NanotechnologyF.Frankel-copyrightM.C. RocoSenior Advisor for Nanotechnology, NSF,Subcommittee on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (NSET),National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)Minneapolis, October 3, 2005M.C. Roco,U.S. National Science and Technology Council's Subcommitteeon Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology (NSET),and Senior Advisor,National Science Foundation (NSF)AbstractNanoscale science and engineering allow usto reach beyond our natural size limitationand work directly at the building blocks ofmatter where the properties of matter aredefined and can be changed. Material structures with fundamentally new properties,new tools demonstrating nanoscale phenomena,new molecular assembling andtechniques yielding control ofstructures at the nanoscale, are leading to a unified set ofgeneralprinciples and methods of investigation for a variety ofdisciplines and areas ofapplication. Key engineering drivers are novel methods for creating engineerednanosystems, nanomanufacturing, and the synergism with modern biology andinformation technology. Several generationsof nanotechnology products are expectedto evolve from relatively simple nanostructures for products such as coatings and hardmetals,to active components such as nanoscale actuators and transistors, followed bynanosystems with new architectures, and molecular nanosystems.-Nanotechnology and Occupational Health, Minnesota, October 3, 2005 -NanotechnologyTOPICS TO BE ADDRESSEDM.C.Roco,10/03/05A. What is nanotechnology and why it is important?From new phenomena and structures to applicationsB. Four generations of nanotechnology productsNanomanufacturing; Outlook 2000-2020C. NNI main objectives and examples of outcomesBrief; International perspective; New frontiersD. Societal dimensionsEHS, Education and ELSIPart AWHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY(definition since 2000)zWorking at the atomic, molecular and supramolecular levels,in the length scale of approximately 1 –100 nm range,in order to understand and create materials, devices andsystems with fundamentally new properties and functionsbecause of their small structure (see http://nano.gov)zNNI definition encourages new R&D that were not possible before:-novel phenomena, properties and functions at nanoscale,which are nonscalable outside of the nm domain-the ability to measure, manipulate matter at the nanoscaleinorder to change those properties and functions-integration along length scales, and fields of applicationCredit: NISTM.C.Roco,10/03/05NNI -Why nanotechnology is important?zA. Reaching at the foundation of matterHistorical event in understanding, control and transformationof natural/living and manmade systems (natural thresholdbetween discontinuous and continuous behavior; where firstlevel organization of matter defines properties and functions)zB. The long term societal implicationsImproved knowledge, quality of life, and environmentCreate foundation for a technological and industrial revolutionzC. Higher purpose goals than development of NT-More basic and unifying science and education-Higher efficiency processes and novel products-Molecular medicine-Extend the limits of sustainable development-Increased coherence/integration of S&T policiesM.C.Roco,10/03/05Why moving into nanoworld ?A. Intellectual DrivezMiniaturization is of interest-Less space, faster, less material, less energyMore important:zNovel properties/ phenomena/ processes-Newstructures and functions; Engineering beyond nature;Manipulatequantum effects in low-dimensionalstructures (quantum dots, wires,wells) electronic, optical, thermal,etc.;Access new molecular effects(mechanics, electronics, recognition,...); High surface to volume ratiozUnity and generality-At the building blocks ofall natural/artificial things; Systems!zMost efficient length scale for manufacturing-Less energy than for subatomic or macroscopiczTranscendent effects: at the confluence of steams-S&T; Living/non-living ; Interdisciplinarity; Relevance areasM.C.Roco,10/03/05Scales: Expanding the limits of knowledge andScales: Expanding the limits of knowledge andactionNanoworld-natural thresholdfor behavior, performance,unity, bio-inert, manufacturabilityOuter space10-710710-271027LargestKnownSizeSmallestKnownSize1 to 100 nm~ 1 mHumanscaleOver 10,000 kmM.C.Roco,10/03/05Things NaturalThings ManmadeDNA~2-1/2 nm diameterMicroElectroMechanical devices10-100μm wideRed bloodcellsPollen grainFly ash~ 10-20μmAtoms of siliconspacing ~tenthsof nmHead of a pin1-2 mmQuantum corral of 48 ironatoms on copper surfacepositioned one ata time with anSTM tipCorraldiameter 14 nmHuman hair~ 10-50μm wideRed blood cellswith white cell~ 2-5μmAnt~ 5 mmThe Scale of ThingsThe Scale of Things--Nanometers and MoreNanometers and MoreDust mite200μmATP synthase~10 nm diameterNanotubeelectrodeCarbon nanotube~2 nm diameterNanotubetransistor

The Mi c r o w o r ld0.1 nm1 nanometer (nm)0.01μm10nm0.1μm100 nm1 micrometer (μm)0.01mm10μm0.1 mm100μm1 millimeter (mm)1 cm10mm10-2m10-3m10-4m10-5m10-6m10-7m10-8m10-9m10-10m Vi sibl e

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I n frar ed Ultra v io l e t Mic r owave Sof t x-r a y1,000,000nanometers =OfficeofBasicEnergySciencesOfficeofScience,U.S.DOEVersion 03-05-02Zone plate x-ray “lens”Outermost ringspacing~35 nmB. Broad societal implications(Ex: worldwide estimations made in 2000, NSF)Knowledge base: better comprehension of nature, lifeNew technologies and products: ~$1 trillion/year$1 trillion/yearby 2015by 2015(With input from industry US, Japan,Europe 1997-2000, access to leading experts)Materials beyond chemistry: $340B/yElectronics: over $300B/yPharmaceuticals: $180 B/yChemicals (catalysts): $100B/yAerospace about $70B/yTools ~ $22 B/yEst. in 2000 (NSF) : about $40B for catalysts,GMR, materials, etc.; + 25%/yrEst. in 2002 (DB) : about $116B for materials, pharmaceuticals andchemicalsWould require worldwide ~ 2 million nanotech workers (all ~7M)Would require worldwide ~ 2 million nanotech workers (all ~7M)In U.S.: ~ 0.8 million (all with supporting jobs ~ 2.8 millionIn U.S.: ~ 0.8 million (all with supporting jobs ~ 2.8 million)Improved healthcare:extend life-span, its quality, physical capabilitiesSustainability:agriculture,food, water, energy, materials, environment; ex:lighting energy reduction ~ 10% or$100B/yMC. Roco, 10/03/05Worldwide market incorporating nanotechnology.Estimation made in 2000 (NSF)11010010001000020002005201020152020YEAR

M A RK E T I N CO RP O R A T I N G NA NO T E CHNO L O G Y ( $ B )Total$BDeutche BankLuxResearchMith. Res.Inst.Passive nanostructuresActive nanostructuresSystems ofNSAnnual rate of increase about 25%RudimentaryComplexMC. Roco, 10/03/05Semiconductors Extrapolated to 2015 ($B)Semiconductors Extrapolated to 2015 ($B)Semi Revenue Scenarios next 12 years-$100$0$100$200$300$400$500$600 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014World History’70-’02SIA forecast ’03-’06VLSIRforecast ’03-’085% CAGR ’09- ’1510% CAGR ’09- ’15Source:SemiconductorIndustryAssn.70-02; VLSI Research 03-08Note: $300B nanotech revenues soonerthan predicted (2010 instead of 2015)Ex. nanotech revenues: IBM+all/GMR sys$25BIntel/semicond$20BContextContext–Nanotechnology in the WorldNanotechnology in the WorldPast government investments 1997Past government investments 1997-2005(est. NSF)(est. NSF)050010001500200025003000350040004500 19 97 19 9 8 19 99 2 0 00 20 0 1 20 0 2 20 03 20 04 2 0 05 20 06 20 07 2 0 08 20 09 20 1 0

m i llio n s $ / y e a rW.EuropeJapanUSAOthersTotalNNI Preparation(vision / benchmark)1stStrategic Plan(passive nanostructures)(active ns. & systems)2ndStrategic PlanSeed funding(1991 -)Total government expenditurein FY 2004 –about $4.1 billionMC. Roco, 10/03/05Established corporations spending -> $3.8 billion globally on nanotechnology R&D in 2004$0.04$0.65$1.4$1.7NorthAmericaAsiaEuropeRestofworldCorporateNanotechnologySpending ($ billion)Source: Lux Research reference study “The NanotechReport 2004;”based onpublished spending figures,national statistics,Lux Research analysisScientific DriverszPhenomena at nanoscaleEx. Confinement; Large surface;Quantum phenomena, at roomtemperature; Coulomb effect; Collective interactionszThe science of large number of objects; systemszAtomicand molecular-scale structuresand their manipulation enabled by new toolszConcepts -nanostructures, devices and systemszInstrumentation for single molecules and clusterszUnderstanding the cell and modern biologyzAssembling and connecting at the nanoscalezUnifying science and technology integrationMC. Roco, 10/03/05NanotoolsNanotoolsScanning TunnelingMicroscopeQuantum-StadiumFe on Cu(111)Courtesy: IBMAlmadenLabABFeedbackControl ofZ-PiezoA-BA+BX-Y-ZPiezoelectricScannerLaserPhotodetectorCantileverTipSampleYZXNanoscaleX SensorX = Temperature,Optical,NanotoolsNanotoolsAtomic Force MicroscopeCourtesy: LiShi, P. Kim“Nanotechnology ResearchDirections” –the visionExamples of nanostructures identified in 1999(a)One nanometer structuresOOOOON



