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USDA Forest Service 

Research Paper INT-181 

1976 

LOGGING RESIDUES UNDER DIFFERENT 

STAND AND HARVESTING CONDITIONS, 

ROCKY MOUNTAINS 

Robert E. Benson 

and 

Cameron M. Johnston 

INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION 

Forest Service 

U. S. Department of Agriculture 

Ogden, Utah 84401 
i 

THE AUTHORS 

ROBERT E. BENSON is a research forester assigned to the Forest 

Residues Utilization Program, and has been with the Intermountain Station in Ogden and Missoula. His research includes 

studies in forest economics, wood products marketing, forest 

inventories, and resource analysis. 

CAMERON M. JOHNSTON attended the University of Montana from 

1965 to 1969. He worked as an Engineering Data Processor for 

the Northern Region from 1969 to 1972. In 1972, he became 

the Computer Programer for the Fuel Science research work 

unit at the Northern Forest Fire Laboratory. 
CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

METHODS FOR ESTIMATING RESIDUE VOLUME. 

AREAS STUDIED ••••••••.•••••••• 

1. Logging Residues--Clearcuts Logged to 

Conventional Utilization Standards ••• 

2. Logging Residues--Partial Cuts Logged to 

Conventional Utilization Standards •••• 

3. Logging Residues--Clearcuts Logged to 

Close Utilization Standards .•.•••• 

4. Logging Residues--Partial Cuts Logged to 

Close Utilization Standards •• 

VOLUME OF RESIDUES •.•••.•• 

CONDITION, SIZE, AND TYPE OF RESIDUES 

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION ••••••••••• 

Page 

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ABSTRACT 

Volume and characteristics of logging residues from 34 harvest 

areas are presented. Clearcuts and partial cuts logged to conventional utilization levels and to close utilization levels are included. 

Residue volumes ranged from almost 3, 600 ft3 /acre of. wood 3-

inches-plus down to about 550 ft 3 /acre, depending on treatment. 

More than 60 percent of the residues were sound. A high proportion 

of residues were in pieces under 9 feet in length. 
INTRODUCTION 

Much of the merchantable-size timber in the Northern Rocky Mountain States is in 

mature and overmature stands. Consequently, timber harvesting in these stands over the 

next several decades will involve handling sizable volumes of material such as dead 

trees, down material, and small, understory trees that are part of most mature stands. 

The volume and utilization potential of this "residue"--material other than green saw 

logs--is of immediate interest to both the wood products industry and the land manager. 

To the industry this residue represents a potential source of wood fiber to help offset 

increasingly tight saw-log supplies. To the land manager, utilization of this material 

can reduce the costs of postharvest treatments. 

This paper describes postharvest residues from 34 typical logging units in the 

Northern Rockies. Some of the units were logged to conventional utilization standards, 

other units or subunits were logged to more intensive utilization standards. 

Volumes and characteristics of residues can vary considerably from those reported 

here. However, these initial data should provide a general idea of the amounts and 

characteristics of residues left after logging. In addition, we hope that this paper 

will stimulate managers to make their own evaluations of logging residues. 

METHODS FOR ESTIMATING RESIDUE VOLUME 

The methods used in estimating residue volumes are based on a planar intercept 

technique: the measuring of pieces of down material that pass through an imaginary 

vertical plane superimposed along a random bearing from a sample point (fig. 1). This 

procedure has been developed by the Northern Forest Fire Laboratory for measuring fuel 

loadings. 1 ' 2 To this basic procedure we have added a more detailed description of characteristics that affect utilization potential: size of piece, species, defect, bark, and 

spiral grain (procedures on file at Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, Montana) .. 

Sampling procedure in these studies has been to establish a grid of about 25 to 

40 samples in each logging unit (units were generally about 20 to 50 acres in size). 

Each sample was a line consisting of several segments. Fine material up to l-inch 

diameter was measured on a 6-foot segment of the line; larger material from 1- to 3-inch 

diameter was measured on a 10-foot segment; and material over 3-inch diameter was 

measured on a longer segment usually 35 or 50 feet in length, depending on the amount 

1Brown, James K. 1971. A planar intersect method for sampling fuel volume and 

surface area. For. Sci. 17(1):96-102. 

2Brown, James K. 1974. Handbook for inventorying down woody material. USDA For. 

Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-16, 24 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah. 

