model-ready emissions was the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) mod eling system (http://www.smokemodel.org/index.cfm). We used SMOKE version 2.6 to create emissions files for a 36-km national grid, a 12-km Eastern grid and a 12-km Wes tern grid for a 2005 base case (also known as the “2005cr_hg_05b” case for purposes of our dir ectory structure). The purpose of this case is to provide a 2005 case that is consistent with the methods used in the future-year base case and control cases. For regulatory applications, this c ase is included in the relative response factor (RRF) calculations.

Unlike the version 4 (v4) platform, this platform i ncludes only a base case; it does not include a

model evaluation case. The evaluation case in the 2005v4 platform uses 2005-specific fire emissions and 2005 hour-specific continuous emissio n monitoring (CEM) data for electric generating units (EGUs) whereas the 2005 base case includes an “average year” scenario for fires and a illustrative (rather than year-specific ) temporal allocation approach for EGUs to allocate annual 2005 emissions to days and hours. This approach to temporal allocation was used for all base and control cases modeled to prov ide a temporal consistency that is intended to be a conceivable temporal allocation without tying the approach to a single year.

The 2005v4.1 platform was developed using the conce pts, tools and emissions modeling data from EPA’s 2005v4 platform, documented by: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005v4/2005_emissio ns_tsd_07jul2010.pdf (main document) , ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005v4/2005_emissio ns_tsd_appendices_11may2010.pdf (appendices to the main document), and http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/transport/tr_prop osal_emissions_tsd.pdf (future year).

Section 2 provides a summary of the key differences between the two versions of the emissions platform.

This document contains five sections and four appen dices. Section 2 describes the 2005 inventories input to SMOKE. Section 3 describes th e emissions modeling and the ancillary files used with the emission inventories. The developmen t of the 2016 inventory (projected from 2005) is provided through technical support documen ts for the specific modeling applications. Section 4 provides references. Appendices A throug h D provide additional details about specific

technical methods.

Electronic copies of the data used with SMOKE for t he 2005 platform are available at the emissions modeling clearinghouse, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/ , under the section entitled “2005-Based Modeling Platform” and the sub section entitled “CAP-Hg-BAFM 2005- Based Platform, Version 4.1”. This is referred to as the “2005v4.1 website” throughout this document. In addition, this data is provided to the electronic docket in support of the Toxics

Rule.

### 3



## 2 2005 emission inventories and approaches

This section describes the 2005 emissions data crea ted for input to SMOKE. As with the 2005v4 platform, the primary basis for the 2005 stationary source emission inputs is the 2005 National Emission Inventory (NEI), version 2, which includes emissions of CO, NO X 

### , VOC, SO 2 

### , NH 3 

### , PM 10 

### , PM 2.5 

### and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). The HAPs we used from this inventory are mercury, chlorine (CL2), hydrogen chloride (HCL), b enzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and methanol. We began with the same SMOKE-formatted i nventory inputs as the 2005v4 platform (case name: 2005ck_05b) and made changes described here.

For mercury, the 2005v4.1 platform uses a later ver sion of the 2005v2 NEI inventory prepared for the 2005 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA). It uses the June 18, 2010 version of the 2005 NATA inventory, with the exception of emission s from commercial, institutional and industrial boilers from the major source informatio n collection request (ICR) database and other changes described later. The NATA inventory starte d with the 2005v2 NEI, and was updated with data collected for some source categories, whi ch resulted in major updates to mercury

emissions for Portland cement and hazardous waste c ombustion. The NATA inventory was also revised as a result of comments received as part of the state, local and tribal review.

Documentation for the 2005 NEI can be found at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.html #documentation . For inventories outside of the United States, which include Canada and Mexico, we used the latest available base-year

inventories as discussed in Section 2.6.

The 2005 NEI includes five sectors: nonpoint (form erly called “stationary area”) sources, point sources, nonroad mobile sources, onroad mobile sour ces, and fires. Because the 2005v4.1 platform includes just a base case, the available d ay-specific wildfires and prescribed burning data from the 2005 NEI was not used; rather an aver age fire inventory that is used for both base and future years was used.

For purposes of preparing the air quality model-rea dy emissions, we used the same split of the 2005 emissions inventory into “platform” sectors fo r use in emissions modeling as was used in the 2005v4 platform. The significance of an emissi ons modeling or “platform” sector is that it is run through all of the SMOKE programs except the fi nal merge (Mrggrid) independently from the other sectors. The final merge program combine s the sector-specific gridded, speciated and hourly emissions together to create the CMAQ-ready emission inputs, which can be converted to emissions that can be used by CAMx when needed.

Similarly to 2005v4, we added sectors for biogenic emissions, emissions from the Canadian and Mexican inventories, and augmented with other emiss ions data to be explained below.

Table 2-1 presents the sectors in the 2005 platform . The sector abbreviations are provided in italics; these abbreviations are used in the SMOKE modeling scripts and inventory file names, and throughout the remainder of this document. Upd ates from the 2005v4 platform are

discussed in Table 2-2.

### 4

Table 2-1. Platform sectors used in emissions modeling for the 2005 platform, version 4.1

Platform Sector 2005 NEI

Sector Description and resolution of the data input to SMO KE

EGU sector (also

called the IPM sector): ptipm Point For all pollutants other than mercury (Hg): 2005v2 NEI point source EGUs mapped to the Integrated Planning Model (IPM) model using the National Electric Energy Database System (NEEDS ) 2006 version

4.10 database. A few revisions were made to the 20 05v2 NEI annual

emission estimates as discussed in Table 2-2. For Hg : 6/18/2010 version of the inventory used for the 2005 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) mapped to IPM using NE EDS version 4.10. The NATA inventory is an update to t he 2005v2 NEI

and was divided into EGU and non-EGU sectors consis tent with the other pollutants (we did not actually map the NATA inventory to IPM, but rather applied the mapping that was done to the 2005 NEIv2 to the NATA Hg inventory). We additionally removed Hg fro m sources from the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boile rs and Process Heaters (aka “Boiler MACT”) Information Collection Request (ICR)

database because we included these emissions in the non-EGU sector.

For both: Day-specific emissions created for input into SMO KE.

Non-EGU sector (also called the non-IPM sector): ptnonipm Point For all pollutants other than Hg: All 2005v2 NEI point source records not matched to the ptipm sector. Includes all airc raft emissions. Additionally updated inventory to remove duplicates , improve estimates from ethanol plants, and reflect new info rmation collected from industry from the ICR for the Boiler MACT. For Hg: The 6/18/2010 version of NATA inventory was used except for modifications to gold mine emissions and remova l of Hg from facilities that closed prior to 2005. In addition, Hg emissions developed for the Boiler MACT were used

For both: Annual resolution. Average

- fire

sector: avefire Not

applicable Average

- year wildfire and prescribed fire emissions

, unchanged from

the 2005v4 platform; county and annual resolution. Agricultural

sector: ag Nonpoint NH 3 emissions from NEI nonpoint livestock and fertilize r application, county and annual resolution. Unchanged from the 2 005v4 platform. Area fugitive dust

sector: afdust Nonpoint PM 10 and PM 2.5 from fugitive dust sources from the NEI nonpoint inventory (e.g., building construction, road constr uction, paved roads, unpaved roads, agricultural dust), county and annua l resolution. Unchanged from the 2005v4 platform. Remaining nonpoint sector:
nonpt Nonpoint Primarily 2002 NEI nonpoint sources not otherwise included in other SMOKE sectors; county and annual resolution. Also includes updated Residential Wood Combustion emissions, year2005 nonCalifornia WRAP oil and gas Phase II inventory and year 2005 Texas and Oklahoma oil and gas emissions. Removed Hg emi ssions from boilers to avoid double counting with Hg emissions added to the nonEGU sector from the Boiler MACT ICR.

Nonroad sector:

nonroad Mobile:

Nonroad Monthly nonroad emissions from the National Mobile Inventory

Model (NMIM) using NONROAD2005 version nr05c-BondBa se for all states except California. Monthly emissions fo r California created from annual emissions submitted by the California A ir Resources Board (CARB) for the 2005v2 NEI

.

### 5

Platform Sector 2005 NEI

Sector Description and resolution of the data input to SMO KE

locomotive, and

non-C3

commercial

marine: alm_no_c3 Mobile:

Nonroad 2002 NEI non

- rail maintenance locomotives, and category 1 and

category 2 commercial marine vessel (CMV) emissions sources, county and annual resolution. Aircraft emissions a re included in the Non-EGU sector (as point sources) and category 3 CM V emissions are
contained in the seca_c3 sector

C3 commercial

marine: seca_c3 Mobile :

Nonroad Annual point source

- formatted

, year 2005 category 3 (C3) CMV

emissions, developed for the rule called “Control o f Emissions from New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 30 Liters per Cylinder”, usually described as the Emissions Contr ol Area (ECA) study ( http://www.epa.gov/otaq/oceanvessels.htm ). Utilized final projections from 2002, developed for the C3 ECA pro posal to the International Maritime Organization (EPA-420-F-10-041, August 2010).

Onroad California, NMIM-based, and

MOVES sources not subject to
temperature adjustments: on_noadj Mobile:

onroad Three, monthly, county

- level components:

1) California onroad, created using annual emissions f or all pollutants, submitted by CARB for the 2005 NEI version 2. 2) Onroad gasoline and diesel vehicle emissions from M OVES2010 not subject to temperature adjustments: exhaust CO , NO X , VOC, NH3, benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butad iene, acrolein, naphthalene, brake and tirewear PM, and e vaporative VOC, benzene, and naphthalene. 3) Onroad emissions for Hg from NMIM using MOBILE6.2, other

than for California.

Onroad cold-start gasoline exhaust

mode vehicle from MOVES subject
to temperature adjustments:
on_moves_startpm Mobile:

onroad Monthly, county

- level MOVES 2010

- based onroad gasoline emissions

subject to temperature adjustments. Limited to exh aust mode only for PM species and naphthalene. California emissions n ot included. This

sector is limited to cold start mode emissions that contain different temperature adjustment curves from running exhaust (see on_moves_runpm sector).

Onroad running gasoline exhaust

mode vehicle from MOVES subject
to temperature adjustments:

on_moves_runpm Mobile:

onroad Monthly, county

- level draft MOVES 2010

- based onroad gasoline

emissions subject to temperature adjustments. Limi ted to exhaust mode only for PM species and Naphthalene. Californ ia emissions not included. This sector is limited to running mode e missions that contain different temperature adjustment curves fro m cold start exhaust (see on_moves_startpm sector).

Biogenic: biog Not

applicable Hour

- specific, grid cell

- specific emissions gen erated from the

BEIS3.14 model, including emissions in Canada and M exico. Other point

sources not from

the NEI: othpt Not

applicable Point sources from Canada’s 2006 inventory and Mexi co’s Phase III

1999 inventory, annual resolution. Also includes a nnual U.S. offshore oil 2005v2 NEI point source emissions. Other point

sources not from the NEI, Hg only: othpt_hg Not

applicable Annual year 2000 Canada speciated mercury point sou rce emissions.

Other nonpoint

and nonroad not Not

applicable Annual year 2006 Canada (province resolution) and y ear 1999 Mexico

Phase III (municipio resolution) nonpoint and nonro ad mobile

### 6

Platform Sector 2005 NEI

Sector Description and resolution of the data input to SMO KE

from the NEI:

othar inventories.

Other nonpoint

sources not from the NEI, Hg only: othar_hg Not

applicable Annual year 2000 Canada speciated mercury from nonpoint sources.

Other onroad

sources not from

the NEI: othon Not

applicable Year 2006 Canada (province resolution) and year 199 9 Mexico Phase

III (municipio resolution) onroad mobile inventorie s, annual

resolution.



### The emission inventories in SMOKE input format for the 2005 base case are available at the 2005v4.1 website (see the end of Section 1). The “r eadme” file provided indicates the particular zipped files associated with each platform sector.

Before discussing the specific components of the 20 05v4.1 emissions platform, we provide in Table 2-2 a summary of the significant differences between the 2005v4 emissions platform and this 2005v4.1 platform.

### 7

Table 2-2. Summary of significant changes between v4 and v4.1 platforms by sector

Platform Sector Summary of Significant Inventory Di fferences from V4 to V4.1

IPM sector: ptipm

− Added or changed ORIS Boiler IDs to some units with missing or incorrect values, and for a subset of these, recomputed annua l emissions of NO X , SO 2 or both using 2005 CEM data, resulting in lower NO X and/or SO 2 for CA, MA, NY, SC and increasing for MS and WV as shown below

CA NOX down 75.4 tons; SO2 down 21.1 tons
MA NOX down 483 tons ; SO2 down 1533.4 tons

NY NOX down 149.3 tons
SC NOX down 1166.2, tons SO2 down 1.3 tons MS SO2 up 929.7 tons WV NOX up 142.5 tons

− Appendix A, Table A-1 provides a facility-level sum mary of these changes. Only replaced emissions if 2005 CEM data were confi rmed to be for the entire year (some CEM is only for the summer season).

− Hg emissions from 2005v2 were replaced with Hg emis sions from the June 2010 version of the NATA 2005 inventory except for units matched to the Boiler

MACT ICR database.

− Hg emissions for units matched to units in the Boil er MACT ICR database were removed (summing to 0.045 tons Hg). The Boiler MAC T ICR database Hg emissions were used for these in place of the NATA Hg values, but were included in the ptnonipm sector.

Non-IPM sector: ptnonipm − 

### Revised 2005 emissions for many point sources other than EGUs to remove duplicates, improve estimates from ethanol p lants, and reflect new

emissions and controls information collected from i ndustry and a state through the Boiler MACT ICR. A summary of these NO x, SO2, and

PM2.5 emissions from v4 to v4.1 are listed:

State NOX change

v4 to v4.1 SO2 change

v4 to v4.1 PM2.5 change

v4 to v4.1

California 30 39 1
Georgia -1,242 -1,614 -28

Indiana

- 4,941

- 7,379

- 1,291

Iowa 2,519 3,206 100

Kansas 73 93 3

Kentucky 121 154 5

Nebraska 31 39 1

New Mexico 182 231 7

North Carolina

- 6,701 0

North Dakota 128 220 13

Ohio -366 -3,303 0

Pennsylvania 101 -2,035

South Dakota 236 301 10

Tennessee -6,098 -11,046 -760

− Hg emissions changed to use NATA inventory. Update d NATA inventory to remove closed plants and also replaced boiler Hg wi th for units mapped to Boiler MACT ICR database with the ICR Hg emissions. Average-fire

sector: avefire Unchanged from 2005v4 platform

### 8

Platform Sector Summary of Significant Inventory Di fferences from V4 to V4.1 Agricultural

sector: ag Unchanged from 2005v4 platform

Area fugitive dust

sector: afdust Unchanged from 2005v4 platform

Remaining nonpoint sector:

nonpt Added : year 2005 oil and gas data f or Texas and Oklahoma provided by these states. Replaced previous Oklahoma oil and gas emi ssions from this sector (SCC 2310000000). No removals for Texas since the new o il and gas emissions only cover oil rig emissions that are in the nonroad sec tor. The nonroad sector emissions were not removed because they were very s mall compared to the newer Texas oil and gas emissions added to this sector an d the possibility of double counting was not able to be confirmed by EPA. Chan ged pesticide category to “no-integrate,” thereby using VOC speciation (rathe r than the HAP emissions) to compute the BAFM emissions.

Nonroad sector:

nonroad Added PM to 7 California counties which were found to be 0 in the 2005v4

platform. Data used came from an earlier version o f the 2005 inventory provided by CARB, which had the same PM values as the 2005v2 NEI other than in the missing counties, for which nonzero PM values were provided. locomotive, and

non-C3

commercial

marine: alm_no_c3 Unchanged from 2005v4 platform

C3 commercial

marine: seca_c3 Revised 2005 emissions from the category 3 commercial marine sec tor to reflect

the final projections from 2002 developed for the c ategory 3 commercial marine Emissions Control Area (ECA) proposal to the Intern ational Maritime Organization (EPA-420-F-10-041, August 2010). Also projected Canada as part of the ECA rather tha n an “outside the ECA” region, using region-specific growth rates. For example, B ritish Columbia emissions were projected the same as “North Pacific” growth and co ntrol used in Washington. Therefore the v4.1 seca_c3 inventories contain Cana dian province codes.

Onroad California, NMIM-based, and

MOVES sources not subject to
temperature adjustments: on_noadj For all states except California: All pollutants and modes (exhaust, tire and brake

wear) from all vehicle types are now from MOVES2010 except for Hg. Hg is from 2005v2 NEI, based on the MOBILE6 model. In the 200 5v4 platform, only exhaust mode onroad gasoline vehicles, other than motorcycl es, were included from

MOVES in this sector and the rest had been from MOB ILE6.

For California: Replaced NMIM-based NH 3 with MOVES2010 emissions for California because California does not provide NH 3 in its onroad inventory. For the 2005v4 platform, we used NH 3 from NMIM but since MOVES generates all criteria pollutants, we now use MOVES.

Onroad cold-start gasoline exhaust

mode vehicle from MOVES subject
to temperature adjustments:

on_moves_startpm For the 2005v 4.1 platform , this sector uses MOVES2010 based emissions for all

exhaust mode onroad gasoline vehicle types includin g motorcycles. In the v4 version, motorcycle exhaust mode PM emissions relie d on NMIM and were therefore in the on_noadj sector, and other exhaust mode gasoline vehicle PM

emissions used the draft version of MOVES. As with v4, these PM and naphthalene cold start mode emissions are subject t o grid cell and hourly temperature adjustments. Onroad running gasoline exhaust Same change as “ on_moves_star tpm ”

### 9

Platform Sector Summary of Significant Inventory Di fferences from V4 to V4.1

mode vehicle from MOVES subject
to temperature adjustments:

on_moves_runpm Biogenic: biog Unchanged from 2005v4 platform Other point

sources not from

the NEI: othpt Unchanged from 2005v4 platform

Other point

sources not from the NEI, Hg only: othpt_hg Unchanged from 2005v4 platform

Other nonpoint

and nonroad not

from the NEI:

othar Unchanged from 2005v4 platform

Other nonpoint

sources not from the NEI, Hg only: othar_hg Unchanged from 2005v4 platform

Other onroad

sources not from

the NEI: othon Unchanged from 2005v4 platform



### Annual emission summaries for 2005v4.1, with compar isons to 2005v4 CAPs emissions by emissions modeling sector are provided in Table 2-3 . VOC totals are before BAFM speciation (i.e., they are inventory VOC emissions, and not th e sum of VOC emissions after BAFM speciation). Summaries of Hg (speciated), HCL and CL2 are provided in Table 2-4, and Table 2-5 provides a summary of natural mercury sources f or the modeling domain.

The emission inventories for input to SMOKE for the 2005 base case are available at the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1) under the link “ Data Files” (see the “2005emis” directory). The inventories “readme” file indicates the particu lar zipped files associated with each platform

sector10Table 2-3. 2005 Emissions by Sector: VOC, NOX, CO, SO2, NH3, PM10, PM2.5Sector2005VOC [tons/yr]2005NOX [tons/yr]2005CO [tons/yr]2005SO2 [tons/yr]2005NH3 [tons/yr]2005PM10 [tons/yr]2005PM2_5 [tons/yr]V4.1 V4 V4.1 V4 V4.1 V4 V4.1 V4 V4.1 V4 V4.1 V4 V4.1 V4afdust8,858,992same1,030,391sameag3,251,990samealm_no_c367,690same1,924,925same270,007same154,016same773same59,366same56,687sameseca_c3 (UScomponent)44,99022,367647,884642,08854,04953,746420,110417,31253,91853,58049,54149,294seca_c3 (nonUScomponent)18,36718,241532,181526,76043,26742,959321,414319,20043,3264301439,81039,574nonpt7,530,5647,474,5121,699,5321,683,4907,413,7627,376,3141,259,6351,252,645134,080134,0801,354,6381,349,6851,081,8161,076,954nonroad2,691,844same2,115,408same19,502,718same197,341same1,972same211,807same201,138sameon_noadj3,949,3623,123,6429,142,2747,203,87643,356,13041,647,066177,977144,216156,528295,203308,497170,554236,927115,991on_moves_runpm54,07146,43049,78942,753on_moves_startpm22,72923,60720,92921,738ptipm40,950same3,726,4593,728,190601,564same10,380,78610,381,41121,684same615,095same508,903sameptnonipm1,310,7841,310,0852,238,0022,247,2283,221,3883,222,2212,089,8362,117,649158,837159,003653,048653,957440,714442,656avefire1,958,992same189,428same8,554,551same49,094same36,777same796,229same684,035sameCanada othar11,281,095same734,587same3,789,362same95,086same546,034same1,666,188same432,402sameCanada othon 270,872same524,837same4,403,745same5,309same21,312same14,665same10,395sameCanada othpt 447,313same857,977same1,270,438same1,664,040same21,268same117,669same68,689sameMexico othar 586,842same249,045same644,733same101,047same486,484same143,816same92,861sameMexico othon 183,429same147,419same1,455,121same8,270same2,547same6,955same6,372sameMexico othpt113,044same258,510same88,957same980,359same0same125,385same88,132sameoffshore othpt51,240same82,581same89,812same1,961same0same839same837same1.Canada provided 2006 fires but we did not use themin the 2005 platform (for neither v4.1 nor v4)

### 11 Table 2-4. Summaries of Hg (speciated), HCL and CL2*

2005 HGIIGAS (divalent gaseous mercury) [tons/yr] 2005 HGNRVA

(elemental mercury) [tons/yr] 2005 PHGI

(particulate mercury) [tons/yr] 2005

HCL [tons/yr] 2005

CL2 [tons/yr]

V4.1 V4 V4.1 V4 V4.1 V4 V4.1 V4 V4.1 V4

alm_no_c3 0.0411 same 0.0793 same 0.0212 same 1 .38 same

seca_c3 0.0002 same 0.0004 same 0.0001 same

seca_c3 non

- US 0.0001 same 0.00018 same 0.00007 same
Nonpt 1.0605 1.9901 3.1034 4.6528 1.2722 0.6524 29, 001 29,364 2,135 same

Nonroad 0.1041 same 0.2105 same 0.0533 0.0533

on_noadj 0.1402 same 0.5036 same 0.0599 0.0599

Ptipm 21.096 21.1757 30.1986 30.318 1.6596 1.6136 3 51,592 same 99 same

Ptnonipm 10.4687 16.4756 29.5686 23.7646 7.4707 6.1 291 48,630 48,664 4,174 same

Canada othar_hg 1.08 0.86 0.34

Canada othpt_hg 1.72 3.59 0.5

* The sectors afdust, ag, avefire, on_moves_runpm, and on_moves_startpm have no Cl or Hg emissions



### In addition to the anthropogenic sectors, we includ e speciated hourly emissions for the geogenic categories listed in Table 2-5.