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# +CH2OHOOOOOMolecular logic:switches (size ~ 1 nm)(HP, UCLA, Yale, 1999)Electron orbitalshave beendirectly observed (L ~ 1nm).For understanding molecularassembling (ASU, 1999)(b)10 nanometer structuresQuantum dot-self-assembled Germaniumpyramid (HP, 1999)Proteins -fold into preciselydefined three-dimensionalstructures (Cornell, 1999)MC. Roco, 10/03/05(c)10-200 nanometer structuresSmall fillersNanocompositesnew low-cost, high-strengthmaterials for automotiveparts (RPI, 1999)DNA-based NanoparticleBuilding Blocks(NWU, 1999)MC. Roco, 10/03/05(d)Three-dimensional assembling -synergism Nano -BIO -IT -(University of Minnesota, 1999)Selfassembled DNA syntheticstrands and nanoparticles3D architecturefor a nanoscale electronic circuitMC. Roco, 10/03/05From synthesis to use of nanostructuresExamples of new functionsSingle Electron Molecular TransistorF. Di Salvo and D. Ralph, Cornell University, 20023⁄4The two molecules contain a central cobaltatom and differ in their length --the shorter ofabout 2 nm one exhibits less resistance. Atlow temperature, the longer moleculefunctions as a single electron transistor, andthe shorter molecule exhibits both transistoraction and the Kondo effect.3⁄4The electrical characteristis of the transistorcan be varied systematically by makingchemical changes to the molecule.MC. Roco, 10/03/05Example of Nanoscale Device/System:Product under Development for Treating CancerzGold nanoshells (10 nm shellthickness) formed by depositing metalon silica sphereszSize iscritical–For reaching tumor–For absorbing IR energy (dT=37°C)–For optimal transmission through tissuezIn-vivostudy in mice showedpromising resultszIn-vitrostudy in human breastcarcinoma cells also promisingzTechnology developed at Rice Univ.with funding from NSF; start-upcompany formed to commercializeSilicaGold130 nmLRHirsch, RJStafford, JA Bankston, SR Sershen, B Rivera, RE Price,JD Hazle,NJ Halas,JL West-Rice Univ. PNAS 2311/11/2003MC. Roco, 10/03/05(C)Selective MembranesJ. Hupp, S.-B. Nguyen and R. Snurr, Northwestern University, 20023⁄4Membranes that allow the passage ofsome substances while blockingothers. A network of thesesupramolecules can act as amolecular filter and catalyst3⁄4The thin-film material with nanometersized cavities can be manipulated toallow the passage of certainmolecules but not others dependingon size, shape and other properties3⁄4Chemically transforming moleculescan be placed within these cavitiesMC. Roco, 10/03/05NanoengineeringIssueszThree dimensional material/device/system spatial/temporal architecturezDirected assembling/patterning/templatingfor heterogeneous nanosystemszHybrid and bio nanosystems for medicine and manufacturingzEnergy conversion and transferzMultiphenomena, multiprocesses, multiscale designzLarge scale atomistic modeling and simulationzIntegration of nanoscale into larger scales:use of intermediary standard componentszThermal and chemical stabilityzOperational and environmental safetyzReliability and reproductivity atthe nanoscaleSeveralNNI centers are focused on nanoengineering.Ex: Cornell, NWU, Sandia, ORNLMC. Roco, 10/03/05Example: Hypersonic plasma 20 nm particledepositionfor hard coatings and patterningon surfaces(S. Girshick, University of Minnesota)300 nmMC. Roco, 10/03/05Example:Synthesis and control of nanomachines(examples NSE in 2004,www.nseresearch.org-300 projects)Self-assembly processingof nanoscalebio-materials and devices for micromachinescomponents (UCSB)Chemistry to synthesize components ofnano machines to work on surfacesand beactivated by external electromagnetic fields (UCB)Light driven molecular motors(U. Nevada)Combinatorial engineering of nanomachines,with application to membranes and filters (U. Penn.)Nanoengineering surfacesforprobing viral adhesion (UC Davis)********************************MC. Roco, 10/03/05Angstrom Medica’snanostructured calcium phosphate technologyfor bone-based orthopedic implants100 nmNanOssTMCalcium Phosphate NanocrystalsCa10(PO4)6(OH)2and Ca3(PO4)2Composition and morphology of boneEnhanced bioactivity and strengthBone bonding in 2 weeks andosteointegration in 4 weeksbecause the nanostructure closelymatch that found in human boneAngstrom Medica received SBIR in2003 (NSF-0232733) and 2004 (NSF-0349884)The product received "marketing clearance“from FDA in 2005MC. Roco, 10/03/05Example: NanoBio-Bar-Code Assay,Chad Mirkin (NU and spin-off Nanosphere, Inc.)1.One million times moresensitive than previoustechnology2.Evaluate newbiomarkers fordiagnosing andfollowing humandiseases (e.g. HIV andAlzheimer’s Disease).3.Single-cell proteinexpression experiments.4.In advance clinicaltestingExample: Dip PenNanolithography (DPN)Challenge 2015: To simulate engineeringChallenge 2015: To simulate engineeringproblems from basic principles at the nanoscaleproblems from basic principles at the nanoscaleUsing nanotechnology to buildthe highest speed processorsUsing fast computers andreconfigurable computingfor nanoscale S&E“application acceleration”(for 100x potential speeedup)

P PRAPRAPCapability 2004 (Cray X1):50+ TFLOPS (fastest computer in the world)~ 2010 (Cray Cascade):DARPA –NSF –DOE acad. support1,000+ TFLOPS~ 2015 (Cray target):10-100,000 TFLOPSMC. Roco, 10/03/05Challenge 2015: Specify the state of a celland of nervous system from the nanoscaleMeasure and simulate, 3 dimensional, highly parallel, . . .MC. Roco, 10/03/05The Cell–basic nanosystem of lifeThe brain–complex system based onnanoscale processesR.Llinas, 2003Challenge 2015: To Eliminate SufferingChallenge 2015: To Eliminate Sufferingand Death Due to Cancerand Death Due to Cancer“A Vision Not a Dream!” by using nanotechnology, A v.Eschenbach, NCIWhere We Want To BeWhere We AreDetectionandDiagnosisMalignantTumors WithMetastasesDetection andDiagnosisCancer results from accumulation of multiple genetic changes in a cells.Nanotechnology will allow earlier detection and prevention (Year0)Year 0Year XYear YYear ZPreventionPreventionRevolutionary technologies,products and servicesGrowing area3⁄4Materials, including bulk, coating, dispersed systems3⁄4Chemicals, including catalysts3⁄4Pharmaceuticals3⁄4ElectronicsEmerging areas in 2004-20053⁄4Nanomedicine3⁄4Energy conversion and storage3⁄4Agriculture and food systems3⁄4Molecular architectures3⁄4Realistic multiphenomena/multiscale simulations3⁄4Environmental implicationsMC. Roco, 10/03/05Nanotechnology holds major implicationsinnanoelectronics•Nanotechnology offers the toolsto understand / transform the silicon technology (< 10 nm gate!)•A platform for new developmentsMolecular electronics, Quantum computing, Few electrondevices, DNA computing, Surface computing, 3D architectures,Neural, Flextronics, Displays, Nanostructured batteries.•Integration with biosystemsVersatile and small sensors; Physical and mental performance;Neural prosthesis; Integration of info-biosystems at nanoscale•The quest for smallness and speed will be enhanced by theneeds fornew architectures, three-dimensional integration atthe nanoscale, functionality and integration with applicationdriven developmentssuch as those in biomedicineMC. Roco, 10/03/05Nanotechnology holds major implications inenergy conversion and storage-issues -Energy conversion-Fuel cells; Photovoltaics, space harvesting systems-Photo or electro-catalytic reduction of CO2 to produce a liquid fuelStorage-H2 storage; Reversible hydrogen chemisorption-Batteries and supercapacitorsEnabling other technologies-Separation nanotechnologies both for fission fuel reprocessing,and for mining uranium from sea water-Superconductors, or quantum conductors-Photodiodes for lighting-Materials that will enable deep drilling, geothermal heat mining.MC. Roco, 10/03/05Nanotechnology holds majorimplications in the environmentzNanoscale manufacturing will in thelong term provide the meansforsustainable development. By increasing production capacity for thesame useful outcomes, one needs lessmaterial, less water, less energyand less waste. Also, new methods togenerate energy, filter water, etc.z“Exact manufacturing”-the proportion of waste reduceszProvides means to address currenthealth and environmental issues, aswell as unexpected consequences. Understand geo-nanoscience.zNovel technologies based on molecular processes can be used toremove existing pollutants thatcannot be separated or are tooexpensive to be separated otherwise.zBy using nanoscale sensors one canmonitor the situation better,inmore detail and over larger areas.The risk of not doing R&D in nanotechnology would be highMC. Roco, 10/03/05Integrating science and technologyfrom the nanoscalezBroad and timely opportunity3⁄4Understanding unity innature beyondrenaissance, and technologyintegration from the nanoscale3⁄4Powerful transforming tools (NBIC:nano-bio-info-cogno) developing at theconfluence of disciplines3⁄4Improvement of individual and grouphuman performance becomes possibleOnline www.nsf.gov/nano,also Kluwer Academic Publ(December 2001)MC. Roco, 10/03/053⁄4Need for anticipation (‘learning beforedoing’) and deliberate choiceszNBIC -agents of accelerated,synergistic changeNanotechnology is still an art. . . as it was in the4th century whenthis masterpiecewas manufactured.The dichroism isdue to tiny 50 nmparticles suspendedin glass. In thefuture -we aim tobe able to do suchthings ‘by design’.red intransmitted lightgreen inreflected lightMC. Roco, 10/03/05Part BFour Generations of Nanotechnology Products3⁄4Four generations of nanomanufacturing3⁄4Areas of industrial relevance3⁄4NNI support for nanomanufacturing3⁄4Planning for the futureMinneapolis, October 3, 2005(McMillan, 2004)MC Roco,10/03/05Defining Nanomanufacturing(1):Manufacturing:Transforming raw materials into products withdesired properties and performance –generally in large quantitiesAims at building material structures, components, devices/machines, and systems with nanoscale features in one, twoand three dimensions. It includes-bottom-up directed assemblingof nanostructure buildingblocks (from the atomic, molecular, supramolecular levels),-top-down high-resolution processing(ultraprecisionengineering, fragmentation methods,positioning assembling),-engineering of molecules and supramolecular systems(molecules as devices “by design”, nanoscale machines, etc.),-hierarchical integrationwith larger scale systems.Atoms,nanostructuresmaterials/ devices/molecules (intermediate)machines/ systemsMC. Roco, 10/03/05Manufacturing at Nanoscale-typical bottom-up processes -zNucleation and growth-Aerosol and colloidal dispersions; deposition on surfaceszSelfassembling-Natural process in living systems and biomimetics-Chemistry/chemical manufacturing-Guided by electric, magnetic, optical fields, DNA controlled ..zTemplating-Al and carbon nanotubes; Substrate patterning; local reactorszEngineered molecules and molecular assemblies-Designed molecules as devices: Wires,switches, logic devices..-Newmolecular architectures by design: several scales, dynamiczBio methods-Selectivity, selfassembling, synthetic biology, ..MC. Roco, 10/03/05Manufacturing at Nanoscale-other typical processes -zLithography:-Optical, ultraviolet, electron-beam (1-10 nm)-Scanning probe microscope based (1-10 nm)zNano-machiningzNano-manipulation-Atoms and molecules (ex: IBM), nanoparticles (ex: USC)-1D, 2D and 3D structures; assembling of nanodeviceszFragmentation:mechanical milling, spark erosion, etc.zSintering of nano precursorszThermal treatment of metals, ceramics, compositeszMixing of nanocomposites and their processingzNanoscale roboticszEvolutionary approaches, ..MC. Roco, 10/03/05Defining Nanomanufacturing(2)AssemblingPASSIVE -ACTIVE -SYSTEMS OF -MOLECULARNANOSTR.NANOSTR.NANOSYSTEMS NANOSYSTEMS-Fragmentation-Patterning-Restructuring of bulk-Lithography, ..-Directedselfassembling,-Templating,-New molecules-Multiscaleselfassembling,-In situprocessing, ..-Molecules asdevices,-Quantum control,-Synthetic biology..-Nanosystembiology-Emerging systems-Hierarchicalintegration..- Systemengineering- Devicearchitecture-Integration, ..-Interfaces, field &boundary control-Positioningassembly-Integration, ..MC. Roco, 10/03/05PASSIVE NANOSTRUCT U RES (in pr oduction) ACTIVE NANOSTRUCT URES (to prototypes) SYSTEMS OF NANOSYSTEMS (in research)

