Number 50 n March 28, 2012

Trends in Nutrient Intakes and Chronic Health

Conditions Among Mexican-American Adults, a

25-year Profile: United States, 1982–2006

by Cheryl D. Fryar, M.S.P.H., Division of Health and Nutrition and Examination Surveys, National Center for Health

Statistics; Jacqueline D. Wright, Dr.P.H., Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood

Institute, National Institutes of Health; Mark S. Eberhardt, Ph.D., and Bruce A. Dye, DDS, M.P.H., Division of Health

and Nutrition and Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics

Abstract

Objective—To provide estimates of selected nutrient intakes and chronic

health conditions among Mexican-American adults aged 20–74 years in the

United States, from 1982 through 2006.

Methods—Data on Mexican-American adults come from the following

surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES,

1982–1984 (n=3,935)); the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination

Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994 (n=4,641)); and NHANES 1999–2006

(n=4,084). Prevalence estimates were calculated and trend analyses were

conducted for each nutrient intake and health condition in the study. Statistical

significance of differences between common estimates from each survey period

was evaluated using two-sided t-tests (p<0.05).

Results—Between 1982–1984 and 1999–2006, the percent kilocalories from

total fat, saturated fat, and protein intake among Mexican-American adults

decreased, while carbohydrate and mean total energy intake increased. During

this same time period, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes among MexicanAmerican adults increased, the prevalence of dental caries decreased, and the

prevalence of high blood pressure remained stable. The overall prevalence of

high total serum cholesterol among this group did not differ significantly from

1988–1994 to 1999–2006.

Conclusion—Monitoring trends in diet and health conditions among

Mexican-American adults can inform the development of targeted prevention

efforts to improve the health of this rapidly increasing population.

Keywords: diet • health conditions • disparities • NHANES

Introduction

The Hispanic population is one of

the most rapidly growing ethnic groups

in the United States. More than one-half

of the growth in the total U.S.

population between 2000 and 2010 is

attributable to the increase in the

Hispanic population (1). According to

the U.S. Census, as of July 1, 2009,

Hispanic persons of all races are

estimated to represent approximately

16% of the U.S. population, about 48.4

million individuals (2). The U.S. Census

Bureau projects that by the year 2050

there will be 132.8 million Hispanic

individuals comprising 30% of the U.S.

population. Persons of Mexican origin

comprise the largest portion of this

Hispanic population. Of the U.S.

Hispanic population in 2008, 66% was

of Mexican origin.

The health status of this growing

ethnic group is of increasing interest to

both policy makers and researchers. The

prevalence of and trends in dietary

habits and chronic health conditions of

the overall U.S. population have been

well documented (3–13). This report

will provide prevalence estimates of

selected dietary and health

characteristics for Mexican-American

adults over a 25-year span using data

collected from NHANES, conducted by

the Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention’s National Center for Health

Statistics.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

National Center for Health Statistics 
Page 2 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012

Methods the 1980 Mexican-origin population in Definitions

the five Southwestern states: California,

Survey design and source of

data

NHANES is designed to monitor

the health and nutritional status of the

civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S.

population. The surveys consist of

interviews conducted in participants’

homes, standardized physical

examinations conducted in mobile

examination centers (MEC), and

laboratory tests using blood and urine

specimens provided by participants

during the physical examination. The

NHANES sample is selected through a

complex, multistage design that includes

selection of primary sampling units

(counties), household segments within

the counties, and finally sample persons

from selected households. The sample

design includes oversampling to provide

more precise estimates for certain

population subgroups (including

Mexican-American persons).

This report used data collected on

Mexican-American individuals from

NHANES surveys conducted from 1982

through 2006. HHANES—a special

health examination survey of three

major Hispanic groups (MexicanAmerican, Cuban-American, and

Puerto-Rican persons)—was conducted

from 1982 through 1984 on persons

aged 6 months to 74 years in the

civilian, noninstitutionalized population

of the United States. The HHANES

included interview (n=3,935),

examination (n=3,326), and fasting

subsample examination (n=1,655) data

for persons aged 20–74 years of

Mexican origin or ancestry, whose

ethnicity was Hispanic. HHANES was

not designed as a national Hispanic

survey and no national estimates for the

Hispanic population can be made,

although the three subgroups included

represented about 76% of the 1980

Hispanic-origin population in the United

States. In particular, the HHANES

Mexican-origin sampling universe

included about 84% of the 1980

Mexican-origin population in the United

States, and about 97% of

Texas, Arizona, Colorado, and New

Mexico (14). NHANES III conducted

from 1988 through 1994 on persons 2

months and over, was the seventh in a

series of examination surveys based on

a complex, multistage sample design.

NHANES III included interview

(n=4,641), examination (n=4,286), and

fasting subsample examination

(n=2,013) data for persons aged 20–74

years of Mexican origin or ancestry,

whose ethnicity was Hispanic. In 1999,

NHANES became a continuous survey

fielded on an ongoing basis. Each year

of data collection is based on a

representative sample covering all ages

of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S.

population. However, due to small

sample size and participant

confidentiality, public-use data files are

released in 2-year cycles. The

continuous NHANES data used for this

report are from a combination of four,

2-year cycles, 1999–2000, 2001–2002,

2003–2004, and 2005–2006 in order to

provide estimates with greater statistical

reliability for the Mexican-American

population from these survey cycles.

NHANES 1999–2006 included interview

(n=4,084), examination (n=3,901), and

fasting subsample examination

(n=1,696) data for persons aged 20–74

years of Mexican origin or ancestry,

whose ethnicity was Hispanic.

Mexican-American persons from the

two national surveys (NHANES III and

NHANES 1999–2006) were not targeted

as they were for HHANES. However,

Mexican-American persons from both

national surveys were oversampled,

relative to their proportion of the

population, to have a larger sample size

and to obtain more reliable estimates for

this group.

Documentation, questionnaires,

codebooks, and data files for all of the

HANES surveys with each of the health,

diet, and sociodemographic

characteristics used in this report are

available from the NHANES website:

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.

Nutrient intakes

Nutrient intakes are associated with

health conditions such as high total

serum cholesterol, obesity, high blood

pressure, dental caries, diabetes, and

cardiovascular disease. Estimates of

selected nutrient intakes—the

consumption of energy and the

macronutrients total fat, saturated fat,

protein, and carbohydrates among

Mexican-American adults are presented.

Information on dietary intake was

obtained from one 24-hour dietary recall

interview administered in-person in the

MEC. There have been changes in the

dietary interview methodology and food

composition databases used in the

surveys that may contribute in part to

differences in energy and macronutrient

intakes. In particular, the HHANES

dietary interviews included few or no

weekend days for Mexican-American

participants to operational logistics,

while the subsequent surveys did

include weekend days. Nutrient intakes

were calculated from the individual

foods and beverages reported in the

dietary recall interview. The U.S.

Department of Agriculture’s Nutrient

Data Laboratory (NDL) is responsible

for providing information on the nutrient

content of foods consumed in the United

States. Different databases were used to

calculate nutrient composition of foods

for each survey; however, all were

based on data from the NDL (15–17).

Total energy intake was defined as

kilocalories (kcals) consumed from

protein, carbohydrate, total fat, and

alcohol. Because intake from alcohol is

not presented here, the sum of percent

kcals for any group will not add to 100.

Macronutrient intakes (total fat,

saturated fat, protein, and carbohydrates)

were calculated as percentages of total

kcals. Intake of macronutrients is given

in grams on the data files and the

following standard conversion factors

are used to convert grams to kcals: 4

kcals/gram for protein and carbohydrate

and 9 kcals/gram for total fat and

saturated fat. Total fat includes all forms
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012	 Page 3

of fat—saturated, polyunsaturated, and

monounsaturated.

