# Patent

## Title
Drill bit for osteochondral drilling with guiding element and uses thereof

## Abstract

Drill bits comprising a shaft having a proximal end, a distal end, and a longitudinal axis extending between the proximal end and the distal end; and a cutting head located at the distal end of the shaft, having a cutting diameter, and having at least one flute, which includes a cutting edge and an offset leading spur are disclosed. A portion of the shaft of the drill bits located adjacent and proximal to the cutting head has a reduced diameter relative to the remainder of the shaft. The drill bits have a tapered point along the longitudinal axis at the distal end of the cutting head for guiding the drill bit or are cannulated to receive a guide wire.

## Background
BACKGROUND
The present invention relates to devices for developing a bore in bone tissue and, more particularly, to drill bits for creating a hole in a selected osteochondral site. The invention also relates to the use of the drill bits to create a hole in a selected osteochondral site.
The drill bit of the present invention can also be used or adapted for use with other tissue surfaces having components of varying hardness, (e.g., periosteum, bone, cartilage and/or other attached elastic materials).
Articular cartilage, especially of the hips, knees, shoulder, and ankle, are subject to high wear rates over time, which may cause degradation of cartilage tissue. Trauma along with disease, are also players contributing to the damage and degeneration of articular cartilage. To repair these defect sites, typically, a cylindrical hole of a desired diameter (or holes, potentially, depending on the size of the defect) is formed at the site of the damage. The holes have in the past been formed using instruments such as punches, twist drill bits, end mill style bits, and reamers. The excised hole is then filled with a replacement graft, either biological or synthetic, having a diameter generally corresponding to the diameter of the hole.
As indicated, the use of drill bits for the creation of holes in osteochondral tissue is known. However, problems can occur with existing osteochondral drill bits when drilling through bone and cartilage. The properties of the overlaying cartilage, subchondral bone, and trabecular bone all must be considered to ensure a clean well cut hole. The toughness and elasticity of cartilage and the extremely hard subchondral bone makes drilling/reaming/punching a clean, well-cut hole at the desired location difficult. The open-celled structure of trabecular bone is prone to crushing and/or undesired chipping with the advancement of instruments. When drilling, it has been known for drill bits to create a ragged, unclean, imprecise hole as well as to impose trauma to surrounding tissue.
Particularly large defects sites, requiring larger instrumentation, may further amplify these problems. Impacting a large diameter punch into an osteochondral site spreads the force over a large area. Spreading the concentration of this force over the large area increases the puncture force required for penetration. This can cause unwanted fracturing of the subchondral bone, as well as, rolling of the cartilage over the lip around the hole wall.
Thus, there exists a need for improved instrumentation that overcomes these limitations.
SUMMARY
The present invention relates to devices for developing a bore in bone tissue and, more particularly, to drill bits for creating a hole in a selected osteochondral site. The invention also relates to the use of the drill bits to create a hole in a selected osteochondral site.
The drill bit of the present invention can also be used or adapted for use with other tissue surfaces having components of varying hardness, (e.g., periosteum, bone, cartilage and/or other attached elastic materials).
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is a drill bit comprising: a shaft having a proximal end, a distal end, and a longitudinal axis extending between the proximal end and the distal end, a cutting: head located at the distal end of the shaft, having a cutting diameter, and having at least one flute, which includes a cutting edge and an offset leading spur, a tapered point located along the longitudinal axis at a distal end of the cutting head for guiding the drill bit, and wherein a portion of the shaft located adjacent and proximal to the cutting head has a reduced diameter relative to the remainder of the shaft.