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# Converging S&E Diverging architectures2000 2010 2020SuccessivedevelopmentsTimeline for beginning of industrial prototyping andnanotechnology commercialization: Four Generations1st:Passive nanostructures(1stgeneration products)Ex: coatings, nanoparticles, nanostructured metals, polymers, ceramics2nd:Active nanostructuresEx: 3D transistors,amplifiers, targeted drugs,actuators, adaptive structures3rd:Systems of nanosystemsEx: guided assembling; 3D networking and newhierarchical architectures, robotics, evolutionary4th:MolecularnanosystemsEx: molecular devices ‘by design’,atomic design, emerging functions~2010~2005~2000 New R&D challenges~2015-2020CMUAIChE Journal, 2004, Vol. 50 (5), M. RocoR&DBroad UseIT 1960 -2000BIO 1980 -2010NANO 2000 -2020Nanoelectronics:Example of Enablers for Successive Product GenerationszFirst generation:Scaling down “masked-lithography of thin-films” approach (thecost-per-function trend is threatened); Nanoscale comp. (ex: layers)w/ new physicszSecond generation:-Manufacturing technique to lower the costof: capital equipment, pattern generation,and “atomic-level” process control will be required.Possible solution -“directedself-assembly” leading to CMOS scaled to its ultimate limits (5-10 nm).-New devices/circuits that extend the industry’s historical rates of improvement inenergy-delay product and standby power.CMOS is already being scaled into aregime where the tradeoff between performance and power consumption forcessignificant compromise.Possible in the medium term -“post-CMOS” (but still“charge-based”) with carbon-nanotube, single-electron “transistors”, others.zThird generation:Charge-based devices tend to remain limited by most of theinterconnect charge-transport issues (e.g., parasitic capacitance) and near-equilibrium thermodynamic constraints that afflict CMOS.Possible solutions indevices based on state variables other than electriccharge (e.g., electron-spin,nuclear-spin or photonic states).zFourth generation: Molecular and supramolecular components “by design”Reference: 2002 edition of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors; R. DoeringMCRoco,10/03/05•In the 70s, 80s and 90sGeometrical scalingwas the major driver•In the 2003 -2012 period (industry target)Use of novel physical phenomenato extend performanceby equivalent scaling are the major drivers. Examples (2004):“Strained Silicon” -Separating the Silicon Atomsfor Faster Electron FlowIn addition, to explore beyond CMOS:-New carriers instead of electron charge-Integrate CMOS with other nanodevices-New system architectures-Integration with applications1.2 nm gate oxide is ~5Silicon atom layers thickTri-gate TransistorMCRoco,10/03/05Challenge 2015: Transistor beyond/integratedChallenge 2015: Transistor beyond/integratedCMOS under 10 nmCMOS under 10 nmHumanExamples of levels for intervention of nanobiotechnologyin human life extension: 4 generations of productsOrganCellMolecule•(1st)Joint replacement•Non-invasive and invasivediagnostics for rapidpatient monitoring•Cognitive-assist devices•Targeted cancer therapies•(2nd)Sensors for invivo monitoring•Localized drugdelivery•Neural stimulation•Cardiac therapies•Artificial organs•(3rd)Improvedcell-materialinteractions•Scaffolds fortissue eng.•(4th)Genetictherapies•Cell ageing•Stem celltherapies•Localizeddrug delivery• Fastdiagnostictechniques•Gene therapydevices•Self-assemblystructures(NBIC Report,2002)First generation of products: passive nanostructures (~ 2000 –)-IN PRODUCTION -3⁄4Goal:Reaching systematic control in passive nanoscaledomains, typically for tailoring macroscale properties andfunctions3⁄4Ex. applications:coatings, nanoparticles, dispersions,nanolayers, sintering, filters, surface nanopatterning, bulkmaterials -nanostructured metals, polymers, ceramics.Primary areas of relevance are:•Materials•Chemicals, including catalysts•Pharmaceuticals•Electronics3⁄4R&D focus:on new properties of materials and new toolsEx.: grain boundary simulation, nanomechanicsMC Roco,10/03/05Nanomaterials By Designwww.ChemicalVision2020.organd NNIThe ability to employscientific principles indeliberately creatingstructures with nano-scalefeatures (e.g., size,architecture)that deliver uniquefunctionality and utility fortarget applicationsMC Roco,10/03/05Directed selfassemblingEx: Robotic deposition of nanoparticle/polymer gels (RPI)Goal: Design nanostructured inkswith controlled rheology andcreate materials with 3-D features on multiple length scalesnanostructuredinksdirectwrite assemblyof 3-D structureswithbuilds rates ca 1 mm/sD nozzle: 1μm -1mmLewis et al. (2003)inkreservoir100 μm200 nmMC Roco,10/03/05EnergyHealthcareAircraft EnginesWaterNanotechnology PlatformNanoTubes and NanoRodsNanoParticlesNanoCeramicsNanoStructured Metal SystemsHybrid MaterialsNanotechnology at General ElectricDuPont:DuPont:Process Engineering & Manufacturingfor synthesis (CVD, Aerosol, Crystallization, precipitation), size reduction,surface treatment, coating, encapsulation, dispersion, incorporationManufacturingParticle DesignCNT’sNanoparticlesNanostructureNanolayerCoating &EncapsulationCharacterizationAssemblyApplications-PSD, morphology, surface-Defects-End-use performance- Safety-Unit operations & Scale up-Process integrationModeling&SimulationFilms, Electronics, DisplaysEP, Coatings,Personal care,Sensors, N&H-Fluid dynamics- Field(E&M)-Molecular template-Biomolecule assistedMolecular, Meso, Macro, CFD,Nanotechnology platformMCRoco,10/03/05Example of todaytechnology:Example of today’stechnology:Applications of various nanostructures in a carApplications of various nanostructures in a carSample of companies involved: GM, Ford, Toyota, Mitsubishi,BMW, all tire companies: there is no major part of carthat has not yet been affected by nanotechnology (2003)Ex: “Nano in Cars” consortium in Germany -6car manufacturers,10 suppliers, and 26 R&D university and laboratoriesAngle sensorGPS navigationABS sensorPaintpigmentsEmissionprobeCatalyticconverterNanoparticlesin rubberNanoparticlereinforcedpolymers,metals, filtersWindows withUV/visible lightabsorber layerAmorphousnanostructuredalloys for enginesNanojet injectionM.C.Roco, NSF,9/26/03Technological targets of NanoMobil(Source: German car manufacturers, BMBF)Example of system approach, with about 20-25 R&D targetsLow-lubricationcylinders,PEM cellEasy-to-cleansurfaces,bodyworkdesignEffect-switchpaints,textile conditioningSensors, vision,environment,interiorGlare-freewindows,all-round glazingCatalysis,nanoporousfiltersCorrosionprotection,EMCLeight-weightconstruction,H2storageSafetyComfortSustainabilityLow-lubricationcylinders,PEM cellEasy-to-cleansurfaces,bodyworkdesignEffect-switchpaints,textile conditioningSensors, vision,environment,interiorGlare-freewindows,all-round glazingCatalysis,nanoporousfiltersCorrosionprotection,EMCLeight-weightconstruction,H2storageSafetyComfortSustainability2004: 5 car manufacturers, 11 suppliers,12 universities, 14 research instituteshttp://www.fz-juelich.de/wing/datapool/page/19/Leitinnovation_NanoMobil_09_03_04.pdfSecond generation of products: active nanostructures(~ 2005 –)-IN DESIGN -3⁄4Goal:active nanostructures for mechanical, electronic, magnetic,photonic, biological and other effects;typically for microscale devices and systems3⁄4Ex. applications:Targeted drugs, actuators, transistors, sensors,molecular machines, light-driven molecular motors, plasmonics,nanoscale fluidics, various devices. Emerging areas are:NanomedicineEnergy conversion and storageAgriculture and food systemsRealistic multiphenomena/multiscale simulationsEnvironmental applications3⁄4R&D focus:novel devices/machines & device system architecturesMC Roco,10/03/05TSC12/03Motivation for hybridizing other devices withCMOSExample:Construction of a Viral NanomotorDriven by a Synthetic RNAP. Guo, Molecular Virology,Purdue University, 2004M.C.Roco,10/03/05Thirdgeneration of products:3D systems of nanosystems(~ 2010 –)-IN RESEARCH -zGoal:engineer and manufacture 3D nanosystems withheterogeneous components, systems of nanosystems;typically for nanoscale assemblies and systemszEx. applications:multiscale selfassembling, networking ofstructures and devices at the nanoscale with hierarchicalarchitectures, chemical manufacturing, robotics, nanosystemswith long scale order, biomedical. Emerging areas are:3⁄4Nanosystem biology for medicine3⁄4Nanosystem architectures3⁄4Realistic multiphenomena/multiscale simulations3⁄4Environmental bio implications3⁄4Converging new technologies from the nanoscalezR&D focus:Design and interaction of supramolecularsystems and heterogeneous nanostructures;system architecture of nanosystems, modular integrationMC Roco,10/03/05Example:Neuro-vascular Central Nervous Recording/Stimulating System: Using Nanotechnology ProbesR.R. Llinás, NYU School of MedicineI. Hunter, MIT, BioengineeringNanostructured polymeric wires,Conducting biocompatible,biodegradable and with guidanceSeveral goals:-neuro-to-neuron interaction-simultaneous multiple probesfor describing the system-treatment Parkinson diseaseJ. Nanoparticle Research, 2005, Issue 2M.C.Roco,10/03/05Fourth generation of products: molecular nanosystems(~2020?)-IN RESEARCH -zGoal:heterogeneous molecular nanosystems;typically for nanoscale systems and hybrid bio-assemblieszEx. applications:molecules as devices, monitor andcondition cells as nanobiosystems, multiscaleselfassembled systems with molecular components,nanoscale-based regenerative medicine and artificialorgans, high added value ‘smart’ or/and adaptivecomponents in larger systemszR&D focus:atomic/molecular design, collective behavior andchemical-mechanical interaction of molecules,tissuenanoengineering, nano-bio-info-cognitive convergence,neuromorphic engineeringMC Roco,10/03/05Designing molecules for hierarchical selfassemblingDesigning molecules for hierarchical selfassemblingEX: SAMUEL I. STUPP,EX: SAMUEL I. STUPP,estern UniversityNorthwestern UniversityApplication: biomaterials for human repair, reactive filters, othersMCRoco,10/03/05Miniature Micro/Nano-Robots-II: “Claytronics”(Seth Goldstein, CMU)Manufacturing at Nanoscale-several challenges -zEfficiently create structures in the 0.1-100 nm rangezCombine top-down and bottom-up approacheszIntegration along scales with larger systemszLarge scale production and economical scale up:different concepts and principles?zInteraction non-living and living structureszReplication (ex: lithography, thermodynamic cycle)Self-replication (ex: bio, DNA-based)zRevolutionary processes envisioned (open system)Extend existing manufacturing capabilities if possibleMC Roco,10/03/05Nanomanufacturing: Several key issueszEvolutionary vs. revolutionary technologieszSpecific nanotechnology processes and equipment;Expand on existing infrastructure?zNeed for specific instrumentation, metrology, manu. toolszIntegrating length scales in 3-D, time scales, materials,functionality (mechanical, electromagnetic, thermal,biological, chemical) of manufacturing processes;from nanoscale to micro-and macro-scaleszScaling up / high rate production requirementszEnvironmental/Health/Safety requirementsand research needszIntellectual property issues: time scale, coverage, etc.MCRoco,10/03/05NNI and Nanomanufacturing2000 -2005zNanomanufacturing -initial goal of NNI(included in the nanotechnology definition,GCs and SBIR)zAiming at a progressive approach:exploratory research, design, prototyping, applicationszA new NNI Grand Challenge since FY 2002Lead agencies: NSF (basics -$22M; new program onNanomanufacturing and theme in solicitation) andNIST (applied)zAbout 1/3 NNI budget has relevance tonanomanufacturing(crossing the 5 modes of support);to continue for all four generations of nanomanufacturingzWorkshops(ex. Report on interagency meeting, 2004)zWorking group focused on nanomanufacturing(12/2003)zOutcomes:R&D, Facilities, SBIR, Partnerships, GrowthMCRoco, NSF,10/03/05Center of Scalable and Integrated NanomanufacturingUCLA, UC Berkeley, Stanford U., UCSD, UNCC, HP Labs3D TerabitMemoryUltra SensitiveBio-sensorNano Fluidic CircuitsUltra Compact light source& integrated photonicsGoals-3D nano-manufacturing with 1-20 nm resolution(Plasmonic Imaging Lithography,Ultra Mold Imprinting)-Massive and parallelintegration of heterogeneousnano-LEGOs into devices-Nano-manufacturingcluster toolResearch ThrustsMC. Roco, 10/03/05Nanoscale Chemical-Electrical-MechanicalManufacturing Systems,UIUC, NCSU, CaltechGoals-control of composition at nanoscale-placement of nanostructures in 3D-knowledge of the state of matter at nanoResearch ThrustsMicro-Nano Fluidic Network ToolbitProcess Sensing and ControlManufacturing SystemsMacroMicroNanoMC. Roco, 10/03/05Highlights of the FY 2006 Budget Request-Nanomanufacturing -zEstablishment of a network for nanomanufacturing basedon 4 NSF centers lead by the Center on HierarchicalNanomanufacturing, a DOD MURI and the NIST NationalNanomanufacturing and Nanometrology FacilityzNew projects funded by the Nanomanufacturing Programat NSF, DOD MANTECH program, NIST metrology andcharacterization tools for manufacturing, DOE and NASAzIncreased SBIR activities in nano (~$80 million in 2006)zNSET Working Group to promote innovation and liaisonwith industryzCollaboration with the NSTC Working Group onManufacturing R&DMC. Roco, 10/03/05Part CNational Nanotechnology Initiative: The Long-term ViewF.Frankel-copyright3⁄4Motivation and timeline3⁄4Outcomes in the first four years of NNI3⁄4New frontiers in 2005 and long-term planningMinneapolis, October 3, 2005MC Roco,10/03/05PASSIVE NANOSTRUCT U RES (in pr oduction) ACTIVE NANOSTRUCT URES (to prototypes) SYSTEMS OF NANOSYSTEMS (in research)