Chronic health conditions

Estimates of selected chronic health

conditions—high serum cholesterol,

obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes,

and dental caries among MexicanAmerican adults are presented. These

are all prevalent conditions in the

United States population and are related

to health care utilization and costs as

well as other serious conditions such as

heart disease and stroke. High total

serum cholesterol was defined as serum

total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dL or

currently taking medication to lower

serum cholesterol. There is no

medication data available for serum

cholesterol in HHANES, so only data

for NHANES III and later are presented.

Obesity was defined as body mass index

(BMI) ≥ 30. BMI is calculated using

measured weight in kilograms divided

by measured height in meters squared,

rounded to one decimal place. High

blood pressure was defined as a systolic

blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg or a

diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg or

currently taking medication to lower

high blood pressure. The maximum

number of blood pressure measurements

varied across the surveys. The average

of up to two blood pressure

measurements was used for HHANES

and an average of up to three blood

pressure measurements was used for

NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2006.

Diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed)

was defined using self-reported

information on a previous physician

diagnosis of diabetes or having fasting

plasma glucose of at least 126 mg/dL

for those who fasted between 8 to less

than 24 hours. Because of changes to

the fasting plasma glucose methodology

in 2005–2006, fasting plasma glucose

data for 2005–2006 were adjusted to be

compatible with earlier years as

recommended in NHANES

documentation (18). Dental caries was

defined as having one or more

permanent teeth with untreated or

treated decay. Dental caries data are not

presented for 2005–2006 due to

methodological changes.

Demographic and socioeconomic

characteristics

Because health outcomes can vary

by demographic and socioeconomic

characteristics, estimates of nutrient

intake and health conditions are

presented by age group, sex, country of

birth, poverty status, education, and

insurance status. Age in years was

grouped into three categories 20–39

years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years.

Country of birth was classified as those

born in the United States or those not

born in the United States (mostly born

in Mexico). Poverty status was defined

by using the poverty income ratio (PIR),

an index calculated by dividing family

income by a poverty threshold specific

to family size. PIR was reported by

three levels: < = 1.3 (low), >1.3–3.5

(middle), and >3.5 (high). In 2008, a

PIR of 350% was equivalent to

approximately $77,000 for a family of

four; a PIR of 130% was equivalent to

approximately $29,000 for a family of

four. In 2008, median household income

was approximately $50,000, and 13.2%

of the population lived below the

poverty level, based on U.S. Census

Bureau data (19). The cut point for

participation in the Supplemental

Nutrition Assistance Program is 130%

of the poverty level. Educational

attainment was classified as less than

high school, high school graduate or

equivalent, and greater than high school.

Health insurance was reported as having

insurance or not having insurance.

Statistical Analysis

Percentages (or means) and standard

errors are presented for all health

characteristics in this report. Sample

weights, which account for the

differential probabilities of selection,

nonresponse, and noncoverage were

incorporated into the estimation process.

The standard errors of the percentages

(or means) were estimated by Taylor

Series Linearization (20), a method that

incorporates the sample weights and

accounts for the complex sample design

(14, 21,22). A relative standard error

(RSE) greater than 30% was used to

identify unreliable estimates. The RSE is

defined as the ratio of the standard error

of the estimate divided by the estimate

multiplied by 100. In the tables, an

estimate with a RSE greater than 30%

and less than or equal to 40 is identified

with an asterisk (*). All estimates except

age-specific estimates were adjusted by

the direct method to the projected 2000

U.S. population age distribution using

the following age intervals: 20–39 years,

40–59 years, and 60–74 years (23).

Statistical tests of linear trends by

survey were performed using orthogonal

polynomial contrasts and tests of

differences between population

subgroups were performed using t-tests

at the p<0.05 level with no adjustments

for multiple comparisons. Terms such as

‘‘more likely,’’ ‘‘less likely,’’ ‘‘was

higher,’’ ‘‘was lower,’’ and ‘‘compared

with’’ indicate a significant difference.

Terms such as ‘‘similar’’ or ‘‘no

difference’’ indicate that the statistics

being compared were not statistically

significant. Lack of comment regarding

the difference between estimates does

not mean that a significance test was

performed and found to be not

significant. All data analyses were

performed using the statistical software

SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary,

N.C.) and SUDAAN version 10.0 (RTI,

Research Triangle Park, N.C.)

Results

In the following section, bulleted

summaries of the estimates shown in

Tables 1–11 and Figures 1–7 are

presented. Information on statistically

significant trends and comparisons

between population subgroups can be

located in the footnotes of the tables.

Demographic characteristics

(Table 1):

+	 During the period of 1982–1984

through 1999–2006, over 90% of

Mexican-American adults living in

the United States were between the

ages of 20–59 years, with over 60%

aged 20–39 years.

+	 The percentage of Mexican-American

adults who were male increased,

while the percentage of MexicanAmerican adults who were female
 

Page 4	 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012

decreased between 1982–1984 and

1999–2006.

+ During 1982–1984, approximately

62.7% of Mexican-American adults

reported being born in the United

States. This number significantly

decreased to 44.7% in 1988–1994 and

was down to 38.2% during the

1999–2006 surveys.

+ The percentage of Mexican-American

adults with incomes greater than 3.5

times the poverty level or with

greater than a high school education

increased between 1982–1984 and

1999–2006.

+ The percentage of Mexican-American

adults with health insurance coverage

significantly declined from 66.1%

during 1982–1984 to 50.4% during

1999–2006.

Nutrient intakes (Tables 2–6

and Figures 1 and 2)

Energy intake (kcals) (Table 2):

+ The mean energy intake among

Mexican-American adults aged 20–74

years increased over time, from 1,983

kcals in 1982–1984 to 2,186 kcals in

1999–2006. Over this same period,

mean energy intake in men increased

from 2,420 kcals to 2,521 kcals,

while the mean energy intake in

women increased from 1,552 to 1,827

kcals (Figure 1).

+	 For all survey years, mean energy

consumption significantly decreased

with age.

+	 In 1982–1984, Mexican-American

adults born outside the United States

had higher mean energy consumption

compared with those born in the

United States. However, this changed

in 1999–2006; when U.S.-born

Mexican-American adults had higher

mean energy consumption compared

with those born outside the United

States. This reflects a 14% increase in

mean energy consumption in

U.S.-born Mexican-American adults

compared with a 6% increase in

Mexican-American adults born

outside the United States.

+	 For all survey years, energy

consumption increased as income or

educational level increased, except for

1982–1984 when mean energy

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, 

and 60–74 years. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and the National Health and Nutrition 

Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. Kilocalories 

0 

500 

1,000 

1,500 

2,000 

2,500 

3,000 1982–1984 1988–1994 1999–2006

Total Male Female

2,420 

2,523 2,521 

1,552 

1,983 

2,144 2,186 

1,744 1,827 

Figure 1. Energy intake in kilocalories among Mexican-American adults 20–74 years, by

sex: NHANES 1982–1984 through NHANES 1999–2006

consumption did not differ by income

level.

+	 The consumption of energy did not

differ by insurance status.

Total fat intake (% kcals) (Table 3):

+	 Total fat intake in Mexican-American

adults aged 20–74 years decreased

over time, from 35.5% kcals in

1982–1984 to 31.9% kcals in

1999–2006 (Figure 2).

+	 There was no difference in total fat

intake by age group in 1982–1984.

During 1988–1994, total fat intake

significantly decreased with age.

