GAO-13-316R Remanufactured Vehicle Parts

United States Government Accountability Office

Washington, DC 20548

March 7, 2013

Congressional Requesters

Subject: Use of Remanufactured Parts in the Federal Vehicle Fleet Is Based On a Variety of Factors

In fiscal year 2011, federal civilian agencies reported about $975 million in maintenance and repair 

costs for approximately 588,000 vehicles that the agencies owned.1 These vehicles can be 

maintained and repaired using new or remanufactured parts. While there is no standard definition 

of a remanufactured vehicle part, the Federal Acquisition Regulation defines remanufactured parts 

as factory rebuilt to original specifications.2

 Remanufactured vehicle parts tend to be less expensive 

than comparable new parts. The principal remanufactured products in the motor vehicle sector are 

engines, transmissions, starter motors, alternators, steering racks, and clutches, according to the 

U.S. International Trade Commission.3

 

Given the potential for cost savings from using remanufactured parts in the federal fleet, you asked 

us to examine this issue. Thus, this report describes (1) the vehicle repair process for selected 

agencies, including the use of remanufactured parts, and (2) the factors that agency officials 

consider when deciding whether to use new or remanufactured parts for repairs. 

To perform our work, we reviewed the General Services Administration (GSA), the U.S. Postal 

Service (USPS), and the Departments of Agriculture (USDA), Homeland Security (DHS), the Interior

(DOI), and Justice (DOJ). These six federal entities accounted for 95 percent of the civilian federal 

fleet vehicles in 2011. Because the four departments decentralize fleet management to their 

component agencies, we selected three agencies within each department with large fleets. In total, 

we selected 14 agencies for our review: 

• GSA;

• USPS;

• USDA

o U.S. Forest Service,

o Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and

o Natural Resources Conservation Service;

• DHS

o Customs and Border Protection,

o Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and

 

1 Agencies annual maintenance and repair costs are published in the Federal Fleet Report. The General Services 

Administration provided GAO with its fiscal year 2011 maintenance and repair costs for the GSA Fleet. 2 Federal Acquisition Regulation §52.211-5. 3 U.S. International Trade Commission, Remanufactured Goods: An Overview of the U.S. and Global Industries, Markets, 

and Trade, Investigation No. 332-525, USITC Publication 4356 (October 2012). 
Page 2 GAO-13-316R Remanufactured Vehicle Parts

o Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA);

• DOI

o Fish and Wildlife Service,

o National Park Service, and

o Bureau of Land Management; and

• DOJ

o Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),

o Drug Enforcement Administration, and

o U.S. Marshals Service.

We reviewed laws, regulations and agency documents related to vehicle fleet management, 

maintenance, and repair, including the Federal Management Regulation on Motor Vehicle 

Management; fleet management manuals and guidance of individual federal agencies; and the 

Federal Fleet Report for fiscal year 2011,4 which summarizes fleet data submitted by agencies and 

reported to Congress. To gain a better understanding of the remanufacturing industry, we attended 

an October 2012 conference on vehicle parts remanufacturing sponsored by the Motor and 

Equipment Remanufacturers Association (MERA) and toured the factory of a MERA member that 

remanufacturers alternators, starters, and generators. To obtain information from agency and 

commercial garages, we conducted site visits at a USPS maintenance facility, a GSA Maintenance 

Control Center (MCC) in Texas, and a commercial facility that services GSA-leased vehicles. At one

MCC, we interviewed officials and listened to calls between GSA repair technicians and vendors who 

were requesting purchase orders for government vehicles that had been brought for repair or 

maintenance. We chose these sites based on their proximity to GAO offices. The information 

collected from these interviews and a non-probability sample of site visits is not generalizable to all 

agency maintenance facilities or commercial garages but provided insights about the process of 

making vehicle repair decisions. We interviewed officials responsible for the vehicle fleet at the 14 

selected agencies. 

We conducted this performance audit from August 2012 to March 2013 in accordance with 

generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and 

perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our 

findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe the evidence obtained provides 

a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives.