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# Converging S&E Diverging architectures2000 2010 2020SuccessivedevelopmentsMC. Roco, 10/03/05R&D towards the Next Industrial RevolutionR&D towards the Next Industrial Revolution1999 metrics, 2004 check the progress, 2015 to satisfy first criteriaSystematic control matter on the nanoscale will leadto a revolution in technology and industry-Changing the foundationof understanding,control, manufacturing and medicinefrom the macro and micro domains to thenanoscale, where all fundamental materialproperties andfunctions can be efficientlyestablished and changed-General purpose technologythat will affectalmost all sectors of the society.It will disrupt -structural changes -markets,industrial organizations and business models(ex: 50% of new products in advancedindustrial areas will use NS&E by 2015)MC. Roco, 10/03/05The long-term vision drives NNITime and impact scales of NNILong termsocietalgoals10-20 yearvisionFive yearstrategicplanningAnnualNNIbudgetsMonthlyNSETmeetingsKnowledge baseKnowledge baseEconomyEconomyQuality of lifeResponsible NTWorld context1999 Research Directions I1999 Research Directions I2004 Research Directions II2004 Research Directions II10 topical reports in 03-04Evaluation PCAST, NRCAnnual budgetsAnnual budgetsFY 2001, .. , 2005EOP evaluation,OMB, GPRA, COVTactical decisionsTactical decisionsProgramsProgramsPartnershipsSafety issuesMC. Roco, 10/03/05Interdisciplinary “horizontal” knowledge creation vs.“vertical” transition from basic concepts to Grand ChallengesFundamental research at the nanoscaleKnowledge creation: same principles, phenomena, toolsBasic discoveries and new areas of relevanceMATERIALSENVIRONMENTELECTRONICSMANUFACTURINGCBRESECURITYHEALTHCAREMICROCRAFTINSTRUMENTSENERGYRevolutionary Technologies and ProductsConvergingTechnologiesGrandChallengesInfrastructureWorkforcePartnershipsMC. Roco, 10/03/05Fiscal year20002001 200220032004 2005(all in million $) ActualEnact/ActualEnact/ActualEnact/ActualReq./ActualReq/Est.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________National Science Foundation97150/150199/204221/221249/256305/338Department of Defense70110/125180/224243/322222/291276/257Department of Energy5893/8891.1/89133/134197/202211/210Health and Human Services3239/39.640.8/5965/7870/10689/145NASA520/2235/3533/3631/4735/45NIST810/33.437.6/7766/6462/7753/75EPA-/5.85/65/55/55/5Homeland Security (TSA)-2/22/12/11/1Department of Agriculture-/1.51.5/01/110/25/3Department of Justice -/1.41.4/11.4/11.4/21/2Congressionally-directed to DOD25 4080 103150TOTAL270422/490600/737770/942849/1092982/1231Average annual rate: 38%+82%+50%+28%+16% + 13%-Industry, state and local organizations: about 2 times NNI budget in 2004-2004 NNI budget: 65% to academia; 25% -R&D labs; 10% -industry (7% SBIR)First NNI strategic plan (2001-2005):R&D funding by AgencyMC. Roco, 10/03/05Grey: supervisingorganizations;Red:organizations implementingNNI;Blue:organizations evaluatingNNI;Dashlines:infromationallinksContributingIndependentAgencies(12)CRCD, EPA,FDA,NASA,NIH,NIOSH,NRC,NSF,ITIC,UTOContributingIndependentAgencies(12)CRCD, EPA,FDA,NASA,NIH,NIOSH,NRC,NSF,ITIC,UTOContributingDepartments (10)DOC/NIST,DOC /USPTO,DOD,DOE,DOJ,DOS,DOT,DOTreas,DHS,USDAContributingDepartments (10)DOC/NIST,DOC/USPTO,DOD,DOE,DOJ,DOS,DOT,DOTreas,DHS,USDANSET:coordinates NNI(MOU for funding NNCO)NNCO,secretariatNNCO,secretariatOSTPOSTPOMBOMBTAGTAGExecutive Office ofthe PresidentCONGRESSCONGRESSNSTCNSTCCommitteeon TechnologyCommitteeon TechnologyPCAST(NNAP)PCAST(NNAP)RANRANNEHIWGNEHIWGIndustryLiaisonWGIndustryLiaisonWGNanomanufacturingWGNanomanufacturingWGSupplement ReportTFSupplement ReportTFResearch DirectionsandStrategicPlanningTFResearch DirectionsandStrategic PlanningTFNRCNRCCommitteeon ScienceCommitteeon ScienceOrganizationchart oftheNNIPublicPublicIndustryIndustryStatesStatesInternationalorganizationsInternationalorganizationsMediaMediaAcademeAcademePublicInteractionWGPublicInteractionWGOrganization chart of the NNI3. Passback,3. Passback,gotiations,negotiations,& appeals between& appeals betweenagencies and Eagencies and EOPesident4. Presidentmakes final decmakes final decisionsand sends budgetand sends budgett to Congrequest to Congress2. Agenciesprepare & submitprepare & submitproposed budgets to OMBproposed budgets to OMB5. Congress reviews,5. Congress reviews,considers, & approvesconsiders, & approvesoveralloverallbudgetrequestpropriations6. Appropriationshearings withhearings withagencies & EOPagencies & EOPon individual pon individual programsNNI Budget10.NNI Budget= sumof agensions onfundingof agenciesdecisions onfundingnanotechnoloofnanotechnology-related pogramrelated prs7. Congress7. Congressmarks umarks up&passes agencypasses agencyappropriations billsappropriations billsesidentsigns or8. Presidentsigns orVetoes appropriations bVetoes appropriations billsAgenciesmake decsions on9.Agenciesmake decisions onallocation of nanotechnologresourcesallocation of nanotechnologyresourcesconsistentwith enactopriationsconsistentwith enacted appropriationsacts and NNI Stgic Planacts and NNI Strategic Plan1. OSTP & OMB1. OSTP & OMBsue guidanceissue guidancememorandummemorandumon R&D prioritieson R&D prioritiesSimplified Portrayal of NNI Budget DevelopmentNNIStrategicStrategicPlanningPlanningImpactsImpactsNSET/ NNCOAccomplishments(1)•Developed foundational knowledgefor control of matter at the nanoscale:over 2500 active projects in >500 universities, private sectorinstitutions and gov. labs in all 50 states•“Created aninterdisciplinary nanotechnology community”1•R&D / Innovation Results: With ~25% of global gov. investments, the U.S.accounts for ~ 50% of highly cited papers, ~ 60% of USPTO patents2,and ~70% of startups3in nanotechnologyworldwide.Small Times reported ~ 1645 US nanotech companies in March 2005;In 2004, roughly half of companies were small businesses,and NNI SBIR/STTR investment was ~$70 million•Infrastructure:over 35 new large nanotechnology research centers, networksand user facilities; about 6,300 users in 2 academic-based networks(1) NSF Committee of Visitors, 2004; (2)Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2004; (3)NanoBusiness Alliance, 2004MC. Roco, 10/03/05Accomplishments(2)•Partnerships:with industry (Consultative Boards for AdvancingNanotechnology -CBAN), regional alliances (22),international (over 25 countries), numerous professional societies•Societal implications and applications-from the beginning, about 10% of 2004 NNI; addresses environmentaland health, safety, and other societal and educational concerns;NSET SC leadership thru NEHI WG•Nanotechnology education and outreach-impacting over 10,000 graduate students and teachers in 2004;expanded to undergraduate and high schools, and outreach;create national networks for formal and informal education•Leadership:The U.S. NNI has catalyzed global activities in nanotechnology andserved as a model for other programs.MC. Roco, 10/03/05Exponential growth; About half of the highly citedpapers in key journals originate in U.S.(“nano*” keyword search, after NNISupplement Budget Report, 2006)MCRoco,10/03/050.01.02.03.04.05.06.0 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04Year

