Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and

Morphology of Living and Fossil

Thaumatocypridacea

(Myodocopa: Ostracoda)

LOUIS S. Kt)RNICKER

and

I. G. SOHN

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 219
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOG Y • NUMBE R 21 9

Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and

Morphology of Living and Fossil

Thaumatocypridacea

(Myodocopa: Ostracoda)

Louis S. Kornicker and I. G. Sohn

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1976
ABSTRAC T

Kornicker, Louis S., and I. G. Sohn. Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and Morphology of

Living and Fossil Thaumatocypridacea (Myodocopa: Ostracoda). Smithsonian

Contributions to Zoology, number 219, 124 pages, 93 figures, 14 tables, 1976.—A

study of the ontogeny of the Thaumatocyprididae revealed that most species in

the family have six juvenile growth stages. Each growth stage is described and

illustrated. A table is presented for the identification of growth stages by using

the number of claws on the caudal furca. Keys are presented for the identification

of growth stages of Thaumatoconcha radiata and, also, for the identification of

genera and species of the Thaumatocyprididae.

A phylogeny is derived for the higher taxa of Ostracoda using the Hennigian

system. In this phylogeny the suborders Cladocopina and Halocypridina are

referred to a new order Halocyprida.

The following new taxa are described and illustrated: Thaumatomma piscifrons, new genus, new species, from the Permian of Idhra, Greece, Danielopolina

carolynae, new genus, new species, from the South Atlantic Ocean, and Thaumatoconcha radiata, new genus, new species, T. caraionae, new species, T. elongata,

new species, T. hessleri, new species, T. polythrix, new species, T. punctata, new

species, T. sandersi, new species, T. tuberculata, new species, and Thaumatoconcha species A, from the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, and South Pacific

Oceans, and from within the Antarctic Convergence. All species are referred to

the ostracode family Thaumatocyprididae (superorder Myodocopa). Supplementary descriptions and illustrations are presented of all previously described

living and fossil genera and species of Thaumatocyprididae and some genera and

species of the Paleozoic superfamily Entomoconchacea.

It is hypothesized that during the Jurassic period, representatives of the

Thaumatocyprididae lived on the continental shelves of what is now Europe;

then, after the Jurassic, the group migrated down the continental slope in response to competitive pressures. Their descendants survive today in bathyal and

abyssal depths of the world's oceans and, in one instance, in a marine cave in

Cuba.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea

cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Kornicker, Louis S. 1919-

Phylogeny, ontogeny, and morphology of living and fossil Thaumatocypridacea (Myodocopa:

Ostracoda)

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 219)

Bibliography: p.

1. Thaumatocyprididae. 2. Thaumatocyprididae, Fossil. I. Sohn, Israel Gregory, 1911- joint

author. II. Title. III. Series.

QL1.S54 no. 219 [QL444.085] 591'.08s [595'.33] 75-40186
Contents

Page

Introduction 1

Phylogeny 4

Superordinal Dichotomy 4

Ordinal Dichotomy 4

Subordinal Dichotomy 5

Superfamilial Dichotomy 5

Characters Not Used 5

Classification 6

Ontogeny of Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species 7

Key to the Developmental Stages of Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species 15

Sex Ratios and Dimorphism 16

Ratio of Males to Females 16

Sexual Dimorphism of Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species 16