However, this trend changed in

1999–2006, when total fat intake

significantly increased with age.

+	 The percentage of total fat intake for

males and females was similar in

1982–1984 and 1988–1994. However,

during 1999–2006, females were

more likely to have higher total fat

intake compared with males.

+	 For all survey years, MexicanAmerican adults born in the United

States were more likely to have

higher total fat intake compared with

those born outside the United States.

+	 For all survey years, total fat intake

significantly increased as income or

educational level increased.

+	 Adults with health insurance were

more likely to have higher fat intake

than those without health insurance.

Saturated fat intake (% kcals)

(Table 4):

+	 Saturated fat intake among MexicanAmerican adults aged 20–74 years

decreased over time, from 12.7%

kcals in 1982–1984 to 10.3% kcals in

1999–2006 (Figure 2).

+	 For all survey years, there was no age

difference in saturated fat intake.

+	 Females were more likely than males

to have higher saturated fat intake

during 1988–1994 and 1999–2006.

+	 For all survey years, MexicanAmerican adults born in the United

States were more likely to have

higher saturated fat intake than those

born outside the United States.

+	 For all survey years, total fat intake

increased as income or educational

level increased.
 

National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012	 Page 5

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; 

and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. Percent kilocalories 

45.8 

50.3 51.2 

35.5 

32.3 31.9 

17.3 16.1 15.8 

12.7 

10.6 10.3 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 1982–1984 1988–1994 1999–2006

Carbohydrates Total fat Protein Saturated fat

Figure 2. Percent kilocalories from carbohydrates, total fat, protein, and saturated fat intake among Mexican-American adults

20–74 years: 1982–1984 through 1999–2006

+ Adults with health insurance were

more likely to have higher mean

saturated fat intake than those without

health insurance.

Protein intake (% kcals) (Table 5):

+ Protein intake among MexicanAmerican adults aged 20–74 years

decreased over time, from 17.3%

kcals in 1982–1984 to 15.8% kcals in

1999–2006 (Figure 2).

+ For all survey years, protein intake

significantly increased with age.

+ In 1982–1984, males had higher

protein intake compared with females.

In 1988–1994 and 1999–2006, this

sex difference was no longer present.

+ There was no difference in protein

intake by country of birth during

1982–1984. However, during

1988–1994 and 1999–2006, U.S.-born

Mexican-American adults had lower

protein intake compared with those

born outside the United States.

+ In 1988–1994, protein intake

significantly decreased as educational

level increased.

+ There was no difference in protein

intake among adults with regard to

poverty status and insurance status.

Carbohydrate intake (% kcals)

(Table 6):

+	 Carbohydrate intake in MexicanAmerican adults aged 20–74 years

increased over time, from 45.8%

kcals in 1982–1984 to 51.2% kcals in

1999–2006 (Figure 2).

+	 There was no difference in

carbohydrate intake between age

groups during 1982–1984 and

1999–2006. During 1988–1994,

carbohydrate intake significantly

increased with age.

+	 For all survey years, carbohydrate

intake was higher for females

compared with males.

+	 Carbohydrate intake was higher for

Mexican-American adults who were

born outside the United States

compared with those born in the

United States.

+	 For all survey years, carbohydrate

intake significantly decreased as

income or educational level increased.

+	 Adults without health insurance were

more likely to have higher

carbohydrate intake than those with

health insurance.

Chronic health conditions

High serum cholesterol (Table 7):

+	 The overall prevalence of high serum

cholesterol in Mexican-American

adults aged 20–74 years did not differ

significantly between 1988–1994 and

1999–2006, from 19.0% to 20.6%,

respectively (Figure 3).

+	 In both 1988–1994 and 1999–2006,

the prevalence of high serum

cholesterol significantly increased

with age.

+	 The prevalence of high serum

cholesterol was not statistically

different between males and females.

+	 In 1988–1994, Mexican-American

adults born in the United States

(21.0%) were more likely to have

high serum cholesterol than those

born outside the United States

(17.0%). However, during 1999–

2006, the prevalence of high serum

cholesterol was similar between

Mexican-American adults born in the

United States (20.0%) and those born

outside the United States (20.8%).

+	 There prevalence of high serum

cholesterol did not differ by poverty,

educational, or insurance status.
 

 

Page 6	 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, 

and 60–74 years. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and the National Health and Nutrition 

Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. Percent 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

19.0 

20.6 

1988–1994 1999–2006

Figure 3. Prevalence of high serum cholesterol among Mexican-American adults

20–74 years: 1988–1994 through 1999–2006

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, 

and 60–74 years. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and the National Health and Nutrition 

Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. Percent 

34.7 

29.9 

21.2 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 1982–1984 1988–1994 1999–2006

Figure 4. Prevalence of obesity among Mexican-American adults 20–74 years: 1982–1984

through 1999–2006

Obesity (Table 8):	 1982–1984 and 1999–2006, from

21.2% to 34.7% (Figure 4). + The prevalence of obesity in + For all survey years, the prevalence Mexican-American adults aged 20–74 of obesity significantly increased with

years significantly increased between age.

+	 Mexican-American females were

consistently more likely to have a

higher prevalence of obesity

compared with Mexican-American

males.

+	 For all survey years, MexicanAmerican adults born in the United

States were more likely to have a

higher prevalence of obesity than

those born outside the United States.

+	 There were no significant linear

associations with obesity by poverty

income level or educational level,

except for 1982–1984 when obesity

significantly increased as educational

level decreased.

+	 During 1988–1994 and 1999–2006,

obese adults were more likely to have

health insurance compared with those

without health insurance.

High blood pressure (Table 9):

+	 The prevalence of high blood

pressure in Mexican-American adults

aged 20–74 years did not differ

significantly over the three survey

periods, (22.8%, 21.1%, and 22.4%,

respectively).

+	 For all survey years, the prevalence

of high blood pressure significantly

increased with age.

+	 In 1982–1984 and 1988–1994,

Mexican-American males were more

likely to have high blood pressure

than Mexican-American females.

However, this sex difference was no

longer present in 1999–2006, as

estimates of high blood pressure were

similar in males (21.6%) and females

(22.8%).

+	 For all survey years, MexicanAmerican adults who were born in

the United States were more likely to

have high blood pressure compared

with those born outside the United

States (Figure 5).

+	 There was no significant difference in

high blood pressure when considering

poverty, education, or insurance

status.

Diabetes (diagnosed or

undiagnosed) (Table 10):

+	 The prevalence of diabetes

(diagnosed or undiagnosed) among
 

 

National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012	 Page 7

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, 

and 60–74 years. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and the National Health and Nutrition 

Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. Kilocalories 

24.5 

20.1 

23.2 

19.4 

26.3 

19.7 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 United States born Foreign born

1982–1984 1988–1994 1999–2006

Figure 5. Prevalence of high blood pressure among Mexican-American adults 20–74

years, by country of birth: 1982–1984 through 1999–2006

Mexican-American adults aged 20–74 + For all survey years, the prevalence 

years significantly increased between of diabetes significantly increased 

1982–1984 and 1999–2006, from with age. 

9.7% to 13.7% (Figure 6). 

+	 The prevalence of diabetes among

Mexican-American adults did not

differ significantly by sex, country of

birth, educational level, or insurance

status.

+	 During 1988–1994, the prevalence of

diabetes significantly decreased as

income level increased. There was no

significant difference in the

prevalence of diabetes by income

level during 1982–1984 and 1999–

2006.