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num be r of a r t i c l e sRestofWorldUnited StatesISI Web of Science Databasewith 5400 professional journals-U.S. about 30% for alljournal articles in 2004-U.S. about 50% in highimpact articles(UCLA NanoBank)Ex: recent survey onNature, Science, andPhysics Review LettersUS has about 61% of world NT Patents (USPTO database)using “Title-claims”and “Full-text”search for nanotechnology by keywords(using intelligent search engine, after J. Nanoparticle Research, 2004, Vol. 6, Issue 4)Using “Title-claims”search:nanotechnology claims020040060080010001200140016001800 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002Year

Nu mb e r o f P a t e n t sOthersW.EuropeJapanUSAMC. Roco, 10/03/05NSE content map analysisgrant–patent topic associationNSE PatentContent Map (2001-2002)NSE GrantContent Map (2001-2002)*Region color indicates the relative growth rate (red –highest rate)(source: NSF sponsored research; J. Nanoparticle Research,2005, Issue 3)MC. Roco, 10/03/05Number of citations of Nanoscale Science andEngineering patents(analysis NSF sponsored research and USPTO patents)SourceDFSSMSFPGroup 821074826344192.430.000Error2.00E+0531210767137Total2.00E+0531421515Group NMeanStDevLowerUpperNSF30710.0423.68.73111.349IBM27564.8615.74.4235.297Top1066505.6322.385.3495.911UC8945.4729.594.7036.237US782272.5412.292.4582.622EntireSet1083782.0110.941.9402.080Japan148370.87.890.6120.988European95600.54.990.2650.735Others63850.686.640.3930.967Pooled StDev=11.7095% CIsbased onpooledStDev0 123456 78 9101112NSF Principal Investigator’s patents had significantly higher number of citesmeasure than most other comparisongroups. It shows the relevance offundamental research fornanotechnology development.(from J. Nanoparticle Research, 2005, Issue 3)MC. Roco, 10/03/0540 Universities withmorethan$10 millioninactive NSFawardsinFY2001-2004$0$20,000,000$40,000,000$60,000,000$80,000,000$100,000,000$120,000,000$140,000,000 Co r n el l No r t hwe s t e r n MI T U of W i s c on s i n St a n f o r d

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Pr i n c e t o n G e or gi a T e c h U C S a nt a B a r b a r a U of M i c h i g an NC S t at e U of V i r g inia UC Dav i s U of F l or i d a J o hn s H o pk ins Oh i o S t a t e C a rn e g i e -M e l l o n A r i z on a S t at e U of W a s h i n gt on Not r e D a m e U o f Chi c a g o U of K e nt uc k y S U N Y St o n y Br o o k UC I r v i ne UC S a n Di e g o

Obl i g a t i ons f o r A c t i v e A w a r dsMCRoco,10/03/05States(US)Awarded$10MillionorMorebyNSFforNEW ResearchGrantsinFY2001 -2004$0$50,000,000$100,000,000$150,000,000$200,000,000$250,000,000$300,000,000$350,000,000CANYMAILPATXWIOHNCNJINFLMIALVALAAZGATNCOMDMNNMNEWAKYSCMTDCMSOKMOARORCTNVRIDEVTPRIDIAUTStates