Ecology and Biology 16

Station Data 21

Holocene Collections 21

Permian Collections 22

Superorder MYODOCOPA Sars, 1866 22

Key to the Orders of Myodocopa 23

Order HALOCYPRIDA Dana, 1853 23

Key to the Suborders of Halocyprida 23

Suborder HALOCYPRIDINA Dana, 1853 23

Key to the Superfamilies of Halocypridina 23

Superfamily THAUMATOCYPRIDACEA Miiller, 1906 24

Family THAUMATOCYPRIDIDAE Miiller, 1906 24

Key to the Genera of Thaumatocyprididae 33

Thaumatocypris Miiller, 1906 34

Thaumatocypris echinata Miiller, 1906 34

Thaumatoconcha, new genus 35

Key to the Species of Thaumatoconcha, new genus 40

Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species 40

Thaumatoconcha caraionae, new species 58

Thaumatoconcha elongata, new species 64

Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new species 71

Thaumatoconcha polythrix, new species 75

Thaumatoconcha punctata, new species 78

Thaumatoconcha sandersi, new species 83

Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, new species 85

Thaumatoconcha species A 91

Thaumatoconcha species indeterminate 93

Danielopolina, new genus 93

Key to the Species of Danielopolinfi, new genus 94

iii
IV SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Page

Danielopolina orghidani (Danielopol, 1972) 94

Danielopolina carolynae, new species 97

Pokornyopsis Kozur, 1974 103

Key to the Species of Pokornyopsis 103

Pokornyopsis feifeli (Triebel, 1941) 105

Pokornyopsis bettenstaedti (Bartenstein, 1949) 105

Thaumatomma, new genus 107

Thaumatomma piscifrons, new species 107

Superfamily ENTOMOCONCHACEA Sylvester-Bradley, 1953 115

Family ENTOMOCONCHIDAE Brady, 1868 115

Subfamily ENTOMOCONCHINAE Brady, 1868 115

Subfamily ONCOTECHMONINAE Kesling, 1954 115

Family CYPROSINIDAE Whidborne, 1890 120

Crustacea? 121

Literature Cited 122
Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and

Morphology of Living and Fossil

Thaumatocypridacea

(Myodocopa: Ostracoda)

Louis S. Kornicker and I. G. Sohn

Introduction

This study is based on Ostracoda in the superfamily Thaumatocypridacea. The nominate subfamily, the Thaumatocyprinae Miiller, 1906, was

established for Thaumatocypris echinata Miiller,

1906. The species was based on six specimens collected at a depth of 1100 m near Indonesia. Since

then, only one additional specimen of the typespecies (Poulsen, 1969), one specimen of a new

living species (Danielopol, 1972), and Jurassic fossils

belonging in two new species (Triebel, 1941; Bartenstein, 1949) have been referred to Thaumatocypris.

Therefore, it was unexpected, indeed, when more

than 2300 specimens of living thaumatocyprids were

obtained from 20 benthic samples. These were collected by the research vessels Atlantis II, Eltanin,

Glacier, and Vema during the years 1958-1971, between 32°15'48"N and 70°10'S, and from depths of

587 m to 4758 m in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans,

and from within the Antarctic Convergence (Figure

1). These collections provided us the opportunity to

study in detail the morphology, ontogeny, and

phylogeny of this interesting group (Figure 2),

which Skogsberg (1920:86) considered in many respects to be the most primitive among the haloLouis S. Kornicker, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D.C. 20560. I. G. Sohn, U.S. Geological Survey,

Washington, D.C. 20244.

cyprids. In addition, the collections afforded us the

opportunity to review the fossil record of the

thaumatocyprids and related groups.

Concurrently, we recovered silicified Permian

members of this superfamily from Idhra, Greece.

Based on this wealth of material, we describe and

illustrate ten new species in three new genera, supplement the descriptions and illustrations of the

known species, and propose a phylogeny for the

Myodocopa, including the Paleozoic superfamily

Entomoconchacea (Figure 2).

METHODS.—Standard methods of preparation for

SEM micrography were used. Most of the specimens

of Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, and T.

tuberculata, new species, were air-dried prior to

SEM preparation. The carapaces of most of the

other species collapsed on being dried in air because they were poorly calcified, therefore, they

were freeze-dried, rather than air-dried. During the

freeze-drying process many of the carapaces became

distorted, and in some instances, parts of the outer

shell layer flaked off (Figure 23). Micrographs of

these specimens are mainly for the purpose of documenting the details of the ornamentation on the

carapaces. The original shape of each carapace is

shown by camera lucida drawings of the undissected specimen immersed in glycerin. Equipment

used to collect the samples is listed in the Station

Data (p. 21). Holocene specimens have been deposited in the Division of Crustacea, Department
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 1.—Map showing locations of stations at which new species of living Thaumatoconcha

and Danielopolina were collected. (A = R. V. Atlantis II, E = USNS Eltanin, G = USCGC

Glacier, V = R. V. Vema)

of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Permian

specimens have been deposited in the Department

of Paleobiology of the same museum (under the

acronym USNM for the former United States National Museum).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—We wish to thank Dr.

Robert J. Menzies, Florida State University, Dr.