Summary

The 14 agencies we reviewed have vehicle repair processes that generally allow field office staff, 

such as the vehicle operator or local fleet manager, to make vehicle maintenance and repair

decisions. These processes neither mandate nor prohibit the use of remanufactured parts. The 

agencies we reviewed generally do not keep data on the extent to which remanufactured parts are 

used. Agency officials from the 14 agencies in our review said that they use remanufactured parts 

when warranted, and we observed the presence of remanufactured parts in the stock rooms during 

our visits to repair facilities. Deciding when to use remanufactured parts, according to agency 

officials and related guidance, depends on a number of factors including the cost, availability, and 

reliability of the part. According to agency officials, these factors are considered on a case-by-case 

basis for each repair to yield the best value for the federal government.

 

4 The Federal Fleet Report is updated annually and available on GSA’s website at http://gsa.gov/portal/category/102859.
Page 3 GAO-13-316R Remanufactured Vehicle Parts

Background

Despite the common use of the term “federal fleet,” there is no single entity responsible for 

managing all of the approximately 588,000 vehicles that federal civilian agencies own. Instead, each 

agency is responsible for managing its own fleet. Agencies may own vehicles or lease them from GSA 

Fleet5 or the commercial sector. Although some federal agencies, such as USPS, may have a single, 

centralized fleet of vehicles, the fleets of other agencies, such as the four departments in our 

review, are decentralized and dispersed among multiple sub-agencies, bureaus, or divisions. See 

table 1 for more information on each of these agencies’ fleets.

Table 1: Characteristics of the Largest Civilian Agency-Owned Vehicle Fleets for Fiscal Year 2011

Selected agencies Agency-owned fleet inventorya

 Average ageb

GSA Fleet-leasing program 199,729 3.5c

U.S. Postal Service 209,684 16.3

Department of Agriculture 36,183 5.2

U.S. Forest Service 18,559

Natural Resources Conservation Service 9,184

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 4,742

Department of Homeland Security 48,917 4.0

Customs and Border Protection 27,216

Immigration and Customs Enforcement 13,274

Federal Emergency Management Agency 1,062

Department of Justice 38,787 4.4

Federal Bureau of Investigation 18,968

Drug Enforcement Administration 6,974

U.S. Marshals Service 4,573

Department of the Interior 23,844 6.8

Fish and Wildlife Service 6,860

National Park Service 6,839

Bureau of Land Management 3,902

Total selected agencies 557,144 

Remaining civilian agencies 31,137 

Total 588,281 

Source: GAO analysis of 2011 Federal Fleet Report and data reported to FAST by agencies.

a Inventory for USPS and the four departments includes only agency-owned vehicles, not commercially leased and GSAleased vehicles. The GSA Fleet inventory includes vehicles leased to both civilian and military agencies. We included the 

vehicles leased to military agencies because the vehicles are owned by GSA. b Average age is only for agency-owned vehicles, not the agency’s commercially leased or GSA-leased vehicles. c This number is approximate. The actual average age is 3.45 but we rounded to 3.5 years. 

 

5 GSA Fleet is a vehicle-leasing program for federal agencies, and maintenance and repair are managed by GSA.
Page 4 GAO-13-316R Remanufactured Vehicle Parts

GSA’s Office of Government-wide Policy establishes fleet management policies for the federal 

government and issues guidance to help agencies manage their fleets effectively and meet federal 

requirements. GSA issues guidance primarily through its Guide to Federal Fleet Management. 

According to the Guide, “the challenge of any fleet maintenance process is to mix the principal 

requirements for achieving fleet maintenance—facilities and equipment, mechanic labor, parts, 

cross-sharing, and commercially contracted or outsourced services—in order to maximize vehicle 

reliability, safety, availability, and operating performance while minimizing labor, parts, and 

contracted service expenditures.” Decisions about vehicle repair are one aspect of the fleet 

maintenance challenge.6

Vehicle Repair Decisions Are Decentralized and May Include Use of Remanufactured Parts

The fleet management policies and guidance of the 14 selected agencies generally give local field 

offices the decision-making responsibilities for vehicle maintenance and repair. Decision-making 

within the repair process is typically delegated to the vehicle operator, local field office, or fleet 

manager. Departmental and agency-level policies provide guidance to help local officials manage 

their fleets; however, the policies neither mandate nor prohibit the use of either remanufactured or 

new replacement parts. 

Field staff of the selected agencies generally follow a common repair process for their agencyowned vehicles7

—a process similar to the one individuals follow when repairing a personally-owned 

vehicle, as described below. A major decision point within the repair process is tied to whether a

vehicle is covered by the manufacturer’s warranty. Also, field staff may have the opportunity to 

choose whether new or remanufactured parts are used.