4- Y ear Total A m ou ntMCRoco,10/03/05yAK - $3.88y$6.41y$3.58yHI - $0.17y$3.51y$2.98y$9.93y$7.40y$2.44y$3.33y$3.50y$26.04y$4.61yMD - $5.14y$1.30y$3.63y$5.39y$2.91y$2.42y$6.93y$5.82y$4.29y$9.03y$4.86y$2.54y$4.18y$7.18y$2.83y$12.45y$4.74y$3.13y$4.11y$8.72yPR - $1.51y$7.29yRI - $12.14y$3.48y$4.27y$4.09y$3.89y$4.37y$3.82y$8.87y$3.19y$7.27y$5.34y$1.07y$4.70yCT - $3.69yDC - $23.39yDE - $15.05y$2.37Per Capita NEW Amt.<= 2.912.91 - 3.583.58 - 4.274.27 - 5.345.34 - 8.728.72 - 26.04Per CapitaNEW NNI Award Amount by StateNSF, FY 2001-2004MC. Roco,10/03/052000200220032004200520012005-2007Infrastructure 2001-2005: 40R&D Centers, Networks and User FacilitiesMCRoco,10/03/05Nanobiotechnology, Cornell (STC)National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (13)Oklahoma Nano Net, OKNetwork for ComputationalNanotechnology, Purdue (7)Nanoscale Systems in Information Technologies, CornellNanoscience in Biological and Env. Eng.,RiceIntegrated Nanopatterning and Detection, NUElectronic Transport in Molecular Nanostructures, ColumbiaNanoscale Systems and their Device Applications, HarvardDirected Assemblyof Nanostructures,RPIInstitute for Soldier Nanotechnology, MITNanoscience Innovation for Defense, UCSBNanoscience Institute, NRLMolecular Foundry, LBNLCenter for Integrated Nanotechnologies, SNLCenter for Nanophase Materials Sciences, ORNLCenter for Nanoscale Materials, ANLCenter for Functional Nanomaterials, BNLInstitute for Cell MimeticSpace Exploration, UCLAInstitute for IntelligentBio-Nanomaterials&Structures for Aerospace Vehicles, Texas A&MBio-Inspection, Design, and Processing of Multifunctional Nanocomposites, PrincetonInstitute for Nanoelectronics and Computing, PurdueIntegrated Nanomechanical Systems, UCBHigh Rate Nanomanufacturing, NE U.-BostonAffordable Nanoeng. of PolymerBiomedical Devices, Ohio St.Nano/BioInterface, U. PA.Probing the Nanoscale, StanfordTemplated Synthesis and Assembly at the Nanoscale, UW-MaIntegrated and ScalableNanomanufacturing, UCLANanoscale Chem., Electr., andMech. Manu. Systems, UIUCExtremeUltraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado St.OperationNanotechnology Center for Learning and Teaching, NU (10)Funded byNSF (24),DOD (3),NASA (4),DOE (5),NIST (2),DHHS (2)MRSECs on nanostructuresNanotechnology Characterization Lab, NCINanotechnology Labs, NIST at MAand CONIOSHNew in 2005 (NSF): Nanotechnology in Society;NISE (museums); Hierarchical NanomanufacturingNSF NNIN Scope and Activities(13 nodes, lead Cornell University)www.nnin.orgAbout 3,300 users in 2004Center For FunctionalNanomaterials at BNLCenter For NanophaseMaterials Sciences at ORNLMolecular Foundry at LBNLDOE Nanoscale Science Research CentersSummer ‘03Summer ‘03Spring ‘05Spring ‘05Spring ‘04Spring ‘04Spring ‘04Spring ‘04Spring ‘04Center for NanoscaleMaterials at ArgonneCenter for Integrated NanotechnologiesSBIR/STTR funding FY 2003-2004(estimation)200120022003Total FundingTotal ProjectsTotal FundingTotal ProjectsTotal FundingTotal ProjectsDOD20.910432.215732.2144DOE4.534 1.025.830NASA5.53112.8482.428HHS (NIH)6.4328.11914.143NSF9.451 8.16214.084DOT0.3200N/AN/AEPA0.340.340.56USDA0.110.5400DOC 0.110.540.23Totals 47.526063.530069.2338Funding -inmillion $About 7% of the NNI R&D budget in FY 2003About 3.5% of funding for allSBIR/STTR topics, all agenciesMC. Roco, 10/03/05Defining the vision for the second strategic plan (II)Defining the vision for the second strategic plan (II)National Nanotechnology InitiativeNational Nanotechnology Initiative2004ReportsReports2004:10-yearvision/planAgricultureand FoodSocietalImplications2004GovernmentPlan (annual)SurveymanufacturingEnergyOther topical reportson www.nano.govDec. 2004: Update 10 year vision, and develop strategic planMCRoco,10/03/05Second NNI strategic plan (2006-2010):Goals / ActivitiesFour main goals(including areas of new focus for next 5 years)•Maintain a world-class research and development programaimed at realizing the full potential of nanotechnology(Support R&D for active nanostructures and nanosystems)•Facilitate transfer of the new technologies into products forcommercial and public benefit(Increase funding for technologicalinnovation and multidisciplinary R&D platforms)•Develop educational resources, askilled workforce, and thesupporting infrastructure and toolsneeded to advance nanotechnology(Access to research facilitiesand educational opportunities innanoscale science and engineering for half of the undergraduate andgraduate students by 2010)•Support responsible development of nanotechnologythru societal,environmental and health implications R&D, and interaction with the public(Address sustainability and life cycle of products)MCRoco,10/03/05After 3 years of NNI:New R&D potential targets for 2015(ex.)20042015Transistor beyond/integrated CMOS under 10 nmNanoscale visualization and simulation of 3D/m domains= Micro domains with nano space and time resolutionsNew catalysts for chemical manufacturingNo suffering and death from cancer when treatedControl of nanoparticles in air, soils and watersMC. Roco, 10/03/05After 3 years of NNI:New R&D potential targets for 2015(2)20042015Advanced materials and manu.: 1⁄2 from molecular levelPharmaceuticals synthesis and delivery: 1⁄2 based on nanoConverging technologies from the nanoscaleLife-cycle biocompatible/sustainable developmentIncluding: artificial organs, manufacturing multidisciplinary platforms, etc.Education: nanoscale instead of microscale-basedMC Roco,10/03/05NNI agencies and collaborations-Illustrations for FY 2006 -zNanomanufacturing (main partners NSF, DOD and NIST)NSF’s Center for Hierarchical Nanomanufacturing willbecome fully operational in 2006, as will thecomplementary DOD MURI, and the NIST N3F. NSET will also coordinate its activitiesinthisareawith the NSTC Interagency Working Groupon Manufacturing Research and Development.zEnvironmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) ResearchEPA, NSF, NIOSH,and USDA plan an expanded joint extramural research program The NationalToxicology Program’s initiative;NIOSH’s“recommended practices”for safe handling ofnanomaterials; NEHI monthly meetingszIndustry Liaison in Support of Technology Transfer and CommercializationTheNSET Subcommittee will expand its activities to reach out toU.S. industryNSF’s “Silicon Nanoelectronics andBeyond”activity DOD will placeanew emphasis in 2006onmoving research innovations intoapplications in support of theDOD mission. NSET’s informalworking group on industry liaison will helpto coordinate this interagency thrust.zStandards DevelopmentPartner: American National Standards Institute’s Nanotechnology Standards Panel (ANSI-NSP)zInfrastructure DevelopmentAmong R&D centers (NSECs, NNIN and NCN, centers and network withDOD, NASA and DOE);Modeling and simulation and nanoelectronics (DOD,NASA and NSF).MCRoco,10/03/05Industry surveys(1)Companies working in nanotechnology(Survey by Small Times in 2004, based on individualcontacts and direct verification; partial NNI support)oIn March 2004: 775 nanotech companies(475 products in 215 companies; 23,000 new jobs insmall companies)oIn March 2005: 1455 nanotech companies(730 products)42%13%10%5%7%23%682 -Manufacturing&applications208 -Equipmentsuppliers172 -Financialcommunity87 -Governmentandlocalentities110 -Industryorganizations&institutes386 -ProfessionalservicesMC. Roco, 10/03/05Industry surveys(2)17%10%32%24%17%AlreadymarketingNanotechnologyProductsWithin1YearWithin3YearsWithin3-5 yearsMoreThan 5Years-19 of the 30 Dow Jones companies have launched nano initiatives-All Fortune 500 companies in emerging materials / electronics /pharmaceuticals-Timeline for commercialization (http://nano.nccms.org)Survey by National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (2005):600 manufacturing companies: 83% expect products in < 5yearsMCRoco,5/04/05(study sponsored by NSF)NNI-Industry Consultative Boards for Advancing Nanotech(1)Key for development of nanotechnology, Reciprocal gainsNNI-Electronic Industry (SRC lead), 10/2003 -Collaborative activities in key R&D areas5 working groups, Periodical joint actions and reportsNSF-SRC agreement forjoint funding; other joint fundingNNI-Chemical Industry (CCR lead)Joint road map for nanomaterialsR&D; Report in 20042 working groups, including on EHSUse of NNI R&D results,and identifyR&DopportunitiesNNI –Organizations and business (IRI lead)Joint activitiesin R&D technologymanagement2 working groups (nanotech in industry, EHS)Exchange information, use NNI results, support new topicsNNI-Biotechnology (BIO lead), 10/2004-Collaborative activities in key R&D areas2 working groups, R&D collaboration and EHS; joint fundingCCRMCRoco,10/03/05NNI-Industry Consultative Boards for Advancing Nanotech(2)Key for development of nanotechnology, Reciprocal gainsMCRoco,10/03/05In developmentNNI -Pharmaceuticals (Phrma lead), 4/2004-Joint road map for nanomaterials R&D2 working groups, including on EHSUse of NNI R&D results,and identifyR&DopportunitiesNNI –Forestry and paper products (FS lead), 10/2004-Workshop / roadmap for R&D2 working groups (nanotech in industry, EHS)Exchange information, use NNI results, support new topicsNNI -Automotive Industry, 3/2005-Other contacts: industry sectors such as aeronautics,plastics, food products, energy-relatedSampling of Current Regional, State, & LocalInitiatives in NanotechnologyCaliforniaNanoSystemInstitute (CNSI)Northern CANano InitiativeConnecticutNanotechnologyInitiativeAtomworksGirvan InstituteNanotechnologyCenterat Ga TechMassachusettsNanotechnologyInitiativeEnterpriseFloridaNanoscienceCenterNanoScienceInstitute ofthe West;CA, OR, WAOklahoma NanotechnologyInitiativeNanotechCenterConsortium:UNM & Nat. LabsColorado NanoTechnologyInitiative (CNTI)Center forAcceleratingApplications atthe NanoscaleArizona BiodesignInstitute (AzBio)USC NanoCenterNanotech Inst Ben FranklinTech Partnership;PA, NJ, DE, MDMichiganSmall TechAssociationNanoBusinessAllianceAlbanyNanotechNewJerseyNanotechnologyConsortiumTexasNanotechnologyInitiativeInstfor NanotechnologyInVirginia (INanoVANSET/ NNCOsupport-Nanotechnology R&D-Infrastructure: Physical,Human resources, Legal,Organizations-Regulatory measuresand standardssupport-Nanotechnology R&D-Infrastructure: Physical,Human resources, Legal,Organizations-Regulatory measuresand standardsthroughConverging TechnologiesthroughConverging TechnologiesApplicationsSocietalchangesGrowthPolicies, governance:Congress, WH, othersNanotechnologyNew understanding,discoveries,and innovationsNanotechnologyNew understanding,discoveries,and innovationsimplications on-Quality of life, Access toknowledge, Human dignity- Economic,EHS- Cultural,Internationalimplications on-Quality of life, Access toknowledge, Human dignity- Economic,EHS- Cultural,InternationalchangesNew ProductsHuman Health and CognitionSocietalSystemchangesNew ProductsHuman Health and CognitionSocietalSystem(Open system)Nanotechnology in SocietyJ. Nanoparticle Research, 7(2), 2005M.C.Roco,10/03/05NNI challenges-Coherent long-term (5-10 year) programs: new priorities –how to handlebudget constrains; support interdisciplinary research and education,flexible infrastructure, and broad societal implications; Nano-bio -in infancy-Horizontal versus vertical S&T development: increasing technologicalinnovation in the 2ndNNI Strategic Plan-More responsible and effectivein including public, industry and states perspectives-Collaboration and synergism among agencies; Incentives for agencyparticipation and proper reporting-Need for bold system-oriented programs, particularly in mission-orientedagencies, focused on topics such as: the new catalyst, new transistor,conditioning the cell-International collaboration and competitionM.C. Roco, NSF,10/03/053⁄4Environmental, Health and Safety issues3⁄4Education3⁄4Ethical, Legal and other Social IssuesF. Frankel-copyrightPart DSocietal DimensionsSocietal DimensionsMcMillan,2004MC Roco,10/03/05Minneapolis, October 3, 2005TopicsMC. Roco, 10/03/05zShort and long term issues in societalimplications: governance approachzNNI activities in EHS, education and ELSIsupport-Nanotechnology R&D-Infrastructure: Physical,Human resources, Legal,Organizations-Regulatory measuresand standardssupport-Nanotechnology R&D-Infrastructure: Physical,Human resources, Legal,Organizations-Regulatory measuresand standardsthroughConverging TechnologiesthroughConverging TechnologiesApplicationsSocietalchangesGrowthPolicies, governance:Congress, WH, othersNanotechnologyNew understanding,discoveries,and innovationsNanotechnologyNew understanding,discoveries,and innovationsimplications on-Quality of life, Access toknowledge, Human dignity- Economic,EHS- Cultural,Internationalimplications on-Quality of life, Access toknowledge, Human dignity- Economic,EHS- Cultural,InternationalchangesNew ProductsHuman Health and CognitionSocietalSystemchangesNew ProductsHuman Health and CognitionSocietalSystem(Open system)Nanotechnology in SocietyJ. Nanoparticle Research, 7(2), 2005M.C.Roco,10/03/05Specific framework for riskgovernanceof nanotechnologyFocus on risk analysis for the higher-risk, high productionapplications:-Open and complex system-fundamental (high risk)-developments are not known (role organizations)-accelerated (upstream measures needed)-cross S,E&T (complex interactions)-With broad implications (general platform)-affects most areas of economic activity, effect ofthe “food chain” of the nanotech products (needfor comprehensive evaluation of societal implications)-global technological implications, cross-borders(connect models for governance at the nationaland the international levels, E-W, N-S)MC. Roco, 10/03/05June 2005International Risk Governance Council (Geneva)Objective•Develop a framework for the governance of certainnanotechnology risks in the general context of emergingtechnologies.Focus on the second generation ofNT (active nanostructures),as well as longer term issues (related to nanosystems andmolecular systems).Select higher risk applications with global governance aspects(international interactions).Address global aspects that cannot be addressed by eachcountry.Address longer term and broad societal implications ofnanotechnology that are not wellcovered by national studies.•Apply basic principles of the IRGC risk governanceframework*.•Agree a common framework of governancerecommandations based on consensus.* Currently undergoing peerreviewJune 2005Outcomes of the preparatory Workshop on May 19, 2005UncertainUnknownComplexR&DunderwayRegulatory measures consideredFuture work on socialand global dimensionsNanosystemsCore “strategy”, designand recommendationsActivenanostructuresBrief overviewSome specific problems,with a focus on regulatorsPassivenanostructuresNanotechnology application areasTimeline for beginningof nanotechnologycommercialization:Perceived higher risks areas1st:Passive nanostructuresEx: Cosmetics (pre-market tests),Pharmaceuticals (incomplete tests forinflammatory effects, etc.), Foodindustry (no regulations in manysituations), Consumer products2nd:Active nanostructuresEx: Nano-biotechnology,Neuro-electronic interfaces, Nanoelectromechanicalsystems, Precision eng., Hybrid nanomanufacturing3rd:Systems of nanosystemsEx: Convergingtechnologies, Nanorobotics, Regenerativemedicine, Brain-machine interface, Eng. agriculture4th:MolecularnanosystemsEx: Neuromorphic eng., Complexsystems, Human-machine interface~2010~2005~2000 only R&D~2015-2020AIChE Journal, 2004, Vol. 50 (5), MC RocoSocietal Implications: Follow-upof the September 2000 report•Make support for social, ethical, andeconomic research studies a priority:(a) New theme in the NSF program solicitations;(b) Centers with societal implicationsprograms;(c) Initiative on theimpactof technology, NBIC, HSD•NNCO–communicate with the publicand address Environmental, Health andand Safety issues, and unexpected consequences•NSET’s Nanostructures Environmental and Health Issuesworking group has been established in 8/2003, 12 agencies•Workshop with EC (2001); Links to Europe, Americas, Asia;International Dialogue (26 countries, NSF-sponsored)MC Roco,10/03/05http://nano.govNSETNEHI WG MEMBERSHIP•Consumer Product Safety Commission•Department of Agriculture•Department of Commerce/National Institute of Standards and Technology•Department of Defense•Department ofEnergy•Department ofLabor/OccupationalSafety and Health Administration•Environmental Protection Agency•Food and Drug Administration•National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences•National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health•National Nanotechnology Coordination Office•National Science Foundation•Office of Management and Budget•Office of Science and Technology PolicyMC Roco,10/03/05NEHI ACTIVITIES/IMPACTS(seewww.nano.govfor links to agencies)•Identify regulatory agency jurisdiction of nano-products•Toxic Substances Control Act jurisdiction•Chemical Abstract Service/American Chemical Societyapproach to nano-particles•Terminology and nomenclature•Regulatory agency position on research priorities•Regulatory agency position statement on regulation ofnano-products•Question & answers for fielding questions from outsideinterests•Inter-agency coordinationMC Roco,10/03/05NNI Publications in 2005 includingSocietal Implications II (Sept. 2005)MC Roco,10/03/05Key issues in long term•Respect human right to: access to knowledge andwelfare; human integrity, dignity, health and safety•Balanced and equitable R&D nanotechnology investment•Environment protection and improvement (water, air, soil)Sustainable development, life-cycle of products, globaleffects (weather), eliminate pollution at the source•Economic, legal, ethical, moral, regulatory, social andinternational (developed-developing countries) aspectsInteracting with the public and organizations•Adaptive/corrective approach for a complex systemImmediate and continuing issues:-EHS in research laboratories and industrial units-Harmonizing nomenclatures, normsand standards-Primary data and methodology for risk analysisMC. Roco, 10/03/05NNI activitiesfor Environmental, Health and other Societal ImplicationsA. Align R&D investment with societal implicationsB. Evaluate and implement regulatory standardsC. Coordinated measures for EHS and ELESD. Periodical meeting for grantees,setting research targets, andinteraction with industry and the publicE. International collaboration (International Dialogfor Responsible R&D of Nanotechnology)(Details in Environmental Science andTechnology, ACS, March 2005, Overview)MC. Roco, 10/03/05A.NNI coordination for R&D investmentsFY 2001-2005: About 10% budget forEHS/ELSI, incl. env. applications• NSFresearch grants on environmental and societal implicationsAll basic R&D areas, transport ofnanoparticles; Programs since 2000• NIHresearch on effects of nanoscale materials in the body•EPAresearch grants on environmental implications ofmanufactured nanomaterials•National Toxicology Program (NIEHS, NCTR, NIOSH)Project to study toxicity of nanotubes, quantum dots, and titanium dioxide• NISTdevelopment of standards and measurements for nanoscaleparticles•FDA and USPTOtraining and specialized activities•USDA and DOEsupport fate and transport studies• DODsupports exposure studies•Solicitations (SI):NSF (ENV, SI), EPA-NSF-NIOSH, USDA, NIHMC. Roco, 10/03/05NSFenvironmental centersand interdisciplinarygroups with research and education at the nanoscaleCenter(details onwww.nsf.gov/home/crssprgm/nano/nni01_03_env.htm)InstitutionFundamental Studies of Nanoparticles Formationin Air PollutionWorcester PolytechnicInstitute ($2.7M)Center for Advanced Materials for WaterPurificationUniversity of Illinois atUrbana ($20.1M)Center for Environmentally Responsible Solventsand ProcessesUniversity of North Carolinaat Chapel Hill ($25.0M)Nanoscience in Biological and EnvironmentalEngineering (estimated 50% in environment)Rice University ($11.8M)Environmental Molecular Science InstituteUniv. of Notre Dame ($5M)NIRT: Investigating Nano-carbon Particles in theAtmosphere: Formation and TransformationUniversity of Utah($1.7M)Center for Advanced Computational EnvironmentSUNY Buffalo ($5.5M)NIRT: Nanoscale Processes in the Environment -Atmospheric NanoparticlesHarvard University($1.6M)NIRT: Nanoscale Sensing Device for Measuring theSupply of Iron to Phytoplankton in Marine SystemsUniversity of Maine($0.9M)M.C.Roco,10/03/05NNI projects supportingtoxicity research(examples)ProjectAgency, InstitutionNational Toxicology Program($0.5M in FY 2004 to $5M in FY 2008)NIH/NIEHS, FDA/NCTR,NIOSHParticle characterization for health and safety($1.7M in FY 2004 rto $2.3M in FY 2005)NIOSHNanotechnology Characterization Laboratory($5M/yr, part of $144M/yr NCI for FYs 2004-2008)National Cancer InstituteMultidisciplinary University Research onNanoparticle ToxicityDepartment of Defensesupported centerMolecular function at the Nano-Bio Interface(component on nanostructures and cell behavior)NSF/NSECU. PennsylvaniaNanomanufacturing Center for Enabling Tools(component on safe manufacturing)NSF/NSECNortheastern UniversitySize Dependent Neural Translocation ofNanoparticlesNSF/SGER,Rochester UniversityReverse Engineering Cellular Pathways fromHuman Cells Exposed to NanomaterialsNSF/SGERMC. Roco, 10/03/05National Toxicology Program organizationBoard of ScientificCounselorsScientificAdvisoryCommittee OnAlternativeToxicologicalMethodsPolicy OversightEnvironmentalToxicologyProgramExternal Science Oversightand Peer ReviewExecutive CommitteeATSDRNCI/NIHCPSCNIEHS/NIHEPAOD/NIHFDANIOSH/CDCNCEH/CDCOSHANTP DirectorDr. K. Olden,Dir NIEHSMC. Roco, 10/03/05Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory(NCI) Concept of OperationsFor comparison and characterizationof nanomaterials intended forcancer detection, diagnostics,and therapeutics in humans.Sources ofNanomaterialsNISTPhysicalCharacterizationIn VivoIn VitroNCLCancer Centersof NanotechExcellence(CCNEs)DetectionAcademiaNNISmall BusinessDiagnosticsNCI, NIH, NSFDoD, DoEUnconventionalInnovativeProgram (UIP)TherapeuticsCandidateNanoparticlesMC. Roco, 10/03/05NNI projects supportingsocial implications(examples (1))ProjectAgency, InstitutionNanotechnology and its PublicsNSF,Pennsylvania St. U.Public Information, and Deliberation inNanoscience andNanotechnology Policy(SGER)Interagency,North Carolina St. U.Social and Ethical Research and Education inAgrifood Nanotechnology (NIRT)NSF,Michigan St. U.From Laboratory to Society: Developing anInformed Approach to NSE (NIRT)NSF,U. of South CarolinaSocial and ethical dimensions of nanotechnologyNSF,U. Of VirginiaEthics and belief inside the development ofnanotechnology (CAREER)NSF,U. Of VirginiaAll centers, NNINand NCNhavea societalimplications componentsNSF, DOE, DOD and NIHAll nano centers and networksMC. Roco, 10/03/05NNI projects supportingsocial implications(examples (2))ProjectAgency, InstitutionCitizen Learning, Deliberation, and Reasoningin Internet-Mediated Technology PolicyForumsNSF,North Carolina StateUniversityPublic Information, and Deliberation inNanoscience andNanotechnology Policy(SGER)Interagency,North Carolina StateUniversityAn Integrated Approach to TeachingNanotechnology and Society(NUE)University of WisconsinNanotechnology: Content and Context(NUE)Rice UniversityUndergraduate Exploration of Nanoscience,Applications and Societal Implications(NUE)NSF,Michigan Technological U.Assessing the Implications of EmergingTechnologies(IGERT)NSF,MITNanoparticle Science and Engineering(IGERT)NSF,University of MinnesotaMC. Roco, 10/03/05Four NSF centers with national outreachfully or partially dedicated to societal dimensionsMC. Roco, 10/03/05•Center for Nanotechnology in Society(ASU, UCSB, other small groups, 2005 -)•Nanotechnology Center Learning and Teaching(Northwestern University, 2004 -)•Center for Nanotechnology Informal Science Education(Boston Museum of Science, 2005 -)•Center for Hierarchical Nanomanufacturing(U. Mass, 2005 -)www.nsf.gov/nanoor linkwww.nano.govB. EHS research and regulatorytopics for nanomaterialsSource/Inventory1. By-products2. Engineered3. NaturalSource/Inventory1. By-products2. Engineered3. NaturalReleaseEmissionReleaseEmissionEnvironment: Fate, transportandtransformationEnvironment: Fate, transportandtransformationUptakeUptakeBiokineticsBioaccumulationsBiokineticsBioaccumulationsRiskCharacterization& CommunicationRiskCharacterization& CommunicationRiskMitigationRiskMitigationExposure EventsairwatersoilsedimentplantsanimalsToxicologyToxicologyDose