The tapered point may be threaded. Also, the shaft may be flexible. The drill bit may further comprise a depth controlling element. The depth controlling element may comprise one or more visual markings located on the cutting head, a mechanical stop located proximal to the cutting head, or a combination thereof. The one or more visual markings may be etched into the cutting head. The mechanical stop may be fixed or removable. Additionally, the drill bit may comprise a marking indicating the cutting diameter of the cutting head. The marking indicating the cutting diameter of the cutting head may comprise a colored band located on a mechanical stop that is located proximal to the cutting head.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for creating a hole in a selected osteochondral site using a drill bit. The drill bit comprises a shaft having a proximal end, a distal end, and a longitudinal axis extending between the proximal end and the distal end, a cutting head located at the distal end of the shaft, having a cutting diameter, and having at least one flute, which includes a cutting edge and an offset leading spur, a tapered point located along the longitudinal axis at a distal end of the cutting head for guiding the drill bit, and wherein a portion of the shaft located adjacent and proximal to the cutting head has a reduced diameter relative to the remainder of the shaft. The method comprises advancing the drill bit into the selected osteochondral site, contacting cartilage with the offset leading spur, contacting bone with the cutting edge, displacing cartilage and bone proximally, and collecting displaced cartilage and bone in the portion of the shaft having a reduced diameter relative to the remainder of the shaft.
The method may comprise using a tapered point of the drill bit to guide the path of the drill bit. The method may also comprise using a cannula to guide the path of the drill bit. The method may further comprise using the cannula and the portion of the shaft having a reduced diameter relative to the remainder of the shaft to contain bone and cartilage.
The method may also comprise using a depth controlling element to achieve a desired drilling depth. The depth controlling element may comprise one or more visual markings located on the cutting head, a mechanical stop located proximal to the cutting head, or a combination thereof.
In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a drill bit comprising: a shaft having a proximal end, a distal end, a longitudinal axis extending between the proximal end and the distal end, and an internal bore extending along the longitudinal axis of the shaft adapted to receive a guide wire, a cutting head located at the distal end of the shaft, having a cutting diameter, and having at least one flute which includes a cutting edge and an offset leading spur, and wherein a portion of the shaft located adjacent and proximal to the cutting head has a reduced diameter relative to the remainder of the shaft.
The shaft may be flexible. The drill bit may also comprise a depth controlling element. The depth controlling element may comprise one or more visual markings located on the cutting head, mechanical stop located proximal to the cutting head, or a combination thereof. The one or more visual markings may be etched into the cutting head. The drill bit may further comprise a mechanical stop that is fixed or removable. The drill bit may further comprise a marking indicating the cutting diameter of the cutting head. The marking indicating the cutting diameter of the cutting head may comprise a colored band located on a mechanical stop that is located proximal to the cutting head.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for creating a hole in a selected osteochondral site using a drill bit. The drill bit comprises: a shaft having a proximal end, a distal end, a longitudinal axis extending between the proximal end and the distal end, and an internal bore extending along the longitudinal axis of the shaft adapted to receive a guide wire, a cutting head located at the distal end of the shaft, having a cutting diameter, and having at least one flute, which includes a cutting edge and an offset leading spur, a depth controlling element, and wherein a portion of the shaft located adjacent and proximal to the cutting head has a reduced diameter relative to the remainder of the shaft. The method comprises inserting a guide wire into a selected osteochondral site, advancing the drill bit over the guide wire, and contacting cartilage with the offset leading spur, contacting bone with the cutting edge, displacing cartilage and bone proximally, using the depth controlling element to achieve a desired drilling depth, and collecting displaced cartilage and bone in the portion of the shaft having a reduced diameter relative to the remainder of the shaft.
The features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. While numerous changes may be made by those skilled in the art, such changes are within the spirit of the invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These drawings illustrate certain aspects of some of the embodiments of the present invention, and should not be used to limit or define the invention.
FIG. 1 is an elevational view showing a drill of the present invention with a non-threaded tapered point.
FIG. 2 is an elevational view showing a drill of the present invention with a threaded tapered point.
FIG. 3 is an elevational view showing a drill of the present invention with an internal bore extending along the longitudinal axis of the shaft.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the distal end of the drill of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the distal end of the drill of FIG. 3.



DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention relates to devices for developing a bore in bone tissue and, more particularly, to drill bits for creating a hole in a selected osteochondral site. The invention also relates to the use of the drill bits to create a hole in a selected osteochondral site.
The drill bit of the present invention can also be used or adapted for use with other tissue surfaces having components of varying hardness, (e.g., periosteum, bone, cartilage and/or other attached elastic materials).
The drill bits and the methods of creating holes using the drill bits of the present invention are advantageous because they provide a method for stabilizing and guiding the drill bit to the correct location while drilling to create a hole at a selected osteochondral site with clean, smooth walls and bottom. The drill bits of the present invention and methods of using them also result in the minimization of trauma to tissue surrounding the drilled hole. Particularly, the use of a drill bit with a tapered point at the distal end or the use of a drill bit with an internal bore for receiving a guide wire are particularly useful in stabilizing and guiding a drill bit.
In the descriptions of the components that follow, various preferences for materials of construction are generally expressed. Typically, instrument grade steel is employed for the disclosed drill bits. The use of other materials of construction for the components, beyond any expressed preferences, is within the scope of the present invention. Generally, any material of construction can be used for a component as long as the function of the component is not defeated and the material of construction is considered acceptable for a surgical environment.
In one group of embodiments in accordance with the present invention, a drill bit with a tapered point at the distal end is employed. FIGS. 1, 2, and 4 illustrate a drill bit 1 according to such embodiments As shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 4, a drill bit 1 comprises a longitudinal shaft 2, with a proximal end 21, a distal end 22, and a longitudinal axis 23 extending between the proximal end 21 and the distal end 22. Drill bit 1 has a cutting head 3 with at least one flute 4, cutting edge 5, offset leading spur 6, and a tapered point 7.
The drill bit 1 also has a depth controlling element that facilitates the use of the drill bit to create holes of a desired depth. In various embodiments, the depth controlling element may be in the form of visual markings 8, which may be located on the cutting head 3, proximal end 21, distal end 22 or other portion of the longitudinal shaft 2, or on the mechanical stop 9. In various embodiments, the mechanical stop 9, itself, may be a depth controlling element. In other embodiments, the depth controlling element may comprise both visual markings 8 and a mechanical stop 9.
The drill bit 1 also has a connection portion 10, providing connection between the drill bit 1 and a driving means. This connection can be a Hudson connection or another type of connection. These and other components of the drill bit 1 are each described in greater detail below.
Referring first to FIGS. 1 and 2, a drill bit 1 is depicted comprising, in general, an elongated cylindrical shaft 2 with a cutting, head 3 at the distal end 22. The shaft 2 of the drill bit 1 may be rigid or flexible. A rigid shaft may provide the benefit of strength and support, but may offer limited access to difficult locations. A flexible shaft may provide greater access to difficult locations, but may not offer the strength and support of the rigid shaft. Desirably, the drill bit 1 is made of biologically acceptable, instrument grade steel.
The cutting head 3 is generally cylindrically shaped with a diameter greater than the diameter of the adjacent portion of the shaft 2. In preferred embodiments, a portion of the shaft 2 that is adjacent and proximal to the cutting head 3 has a reduced diameter (reduced diameter portion 11) relative to the remainder of the shaft 2.
Two helical flutes 4 wrap around the cutting head 3 of the drill bit 1. However, alternatively, there may be one flute or more than two flutes. Preferably there will be no more than four flutes. Multiple flutes allow for multiple cutting edges to separate osteochondral material more quickly. However, a single flute is capable of removing chips from a hole more efficiently. Further, the helical angle of the flutes may vary. A high helical angle will allow for smoother hole walls by reducing vibration, but are not as efficient at chip removal as a low helical angle. Preferably the helical angle is greater than 45 degrees. In rotation, the flute(s) describe a path that defines the cutting diameter of the cutting head.
Referring to FIG. 4, the distal end of each flute 4 terminates at a lip which serves as a cutting edge 5 of the drill. The cutting edges 5 of the drill bit 1 may have high or low relief angles and the cutting edges 5 may extend either perpendicularly from the longitudinal axis or at an angle from the longitudinal axis 23 to the periphery of the cutting head 3.
At the periphery of the cutting edge 5 of each flute 4, away from the longitudinal axis 23 of the drill 1, is an offset leading spur 6. The spur 6 assists in precisely and clearly cutting the overlying soft tissue and may aid in stabilization of the drill bit 1. The spur 6 also provides a visualization of the perimeter of the cut before material is removed, and further confirms perpendicularity and location. The spur 6 is offset from the cutting edge 5 and extends distally from each flute 4.