• Identify vehicle problems: When a vehicle operator has a problem with the assigned vehicle, 

the operator takes it to a garage, either an in-house, agency-owned garage or a commercial 

garage. A mechanic may also find a problem during regularly scheduled preventive maintenance 

or other repairs.

• Vehicle warranty in effect: If the vehicle is under the manufacturer’s warranty, the field staff

are to generally take the vehicle to a dealership or a garage that is authorized to perform 

warranty work in order to maintain the vehicle’s warranty and have the work performed at no 

cost to the government. Manufacturer’s warranties specify what types of repairs are covered. 

Some warranties allow the dealerships and authorized garages to use remanufactured parts for 

repairs. For example, one agency provided us with the warranties for three of its vehicles, and 

we found all of them allowed the use of remanufactured parts.

• Vehicle warranty has expired: If the vehicle manufacturer’s warranty has expired, the garage is 

to determine what repairs are needed and give the operator a repair estimate. If the garage is

in-house, the mechanic or other agency staff may choose new or remanufactured replacement 

parts.

8 If a commercial garage is used for repair, the garage may provide field staff the 

opportunity to choose a new or remanufactured replacement part.

• Approval of repair work: The operator or a supervisor reviews the estimate and approves the 

repair work. Agencies impose thresholds on the dollar amount of repair estimates, which, if 

 

6 We are currently examining agencies’ overall efforts to manage their vehicle fleets and expect to issue the results of our

review later this year. 7 For vehicles that agencies lease from GSA Fleet, GSA Fleet provides maintenance and repairs, among other services. 8 According to agencies with in-house garages, with the exception of USPS, these garages do not stock inventories or they 

stock limited inventories that include items such as oil filters, brake pads, hoses, belts, and inventories may include 

remanufactured parts. However, these agencies generally obtain parts from available sources on an as needed basis. 

USPS’s in-house garages maintain inventories that include both new and remanufactured parts. 
Page 5 GAO-13-316R Remanufactured Vehicle Parts

exceeded, must be approved by a supervisor or another agency official. The threshold varies 

among agencies. For example, commercial garages servicing GSA Fleet vehicles call GSA’s MCC 

for approval of repairs over $100. The Drug Enforcement Administration’s supervisory approval 

threshold is $250. DHS’s Immigration and Customs Enforcement and FEMA, for example,

require supervisory approval for repairs over $2,500, and some other agencies do so for repairs 

over $3,000.

• The garage performs the repair, returns the vehicle to the operator, and the agency pays the 

bill.

Some agencies have in-house garages, such as USPS, FBI, and DHS’s Customs and Border Protection; 

however, they may use commercial garages for some maintenance and repair work. Other 

agencies, such as GSA, use commercial garages for all, or almost all, of their maintenance and repair 

needs. For agencies that use both in-house and commercial garages for vehicle repairs, the decision 

to use a commercial or in-house garage is affected by factors such as the proximity of the vehicle to 

an in-house garage, the workload of the in-house garage, and whether a vehicle is under the 

manufacturer’s warranty. 

Agency officials from all 14 agencies told us that they use remanufactured parts to maintain and 

repair their vehicle fleets, including starters, alternators, brake calipers,9 engines, and transmissions. 

While the agencies track maintenance costs for vehicles in their inventory, officials from 13 

agencies—all except GSA—said they do not keep data on the extent to which they use 

remanufactured parts. GSA officials stated that GSA Fleet tracks the number of remanufactured 

parts used, but its information system understates the number because commercial vendors do not 

always indicate if a part is remanufactured. According to GSA officials, GSA is working to improve its 

data collection efforts by reviewing the information system’s coding list to ensure its accuracy. 

Officials also stated that GSA is requiring additional training for its MCC employees to help ensure 

that when they enter data on repairs, they capture information on the use of remanufactured parts. 

Officials at the GSA MCC we visited told us that remanufactured parts, if used, were included in the 

coding list under “rebuilt.”10 

The opportunity to use more remanufactured parts increases as vehicles age and vehicle parts begin 

to wear out. This opportunity differs significantly for the two largest fleets in our review—USPS and 

GSA Fleet—which collectively account for about 70 percent of the vehicles owned by civilian 

agencies. As was shown in table 1, USPS, with close to 210,000 vehicles in 2011, has the oldest 

average age of vehicles at 16.3 years.11 According to officials, USPS uses many remanufactured parts 

to maintain and repair its vehicles, particularly transmissions and engines. Figure 1 shows an 

example of a remanufactured transmission being removed from a common USPS vehicle; it is to be 

replaced with another remanufactured transmission. On the other hand, GSA officials stated that 

because GSA Fleet’s 200,000 vehicles are relatively young, averaging about 3.5 years, they require

few repairs and rarely require expensive repairs, such as replacing engines or transmissions.

