MAY 2013

NATIONAL STRATEGY

FOR THE ARCTIC REGION
THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON

May 10, 2013

We in the lower forty-eight and Hawaii join Alaska’s residents in recognizing one simple 

truth that the Arctic is an amazing place.

The Arctic is one of our planet’s last great frontiers. Our pioneering spirit is naturally drawn 

to this region, for the economic opportunities it presents and in recognition of the need to 

protect and conserve this unique, valuable, and changing environment. As we consider how 

to make the most of the emerging economic opportunities in the region, we recognize that 

we must exercise responsible stewardship, using an integrated management approach and 

making decisions based on the best available information, with the aim of promoting healthy, 

sustainable, and resilient ecosystems over the long term. 

The Arctic region is peaceful, stable, and free of conflict. The United States and its Arctic 

allies and partners seek to sustain this spirit of trust, cooperation and collaboration, both 

internationally and domestically. Together, we have made much progress on issues of 

common concern, such as search and rescue, and pollution prevention and response. Working 

together, we will continue to increase our understanding of the region through scientific 

research and traditional knowledge. 

Through the National Strategy for the Arctic Region, we articulate our strategic priorities to 

position the United States to meet the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. We will 

seek to prioritize and effectively integrate the work of Federal departments and agencies 

with activities that are already underway in the State of Alaska and at the international level. 

And we will partner with the State of Alaska and Alaska Natives, as well as the international 

community and the private sector, to develop innovative solutions and new ways of operating.

The Arctic is changing. We must proceed, cognizant of what we must do now, and consistent 

with our principles and goals for the future.
NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR THE ARCTIC REGION

Table of Contents

Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................................. 2

Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Changing Conditions .............................................................................................................................................................. 5

Lines of Effort............................................................................................................................................................................ 6

1. Advance United States Security Interests....................................................................................................... 6

2. Pursue Responsible Arctic Region Stewardship.......................................................................................... 7

3. Strengthen International Cooperation............................................................................................................. 8

Guiding Principles .................................................................................................................................................................10

Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................11
2

Executive Summary

“The United States is an Arctic Nation with broad and fundamental interests in the Arctic 

Region, where we seek to meet our national security needs, protect the environment, 

responsibly manage resources, account for indigenous communities, support scientific 

research, and strengthen international cooperation on a wide range of issues.”1

The National Strategy for the Arctic Region sets forth the United States Government’s 

strategic priorities for the Arctic region. This strategy is intended to position the 

United States to respond effectively to challenges and emerging opportunities arising from 

significant increases in Arctic activity due to the diminishment of sea ice and the 

emergence of a new Arctic environment. It defines U.S. national security interests in the 

Arctic region and identifies prioritized lines of effort, building upon existing initiatives by 

Federal, state, local, and tribal authorities, the private sector, and international partners, 

and aims to focus efforts where opportunities exist and action is needed. It is designed to 

meet the reality of a changing Arctic environment, while we simultaneously pursue our 

global objective of combating the climatic changes that are driving these environmental 

conditions. Our strategy is built on three lines of effort:

1. Advance United States Security Interests – We will enable our vessels and aircraft to 

operate, consistent with international law, through, under, and over the airspace and 

waters of the Arctic, support lawful commerce, achieve a greater awareness of activity 

in the region, and intelligently evolve our Arctic infrastructure and capabilities, 

including ice-capable platforms as needed. U.S. security in the Arctic encompasses a 

broad spectrum of activities, ranging from those supporting safe commercial and 

scientific operations to national defense.

2. Pursue Responsible Arctic Region Stewardship – We will continue to protect the 

Arctic environment and conserve its resources; establish and institutionalize an

integrated Arctic management framework; chart the Arctic region; and employ 

scientific research and traditional knowledge to increase understanding of the Arctic.

3. Strengthen International Cooperation – Working through bilateral relationships and 

multilateral bodies, including the Arctic Council, we will pursue arrangements that 

advance collective interests, promote shared Arctic state prosperity, protect the Arctic 

environment, and enhance regional security, and we will work toward U.S. accession to 

the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Law of the Sea Convention).

Our approach will be informed by the following guiding principles:

• Safeguard Peace and Stability – Seek to maintain and preserve the Arctic region as an 

area free of conflict, acting in concert with allies, partners, and other interested parties.