At the proximal end 21 of the shaft 2 is a connection portion 10 that is used to connect the drill bit 1 to a driving means. The driving means can be powered (mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, etc.) or manual (T-handle, ratchet, etc.). The driving means imparts rotation to the drill bit 1 and may also provide axial movement to the drill bit 1.
The drill bit 1 also has a depth controlling element that facilitates the use of the drill bit to create holes of a desired depth. In various embodiments, the depth controlling element may be in the form of one or more visual markings 8, which may be located on the cutting head 3, proximal end 21, distal end 22 or other portion of the longitudinal shaft 2, or on the mechanical stop 9. In various embodiments, the mechanical stop 9, itself, may be a depth controlling element. In other embodiments, the depth controlling element may comprise both visual markings 8 and a mechanical stop 9.
When present, the visual markings 8 may be used to assess and control the depth of the drill bit 11 as it is driven into the selected osteochondral site. In practice these visual markings 8 provide information related to the distance between the visual marking 8 and a second reference point distal to the visual marking 8. In various embodiments, the second reference point may correspond to the cutting edge 5, the distal tip of the offset leading spur 6, or the distal tip of the tapered point (described below).
Desirably, these visual markings 8 include one or more grooves, preferably circumferential grooves, etched into the cutting head 3. The visual markings 8 on the cutting head 3 of the drill bit 1 are incremented through an acceptable range of hole depths as to allow for an easy method for controlling and assessing desired hole depths while drilling. In one embodiment a first mark may indicate a distance of 6 mm from the cutting edge, a second mark may indicate a distance of 8 mm from the cutting edge, and a back surface of the cutting head 3 may indicate a distance of 10 mm from the cutting edge. In various embodiments, colored material may be deposited within the grooves. Alternatively, the visual markings 8 may comprise a surface mark or band of a color contrasting with the adjacent surface of the drill bit 1. In yet other embodiments, the back of the cutting head 3 may be used to assess and control the depth of the drill bit 1.
A mechanical stop 9 may also be used, and preferably is used, to assess and control the depth that the drill bit 1 is driven into the selected osteochondral site. A mechanical stop 9 is located between the connection portion 10 and the cutting head 3. The mechanical stop 9 may be integral to, i.e., machined onto, the drill bit 1, may be attachable and/or removable, or may be movable along the length of the shaft 2.
Located at the distal end of the shaft 2, along the longitudinal axis 23, is a tapered point 7 extending distally beyond the cutting edge 5 that is used to stabilize and guide the drill bit 1 into the desired location. The tapered point 7 may, and preferably does, extend distally beyond offset leading spur 6. The tapered point 7 can be a variety of shapes. For example, as show in FIG. 4, the tapered point 7 is of a four-sided pyramidal shape, and as shown in FIG. 2, the tapered point 7 includes threads, i.e., it has a fluted or threaded exterior surface.
When the tapered point 7 is threaded it allows the drill bit 1 to be easily self-started into the selected osteochondral site without the need of a pilot hole. The threaded tapered point 7 also aids in the advancement of the drill bit 1 by pulling the drill bit 1 into the selected osteochondral site as torque is applied, reducing the need for axial force. The tapered point 7 of the drill bit 1 may be integral to, i.e., machined onto, the drill bit 1 or may be attachable and/or removable.
In operation, the drill bit 1 of FIGS. 1, 2, and 4 is used to create a hole in a selected osteochondral site. The connection portion 10 of the drill bit 1 is connected to the driving means and then the drill bit 1 is positioned so the tapered point 7 of the drill bit 1 is above the selected osteochondral site. The driving means is then activated to impart rotation to the drill bit 1, and the drill bit 1 is contacted with the osteochondral site causing the cutting edges 5 of the drill bit 1 to cut into the selected osteochondral site and create a hole. Focusing on the elements of the cutting head 3, as the drill bit 1 is advanced into the osteochondral site, the offset leading spur 6 contacts the cartilage and the cutting edge 5 contacts the bone, causing the displacement of the cartilage and bone proximally. The displaced cartilage and bone is collected in the portion of the shaft 2 having a reduced diameter (reduced diameter portion 11) relative to the remainder of the shaft 2.
The visual markings 8, the mechanical stop 9, or both can be used to determine, and thus control, the depth of the hole created. Once the desired drilling depth has been reached, rotation of the drill bit 1 is discontinued and the drill bit 1 is removed from the osteochondral site. The drill bit 1 may need to be counter-rotated prior to removal, depending on the type of tapered point 7 that is utilized.
In a second group of embodiments in accordance with the present invention, a drill bit with an internal bore for receiving a guide wire is employed. FIGS. 3 and 5 illustrate a drill bit 100 according to such embodiments. The guide wire aids in the guiding of the drill bit 100 into the correct location while maintaining a desired alignment or orientation of the drill bit 100 with respect to the tissue being prepared. The guide wire may also include markings that serve as visualization means to assess and control the depth of the drill bit 100.