Robert Hessler, University of California, Dr. Francisca Elena Caraion, Institute of Biological Sciences,

Bucharest, Romania, and Dr. Howard Sanders and

Mrs. Susan P. Garner, Woods Hole Oceanographic

Institution, for the living thaumatocyprids, and

Dr. R. E. Grant, Smithsonian Institution, for the

Permian ostracodes. We gratefully acknowledge the

assistance of the following colleagues for making

available types and duplicates for study and illustrations: Dr. Torben Wolff, Zoological Museum,

University of Copenhagen, for the Poulsen material; Dr. D. Danielopol, Osterreische Akademie der

Wissenschaften, Limnologisches Institute, Wien,

Austria, for unpublished drawings of a species from

Cuba; Dr. Heinz Malz, Natur-Museum Senckenberg, West Germany, for a paratype and duplicates

of Jurassic species; Dr. R. H. Bate, British Museum

(Natural History), London, for specimens of Entomoconchacea; Dr. Peter H. von Bitter, Royal

Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada, for three specimens of Entomoconchus scouleri McCoy, 1839, from

England; Dr. M. J. Copeland, Geological Survey of

Canada, Ottawa, for specimens of Entomoconchacea; Dr. R. S. Laub, Buffalo Museum of Science,

for all the specimens of the Oncotechmoninae.

We thank Dr. M. L. Jones and Ms. A. Cohen,
NUMBER 219

Myodocopa SUPEROROER

Myodocopida Halocyprida ORDER

Myodocopina Cladocopina Halocypridina

Thaumatocypridacca

Cypridinacea Polycopacea \ Halocypridacto

podocopids 8 platycopid*

SUBORDER

SUPERFAMILY

FIGURE 2.—Phylogeny of the superorder Myodocopa. Pleisiomorphic (ancestral) character states

are indicated by open circles; apomorphic (derived) character states are indicated by filled-in

circles. Numbers refer to numbered morphological characters referred to in text.

Smithsonian Institution, and Dr. J. M. Berdan,

U.S. Geological Survey, for reviewing the paper;

Dr. Donald R. Whitehead, Smithsonian Institution,

for assistance in the Hennigian analysis; Joan Horn,

Smithsonian Institution Press, for editing and preparing the manuscript; and W. R. Brown and M. J.

Mann, Smithsonian Institution, for taking the

scanning electron micrographs. R. H. McKinney,

U.S. Geological Survey, took the light photographs

of fossil carapaces; the negatives were printed by

H. E. Mochizuki, U.S. Geological Survey. Carolyn

B. Gast prepared the drawings of the valves and
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

appendages illustrated in Figures 26-32, 35, 44, 47,

54, 56, 60, 62, 69, 71, and 74; Mr. Paul Mazer and

Mr. Jack R. Schroeder prepared the remaining

illustrations; freeze-drying of specimens for the

SEM was done in the Smithsonian Institution

laboratory of Mr. Roland Hower; transmitted light

photographs were made by Mr. Victor Kranz, Smithsonian Institution.

Phylogeny

Using the principles proposed by Hennig (1966)

we have attempted to derive a phylogeny for the

cypridinids, dadocopids, thaumatocyprids, and

halocyprids. The selected morphological characters

used in the analysis are' designated in Figure 2 and

are discussed below. The relative recency of a common ancestor is the basis for phylogenetic relationship in the Hennigian system (Kavenaugh, 1972:

119). Evidence of phylogenetic relationship (monophyly) is the possession of the same apomorphic

(derived) character state, a condition termed "synapomorphy" as the result of a transformation series.

Possession of the same plesiomorphic (primitive)

character state, a condition termed "symplesiomorphy," is not evidence of phylogenetic relationship in the Hennigian system. It is not always clear

whether a particular character state is plesiomorphic or apomorphic. In general, in this analysis,

characters widespread in taxa other than the sister

groups being evaluated are considered plesiomorphic; when complex structures are less widespread than simpler ones, they are considered to

have been derived from the simpler ones.

We use only a few morphological characters, consequently the proposed phylogeny is necessarily

tentative. Many available morphological characters

were not used because of the inability to justify a

decision whether a character state is apomorphic

or plesiomorphic. Additional information is needed

to confirm the proposed phylogeny. For example,

we conclude that the thaumatocyprids and halocyprids are more closely related to each other than

to the cladocopids. But, as discussed on page 5,

if the transverse folds on the posterior part of the

body of thaumatocyprids (Figure 21) and cladocopids (Muller, 1894, pi. 7: fig. 50) should prove to

be apomorphic rather than plesiomorphic, the

thaumatocyprids could be more closely related to

the cladocopids than to the halocyprids.