ResponseModified froma schematic by M. AlperJ. Nanoparticle Research, Vol. 7, 2005 (M. Roco)PersonalProtectionEquipmentNIOSH,OSHA, DODNIOSH, EPA, FDA, DOENIH, NSF,EPA, DOENIEHS,NCTR,NTPEPA, NSF, USDA, DOEAll AgenciesFDA, EPAAll AgenciesWorking PlaceWorking PlaceEPA, NSFGovernance:Congress, WHGovernance:Congress, WHPeoplePeopleC.Current NNIcoordinatedmeasures for EHSzDevelop statement on “Best practices”for research laboratories andindustry units (NIOSH, NSF, DOE, NASA, DOD), and identify gapszMap of EHS responsibilities andcontacts in each NNI agencyzEstablish response approach to anunexpected event or an emergencyzIdentify protective equipment suitable for nanoparticles and othernanostructured materials (OSHA, NIOSH, other agencies)zSupport development of instrumentation and metrology (NSF, NIST)zDevelop a unified, explicit nomenclature (agencies, ANSI)zDevelop standards for nanotechnology (NIST, ANSI, IEEE, ASME)zCollaborative activities with industry (SRC, CCR, Phrma, IRI)zIdentify research and educational needs (Fundamental, GCs)NSET Group: “Nanomaterials Environmental and Health Implications”OSTP Group: “Risk Assessment of Nanotechnology” task forceMC. Roco, 10/03/05zNSF, 9/2000: “Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology”zNSF, 6/2002:“Nanoparticles and the environment”(grantees meeting, book)zEPA, 11/2003:“Nanotechnology and the environment applicationsand implications”(grantees meeting, brochure)zACS, 3/2003:“Symposium on nanotechnology implications in theenvironment”,New OrleanszNNI, 5/2003:“Vision for environmental implications and improvement”(interagency, report)zNSET/NNCO, 8/2003:Review of Federal Regulations(report)zNNI, 9/2003:Interagency:grantees meeting(report);zWilson Center, 10/2003:EPA and FDA regulatory functions(report)zNSET, 12/03 “Societal Implications ofNanoscience and Nanotechnology (II)”D. NNI workshops on nano-environmentalresearchexamplesMC. Roco, 10/03/05E. International Dialogue on ResponsibleNanotechnology R&DImmediate Actions