Table 2-5

. Summaries of the non-anthropogenic mercury across t he modeling domain

Region Species Landdirect [tons/yr] Landrecycled [tons/yr] Ocean

Direct [tons/yr] Ocean Recycled [tons/yr] Volcanic

[tons/yr]

Domain-wide Elemental Mercury (HGNRVA) 12.077 158.01 7.27 56.51 0.02

The remainder of Section 2 provides details of the data contained in each of the 2005 platform sectors. Different levels of detail are provided f or different sectors depending on the availability of reference information for the data, the degree o f changes or manipulation of the data needed for preparing it for input to SMOKE, and whether th e 2005v4.1 platform emissions changed appreciably since the previously-documented 2005v4 platform.



## 2.1 2005 NEI Point sources (ptipm and ptnonipm)

Point sources are sources of emissions for which sp ecific geographic coordinates (e.g., latitude/longitude) are specified, as in the case o f an individual facility. A facility may have multiple emission points, which may be characterize d as units such as boilers, reactors, spray booths, kilns, etc. A unit may have multiple proce sses (e.g., a boiler that sometimes burns residual oil and sometimes burns natural gas). Not e that this section describes only NEI point sources within the contiguous United States. The o ffshore oil platform (othpt sector) and

### 12

category 3 CMV emissions (seca_c3 sector) are also point source formatted inventories that are

discussed in Section 2.6 .

After removing offshore oil platforms (othpt sector ), we created two platform sectors from the remaining 2005v2 NEI point sources for input into S MOKE: the EGU sector – also called the Integrated Planning Model (IPM) sector (i.e., ptipm ) and the non-EGU sector – also called the non-IPM sector (i.e., ptnonipm). This split facili tates the use of different SMOKE temporal processing and future year projection techniques fo r each of these sectors. The inventory pollutants processed through SMOKE for both ptipm a nd ptnonipm sectors were: CO, NO X 

### , VOC, SO 2 

### , NH 3 

### , PM 10 

### , PM 2.5 

### and the following HAPs: HCL (pollutant code = 764 7010), CL2 (code = 7782505) and mercury (codes: 199, 200, 201 , 202, 22967926, 593748, 62384, 7439976, and 7487947). We did not utilize BAFM from these s ectors as we chose to speciate VOC without any use (i.e., integration) of VOC HAP poll utants from the inventory (integration is discussed in detail in Section 3.1.2.1). We utiliz ed Hg from the NATA Hg point source

inventories with the modifications discussed below.

The ptnonipm emissions were provided to SMOKE as an nual emissions. The ptipm emissions for the base case were input to SMOKE as daily emis sions.

Documentation for the development of the 2005 point source NEI v2, is at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.html #documentation . A summary of this

documentation describes these data as follows:

1. 

### Electric generating unit (EGU) emissions are obtain ed from emissions/heat input from
EPA's Acid Rain Program for Continuous Emissions Mo nitoring System (CEMS)
reporting. The following approach applied to units in the 2002 NEI that matched to 2005
CEMS units. For pollutants covered by the CEMS, th e 2005 CEMS data were used. For
CEMS units with pollutants not covered by CEMS (e.g ., VOC, PM 2.5 

### , HCL) unit-specific
ratios of 2005 to 2002 heat input were applied to 2 002v3 NEI emissions to obtain 2005

estimates.

2. Non-EGU stationary source development for the 2005 NEI focused on improving the
following sectors:

a. HAP data received from States and industry to suppo rt the MACT program, including the recent Risk and Technology Review rul emaking

b. 2005 State, local, and tribal data submitted to EPA under the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR)

c. HAP data from Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) for mis sing facilities and pollutants

d. Off-shore platform data from Mineral Management Ser vices (MMS)

The changes made to the 2005v2 NEI non-EGU point in ventory prior to modeling are as follows:

• The tribal data, which do not use state/county Fede ral Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes in the NEI, but rather use the tribal code, were assigned a state/county FIPS

### 13

code of 88XXX, where XXX is the 3-digit tribal code in the NEI. We made this change because SMOKE requires the 5-digit state/county FIP S code.

• We defaulted stack parameters for some point source s when modeling in SMOKE. SMOKE uses an ancillary file, called the PSTK file, which provides default stack parameters by SCC code to either gap fill stack par ameters if they are missing in the NEI or to correct stack parameters if they are outside the ranges specified in SMOKE as acceptable values. The SMOKE PSTK file is containe d in the ancillary file directory of

the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1).

• We applied a transport fraction to all SCCs that we identified as PM fugitive dust, to prevent the overestimation of fugitive dust impacts in the grid modeling as described in

Section 2.2.1.

We also made a changes to the 2005 NATA Hg inventor y (June 18, 2010 version) prior to its use in modeling. We removed sources that were discover ed to have closed prior to 2005. We modified gold mine emissions based on information c ollected as part of the data gathering for the proposed gold mine rule. We replaced Hg emissions with values in the Boiler MACT ICR

database. Of the 1607 facilities in the Boiler MAC T ICR database, all except for 184 facilities (0.177 tons Hg) were matched to inventory (NATA inv entory, NEI v2 inventory or both) facilities based on the NEI_UNIQUE_ID code. The 1 84 facilities without NEI_UNIQUE_IDs were not used in our 2005 Hg inventory for the plat form. Since the ICR database contained only emissions by unit and the fuel type, we needed to a ssign the geographic coordinates and stack parameters needed to transform the Boiler MACT ICR database into a modeling file. We used geographic coordinates and stack parameters from th e NATA Hg inventory (or NEI v2 if not in the NATA inventory) by matching the facility and th en choosing the parameters from the process/unit that matched the fuel type in the ICR. If more than one unit matched, we used the stack parameters from the unit with the highest emi ssions. Where there were no fuel matches, we used default parameters. Additional information on these changes is provided in Table 2-6

below. Further details of this procedure, and the other fi elds we populated to construct the modeling file are provided in Appendix B.

Because the NATA Hg point source emissions were not separated into ptnonipm and ptipm, we applied the same point splits (via the field IPM_YN ) to the NATA Hg inventory as were applied

to the 2005v2 NEI.

### 14

Table 2-6

. Hg changes made to the 2005 NATA Hg inventory (June 18, 2010 version) for the 2005 ptnonipm, ptipm, and nonpt sectors.

Change Incorporated Boiler MACT

ICR emissions Added 4.66 tons Hg from ICR unit-level emissions da ta. Generated modeling parameters (latitudes/longitudes , stack parameters) from the NATA Hg or NEI inventories, by matching ICR facilities/fuel information to matching facilit y identifiers (the NEI_UNIQUE_ID) and fuel types in these other modeli ng inventories.

Removed 0.045 tons Hg from ptipm which is the sum of Hg from sources that and matched a facility in the ICR base d on the NEI_UNIQUE_ID and either (1) had a design capacity of less than 25 MW and matched a facility in the ICR or (2) had no design capacity listed had a MACT code beginning with 0107, which i s the general code for identify



### industrial, commercial, institutional boilers and process heaters.

Removed 1.71 tons Hg from ptnonipm - we used a cros swalk that

link combinations of Maximum Achievable Control Te chnology (MACT) code, standard industrial code (SIC), NAICS (North American Industrial Classification System) code and source classification code (SCC) to identify industrial, c ommercial, institutional (ICI) boilers and process heaters, a nd removed all

records that matched the ICR facilities based on th e NEI_UNIQUE_ID.

Removed 3.15 tons Hg from nonpt – we used a crosswa lk that

link combinations of MACT and SCC to ICI boilers an d process heaters and removed all records 4.68 to in the nonp t sector that

matched. Changed Gold Mine Emissions, geographic

coordinates and stack

parameters Changed facility emissions for nine out of 19 facil ities in the ptnonipm sector based on data collected for the pro posed National

Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Gold Mine Ore Processing and Production, provided by the EPA Sector Policies and Programs Division (SPPD) project lead Chuck

French. These changes are summarized below, and result in a n overall total change of Hg emissions from Goldmines from 2 .35 to 2.50

tons.

State facility ID Facility name Updated
Hg

emissions BASIS

89406KNNCT55MIL KENNECOTT RAWHIDE

MINING CO 0.02 based on 2007

emissions test data

89045SMKYV1SMOK SMOKY VALLEY COMMON

OPERATION 0.03 based on 2007

emissions test data

T$18242 RUBY HILL MINE 0.018 based on 2007

emissions test data

89418FLRDCEXIT1 STANDARD MINING INC 0.08 based on 2008

emissions test data

### 15 89419CRRCH180EX COEUR ROCHESTER INC 0.069 based on 2007

emissions test data

89438NWMNTSTONE NEWMONT MINING CORP

LONE TREE MINE 0.311 based on 2006

emissions test data

89801JRRTT50MIL JERRITT CANYON MINE 0.23 is for the 2004-05

timeframe based on

the estimate

submitted to Nevada
DEP in response to
ICR survey sent to the company.

89803BLDMN70MIL BALD MOUNTAIN MINE 0.14 based on 2008

emissions test data

89803BRRCK27MIL BARRICK GOLDSTRIKE MINES

INC 0.35 based on 2007

emissions test data



### Also changed geographic coordinates and stack para meters for 10 facilities based on information provided by Chuc k French that was used in local scale modeling done in support of the NESHAP in early 2010.

Facility Name

GLAMIS MARIGOLD MINE Refinery building operations

NEWMONT MINING CORP
CARLIN SOUTH Refinery and roasting operations

NEWMONT MINING CORP
TWIN CREEKS MINE Refinery and autoclave operations

SMOKY VALLEY COMMON
OPERATION Refinery building operations

CORTEZ GOLD MINES Refinery building operations

RUBY HILL Refinery building operations

BARRICK GOLDSTRIKE Refinery, autoclave & roasting operations

WESTERN MESQUITE MINES Refinery building operations

CRIPPLE CREEK COLORADO Refinery building operations

GREENS CREEK WA Refinery building operations



### Removed Hg emissions for

sources closed or not operating in 2005 Removed 0.342 tons, most of which (0.337 tons) is a ssociated with the removal of Northwestern Steel & Wire Co, I llinois (NEI_UNIQUE_ID NEIIL1955ABD), which shut down prior to
2005. Other removals were:

• Arkwright, Georgia (NEI12787)

• CPSG Gould Street, Maryland (NEI7008) State sent ar ticle

written in 2008 ( http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Constellation+ Energy+Restarts+Gould+Street+Power+Plant+in+Baltimo re.- a0179900776 ) that said it had been shut down for the last 5 years and would be re-opening as a gas fired plant only.

• Midwest Generation LLC, Illinois (NEIIL0638266).

• Northwestern Steel & Wire Co, Illinois (NEIIL1955AB D)

### 16



### 2.1.1 IPM sector (ptipm)

The ptipm sector contains emissions from EGUs in th e 2005v2 NEI point inventory that we were

able match to the units found in the NEEDS database . While we originally used version 3.02 of NEEDS to split out the ptipm sector for v4 of the p latform, there were no changes to the mapping when we moved to NEEDs version 4.10 ( http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/progsregs/epa-ipm/ind ex.html ). The IPM model provides future-year emission inventories for the universe o f EGUs contained in the NEEDS database. As described below, this matching was done to (1) prov ide consistency between the 2005 EGU sources and future year EGU emissions for sources w hich are forecasted by IPM and (2) avoid double counting in projecting point source emission s.

The 2005v4 platform document provides additional de tails on how the 2005 NEI point source inventory was split into the ptipm and ptnonipm sec tors.

Although we used the same ptipm split as was used f or the v4 platform, we changed some emissions values based on updates we made to some O RIS identifiers in the ptipm file. For a subset of the units for which we added or changed O RIS identifiers, we recomputed annual

emissions for SO 2 

### , NO X 

### or both using the CEMS data available at the EPA’s data and maps

website. 2 

### The impact of these changes is summarized in Tabl e 2-2 and detailed changes are provided in Appendix A.

Creation of temporally resolved emissions for the p tipm sector

Another reason we separated the ptipm sources from the other sources was due to the difference in the temporal resolution of the data input to SMO KE. For the base case 2005 run, the ptipm sector uses daily emissions input into SMOKE. The daily emissions are computed from the annual emissions. First, we allocate annual emissi ons to each month (this process occurs outside of SMOKE). To do this, we created state-specific, three-year averages of 2004-2006 CEM data. These average annual-to-month factors were assigned to sources by state. To allocate the monthly emissions to each day, we used the 2005 CEM data to compute state-specific month-today factors, averaged across all units in each stat e. The resulting daily emissions were input into SMOKE. The daily-to-hourly allocation was performe d with SMOKE using diurnal profiles. The development of these diurnal ptipm-specific pro files, which are considered ancillary data for SMOKE, is described in Section 3.2.3.



### 2.1.2 Non-IPM sector (ptnonipm)

The non-IPM (ptnonipm) sector contains all 2005v2 N EI point sources that we did not include in the IPM (ptipm) sector. 3 

### The ptnonipm sector contains fugitive dust PM emi ssions from vehicular traffic on paved or unpaved roads at indu strial facilities or coal handling at coal mines. 4


### Prior to input to SMOKE, we reduced the fugitive du st PM emissions to estimate the emissions

2 http://camddataandmaps.epa.gov/gdm/index.cfm?fusea ction=emissions.wizard

3 Except for the offshore oil and day-specific point source fire emissions data which are included in s eparate sectors, as discussed in sections 2.6 and 2.3.1, respectivel y.

4 Point source fugitive dust emissions, which represe nt a very small amount of PM, were treated the same way in the 2002 platform but were treated as a separate sector in the 2001 Platform.

### 17

that remain aloft by applying county-specific fugit ive dust transportable fraction factors. This is

discussed further in Section 2.2.1.

For some geographic areas, some of the sources in t he ptnonipm sector belong to source categories that are contained in other sectors. Th is occurs in the inventory when states, tribes or local programs report certain inventory emissions a s point sources because they have specific geographic coordinates for these sources. They may use point source SCCs (8-digit) or nonpoint, onroad or nonroad (10-digit) SCCs. In the 2 005 NEI, examples of these types of sources include: aircraft emissions in all states, waste d isposal emissions in several states, firefighting training in New Mexico, several industrial processe s and solvent utilization sources in North Carolina and Tennessee, livestock (i.e., animal hus bandry) in primarily Kansas and Minnesota, and petroleum product working losses.

The modifications between the published 2005v2 NEI and the 2005 inventory we used for modeling are summarized here:

Ptnonipm changes from the original 2005v2 inventory for the v4 platform development

• Removed duplicate annual records. We did not delet e some apparent duplicates because they were in fact covering different parts of the y ear (i.e., the emissions in the inventory file were sub-annual).

• Removed a source with a state/county FIPS code of 3 0777; the “777” county FIPS represents portable facilities that move across cou nties, but is not currently a valid state/county FIPS code in the SMOKE ancillary file “COSTCY”. This Montana FIPS code was located in northern Wyoming and contained very small emissions.

• Dropped sources with coordinates located well into the oceans or lakes.

• Fixed the coordinates for several larger sources th at had a state/county FIPS code mismatch with their inventory coordinates greater t han 10 km and emissions greater than 10 tons per year of either NOX, VOC, SO2, or 5 tons /yr of PM2.5. These corrections were limited to a small number of plants in Arizona , Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and Virginia.

Ptnonipm updates from 2005v4 platform used in creat ing the 2005v4.1 platform

Found and removed additional duplicate records. Th ese records were duplicates caused by records from both 2002 and 2005 being in the inven tory. These were caught after ignoring leading zeroes in the plant IDs, point IDs, etc. th at were present for only one of the years of data.

There were a total of 175 records removed. A summa ry of the emissions removed is provided below. Due to the small mass of duplicate HAP recor ds and the fact that most were not being used in the platform, no HAP records were removed.

CO 3,520 tons

NH 3 166 tons
NO X 13,421 tons

PM 10 3,858 tons

PM 2.5 3,444 tons
SO 2 21,061 tons
VOC 1,504 tons

### 18

• Removed duplicate emissions for Blue Ridge Paper (F IPS=37087). For the same unitid,

stackid and SCC there were two records for the same pollutant with different data source codes but similar emissions values. They appeared to be duplicates so they were removed.

• Updated boiler emissions at Domtar Paper/Johnsonbur g Mill (FIPS code =42047), which

included 2002 emissions values to 2005 emissions va lues based on information provided by the Department of Environmental Protection in Pe nnsylvania. They had put on

scrubbers between 2002 and 2005 and that was not re flected in the platform 2002-based emissions. Rather than apply the reductions, we up dated the emissions to better reflect

2005. Note: We only changed NO X 

### , SO 2 

### and HCL even though the facility representative send information for all pollutants plant because o f the effort involved with converting the information provided into a form usable for modelin g.

• Removed unit-level emissions from plants for units determined to have shut down between 2002 and 2005. In all situations, the stat e inventory representative was contacted to confirm that the unit actually shut down. Plant s impacted were: LaFarge Cement Plant in Atlanta Georgia, Domtar Paper, Tennessee, FIPS=4 7163 and P. H. Glatfelter Company in Chillicothe, Ohio.

• Added North Dakota ADM facility (FIPS code = 38067) that was in the 2005v1 NEI but was missing from the 2005v2 NEI and was not determi ned to have shut down. Added the 2002-based emissions to the ptnonipm file, since 20 05 data were not available.

• 

### Added an inventory of 2005 ethanol plants using pla nt names and data provided by EPA’s Office of Transportation and Air Quality for use in a previous modeling effort (Renewable Fuel Standards 2), which included these with the 20 05v1 inventory. The list below includes only the ethanol plants that were used in the previous modeling effort but were missing from the 2005v2 NEI.

State/Coun ty

FIPS code Plant Name **CO (tons/yr)**  **NOX**

**(tons/yr) PM10** 

**(tons/yr) PM2_5** 

**(tons/yr) SO2** 

**(tons/yr) VOC** 

**(tons/yr)**

0 6065 Golden Cheese Company of CA 10.47 30.31 12.13 1.29 38.58 14.33

13205 Wind Gap Farms (Anheuser/Miller Brewery) 0.84 2.43 0.97 0.10 3.09 1.15

19033 Golden Grain Energy LLC 146.60 424.38 169.75 15.33 540.12 200.62

19035 Little Sioux Corn Processors 184.30 533.51 213.40 19.27 679.01 252.20

19055 Permeate Refining 3.14 9.09 3.64 0.39 11.57 4.30

19057 Big River Resources, LLC 108.91 315.26 126.10 13.43 401.23 149.03

19083 Hawkeye Renewables, LLC 115.19 333.44 133.38 14.21 424.38 157.63
19093 Quad-County Corn Processors 56.55 163.69 65.4 8 6.97 208.33 77.38

19167 Siouxland Energy & Livestock Coop (SELC) 209.44 606.26 242.50 25.83 771.60 286.60

21047 Commonwealth Agri

- Energy, LLC 46.08 133.38 53.35 4.82 169.75 63.05

31047 Cornhusker Energy Lexington (CEL) 25.13 72.75 29.10 3.10 92.59 34.39

31145 SW Energy, LLC. 41.89 121.25 48.50 5.17 154.32 57.32

35041 Abengoa Bioenergy Corporation 10.47 30.31 12.13 1.09 38.58 14.33

46005 Heartland Grain Fuels, LP 0.21 0.61 0.24 0.03 0.77 0.29

46109 North Country Ethanol (NCE) 62.83 181.88 72.75 6.57 231.48 85.98

19109 Global Ethanol 29.32 84.88 33.95 3.07 108.02 40.12

20055 Reeve Agri

- Energy 52.36 151.57 60.63 6.46 192.90 71.65

TOTAL TONS **1103.73 3195.00**  **1278.00 127.13**  **4066.36 1510.36** 



## 2.2 2005 Nonpoint sources (afdust, ag, nonpt)

The 2005v2 NEI generally did not include updated no npoint emissions from values used in the 2002 NEI, and this modeling platform took a similar approach. Consequently, we created several sectors from the 2002 nonpoint NEI. We rem oved the nonpoint tribal-submitted

### 19

emissions to prevent possible double counting with the county-level emissions. Because the tribal nonpoint emissions are small, we do not anti cipate these omissions having an impact on the

results at the 36-km and 12-km scales used for mode ling. This omission also eliminated the need for us to develop spatial surrogate data for alloca tion of tribal data to grid cells during the SMOKE processing, with little expected impact.