Support and preserve: international legal principles of freedom of navigation and 

overflight and other uses of the sea and airspace related to these freedoms, unimpeded 

lawful commerce, and the peaceful resolution of disputes for all nations.

 

1 National Security Strategy, May 2010.
3

• Make Decisions Using the Best Available Information – Across all lines of effort, 

decisions need to be based on the most current science and traditional knowledge. 2

• Pursue Innovative Arrangements – Foster partnerships with the State of Alaska, 

Arctic states, other international partners, and the private sector to more efficiently 

develop, resource, and manage capabilities, where appropriate and feasible, to better 

advance our strategic priorities in this austere fiscal environment.

• Consult and Coordinate with Alaska Natives – Engage in a consultation process with

Alaska Natives, recognizing tribal governments’ unique legal relationship with the 

United States and providing for meaningful and timely opportunity to inform Federal 

policy affecting Alaskan Native communities. 

 2 Traditional knowledge refers to a body of evolving practical knowledge based on observations and personal 

experience of indigenous communities over an extensive, multigenerational time period. (BOEM Ocean 

Science, Vol. 9, Issue 2, May/April/June 2012, page 4).
4

Introduction

We seek an Arctic region that is stable and free of conflict, where nations act responsibly in 

a spirit of trust and cooperation, and where economic and energy resources are developed 

in a sustainable manner that also respects the fragile environment and the interests and 

cultures of indigenous peoples.

As the United States addresses these opportunities and challenges, we will be guided by 

our central interests in the Arctic region, which include providing for the security of the 

United States; protecting the free flow of resources and commerce; protecting the 

environment; addressing the needs of indigenous communities; and enabling scientific 

research. In protecting these interests, we draw from our long-standing policy and 

approach to the global maritime spaces in the 20th century, including freedom of 

navigation and overflight and other internationally lawful uses of the sea and airspace 

related to these freedoms; security on the oceans; maintaining strong relationships with 

allies and partners; and peaceful resolution of disputes without coercion.

To achieve this vision, the United States is establishing an overarching national approach to 

advance national security interests, pursue responsible stewardship of this precious and 

unique region, and serve as a basis for cooperation with other Arctic states3 and the 

international community as a whole to advance common interests. 

Even as we work domestically and internationally to minimize the effects of climate 

change, the effects are already apparent in the Arctic. Ocean resources are more readily

accessible as sea ice diminishes, but thawing ground is threatening communities as well as

hindering land-based activities, including access to resources. Diminishing land and sea ice 

is altering ecosystems and the services they provide. As an Arctic nation, the United States 

must be proactive and disciplined in addressing changing regional conditions and in 

developing adaptive strategies to protect its interests. An undisciplined approach to 

exploring new opportunities in this frontier could result in significant harm to the region, 

to our national security interests, and to the global good. 

When implementing this strategy, the United States will proceed in a thoughtful, 

responsible manner that leverages expertise, resources, and cooperation from the State of 

Alaska, Alaska Natives, and stakeholders across the entire nation and throughout the 

international community. We will encourage and use science-informed decisionmaking to 

aid this effort. We will endeavor to do no harm to the sensitive environment or to Alaska 

native communities and other indigenous populations that rely on Arctic resources. Just as 

a common spirit and shared vision of peaceful partnership led to the development of an 

international space station, we believe much can be achieved in the Arctic region through 

collaborative international efforts, coordinated investments, and public-private 

partnerships. 

 3 Arctic state is defined as one of the eight nations making up the permanent membership of the Arctic 

Council and includes the following nations: Canada, Denmark (including Greenland and the Faroe Islands),

Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States.
5

Structure of the Strategy 

Through this National Strategy for the Arctic Region, we seek to guide, prioritize, and 

synchronize efforts to protect U.S. national and homeland security interests, promote 

responsible stewardship, and foster international cooperation. 

This strategy articulates three priority lines of effort. It also identifies guiding principles as 

a foundation for Arctic region activities. Through a deliberate emphasis on the priority 

lines of effort and objectives, it aims to achieve a national unity of effort that is consistent 

with our domestic and international legal rights, obligations, and commitments and that is 

well coordinated with our Arctic neighbors and the international community. These lines 

of effort identify common themes where specific emphasis and activities will be focused to 

ensure that strategic priorities are met. The three lines of effort, as well as the guiding 

principles are meant to be acted upon as a coherent whole.