SUPERORDINAL DICHOTOMY

1. Telson: The well-developed furcae of the

Myodocopa (Cypridinacea, Thaumatocypridacea,

Halocypridacea, and Cladocopacea) may represent

a telson formed by the extension of the terminal

body somite (Bowman, 1971:169). A telson, as defined above, is absent in the platycopids. In the

podocopids, it is either absent or represented by a

small process, such as that on Loxoconcha Sars,

1866 (Bowman, 1971:168, fig. 12). According to

Bowman (1971:165), the telson may have been derived from a simple anal flap. Therefore, we consider the well-developed telson of the Myodocopa

to be synapomorphic.

2. Uropod: According to Bowman (1971:169)

the caudal rami ventral to the anus could be interpreted as uropods, paired appendages of the anal

somite. Such uropods are absent on the Myodocopa,

but are present on all the platycopids, and with few

exceptions on the podocopids. Consequently, we

consider the loss of the uropods on the Myodocopa

to be synapomorphic, and the loss on some of the

podocopids to be convergent. The phylogenetic

relationships of the podocopids and platycopids are

outside the scope of the present study.

ORDINAL DICHOTOMY

3. Median eye: A median eye is present on all

members of the Myodocopida and on most of the

Podocopa. Skogsberg (1920:101) considered the presence of a median eye to be primitive. The presence

of a median eye is considered herein to be plesiomorphic, and its absence to be apomorphic. The

absence of a median eye in the Halocyprida (Cladocopina and Halocypridina, see Figure 2) is treated

here as synapomorphic.

4. Male copulatory organ: The male copulatory

organ has probably evolved from an appendage

(Skogsberg, 1920:77, 96). Appendages of Ostracoda

are mostly paired. Therefore, a paired copulatory

organ is plesiomorphic and an unpaired copulatory

organ is apomorphic. The presence of an unpaired

copulatory organ in males of the Halocyprida is

treated herein as synapomorphic. The paired copulatory organ of the Myodocopida is plesiomorphic.

5. Sixth limb: The sixth limb of the Halocypridina is elongate, formed of many distinct

joints. Skogsberg (1920:68) considered the 6th limb
NUMBER 219

of the Halocypridacea to be primitive. The elongate

6th limb is considered here to be plesiomorphic.

The flat, poorly jointed 6th limb of the Myodocopida is treated herein as apomorphic. The absence

of a 6th limb in the Cladocopina (not shown in

Figure 2) is also an apomorphic condition, but this

condition is considered herein to have evolved after

the lineage containing the Halocyprida had diverged from the Myodocopida.

SUBORDINAL DICHOTOMY

6. Maxilla: Skogsberg (1920:100) stated, "In

Polycopidae, especially in a number of forms belonging to this family, we find a maxilla of so

simple a type that from it we can quite naturally

derive the types found in other families." The

maxilla of the Cladocopina is distinctly biramous, a

plesiomorphic character state. The uniramous

maxilla of the Halocypridina is treated herein as a

synapomorphy. Except for having a small exopodite,

the maxilla in some families of the Myodocopina

(Cypridinidae, Philomedidae) is similar to that of

the Halocypridina. We consider this similarity to

be convergence. In the myodocopid family Cylindroleberididae the maxilla is uniramous but of

different form than that in the Halocypridina.

7. Sixth and seventh limbs: The absence of 6th

and 7th limbs in the Cladocopina is clearly apomorphic; their presence in the Halocypridina and

the Myodocopina is considered symplesiomorphic.

8. Male copulatory organ: As previously stated

in "4," the copulatory organ is paired in the Myodocopida and is single in the Halocyprida. The copulatory organ of the Cladocopina is complex,

relative to that of the Halocypridina. We consider

the paired copulatory organ to have evolved into a

single relatively simple organ from which a single

complex organ evolved. Therefore, the more complex copulatory organ of the Cladocopina is apomorphic. The simple copulatory organ of the

Halocypridina is considered to be symplesiomorphic.

StfPERFAMILIAL DICHOTOMY

9. First antenna: According to Skogsberg (1920:

99) the 1st antenna of the Thaumatocypridacea

bears a greater resemblance to that of the podocopids than to the Halocypridacea. The elongate

1st antenna of the Thaumatocypridacea with 7 or

8 joints and the Cypridinacea with 8 joints, is

clearly plesiomorphic, compared with the shorter

1st antenna, with fewer than 7 joints* of the-Halocypridacea. The 1st antenna of the Halocypridacea

is treated herein as apomorphic. The reduction of

joints to 4 in the Polycopacea is considered to be

convergent.