Similar to FIGS. 1 and 2, the drill bit 100 of FIG. 3 comprises, in general, an elongated cylindrical shaft 102, with a proximal end 121, a distal end 122, and a longitudinal axis 123 extending between the proximal end 121 and the distal end 122. The drill bit 100 of FIG. 3 includes an internal bore 200 extending along the longitudinal axis 123 of the shaft 102 adapted to receive a guide wire. Desirably, the drill bit 100 and the guide wire are made of biologically acceptable, instrument grade steel.
Drill bit 100 has a cutting head 103 at its distal end 122. Rather than, or in some embodiments in addition to, using a tapered and/or threaded point, drill bit 100 of FIG. 3 utilizes a guide wire to stabilize and guide the drill bit 100 to the correct location.
Similar to drill bit 1 described above with reference to FIGS. 1, 2, and 4, the drill bit 100, referring to FIGS. 3 and 5, has a cutting head 103 with at least one flute 104, cutting edge 105, and offset leading spur 106. The drill bit 100 also has a depth controlling element that facilitates the use of the drill bit to create holes of a desired depth. In various embodiments, the depth controlling element may be in the form of visual markings 108, which may be located on the cutting head 103, proximal end 121, distal end 122 or other portion of the longitudinal shaft 102, or on the mechanical stop 109. In various embodiments, the mechanical stop 109, itself, may be a depth controlling element. In other embodiments, the depth controlling element may comprise both visual markings 108 and mechanical stop 109. Markings on the guide wire can also serve as depth controlling means. In preferred embodiments, a portion of the shaft 102 that is adjacent and proximal to the cutting head 103 has a reduced diameter (reduced diameter portion 111) relative to the remainder of the shaft 102. As these features of drill bit 100 are similar to corresponding features of drill bit 1, they are not described in great detail here.
Drill bit 100 of FIG. 3 is used in conjunction with a guide wire and/or threaded point that has been previously inserted into a selected osteochondral site. The guide wire is inserted using a power drill, a surgical hammer, or another method. In operation, the connection portion 110 of drill bit 100 is connected to the driving means and then positioned over the guide wire so that the distal end of drill bit 100 is in contact with or slightly above the selected osteochondral site. The driving means is then activated to impart rotation to the drill bit 100. Rotating and in contact with the osteochondral site, the cutting edges 105 of the drill bit 100 cut into the selected osteochondral site and create a hole. Focusing on the elements of the cutting head 103, as the drill bit 100 is advanced into the osteochondral site, the offset leading spur 106 contacts the cartilage and the cutting edge 105 contacts the bone, causing the displacement of the cartilage and bone proximally. The displaced cartilage and bone is collected in the portion of the shaft 102 having a reduced diameter (reduced diameter portion 111) relative to the remainder of the shaft 102.
The visual markings 108, the mechanical stop 109, markings on the guide wire, or any combination of the aforementioned can be used to determine, and thus control, the depth of the hole created. Once the desired drilling depth has been reached, rotation of the drill bit 100 is discontinued and the drill bit is removed from the osteochondral site.
Desirably, drill bit 1 and chill bit 100 will have a marking indicating the cutting diameter of the cutting head 3 and 103. The marking indicating the cutting diameter may be comprised of a colored band 12 and 112 located on the mechanical stop of the drill bit. This colored marking allows a user to easily identify the cutting diameter of the drill bit. In alternative embodiments, the marking indicating the cutting diameter of the cutting head 3 and 103 may be provided by other means. For example, the drill bit may be marked with an actual numerical indication of the cutting diameter, a part number corresponding to the cutting diameter, or other etching or pattern corresponding to the cutting diameter.
In various embodiments, the drill bits 1 and 100 of the present invention may be used in conjunction with a cannulated instrument that assists in guiding the drill bit 1 and 100 to the desired location and protecting tissues adjacent or in proximity to the site to be prepared. The cannulated instrument can take many forms, including a hollow cylinder or a punch with a sharpened rim. The cannulated instrument can be used to interface with a mechanical stop 9 and 109 on the drill bit 1 and drill bit 100 to control the drilling depth and/or used to contain or remove tissue particulate. Additionally, the cannulated instrument can be used in combination with the reduced diameter portion of the shaft (reduced diameter portion 11 and 111) to contain tissue particulates and/or used in combination with the flutes 4 and 104 or rake angles to propel tissue particulates proximally. The cannulated instrument can also be used in conjunction with an obturator that allows a user to navigate through soft tissue without damage to the tissue and seat the cannula against the desired osteochondral site. In such instances, the obturator is removed from the cannulated instrument before drill bit 1 or drill bit 100 is inserted into the cannulated instrument. Preferably, drill bit 1 and drill bit 100 are used without a cannulated instrument and any associated obturator.
Therefore, the present invention is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the present invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the present invention. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number falling within the range is specifically disclosed. Moreover, the indefinite articles “a” or “an”, as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces.