The documentation for the nonpoint sector of the 20 05 NEI is available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.html

In the rest of this section, we describe in more de tail each of the platform sectors into which we separated the 2005 nonpoint NEI, and the changes we made to these data. We will refer to the 2002 platform documentation for sectors that did no t change.



### 2.2.1 Area Fugitive dust sector (afdust)

The emissions for this sector are unchanged from th e 2005v4 platform, and the documentation is repeated here for convenience. However, we changed the temporal allocation of the emissions to account for day-of-week variation. In particular, we used updated dust profiles that are consistent with the activity related to non-dust pr ofiles for similar processes. The processes and profiles updated are provided in Pouliot, et. al., 2010. Previously, all days within the same

month had the same emissions.

The area-source fugitive dust (afdust) sector conta ins PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### emission estimates for 2002 NEI nonpoint SCCs identified by EPA staff as d ust sources. This sector is separated from other nonpoint sectors to make it easier to apply a “transport fraction,” which reduces emissions to reflect observed diminished transport from these sources at the scale of our modeling. Application of the transport fraction prevents the overestimation of fugitive dust impacts in the grid modeling as compared to ambient samples. Cate gories included in this sector are paved roads, unpaved roads and airstrips, construction (r esidential, industrial, road and total), agriculture production and all of the mining 10-dig it SCCs beginning with the digits “2325.” It does not include fugitive dust from grain elevators because these are elevated point sources.

We created the afdust sector from the 2002 NEI base d on SCCs and pollutant codes (i.e., PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### ) that are considered “fugitive”. A complete list of all possible fugitive dust SCCs (including both 8-digit point source SCCs and 10-di git nonpoint SCCs) is provided at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/dustfractions/tf_ scc_list2002nei_v2.xls . However, not all of the SCCs in this file are present in the 2002 NEI. The SCCs included in the 2002 NEI that comprise the 2005 (and 2002) platform afdust sector (which are a subset of the SCCs in the web link) are provided in Table 2-7.

### 20 Table 2-7. SCCs in the afdust platform sector

SCC SCC Description
2275085000 Mobile Sources;Aircraft;Unpaved Airstrip s;Total

2294000000 Mobile Sources;Paved Roads;All Paved Roa ds;Total: Fugitives
2296000000 Mobile Sources;Unpaved Roads;All Unpaved Roads;Total: Fugitives
2296005000 Mobile Sources;Unpaved Roads;Public Unpa ved Roads;Total: Fugitives
2296010000 Mobile Sources;Unpaved Roads;Industrial Unpaved Roads;Total: Fugitives

2311000000 Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 1 5 - 17;All Processes;Total

2311010000 Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 1 5 - 17;Residential;Total

2311010040 Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 1 5 - 17;Residential;Ground Excavations

2311010070 Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 1 5 - 17;Residential;Vehicle Traffic

2311020000 Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 1 5 - 17;Industrial/Commercial/Institutional;Total
2311020040 Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 1 5 - 17;Industrial/Commercial/Institutional;Ground

Excavations

2311030000 Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 1 5 - 17;Road Construction;Total
2325000000 Industrial Processes;Mining and Quarryin g: SIC 14;All Processes;Total
2801000000 Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture P roduction - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Total
2801000002 Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture P roduction - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Planting
2801000003 Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture P roduction - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Tilling
2801000005 Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture P roduction - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Harvesting
2801000007 Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture P roduction - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Loading
2805000000 Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture P roduction - Livestock;Agriculture - Livestock;Total 2805001000 Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture P roduction - Livestock;Beef cattle - finishing

operations on feedlots (drylots);Dust Kicked-up by Hooves (use 28-05-020, -001, -002, or -

003 for Waste



### Our approach was to apply the transportable fractio ns by county such that all afdust SCCs in the same county receive the same factor. The approach used to calculate the county-specific transportable fractions is based on land use data a nd is described by: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/dustfractions/tra nsportable_fraction_080305_rev.pdf As this paper mentions, a limitation of the transpo rtable fraction approach is the lack of monthly variability, which would be expected due to seasona l changes in vegetative cover. Further, the variability due to soil moisture, precipitation, an d wind speeds is not accounted for by the methodology. An electronic version of the county-l evel transport fractions can be found at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/dustfractions/tra nsportfractions052506rev.xls

The 2002 platform documentation describes an error in which the transportable fraction application for PM 2.5 

### was not applied. This error was fixed for the 200 5v4.1 platform, and 2005

PM 2.5 

### afdust emissions are therefore correctly about 43% less than those in the 2002 platform.



### 2.2.2 Agricultural Ammonia sector (ag)

This sector is unchanged from the 2005v4 platform; the documentation is repeated here for completeness.

The agricultural NH 3 

### “ag” sector is comprised of livestock and agricult ural fertilizer application emissions from the nonpoint sector of the 2002 NEI. This sector is unchanged in the 2005

### 21

platform. The rest of this section documentation i s therefore very similar to that in the 2002

documentation.

In building this sector we extracted livestock and fertilizer emissions based on the SCC. The livestock SCCs are listed in Table 2-8, and the fer tilizer SCCs are listed in Table 2-9.

Table 2-8. Livestock SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI to creat e the ag sector

SCC SCC Description*

2805000000 Agriculture - Livestock;Total

2805001100 Beef cattle - finishing operations on feedlots (dry lots);Confinement

2805001200 Beef cattle - finishing operations on feedlots (dry lots);Manure handling and storage

2805001300 Beef cattle - finishing operations on feedlots (dry lots);Land application of manure

2805002000 Beef cattle production composite;Not Elsewhere Clas sified

2805003100 Beef cattle - finishing operations on pasture/range ;Confinement

2805007100 Poultry production - layers with dry manure managem ent systems;Confinement

2805007300 Poultry production - layers with dry manure managem ent systems;Land application of manure

2805008100 Poultry production - layers with wet manure managem ent systems;Confinement

2805008200 Poultry production - layers with wet manure managem ent systems;Manure handling and storage

2805008300 Poultry production - layers with wet manure managem ent systems;Land application of manure

2805009100 Poultry production - broilers;Confinement

2805009200 Poultry production - broilers;Manure handling and s torage

2805009300 Poultry production - broilers;Land application of m anure
2805010100 Poultry production - turkeys;Confinement

2805010200 Poultry production - turkeys;Manure handling and st orage
2805010300 Poultry production - turkeys;Land application of ma nure
2805018000 Dairy cattle composite;Not Elsewhere Classified

2805019100 Dairy cattle - flush dairy;Confinement

2805019200 Dairy cattle - flush dairy;Manure handling and stor age 2805019300 Dairy cattle - flush dairy;Land application of manu re
2805020001 Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Milk Cows

2805020002 Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Beef Cows

2805020003 Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Heifers and Heife r Calves

2805020004 Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Steers, Steer Cal ves, Bulls, and Bull Calves

2805021100 Dairy cattle - scrape dairy;Confinement

2805021200 Dairy cattle - scrape dairy;Manure handling and sto rage
2805021300 Dairy cattle - scrape dairy;Land application of man ure
2805022100 Dairy cattle - deep pit dairy;Confinement

2805022200 Dairy cattle - deep pit dairy;Manure handling and s torage

2805022300 Dairy cattle - deep pit dairy;Land application of m anure
2805023100 Dairy cattle - drylot/pasture dairy;Confinement

2805023200 Dairy cattle - drylot/pasture dairy;Manure handling and storage

2805023300 Dairy cattle - drylot/pasture dairy;Land applicatio n of manure

2805025000 Swine production composite;Not Elsewhere Classified (see also 28-05-039, -047, -053)

2805030000 Poultry Waste Emissions;Not Elsewhere Classified (s ee also 28-05-007, -008, -009)

2805030001 Poultry Waste Emissions;Pullet Chicks and Pullets l ess than 13 weeks old

2805030002 Poultry Waste Emissions;Pullets 13 weeks old and ol der but less than 20 weeks old

2805030003 Poultry Waste Emissions;Layers

2805030004 Poultry Waste Emissions;Broilers

2805030007 Poultry Waste Emissions;Ducks

2805030008 Poultry Waste Emissions;Geese

2805030009 Poultry Waste Emissions;Turkeys

2805035000 Horses and Ponies Waste Emissions;Not Elsewhere Cla ssified

### 22

SCC SCC Description*

2805039100 Swine production - operations with lagoons (unspeci fied animal age);Confinement

2805039200 Swine production - operations with lagoons (unspeci fied animal age);Manure handling and storage

2805039300 Swine production - operations with lagoons (unspeci fied animal age);Land application of manure

2805040000 Sheep and Lambs Waste Emissions;Total

2805045000 Goats Waste Emissions;Not Elsewhere Classified

2805045002 Goats Waste Emissions;Angora Goats

2805045003 Goats Waste Emissions;Milk Goats

2805047100 Swine production - deep-pit house operations (unspe cified animal age);Confinement

2805047300 Swine production - deep-pit house operations (unspe cified animal age);Land application of manure

2805053100 Swine production - outdoor operations (unspecified animal age);Confinement * All SCC Descriptions begin “Miscellaneous Area So urces;Agriculture Production – Livestock”



### The “ag” sector includes all of the NH 3 

### emissions from fertilizer from the NEI. However, the “ag” sector does not include all of the livestock a mmonia emissions, as there are also significant

NH 3 

### emissions from livestock in the point source inven tory that we retained from the 2002 NEI. Note that in these cases, emissions were not also i n the nonpoint inventory for counties for which they were in the point source inventory; therefore no double counting occurred. Most of the point source livestock NH 3 

### emissions were reported by the states of Kansas an d Minnesota. For these two states, farms with animal operations were provided as point sources using the following SCCs 5 

### :

• 30202001: Industrial Processes; Food and Agricultu re; Beef Cattle Feedlots; Feedlots

General

• 30202101: Industrial Processes; Food and Agricultu re; Eggs and Poultry Production;

Manure Handling: Dry

• 30203099: Industrial Processes; Food and Agricultu re; Dairy Products; Other Not

Classified

There are also livestock NH 3 

### emissions in the point source inventory with SCCs of 39999999 (Industrial Processes; Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries; Miscellaneous Industrial Processes; Other Not Classified) and 30288801 (Indu strial Processes; Food and Agriculture; Fugitive Emissions; Specify in Comments Field). We identified these sources as livestock NH 3 

### point sources based on their facility name. The re ason why we needed to identify livestock NH 3 

### in the ptnonipm sector was to properly implement th e emission projection techniques for livestock sources, which cover all livestock source s, not only those in the ag sector, but also those in the ptnonipm sector.

5 These point source emissions are also identified b y the segment ID, which is one of the following: “S WINE”,
“CATTLE”, “DAIRY”, or “PLTRY”.

### 23

Table 2-9. Fertilizer SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI for inc lusion in the “ag” sector

2002 SCC 2002 SCC Description*

2801700001 Anhydrous Ammonia

2801700002 Aqueous Ammonia

2801700003 Nitrogen Solutions

2801700004 Urea

2801700005 Ammonium Nitrate

2801700006 Ammonium Sulfate

2801700007 Ammonium Thiosulfate

2801700010 N

- P

- K (multi

- grade nutrient fertilizers)

2801700011 Calcium Ammonium Nitrate

2801700012 Potassium Nitrate

2801700013 Diammonium Phosphate

2801700014 Monoammonium Phosphate

2801700015 Liquid Ammonium Polyphosphate

2801700099 Miscellaneous Fertilizers

* All descriptions include “Miscellaneous Area Source s; Agriculture Production – Crops; Fertilizer Application” as the beginning of the description.



### 2.2.3 Other nonpoint sources (nonpt)

Nonpoint sources that were not subdivided into the afdust, ag, or avefire sectors were assigned to the “nonpt” sector.

The 2002 platform documentation describes the creat ion of the 2002 nonpt sector in great detail, but the rest of this section will simply document w hat has changed for the 2005v4.1 platform. Below is a list of changes made from the 2002 platf orm both for the v4 platform and for the v4.1 platform. Details on the changes to 2002 for the version 4 platform are in the v4 documentation.

Updates to the nonpt sector from 2002 platform made for creation of the nonpt sector of the 2005v4 platform

• The 2005 platform replaces 2002v3 NEI non-Californi a Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) oil and gas emissions (SCCs begi nning with “23100”) with WRAP year 2005 Phase II oil and gas emissions.

• Residential wood combustion (RWC) emissions were re placed with data for Oregon and New York. This update is consistent with the 2005 N EIv2 NEI.

• RWC VOC emissions were recalculated for all states except California to reflect an updated emissions factor for VOC from RWC sources. This update is consistent with the

2005 NEIv2 NEI.

• We utilized benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) emissions from sources that met the HAP-CAP integration criteria d iscussed in Section 3.1.2.1 (i.e., the “integrate” sources). We removed BAFM from sources that did not meet the integration criteria (i.e., the “no-integrate” sources) so that BAFM would not be double counted with the BAFM generated via speciation of VOC.

### 24

Updates from 2005v4 platform used in creating the 2 005v4.1 platform

• We changed the integration status for pesticide emi ssions from using the “integrate” case to using the “no-integrate” case. The main reason is that there were significant benzene emissions from this category in the NEI that was co nsidered incorrect. The NEI benzene came from solvent utilization data (Fredonia) for " other markets" for the year 1998. Since benzene no longer allowed in pesticides, we chose t o eliminate the use of these HAP data and use a VOC speciation profile that did not inclu de benzene emissions to be more consistent with the changed regulations.

• We added oil and gas emissions for Texas and replac ed oil and gas emissions with updated 2005 data from Oklahoma.

TCEQ Oil and Gas Emissions

The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ ) provided 2005 oil and gas emissions which we added to the nonpt sector. The emissions were for a single SCC: 2310000220 Industrial Processes; Oil and Gas Exploration and P roduction; All Processes; Drill Rigs. The TCEQ indicated that these should replace emissions in the nonroad inventory from the NONROAD model (drill rigs: SCC=2270010010). Becaus e the nonroad emissions are significantly less than the updated nonpt emissions , we did not remove the nonroad emissions. Both the TCEQ and related nonroad emissions from th e 2005 NEI are summarized in Table 2-10.

Table 2-10. Additional TCEQ oil and gas emissions added to the 2005v2 NEI

Pollutant TCEQ Emissions 2005,

added to nonpt (tons/yr) NEI 2005 Emissions (nonroad

inventory), not subtracted (tons/yr)
CO 15,878 1,396

NH 3 

### 3

NO X 

### 42,854 4,704

PM 10 

### 3,036 275

PM 2. 5 

### 2,945 267

SO 2 

### 5,977 573
VOC 4,337 340

Oklahoma Oil and Gas Emissions

The state of Oklahoma provided and emissions replac ement for their 2005 oil and gas sector

emissions. These data added emissions for the SCCs shown in Table 2-11.

### 25 Table 2-11 . SCCs provided with Oklahoma oil and gas sector e missions

SCC SCC Description

31000103 Crude Oil Production;Wells: Rod Pumps *

31000122 Crude Oil Production;Drilling and Well Completion *

31000203 Natural Gas Production;Compressors *

31000215 Natural Gas Production;Flares Combusting Gases >100 0 BTU/scf *

31000222 Natural Gas Production;Drilling and Well Completion *

31000227 Gas Production;Glycol Dehydrator Reboiler Still Sta ck *

31000228 Natural Gas Production;Glycol Dehydrator Reboiler B urner *

31000403 Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production;Process Heaters;Crude Oil

31000404 Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production;Process Heaters;Na tural Gas

31088811 Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production;Fugitiv e Emissions;Fugitive Emissions

* These SCC descriptions start with the preface “ Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production”



### In addition, this update removed emissions for SCC 2310000000, which is “Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production: SIC 13;All Proces ses;Total: All Processes.”

The resultant Oklahoma emissions are shown below in Table 2-12. Note that Oklahoma

instructed that PM 10 

### emissions were size PM 2.5 

### , and therefore no coarse PM (PMC) are generated

and PM 10 

### is the same as PM2.5

Table 2-12. Changes to Oklahoma oil and gas emissions

Pollutant 2005 Oklahoma Oil and gas

emissions 2005, removed from nonpt (tons/yr) 2005 Oklahoma Oil and gas emissions, added to nonpt (tons/yr)
CO 11,251 32,821
VOC 104,193 155,908

NO X 

### 66,480 39,668

SO 2 

### 0 1,014

PM 10 

### = PM 2.5 

### 0 1,918



## 2.3 Fires (avefire)

This sector is unchanged from the 2005v4 platform; the documentation is repeated here for completeness.

The purpose of the avefire sector is to represent e missions for a typical year’s fires for use in projection year inventories, since the location and degree of future year fires are not known. This approach keeps the fires information constant between the 2005 base case and future-year cases to eliminate large and uncertain differences between those cases that would be caused by changing the fires. Using an average of multiple y ears of data reduces the possibility that a single-year's high or low fire activity would undul y affect future year model-predicted

concentrations.

### The avefire sector contains w ildfire and prescribed burning emissions

burning and other open burning sources

year-to- year impacts are not as variable as wildfires and n on burns.

We use this sector for the 2005 base case, and all future year cases. Emissions are annual and

county- level. The same emissions are used in platform.

We created the average- fires inventory based on the 2001 (1999 NEI The average fire sector is comprised of a 1996 prescribed burning. We calculated the average wildfire and pr escribed burning inventories using the following formula for all pollutants:

The average acres- burned was calculated base on 1996 through 2002 dat a; therefore, the average fire inventory represent aver age fires from 1996 through 2002, with the assumpti on of 2001 emissions rates and a spatial distribution of emiss ions to counties based on fires from 2001. This approach is the same as that used for our previous emissions modeling platforms used to model 2001 and 2002 base years, with some differences des cribed here.

The 2005 platform avefire sector differs from the avefire sector in t he 2002 platform following ways:

a. We recomputed

of EPA fire inventory expert too high (Tom Pace

b. We created HAP

Table 2-13 provides the VOC differences between the 2002 and 2 005 platforms for each of the types of fires in the avefire sector. Emissions fo r CO and PM

for reference.

Table 2-13. Average fire VOC changes from 2002 to 2005 platform

SCC S CC Description

2810001000 Forest Wildfires;Total

2810005000 Managed Burning, Slash (Logging

Debris);Total

2810015000 Prescribed Burning for Forest

Management;Total * all SCC descriptions begin with “Miscellaneous Ar ea Sources; Other



### 26 ildfire and prescribed burning emissions . It exclude burning and other open burning sources , which are included in the nonpt sector. year impacts are not as variable as wildfires and n on

- agricultural prescribed/managed

We use this sector for the 2005 base case, and all future year cases. Emissions are annual and

level. The same emissions are used in the v4 and v4.1 versions of the 2005

fires inventory based on the 2001 (1999 NEI

- based) fire emissions data. The average fire sector is comprised of a 1996

- 2002 average fire inventory for wildfires and

burning. We calculated the average wildfire and pr escribed burning inventories using the following formula for all pollutants:

burned was calculated base on 1996 through 2002 dat a; therefore, the average age fires from 1996 through 2002, with the assumpti on of 2001 emissions rates and a spatial distribution of emiss ions to counties based on fires from 2001. This approach is the same as that used for our previous emissions modeling platforms used to model 2001 and 2002 base years, with some differences des cribed here.

avefire sector differs from the avefire sector in t he 2002 platform

We recomputed VOC as a function of CO: VOC = CO * 0.229 at the su ggestion fire inventory expert who reviewed the VOC emissions and found them (Tom Pace , personal communication).

HAP emissions records by applying emission ratios to PM

provides the VOC differences between the 2002 and 2 005 platforms for each of the types of fires in the avefire sector. Emissions fo r CO and PM 2.5 

### are unchanged and are provided

Average fire VOC changes from 2002 to 2005 platform

CC Description * 2002 VOC (tons/yr) 2005 VOC

(tons/yr)
Forest Wildfires;Total 386,997 1,883,230 Managed Burning, Slash (Logging 67,664 105,661 Prescribed Burning for Forest Management;Total 84,784 399,880 * all SCC descriptions begin with “Miscellaneous Ar ea Sources; Other Combustion” 

### exclude s agricultural in the nonpt sector. Generally, their agricultural prescribed/managed

We use this sector for the 2005 base case, and all future year cases. Emissions are annual and

the v4 and v4.1 versions of the 2005 -based

based) fire emissions data. 2002 average fire inventory for wildfires and burning. We calculated the average wildfire and pr escribed burning inventories using

burned was calculated base on 1996 through 2002 dat a; therefore, the average age fires from 1996 through 2002, with the assumpti on of 2001 emissions rates and a spatial distribution of emiss ions to counties based on fires from 2001. This approach is the same as that used for our previous emissions modeling platforms used to model

avefire sector differs from the avefire sector in t he 2002 platform in the

VOC as a function of CO: VOC = CO * 0.229 at the su ggestion

who reviewed the VOC emissions and found them

by applying emission ratios to PM 2.5



### .

provides the VOC differences between the 2002 and 2 005 platforms for each of the are unchanged and are provided

Average fire VOC changes from 2002 to 2005 platform

.

CO (tons/yr) PM 2.5

(tons/yr)
8,223,736 685,783

461,404 7,460

1,746,208 147,298

Combustion”

### 27

The 2005 HAP emissions records were created by mult iplying PM 2.5 

### emissions by the emission

factors in Table 2-14. The HAP factors are the sam e for all source types. Because we chose not to integrate criteria and HAP VOCs for the avefire sector, the HAPs contained in the avefire inventory were not used to generate air quality mod eling inputs for the 2005 platform.