Changing Conditions

While the Arctic region has experienced warming and cooling cycles over millennia, the 

current warming trend is unlike anything previously recorded. The reduction in sea ice has 

been dramatic, abrupt, and unrelenting. The dense, multi-year ice is giving way to thin 

layers of seasonal ice, making more of the region navigable year-round. Scientific estimates 

of technically recoverable conventional oil and gas resources north of the Arctic Circle total 

approximately 13 percent of the world’s undiscovered oil and 30 percent of the world’s 

undiscovered gas deposits, as well as vast quantities of mineral resources, including rare 

earth elements, iron ore, and nickel.4 These estimates have inspired fresh ideas for 

commercial initiatives and infrastructure development in the region. As portions of the 

Arctic Ocean become more navigable, there is increasing interest in the viability of the 

Northern Sea Route and other potential routes, including the Northwest Passage, as well as 

in development of Arctic resources. 

For all of the opportunities emerging with the increasing accessibility and economic and 

strategic interests in the Arctic, the opening and rapid development of the Arctic region 

presents very real challenges. On the environmental front, reduced sea ice is having an 

immediate impact on indigenous populations as well as on fish and wildlife. Moreover, 

there may be potentially profound environmental consequences of continued ocean 

warming and Arctic ice melt. These consequences include altering the climate of lower 

latitudes, risking the stability of Greenland’s ice sheet, and accelerating the thawing of the 

Arctic permafrost in which large quantities of methane – a potent driver of climate change 

– as well as pollutants such as mercury are stored. Uncoordinated development – and the 

consequent increase in pollution such as emissions of black carbon or other substances 

from fossil fuel combustion – could have unintended consequences on climate trends, 

fragile ecosystems, and Arctic communities. It is imperative that the United States 

proactively establish national priorities and objectives for the Arctic region. 

 4 U.S. Geological Survey, “Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of 

the Arctic Circle,” fact sheet, 2008, http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf. 
6

Lines of Effort

To meet the challenges and opportunities in the Arctic region, and in furtherance of 

established Arctic Region Policy5, we will pursue the following lines of effort and 

supporting objectives in a mutually reinforcing manner that incorporates the broad range 

of U.S. current activities and interests in the Arctic region.

1. Advance United States Security Interests

Our highest priority is to protect the American people, our sovereign territory and rights, 

natural resources, and interests of the United States. To this end, the United States will 

identify, develop, and maintain the capacity and capabilities necessary to promote safety, 

security, and stability in the region through a combination of independent action, bilateral 

initiatives, and multilateral cooperation. We acknowledge that the protection of our 

national security interests in the Arctic region must be undertaken with attention to

environmental, cultural, and international considerations outlined throughout this

strategy. As many nations across the world aspire to expand their role in the Arctic, we 

encourage Arctic and non-Arctic states to work collaboratively through appropriate fora to 

address the emerging challenges and opportunities in the Arctic region, while we remain 

vigilant to protect the security interests of the United States and our allies. 

To accomplish this line of effort, the United States Government will seek to:

• Evolve Arctic Infrastructure and Strategic Capabilities – Working cooperatively 

with the State of Alaska, local, and tribal authorities, as well as public and private sector 

partners, we will develop, maintain, and exercise the capacity to execute Federal

responsibilities in our Arctic waters, airspace, and coastal regions, including the 

capacity to respond to natural or man-made disasters. We will carefully tailor this 

regional infrastructure, as well as our response capacity, to the evolving human and 

commercial activity in the Arctic region.

• Enhance Arctic Domain Awareness – We seek to improve our awareness of activities, 

conditions, and trends in the Arctic region that may affect our safety, security, 

environmental, or commercial interests. The United States will endeavor to 

appropriately enhance sea, air, and space capabilities as Arctic conditions change, and 

to promote maritime-related information sharing with international, public, and private 

sector partners, to support implementation of activities such as the search-and-rescue 

agreement signed by Arctic states.