R eco m m e n d e d m e a s u r e sInternationalDialogue26 countriesJoint StatementCurrent Norms



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sMC. Roco, 10/03/05First:June 204, Virginia, USASecond:July 2005, Brussels, ECThird: 2006,JapanJune 2004, Virginiahttp://www.nsf.gov/home/crssprgm/nano/dialog.htmInternational Dialogue on ResponsibleNanotechnology R&DMC. Roco, 10/03/05Activities after the June 2004 International Dialogueon Responsible Nanotechnology (Virginia, U.S.)zOctober 2004/October 2005 -Occupational Safety GroupzNovember 2004 –OECD group on nanotechnology beginszDecember 2004 –Meridian study for developing countriesbegins (next meeting in March 2005)zDecember 2004 -International collaboration fornomenclature and standards hasbeen initiated (ISO, ANSI)zFebruary 2005 –N-S Dialogue on Nanotechnology (UNIDO)zMay 2005 –Nano-world, MRS (Materials, Education)zJuly 2005 –2ndInternational Dialogue (host: EC)zMay 2005--International Risk Governance Councilinitiate study on nanotechnologyNNI Activities inEducation and TrainingzIntegrated Research and Education -Make EveryLab a Place of Learning(about 10,000 trained per year)zCurriculum developmentNew courses, 10 IGERT, Nanotech Undergrad EducationzEducation and outreach programsfrom K-12 to G; includes NSEE; science museumszInternational education opportunitiesyoung researchers to Japan and Europe; REU sites;attend courses abroad; PASI -Latin America, NSF-E.C.;bi-lateral workshops and exchangesMC. Roco, 10/03/05Objectives for nanotechnology education-Fundamental understanding from the nanoscale:moving the foundation of learningfrom “microscale” to “nanoscale”-Sharing similar concepts in various disciplinesand relevance areas:unifying concepts earlier in education-“Reversing the pyramid of learning”:learning firstunifying concepts of matter/ biology/ information systems,and then averaging techniques specific to each discipline-Combine “depth” with “breadth”-Broader accessibility and motivation to S&T-Engineering has an increased rolebecause of itsinterdisciplinary, integrative, system approach and transformingcharacteristics. Nanotechnology deals with systems.MC. Roco, 10/03/05Introducing earlier nanotechnology education(NSF: Nanoscale Science and Engineering Education)NT Graduate education(curriculum development)NT Undergraduate EducationNT High school educationNT Elementary -Keducation2003(NSF/NSEE)2002(NSF/NSE)2000 K – 1 62004 -2005(NSF/NSEE)MC. Roco, 10/03/05Nanotechnology university education-examples of activities -–Nanotechnology curriculum development (G, UG)–Integration of research and education(ex: IGERT, CRCD, REU, RET)–Local and long-distance outreach education (G, UG, K-12)–Technological education–Education and training in centers and networks–Modules for individual training–Public education (non-technical audiences)–Courses and tutorials offered by professional societies–International dimensionMC. Roco, 10/03/05Examples : IGERT projectsFocus on interdisciplinary fellowships, research and educationEach IGERT (Integrative Graduate Education, Research and Training)provide support for > 12 interdisciplinary graduate fellowships / site.zNEAT (Nanophases in the Environment, Agricultureand Technology)University of California -Davis (A. Novrotski)zNanostructural Materials and DevicesCity University of New York (D.L. Akins)zNanobiotechnologyUniversity of Washington (A. Vogel)zNanoparticle Science and EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota (U. Kortshagen)z11 sites in FY 2002 (4 since 2001, and 4 since 2002)MC. Roco, 10/03/05K-12 NANOTECHNOLOGYEducation ModulesIllustrationszUniversity of Wisconsin -Art Ellis: Nanoworld for kidszRice University –James Tour: NanoKidszCornell University: for nano-biotechnology, and -electronicszNorthwestern University, Chicago: manuals, public museumzHarvard University: manuals, museumzUNC NanomanipulatorzPurdue NanoHubzMolecularium, RPIzNSF plans to have 10 K-12 education modules in 2005MC. Roco, 10/03/05State K-12 Curriculum Standards and NNI15,000 Local School Districts50 Million Students56 State LevelEntitiesNational ScienceEducation Standards1 NationState Standardsand AssessmentsNNI Leverage Points(Proposed)Current NNI Impact(Enlarged For EaseofView)NSET / NNCOLocallyTaughtCurriculumTransformingand Responsibledevelopment of nanotechnologyReaching at the building blocks of matterfor all manmadeand living systems, with the NBIC platform -makestransforming tools more powerful and unintendedconsequences more important than for other technologiesBesides the immediate and continuing societal implicationissues, a long-term concern isa possible instability inhuman development, because perturbations created at thefoundation of life and of the new transforming toolsThere is a need for an anticipatory and corrective approachin-planning, to be both transforming and responsible-in addressing societal implications for each majorR&D program or project from the beginning-risk governance of converging new technologies atthe national and international levelsM.C.Roco,10/03/05