Dental caries (Table 11):

+	 The prevalence of dental caries in

dentate (those with one or more

permanent teeth) Mexican-American

adults aged 20–74 years significantly

declined between 1982–1984 and

1999–2006, from 90.4% to 83.4%

(Figure 7).

+	 For all survey years, the percentage

of adults with dental caries

significantly increased with age.

+	 Females were more likely to have

dental caries compared with males

(Figure 7).

+	 Mexican-American adults born in the

United States were more likely to

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; 

and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. Percent 

12.7 13.7 

2.2 

14.3 

18.3 

9.7 

1.6 

3.0 

15.9 

20.1 

26.8 

37.1 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40

1982–1984 1988–1994 1999–2006

Total 20–39 40–59 60–74

Figure 6. Prevalence of diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes among Mexican-American adults 20–74 years, by age: 1982–1984 through

1999–2006
 

Page 8	 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, 

and 60–74 years. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and the National Health and Nutrition 

Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. Percent 

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

Total Male Female

90.4 

86.9 

83.4 86.8 

83.2 

79.9 

94.1 

90.8 

87.3 

1982–1984 1988–1994 1999–2004

Figure 7. Prevalence of dental caries among dentate Mexican-American adults

20–74 years, by sex: 1982–1984 through 1999–2004

have dental caries compared with

those born outside the United States.

+ For all survey years, the prevalence

of dental caries among MexicanAmerican adults significantly

increased as income and educational

levels increased.

+ Adults with health insurance were

more likely to have dental caries

compared with those without health

insurance.

Summary

Overall, total energy and

carbohydrate intake among MexicanAmerican adults have increased over the

last 25 years, while the percentage of

kilocalories from dietary total fat,

saturated fat, and protein intake has

decreased. These findings are consistent

with a previous study of the total U.S.

population using NHANES data to

report on trends in intake of energy and

macronutrients from 1971–1974 through

1999–2000 that showed increases in

intake of energy and carbohydrates, and

a decrease in intake of total and

saturated fat in men and women (9).

The overall trends in the prevalence

of chronic health conditions such as

high total serum cholesterol, obesity,

high blood pressure, dental caries, and

diabetes among Mexican-American

adults are similar to those reported in

the overall U.S. population (3–7,13).

Since the early eighties, the prevalence

of diabetes among Mexican-American

adults has increased. This increase in

diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed)

among Mexican-American adults has

been reported elsewhere (13). The

overall prevalence of high serum

cholesterol among Mexican-American

adults did not differ significantly

between 1988–1994 and 1999–2006.

The prevalence of high blood pressure

among Mexican-American adults

remained relatively stable between

1982–1984 and 1999–2006; however,

U.S.-born Mexican-American adults

were consistently more likely to have

high blood pressure compared with

Mexican-American adults born outside

the United States. An increase in the

prevalence of obesity between 1982–

1984 and 1999–2006 among MexicanAmerican adults was also found.

However, as observed with high blood

pressure, U.S.-born Mexican-American

adults were consistently more likely to

be obese compared with those born

outside the United States. These two

findings may be attributable to the

‘‘healthy immigrant effect’’ that has

been observed in other studies (24).

Similar to the overall U.S.

population, there has been a decrease in

the prevalence of dental caries among

Mexican-American adults (7). U.S.-born

Mexican-American adults were more

likely to have dental caries compared

with those born outside the United

States. Another study using NHANES

data to look at oral health-related quality

of life suggests that the Hispanic

advantage is not explained by healthy

immigrant selection but rather by

cultural characteristics (25).

These findings provide important

information on the diet and health of

Mexican-American persons, a rapidly

increasing ethnic population in the

United States.

References

1.	 U.S. Census Bureau. 2010 census

shows america’s diversity. 2011.

Available from: http://

www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/

archives/2010_census/cb11­

cn125.html.

2.	 U.S. Census Bureau. Facts for

features: Hispanic heritage month

2010. Sept 15–Oct 12. Available

from: http://www.census.gov/

newsroom/releases/archives/

facts_for_features_special_editions/

cb10-ff17.html.

3.	 National Center for Health Statistics.

Health, United States, 2010: With

Special Feature on Death and Dying.

Hyattsville, MD: National Center for

Health Statistics 2011. Available

from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/

hus/hus10.pdf.

4.	 Wright JD, Wang C-Y. Trends in

intake of energy and macronutrients

in adults from 1999–2000 through

2007–2008. NCHS data brief, no 49.

Hyattsville, MD: National Center for

Health Statistics. 2010. Available

from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/

databriefs/db49.htm.

5.	 Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL,

Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in

obesity among U.S. adults, 1999–

2008. JAMA 303(3):235–41. 2010.

6.	 Fryar CD, Hirsch R, Eberhardt MS,

Yoon SS, Wright JD. Hypertension,

high serum total cholesterol, and

diabetes: Racial and ethnic
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012	 Page 9

prevalence differences in U.S. adults,

1999–2006. NCHS data brief, no 36.

Hyattsville, MD: National Center for

Health Statistics. 2010.

7.	 Dye BA, Tan S, Smith V, Lewis BG,

Barker LK, Thornton-Evans G, et al.

Trends in oral health status: United

States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2004.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital Health Stat 11(248). 2007.

8.	 Flegal KM. Ogden CL, Carroll MD.

Prevalence and trends in overweight

in Mexican-American adults and

children. Nutr Rev 62(7):(II)S144–

S148. 2004.

9.	 CDC. Trends in intake of energy and

macronutrients—United States,

1971–2000. MMWR 53:80–2. 2004.

10. Bialostosky K, Wright JD, KennedyStephenson J, McDowell M, Johnson

CL. Dietary intake of macronutrients

micronutrients and other dietary

constituents: United States 1988–94.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital Health Stat 11(245). 2002.

11. Loria CM, Bush TL, Carroll MD,

Looker AC, McDowell MA, et al.

Macronutrient intakes among adult

Hispanics: A comparison of Mexican

Americans, Cuban Americans, and

Mainland Puerto Ricans. Am J Pub

Health 85:684–9. 1995.

12. Flegal KM, Ezzati TM, Harris MI,

Haynes SG, Juarez RZ, et al.

Prevalence of diabetes and impaired

glucose tolerance in Mexican

Americans, Cubans and Puerto

Ricans ages 20–74 in the Hispanic

Health and Nutrition Examination

Survey, 1982–84. Diabetes Care 14

(Suppl. 3):628–38. 1991.

13. Cowie CC, Rust KF, Byrd-Holt DD,

Gregg EW, Ford ES, et al.

Prevalence of diabetes and high risk

for diabetes using A1C criteria in the

U.S. population in 1988–2006.

Diabetes Care 33(3):562–8. 2010.

14. National Center for Health Statistics.

Plan and operation of the Hispanic

Health and Nutrition Examination

Survey, 1982–1984. National Center

for Health Statistics. Vital Health

Stat. 1(19). 1985. Available from:

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/

sr_01/sr01_019.pdf.

15. National Center for Health Statistics.

Public-use data tape documentation

24-hour recall, ages 6 months–74

years. Tape 6526, version 1. Hispanic

Health and Nutrition Examination

Survey 1982–1984. Hyattsville, MD:

National Center for Health Statistics.

1992.

16. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agricultural Research Service.

Survey nutrient data bases for

NHANES III, Phase 1 (1993) and

Phase 2 (1995). Riverdale, MD.

17. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agricultural Research Service Food

Surveys Research Group. Food

survey technical databases. U.S.

Department of Agriculture 1994–

1998. Agricultural Research Service,

Food Surveys Research Group.

USDA Food and Nutrient Database

for Dietary Studies. 2004. Available

from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/

Services/docs.htm?docid=12089.