1 
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RANDOM BEAR lNG 

FROM SAMPLE POINT 

ANY PIECE PASS lNG THROUGH 

THIS VERT I CAL PLANE UP TO 

6 FT ABOVE GROUND IS COUNTED 

Figure 1.--PZanar intereept layout. 

of down material. A similar technique using a continuous transect line is also 

available, 3 but we have used the grid system because it better served other measurement 

needs of the studies. 

Residue volumes were predicted by estimating the volume that would remain after 

logging, given the harvesting method and utilization level used on the area. This 

included (a) nonmerchantable material that was on the ground prior to harvest (not 

available on some areas), (b) cull and other nonmerchantable volume shown in the 

timber sale cruise data, and (c) volume of top boles from merchantable trees harvested, 

and from small stems, based on stand tables from sale cruise data. These predictions 

are compared to actual residues in tables that follow. 

3

Howard, James 0., and F. R. Ward. 1972. Measurement of logging residue--

alternative applications of the line intersect method. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note PNW-183, 

8 p. Pac. Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oreg. 

2 

-. 
The data were punched onto cards and processed by computer through the Northern 

Forest Fire Laboratory. However, the formulas presented in Brown's "Handbook" are 

simple enough that the basic volume computations could be made with a desk calculator. 

The description of larger pieces in terms of utilization potential involved more complex 

computer procedures developed by Johnston, and these are on file at the Northern Forest 

Fire Laboratory. 

AREAS STUDIED 

Residue volumes were measured on logged units in mature lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir/ 

larch, and mixed-conifer stands throughout Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. On areas where 

intensive logging research was being done, both preharvest and postharvest residues were 

measured in detail. In other areas, preharvest measurements could not be made, but by 

piecing together timber-sale appraisal and other data we have developed an estimate of 

preharvest volumes. A variety of silvicultural prescriptions, harvesting systems, and 

utilization levels are represented by the study areas. 

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1. LOGGING RESIDUES - CLEARCUTS LOGGED 

STUDY AREAS: 

LODGEPOLE PINE STANDS 

1. Bridger-Teton National Forest~ Wyoming.--Mature lodgepole pine stands harvested 

with ground-skidding equipment. Green saw logs were removed to a 6-inch top 

diameter; remaining material piled and burned. 

DOUGLAS-FIR/LARCH STANDS 

1. Lolo National Forest~ Montana.--Mature Douglas-fir/larch stands harvested with 

jammer and tractor-skidding equipment. Green saw logs were utilized from trees 

9 inches d.b.h. and larger to an 8-inch top diameter; dead material 50 percent 

or more sound was removed; remaining material slashed. 

2. Coram Experimental Forest~ Montana.--Mature Douglas-fir/larch stands harvested 

with running skyline system under (1) block clearcut and (2) group selection 

clearcut prescriptions. Green and recently dead saw logs utilized from trees 

7 inches d.b.h. and larger to a 6 inch top diameter with pieces one-third or 

more sound removed. Remaining material slashed. 

MIXED-CONIFER STANDS 

1. North Idaho State lands.--Mature mixed-conifer stands harvested with groundskidding equipment. Logs utilized from trees 10 inches d.b.h. to a variable 

top diameter, depending on log length. Pieces one-third or more sound removed 

(minor variations in these specifications between units). Remaining material 

slashed. 

4 
TO CONVENTIONAL UTILIZATION STANDARDS 

Figure 2.--Residue remaining after clearcut logged to conventional utilization 

standards~ lodgepole pine. 

RESIDUES REMAINING 

Preharvest volume Predictedl 

Total, residue, Actual residue 

Saw log 3 inches+ 3 inches+ 3 inches+ Fines 

M BF/a Ft 3/a Ft 3/a Ft 3/a Tons/a 

LODGEPOLE PINE 

1 27.7 10,164 3,524 3,567 12.8 

DOUGLAS-FIR/LARCH 

1 18.1 5,575 2,577 2,756 8.9 

2 21.5 6,970 3,051 2,371 11.0 

MIXED CONIFER 

1 24.0 2 7,947+ 2 3,946+ 3,141 10.6 

AVERAGE, ALL 22.8 7,664 3,274 2,958 10.8 

1 Based on preharvest measurements and utilization specifications. 2 Estimated from limited preharvest data; an undetermined volume of down material 

not included. 

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2. LOGGING RESIDUES - PARTIAL CUTS LOGGED 1 

STUDY AREAS 

DOUGLAS-FIR/LARCH STANDS 

1. Lolo National Forest overwood removal.--Mature Douglas-fir/larch overwood 

harvested with jammer and tractor skidding. Green saw logs from trees 

9 inches d.b.h. and larger were removed to an 8-inch top diameter; dead 

material SO percent or more sound removed. 