• Preserve Arctic Region Freedom of the Seas – The United States has a national 

interest in preserving all of the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace 

recognized under international law. We will enable prosperity and safe transit by 

developing and maintaining sea, under-sea, and air assets and necessary infrastructure.

In addition, the United States will support the enhancement of national defense, law 

enforcement, navigation safety, marine environment response, and search-and-rescue

capabilities. Existing international law provides a comprehensive set of rules governing

the rights, freedoms, and uses of the world’s oceans and airspace, including the Arctic. 

 5 National Security Presidential Directive-66/Homeland Security Presidential Directive-25, January 2009.
7

The law recognizes these rights, freedoms, and uses for commercial and military vessels

and aircraft. Within this framework, we shall further develop Arctic waterways 

management regimes, including traffic separation schemes, vessel tracking, and ship 

routing, in collaboration with partners. We will also encourage other nations to adhere 

to internationally accepted principles. This cooperation will facilitate strategic 

partnerships that promote innovative, low-cost solutions that enhance the Arctic 

marine transportation system and the safe, secure, efficient and free flow of trade. 

• Provide for Future United States Energy Security – The Arctic region’s energy 

resources factor into a core component of our national security strategy: energy 

security. The region holds sizable proved and potential oil and natural gas resources 

that will likely continue to provide valuable supplies to meet U.S. energy needs. 

Continuing to responsibly develop Arctic oil and gas resources aligns with the 

United States “all of the above” approach to developing new domestic energy sources, 

including renewables, expanding oil and gas production, and increasing efficiency and 

conservation efforts to reduce our reliance on imported oil and strengthen our nation’s 

energy security. Within the context of this broader energy security strategy, including 

our economic, environmental and climate policy objectives, we are committed to 

working with stakeholders, industry, and other Arctic states to explore the energy 

resource base, develop and implement best practices, and share experiences to enable 

the environmentally responsible production of oil and natural gas as well as renewable 

energy.

2. Pursue Responsible Arctic Region Stewardship

Responsible stewardship requires active conservation of resources, balanced management, 

and the application of scientific and traditional knowledge of physical and living 

environments. As Arctic environments change, increased human activity demands 

precaution, as well as greater knowledge to inform responsible decisions. Together, Arctic 

nations can responsibly meet new demands – including maintaining open sea lanes for 

global commerce and scientific research, charting and mapping, providing search-andrescue services, and developing capabilities to prevent, contain, and respond to oil spills 

and accidents – by increasing knowledge and integrating Arctic management.6 We must 

improve our ability to forecast future conditions in the Arctic while being mindful of the 

potential for unexpected developments. 

To realize this line of effort, we will pursue the specific objectives outlined below:

• Protect the Arctic Environment and Conserve Arctic Natural Resources –

Protecting the unique and changing environment of the Arctic is a central goal of U.S. 

policy. Supporting actions will promote healthy, sustainable, and resilient ecosystems 

over the long term, supporting a full range of ecosystem services. This effort will be 

 6 Much of this work is already underway including efforts under Executive Order 12501 (Arctic Research), 

Executive Order 13547 (Stewardship of the Ocean, Our Coasts, and the Great Lakes), and Executive Order 

13580 (Interagency Working Group on Coordination of Domestic Energy Development and Permitting in 

Alaska). Entities under these Executive Orders are developing partnerships with Federal, state, local, tribal, 

territorial, public and private sector partners to ensure that natural resource decisions in the Arctic integrate 

economic, environmental, and cultural interests of the Nation. 
8

risk-based and proceed on the basis of best available information. The United States in 

the Arctic will assess and monitor the status of ecosystems and the risks of climate 

change and other stressors to prepare for and respond effectively to environmental 

challenges.

• Use Integrated Arctic Management to Balance Economic Development, 

Environmental Protection, and Cultural Values – Natural resource management will 

be based on a comprehensive understanding of environmental and cultural sensitivities 

in the region, and address expectations for future infrastructure needs and other 

development-related trends. This endeavor can promote unity of effort and provide the 

basis for sensible infrastructure and other resource management decisions in the 

Arctic. We will emphasize science-informed decisionmaking and integration of 

economic, environmental, and cultural values. We will also advance coordination 

among Federal departments and agencies and collaboration with partners engaged in 

Arctic stewardship activities.