10. Heart: Skogsberg (1920:75, 101) considered

the presence of a heart to be primitive. The presence of a heart in the Halocypridacea is treated as

plesiomorphic, and the absence of a heart in the

Thaumatocypridacea is treated as apomorphic.

Absence of the heart is correlated with small size:

platycopids, podocopids, and the Cladocopidina are

generally small, as are some of the fossil Thaumatocypridacea. Therefore, the absence of a heart in the

podocopids, platycopids, Polycopacea, and the

Thaumatocypridacea is considered to be due to repeated convergence.

CHARACTERS NOT USED

Lateral eye: A lateral eye is absent in the Halocyprida and the deep-sea Myodocopida, but is present in most other Myodocopida. Skogsberg (1920:

101) interpreted the lateral eye of ostracodes to be

primitive. Manton (1969b:R23), however, stated

that a compound eye would not be expected to

occur in the earliest ancestral Crustacea, but she

did not specifically mention the Ostracoda. The

.presence or absence of a lateral eye has not been

used in our analysis. The absence of the lateral eye

in the Halocyprida, if synapomorphic, would support our proposed classification.

Rostrum: The Thaumatocypridacea and the

Cladocopina, as well as the podocopids and platycopids, are without a rostrum. The Halocypridacea

and most of the Myodocopida have a rostrum. However, the edge of the valve blends sharply to form

the rostrum of the Myodocopida and remains almost straight in the rostral area of Halocypridacea.

We agree with Skogsberg (1920:71) that the rostra

of these taxa are probably not homologous. Absence

of the rostrum is a plesiomorphic condition, and

the presence of nonhomologous rostra in Halocypridacea and Myodocopida is due to convergence.

Posterior of body: The posterior of the bodies

of both the Thaumatocypridacea and the Cladocopina have transverse folds with spinous edges,
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

unlike the relatively smooth surface of the posterior

of the Myodocopina and the Halocypridacea. The

transverse folds are similar to those on the podocopid family Saipanettidae McKenzie, 1967 (McKenzie, 1968), but are not homologous with the

"jointing" on the posterior of the body of the

platycopids. The paucity of posteriors with transverse folds in taxa outside the Myodocopa suggests

that the folds are apomorphic. If the presence of

folds on the posterior of Cladocopina and the

Thaumatocypridacea were considered as a synapomorphy, then the folds on the posterior of

the Saipanettidae would be convergent. However,

in this analysis we consider the folds to be plesiomorphic, possibly related to segments that were

present in the bodies of the ancestral ostracode. We

have not used this character in the formation of

Figure 2 because additional data are necessary to

resolve the problem. Whichever the apomorphic

state may be, it must have arisen twice in the

Myodocopa if our proposed phylogeny is correct.

Classification

The primary method recommended by Hennig

(1966:185) for the absolute ranking of higher taxa

is geologic age, or the time when the group separated from its sister group. The ranks recommended for taxa originating during specific

geological ages are as follows (Hennig, 1966:184;

Kavanaugh, 1972:125): phylum and subphylum, before the Cambrian; class, between the Cambrian

and Devonian; order, between the Carboniferous

and the Permian; family, between the Triassic and

Early Cretaceous; tribe, between the Late Cretaceous and the Oligocene; genus, after the Miocene.

In this system, a fossil species that became extinct

at the end of the Permian would be representative

of the "ordinal stage," as well as being a species

(Hennig, 1966:192). Hennig (1966:190) pointed out

that re-evaluation of the Ostracoda using the age

criterion would require the elevation to higher

rank of many genera. The genus Bairdia McCoy,

1844, for example, would require the rank of class

because species are recorded as far back as the Devonian. We do not believe that the classification of

the Ostracoda should be so drastically revised at

this time, but do concur with Sharov (1966:2),

Manton (1969a:R13), and Sohn (1972:B2) that the

Ostracoda comprise a class.

We concur with Kozur (1972:5) that the Myodocopa, which were already present in the Devonian

or earlier, should be treated as a superorder. We

have retained the older name Myodocopa Sars,

1866, for the superorder rather than Myodocopamorphes Kozur, 1972. The Myodocopa does not

include the Leperditicopida Scott, 1961, which was

included by Kozur in the Myodocopomorphes.

Sohn (1974) discussed the reasons for excluding the

Leperditicopida from the Myodocopa.

We describe in this paper, from the Permian of

Greece, the earliest known Thaumatocypridacea.