 

9 Brake calipers squeeze the brake pads against the surface of the brake rotor to slow or stop the vehicle. 

10 MCC officials stated that relatively few calls involve rebuilt or remanufactured parts. For example, officials told us that 

on January 8, 2013, 15 out of 1,037 purchase orders that day were coded under rebuilt. 11 Many of USPS’s delivery vehicles are custom-built to USPS specifications.
Page 6 GAO-13-316R Remanufactured Vehicle Parts

Figure 1: A Removed Remanufactured Transmission at a USPS Vehicle Maintenance Facility 

Agencies Consider Multiple Factors When Deciding Whether to Use New or Remanufactured Parts

Agency officials from the 14 selected agencies stated that field staff consider a number of factors 

when deciding whether to use new or remanufactured parts and do so on a case-by-case basis for 

each repair to yield the best value for the federal government. 12 The factors include

• Availability of the part: Some parts may be immediately available while others could take days 

to arrive, a situation that could delay the vehicle’s return to service and result in down-time for 

agency field staff. 

• Costs: Agency officials said they consider the cost of the replacement part, the cost to ship it, 

and the cost of labor to install it. If the cost difference between a new and remanufactured part 

is small and the remanufactured part needs to be shipped, it could ultimately make the 

remanufactured part more expensive than a new part that does not require shipping. 

• Expected remaining useful life of the vehicle: Agency officials said that they try to spend the 

least amount possible for a vehicle’s repair if they know that they will soon dispose of the 

vehicle.

• Reliability of the part: Agencies rely on mechanics to use their personal experiences and 

knowledge to help inform their decisions on choosing the brands of remanufactured parts with 

which they have had the greatest success in the past. 

• Length of warranty: The length of warranty for both new and remanufactured parts vary and 

may influence which replacement part is chosen. 

 

12 The U.S. International Trade Commission reported similar findings, stating that numerous factors affect the demand of 

remanufactured vehicle parts, including the age of the U.S. motor vehicle fleet, the cost and availability of substitute 

products, component reliability, vehicle warranties, and the degree of consumer’s cost consciousness. U.S. International 

Trade Commission. Remanufactured Goods: An Overview of the U.S. and Global Industries, Markets, and Trade,

Investigation No. 332-525, USITC Publication 4356 (October 2012). 
Page 7 GAO-13-316R Remanufactured Vehicle Parts

Agency officials and commercial vendors provided several examples of using these factors to 

determine which parts to purchase. Cost of the part, of course, drives many decisions. In one 

example, a commercial vendor that works on GSA Fleet and other federal agency vehicles stated 

that when replacing an alternator for a Bluebird passenger bus, a remanufactured alternator cost 

about $850 and came with a 12-month/12,000-mile warranty, whereas a new alternator cost about 

$1,300 with a similar warranty. The commercial vendor chose the remanufactured alternator to 

repair the vehicle because of the part’s lower cost and comparable warranty. In another example, a 

National Park Service official offered this scenario: If the Service needed an alternator for one of its

fleet trucks and had a choice of either a remanufactured part for about $135 with a non-transferable 

lifetime warranty or a new part that the vehicle manufacturer made for about $426 with the 

manufacturer’s warranty, the Service would choose the remanufactured part because it offered an 

acceptable warranty and significant cost savings. In yet another example, we listened to a 

telephone conversation in which a GSA MCC technician instructed a commercial vendor who was 

repairing a 2007 truck to use a remanufactured starter that cost about $206, rather than a new 

starter that cost about $360.