• Increase Understanding of the Arctic through Scientific Research and Traditional 

Knowledge – Proper stewardship of the Arctic requires understanding of how the

environment is changing, and such understanding will be based on a holistic earth 

system approach. Vast areas of the Arctic Ocean are unexplored, and we lack much of 

the basic knowledge necessary to understand and address Arctic issues. The changes in 

the Arctic cannot be understood in isolation and must be viewed in a global context. As 

we learn more about the region, we have identified several key subcomponents of the 

Arctic that require urgent attention: land ice and its role in changing sea level; sea-ice 

and its role in global climate, fostering biodiversity, and supporting Arctic peoples; and,

the warming permafrost and its effects on infrastructure and climate. Better earth 

system-level knowledge will also help us meet operational needs such as weather and 

ice forecasting. We can make faster progress through a well-coordinated and 

transparent national and international exploration and research agenda that reduces

the potential for duplication of effort and leads to better leveraging of resources. 

• Chart the Arctic region – We will continue to make progress in charting and mapping

the Arctic region’s ocean and waterways, so long obscured by perennial ice, and

mapping its coastal and interior lands according to reliable, modern standards. Given 

the vast expanse of territory and water to be charted and mapped, we will need to 

prioritize and synchronize charting efforts to make more effective use of resources and 

attain faster progress. In so doing, we will make navigation safer and contribute to the

identification of ecologically sensitive areas and reserves of natural resources.

3. Strengthen International Cooperation

What happens in one part of the Arctic region can have significant implications for the 

interests of other Arctic states and the international community as a whole. The remote 

and complex operating conditions in the Arctic environment make the region well-suited 

for collaborative efforts by nations seeking to explore emerging opportunities while 

emphasizing ecological awareness and preservation. We will seek to strengthen 

partnerships through existing multilateral fora and legal frameworks dedicated to common 
9

Arctic issues. We will also pursue new arrangements for cooperating on issues of mutual 

interest or concern and addressing unique and unprecedented challenges, as appropriate. 

U.S. efforts to strengthen international cooperation and partnerships will be pursued 

through four objectives:

• Pursue Arrangements that Promote Shared Arctic State Prosperity, Protect the 

Arctic Environment, and Enhance Security – We will seek opportunities to pursue 

efficient and effective joint ventures, based on shared values that leverage each Arctic 

state’s strengths. This collaboration will assist in guiding investments and regional 

activities, addressing dynamic trends, and promoting sustainable development in the 

Arctic region. 

Arctic nations have varied commercial, cultural, environmental, safety, and security 

concerns in the Arctic region. Nevertheless, our common interests make these nations 

ideal partners in the region. We seek new opportunities to advance our interests by

proactive engagement with other Arctic nations through bilateral and multilateral 

efforts using of a wide array of existing multilateral mechanisms that have 

responsibilities relating to the Arctic region.

As appropriate, we will work with other Arctic nations to develop new coordination 

mechanisms to keep the Arctic region prosperous, environmentally sustainable,

operationally safe, secure, and free of conflict, and will protect U.S., allied, and regional

security and economic interests. 

• Work through the Arctic Council to Advance U.S. Interests in the Arctic Region – In

recent years, the Arctic Council has facilitated notable achievements in the promotion of 

cooperation, coordination, and interaction among Arctic states and Arctic indigenous 

peoples. Recent successes of the Council include its advancement of public safety and 

environmental protection issues, as evidenced by the 2011 Arctic Search-and-Rescue 

Agreement and by the 2013 Arctic Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response 

Agreement. The United States will continue to emphasize the Arctic Council as a forum 

for facilitating Arctic states’ cooperation on myriad issues of mutual interest within its 

current mandate. 

• Accede to the Law of the Sea Convention – Accession to the Convention would 

protect U.S. rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace throughout the Arctic 

region, and strengthen our arguments for freedom of navigation and overflight through 

the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea Route. The United States is the only Arctic 

state that is not party to the Convention. Only by joining the Convention can we 

maximize legal certainty and best secure international recognition of our sovereign 

rights with respect to the U.S. extended continental shelf in the Arctic and elsewhere, 

which may hold vast oil, gas, and other resources. Our extended continental shelf claim 

in the Arctic region could extend more than 600 nautical miles from the north coast of 

Alaska. 