Cladocopacea were also present in the Permian

sample, showing that the time of origin of each

superfamily was prior to the Permian. Therefore,

the lineage containing these taxa must have separated from the Cypridinacea prior to the Permian.

Indeed, if we are correct in our hypothesis (Kornicker and Sohn, in press) that the Silurian-toMississippian Entomoconchacea was ancestral to

the Thaumatocypridacea, the lineage containing the

Thaumatocypridacea would have had to diverge

from the Cypridinacea in, or prior to, the Silurian.

The Halocypridacea are not known before the

Cretaceous, but we attribute the lack of earlier

fossils to poor preservation of the fragile carapaces

of halocyprids. Our proposed phylogeny requires

that the Halocypridacea diverge from the Thaumatocypridacea prior to the Permian.

In our classification (Figure 2), the cypridinids

are given the superfamilial rank Cypridinacea, the

subordinal rank Myodocopina, and the ordinal

rank Myodocopida. The cladocopids are given the

superfamilial rank Polycopacea (new transfer, ex

Polycopidae Sars, 1866) and the subordinal rank

Cladocopina. The thaumatocyprids are given the

superfamilial rank Thaumatocypridacea, and the

halocyprids are given the superfamilial rank Halocypridacea. The superfamilies Thaumatocypridacea

and Halocypridacea form the suborder Halocypridina. The suborders Cladocopina and Halocypridina form the Order Halocyprida.

The fossil Entomoconchacea may belong in the

Halocypridina. We do not deal with the Entomozoacea, doubtfully referred by Sylvester-Bradley

(1961:Q388) to the order Myodocopida, because

they are poorly known and have no living representatives.

Pokorny (1964:176) considered the Thaumatocyprididae and Halocyprididae to be more closely
NUMBER 219

related to the Polycopidae (suborder Cladocopina)

than to the Cypridinidae (suborder Myodocopina),

anticipating our proposed joining of the Cladocopina and Halocypridina to form the order Halocyprida.

Ontogeny of Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species

NUMBER OF GROWTH STAGES.—Thirty-seven specimens, including representatives of all size classes,

were removed from 1200 specimens of Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, in a single sample

(R.V. Atlantis II Cruise 60, station 245A). The selected specimens were measured and then dissected.

The appearance of appendages and the spacing of

clusters of the various sizes of carapaces plotted on

a length-height graph (Figure 3) indicate that the

sample contained 6 juvenile instars in addition to

male and female adults of this species. Examination

of all collections containing all the species of

Thaumatoconcha did not produce any specimens

whose carapace size or developmental stage indicated an A-7 growth stage in the genus. Growth

factors are shown on Tables 2 and 3. The carapace

2.0

1.9

i.e

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

\2

I LI

: 1.0

»

i

:

 .9

.8

.7

.6

.5

.4

.3

OFEMALES

• MALES

• SEX UN0IFFERENTIATE0

.6 .7 8 .9 1.0 II 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 22

LENGTH ( mm)

FIGURE 3.—Length-height distribution of growth stages of Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species.
8

TABLE 1.—Relationship between growth stages and number

of short claws on each lamella of furcae of species in the

THAUMATOCYPRIDIDAE

No. of short claws

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Growth Stage

Danielopolina

orghidani

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

Adult

All other

species

A-6

A-5

A-4

A-3

A-2

A-1

Adult

n.d. = no data.

TABLE 2.—Average shell dimensions and calculated growth

factors for females of Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species

Growth

stage

Adult

A-1

A-2

A-3"

A-4"

A-5"

A-6"

Average

length

(mm)

1.77

1.56

1.28

1.09

0.%

0.81

0.69

Growth

factor

1.13

1.22

1.17

1.14

1.19

1.17

Average

height

(mm)

1.55

1.36

1.14

0.94

0.83

0.69

0.59

Growth

factor

1.14

1.19

151

1.13

1.20

1.17

Number of

specimens

9

2

4

5

4

5

8

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

length of the smallest specimens of T. radiata in

the sample from station 245A varied from 0.67 to

0.73 mm, and the height from 0.56 to 0.60 mm.

According to Mrs. Susan P. Garner, Woods Hole

Oceanographic Institution (letter of 23 July 1973),

this sample is from the residue retained on a 0.297

mm screen. Using the growth factor calculated for

this species, an A-7 growth stage, if present, would

have been retained on the screen. The sample is

from a depth of 2707 m, considered to be a low

energy, stable environment. Reproduction is assumed to be nonseasonal, and migration negligible.