18. U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services. National Health and

Nutrition Examination Survey

2005–2006 Data documentation,

codebook, and frequencies: Plasma

fasting glucose and insulin (GLU_D).

Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/

nchs/nhanes/nhanes2005-2006/

GLU_D.htm.

19. DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Smith

JC. Income, poverty, and health

insurance coverage in the United

States: 2008. Current Population

Reports, Consumer Income, P60–

236(RV). Washington, DC: U.S.

Census Bureau. 2009. Available

from: http://www.census.gov/prod/

2009pubs/p60-236.pdf.

20. Wolter KM. Introduction to variance

estimation. New York, NY: SpringerVerlag. 1985.

21. U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services. Analytic and

Reporting Guidelines: The Third

National Health and Nutrition

Examination Survey, NHANES III

(1988–94). 1996. Available from:

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/

nhanes3/nh3gui.pdf. Accessed June 7,

2006.

22. U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services. The National

Health and Nutrition Examination

Survey (NHANES) Analytic and

Reporting Guidelines: Survey. 2004.

Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/

nchs/data/nhanes/

nhanes_general_guidelines_june_04.pdf.

Accessed June 7, 2006.

23. Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age

adjustment using the 2000 projected

U.S. population. Healthy People

Statistical Notes, no 20. Hyattsville,

MD: National Center for Health

Statistics. 2001.

24. Antecol H, Bedard K. Why do

immigrants converge to American

health status levels? Demography

43(2):337–60. 2006.

25. Sanders AE. A Latino advantage in

oral health-related quality of life is

modified by nativity status. Soc Sci

Med 71:205–11. 2010.
Page 10 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of Mexican-American adults aged 20–74 years: United States, 1982–1984 through 1999–2006

HHANES NHANES III NHANES

1982–1984 1988–1994 1999–2006

Characteristic (n=3,935) (n=4,641) (n=4084) Trend

Percent distribution

All persons................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . .

Age

20–39 years ............................... 64.6 65.1 61.9 #

40–59 years ............................... 26.2 26.6 30.1 §

60–74 years ............................... 9.2 8.3 8.0 #

Sex

Male ................................... 50.3 52.3 52.7 §

Female .................................. 49.7 47.7 47.3 §

Country of birth

United States .............................. 62.7 44.7 38.2 §

Foreign .................................. 37.3 55.3 61.8 §

Poverty status1

PIR <=1.3 ................................ 39.7 47.6 39.4 #

PIR >=1.3–3.5 ............................. 46.4 39.1 43.7 #

PIR >3.5 ................................. 13.9 13.4 16.8 §

Education

Less than high school ......................... 57.3 57.9 54.0 #

High School ............................... 24.9 24.0 20.8 §

Greater than high school ....................... 17.9 18.1 25.2 §

Health insurance status

Yes .................................... 66.1 56.5 50.4 §

No ..................................... 33.9 43.6 49.6 §

. . . Category not applicable. 

# No significant linear trend. § Indicates a statistically significant linear trend across survey years 1982–1984 to 1999–2006, p<0.05. 1

Poverty status levels are based on poverty income ratio (PIR): calculated by dividing family income by a poverty threshold specific for family size. 

NOTE: Denominator is based on all Hispanic Mexican-American persons who completed the household interview. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. 
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012 Page 11

Table 2. Age-adjusted energy intake in kilocalories among Mexican-American adults aged 20–74 years, by select characteristics:

United States, 1982–1984 through 1999–2006

HHANES 1982–1984 NHANES III 1988–1994 NHANES 1999–2006

(n=3,317) (n=4,153) (n=3,694)

Standard Standard Standard

Characteristic Mean error Mean error Mean error Trend

Total1 ................................... 1,983 21.20 2,144 17.19 2,186 21.31 §

Age2

20–39 years ............................... 2,219 27.63 2,381 27.39 2,403 33.85 §

40–59 years ............................... 1,893 30.48 2,102 24.25 2,137 25.75 §

60–74 years ............................... 1,573 11.43 1,607 38.48 1,724 35.93 §

Sex3

Male ................................... 2,420 36.44 2,523 27.49 2,521 29.91 §

Female .................................. 1,552 14.69 1,744 22.44 1,827 23.61 §

Country of birth4

United States .............................. 1,959 31.23 2,153 27.52 2,243 37.36 §

Foreign .................................. 2,028 16.39 2,133 17.36 2,147 23.26 §

Poverty status5,6

PIR <1.3 ................................. 1,946 38.99 2,034 26.78 2,117 38.44 §

PIR >1.3–3.5 .............................. 2,017 38.69 2,214 31.19 2,224 27.82 §

PIR > 3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,042 46.61 2,385 59.47 2,282 49.71 #

Education7

Less than high school ......................... 1,945 24.59 2,053 16.43 2,133 28.64 §

High school ............................... 2,044 42.10 2,288 48.41 2,232 54.03 §

Greater than high school ....................... 2,115 45.08 2,328 44.40 2,279 42.42 §

Health insurance status

Yes .................................... 1,985 28.89 2,164 24.98 2,188 27.15 §

No ..................................... 1,980 28.01 2,104 26.44 2,172 35.94 §

§ Indicates a statistically significant linear trend across survey years 1982–1984 to 1999–2006, p<0.05. 

# No significant linear trend. 1

Persons of unknown country of birth, unknown poverty status, unknown education, and unknown health insurance status are included in the total. 2

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by age group (p<0.05). 3

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, males and females are statistically different (p<0.05). 4

During 1982–1984 and 1999–2006, U.S.-born and foreign-born adults are statistically different (p<0.05). 5

Poverty status levels are based on poverty income ratio (PIR): Calculated by dividing family income by a poverty threshold specific for family size. 6

During 1988–1994 and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by PIR level (p<0.05). 7

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by educational level (p<0.05). 

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. 
Page 12 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012

Table 3. Age-adjusted dietary fat (% kilocalories) among Mexican-American adults aged 20–74 years, by select characteristics:

United States, 1982–1984 through 1999–2006

HHANES 1982–1984 NHANES III 1988–1994 NHANES 1999–2006

(n=3,317) (n=4,153) (n=3,694)

Standard Standard Standard

Characteristic Mean error Mean error Mean error Trend

Total1 ................................... 35.5 0.33 32.3 0.25 31.9 0.27 §

Age2

20–39 years ............................... 35.8 0.32 32.5 0.24 31.2 0.33 §

40–59 years ............................... 35.1 0.43 32.5 0.37 32.1 0.40 §

60–74 years ............................... 35.9 0.71 31.7 0.41 33.0 0.36 §

Sex3

Male ................................... 35.4 0.37 32.1 0.29 31.2 0.34 §

Female .................................. 35.7 0.34 32.6 0.26 32.7 0.27 §

Country of birth4

United States .............................. 36.4 0.30 34.4 0.30 34.5 0.31 §

Foreign .................................. 34.0 0.53 30.5 0.22 30.1 0.30 §

Poverty status5,6

PIR <=1.3 ................................ 35.3 0.18 31.5 0.35 31.2 0.36 §

PIR >1.3–3.5 .............................. 35.6 0.67 33.0 0.27 31.9 0.27 §

PIR > 3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.5 0.52 34.2 0.70 34.1 0.50 #

Education7

Less than high school ......................... 34.6 0.41 31.1 0.30 30.5 0.26 §

High school ............................... 36.6 0.19 33.8 0.30 32.8 0.42 §

Greater than high school ....................... 37.5 1.18 34.6 0.51 34.1 0.42 §

Health insurance status8

Yes .................................... 35.9 0.32 33.1 0.31 32.8 0.32 §

No ..................................... 34.8 0.46 31.1 0.34 30.7 0.34 §

§ Indicates a statistically significant linear trend across survey years 1982–1984 to 1999–2006, p<0.05. 