Table 2-14. HAP emission factors applied to avefire PM 2.5 

### emissions

Pollutant Description CAS PM 2.5 factor

1,3-butadiene 106990 0.0147
1-Methylpyrene 2381217 0.00033
Acetaldehyde 75070 0.0148

Acrolein 107028 0.0154

Antracene 120127 0.00018

Benz[a]Anthracene 56553 0.00022

Benzene 71432 0.041

Benzo(a)fluoranthene 203338 0.00009
Benzo(c)phenanthrene 195197 0.00014

Benzo[a]Pyrene 50328 0.00005

Benzo[e]Pyrene 192972 0.0001
Benzo[g,h,i,]Perylene 191242 0.00018

Benzo[k]Fluoranthene 207089 0.00009
Carbonyl sulfide 463581 0.00002
Chrysene 218019 0.00022

Fluoranthene 206440 0.00024
Formaldehyde 50000 0.0936

Hexane 110543 0.00059

Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]Pyrene 193395 0.00012
Methyl chloride 74873 0.00464
Methylanthracene 26914181 0.0003
Methylbenzopyrene 65357699 0.00011
Methylchrysene 41637905 0.00029
O-xylene 95476 0.001932554
M-xylene 108383 0.005392065
P-xylene 106423 0.00145538
Perylene 198550 0.00003

Phenanthrene 85018 0.00018

Pyrene 129000 0.00034

Toluene 108883 0.0206

### 28



## 2.4 Biogenic sources (biog)

This sector is unchanged from the 2005v4 platform; the documentation is repeated here for completeness.

The biogenic emissions were computed based on 2005 meteorology data using the BEIS3.14 model within SMOKE. The 2002 platform used the BEI S3.13 model; otherwise, all underlying land use data and parameters are unchanged for the 2005 platform.

The BEIS3.14 model creates gridded, hourly, model-s pecies emissions from vegetation and soils. It estimates CO, VOC, and NO X 

### emissions for the U.S., Mexico, and Canada. The B EIS3.14

model is described further in: http://www.cmascenter.org/conference/2008/slides/po uliot_tale_two_cmas08.ppt

The inputs to BEIS include:

• Temperature data at 2 meters which were obtained fr om the CMAQ meteorological input files,

• Land-use data from the Biogenic Emissions Landuse D atabase, version 3 (BELD3). BELD3 data provides data on the 230 vegetation clas ses at 1-km resolution over most of North America, which is the same land-use data were used for the 2002 platform.



## 2.5 2005 Mobile sources (on_noadj, on_moves_runpm, on_moves_startpm, nonroad, alm_no_c3, seca_c3)

For the 2005 platform, as indicated in Table 2-2, w e separated the 2005 onroad emissions into three sectors: (1) “on_moves_startpm”; (2) “on_mov es_runpm”; and (3) “on_noadj”. The aircraft, locomotive, and commercial marine emissio ns are divided into two nonroad sectors: “alm_no_c3” and “seca_c3”, and as previously mentio ned, the aircraft emissions are in the nonEGU (ptnonipm) point inventory.

The major changes between v4.1 and v4 versions of t he 2005-based platform are that (1) we used a final version of MOVES, MOVES2010, rather th an a draft version of MOVES; (2) we used the MOVES emissions for all vehicle types and modes (as opposed to non-motorcycle gasoline exhaust vehicles only); (3) MOVES2010 emis sions cover all criteria pollutants and criteria pollutant precursors (as opposed to only e xhaust mode PM 2.5 

### , VOC, NO X 

### and CO); (4)

we used NH 3 

### from MOVES for California (as opposed to NH 3 

### from NMIM) since Californiasupplied emissions in the 2005v2 NEI do not include NH 3 

### . It should also be noted that the

exhaust PM 2.5 

### from diesel vehicles, which had previously come fr om NMIM but in v4.1 come from MOVES, are not impacted by cold temperatures. In addition, PM brake wear and tire wear mode emissions are now provided in MOVES in v4.1; t hese emissions for both gasoline and diesel vehicles are also not impacted by cold tempe ratures.

The onroad emissions were primarily based on the 12 /21/2009 version of the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES2010) ( http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/ ). MOVES was

### 29

run with a state/month aggregation using county-ave rage fuels for each state, state/monthaverage temperatures, and national default vehicle age distributions. 2005 VMT, consistent with the 2005v2 NEI, were used.

Table 2-15 lists the pollutants in the onroad secto r based on MOVES2010 versus NMIM. A full list of the NMIM HAPs (most of which are not used i n the v4.1 platform) is provided in Appendix C.

Table 2-15. Pollutants covered by MOVES2010 as used in the 2005 v4.1 platform 1



### Used in the 2005v4.1 platform from

MOVES2010 Available from MOVES2010, but not

used in the 2005v4.1 platform Used in the 2005v4.1

platform from NMIM

PM 2.5 

### ; exhaust, partially speciated 2 

### Naphthalene Elemental mercury

PM 2.5 

### , brake and tirewear, unspeciated 1,3 butadiene Divalent gaseous mercury VOC; except refueling Acrolein Particulate Mercury
CO, NO X 

### , SO 2 

### , NH 3 

### Benzene; except refueling Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde

1 MOVES data were not used for any California onroad emissions other than NH 3 2 Exhaust mode PM 2.5 species from MOVES consist of: PEC, PSO 4 and the difference between PM 2.5 and PEC (named as “PM25OC”). Procedures to produce the spe cies needed are provided in Appendix D. Diesel par tially speciated emissions are not impacted by cold temper atures and do not need to be adjusted by gridded te mperature as do the gasoline exhaust particulate emissions. Brake wear and tire wear PM 2.5 emissions were not pre-speciated.



### Similar to the v4 platform, we used the MOVES data to create emissions by state and month (and SCC) and then allocated to counties based on 2005 N MIM-based county-level data. The reason for using the state resolution was due to (a) run t ime issues that made a county run for the entire nation infeasible in the timeframe required and (b) incomplete efforts to create a national database of county-specific inputs to MOVES. The e missions that did not come from the MOVES model were obtained from the 2005 NMIM runs, which are consistent with the 2005v2

NEI.

The 2005v2 NEI does not contain the MOVES data that we use for the 2005 platform. Instead, it

contains onroad and nonroad mobile emissions that w e generated using NMIM (EPA, 2005b) for all of the U.S. except for California. 6 

### The NMIM data was used for the mercury emissions, to allocate California-submitted data to road types, t o allocate the state-month-SCC MOVES data to counties, and for some of the nonroad mobile sou rces. NMIM relies on calculations from the MOBILE6 and NONROAD2005 models as described below, and in the NEI documentation. Inputs to NMIM are posted with the 2005 Emission In ventory. The direct link is: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005_nei/mobile_sec tor/ncd/ncd20080522.zip

.

6 Although OTAQ generated emissions using NMIM for C alifornia, these were not used in the 2005 NEI vers ion 2, but rather were replaced by state-submitted emissio ns. Since California did not submit NH 3 , values from MOVES

were used.

### 30

NMIM creates the onroad and nonroad emissions on a month-specific basis that accounts for temperature, fuel types, and other variables that v ary by month. Inventory documentation for the 2005v2 NEI onroad and nonroad sectors is also poste d with other 2005 NEI documentation; the

direct link is: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005_nei/mobile/200 5_mobile_nei_version_2_report.pdf

The residual fuel commercial marine vessel (CMV), a lso referred to as Category 3 (C3) from the 2002 platform have been replaced with a new set of approximately 4-km resolution point source format emissions; these were modeled separately as point sources in the “seca_c3” sector for the 2005 platform. They were updated for v4.1 by using revised 2005 emissions from the category 3 commercial marine sector to reflect the final proje ctions from 2002 developed for the category 3 commercial marine Emissions Control Area (ECA) prop osal to the International Maritime Organization (EPA-420-F-10-041, August 2010). Unli ke for the v4 platform, we projected Canada as part of the ECA, using region-specific gr owth rates; thus the v4.1 seca_c3 inventories contain Canadian province codes for near shore emis sions

.



### The nonroad sector, based on NMIM did not change fo r the v4.1 platform other than for California, for which missing PM 2.5 

### emissions for 7 counties was discovered. We corre cted

these PM 2.5 

### emissions by using an earlier version of the 2005 submittal which California had provided values for the 7 counties.

The mobile sectors are compiled at a county and SCC resolution, with the exception of the seca_c3 sector that uses point sources to map the p re-gridded data to the modeling domain. Similar to v4, in v4.1, tribal data from the alm_no _c3 sector have been dropped because we do not have spatial surrogate data, and the emissions are small; these data were removed from the SMOKE input inventories for 2005.

Most mobile sectors use the HAP portion on the inve ntory to provide benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and/or methanol to the modeling inputs through HAP VOC “integration”, as described in Section 3.1.2.1. A few categories of nonroad sources (CNG and LPG-fueled equipment) do not have the BAFM pollutants in the i nventory and therefore utilize the “nointegrate”, “no-hap-use” case, which means VOC from these sources is speciated to provide

BAFM.



### 2.5.1 Onroad mobile MOVES cold-start exhaust source s requiring temperature adjustments (on_moves_startpm)

This sector contains MOVES2010 emissions for PM and naphthalene 7 

### for non-California onroad gasoline cold-start exhaust. These emissions (and the on_moves_runpm sector discussed in the next section) are processed separately from the rem ainder of the onroad mobile emissions because they are subject to hourly temperature adju stments, and these temperature adjustments are different for cold-start and running exhaust mo des.

7 Naphthalene is not used in the 2005v4 CAP-BAFM pla tform, but it is contained in the MOVES emissions.

### 31

Temperature adjustments were applied to account for the strong sensitivity of PM and naphthalene exhaust emissions to temperatures below 72oF. Because it was not feasible to run MOVES directly for all of the gridded, hourly tempe ratures needed for modeling, we created emissions of PM and naphthalene exhaust at 72oF and applied temperature adjustments after the emissions were spatially and temporally allocated. The PM 2.5 

### (and naphthalene) adjustment factors were different for starting and running exh aust because these two processes respond differently to temperature as shown in Figure 2-1 which shows how these emissions increase with colder temperatures. The temperature adjustm ent factor in this figure is defined in terms of primary elemental carbon (PEC) as follows:

PEC = Adjustment Factor x PEC_72

Where: PEC = PEC at Temperatures below 72oF PEC_72 = PEC at 72oF or higher

As seen in the figure, start exhaust emissions incr ease more than running exhaust emissions as temperatures decrease from 72oF.

Figure 2-1 also shows that the actual adjustments are differen t for start exhaust and running exhaust emissions. The method for applying these a djustments was the same for both start and running exhaust sectors: They were applied to SMOK E gridded, hourly intermediate files, based upon the gridded hourly temperature data (these sam e data are also input to the air quality model). One result of this approach is that invent ory summaries based on the raw SMOKE inputs for the on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm sectors will not be valid because they will not include the temperature adjustments. As a result, the post-processing for temperature adjustments included computing the emissions totals at state, county, and month resolution to use

for summaries.

### 32 Figure 2-1 . MOVES exhaust temperature adjustment functions.

The MOVES output data required pre-processing to de velop county-level monthly ORL files for input to SMOKE. As stated earlier, the resolution of the MOVES data was state-SCC totals, and the state level data were allocated to county level prior to input into SMOKE. An additional preprocessing step was for the exhaust PM 2.5 

### , for which emissions from MOVES were partially speciated. To retain the speciated elemental carbo n and sulfate emissions from MOVES, the speciation step that is usually done in SMOKE was p erformed prior to SMOKE, and it was modified to allow the temperature adjustments to be applied to only the species affected by temperature as described in the list below. Finall y, because the start exhaust emissions were broken out separately from running exhaust emission s, they were assigned to new SCCs (urban and rural parking areas) that allowed for the appro priate spatial and temporal profiles to be applied in SMOKE.

A list of the procedures performed to prepare the M OVES data for input into SMOKE is provided here.

i. We allocated state-level emissions to counties usin g state-county emission ratios by SCC, pollutant, month, and emissions mode (e.g., ev aporative, exhaust, brake wear, and tire wear) for each month. The ratios were com puted using NMIM 2005 data (same data included in the 2005v2 NEI).

ii. We assigned these start exhaust emissions to urban and rural SCCs based on the county-level ratio of emissions from urban versus r ural local roads from the NMIM onroad gasoline exhaust mode data. For example, we split light duty gasoline vehicle (LDGV) start emissions in the state-total MOVES dat a (assigned SCC 2201001000) into urban (2201001370) and rural (2201001350) base d on the ratio of LDGV urban (2201001330) and rural (2201001210) local roads. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

-20 -10 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71

Temperature (F)Adjustment Factor

Run Exhaust

Start Exhaust

### 33

iii. We converted MOVES-based PM 2.5 

### species at 72oF to SMOKE-ready PM species. The SMOKE-ready species are listed below and the sp eciation technique used to obtain the SMOKE-ready species is further discussed in Appendix D.

• NAPHTH_72: unchanged from MOVES-based file, subjec t to temperature adjustment below 72oF.

• PEC_72: unchanged from MOVES-based PM25EC, subject to temperature adjustment below 72oF.

• POC_72: modified MOVES-based PM25OC to remove meta ls, PNO3 (computed from MOVES-based PM25EC), NH 4 

### (computed from MOVES-based PM25SO4 and PNO3), and MOVES-based PM25SO4. Subject to tem perature adjustment

below 72oF.

• PSO4: unchanged from MOVES-based PM25SO4, not subj ect to temperature adjustment.

• PNO3: computed from MOVES-based PM25EC, not subjec t to temperature adjustment.

• OTHER: sum of computed metals (fraction of MOVES-b ased PM25EC) and

NH 4 

### (computed from PNO3 and PSO4), not subject to temp erature adjustment.

• PMFINE_72: Computed from OTHER and fraction of POC _72. Subject to temperature adjustment below 72 oF.

• PMC_72: Computed as fraction of sum of PMFINE_72, PEC_72, POC_72, PSO4, and PNO3 –described in Appendix D. Subject t o temperature adjustment

below 72 oF.

The result of these preprocessing steps is SMOKE-re ady PM emissions that do not exactly match what MOVES provides. The emissions are conserved d uring allocation from the state to county and from the generic total “start” SCCs to the two new parking SCCs that end in “350” and “370”. PEC and PSO4 components of PM 2.5 

### emissions are also conserved as they are simply renamed from the MOVES species “PM25EC” and “PM25SO 4”. However, as seen above, POC, PNO3, and PMFINE components involve multiplyin g the MOVES PM species by components of an onroad gasoline exhaust speciation profile described in Appendix D.



### 2.5.2 Onroad mobile MOVES running exhaust sources r equiring temperature adjustments (on_moves_runpm)

This sector is identical to the on_moves_startpm se ctor discussed in Section 2.5.1, but contains running exhaust emissions instead of cold-start exh aust emissions. The same pollutants are in this sector, and allocation from the MOVES state-le vel to county-level inventory is a simple match by SCC and month to NMIM state-county ratios. The only reason this sector is separated from on_moves_startpm is because the temperature ad justments are less extreme for these running emissions at colder temperatures when compa red to the curve for cold-start emissions (Figure 2-1).

### 34



### 2.5.3 Onroad no-adjustments mobile sources (on_noad j)

This sector consists of the bulk of the onroad mobi le emissions, which are not covered by the on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm sectors. These emissions did not receive any temperature adjustments in our processing. There a re four sources of data that are pre-processed to create three sets of monthly inventories for thi s sector.

1. MOVES-based onroad gasoline and diesel: These are the monthly (does not include gasoline exhaust mode PM and naphthalene) MOVES-bas ed emissions from three

MOVES inventories:

a. Gasoline Exhaust: VOC, NO X 

### , CO, SO 2 

### , NH 3, 

### 1,3-butadiene (106990), acetaldehyde (75070), acrolein (107028), benzene (7 1432), formaldehyde (50000), and brake and tire wear PM 2.5 

### ;

b. Diesel Exhaust: Partially-speciated PM 2.5 

### (that were fully speciated prior to input into SMOKE (via Appendix D), VOC, NO X 

### , CO, SO 2 

### , NH 3, 

### 1,3-butadiene (106990), acetaldehyde (75070), acrolein (107028), benzene (71432), formaldehyde (50000), and brake and tire wear PM 2.5 

### . Because diesel exhaust PM does not require the same intermediate temperatu re adjustments as gasoline exhaust PM, diesel exhaust PM can therefore be proc essed with the remaining

onroad mobile emissions.

c. Evaporative: Non-refueling VOC, benzene, and napht halene (91203).

For the pollutants listed, these non-California MOV ES emissions encompass the same sources as the on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm sectors: light duty gasoline vehicles, light duty gasoline trucks (1 & 2), and h eavy duty gasoline vehicles, but they do not require the same intermediate temperature adjus tments and can therefore be processed with the remaining onroad mobile emission s. These emissions contain both running and parking sources and are pre-processed f rom state-level to county-level much like the on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm sector s already discussed. The preprocessing for the non-PM emissions did not requ ire species calculations because the raw MOVES emissions translated directly to SMOKE in ventory species.

2. California onroad inventory: California 2005v2 NEI complete CAP/HAP onroad inventory. California monthly onroad emissions are year 2005 and are based on September 2007 California Air Resources Board (CARB ) data from Chris Nguyen. NH 3 

### emissions are from MOVES2010 runs for California. We retained only those HAPs that are also estimated by NMIM for onroad mobile source s; all other HAPs provided by California were dropped. The California onroad inv entory does not use the SCCs for Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV) class 6 & 7 (2230 073XXX) emissions. California does not specify road types, so we used NMIM-based California ratios to break out

vehicle emissions to the match the more detailed NM IM level.

3. Remaining NMIM-based onroad inventory: The remaind er of the non-California onroad inventory that was not replaced by MOVES. This inc ludes monthly emissions the three species of mercury (divalent gas, elemental and par ticulate) as well as a number of other HAPs not used by the platform. The NMIM county dat abase is NCD20080522; this is an update of NCD20070912 in which state/local and trib al inputs replace EPA default inputs

### 35

where provided. These emissions are identical to t hose in the v4 platform and are not

described further here.



### 2.5.4 Nonroad mobile sources – NMIM-based nonroad ( nonroad)

This sector includes monthly exhaust, evaporative a nd refueling emissions from nonroad engines (not including commercial marine, aircraft, and loc omotives) derived from NMIM for all states except California, which were corrected due to an i nadvertent omission of PM 2.5 

### from 7 counties. Thus, except for California, emissions from this se ctor did not change between the v4 and v4.1 platform versions, and we repeat the documentation here for completeness.

The NMIM relied on the version of the NONROAD2005 m odel (NR05c-BondBase) used for the marine spark ignited (SI) and small SI engine propo sed rule, published May 18, 2007 (EPA, 2007c). For 2005, the NONROAD2005 model (NR05c-Bon dBase) is equivalent to NONROAD2008a, since it incorporated Bond rule revis ions to some of the base case inputs and

the Bond rule controls did not take effect until fu ture years. As with the onroad emissions, NMIM provides nonroad emissions for VOC by three em ission modes: exhaust, evaporative and refueling. Unlike the onroad sector, refueling emi ssions nonroad sources are not dropped from processing for this sector.

Similar to the on_noadj pre-processing for evaporat ive emissions, we also reassigned NMIM evaporative and refueling xylene to the various iso mers of xylene. We use the same percentages for refueling as for evaporative emissions as follo ws: we converted compound XYL or CAS=EVP__1330207, RFL__1330207) into MXYL (CAS=EVP_ _108383, RFL__108383) and OXYL (CAS=EVP__95476, RFL__95476) using a 68% and32 % ratio to both evaporative and refueling XYL, respectively. We also split NMIM ex haust xylene (CAS=EXH__1330207) into MXYL (CAS=EXH__108383) and OXYL (CAS=EXH__95476) us ing a 74% and 26% ratio to XYL, respectively.

EPA/OTAQ ran NMIM to create county-SCC emissions fo r the NEI 2005v2 nonroad mobile CAP/HAP inventory, and similar to on_noadj, we remo ved California NMIM emissions that were submitted separately by California. Emissions were converted from monthly totals to monthly average-day based on the number of days in each month. Similar to onroad NMIM emissions, EPA default inputs were replaced by stat e inputs where provided. The NMIM inventory documentation describes this and all othe r details of the NMIM nonroad emissions development: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005_nei/mobile/200 5_mobile_nei_version_2_report.pdf

California nonroad California monthly nonroad emissions are year 2005 and are based on September 2007 California Air Resources Board (CARB) data from Chr is Nguyen, other than for the PM 2.5 

### missing from 7 counties, which used the March 2007 version. In addition, NH 3 

### emissions are

from NMIM runs for California because these were no t included in the California NEI submittal. HAP emissions were estimated by applying HAP-to-CAP ratios computed from California data in the NEI 2005 v2 submittal. We retained only tho se HAPs that are also estimated by NMIM for nonroad mobile sources; all other HAPs were dro pped.

### 36

The CARB-based nonroad data did not have mode-speci fic data for VOC (exhaust, evaporative, and refueling). To address this inconsistency with other states, we split the annual total California data into monthly, mode-specific nonroad emissions for California using the NMIM results. Details on this process are documented se parately (Strum, 2007). Nonroad refueling emissions for California were computed as Gasoline Transport (SCC=2505000120) emissions multiplied by a factor of 0.46 (to avoid double cou nting with portable fuel container (PFC) emissions in the nonpt sector) and were allocated t o the gasoline equipment types based on ratios of evaporative-mode VOC. The factor of 0.46 was co mputed by dividing the NMIM-derived California refueling for 2005 by the sum of portabl e fuel container emissions and NMIM-derived refueling for 2005.