## Claims

1. A drill bit comprising:
a shaft having a proximal end, a distal end, and a longitudinal axis extending between the proximal end and the distal end;
a cutting head located at the distal end of the shaft and having at least one helical flute, wherein a maximum diameter as defined by outer surfaces of the at least one helical flute is the same at a proximal-most region and a distal-most region of the cutting head, wherein the cutting head further includes a cutting edge and an offset leading spur, the at least one helical flute defining a helical angle of at least 45 degrees with the longitudinal axis of the shaft, the offset leading spur defining a first cutting diameter that is equivalent to a second cutting diameter defined by the cutting edge;
a tapered point located along the longitudinal axis at a distal end of the cutting head for guiding the drill bit; and
wherein a portion of the shaft located adjacent and proximal to the cutting head has a reduced diameter relative to the remainder of the shaft.

2. The drill bit of claim 1, wherein the tapered point is threaded.

3. The drill bit of claim 1, wherein the shaft is flexible.

4. The drill bit of claim 1, further comprising a depth controlling element.

5. The drill bit of claim 4, wherein the depth controlling element comprises one or more visual markings located on the cutting head, a mechanical stop located proximal to the cutting head, or a combination thereof.

6. The drill bit of claim 5, wherein the one or more visual markings are etched into the cutting head.

7. The drill bit of claim 5, wherein the mechanical stop is fixed.

8. The drill bit of claim 5, wherein the mechanical stop is removable.

9. The drill bit of claim 1, further compromising a marking indicating the first and second cutting diameters of the cutting head.

10. The drill bit of claim 9, wherein the marking indicating the first and second cutting diameters of the cutting head comprises a colored band located on a mechanical stop that is located proximal to the cutting head.

11. A method for creating a hole in a selected osteochondral site using a drill bit:
the drill bit comprising:
a shaft having a proximal end, a distal end, and a longitudinal axis extending between the proximal end and the distal end;
a cutting head located at the distal end of the shaft and having at least one helical flute, wherein a maximum diameter as defined by outer surfaces of the at least one helical flute is the same at a proximal-most region and a distal-most region of the cutting head, wherein the cutting head further includes a cutting edge and an offset leading spur, the at least one helical flute defining a helical angle of at least 45 degrees with the longitudinal axis of the shaft, the offset leading spur defining a first cutting diameter that is equivalent to a second cutting diameter defined by the cutting edge;
a tapered point located along the longitudinal axis at a distal end of the cutting head for guiding the drill bit;
and wherein a portion of the shaft located adjacent and proximal to the cutting head has a reduced diameter relative to the remainder of the shaft;
the method comprising:
advancing the drill bit into the selected osteochondral site;
contacting cartilage with the offset leading spur;
contacting bone with the cutting edge;
displacing cartilage and bone proximally; and
collecting displaced cartilage and bone in the portion of the shaft having a reduced diameter relative to the remainder of the shaft.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising using a tapered point of the drill bit to guide the path of the drill bit.

13. The method of claim 11, further comprising using a cannula to guide the path of the drill bit.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising using the cannula and the portion of the shaft having a reduced diameter relative to the remainder of the shaft to contain bone and cartilage.

15. The method of claim 11, further comprising using a depth controlling element to achieve a desired drilling depth.

16. The drill bit of claim 15, wherein the depth controlling element comprises one or more visual markings located on the cutting head, a mechanical stop located proximal to the cutting head, or a combination thereof.

17. A drill bit comprising:
a shaft having a proximal end, a distal end, and a longitudinal axis extending between the proximal end and the distal end;
a cutting head located at the distal end of the shaft and having at least one helical flute, wherein a maximum diameter as defined by outer surfaces of the at least one helical flute is the same at a proximal-most region and a distal-most region of the cutting head, wherein the cutting head further includes a cutting edge and an offset leading spur, the offset leading spur defining a first cutting diameter that is equivalent to a second cutting diameter defined by the cutting edge;
a tapered point located along the longitudinal axis at a distal end of the cutting head for guiding the drill bit, the tapered point including a threaded exterior surface;
a mechanical stop located proximal to the cutting head and at least partially surrounding the shaft, the mechanical stop movable along the longitudinal axis of the shaft to adjust a maximum cutting depth; and
wherein a portion of the shaft located adjacent and proximal to the cutting head has a reduced diameter relative to the remainder of the shaft.

18. The drill bit of claim 17, wherein a distal end of the tapered point defines a pyramidal shape.

19. The drill bit of claim 18, wherein the pyramidal shape is a four-sided pyramidal shape.

20. The drill bit of claim 19, wherein the tapered point is removable from the cutting head.

21. The drill bit of claim 20, wherein the at least one helical flute defines a helical angle of at least 45 degrees with the longitudinal axis of the shaft.