# No significant linear trend. 1

Persons of unknown country of birth, unknown poverty status, unknown education, and unknown health insurance status are included in the total. 2

During 1988–1994 and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by age group (p<0.05). 3

During 1999–2006, males and females are statistically different (p<0.05). 4

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, U.S.-born and foreign-born adults are statistically different (p<0.05). 5

Poverty status levels are based on poverty income ratio (PIR): Calculated by dividing family income by a poverty threshold specific for family size. 6

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by PIR level (p<0.05). 7

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by educational level (p<0.05). 8

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, adults with and without health insurance are statistically different (p<0.05). 

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. 
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012 Page 13

Table 4. Age-adjusted dietary saturated fat (% kilocalories) among Mexican-American adults aged 20–74 years, by select characteristics:

United States, 1982–1984 through 1999–2006

HHANES 1982–1984 NHANES III 1988–1994 NHANES 1999–2006

(n=3,317) (n=4,153) (n=3,694)

Standard Standard Standard

Characteristic Mean error Mean error Mean error Trend

Total1 ................................... 12.7 0.12 10.6 0.13 10.3 0.11 §

Age

20–39 years ............................... 12.8 0.18 10.8 0.15 10.2 0.14 §

40–59 years ............................... 12.4 0.11 10.6 0.14 10.4 0.17 §

60–74 years ............................... 13.0 0.28 10.5 0.26 10.3 0.16 §

Sex2

Male ................................... 12.6 0.15 10.5 0.16 10.0 0.13 §

Female .................................. 12.7 0.14 10.8 0.12 10.7 0.13 §

Country of birth3

United States .............................. 12.9 0.13 11.4 0.18 11.1 0.14 §

Foreign .................................. 12.3 0.19 10.0 0.13 9.7 0.13 §

Poverty status4,5

PIR <=1.3 ................................ 12.5 0.07 10.3 0.16 10.1 0.14 §

PIR >1.3–3.5 .............................. 12.7 0.27 10.9 0.16 10.4 0.12 §

PIR >3.5 ................................. 12.9 0.16 11.4 0.26 10.8 0.23 #

Education6

Less than high school ......................... 12.3 0.12 10.3 0.17 9.8 0.12 §

High school ............................... 13.1 0.15 10.9 0.15 10.7 0.18 §

Greater than high school ....................... 13.4 0.47 11.5 0.22 11.0 0.17 §

Health insurance status7

Yes .................................... 12.8 0.12 10.9 0.15 10.6 0.13 §

No ..................................... 12.3 0.15 10.3 0.20 9.9 0.15 §

§ Indicates a statistically significant linear trend across survey years 1982–1984 to 1999–2006, p<0.05. 

# No significant linear trend. 1

Persons of unknown country of birth, unknown poverty status, unknown education, and unknown health insurance status are included in the total. 2

During 1999–2006, males and females are statistically different (p<0.05). 3

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, U.S.-born and foreign-born adults are statistically different (p<0.05). 4

Poverty status levels are based on poverty income ratio (PIR): Calculated by dividing family income by a poverty threshold specific for family size. 5

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by PIR level (p<0.05). 6

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by educational level (p<0.05). 7

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, adults with and without health insurance are statistically different (p<0.05). 

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. 
Page 14 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012

Table 5. Age-adjusted dietary protein (% kilocalories) among Mexican-American adults aged 20–74 years, by select characteristics:

United States, 1982–1984 through 1999–2006

HHANES 1982–1984 NHANES III 1988–1994 NHANES 1999–2006

(n=3,317) (n=4,153) (n=3,694)

Standard Standard Standard

Characteristic Mean error Mean error Mean error Trend

Total1 ................................... 17.3 0.12 16.1 0.07 15.8 0.11 §

Age2

20–39 years ............................... 16.9 0.20 15.6 0.09 15.5 0.16 §

40–59 years ............................... 17.4 0.19 16.1 0.13 15.9 0.16 §

60–74 years ............................... 18.3 0.26 17.2 0.21 16.3 0.21 §

Sex3

Male ................................... 17.5 0.15 16.1 0.10 15.8 0.14 §

Female .................................. 17.2 0.10 16.1 0.09 15.8 0.14 §

Country of birth4

United States .............................. 17.2 0.14 15.6 0.13 15.3 0.13 §

Foreign .................................. 17.6 0.19 16.5 0.13 16.1 0.16 §

Poverty status5

PIR <=1.3 ................................ 17.4 0.19 16.3 0.15 15.7 0.20 §

PIR >1.3–3.5 .............................. 17.2 0.20 15.9 0.14 15.8 0.17 §

PIR >3.5 ................................. 17.7 0.33 15.9 0.26 15.6 0.20 #

Education6

Less than high school ......................... 17.4 0.08 16.4 0.12 15.9 0.13 §

High school ............................... 17.3 0.35 15.4 0.14 15.7 0.19 §

Greater than high school ....................... 16.9 0.61 15.8 0.17 15.5 0.20 §

Health insurance status

Yes .................................... 17.4 0.20 15.9 0.11 15.7 0.14 §

No ..................................... 17.2 0.12 16.3 0.13 15.8 0.20 §

§ Indicates a statistically significant linear trend across survey years 1982–1984 to 1999–2006, p<0.05. 

# No significant linear trend. 1

Persons of unknown country of birth, unknown poverty status, unknown education, and unknown health insurance status are included in the total. 2

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by age group (p<0.05). 3

During 1982–1984, males and females are statistically different (p<0.05). 4

During 1988–1994 and 1999–2006, U.S.-born and foreign born adults are statistically different (p<0.05). 5

Poverty status levels are based on poverty income ratio (PIR): Calculated by dividing family income by a poverty threshold specific for family size. 6

During 1988–1994, significant linear trend by educational level (p<0.05). 

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. 
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012 Page 15

Table 6. Age-adjusted dietary carbohydrates (% kilocalories) among Mexican-American adults 20–74 years, by select characteristics:

United States, 1982–1984 through 1999–2006

HHANES 1982–1984 NHANES III 1988–1994 NHANES 1999–2006

(n=3,317) (n=4,153) (n=3,694)

Standard Standard Standard

Characteristic Mean error Mean error Mean error Trend

Total1 ................................... 45.8 0.44 50.3 0.26 51.2 0.38 §

Age2

20–39 years ............................... 45.6 0.31 50.4 0.34 51.7 0.48 §

40–59 years ............................... 46.1 0.70 49.7 0.34 50.7 0.49 §

60–74 years ............................... 46.0 0.75 51.5 0.45 50.9 0.46 §

Sex3

Male ................................... 44.1 0.49 48.9 0.30 50.3 0.47 §

Female .................................. 47.5 0.42 51.7 0.31 52.0 0.38 §

Country of birth4

United States .............................. 44.8 0.40 48.4 0.35 48.6 0.39 §

Foreign .................................. 47.7 0.67 52.1 0.29 52.9 0.41

Poverty status5,6

PIR <= 1.3 ................................ 46.6 0.26 51.2 0.40 52.1 0.54 §

PIR >1.3–3.5 .............................. 45.7 0.83 49.9 0.28 51.1 0.39 §

PIR > 3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 0.50 47.9 0.79 48.6 0.58 #

Education7

Less than high school ......................... 46.8 0.47 51.2 0.30 52.4 0.35 §

High school ............................... 44.4 0.35 49.5 0.40 50.0 0.54 §

Greater than high school ....................... 43.7 1.69 48.4 0.52 49.5 0.55 §

Health insurance status8

Yes .................................... 45.4 0.56 49.6 0.37 50.3 0.42 §

No ..................................... 46.8 0.51 51.4 0.30 52.4 0.49 §

§ Indicates a statistically significant linear trend across survey years 1982–1984 to 1999–2006, p<0.05. 