2. Salmon National Forest overwood removal.--Mature Douglas-fir/ponderosa pine 

overwood removed by helicopter. 

3. Lolo National Forest shelterwood.--Mature Douglas-fir/larch was harvested with 

tractor and jammer skidding; selected shelterwood trees left; green saw logs 

from trees 9 inches d.b.h. and larger were removed to an 8 inch top diameter; 

dead material SO percent or more sound removed. 

4. Coram Experimental Forest shelterwood.--Mature Douglas-fir/larch harvested, 

with trees 7 inches d.b.h. and larger cut; green saw logs to 6-inch top 

diameter and dead material one-third or more sound removed. 

MIXED CONIFER STANDS 

1. North Idaho State lands.--Mixed-conifer stands about 60 to 100 years old were 

commercially thinned with ground-skidding equipment; about half of standing 

trees removed. Cut trees were 9 inches d.b.h. and larger; logs to 6-inch top 

removed; some dead material and cedar poles also removed. 

6 

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TO CONVENTIONAL UTILIZATION STANDARDS 

Figure 3.--A "turn" of logs 

coming to landing in a 

partial-cut~ larch/Douglasfir stand logged to conventional utilization standards. 

Preharvest volumes 

Cut Total 

Saw log volume 3 inches+ 

M BF/a M BF/a Ft 3/a 

DOUGLAS-FIR/LARCH 

1 27.7 10.7 6,611 

2 - -not available3 36.1 20.5 8,695 

4 15.3 6.2 7,452 

MIXED CONIFER 

1 2 13.1 9.2 24,362 

AVERAGE, ALL 23.0 11.6 6,780 

Predicted I 

residue 3 

Ft 3/a 

1,328 

2,134 

3,846 

1,518 

2,206 

Actual residue 

inches+ Fines 

Ft 3/a Tons/a 

1,532 8.8 

1,359 5.4 

2,319 5.4 

1,938 10.2 

2,860 8.7 

2,002 7.7 

1 Based on preharvest measurements and utilization specifications. 2 Estimated from limited preharvest data; an undetermined amount of down material 

not included. 

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3. LOGGING RESIDUES - CLEARCUTS LOGGED TO, 

STUDY AREAS 

LODGEPOLE PINE STANDS 

1. Bridger-Teton National Forest.--Mature lodgepole pine was harvested using a 

feller-buncher, grapple skidder, and portable chipper. Green saw logs were 

removed to a 6-inch top diameter and all other material down to 3-inch 

diameter by 8-foot length was field-chipped. 

2. Bitterroot National Forest.--An overmature, high-elevation stand was harvested 

using small, rubber-tired skidders, small crawler tractors, and horse skidding. 

Sound material 3-inch-plus diameter, live and dead, was removed for saw logs, 

houselogs, posts, and corral poles. 

DOUGLAS-FIR/LARCH STANDS 

1. Coram Experimental Forest close log utilization.--Mature stands harvested with 

running skyline. Trees 7 inches d.b.h. and larger were cut; all pieces green 

and dead, one-third or more sound, down to 3-inch diameter by 8-foot length 

removed. Understory protected in skidding. 

2. Coram Experimental Forest close tree and log utilization.--Mature stands 

harvested with running skyline. Trees 5 inches d.b.h. and larger cut; all 

pieces dead and green, one-third or more sound, down to 3-inch diameter by 

8-foot length removed. Understory slased for burning. 

3. Coram Experimental Forest fiber utilization.--Mature stands harvested with 

running skyline. All stems l-inch diameter and larger cut and removed; 

1- to 5-inch diameter material was cut and bundled prior to logging to 

facilitate yarding. 

8 
CLOSE UTILIZATION STANDARDS 

Figure 4.--Field 

chipping residue in 

lodgepole pine stand 

logged to close utilization standards. 

Preharvest 

Saw log 

M BF/a 

LODGEPOLE PINE 

1 24.1 

2 5.2 

DOUGLAS-FIR/LARCH 

1 20.3 

2 22.0 

3 13.6 

AVERAGE, ALL 17.0 

volume 

Total Predicted 1 

3 inches+ residue 

Ft 3/a Ft 3/a 

9,673 595 

4,973 1,998 

7,534 2,362 

8,137 2,835 

6,297 2,630 

7,123 2,084 

Actual 

3 inches+ 

Ft 3/a 

731 

1,442 

1,424 

1,983 

1,214 

1,359 

1 Based on preharvest measurements and utilization specifications. 

9 

residue 

Fines 

Tons/a 

10.5 

(not avail.) 