### 2.5.5 Nonroad mobile sources: locomotive and non-C 3 commercial marine (alm_no_c3)

The alm_no_c3 sector contains CAP and HAP emissions from locomotive and commercial marine sources, except for category 3/residual-fuel (C3) commercial marine vessels and railway maintenance. In modeling platforms prior to the 20 05v4 platform, this sector also contained aircraft emissions. Point-source airports were inc luded in the non-EGU point sector (ptnonipm) through the 2005v2 NEI point source inventory. The C3 commercial marine vessel emissions
are in the seca_c3 sector. We note that the “a” in the “alm_no_c3” sector name is now misleading because aircraft are no longer in this s ector. This sector is unchanged from the v4 platform; we repeat the documentation for completen ess.

The remaining emissions in the alm_no_c3 sector are year 2002 emissions unchanged from the 2002 platform. The SCCs in the alm_no_c3 sector ar e listed in Table 2-16.

### 37

Table 2-16. SCCs in the 2005 alm_no_c3 inventory compared to th e 2002 platform alm sector

SCC Action SCC Description

2275000000 Emissions removed and replaced by

aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005 platform Mobile Sources; Aircraft: All Aircraft Types and Operations: Total

2275001000 Emissions removed and replaced by

aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005 platform Mobile Sources; Aircraft: Military Aircraft: Total

2275020000 Emissions removed and replaced by

aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005 platform Mobile Sources; Aircraft: Commercial Aircraft: Total: All Types

2275050000 Emissions removed and replaced by

aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005 platform Mobile Sources; Aircraft: General Aviation:

Total

2275060000 Emissions removed and replaced by

aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005 platform Mobile Sources; Aircraft: Air Taxi: Total

2280002100 Retained from 2002 platform Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Diesel;Port emissions

2280002200 Retained from 2002 platform Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Diesel;Underway emissions

2280003100 Emissions removed and replaced by

seca_c3 inventories for 2005 platform Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Residual;Port emissions

2280003200 Emissions removed and replaced by

seca_c3 inventories for 2005 platform Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Residual;Underway emissions

2280004000 Retained from 2002 platform Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Gasoline;Total, All Vessel Types

2285002006 Retained from 2002 platform Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line Haul Locomotives: Class I Operations

2285002007 Retained from 2002 platform Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line Haul Locomotives: Class II / III Operations

2285002008 Retained from 2002 platform Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line Haul Locomotives: Passenger Trains (Amtrak)

2285002009 Retained from 2002 platform Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line

Haul Locomotives: Commuter Lines

2285002010 Retained from 2002 platform Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Yard

Locomotives



### The documentation of the 2002 NEI for the category 1 and 2 (C1/C2) commericial marine and

locomotive emissions is available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html #documentation

For modeling purposes, the following additional cha nges were made to the NEI data for the 2005 platform:

• For the 2005 platform, we removed C3 CMV SCCs (resi dual fuel) and aircraft SCCs.

### 38

• Removed railway maintenance emissions (SCCs 2285002 015, 2285004015, and 2285006015) because these are included in the nonro ad NMIM monthly inventories. This change was made for the 2002 platform and is r etained here in the 2005 platform.

• For the purpose of CAP-HAP VOC integration as discu ssed in Section 3.1.2.1, we removed benzene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde for all sources that we did not integrate these HAPs with VOC. As discussed in Sec tion 3.1.2.1, sources are considered no-integrate when the source of data between VOC an d VOC HAPs is inconsistent or VOC analysis of VOC and VOC HAPs indicates the sour ce is not integrated. Although our CAP-HAP integration approach also required the removal of methanol for nointegrate sources, the only sources in this sector that included methanol were in California, where we used the integrate approach fo r all sources and therefore did not

need to remove it.

The 2002 platform documentation goes into greater d etail on the locomotives and C1/C2 CMV

emissions in this sector.



### 2.5.6 Nonroad mobile sources: C3 commercial marine (seca_c3)

The raw seca_c3 sector emissions data were develope d in an ASCII raster format used since the Emissions Control Area-International Marine Organiz ation (ECA-IMO) project began in 2005, then known as the Sulfur Emissions Control Area (SE CA). These emissions consist of large marine diesel engines (at or above 30 liters/cylind er) that until very recently, were allowed to meet relatively modest emission requirements, often burning residual fuel. The emissions in this sector are comprised of primarily foreign-flagged o cean-going vessels, referred to as Category 3 (C3) ships. The seca_c3 (ECA) inventory includes t hese ships in several intra-port modes (cruising, hoteling, reduced speed zone, maneuverin g, and idling) and underway mode and includes near-port auxiliary engines. An overview of the ECA-IMO project and future year goals for reduction of NO X 

### , SO 2 

### , and PM C3 emissions can be found at:

http://www.epa.gov/oms/regs/nonroad/marine/ci/420f0 9015.htm

The resulting coordinated strategy, including emiss ion standards under the Clean Air Act for new marine diesel engines with per-cylinder displacemen t at or above 30 liters, and the establishment

of Emission Control Areas is at: http://www.epa.gov/oms/oceanvessels.htm

The base year ECA inventory is 2002 and consists of these CAPs: PM 10 

### , CO, CO 2 

### , NH 3 

### , NO X 

### , SO X 

### (assumed to be SO 2 

### ), and Hydrocarbons (assumed to be VOC). EPA devel oped regional growth (activity-based) factors that we applied to create the v4.1 platform 2005 inventory from

the 2002 data.

These region-specific and pollutant-specific growth factors were updated for the v4.1 platform as compared to the v4 platform to be consistent with t he final projections from 2002, developed for the C3 ECA proposal to the International Maritime O rganization (EPA-420-F-10-041, August 2010).

The updated factors that we used to project from 20 02 to 2005 are presented in Table 2-17.

### 39

Table 2-17. Adjustment factors to update the 2005 seca_c3 secto r emissions for the v4.1 platform.

2005 Adjustments Relative to 2002

Region NO X PM 10 PM 2.5 VOC (HC) CO SO2

Alaska East (AE) 1.08561 1.10440 1.10350 1.10453 1.10411 1.10438
Alaska West (AW) 1.04671 1.06382 1.06404 1.06389 1.06391 1.06386
East Coast (EC) 1.10524 1.15242 1.15383 1.15256 1.15238 1.15244
Gulf Coast (GC) 1.04056 1.08521 1.08269 1.08467 1.08536 1.08530
Hawaii East (HE) 1.09054 1.13429 1.13258 1.13352 1.13429 1.13422
Hawaii West (HW) 1.09108 1.13402 1.13289 1.13443 1.13399 1.13428
North Pacific (NP) 1.07254 1.11354 1.09817 1.11358 1.11318 1.11339
South Pacific (SP) 1.12539 1.17416 1.17257 1.17055 1.17012 1.17565
Great Lakes (GL) 1.04397 1.06264 1.06241 1.06341 1.06280 1.06251

Outside ECA 1.08654 1.13186 1.13186 1.13186 1.13186 1.13186



### In addition to the updated values, near-shore Canad ian emissions are now assigned to regions whereas previously Canadian sources used the “Outsi de ECA” factors. Canada uses North Pacific, Great Lakes and East Coast depending on wh ere the emissions are. For example, nearshore emissions around Vancouver British Columbia a re projected from 2002 using North Pacific (NP) factors rather than “Outside ECA” fact ors.

The raw ECA inventory started as a set of ASCII ras ter datasets at approximately 4-km resolution that we converted to SMOKE point-source ORL input format as described in http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/ei17/sessio n6/mason.pdf

.

In summary, this paper describes how the ASCII rast er dataset was converted to latitudelongitude, mapped to state/county FIPS codes that e xtend up to 200 nautical miles (nm) from the coast, assigned stack parameters, and how the month ly ASCII raster dataset emissions were used to create monthly temporal profiles. Counties were assigned as extending up to 200nm from the coast because of this was the distance through the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), a distance

that would be used to define the outer limits of EC A-IMO controls for these vessels.

The 2005 ECA-based C3 inventory also does not delin eate between ports and underway (or other C3 modes such as hoteling, maneuvering, reduced-spe ed zone, and idling) emissions; therefore, we assigned these emissions to the broad (“total”) SCC for C3 CMV (2280003000). This has no effect on temporal allocation or speciation compare d to existing profiles for underway and port C3 emissions (2280003100 and 2280003200). The C3 C MV emissions in the 2002 and 2005 platforms are shown in Table 2-18.

### 40

Table 2-18

. Contiguous U.S. C3 CMV emissions in 2002 and 2005 p latforms

Pollutant 2002 platform

(tons/yr) 2005v4

platform (tons/yr) 2005v4.1

platform (tons/yr)
CO 28,195 53,746 54,049

NH 3 

### 131 0 0

NO X 

### 244,988 642,089 647,884

PM 10 

### 13,687 53,581 53,918

PM 2.5 

### 12,620 49,294 49,541

SO 2 

### 150,532 417,307 420,110
VOC 7,377 22,367 44,990

For the v4.1 platform, we chose only to include som e HAPs in the seca_c3 sector: benzene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde. We projected these HAPs using the following VOC factors:

Benzene = VOC * 9.795E-06 Acetaldehyde = VOC * 2.286E-04 Formaldehyde = VOC * 1.5672E-03

Because we computed HAPs directly from the CAP inve ntory and the calculations are therefore consistent, the entire seca_c3 sector utilizes CAP- HAP VOC integration to use the VOC HAP species directly, rather than VOC speciation profil es.

We converted the emissions to SMOKE point source OR L format, allowing for the emissions to be allocated to modeling layers above the surface l ayer. We also corrected FIPS code assignments for one county in Rhode Island. All no n-US emissions (i.e., in waters considered outside of the 200nm EEZ, and hence out of the U.S. territory) are simply assigned a dummy state/county FIPS code=98001. Due the huge size of these data, the CAP emissions are in one ORL file and the HAP emissions are split into 6 sep arate ORL files. The SMOKE-ready data have also been cropped from the original ECA-IMO da ta to cover only the 36-km air quality model domain, which is the largest domain used for this effort.



## 2.6 Emissions from Canada, Mexico and Offshore Dril ling Platforms (othpt, othar, othon, othpt_hg, and othar_hg)

These sectors are unchanged from the 2005v4 platfor m; the documentation is repeated here for completeness.

The emissions from Canada, Mexico, and Offshore Dri lling platforms are included as part of five sectors: othpt, othpt_hg, othar, other_hg, and otho n.

The “oth” refers to the fact that these emissions a re “other” than those in the 2005 NEI, and the third and fourth characters provide the SMOKE sourc e types: “pt” for point, “ar” for “area and nonroad mobile”, and “on” for onroad mobile. There are two new sectors in the 2005 platform, othpt_hg and othar_hg. These sectors contain year 2000 Canadian speciated mercury emissions

### 41

for point and area inventories. All other “oth” em issions are CAP-only inventories. Mexico’s emissions are unchanged from the 2002 platform with one exception –one stack diameter was updated (recomputed from stack velocity and flowrat e) in the Mexico border states point inventory.

For Canada we updated the emissions from the 2002 p latform, migrating the non-Hg data from year 2000 inventories to year 2006 inventories for the 2005 platform. We migrated to these 2006 Canadian emissions despite not receiving future yea r emissions, as we were advised by Canada that the improvement in the 2006 inventory over the 2000 inventory was more significant than the undesirable effect of retaining these 2006 emis sions for all future year modeling. We applied

several modifications to the 2006 Canadian inventor ies:

i. We did not include wildfires, or prescribed burning because Canada does not include these inventory data in their modeling.

ii. We did not include in-flight aircraft emissions bec ause we do not include these for the U.S. and we do not have an appropriate approach to include in our modeling.

iii. We applied a 75% reduction (“transport fraction”) t o PM for the road dust, agricultural,

and construction emissions in the Canadian “afdust” inventory. This approach is more simplistic than the county-specific approach used f or the U.S., but a comparable approach

was not available for Canada.

iv. We did not include speciated VOC emissions from the ADOM chemical mechanism.

v. Residual fuel CMV (C3) SCCs (22800030X0) were remov ed because these emissions are included in the seca_c3 sector, which covers not on ly emissions close to Canada but also

emissions far at sea. Canada was involved in the i nventory development of the seca_c3

sector emissions.

vi. Wind erosion (SCC=2730100000) and cigarette smoke ( SCC=2810060000) emissions were removed from the nonpoint (nonpt) inventory; t hese emissions are also absent from our U.S. inventory.

vii. Quebec PM 2.5 

### emissions (2,000 tons/yr) were removed for one SCC (2305070000) for Industrial Processes, Mineral Processes, Gypsum, Pl aster Products due to corrupt fields after conversion to SMOKE input format. This error should be corrected in a future inventory.

viii. Excessively high CO emissions were removed from Bab ine Forest Products Ltd (British Columbia SMOKE plantid=’5188’) in the point invento ry. This change was made at our

discretion because the value of the emissions was i mpossibly large.

ix. The county part of the state/county FIPS code field in the SMOKE inputs were modified in the point inventory from “000” to “001” to enabl e matching to existing temporal profiles.

x. Fixed coordinates for facility “ON105803” in the ot hpt_hg inventory to match those in the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) oth pt sector.

xi. Nonpoint speciated mercury emissions duplicate emis sions summed and state/county FIPS code field changed from Nunavut (62) to NW Ter ritories (61) to match surrogates.

### 42

For Mexico we continued to use emissions for 1999 ( Eastern Research Group Inc., 2006) which were developed as part of a partnership between Mex ico's Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources (Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y R ecursos Naturales-SEMARNAT) and National Institute of Ecology (Instituto Nacional d e Ecología-INE), the U.S. EPA, the Western Governors' Association (WGA), and the North America n Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC). This inventory includes emissio ns from all states in Mexico.

The offshore emissions include point source offshor e oil and gas drilling platforms. We used updated emissions from the 2005v2 NEI point source inventory. The offshore sources were provided by the Mineral Management Services (MMS).

Table 2-19 summarizes the data in the “oth” sectors and indica tes where these emissions have been updated from the 2002 platform.

Table 2-19. Summary of the othpt, othpt_hg, othar, othar_hg, an d othon sectors changes from the 2002 platform

Sector Components Changes from 2002 platform othpt Mexico, 1999, point None

Canada, 2006, point Uses emissions from 2006 Nation al Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI), 3 components: 1) upstream oil and gas sector emissions for all CAPs except VOC; 2) VOC sources pre-speciated to CB05 speciation except for benzene; 3) Remaining point source emissions. Offshore, 2005, point Uses emissions from 2005 v2 p oint inventory othpt_hg Canada, 2000, mercury

point Uses speciated mercury point source year 2000 inventory. othar Mexico, 1999, nonpoint None

Mexico, 1999, nonroad None Canada, 2006, nonpoint Uses 2006 Canadian aircraft (landing and take-offs only), agricultural NH 3 

### , fugitive dust, and remaining nonpoint inventories.
Canada, 2006, nonroad Uses 2006 Canadian nonroad mo bile, non-C3 marine, and locomotives inventories. othar_hg Canada, 2000, mercury

nonpoint Uses speciated mercury nonpoint source year 2000 inventory.
othon Mexico, 1999, onroad None

Canada, 2006, onroad Uses 2006 Canadian onroad inve ntory. Emissions are given at vehicle type resolution only (i.e., do es not include road types).

### 43



## 2.7 SMOKE-ready non-anthropogenic inventories for m ercury and
chlorine

We generated elemental mercury from natural (N ), recycled (R ) and volcanic (V ) emissions, which we added to anthropogenic (A ) elemental mercury processed from the inventories discussed above, to provide the elemental mercury s pecies “HGNRVA ” required by the multipollutant version of CMAQ. This model species is i ntended to include the sum of elemental mercury emissions from these sources. For the ocea n chlorine, we used the same data as in the CAP and HAP 2002-based platform. See ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2002v3CAPHAP/docume ntation for details.

A new recycled mercury file was developed for 2005 since the scaling factors applied to temporally allocate the annual natural and recycled emissions from oceans and land are based on solar radiation and skin temperature from the 2005 meteorology files. The annual files (prior to temporal allocation) differed from those of the 200 2 platform only in that we reduced emissions of the natural emissions from land by 90% based on literature (Gustin, et. al., 2008), which indicated that the emissions are 10-12 tons per yea r as opposed to the 120 tons we had been using previously.



### 2.7.1 Mercury

As discussed in the CAP and HAP 2002v3-based platfo rm documentation (ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2002v3CAPHAP/docum entation), the initial data for natural mercury, provided by Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Incorporated (AER), consisted of three existing global inventories containing ann ual flux rates of elemental mercury, gridded to 1 degree by 1 degree resolution:

• mercury emissions from oceans

• mercury emissions from land

• mercury emissions from volcanoes

Annual fluxes of recycled elemental mercury for 200 1 were created using the deposition results from a CMAQ 4.5.1 run. The approaches assumed that all recycled mercury emissions are in the form of elemental mercury gas. It is necessary to treat these recycled emissions whenever a version of CMAQ is used that also treats dry deposi tion of elemental mercury gas. The total deposition (wet plus dry) of all forms of mercury w as used as the basis for the recycled emission estimates. A fraction equal to one-half the total deposition flux was used as the estimate for recycled emissions based on previous model calibrat ions done by AER.

Natural and recycled emissions from oceans and land (but not volcanic emissions) were allocated to hourly values based on the meteorological variab les of solar radiation and temperature, which are shown to be positively correlated with the evas ion of elemental mercury from water surfaces soils and vegetation. While the correlation is wid ely variable for each of these surfaces, simple scaling functions for land and ocean developed for the 2001 applications were used for the 2002 and were repeated again for the 2005v4 and v4.1 pla tforms, but using 2005-specific factors:

### 44

Ocean: 

# ∑

− ∗ − ∗

allhrs hr

hr 

### SFCTMP SOLRAD SFCTMP SOLRAD

)] 273 ( [ )

273 ( 

### or exactly zero for SFCTMP < 273 K

Land: 

# ∑

− ∗ − ∗

allhrs hr

hr 

### SFCTMP SOLRAD SFCTMP SOLRAD

)] 253 ( [ )

253 ( 

### or exactly zero for SFCTMP < 253K

where SOLRAD is the solar radiation in W/m 2 

### and SFCTMP is the skin temperature (Kelvin), both from the 2-dimensional meteorology file from t he Meteorology Chemistry Interface Processor (MCIP) output.

The same sequence of steps were performed apply the hourly gridded scaling factors to create hourly gridded files for recycled and natural mercu ry based on 2005 meteorological data. No changes were made to the 2002 volcano mercury data



### 2.7.2 Chlorine

The oceanic chlorine gas emission estimates were th e same as those used in the CAP and HAP 2002 platform.



## 3 Emissions modeling summary

The CMAQ and CAMx models require hourly emissions o f specific gas and particle species for the horizontal and vertical grid cells contained wi thin the modeled region (i.e., modeling domain). To provide emissions in the form and form at required by the model, it is necessary to “pre-process” the “raw” emissions (i.e., emissions input to SMOKE) for the sectors described above in Section 2. In brief, this processing step transforms these emissions from their original temporal resolution, pollutant resolution, and spat ial resolution into the data required by the air quality model. As seen in Section 2, the temporal resolution of the emissions input to SMOKE for the 2005 platform varies across sectors, and ma y be hourly, monthly, or annual total emissions. The spatial resolution, which also can be different for different sectors, may be individual point sources or county totals (province totals for Canada, municipio totals for Mexico). The pre-processing steps involving tempor al allocation, spatial allocation, pollutant speciation, and vertical allocation of point source s are referred to as emissions modeling. This section provides some basic information about the t ools and data files used for emissions modeling as part of the 2005 platform. Since we de voted Section 2 to describing the emissions inventories, we have limited this section’s descrip tions of data to the ancillary data SMOKE uses to perform the emissions modeling steps

All SMOKE inputs for the 2005v4.1 platform emission s are available at the 2005v4.1 website (see the end of Section 1).

We used SMOKE version 2.6 to pre-process the raw em issions to create the emissions inputs for CMAQ and CAMx. The emissions processing steps and ancillary data for v4.1 were very similar to those done for v4. A summary of the rev isions is as follows:

### 45

• We updated the ancillary files to handle additional MOVES SCCs related to parking area emissions and to make some changes to the temporal and spatial approaches that were originally assigned to parking area SCCs.

• We changed speciation profiles for headspace vapor (VOC).

• We changed the PM 2.5 

### speciation profile for category 3 commercial marin e vessels burning residual oil.

• We used an updated county-to-cell spatial surrogate for U.S. oil and gas emissions.

• We changed the temporal allocation approach to use profiles that vary by day of week and to use new temporal profiles for the afdust sec tor.

We also utilized the feature in SMOKE (updated in v ersion 2.5) to create combination speciation profiles that could vary by state/county FIPS code and by month; we used this approach for some

mobile sources as described in Section 3.1.2. As w ith the v4 platform, we used the CMAQ and

CAM X 

### in-line emissions capability to create source-base d emissions files rather than the 3- dimensional files for sectors that have plume rise. When CAMx was used, the emissions were first created in a form appropriate for CMAQ, and w ere converted to a form usable by CMAQ using a Fortran convertor called ‘inline2camx’. In addition to generating the gridded surface level 2-dimensional emissions and elevated point so urce files necessary for CAMx, the program renames certain emissions species to the names need ed by CAMx. Emissions totals by specie for the entire model domain are output as reports that are then compared to reports generated by SMOKE to ensure mass is not lost or gained during t his conversion process.