Therefore, we conclude that the 7 stages represent

the complete ontogeny of T. radiata and, most

likely, the other species in the genus.

The furca of living thaumatocyprids bears 2 long

anterior claws followed by short claws. Except for

Danielopolina orghidani (Danielopol, 1972), the

furca of adults bears 6 short claws, and the number

TABLE 3.—Average shell dimensions and calculated growth

factors for males of Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species

Growth

stage

Adult

A-1

A-2

Average

length

(mm)

1.66

1.53

1.25

Growth

factor

1.08

152

1.15

Average

height

(mm)

1.41

1.30

1.10

Growth

factor

1.08

1.18

1.17

Number of

specimens

4

2

2

"Because males and females could not be distinguished for

these early stages, males are also probably included in average

dimensions.

A-3 to A-6: sex not differentiated and same as in Table 2.

TABLE 4.—Order of appearance of appendages of Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species

Growth

stage

Rod-shaped First Second Mandible Maxilla Fifth Sixth

organ antenna antenna limb limb

Seventh Copulatory appendage

limb (male only)

A-6

A-5

A-4

A-3

A-2

A-1

Adult

x absent absent

x rudimentary" absent

x reduced absent

X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X

absent

absent

absent

absent

reduced

reduced

well-developed

* 6th limb observed on some specimens as a minute lobe (anlage) without bristles.

x — present.
NUMBER 219

of short claws is decreased by one in each previous

growth stage (Table 1). Thus, the number of short

claws on each lamella of the furca is diagnostic of

the growth stages in living species of the Thaumatocyprididae. The furca of the adult D. orghidani, a

cave form, bears only 4 short claws; the number of

short claws on the furcae of its juvenile is unknown.

DEVELOPMENT OF GROWTH STAGES.—The earliest

juvenile, the A-6 instar, does not have the 6th and

7th limbs; this is discussed under the description of

Thaumatoconcha radiata. The 6th limb of the A-5

instar is a small bare lobe; this limb has many

bristles on the A-4 instar. The 7th limb appears on

the A-3 instar. The copulatory limb of the male

appears on the A-2 instar. The male cannot be

recognized in earlier instars. Investigation of juveFICURE 4.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, paratypes, growth series: a,b, A-6 instar, USNM

143753LL, right valve (outside) and left valve (inside); c,d, A-5 instar, USNM 143753QQ, right

valve (outside) and left valve (inside); e,f, A-4 instar, USNM 143753RR, right valve (outside)

and left valve (inside); g)i, A-3 instar, USNM 143753II, left valve (outside) and right valve (inside); i,j, A-2 female, USNM 143753PP, right valve (outside) and left valve (inside); k,l, A-l

male, USNM 143753MM, right valve (outside) and left valve (inside); m/i, A-l female, USNM

143753DD, right valve (outside) and left valve (inside); o,p, adult male, USNM 143753JJ. right

valve (outside) and left valve (inside); q,r, adult female, USNM 143753KK, right valve (outside)

and left valve (inside). (All X 50, photos reduced to 42 percent.)
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

niles selected at random from other species of

Thaumatoconcha indicates that the order of appearance and general development of limbs conform to those of T. radiata.

In general, the morphology of the carapace of

the instars is similar to that of the adult (Figures 4-

6). It was not possible to differentiate males and females in A-6 to A-3 instars. The average growth

factor of the shell excluding the growth factor between the preadult and adult male is 1.17. This

estimated factor was obtained by averaging both

the length and height factors between male and

female instars (Tables 2, 3). The growth factor between the preadult and adult male is quite low,

1.08 for both length and height growth factors.

ORDER OF APPEARANCE OF APPENDAGES (Table 4).

—The A-6 instar bears a rod-shaped organ, 1st and

2nd antennae, mandibles, maxillae, and 5th limbs.