11. 1 

11.5 

8.3 

10.3 
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4. LOGGING RESIDUES - PARTIAL CUTS LOGGED 

STUDY AREAS 

DOUGLAS-FIR/LARCH STANDS 

1. Coram Experimental Forest close log utilization.--Mature stands were harvested 

with skyline; shelterwood prescription with about half of overwood volume left. 

Trees 7 inches d.b.h. and larger were cut; all pieces green and dead, one-third 

or more sound, down to 3-inch diameter by 8-foot length removed. Understory 

protected. 

2. Coram Experimental Forest close tree and log utilization.--Mature stands 

harvested with skyline; shelterwood prescription with about half of overwood 

volume left. Trees 5 inches d.b.h. and larger cut; pieces dead and green, 

one-third or more sound, down to 3-inch diameter by 8-foot length removed. 

Understory slashed for burning. 

3. Coram Experimental Forest close fiber utilization.--Mature stands harvested 

with skyline; shelterwood prescription with about half of overwood volume left. 

All stems l-inch diameter and larger cut and removed; 1- to 5-inch diameter 

material cut and bundled prior to logging to facilitate yarding. 

MIXED-CONIFER STANDS 

1. North Idaho State lands commercial thinning.--Small sawtimber stand thinned 

with ground-skidding equipment. About half of volume left; pieces down to 

3-inch top diameter by 8-foot length removed. 

10 
TO CLOSE UTILIZATION STANDARDS 

Figure 5.--Shelterwood 

cut with close utilization in larch/ 

Douglas-fir stand. 

RESIDUES REMAINING 

Preharvest 

Total Cut 

volume volume 

M BF/a M BF/a 

DOUGLAS-FIR/LARCH 

1 9.7 5.3 

2 16.4 9.1 

3 14.6 6.7 

MIXED CONIFER 

1 16.3 8.0 

AVERAGE, ALL 14.2 7.3 

volume 

Total 

3 inches+ 

Ft 3/a 

5,940 

7,397 

5,938 

3,620 

5,723 

Predicted1 

residue, Actual residue 

3 inches+ 3 inches+ Fines 

Ft3ja Ft3ja Tons/a 

2,030 1,502 9.4 

2,664 1,610 2.4 

2,193 865 6.4 

620 548 6.4 

1,877 1,131 6.2 

1 Based on preharvest measurements and utilization specifications. 

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VOLUME OF RESIDUES 

The volume of residues 3 inches and larger rerna1n1ng after logging ranged from 

more than 3,567 ft 3/acre in a mature, lodgepole pine clearcut unit with conventional 

utilization, to 548 ft 3/acre in a young, mixed-conifer commercial thinning unit where 

"close" utilization was practiced (tables, pages 5, 7, 9, 11). 

The volume of residues was largest in clearcut units with conventional utilization 

(average 2,958 ft 3/acre) and smallest in partial cuts with close utilization (average 

1,131 ft 3/acre). It should be noted, however, that some individual areas with close 

utilization had as much residue as some areas with conventional utilization. This is 

because of differences in initial stand volumes and also because utilization specifications were not always followed exactly--both underutilization and overutilization 

occurred. 

Residue under 3-inch diarneter--"fines," measured in tons per acre--were heavier in 

the clearcut areas than in partial cuts. This is to be expected because in most clearcuts small sterns and defective trees were knocked down or slashed after logging. 

On the average, residue volumes were less than we had predicted, based on preharvest estimates of existing residues, and slash that would be created in logging: 

Actual residues as 

percent of predicted 

Area Average Range 

Clearcut/conventional 91 72 to 107 

Partial cut/conventional 91 50 to 188 

Clearcut/close 65 46 to 123 

Partial cut/close 61 39 to 88 

The conventional utilization areas had residue volumes that were closest to our predictions. On close utilization areas the loggers removed even more than we had anticipated. 

However, this was mainly on the Coram study area, where most of the close utilization 

units were located. This was a closely monitored research study with some unusual 

logging requirements, and this probably led to more material being yarded than the 

specifications called for. 

Variables such as habitat type, slope, logging equipment, and logging-layout 

specifications probably have some effect on residue volumes. However, there were not 

sufficient replications in the sample to draw any conclusions. (Data from individual 

logging units would be too lengthy to report here, but are on file at the Forestry 

Sciences Laboratory.) 