# No significant linear trend. 1

Persons of unknown country of birth, unknown poverty status, unknown education, and unknown health insurance status are included in the total. 2

During 1988–1994, significant linear trend by age group (p<0.05). 3

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, males and females are statistically different (p<0.05). 4

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, U.S.-born and foreign-born adults are statistically different (p<0.05). 5

Poverty status levels are based on poverty income ratio (PIR): Calculated by dividing family income by a poverty threshold specific for family size. 6

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by PIR level (p<0.05). 7

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by educational level (p<0.05). 8

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, adults with and without health insurance are statistically different (p<0.05). 

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. 
Page 16 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012

Table 7. Age-adjusted prevalence of high serum cholesterol among Mexican-American adults aged 20–74 years, by select

characteristics: United States, 1988–1994 through 1999–2006

NHANES III 1988–1994 NHANES 1999–2006

(n=4,124) (n=3,688)

Standard Standard

Characteristic Percent error Percent error Difference

Total1 .................................................... 19.0 1.09 20.6 0.76 #

Age2

20–39 years................................................ 10.2 0.87 10.5 0.84 #

40–59 years................................................ 21.9 1.69 24.2 1.50 #

60–74 years................................................ 35.3 2.20 38.8 1.55 #

Sex

Male .................................................... 19.5 1.46 21.5 0.98 #

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 1.20 19.4 0.97 #

Country of birth3

United States ............................................... 21.0 1.75 20.0 1.10 #

Foreign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 1.00 20.8 0.98 §

Poverty status4

PIR <=1.3 ................................................. 16.6 1.43 20.4 1.14 §

PIR >1.3–3.5 ............................................... 20.4 1.15 20.8 1.49 #

PIR > 3.5 ................................................. 21.2 2.48 19.2 1.89 #

Education

Less than high school.......................................... 18.3 1.28 20.5 1.00 #

High school ................................................ 21.4 1.90 21.9 1.64 #

Greater than high school ........................................ 19.6 2.21 20.6 1.47 #

Health insurance status

Yes ..................................................... 19.6 1.40 21.2 0.86 #

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 1.26 19.0 1.25 #

# Not significantly different. § Indicates a statistically significant difference in percentages between 1988–1994 and 1999–2006, p<0.05. 1

Persons of unknown country of birth, unknown poverty status, unknown education, and unknown health insurance status are included in the total. 2

During 1988–1994 and 1996–2006, significant linear trend by age group (p<0.05). 3

During 1988–1994, U.S. born and non-U.S. born adults are statistically different (p<0.05). 4

Poverty status levels are based on poverty income ratio (PIR): Calculated by dividing family income by a poverty threshold specific for family size. 

NOTES: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years. High total serum cholesterol is defined as serum total 

cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dL or currently taking medication to lower cholesterol. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. 
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012 Page 17

Table 8. Age-adjusted prevalence of obesity among Mexican-American adults aged 20–74 years, by select characteristics: United States,

1982–1984 through 1999–2006

HHANES 1982–1984 NHANES III 1988–1994 NHANES 1999–2006

(n=3,251) (n=4,140) (n=3,516)

Standard Standard Standard

Characteristic Mean error Mean error Mean error Trend

Total1 ................................... 21.2 0.57 29.9 0.93 34.7 1.07 §

Age2

20–39 years ............................... 15.3 1.12 20.7 1.52 29.4 1.47 §

40–59 years ............................... 26.0 0.88 39.1 1.74 39.2 1.69 §

60–74 years ............................... 25.1 1.29 31.1 2.65 37.6 1.71 §

Sex3

Male ................................... 15.7 0.91 24.4 1.12 29.0 1.17 §

Female .................................. 26.3 1.01 36.0 1.36 41.0 1.70 §

Country of birth4

United States .............................. 23.8 0.73 34.0 1.41 41.0 1.60 §

Foreign .................................. 16.8 0.79 26.6 1.44 30.7 1.05 §

Poverty status5

PIR <=1.3 ................................ 23.5 0.90 30.0 1.44 35.1 1.64 §

PIR >1.3–3.5 .............................. 20.9 0.85 29.5 1.52 32.7 1.65 §

PIR > 3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 4.03 27.6 2.52 38.1 1.89 #

Education6

Less than high school ......................... 21.9 0.75 29.7 1.23 34.1 1.21 §

High school ............................... 19.9 1.57 29.7 2.07 33.7 2.39 §

Greater than high school ....................... 15.5 2.71 28.8 2.31 37.3 1.81 §

Health insurance status7

Yes .................................... 20.6 0.50 31.5 1.06 36.9 1.24 §

No ..................................... 22.8 1.70 28.3 1.11 32.9 1.65 §

§ Indicates a statistically significant linear trend across survey years 1982–1984 to 1999–2006, p<0.05. 

# No significant linear trend. 1

Persons of unknown country of birth, unknown poverty status, unknown education, and unknown health insurance status are included in the total. 2

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by age group (p<0.05) 3

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, males and females are statistically different (p<0.05) 4

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, U.S.-born and foreign-born adults are statistically different (p<0.05) 5

Poverty status levels are based on poverty income ratio (PIR): Calculated by dividing family income by a poverty threshold specific for family size. 6

During 1982–1984 significant linear trend by educational level (p<0.05) 7

During 1988–1994 and 1999–2006, adults with and without health insurance are statistically different (p<0.05) 

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years. Obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) >= 30. 

Pregnant females excluded. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. 
Page 18 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012

Table 9. Age-adjusted prevalence of high blood pressure among Mexican-American adults aged 20–74 years, by select characteristics:

United States, 1982–1984 through 1999–2006

HHANES 1982–1984 NHANES III 1988–1994 NHANES 1999–2006

(n=3,196) (n=3,986) (n=3,440)

Standard Standard Standard

Characteristic Percent error Percent error Percent error

Total1 ................................... 22.8 0.97 21.1 0.76 22.4 0.90

Age2

20–39 years ............................... 6.8 0.83 5.8 0.69 5.8 0.71

40–59 years ............................... 25.6 1.60 23.3 1.47 24.8 1.44

60–74 years ............................... 58.8 1.82 56.9 1.93 60.9 1.71

Sex3

Male ................................... 24.4 1.40 22.2 1.00 21.6 1.00

Female .................................. 21.1 0.81 19.6 0.97 22.8 1.12

Country of birth4

United States .............................. 24.5 1.17 23.2 1.06 26.3 1.70

Foreign .................................. 20.1 1.00 19.4 1.35 19.7 0.90

Poverty status5

PIR <=1.3 ................................ 23.4 1.89 19.7 1.03 21.9 1.37

PIR >1.3–3.5 .............................. 22.8 1.57 21.2 1.42 22.9 1.40

PIR >3.5 ................................. 24.3 2.53 21.3 1.84 24.3 1.92

Education

Less than high school ......................... 22.9 1.31 20.8 1.03 22.2 0.91

high school ............................... 22.8 1.76 21.7 1.85 24.5 1.66

Greater than high school ....................... 19.3 4.08 21.4 1.79 21.0 1.46

Health insurance status

Yes .................................... 23.3 1.17 22.0 0.69 23.4 1.19

No ..................................... 21.3 1.65 20.3 1.59 21.0 1.12

1

Persons of unknown country of birth, unknown poverty status, unknown education, and unknown health insurance status are included in the total. 2

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by age group (p<0.05) 3

During 1982–1984 and 1988–1994, males and females are statistically different (p<0.05) 4

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, U.S.-born and foreign born adults are statistically different (p<0.05) 5

Poverty status levels are based on poverty income ratio (PIR): Calculated by dividing family income by a poverty threshold specific for family size. 