## 3.1 Key emissions modeling settings

Each sector is processed separately through SMOKE, up until the final merge program (Mrggrid), which combines the model-ready, sector-s pecific emissions across sectors. The SMOKE settings in the run scripts and the data in t he SMOKE ancillary files control the approaches used for the individual SMOKE programs f or each sector. Table 3-1 summarizes the major processing steps of each platform sector. Th e “Spatial” column shows the spatial approach: “point” indicates that SMOKE maps the so urce from a point (i.e., latitude and longitude) location to a grid cell, “surrogates” in dicates that some or all of the sources use spatial surrogates to allocate county emissions to grid cel ls, and “area-to-point” indicates that some of the sources use the SMOKE area-to-point feature to grid the emissions (further described in Section3.2.1.2 The “Speciation” column indicates th at all sectors use the SMOKE speciation step, though biogenics speciation is done within BE IS3 and not as a separate SMOKE step. The “Inventory resolution” column shows the inventory t emporal resolution from which SMOKE needs to calculate hourly emissions.

Finally, the “plume rise” column indicates the sect ors for which the in-line approach is used. These sectors are the only ones which will have emi ssions in aloft layers, based on plume rise. For the 2005v4 and v4.1 platforms, we did not have SMOKE compute vertical plume rise; this was done in the air quality model using stack data found in the SMOKE output files for each model-ready sector. The one sector with “in-line” only, seca_c3, was processed so that the entire emissions would be in aloft layers. Thus, there we re no seca_c3 emissions in the 2-dimensional, layer-1 files created by SMOKE. Rather, the specia ted and hourly source-based CMAQ and

CAM X 

### inputs for seca_c3 were used for the vertical allo cation.

### 46 Table 3-1. Key emissions modeling steps by sector.

Platform sector Spatial Speciation Inventory

resolution Plume rise ptipm point Yes daily & hourly in-line ptnonipm point Yes annual in-line othpt point Yes annual in-line othpt_hg point Yes annual in-line

nonroad surrogates &

area-to-point Yes monthly

othar surrogates Yes annual seca_c3 point Yes annual in-line

alm_no_c3 surrogates &

area-to-point Yes annual

on_noadj surrogates Yes monthly on_noadj surrogates Yes monthly on_moves_startpm surrogates Yes monthly on_moves_runpm surrogates Yes monthly

othon surrogates Yes annual

nonpt surrogates &

area-to-point Yes annual

ag surrogates Yes annual

afdust surrogates Yes annual

biog pre-gridded

landuse in BEIS3.14 hourly

avefire surrogates Yes annual

In addition to the above settings, we used the PELV CONFIG file, which can be optionally used to group sources so that they would be treated as a single stack by SMOKE when computing plume rise. For the 2005v4.1 platform we chose to have no grouping, which is a difference the 2005v4 platform. We changed this because grouping done for “in-line” processing will not give identical results as “offline” (i.e., processing wh ereby SMOKE creates 3-dimensional files). The only way to get the same results between in-line an d offline is to choose to have no grouping.



### 3.1.1 Spatial configuration

For the 2005v4.1 platform, we ran SMOKE and CMAQ or CAMx (depending on the application) for modeling domains with 36-km and 12 -km spatial resolution. These are the same domains as were used for the 2005v4 and 2002 platfo rm. Figure 3-1 shows the 36-km

CON tinental U nited S tates “CONUS” modeling domain, the 12-km eastern do main (EUS), and the 12-km western domain (WUS).

### 47 Figure 3-1. CMAQ modeling domains

All three grids use a Lambert-Conformal projection, with Alpha = 33o, Beta = 45o and Gamma = -97o, with a center of X = -97o and Y = 40o. Table 3-2 describes the grids for the three domains.

Table 3-2. Descriptions of the 2005-based platform grids

Common

Name Grid

Cell Size Description

(see Figure 3-1) Grid name Parameters listed in SMOKE grid description (GRIDDESC) file: projection name, xorig, yorig, xcell, ycell, ncols, nrows, nthik

US 36 km or

CONUS-36 36 km Entire conterminous US plus some of

Mexico/Canada US36KM_148X1

12 ‘LAM_40N97W', -2736.D3, -2088.D3,

36.D3, 36.D3, 148, 112, 1

Big East 12

km 12 km Goes west to Colorado, covers

some Mexico/Canada EUS12_279X240 ‘LAM_40N97W', -1008.D3 , - 1620.D3, 12.D3, 12.D3, 279, 240, 1

West 12 km 12 km Goes east to Oklahoma, covers

some of

Mexico/Canada US12_213X192 'LAM_40N97W', -2412.D3 , -972.D3, 12.D3, 12.D3, 213, 192, 1 36km Domain Boundary

12km East Domain Boundary 12km West Domain Boundary

### 48

Section 3.2.1 provides the details on the spatial s urrogates and area-to-point data used to accomplish spatial allocation with SMOKE.



### 3.1.2 Chemical speciation configuration

The emissions modeling step for chemical speciation creates “model species” needed by the air quality model for a specific chemical mechanism. T hese model species are either individual chemical compounds or groups of species, called “mo del species.” The chemical mechanism used for the 2005 platform is the CB05 mechanism (Y arwood, 2005). The same base chemical mechanism is used with CMAQ and CAMx, but the imple mentation differs slightly between the

two models. For details of the chemical mechanism as it is implemented in CAMx, see the CAMx 5.2 user’s guide available from http://www.camx.com . The specific version of CMAQ used included secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and HONO enhancements as described in http://www.cmascenter.org/help/model_docs/cmaq/4.7/ RELEASE_NOTES.txt . This is unchanged from the CMAQ applications of the v4 plat form.

From the perspective of emissions preparation, the CMAQ CB05 mechanism is the same as was used in the 2002 platform except that additional in put model species are needed to support the nitrous acid (HONO) chemistry enhancements and addi tional input model species are needed to support SOA. Table 3-3 lists the model species pro duced by SMOKE for use in CMAQ; the only three input species that were not in the CAP 2 002-Based platform described in 2002 “CAPonly” platform ( http://www.epa.gov/scram001/reports/Emissions%20TSD %20Vol1_02-28- 08.pdf ) are nitrous acid (HONO), BENZENE and sesquiterpen es (SESQ). It should be noted that the BENZENE model species is not part of CB05 in that the concentrations of BENZENE do not provide any feedback into the chemical react ions (i.e., it is not “inside” the chemical mechanism). Rather, benzene is used as a reactive tracer and as such is impacted by the CB05 chemistry. BENZENE, along with several reactive CB O5 species (such as TOL and XYL) plays a role in SOA formation in CMAQ4.7.

### 49

Table 3-3. Model species produced by SMOKE for CB05 with SOA f or CMAQ4.7

Inventory Pollutant Model Species Model species des cription

CO CO Carbon monoxide

NO X 

### NO Nitrogen oxide

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

HONO Nitrous acid

SO 2 

### SO2 Sulfur dioxide

SULF Sulfuric acid vapor

NH 3 

### NH3 Ammonia VOC ALD2 Acetaldehyde

ALDX Propionaldehyde and higher aldehydes BENZENE Benzene (not part of CB05)

ETH Ethene

ETHA Ethane

ETOH Ethanol FORM Formaldehyde IOLE Internal olefin carbon bond (R-C=C-R) ISOP Isoprene

MEOH Methanol OLE Terminal olefin carbon bond (R-C=C)

PAR Paraffin carbon bond TOL Toluene and other monoalkyl aromatics XYL Xylene and other polyalkyl aromatics

Various additional VOC species from the biogenics model which do not map to

the above model species SESQ Sesquiterpenes

TERP Terpenes

PM 10 

### PMC Coarse PM > 2.5 microns and ≤ 10 microns

PM 2.5 

### PEC Particulate elemental carbon ≤ 2.5 microns

PNO3 Particulate nitrate ≤ 2.5 microns

POC Particulate organic carbon (carbon only) ≤ 2.5

microns

PSO4 Particulate Sulfate ≤ 2.5 microns

PMFINE Other particulate matter ≤ 2.5 microns

The approach for speciating PM 2.5 

### emissions in v4.1 is the same as v4 except that in addition to the on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm sectors, ex haust PM from diesel is provided to SMOKE as speciated emissions. Thus, the only PM sp ecies requiring speciation in SMOKE

from the onroad sector are the brake and tirewear P M2.5. Canada point sources have an SCC of 3999999999 and all use the Speciation profile ‘9203 7’ which is the “Industry Manufacturing Avge profile.” While this had not changed between v4 and v4.1, the documentation for v4 incorrectly stated that the Canadian point inventor y (othpt sector) was pre-speciated. The Canadian point source inventory is pre-speciated fo r VOC but not for PM 2.5 

### . One other

### 50

difference in PM 2.5 

### speciation is that we used a new profile (‘92200’) called “simplified profile - Marine Vessel – Main Boiler - Heavy Fuel Oil – Simp lified.” At the time that this profile was used, we anticipated its release with SPECIATE4.3.

The approach for speciating VOC emissions from non- biogenic sources is the same for the v4.1 platform as for the v4 platform, though there are s ome differences in the data files used. The approach is that:

1. For some sources, HAP emissions are used in the spe ciation process to allow integration

of VOC and HAP emissions in the NEI. This has the result of modifying the speciation profiles based on the HAP emission estimates which are presumed to be more accurate than the speciated VOC results for the HAPs; and,

2. For some mobile sources, “combination” profiles ar e specified by county and month and emission mode (e.g., exhaust, evaporative). SMOKE computes the resultant profile using the fraction of each specific profile assigned by c ounty, month and emission mode. A new feature and new profile file in SMOKE (the GSPR O_COMBO file) allowed the use of this approach for the 2005v4 platform, and its u se continues here.

The VOC speciation data files are different because we added another part of the nonpt sector to exclude from HAP VOC integration: the category of p esticide application. Additionally, the v4.1 platform used a new headspace profile represen tative of E0 gasoline, profile code 8762: “Gasoline Headspace Vapor using 0% Ethanol - Compos ite Profile“. This profile is part of SPECIATE4.3 and was used in place of the SPECIATE4. 0 profile 8737 (Composite Profile - Non-oxygenated Gasoline Headspace Vapor), which was used in the v4 platform. The new headspace profile was used for the same sources as was the previous headspace profile: year 2005 refueling and other ambient temperature evapor ative gasoline processes (portable fuel containers and any evaporation of gasoline associat ed with gasoline storage and distribution sources).

The below subsections provide a further description of the HAP/CAP integration and use of combination profiles. Section 3.2.2 provides the d etails about the data files used to accomplish these speciation processing steps.

3.1.2.1 The Combination of HAP BAFM (benzene, aceta ldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol) and VOC for VOC Speciation

The VOC speciation approach for the 2005v4.1 platfo rm differed from the 2002 platform in that we included, for some of the U.S. platform sectors, HAP emissions from the NEI in the speciation process. That is, instead of speciating VOC to generate all of the species listed in Table 3-3 as we did for the 2002 platform, we integ rated emissions of the 4 HAPs, benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) from the NEI with the NEI VOC. The integration process (described in more detail below ) combines the BAFM HAPs with the VOC in a way that does not double count emissions and uses the BAFM directly in the speciation process. We believe that generally, the HAP emissi ons from the NEI are more representative of emissions of these compounds than their generation via VOC speciation.

We chose these HAPs because, with the exception of BENZENE, they are the only explicit VOC HAPs in the base version of CMAQ 4.7 (CAPs only wit h chlorine chemistry) model. By

### 51

“explicit VOC HAPs,” we mean model species that par ticipate in the modeled chemistry using

the CB05 chemical mechanism. We denote the use of these HAP emission estimates along with VOC as “HAP-CAP integration”. BENZENE was chosen b ecause it was added as a model species in the base version of CMAQ 4.7, and there was a desire to keep its emissions consistent between multi-pollutant and base versions of CMAQ.

The integration of HAP VOC with VOC is a feature av ailable in SMOKE for all inventory formats other than PTDAY (the format used for the p tfire sector). SMOKE allows the user to specify the particular HAPs to integrate and the pa rticular sources to integrate. The particular HAPs to integrate are specified in the INVTABLE fil e, and the particular sources to integrate are based on the NHAPEXCLUDE file (which actually provi des the sources that are excluded from integration 8 

### ). For the “integrate” sources, SMOKE subtracts th e “integrate” HAPs from the VOC (at the source level) to compute emissions for the new pollutant “NONHAPVOC.” The user provides NONHAPVOC-to-NONHAPTOG factors and NO NHAPTOG speciation profiles. SMOKE computes NONHAPTOG and then applies the speci ation profiles to allocate the NONHAPTOG to the other air quality model VOC specie s not including the integrated HAPs. This process is illustrated in Figure 3-2. Note th at we did not need to remove BAFM from no-integrate sources in a sector where all sources are no-integrate because this is accomplished by through use of a SMOKE ancillary “INVTABLE” whic h essentially drops all BAFM in that

sector.

8 In SMOKE version 2.6 the options to specify source s for integration are expanded so that a user can s pecify the particular sources to include or exclude from integ ration, and there are settings to include or exclud e all sources within a sector. We did not take advantage of this new flexibility in processing v4.1 emissions or v4 emissions, but the user will now have the ability for easier inclu sion of specific sources to get the same result.

### 52

Figure 3-2. Process of integrating BAFM with VOC for use in VOC Speciation

Emissions ready for SMOKE

list of “no-integrate”
sources (NHAPEXCLUDE) Compute NONHAPVOC= VOC – (B + F + A+M) emissions for each integrate source

Retain VOC emissions for each no-integrate source

Assign speciation profile code to each emission sou rce

Compute: NONHAPTOG emissions from NONHAPVOC for each integrate source Compute: TOG emissions from VOC for each no-integr ate

source

TOG and NONHAPTOG
speciation factors (GSPRO) Speciation Cross Reference File (GSREF) **SMOKE**

Compute moles of each CBO5 model species. Use NONHAPTOG profiles applied to NONHAPTOG emissions and B, F, A, M emissions for integrate s ources. Use TOG profiles applied to TOG for no-integrate so urces

Speciated Emissions for VOC species VOC-to-TOG factors

NONHAPVOC-to-NONHAPTOG factors (GSCNV) **Step 2: Run SMOKE**

### 53

We considered CAP-HAP integration for all sectors a nd developed “integration criteria” for some of those. Table 3-4 summarizes the integratio n approach for each platform sector used in Step 1 of Figure 3-2.

Table 3-4. Integration status of benzene, acetaldehyde, formal dehyde and methanol (BAFM) for each platform sector

Platform Sector Approach for Integrating NEI emissions of Benzene ( B), Acetaldehyde (A),

Formaldehyde (F) and Methanol (M) ptipm No integration because emissions of BAFM are relatively small for this sector ptnonipm No integration because emissions of BAFM a re relatively small for this sector and it is not

expected that criteria for integration would be met by a significant number of sources avefire No integration ag N/A – sector contains no VOC

afdust N/A – sector contains no VOC nonpt Partial integration; details provided below t able nonroad For other than California: Partial integr ation – did not integrate CNG or LPG sources (SCC

beginning with 2268 or 2267) because NMIM computed only VOC and not any HAPs for these SCCs. For California: Full integration alm_no_c3 Partial integration; details provided bel ow table seca_c3 Full integration onroad Full integration biog N/A – sector contains no inventory pollutant " VOC"; but rather specific VOC species othpt No integration – not the NEI othar No integration – not the NEI othon No integration – not the NEI



### For the nonpt sector, we used the following integra tion criteria to determine the sources to integrate (Step 1):

1. Any source for which BAFM emissions were from the 1 996 NEI were not integrated (data source code contains a “96”).

2. Any source for which the sum of BAFM is greater tha n the VOC was not integrated, since this clearly identifies sources for which the re is an inconsistency between VOC and

VOC HAPs. This includes some cases in which VOC fo r a source is zero.

3. For certain source categories (those that comprised 80% of the VOC emissions), we chose to integrate sources in the category per the criteria specified in the first column in Table 3-5. For most of these source categories, we allow sources to be integrated if they had the minimum combination of BAFM specified in th e first column. For a few source categories, we designated all sources as “no-integr ate”. The one change we made from Table 3-5 for the v4.1 platform is highlighted: we changed pesticides application to “nointegrate.”

4. For source categories not covered in Table 3-5 (i.e ., that do not comprise the top 80% of VOC emissions), then as long as the source has emis sions of one of the BFAM pollutants, then it can be integrated.

### 54

Table 3-5. Source-category specific criteria for integrating n onpt SCCs for categories

comprising 80% of the nonpoint VOC emissions

minimum HAP(s)

needed SCC Tier 3 SCC Tier 3 Description Comments

BFA 2104008000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion;Residential;Wood

B 2501060000 Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum Product Storage;Gasoline Service Stations

BM 2440000000 Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Industrial;All

Processes Speciation profile: 3144 has no benzene but most records have it and they're from EPA (and Calif)

FAM 2401001000 Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Architectural Coatings

B 2310001000 Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production: SIC 13;All Processes : On-shore

M 2460000000 Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer and Commercial;All Processes

B 2501011000 Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum Product Storage;Residential Portable Gas Cans

M 2425000000 Solvent Utilization;Graphic Arts;All Processes

M 2465000000 Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer;All Products/Processes 3144 is profile, and it does have methanol (but no BFA).

BFA 2801500000 Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agricultural Field Burning - whole field se t
on fire 8746 is speciation profile and has BFA

M 2440020000 Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Industrial;Adhesive (Industrial) Application 3142 is speciation profile which has methanol (.32%) and 0 form (and no acetald, benz)

B 2501050000 Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum Product Storage;Bulk Terminals: All Evaporative

Losses

B 2310000000 Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production: SIC 13;All Processes

M 2465400000 Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer;Automotive Aftermarket Products 8520 is speciation profile which doesn't have benz but does have methanol. OR is only state with benzene which is negligible

Nointegrate (change

from v4 platform) 2461850000 Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Commercial;Pesticide Application: Agricultural Profile has no benzene. Inventory benzene came from solvent utilization data (Fredonia) for "other markets" for the year 1998. Since benzene no longer allowed in pesticides, use of a no-benzene profile would give more accurate results. Note that this is a change from the v4 platform, where this sector was “integrate.”

BFA 2630020000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery;Wastewater Treatment;Public Owned profile BFA 2002 (wastewater treatment plants). No methanol in profile. No methanol mentioned in POTW NESHAP (nor were A,F). Methanol in NEI documentation.

nointegrate 2461021000 Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Commercial;Cutback Asphalt profile 1007 has none of these HAP. Only Minnesota has a tiny amount.

nointegrate 2401005000 Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Auto Refinishing: SIC 7532 Only NY has benzene. Spec. profile is 2402

and has none of these HAP. Documentation

for NEI does not estimate this HAP.

use Integrate

case 2301030000 Industrial Processes;Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28;Process Emissions from Pharmaceutical Manuf (NAPAP cat. 106) profile 2462 - has nearly 8% benzene. Will

create a LOT of benzene with "no HAP use"

case.

M 2460200000 Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer and Commercial;All Household Products profile is 3146 contains only nonzero

methanol.

### 55

minimum HAP(s)

needed SCC Tier 3 SCC Tier 3 Description Comments

any 1 HAP 2415000000 Solvent Utilization;Degreasing;All Processes/All

Industries profile 8745 (non legacy but composite made up of a bunch of E-rated profiles )has M, B.

M 2401002000 Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Architectural Coatings

- Solvent

- based prof ile 3139 has only M

nointegrate 2401020000 Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Wood

Furniture: SIC 25 profile 2405 has no HAP

B 2505040000 Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum Product Transport;Pipeline

any 1 HAP 2610030000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery;Open Burning;Residential profile 0121 is old and has only hexane.

any 1 HAP 2610000000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery;Open Burning;All Categories profile 0121 is old and has only hexane.

FAM 2401003000 Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Architectural Coatings

- Water

- based profile 3140 has FAM

M 2460100000 Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer and Commercial;All Personal Care

Products profile (3247, nonlegacy based on CARB 1997 survey) has no M or B. However,

F reedonia was used for M.

M 2465200000 Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer;Household Products

M 2415300000 Solvent Utilization;Degreasing;All Industries: Cold Cleaning profile 8745 (non legacy but composite made up of a bunch of E

- rated profiles )has M, B.

any 1 HAP 2401040000 Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Metal Cans:

SIC 341 profile 2408 has none. - no HAPs in NEI so this SCC will not have any integrated sources

any 1 HAP 2401050000 Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Miscellaneous Finished Metals: SIC 34 - (341 + 3498) SPEC PROFILE 3127 has none - no HAPs in NEI so this SCC will not have any integrated

sources

any 1 HAP 2401200000 Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Other Special Purpose Coatings profile 3138 has methanol. Not legacy. 0.11% aerosol coatings.

B 2461800000 Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Commercial;Pesticide Application: All Processes 3001 is speciation profile (not legacy) "D" rating 2004. Calif. Testing for speciation profile from 2000. Has NO benzene!

Benzene came from solvent utilization data (Fredonia) for "other markets" for the year

1998.

M 2460800000 Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer and Commercial;All FIFRA Related

Products 3145 has M only and just a 0.01%

### 56

For the alm_no_c3 sector, the integration criteria were (1) that the source had to have at least one of the 4 HAPs and (2) that the sum of BAFM could no t exceed the VOC emissions. The criteria for this sector were less complex than the nonpt se ctor because it has much fewer source categories.

We used the SMOKE feature to compute speciation pro files from mixtures of other profiles in user-specified proportions. The combinations are s pecified in the GSPRO_COMBO ancillary file by pollutant (including pollutant mode, e.g., EXH__VOC), state and county (i.e., state/county FIPS code) and time period (i.e., mont h).

We used this feature for onroad and nonroad mobile and gasoline-related related stationary sources whereby the emission sources use fuels with varying ethanol content, and therefore the speciation profiles require different combinations of gasoline, E10 an E85 profiles. Since the ethanol content varies spatially (e.g., by state or county), temporally (e.g., by month) and by modeling year (future years have more ethanol) the feature allows combinations to be specified at various levels for different years.