While several agency officials told us that the cost of a replacement part is an important factor in 

determining which type to use, they also stated that there are instances in which other factors, such 

as the cost of labor, part availability, remaining vehicle useful life, and part reliability can be more 

important. For example, officials from three agencies—USPS, GSA, and FBI—explained that if the 

installation of a relatively inexpensive part is expected to be labor-intensive, new parts are 

sometimes selected to avoid the cost associated with the risk of reinstalling the part if the 

remanufactured part fails prematurely. FEMA officials provided an example in which they stated 

that part availability is an important factor if the vehicle is critical to FEMA’s mission or is a one-of-akind asset. If it takes three weeks to get a remanufactured part, but a new part is readily available, 

FEMA officials said they would purchase the new part, even if it were more expensive, to get the 

vehicle operational and back on the road as soon as possible. In an example related to remaining 

useful vehicle life, FBI officials discussed a repair scenario in which one of its vehicles had an 

expected remaining useful life of 6 years and needed its water pump replaced. In this case, they said 

that they would consider the replacement part’s warranty and cost. If a new water pump cost $92 

and had a lifetime warranty, while a remanufactured water pump cost $30 and had a 3-year 

warranty, then FBI officials would most likely select the new, more expensive water pump because 

of its lifetime warranty, extensive labor time associated with the repair, and the FBI’s plan to use 

that vehicle for 6 more years. In an example of part reliability’s importance as a factor, a GSA MCC 

technician and a commercial vendor agreed to replace an alternator in a 2003 passenger bus with a 

remanufactured alternator because remanufactured alternators for these vehicles are considered 

more reliable than new alternators. 

While remanufactured parts tend to be less expensive than comparable new parts, some agency 

officials told us they have found instances in which new parts are less expensive than 

remanufactured parts or are very close in price. FBI officials provided us an example of a new 

alternator with a lifetime warranty that cost $154 and a remanufactured alternator with a 3-year 

warranty that cost $179. In another instance, Fish and Wildlife Service officials told us that they 

decided to use a new alternator when they found that it cost only $5 more than the remanufactured 

alternator; the $5 savings from using the remanufactured part would be lost to shipping fees once 

the replaced alternator was mailed back to the remanufacturer.13 

 

13 When a vehicle is repaired, the old or failed part that was replaced is called a “core.” A core charge is sometimes added 

to the cost of a replacement part and can be refunded to the customer when the failed part is sent back to the 

remanufacturer to begin the remanufacturing process.
Page 8 GAO-13-316R Remanufactured Vehicle Parts

Agency Comments

We provided a draft of this report to GSA, USPS, USDA, DOI, DHS, and DOJ for their review and 

comment. USPS and DOI provided written comments expressing their agreement with the findings 

of our report. USPS reiterated that it relies heavily on the remanufacturing industry to maintain its 

vehicle fleet. DOI stated that it actively seeks to control the costs of fleet maintenance and will 

continue to use remanufactured parts where they are the most cost-effective solution. USPS’s and 

DOI’s comments are reprinted in enclosures II and III, respectively. GSA, USDA, DHS, and DOJ had no 

comments.

- - - - - 

We are sending copies of this report to interested congressional committees, the Administrator of 

the General Services Administration, the Postmaster General, the Attorney General, and the 

Secretaries of Agriculture, Homeland Security, and the Interior. This report will also be available at 

no charge on the GAO Web site at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions 

about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-2834 or stjamesl@gao.gov. Contact points for our 

Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. 

GAO staff who made major contributions to this report are John W. Shumann (Assistant Director), 

Melissa Bodeau, Jennifer Clayborne, Laura Erion, and Sam Hinojosa.

Lorelei St. James

Director

Physical Infrastructure Issues

Enclosures - 3 
Page 9 GAO-13-316R Remanufactured Vehicle Parts

Enclosure I: List of Requesters

The Honorable Rob Portman

Ranking Member

Subcommittee on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Federal Programs and the Federal Workforce

Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs

United States Senate

The Honorable Sherrod Brown

United States Senate

The Honorable Dan Coats

United States Senate

The Honorable James Inhofe

United States Senate

The Honorable Carl Levin

United States Senate

The Honorable Debbie Stabenow

United States Senate

The Honorable Tom Cole

House of Representatives

The Honorable Gregg Harper

House of Representatives

The Honorable James Lankford 

House of Representatives

 

The Honorable Billy Long

House of Representatives

The Honorable Gary Peters

House of Representatives

The Honorable Todd Rokita

House of Representatives

The Honorable Dennis Ross

House of Representatives
Page 10 GAO-13-316R Remanufactured Vehicle Parts

Enclosure II: U.S. Postal Service Comments 
Page 11 GAO-13-316R Remanufactured Vehicle Parts

Enclosure III: Department of the Interior Comments

(544182)
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