NOTES: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years. High blood pressure is defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥
 

140 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg or currently taking medication to lower high blood pressure. Pregnant females excluded. There was no significant linear trend for high blood 

pressure from 1982–1984 to 1999–2006. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. 
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012 Page 19

Table 10. Age-adjusted prevalence of diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes among Mexican-American adults aged 20–74 years, by select

characteristics: United States, NHANES 1982–1984 through NHANES 1999–2006

HHANES 1982–1984 NHANES III 1988–1994 NHANES 1999–2006

(n=1,654) (n=2,012) (n=1,694)

Standard Standard Standard

Characteristic Percent error Percent error Percent error Trend

Total1 ................................... 9.7 0.99 12.7 0.80 13.7 1.12 §

Age2

20–39 years ............................... 1.6 0.41 2.2 0.43 3.0 0.87 #

40–59 years ............................... 14.3 1.89 18.3 1.52 15.9 2.05 #

60–74 years ............................... 20.1 3.68 26.8 3.11 37.1 2.81 §

Sex

Male ................................... 10.6 1.09 11.8 0.97 13.7 1.41 #

Female .................................. 8.9 1.19 13.4 1.26 13.6 1.49 §

Country of birth

United States .............................. 10.4 1.19 12.9 1.21 14.6 1.55 §

Foreign .................................. 8.6 1.09 13.0 1.02 12.9 1.31 §

Poverty status3,4

PIR <= 1.3 ................................ 9.1 1.21 13.4 1.75 15.4 1.66 §

PIR >1.3–3.5 .............................. 10.4 1.68 12.4 1.29 12.3 1.66 #

PIR >3.5 ................................. 11.2 2.97 7.7 2.24 11.6 2.47 #

Education

Less than high school ......................... 9.7 0.84 13.6 0.98 14.7 1.26 §

High school ............................... 8.3 1.60 8.9 1.65 9.8 1.70 #

Greater than high school ....................... *7.0 2.38 13.2 2.66 14.0 2.57 §

Health insurance status

Yes .................................... 9.6 0.93 12.9 1.14 13.8 1.43 §

No ..................................... 10.1 1.64 12.7 2.35 14.5 1.48 §

§ Indicates a statistically significant linear trend across survey years 1982–1984 to 1999–2006, p<0.05.

# No significant linear trend.

* Estimates preceded by an (*) have a relative standard error greater than 30% and less than or equal to 40% and should be used with caution as they do not meet the standards of reliability or 

precision. 1

Persons of unknown country of birth, unknown poverty status, unknown education, and unknown health insurance status are included in the total. 2

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by age group (p<0.05). 3

Poverty status levels are based on poverty income ratio (PIR): Calculated by dividing family income by a poverty threshold specific for family size. 4

During 1988–1994, significant linear trend by PIR level (p<0.05). 

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years. Diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed) is defined as previous

physician diagnosis of diabetes or having fasting plasma glucose of at least 126 mg/dL for those who fasted between 8 to less than 24 hours.

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and National

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006.
Page 20 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012

Table 11. Age-adjusted prevalence of dental caries among dentate Mexican-American adults aged 20–74 years, by select characteristics:

United States, 1982–1984 through 1999–2004

HHANES 1982–1984 NHANES III 1988–1994 NHANES 1999–2004

(n=2,999) (n=4,029) (n=2,589)

Standard Standard Standard

Characteristic Percent error Percent error Percent error Trend

Total1 ................................... 90.4 1.18 86.9 0.67 83.4 1.39 §

Age2

20–39 years ............................... 87.0 1.73 83.5 1.12 77.9 1.87 §

40–59 years ............................... 93.4 1.20 90.1 0.91 87.0 1.83 §

60–74 years ............................... 91.9 0.66 87.7 1.64 89.1 1.55 #

Sex3

Male ................................... 86.8 1.73 83.2 1.10 79.9 1.71 §

Female .................................. 94.1 0.86 90.8 0.70 87.3 1.60 §

Country of birth4

United States .............................. 92.3 1.10 92.4 0.91 88.0 1.64 §

Foreign .................................. 87.1 1.92 82.0 0.97 80.1 1.75 §

Poverty status5,6

PIR <= 1.3 ................................ 88.3 1.14 81.2 1.13 80.5 1.81 §

PIR >1.3–3.5 .............................. 90.6 1.53 89.7 1.11 82.3 1.93 §

PIR >3.5 ................................. 94.5 1.52 95.8 0.89 92.3 1.76 #

Education7

Less than high school ......................... 87.8 1.22 82.9 1.00 79.3 1.59 §

High school ............................... 93.4 1.50 92.5 0.80 84.1 2.34 §

Greater than high school ....................... 96.0 0.94 93.9 0.88 91.3 1.12 §

Health insurance status8

Yes .................................... 91.7 1.30 90.1 0.72 87.3 1.18 §

No ..................................... 87.9 1.30 82.4 1.00 79.0 2.35 §

§ Indicates a statistically significant linear trend across survey years 1982–1984 to 1999–2006, p<0.05. 

# No significant linear trend. 1

Persons of unknown country of birth, unknown poverty status, unknown education, and unknown health insurance status are included in the total. 2

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by age group (p<0.05). 3

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, males and females are statistically different (p<0.05). 4

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, U.S.-born and foreign born adults are statistically different (p<0.05). 5

Poverty status levels are based on poverty income ratio (PIR): Calculated by dividing family income by a poverty threshold specific for family size. 6

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by PIR level (p<0.05). 7

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, significant linear trend by educational level (p<0.05). 8

During 1982–1984, 1988–1994, and 1999–2006, adults with and without health insurance are statistically different (p<0.05). 

NOTE: Age-adjusted to year 2000 U.S. Census Bureau estimates using age groups 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–74 years. Dental caries is defined as having one or more permanent teeth 

with untreated or treated decay. 

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, HHANES 1982–1984; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III 1988–1994; and National 

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 1999–2006. 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics

3311 Toledo Road

Hyattsville, MD 20782

FIRST CLASS MAIL 

POSTAGE & FEES PAID 

CDC/NCHS 

PERMIT NO. G-284 

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300

National Health Statistics Reports n Number 50 n March 28, 2012

Suggested citation

Fryar CD, Wright JD, Eberhardt MS, Dye BA.

Trends in nutrient intakes and chronic health

conditions among Mexican-American adults, a

25-year profile: United States, 1982–2006.

National health statistics reports; no 50.

Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health

Statistics. 2012.

Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in the

public domain and may be reproduced or

copied without permission; citation as to

source, however, is appreciated.

National Center for Health Statistics

Edward J. Sondik, Ph.D., Director 

Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate Director 

for Science 

Division of Health and Nutrition 

Examination Surveys 

Clifford L. Johnson, M.S.P.H., Director

For free e-mail updates on NCHS publication releases, subscribe online at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/govdelivery.htm. 

For questions or general information about NCHS: Tel: 1–800–232–4636 • E-mail: cdcinfo@cdc.gov • Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs 

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 2012–1250 • CS229408