3.1.2.2 Creation of model-ready mercury species

As part of 2005 platform, we created model-ready me rcury species by speciating any of the mercury in the NEI that was not provided as divalen t gaseous, elemental or divalent particulate mercury. The same speciation approach was used in the CAP and HAP 2002v3 platform.

For the EGU sector (ptipm), all emissions except fo r 0.87 tons of the 52.9 tons of total 2005 Hg was provided in the inventory as speciated emission s.



### 3.1.3 Temporal processing configuration

Table 3-6 summarizes the temporal aspect of the emi ssions processing configuration. It compares the key approaches we used for temporal pr ocessing across the sectors. We control the temporal aspect of SMOKE processing through (a) the scripts L_TYPE (temporal type) and M_TYPE (merge type) settings and (b) the ancillary data files described in Section 3.2.3. The one change made from the v4 to the v4.1 platform is the treatment of the afdust sector. In the v4 platform we used “aveday” settings and no use of ho lidays such that every day in a specific month had the same emissions. In the v4.1 platform , we used “week” settings and holidays and used profiles which were day-of-week dependent for some categories, such as road dust and tilling, where non-uniform profiles were being used for other pollutants associated with these

processes.

### 57

Table 3-6. Temporal settings used for the platform sectors in SMOKE, v4.1 platform

Platform sector Inventory

resolution Monthly

profiles

used? Daily

temporal approach 1,2 Merge

processing approach 1,3 Process

Holidays as separate days?

ptipm daily & hourly all all yes

ptnonipm annual yes mwdss all yes

o thpt annual yes mwdss all

o thpt_hg annual yes mwdss all
nonroad monthly mwdss mwdss yes

o thar annual yes mwdss mwdss
alm_no_c3 annual yes mwdss mwdss
seca_c3 annual yes mwdss mwdss on_noadj monthly week week yes on_moves_startpm monthly week week yes

on_moves_runpm monthly week week yes othon annual yes week week

nonpt annual yes mwdss mwdss yes

ag annual yes aveday aveday

afdust annual yes week week yes biog hourly n/a n/a

avefire annual yes aveday aveday

1 Definitions for processing resolution: all = hourly emissions computed for every day of th e year, inventory is already daily week = hourly emissions computed for all days in on e “representative” week, representing all weeks for each month, which means emissions have day-of-week varia tion, but not week-to-week variation within the

month mwdss= hourly emissions for one representative Mond ay, representative weekday, representative Saturday and representative Sunday for each month, which mea ns emissions have variation between Mondays, other weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays within the mo nth, but not week-to-week variation within the month. Also Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays are treated the same. aveday = hourly emissions computed for one represen tative day of each month, which means emissions for all days of each month are the same.

2 Daily temporal approach refers to the temporal approach for getting daily e missions from the inventory using the Temporal program. The values given are th e values of the L_TYPE setting.

3 Merge processing approach refers to the days used to represent other days in the month for the merge step. If not “all”, then the SMOKE merge step just run for representative days, which could include ho lidays as indicated by the rightmost column. The values gi ven are the values of the M_TYPE setting.



### In addition to the resolution, temporal processing includes a ramp-up period for several days prior to January 1, 2005, which is intended to miti gate the effects of initial condition concentrations. The same procedures were used for all grids, but with different ramp-up periods for each grid:

• 36 km: 10 days (Dec 22 - Dec 31)

• 12 km (East): 3 days (Dec 29 - Dec 31)

• 12 km (West): 3 days (Dec 29 - Dec 31)

### 58

For most sectors, our approach used the emissions f rom December 2005 to fill in surrogate emissions for the end of December 2004. In particu lar, we used December 2005 emissions (representative days) for December 2004. For bioge nic emissions, we processed December 2004 emissions using 2004 meteorology.



## 3.2 Emissions modeling ancillary files

In this section we summarize the ancillary data tha t SMOKE used to perform spatial allocation, chemical speciation, and temporal allocation for th e 2005v4.1 platform. The ancillary data files, particularly the cross-reference files, provide the specific inventory resolution at which spatial, speciation, and temporal factors are applied. For the 2005v4.1 platform, we generally applied spatial factors by country/SCC, speciation factors by pollutant/SCC or (for combination profiles) state/county FIPS code and month, and temporal fact ors by some combination of country, state, county, SCC, and pollutant.

For the v4.1 platform, we updated the 2005v4 ancill ary files in two major areas:

1. We used new data for spatially allocating oil and g as emission sources

2. We assigned spatial, temporal and speciation profil es to parking area emissions for additional vehicle types (new data from MOVES2010) and updated previous assignments for some vehicle types (summarized in Table 3-14 an d Table 3-15).

3. We updated the headspace VOC speciation profile we used for refueling.

4. We used a new profile for speciating PM 2.5 

### from C3 marine emissions.



### 3.2.1 Spatial Allocation Data

As described in Section 3.1.1, we performed spatial allocation for a national 36-km domain, an Eastern 12-km domain, and a Western 12-km domain. To do this, SMOKE used national 36-km and 12-km spatial surrogates and a SMOKE area-to-po int data file. For the U.S. and Mexico, we used the same spatial surrogates as were used for t he 2002v3 platform. For Canada we used a new set of Canadian surrogates provided by Environm ent Canada. The spatial data files we used can be obtained from the files listed below; these are available from the 2002v3CAP (for US and Mexico) and 2005v4CAP-BAFM (for Canada) platform we bsites (see the end of Section 1). The oil and natural gas surrogate files are posted at t he 2005v4.1 website. The following list of seven files provides descriptions of each of their conten ts and intended uses for the v4.1 platform.

• 36km_surg_2002v3mpCAP_smokeformat.zip : U.S. and Mexican surrogate files for 36-km spatial resolution (Canadian data contained i n this zip file was not used for the 2005-based platform except for the year 2000 mercur y data which is contained in the sector othpt)

• 12km_surg_2002v3mpCAP_smokeformat.zip : U.S. and Mexican surrogate files for surrogate files for 12 km spatial resolution (Canad ian data contained in this zip file was not used for the 2005-based platform except for the year 2000 mercury data which is contained in the sector othar)

• new36km_surg_2005v4_smokeformat.zip : Canadian surrogate files for 36-km spatial resolution for Canadian surrogates

### 59

• new12km_surg_2005v4_smokeformat.zip : Canadian surrogate files for 12-km spatial resolution for Canadian surrogates

• oil_and_gas36km_surg_2005v4.1_smokeformat.zip: Oil and gas surrogate files for 36-km spatial resolution for oil and gas surrogate (US)

• oil_and_gas12km_surg_2005v4.1_smokeformat.zip: Oil and gas surrogate files for 12-km spatial resolution for oil and gas surrogate (US)

• ancillary_2005v4.1_smokeformat.zip: spatial related data included are the grid description (GRIDDESC), surrogate description (SRGD ESC), surrogate cross reference file (AGREF), and area-to-point (ARTOPNT) file

The U.S., Mexican, and Canadian 12-km surrogates co ver the entire CONUS domain, though they are used directly as inputs for the two separa te Eastern and Western Domains shown in Figure 3-1. The SMOKE model windowed the Eastern a nd Western grids while it created these emissions. The remainder of this subsection provid es further detail on the origin of the data used for the spatial surrogates and the area-to-point da ta.

3.2.1.1 Surrogates for U.S. Emissions

There are 67 spatial surrogates available for spati ally allocating U.S. county-level emissions to the 36-km and 12-km grid cells used by the air qual ity model; 66 are the same as for the v4 platform, and one new surrogate, “Oil & Gas Wells, IHS Energy, Inc. and USGS” was added for

v4.1 which is discussed below. As described in Sec tion 3.2.1.2, an area-to-point approach overrides the use of surrogates for some sources. Table 3-7 lists the codes and descriptions of the surrogates.

Table 3-7. U.S. Surrogates available for the 2005v4.1 platform

.

Code Surrogate Description Code Surrogate Description

N/A Area-to-point approach (see 3.3.1.2) 515 Commercial plus Institutional Land

100 Population 520 Commercial plus Industrial plus Institutional

110 Housing 525 Golf Courses + Institutional +Industrial +

Commercial

120 Urban Population 527 Single Family Residential

130 Rural Population 530 Residential - High Density

137 Housing Change 535 Residential + Commercial + Industrial +

Institutional + Government

140 Housing Change and Population 540 Retail Trade

150 Residential Heating - Natural Gas 545 Personal Repair

160 Residential Heating - Wood 550 Retail Trade plus Personal Repair

165 0.5 Residential Heating - Wood plus 0.5 Low Intensity Residential 555 Professional/Technical plus General

Government

170 Residential Heating - Distillate Oil 560 Hospital

180 Residential Heating - Coal 565 Medical Office/Clinic

190 Residential Heating - LP Gas 570 Heavy and High Tech Industrial

200 Urban Primary Road Miles 575 Light and High Tech Industrial

210 Rural Primary Road Miles 580 Food, Drug, Chemical Industrial

220 Urban Secondary Road Miles 585 Metals and Minerals Industrial

### 60

Code Surrogate Description Code Surrogate Description

230 Rural Secondary Road Miles 590 Heavy Industrial

240 Total Road Miles 595 Light Industrial

250 Urban Primary plus Rural Primary 596 Industrial plus Institutional plus Hospitals

255 0.75 Total Roadway Miles plus 0.25 Population 600 Gas Stations

260 Total Railroad Miles 650 Refineries and Tank Farms

270 Class 1 Railroad Miles 675 Refineries and Tank Farms and Gas Stations

280 Class 2 and 3 Railroad Miles 680 Oil & Gas Wells, IHS Energy, Inc. and

USGS

300 Low Intensity Residential 700 Airport Areas

310 Total Agriculture 710 Airport Points

312 Orchards/Vineyards 720 Military Airports

320 Forest Land 800 Marine Ports

330 Strip Mines/Quarries 807 Navigable Waterway Miles

340 Land 810 Navigable Waterway Activity

350 Water 850 Golf Courses

400 Rural Land Area 860 Mines

500 Commercial Land 870 Wastewater Treatment Facilities

505 Industrial Land 880 Drycleaners

510 Commercial plus Industrial 890 Commercial Timber



### We did not use all of the available surrogates to s patially allocate sources in the v4.1 platform; that is, some surrogates in Table 3-7 were not assi gned to any SCCs. Appendix B provides the U.S. emissions assigned by the available surrogates for the CONUS domain region.

The creation of surrogates and shapefiles for the U .S. via the Surrogate Tool was discussed in the 2002v3 platform documentation and is not repeated h ere. The tool and updated documentation

for it is available at http://www.ie.unc.edu/cempd/projects/mims/spatial/ and http://www.cmascenter.org/help/documentation.cfm?MO DEL=spatial_allocator&VERSION=3. 6&temp_id=99999 . This same tool was used for the new surrogate 68 0, “Oil & Gas Wells, IHS Energy, Inc. and USGS”

The new surrogate “Oil & Gas Wells, IHS Energy, Inc . and USGS” was developed for oil and gas SCCs, which had previously (in the v4 platform) used surrogate 585. The data reflect data through 10/1/2005. The underlying data for this su rrogate is a grid of one-quarter square mile cells containing an attribute to indicate whether t he wells within the cell are predominantly oilproducing, gas-producing, both oil- and gas-produci ng, or the wells are dry or their production

status is unknown. The well information was initia lly retrieved from IHS Inc.'s PI/Dwights PLUS Well Data on CD-ROM, which is a proprietary co mmercial database containing information for most oil and gas wells in the U.S. Cells were developed as a graphic solution to overcome the problem of displaying proprietary well data. No proprietary data are displayed or included in the cell maps. More information can be obtained from http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds069/dds-069-q/text/layer.htm and http://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/rooms/utilities/layer _info.jsp?docId={A90AF432-612F-41F9-

A315-

### 61

7329FD933FB3}&type=download&docURL=http://certmappe r.cr.usgs.gov/data/noga00/natl/sp atial/doc/uscells05g.htm

The spatial cross-reference file was also updated t o assign onroad off-network (parking area) emissions from the MOVES2010 model, new to the 2005 v4 platform, were allocated as shown in

Table 3-8.

Table 3-8. Surrogate assignments to new mobile categories in t he 2005v4 platform

SCC & Description Surrogate
2201001350 Light Duty Gas Vehicles- parking areas r ural 2201002350 Light Duty Gas Trucks 1&2- parking areas rural 2201004350 Light Duty Gas Trucks 3&4- parking areas rural Rural population (same as rural local roads), code= 130

2201001370 Light Duty Gas Vehicles- parking areas u rban 2201002370 Light Duty Gas Trucks 1&2- parking areas urban 2201004370 Light Duty Gas Trucks 3&4- parking areas urban Urban population (same as urban local roads), code =120

2201070350 Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles 2B through 8B & Buses

(HDGV)- parking areas rural 2201070370 Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles 2B through 8B & Buses

(HDGV)- parking areas urban Commercial plus Industrial plus Institutional, code = 520



### 3.2.1.2 Allocation Method for Airport-Related Sourc es in the U.S.

There are numerous airport-related emission sources in the 2005 NEI, such as aircraft, airport ground support equipment, and jet refueling. Unlik e the 2002v3 platform in which most of these emissions were contained in sectors with county-lev el resolution – alm (aircraft), nonroad (airport ground support) and nonpt (jet refueling), the 2005 platform includes the aircraft emissions as point sources. As shown in Table 2-1, aircraft emissions are part of the ptnonipm sector, since the 2005v2 inventory included them as point sources.

Thus, for the 2005 platform, we used the SMOKE “are a-to-point” approach for only airport ground support equipment (nonroad sector), and jet refueling (nonpt sector). The approach is described in detail in the 2002 platform documentat ion: http://www.epa.gov/scram001/reports/Emissions%20TSD %20Vol1_02-28-08.pdf

.

We used nearly the same ARTOPNT file to implement t he area-to-point approach as was used for the CAP and HAP-2002-Based platform. This was slightly updated from the CAP-only 2002 platform by further allocating the Detroit-area air ports into multiple sets of geographic coordinates to support finer scale modeling that wa s done under a different project. We chose to retain the updated file for the 2005 platform. Thi s approach is the same in the v4.1 and v4 platforms.

3.2.1.3 Surrogates for Canada and Mexico Emission I nventories

We used an updated set of surrogates for Canada to spatially allocate the 2006 Canadian emissions for the 2005v4 platform with the exceptio n of the nonpoint Canadian mercury emissions. The updated set completely replaced the 2002v3 platform surrogates for allocating

### 62

the 2006 province-level Canadian emissions. The 20 02v3 platform surrogates for Canada were used for the mercury data in the sector other_hg be cause Canada did not provide updated mercury data with its 2006 inventory.

The updated surrogate data provided in the 2005v4 z ip files and described in Table 3-9 came from Environment Canada. They provided the surroga tes and cross references; the surrogates they provided were outputs from the Surrogate Tool (previously referenced). Per Environment Canada, the surrogates are based on 2001 Canadian c ensus data. We changed the crossreferences that Canada originally provided as follo ws: all assignments to surrogate '978' (manufacturing industries) were changed to '906' (m anufacturing services), and all assignments to '985' (construction and mining) and ‘984’ (const ruction industries) were changed to '907' (construction services) because the surrogate fract ions in 984, 978 and 985 did not sum to 1. We also changed codes for surrogates other than popula tion that did not begin with the digit “9”. The same surrogates were used for the 12-km domains as were used for the 36-km domain.

Table 3-9. Canadian Spatial Surrogates for 2005-based platform Canadian Emissions (v4.1 unchanged from v4)

Surrogate description Filename of 2005

Platform Surrogate Surrogate description Filename of 2005

Platform Surrogate
Population CA_100_NOFILL.txt asphalt CA_951_NOFILL. txt Total dwelling CA_901_NOFILL.txt cement CA_952_NOFI LL.txt Agriculture and Forestry and Fishing CA_902_NOFILL.txt
chemical CA_953_NOFILL.txt Waste Management

Service CA_903_NOFILL.txt
commfuelcomb CA_954_NOFILL.txt Upstream Oil and Gas (UOG) CA_904_NOFILL.txt downstream_petroleum CA_955_NOFILL.txt Mining and Oil and Gas

services CA_905_NOFILL.txt egu CA_956_NOFILL.txt Manufacturing services CA_906_NOFILL.txt grain CA_9 57_NOFILL.txt
Construction services CA_907_NOFILL.txt manufacturi ng CA_958_NOFILL.txt Transportation of Passengers and goods CA_908_NOFILL.txt mining CA_959_NOFILL.txt

Electric and Gas and

Water utilities CA_909_NOFILL.txt oilgas_distibution CA_960_NOFILL.txt Wholesaling

Merchandise services CA_910_NOFILL.txt smelting CA_961_NOFILL.txt Retailing Merchandise

services CA_911_NOFILL.txt
waste CA_962_NOFILL.txt
Government Services CA_915_NOFILL.txt wood CA_963_N OFILL.txt All Sales CA_920_NOFILL.txt asphalt industries CA_9 71_NOFILL.txt

Intersection of

AGRFORFISH and

MANUFACT CA_921_NOFILL.txt

cement industries CA_972_FILL.txt

Intersection of Forest and Housing CA_922_NOFILL.txt
chemical industries CA_973_FILL.txt

Intersection of

MININGOILG and

MANUFACT CA_923_NOFILL.txt

commercial fuel
combustion CA_974_FILL.txt Intersection of CA_924_NOFILL.txt downstream petrol eum CA_975_FILL.txt

### 63

Surrogate description Filename of 2005

Platform Surrogate Surrogate description Filename of 2005

Platform Surrogate

UTILITIES and

DWELLING industries

Intersection of

CONSTRUCTION and

DWELLING CA_925_NOFILL.txt

Electric utilities CA_976_FILL.txt

Intersection of

PUBADMIN and

DWELLING CA_926_NOFILL.txt

grain industries CA_977_FILL.txt

Commercial Marine

Vessels CA_928_NOFILL.txt manufacturing

industries 1 CA_978_FILL.txt HIGHJET CA_929_NOFILL.txt mining industries CA_979_ FILL.txt LOWMEDJET CA_930_NOFILL.txt smelting industries CA_ 981_FILL.txt OTHERJET CA_931_NOFILL.txt waste management CA_982_ NOFILL.txt
CANRAIL CA_932_NOFILL.txt construction industries 1 CA_984_NOFILL.txt

LDGV CA_934_NOFILL.txt construction and mining 1 CA_985_NOFILL.txt
PAVED ROADS CA_941_NOFILL.txt TOTALBEEF 2 CA_986_NOFILL.txt 2

UNPAVED ROADS CA_942_NOFILL.txt TOTALPOUL 2 CA_987_NOFILL.txt 2

Oil Sands CA_950_NOFILL.txt TOTALSWIN 2 CA_988_NOFILL.txt 2

TOTALFERT 2 CA_989_NOFILL.txt 2

1: Not used because fractions did not sum to 1; 2: Surrogates 986, 987, 988 and 989 were originall y numbered by Canada as 611, 615, 620 and 65, respe ctively. We changed the numbers so that all Canadian surrogates would begin with “9”.



### The Mexican emissions and single surrogate (populat ion) are the same in the v4.1 platform as were used in the 2005v4 and 2002 platforms.



### 3.2.2 Chemical speciation ancillary files

The following data file, provided at the 2005v4 web site (see the end of Section 1), contains the SMOKE inputs used for chemical speciation of the in ventory species to the CMAQ model species. SMOKE environmental variable names, used in the file names, are shown using capital letters in parentheses:

• ancillary_2005v4.1_smokeformat.zip: inventory table (INVTABLE), NONHAPVOC emissions calculation exclusions file (NHAPEXCLUDE) , speciation cross references (GSREF), speciation VOC-to-TOG conversion factors ( GSCNV), speciation profiles (GSPRO), and combined, monthly speciation profiles (GSPRO_COMBO).

The following subsections explain these SMOKE input files.

3.2.2.1 INVABLE and NHAPEXCLUDE

The INVTABLE and NHAPEXCLUDE SMOKE input files have a critical function in the VOC speciation process for emissions modeling cases uti lizing HAP-CAP integration, as is done for the 2005v4.1 platform.

We prepared two different INVTABLE files to use wit h different sectors of the platform. For sectors in which we chose no integration across the entire sector (see Table 3-5), we created a

### 64

“no HAP use” INVTABLE that set the “KEEP” flag to “ N” for BAFM pollutants. Thus, any BAFM pollutants in the inventory input into SMOKE w ould be dropped. This approach both avoids double-counting of these species and assumes that the VOC speciation is the best available approach for these species for the sector s using the approach. The second INVTABLE,

used for sectors in which one or more sources are i ntegrated, causes SMOKE to keep the BAFM pollutants and indicates that they are to be integr ated with VOC (by setting the “VOC or TOG component” field to “V” for all four HAP pollutants

.

We also prepared sector-specific NHAPEXCLUDE files that provide the specific sources that are excluded from integration (see Table 3-5).