In instances where the maritime zones of coastal nations overlap, Arctic states have 

already begun the process of negotiating and concluding maritime boundary 

agreements, consistent with the Law of the Sea Convention and other relevant 
10

international law. The United States supports peaceful management and resolution of 

disputes, in a manner free from coercion. While the United States is not currently a 

party to the Convention, we will continue to support and observe principles of 

established customary international law reflected in the Convention. 

• Cooperate with other Interested Parties – A growing number of non-Arctic states 

and numerous non-state actors have expressed increased interest in the Arctic region.

The United States and other Arctic nations should seek to work with other states and 

entities to advance common objectives in the Arctic region in a manner that protects

Arctic states’ national interests and resources. One key example relates to the 

promotion of safe, secure, and reliable Arctic shipping, a goal that is best pursued 

through the International Maritime Organization in coordination with other Arctic 

states, major shipping states, the shipping industry and other relevant interests. 

Guiding Principles

The U.S. approach to the Arctic region must reflect our values as a nation and as a member 

of the global community. We will approach holistically our interests in promoting safety

and security, advancing economic and energy development, protecting the environment, 

addressing climate change and respecting the needs of indigenous communities and Arctic 

state interests. To guide our efforts, we have identified the following principles to serve as 

the foundation for U.S. Arctic engagement and activities.

• Safeguard Peace and Stability by working to maintain and preserve the Arctic region 

as an area free of conflict, acting in concert with allies, partners, and other interested 

parties. This principle will include United States action, and the actions of other 

interested countries, in supporting and preserving international legal principles of 

freedom of navigation and overflight and other uses of the sea related to these 

freedoms, unimpeded lawful commerce, and the peaceful resolution of disputes. The 

United States will rely on existing international law, which provides a comprehensive 

set of rules governing the rights, freedoms, and uses of the world’s oceans and airspace, 

including the Arctic.

• Make Decisions Using the Best Available Information by promptly sharing –

nationally and internationally – the most current understanding and forecasts based on 

up-to-date science and traditional knowledge. 

• Pursue Innovative Arrangements to support the investments in scientific research, 

marine transportation infrastructure requirements, and other support capability and 

capacity needs in this region. The harshness of the Arctic climate and the complexity 

associated with developing, maintaining, and operating infrastructure and capabilities 

in the region necessitate new thinking on public-private and multinational

partnerships. 
11

• Consult and Coordinate with Alaska Natives consistent with tribal consultation 

policy established by Executive Order.7 This policy emphasizes trust, respect, and 

shared responsibility. It articulates that tribal governments have a unique legal 

relationship with the United States and requires Federal departments and agencies to 

provide for meaningful and timely input by tribal officials in development of regulatory 

policies that have tribal implications. This guiding principle is also consistent with the 

Alaska Federation of Natives Guidelines for Research.

8

Conclusion

We seek a collaborative and innovative approach to manage a rapidly changing region. We 

must advance U.S. national security interests, pursue responsible stewardship, and 

strengthen international collaboration and cooperation, as we work to meet the challenges 

of rapid climate-driven environmental change. The melting of Arctic ice has the potential 

to transform global climate and ecosystems as well as global shipping, energy markets, and 

other commercial interests. To address these challenges and opportunities, we will align 

Federal activities in accordance with this strategy; partner with the State of Alaska, local, 

and tribal entities; and work with other Arctic nations to develop complementary 

approaches to shared challenges. We will proactively coordinate regional development. 

Our economic development and environmental stewardship must go hand-in-hand. The 

unique Arctic environment will require a commitment by the United States to make 

judicious, coordinated infrastructure investment decisions, informed by science. To meet 

this challenge, we will need bold, innovative thinking that embraces and generates new and 

creative public-private and multinational cooperative models. 

 7 See Executive Order 13175 – Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments, November 

2000.

8 Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN) (1996) AFN Board Adopts Policy Guidelines for Research. AFN, 

Anchorage. Alaska Natives Knowledge Network. Policy adopted in 1993, 

http://ankn.uaf.edu/IKS/afnguide.html.