12 
CONDITION, SIZE, AND TYPE OF RESIDUES 

In addition to volume, the soundness and size of pieces (along with species) 

determines the utilization potential of residues. 

We sorted residues into four soundness or condition classes: 

Crumbly rot--the piece could not be handled; 

Solid rot--rotten, but it would hold together in yarding and handling; 

Sound defect--no rot, but it has deformities, splits, etc., that prevent it from 

use as a roundwood product; 

No defect--none of the above defects. 

The actual volume of residues in different condition classes varied along with total 

volume; therefore proportions of residue in each class are used as a basis for comparison. We found that conventional utilization areas had much higher proportions of 

sound residues than did close utilization areas: 

Conventional Close 

Percent Percent 

Crumbly rot 20 40 

Solid rot 19 33 

Sound defect 11 10 

No defect 50 17 

100 100 

To the extent that it may be possible to retrieve all residues, close utilization 

appears to substantially increase the recovery of sound materials. From a practical 

standpoint, the feasibility of recovering more material depends partly on the size of 

the pieces. We have determined the size distribution of sound pieces from some (not 

all) of the study areas. Based on these areas, most of the sound volume is in pieces 

under 9 feet in length (about 9 feet is needed to square the ends and produce an 8-foot 

13 
stud log or a 100-inch pulp bolt). Conventional utilization units had a higher proportion of long lengths than did close utilization units: 

Piece size_, sound p_ieces Conventional Close -

Length_, small-end diam. Percent of Percent of 

volume volume 

0 to 9 feet long 

3- to 6-inch diameter 37 45 

6-inch-plus diameter 44 48 

9 to 18 feet long 

3- to 6-inch diameter 9 4 

6-inch-plus diameter 4 1 

19-feet-plus long 

3- to 6-inch diameter 4 1 

6-inch-plus diameter 2 1 

100 100 

Sometimes managers are interested in knowing just how much green residue material 

is created in logging. On most units we identified residues as green (freshly created 

by harvesting operation) or dead. We found that nearly half the volume in conventional 

logging units is green, but only a small amount of green material was left in close 

utilization units: 

Conventional utilization 

Partial cuts 

Clearcuts 

Close utilization 

Dead 

Percent 

56 

51 

88 

Green 

Percent 

44 

49 

12 

This was expected because although close utilization specifications for dead 

material varied somewhat, they always called for removal of sound green pieces down to 

4- or 3-inch diameter. 

14 
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 

This report presents the initial summaries of some of the basic residue data we 

have compiled to date. Additional detailed information on file, such as on bark volume, 

species, and product potential, remains to be analyzed, and will be published in future 

reports. 

We have summarized highlights of this report in terms of questions we have been 

asked most frequently since we have begun quantifying residues. 

1. What volumes of residues remain after logging?--This varies by species, utilization specifications, and a number of other factors. On the average we found about 35 

percent of the initial cubic volume (3-inch-plus) of the stand remained as residue 

following conventional utilization; and about 20 percent of the initial volume where 

closer utilization was practiced (tables, pages 5, 7, 9, 11). In terms of actual volumes, 

clearcutting with conventional utilization averaged about 3,000 ft 3/acre of residues, 

and partial cutting with conventional utilization averaged about 2,000 ft 3 /acre. 

2. Can residue volumes be predicted?--Using standard timber-sale data, plus some 

additional preharvest measurements of down material we developed estimates that fairly 

accurately predicted residues in conventionally logged areas. Under close utilization, 

and under research study conditions, we generally overestimated the amount residue 

remaining. This was primarily because logging removed more than was called for in the 

specifications. 

3. What is the condition of logging residues?--Condition varies with original 

stand conditions, but on the average, we found that under conventional utilization 

over 60 percent of the residue had no rotten defect. Nearly half the residue that had 

rot was solid enough to be handled and was potentially usable for pulp, fuel, or fiber 

products. 

4. Are residues recoverable and utiZizabZe?--A high proportion of residues appear 

to be sound enough for either fiber or roundwood-product use. Over 80 percent of the 

sound pieces are under 9 feet long, the current minimum length for products such as 

stud logs, pulp bolts, and house logs. Shorter pieces would be usable for fuel and 

fiber products, although yarding and handling them may pose some technical and economic 

problems. Developing logging procedures that would reduce breakage might be a partial 

solution. 