3.2.2.2 GSPRO, GSPRO_COMBO, GSREF and GSCNV,

For VOC speciation, we generated the following SMOK E-ready profiles for the CB05 chemical mechanism using the Speciation Tool (Eyth, 2006):

• TOG-to-model species (used only for no-integrate so urces)

• NONHAPTOG-to-model species (used only for the integ rate sources)

• TOG-to-BENZENE (used only for no-integrate sources)

We added speciation profile entries that simply map NEI emissions of benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol to the model species BENZ ENE, ALD2, FORM and METHANOL, respectively. These profiles were used only for th e integrate sources. Note that we process the integrate and no-integrate sources using the same G SREF and GSPRO files. Thus, to avoid double counting of these HAP species, we removed BA FM pollutants for all no-integrate sources in the inventory. If the entire sector was no-inte grate, then we were able to remove these in SMOKE (by using “N” in the INVTABLE) but if a secto r was partially integrated, then we

needed to remove these HAPS from the actual invento ry input to SMOKE, but only for the no HAP use, no-integrate sources.

In addition to the speciation profiles, the Speciat ion Tool generates the SMOKE-ready speciation conversion files (GSCNV). We generated two of thes e: one containing profile-specific VOC-toTOG conversion factors and the other containing pro file-specific NONHAPVOC-toNONHAPTOG conversion factors.

The TOG and PM 2.5 

### speciation factors that are the basis of the chemi cal speciation approach were developed from the SPECIATE4.2 database ( http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/speciate/inde x.html ) which is EPA's repository of TOG and PM speciation profiles of air pollution sources . However, a few of the profiles we used in the v4.1 platform will be published in SPECIATE4.3 after the release of this documentation.

The SPECIATE database development and maintenance i s a collaboration involving EPA’s ORD, OTAQ, and EPA’s Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), and Environment Canada (EPA, 2006c). The SPECIATE data base contains speciation profiles for TOG, speciated into individual chemical compounds, VOC-to-TOG conversion factors associated with the TOG profiles, and speciation pr ofiles for PM 2.5 

### . The database also contains

the PM 2.5 

### speciated into both individual chemical compounds (e.g., zinc, potassium, manganese,

### 65

lead), and into the “simplified” PM 2.5 

### components used in the air quality model. These simplified components are:

• PSO4 : primary particulate sulfate

• PNO3: primary particulate nitrate

• PEC: primary particulate elemental carbon

• POC: primary particulate organic carbon

• PMFINE: other primary particulate, less than 2.5 m icrograms in diameter

As discussed earlier, for the v4.1 platform we upda ted the PM 2.5 

### profile used for category 3 marine vessels burning residual oil to use the prof ile: Marine Vessel - Main Engine - Heavy Fuel Oil which will be published in SPECIATE4.3. T his profile was compiled from data published in Emission Measurements from a Crude Oil Tanker at Sea, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 7098–7103. Previously the Draft Residual Oil Combustion – Simplified (92072) was

used. The SCCs affected were:

2280003000 Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercia l;Residual;Total, All Vessel Types 2280003010 Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercia l;Residual;Ocean-going Vessels 2280003100 Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercia l;Residual;Port emissions 2280003200 Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercia l;Residual;Underway emissions

The difference between the two profiles is provided in Table 3-10, and shows that the new profile produces much more organic carbon and less elemental carbon, sulfate, and other PM 2.5



### .
Table 3-10. Differences between two profiles used for commercia l marine residual oil

Pollutant Species Split factors new c3 profile

92200 used for v4.1 S plit factors residual oil

combustion 92072, used for v4

PM2_5 PEC 0.005 0.01

PM2_5 PMFINE 0.5022 0.54

PM2_5 PNO3 0 0

PM2_5 POC 0.1125 0.01

PM2_5 PSO4 0.3803 0.44



### We also updated the bituminous coal profile, 92095, which we had previously used for only a single nonpoint SCC (2101002000) with the sub-bitum inous profile 92084, which was used for all other coal combustion SCCs. We replaced profil e 92095 with 92084 for consistency. Table 3-11 shows the differences are shown below, though these are quite small and represent only a minor change to the SMOKE results:

### 66 Table 3-11. Differences between two profiles used for coal comb ustion

Pollutant Species Split factors sub

bituminous 92084 S plit factors

bituminous 92095

PM2_5 PEC 0.0188 0.01696

PM2_5 PMFINE 0.8266 0.827928

PM2_5 PNO3 0.0016 0.00208

PM2_5 POC 0.0263 0.026307

PM2_5 PSO4 0.1267 0.126725



### We made other updates to profile assignments for th e SCCs shown in Table 3-12 below as compared to the 2002 platform. These updates were kept for the v4.1 platform.

Table 3-12: PM 2.5 

### speciation profile updates assignments for the v4 platform

SCC New

Profile

Code Pollutant Profile Name

39900501 92025 PM2_5 Distillate Oil Combustion Source Type: Distillate Oil Combustion

49090021 92025 PM2_5 Distillate Oil Combustion Source Type: Distillate Oil Combustion

30890002 92072 PM2_5 Residential Oil Combustion Source Type: Residentia l Oil

Combustion

10100912 92091 PM2_5 Wood Fired Boiler Source Type: Wood/Bark Combustio n 10102018 92057 PM2_5 PM/SO2 controlled lignite combustion: Waste Coal C ombustion

50410563 92082 PM2_5 Solid Waste Combustion Source Type: Solid Waste Co mbustion

10100692 92048 PM2_5 Natural Gas Combustion Source Type: Natural Gas Co mbustion

50100511 92086 PM2_5 Tire Burning Source Type: Tire Burning

50100512 92082 PM2_5 Solid Waste Combustion: Solid Waste Combustion

2810040000 92035 PM2_5 HDDV Source Type: Aircraft Engines



### Key changes to the TOG profiles for the v4.1 platfo rm from the 2005v4 platform are as follows:

• Used new headspace profiles for E0 (no ethanol gaso line) and E10 (10% ethanol gasoline), which will be published in SPECIATE4.3. Profile 8762 is Gasoline Headspace Vapor using 0% Ethanol - Composite Profile and Prof ile 8763 is Gasoline Headspace Vapor using 10% Ethanol - Composite Profile. In 20 05, only the E0 profile is used. This was an oversight since we could have used the same combinations of profiles of E0 exhaust E10 exhaust (which are also the same combin ations of E10 evaporative and E10 evaporative) that we used for 2005. We did, howeve r use consistent combinations (E0/E10) in future year modeling for the headspace profiles as the evaporative and

exhaust combinations.

• Added the fuel-specific VOC profiles for the new pa rking area SCCs generated due to the fact that MOVES2010 was used for all vehicle types in the v4.1 platform. A summary of the assignments of all profiles (speciation, tempor al and spatial surrogates) is provided in Table 3-14 for gasoline vehicles and Table 3-15 for diesel vehicles.

Table 3-13 provides a summary of the 2005 speciatio n approach for mobile and other fuelrelated sources. It shows the updated profiles tha t form the 2005 combinations. The headspace

### 67

profile, 8762 is a new profile for the v4.1 platfor m, and is used for other nonroad refueling and other fuel-related stationary source emission categ ories in 2005.

Table 3-13

. Summary of VOC speciation profile approach by secto r for 2005

Inventory type and

mode VOC speciation approach

for fuels VOC

Profile

Codes 2005

sectors

Mobile onroad and nonroad

Exhaust E0 and E10

combinations (excludes Tier 2) 8750

8751 on_noadj

nonroad

Mobile onroad and nonroad Evaporative E0 and E10

combinations 8753

8754 on_noadj

nonroad Mobile nonroad Refueling Stationary (no mode assigned to VOC): Portable FuelContainers, bulk plant -topump, refinery-to-bulk

terminal E0 8762 Nonroad

nonpt

In future years, different profile combinations and a different headspace profile is used, due to the influx of greater quantities of ethanol in fuel s. Changes to the above profiles for future-year

scenarios will be discussed in more detail in the d ocumentation of future year emissions development for the rule or application of interest . In summary, we utilized additional profiles in the combinations that is appropriate. The profiles we added were Tier 2 profiles for E0 and E10 and an E10 headspace profile.

Speciation profiles for use with BEIS are not inclu ded in SPECIATE. The 2005 platform uses BEIS3.14, which includes a new species (SESQ) that was not in BEIS3.13 (the version used for the 2002 platform). Thus we added this species (it is mapped to the CMAQ species SESQT) to the set of profiles that we had been using in the 2 002 platform. The profile code associated with BEIS3.14 profiles for use with CB05 uses the same a s in the 2002 platform: “B10C5.”



### 3.2.3 Temporal allocation ancillary files

The emissions modeling step for temporal allocation creates the 2005 hourly emission inputs for the air quality model by adjusting the emissions fr om the inventory resolution (annual, monthly, daily or hourly) that are input into SMOKE. The te mporal resolution of each of the platform sectors prior to their input into SMOKE is included in the sector descriptions from Table 2-1 and repeated in the discussion of temporal settings in Table 3-6.

The monthly, weekly, and diurnal temporal profiles and associated cross references used to create the 2005 hourly emissions inputs for the air quality model were generally based on the temporal allocation data used for the 2002v3 platfo rm. For the v4 and v4.1 platforms, we added new profile assignments for SCCs in the 2005 invent ory that were not in the 2002 inventory, and we updated the profiles used for ptipm sources with out CEM data to represent the year 2005.

### 68

The following data file, provided at the 2005v4 web site (see the end of Section 1) contains the SMOKE inputs used for chemical speciation of the in ventory species to the air quality model species. SMOKE environmental variable names, used in the file names, are shown in capital letters in parentheses:

• ancillary_2005v4.1_smokeformat.zip: includes temporal cross reference files used across all inventory sectors (ATREF, MTREF, and PTR EF) and for ptipm sector (used for electric generating units) for the evaluation c ase (PTREF) and, temporal profiles (ATPRO, MTPRO, and PTPRO)

The starting point for our temporal profiles was th e 2002 platform. The remainder of this section discusses the development of the new temporal profi les or profile assignments used in the 2005v4 platform.

Canadian emissions

The profiles assignments for the Canadian 2006 inve ntory were provided by Environment Canada along with the inventory. They provided pro file assignments that rely on the existing set of temporal profiles in the 2002 platform. For poi nt sources, they provided profile assignments by PLANTID.

WRAP Oil and Gas Inventory Profiles

The WRAP 2005 oil and gas inventory SCCs utilized u niform monthly and day of week profiles (codes 262 and 7, respectively) and an hourly profi le (code 26) that put emissions in every hour, but weighted towards the day light hours.

Diurnal Profiles for Electric Generating Units (pti pm)

We updated the state-specific and pollutant-specifi c diurnal profiles for use in allocating the dayspecific emissions for non-CEM sources in the ptipm sector. We used the 2005 CEM data to create state-specific, day-to-hour factors, average d over the whole year and all units in each state. We calculated the diurnal factors using CEM SO 2 

### and NO X 

### emissions and heat input. We computed SO 2 

### and NO X 

### -specific factors from the CEM data for these pollu tants. All other pollutants used factors created from the hourly hea t input data. We assigned the resulting profiles by state and pollutant.

Onroad Parking Area Profiles

The SCCs and descriptions, along with the assignmen ts chosen are shown in Table 3-14 (gasoline vehicles) and Table 3-15 (diesel vehicles ). Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4 show the diurnal profiles referred to in the tables.

### 69

Figure 3-3. Diurnal Profiles based on road type (use local for “start”) and whether the road is

urban versus rural

Figure 3-4. Diurnal temporal profile for HDDV 2B through 8B at Parking areas Weekday Diurnal

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Hour of Day Rural Local: code = 2006

Urban Local: code = 2012 Weekend Diurnal (same codes)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

hr0 hr1 hr2 hr3 hr4 hr5 hr6 hr7 hr8 hr9 hr10 hr11 hr12 hr13 hr14 h r15 hr16 hr17 hr18 hr19 hr20 hr21 hr22 hr23 Weekend and Weekday diurnal profiles used for HDDV (except school/transit buses) At urban and rural parking areas (i.e., idling emiss ions) profile code =300070Table 3-14.Summary of spatial surrogates, temporal profiles, and speciation profiles used by gasoline vehicle types for the onroadparking area-related SCCs.GASOLINE VEHICLE TYPESSCC&DescriptionSurrogateTemporalProfile:MonthlyVariationTemporal Profile:Day of Week VariationTemporal Profile:Diurnal variationSpeciation Profile2201001350Light Duty GasVehicles- parkingareasrural2201020350 LightDuty Gas Trucks1&2- parking areasrural2201040350 LightDuty Gas Trucks3&4- parking areasrural2201080370Motorcycles (MC) -parking areasruralRuralPopulation(same asrural localroads)130Notapplicable–inventorycontainsmonthlyemissionsRURAL LD values are:Mon –Fri 12.1% 12.1%12.1% 12.1% 18.3%Sat/Sun: 15.3% 18.3%Weekly_code (forSMOKE) =20021Use same as profileasrurallocalroads(Rdtype=210).Code = 2006 (seeFigure 3-3, reddishcurve)Use same speciation profiles as what is used for LD GASvehicles on the other roadway types. *i.e.:EVP__VOC:COMBO of 8753 (Gasoline Vehicle -Evaporative emission - Reformulated gasoline) & 8754(Gasoline Vehicle - Evaporative emission - E10 ethanolgasoline) Note that these are the combinations usedin 2005.In some cases future year profiles may also include8755(Gasoline Vehicle - Evaporative emission - E85)EXH__VOC:COMBO of 8750&8751 These combinationsare used in 2005. In some cases future year profiles mayalso include combinations of 8752 (E85) , 8756 (tier 2exhaust, E0), 8757 (tier 2 exhaust, E10)EXH__PM2.5 not needed because OTAQ supplies prespeciated emissionsBRK_PM2.5 and TIR_PM2.5 use same as other roadways(92009 and 92087, respectively)2201001370Light Duty GasVehicles- parkingareasurban2201020370 LightDuty Gas Trucks1&2- parking areasurban2201040370 LightDuty Gas Trucks3&4- parking areasurban2201080370UrbanPopulation(same asurban localroads)120Notapplicable–inventorycontainsmonthlyemissionsURBAN LD values are:Mon-Fri14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8%16.0%Sat Sun 13.4% and 11.6%Weekly_code (forSMOKE) =20031Use same as profileasurbanlocalroads.(Rdtype=330).Code = 2012 (seeFigure 3-3, yellowcurve)Same as above71GASOLINE VEHICLE TYPESSCC&DescriptionSurrogateTemporalProfile:MonthlyVariationTemporal Profile:Day of Week VariationTemporal Profile:Diurnal variationSpeciation ProfileMotorcycles (MC) -parking areasrural2201070350Heavy DutyGasoline Vehicles2B through 8B &Buses (HDGV)-parking areasruralCommercialplusIndustrialplusInstitutional(code = 520)Notapplicable–inventorycontainsmonthlyemissionsRURAL HD values are:Mon-Fri16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8%15.9%Sat Sun 8.8% and 8.8%Weekly_code (forSMOKE) =20022Use same as profilerurallocal roads.Code = 2006 (seeFigure 3-3, reddishcurve)Same as above2201070370Heavy DutyGasoline Vehicles2B through 8B &Buses (HDGV)-parking areasurbanSame asaboveNotapplicable–inventorycontainsmonthlyemissionsURBAN HD values are:Mon-Fri17.7% 17.7% 17.7% 17.7%17.7%Sat Sun 7% and 5%Weekly_code (forSMOKE) =20032Use same as profileonurbanlocalroads.Code = 2012 (seeFigure 3-3, yellowcurve)Same as above72Table 3-15.Summary of spatial surrogates, temporal profiles, and speciation profiles used by diesel vehicle typesfor the onroadparking area-related SCCs from MOVES2010.DIESEL VEHICLE TYPESSCC&DescriptionSurrogateTemporalProfile:MonthlyVariationTemporal Profile:Day of Week VariationTemporal Profile:Diurnal variationSpeciation Profile2230001350 Light Duty DieselVehicles (LDDV)- parking areasrural2230060350 Light Duty DieselTrucks 1 through 4 (M6) (LDDT))- parking areasruralRuralPopulation(same as rurallocal roads)130Notapplicable– inventorycontainsmonthlyemissionsRURAL LD values are:Mon –Fri 12.1% 12.1%12.1% 12.1% 18.3%Sat/Sun: 15.3% 18.3%Weekly_code (for SMOKE)=20021Rationale: choose sameweekend/weekday variationfor all Light Duty Vehicleson all rural road typesUse same as profile asrurallocal roads(Rdtype=210).Code = 2006 (see Figure3-3, reddish curve)Rationale: choose samediurnal profile for allvehicles (except HDDV2B to 8B) for all ruralparking areas (which is theprofile used for rural localroads)Use same speciation profiles as what is used for LDDIESEL vehicles, irrespective of road type.i.e.:EVP__VOC:ZERO emissions (placeholder profile isrequired by SMOKE: 4547 (Gasoline Headspace Vapor- Circle K Diesel - adjusted for oxygenates)EXH__VOC:4674 (Diesel Exhaust - Medium DutyTrucks)PM2.5 : ZERO emissionsnot needed since OTAQsupplies pre-speciated emissions. Placeholder profile isrequired by SMOKE: 92042 (LDDV Exhaust –Simplified)BRK_PM2.5 and TIR_PM2.5 use same as otherroadways (92009 and 92087, respectively)2230001370 Light Duty DieselVehicles (LDDV)- parking areasurban2230060370 Light Duty DieselTrucks 1 through 4 (M6) (LDDT))- parking areasurbanURBANPopulation(same asurban localroads)120Notapplicable– inventorycontainsmonthlyemissionsURBAN LD values are:Mon-Fri14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8%16.0%Sat Sun 13.4% and 11.6%Weekly_code (for SMOKE)=20031Rationale: choose sameweekend/weekday variationfor all Light Duty Vehicleson urban road typesUse same as profile asurbanlocal roads.(Rdtype=330).Code = 2012 (see Figure3-3, yellow curveRationale: choose samediurnal profile for allvehicles (except HDDV2B to 8B) for all ruralparking areas (which is theprofile used for rural localroads)Same as above73DIESEL VEHICLE TYPESSCC&DescriptionSurrogateTemporalProfile:MonthlyVariationTemporal Profile:Day of Week VariationTemporal Profile:Diurnal variationSpeciation Profile2230071350 Heavy Duty DieselVehicles (HDDV) Class 2Bparking areas rural2230072350 Heavy Duty DieselVehicles (HDDV) Class 3, 4, & 5-parking areas rural2230073350 Heavy Duty DieselVehicles (HDDV) Class 6 & 7-parking areas rural2230074350 Heavy Duty DieselVehicles (HDDV) Class 8A & 8Bparking areas ruralRural primaryroadscode=210Rationale:most idlingwill occur attruckstopsNotapplicable– inventorycontainsmonthlyemissionsRURAL HD values are:Mon-Fri16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8%15.9%Sat Sun 8.8% and 8.8%Weekly_code (for SMOKE)=20022Construct new profileCODE=3000 which is lowat daytime and high atnight-time (11pm to 2am)See Figure 3-4Use same speciation profiles as what is used for HDDIESEL vehicles, irrespective of road type.i.e.:EVP__VOC:ZERO emissions (placeholder profile isrequired by SMOKE: 4547 (Gasoline Headspace Vapor- Circle K Diesel - adjusted for oxygenates)EXH__VOC:4674 (Diesel Exhaust - Medium DutyTrucks)PM2.5: ZERO emissionsnot needed since OTAQsupplies pre-speciated emissions. Placeholder profile isrequired by SMOKE: 92035 (HDDV Exhaust –Simplified)BRK_PM2.5 and TIR_PM2.5 use same as otherroadways (92009 and 92087, respectively)2230071370 Heavy Duty DieselVehicles (HDDV) Class 2Bparking areas urban2230072370 Heavy Duty DieselVehicles (HDDV) Class 3, 4, & 5-parking areas urban2230073370 Heavy Duty DieselVehicles (HDDV) Class 6 & 7-parking areas urban2230074370 Heavy Duty DieselVehicles (HDDV) Class 8A & 8Bparking areas urbanURBANprimary roadscode=200Rationale:most idlingwill occur attruckstopsNotapplicable– inventorycontainsmonthlyemissionsURBAN LD values are:Mon-Fri14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8%16.0%Sat Sun 13.4% and 11.6%Weekly_code (for SMOKE)=20031Construct new profileCODE=3000 which is lowat daytime and high atnight-time (11pm to 2am)See Figure 3-4Same as above74DIESEL VEHICLE TYPESSCC&DescriptionSurrogateTemporalProfile:MonthlyVariationTemporal Profile:Day of Week VariationTemporal Profile:Diurnal variationSpeciation Profile2230075350 Heavy Duty DieselBuses (School & Transit) - parkingareasruralRuralPopulation(same as rurallocal roads)130Notapplicable– inventorycontainsmonthlyemissionsUSE URBAN LD values:Mon-Fri14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8%16.0%Sat Sun 13.4% and 11.6%Weekly_code (for SMOKE)=20031Rationale: these vehiclesfollow profile of LD vehiclesbetter than HD; day of weekvariation should moreclosely follow urban (higherweekday than weekend)Use same as profile asrurallocal roads(Rdtype=210).Code = 2006 (see Figure3-3, reddish curve)Rationale: choose samediurnal profile for allvehicles (except HDDV2B to 8B) for all ruralparking areas (which is theprofile used for rural localroads)Same as above2230075370 Heavy Duty DieselBuses (School & Transit) - parkingareasurbanURBANPopulation(same asurban localroads)120Notapplicable– inventorycontainsmonthlyemissionsUSE URBAN LD values:Mon-Fri14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8%16.0%Sat Sun 13.4% and 11.6%Weekly_code (for SMOKE)=20031Use same as profile asurbanlocal roads.(Rdtype=330).Code = 2012 (see Figure3-3, yellow curveRationale: choose samediurnal profile for allvehicles (except HDDV2B to 8B) for all ruralparking areas (which is theprofile used for rural localroads)Same as above

### 75



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