15 

*U.S.GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1976 -o- 677-328/48 
r-------

•P ·- ~~··• '!,. ~ ~,·!~!~'":!- ~--~,.Jfil:!,_(~ r--": ..,..,":' ~~ ~ ~~ ~!"" ~ ~'~!' ~r"' ~ !'!Jf 'l!r-.. ~ ~~--,~ ~ .._, ~~ t~ 1 ~· !'!' ~ ·~ ~ ~ l.llli!'! ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~·'\.PP ""'l .... ~~ "'!''! 

Benson, Robert E. , and Cameron M. Johnston 

1976. Logging residues under different stand and harvesting 

conditions, Rocky Mountains. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. 

INT-181, 15 p. Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment 

Station, Ogden, Utah 84401. 

Volume and characteristics of logging residues from 34 harvest areas are presented. Clearcuts and partial cuts logged to 

conventional utilization levels and to close utilization levels are 

included. Residue volumes ranged from almost 3, 600 ft3 /acre of 

wood 3-inches-plus down to about 550 ft3 /acre, depending on 

treatment. More than 60 percent of the residues were sound. A 

high proportion of residues were in pieces under 9 feet in length. 

OXFORD: 332. 3, 331, 432.16 

KEYWORDS: logging, slash, fuels, harvest systems, residue 

Benson, Robert E., and Cameron M. Johnston 

1976. Logging residues under different sta

conditions, Rocky Mountains. USDA For

INT-181, 15 p. Intermountain Forest & 

station, Ogden, Utah 84401. 

Volume and characteristics of logging resid

vest areas are presented. Clearcuts and par

conventional utilization levels and to close util

included. Residue volumes ranged from almost 

wood 3-inches-plus down to about 550 ft3 /ac

treatment. More than 60 percent of the residu

high proportion of residues were in pieces und

OXFORD: 332. 3, 331, 432. 16 

KEYWORDS: logging, slash, fuels, harvest sys

~ ,.,.,.. ,_ r- •" •• ,... .... • • -,~, .... ~ '"!' -. ··,r- -···.'!"'" ,,... .., .,.,.1! • ~ ... .___.;,. .. ,.. ••· • • t!"'"' ~ ..... ·• • - -• '• • ., r<\,..'- - ...,. . .,

- . I ...,..,..,. 

t· ,_ ... ,.,.~ ·~ .. --:r ... 

Benson, Robert E., and Cameron M. Johnston 

1976. Logging residues under different stand and harvesting 

conditions, Rocky Mountains. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. 

INT-181, 15 p. Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment 

Station, Ogden, Utah 84401. 

Volume and characteristics of logging residues from 34 harvest areas are presented. Clearcuts and partial cuts logged to 

conventional utilization levels and to close utilization levels are 

included. Residue volumes ranged from almost 3, 600 ft3 /acre of 

wood 3-inches-plus down to about 550 ft3 /acre, depending on 

treatment. More than 60 percent of the residues were sound. A 

high proportion of residues were in pieces under 9 feet in length. 

OXFORD: 332. 3, 331, 432.16 

KEYWORDS: logging, slash, fuels, harvest systems, residue 

I 

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Benson, Robert E., and Cameron M. Johnston 

1976. Logging residues under different sta

conditions, Rocky Mountains. USDA For

INT-181, 15 p. Intermountain Forest & 

Station, Ogden, Utah 84401. 

Volume and characteristics of logging resid

vest areas are presented. Clearcuts and par

conventional utilization levels and to close util

included. Residue volumes ranged from almost 

wood 3-inches-plus down to ahout 550 ft3 /ac

treatment. More than 60 percent of the residu

high proportion of residues were in pieces und

OXFORD: 332. 3, 331, 432. 16 

KEYWORDS: logging, slash, fuels, harvest sys
Headquarters for the Intermountain Forest and 

Range Experiment Station are in Ogden, Utah. 

Field programs and research work units are 

maintained in: 

Billings, Montana 

Boise, Idaho 

Bozeman, Montana (in cooperation with 

Montana State University) 

Logan, Utah (in cooperation with Utah State 

University) 

Missoula, Montana (in cooperation with 

University of Montana) 

Moscow, Idaho (in cooperation with the 

University of Idaho) 

Provo, Utah (in cooperation with Brigham 

Young University) 

Reno, Nevada (in cooperation with the 

University of Nevada) 
GROWING FROMIAti 

U.S. FORE'SEY 

CENTENNIAL