The 6th limb appears as a small lobe without

bristles (anlage) on the A-5 instar (this was observed

on at least 1 side of specimens examined, but was

not always observed on both sides of the same

specimen). The 6th limb has many bristles on the

A-4 instars. The 7th limb appears on the A-S

FICURE 5.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, paratypes, growth series. Anterior views: a,

A-6 instar, USNM 14S753LL, right valve, x 150; b, A-5 instar, USNM 143753QQ, left valve, X

135; c, same, right valve, x 150; d, A-4 instar, USNM 143753RR, right valve, x 115; e, A-3

instar, USNM 143753II, left valve, x 105; /, A-2 female, USNM 143753PP, right valve, X 85; g,

A-l male, USNM 143753MM, left valve, X 78; h, A-l female, USNM 143753DD, right valve' X

70; i, adult male. USNM 14S753JJ, left valve, x 65; /, adult female, USNM 143753KK, right

valve, x 63. Ventral views: k, A-4 instar, USNM 14S753RR, right valve, X 100; I, A-2 female,

USNM 14S753PP. right valve, X 80; m, A-l male, USNM 143753MM, right valve X 60- n A-l

female, USNM 143753DD, right valve, x 60. (Photos reduced to 42 percent.)
NUMBER 219 11

instar. The copulatory limb of the male appears on

the A-2 instar.

First antenna (Figure 7): This limb contains 8

joints in instars A-6 to A-l and on adults, but only

on the adult male is the 4th joint separated from

the 3rd by a distinct suture. The 3rd and 6th joints

are without bristles in both instars and adults. Remaining joints have fewer bristles in early instars

than in late instars and adults (Table 5). An exception is the 4th joints on female appendages, which

FIGURE 6.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, paratypes, growth series, ornamentation: a,

A-5 instar, USNM 143753QQ, upper anteroventral protuberance of right valve, X 690; b, same,

lower protuberance, X 690; c, A-3 instar, USNM 143753II, lower anteroventral protuberance of

left valve, X 470; d, same, upper protuberance, X 680; e, A-l male, USNM 143753MM, lower

anteroventral protuberance of left valve, X 300; /, same, right valve, X 300; g, same, upper

protuberance of left valve, X 300; h, A-l female, USNM 14375SDD, lower anteroventral protuberance of right valve, X 300; i, same, upper protuberance, x 300; j , adult female, USNM

143753KK, upper anteroventral protuberance of right valve, X 300; k, same, lower protuberance,

X 300; /, A-l female, USNM 143753DD, anterior end of right valve, ventral view. X 225; m,

adult female, USNM 143753KK, anterior end of right valve, ventral view, x 235; n, same specimen, adductor muscle attachment scars of left valve, inside view, x 320 (white particles in upper

middle are debris). (Photos reduced to 45i/$ percent.)
12

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

if

a

•if

it

H

o o © o o o ©

o © © © © © ©

©_© — -H

©"©"©"©"

FIGURE 7.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, paratypes,

developmental stages of the juvenile 1st antenna (rod-shaped

organ shown in a, c, d, g): a, A-6, USNM 143753D, left limb,

medial view; b, A-5, USNM 143753G, left limb, medial view;

c, A-4, USNM 143753U, left limb, lateral view; d, A-3, USNM

143753L, left limb, lateral view; e, A-2 female, USNM

126136B, left limb, lateral view; /, A-2 male, USNM 126136A,

left limb, lateral view; g, A-l male, USNM 143753MM, right

limb, medial view; h, A-l female, USNM 143753F, left limb,

medial view. (Scale in micrometers.)
NUMBER 219 13
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 6.—Number of bristles on endopodite and 9th exopodite joint of 2nd antenna of Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species

Growth

stage

ENDOPODITE EXOPODITE

First joint

(ventral/dorsal)

Second joint

(lateral/ventral)

Third joint

(terminal)

Ninth joint

Female Sex Male

unknown

Female Sex Male

unknown

Female Sex Male

unknown

Female Sex Male

unknown

A-6 .

A-5

A-4

A-3

A-2

A-l

Adult

0/0

1/0

1/0

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/4

1/4

1/4

0/1

0/1

0/2

0/3

1*

2

1/4

1/4

1/4

4-5

5

3 (rarely

2 or 4)

4-5

5 (rarely

4)

2*

•Third joint consists of hook-like process with 2 minute spines (bristles) at tip.

k

 Eighth and 9th joints fused, with total of 2 bristles on fused joints.

TABLE 7.—Number of claws on each lamella of the furca of

Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species

Growth

stage

A-6

A-5

A-4

A-3

A-2

A-l

Adult

Long

anterior claws

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

Short Posterior

middle claws process

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

TABLE 8.—Characters of the male copulatory appendage of

Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species

A-2

A-l

Adult

Growth

stage

ANTERIOR LOBE

No. of teeth

1

3-4

8

POSTERIOR LOBE

No. of bristles

1

3

3 (hairlike)

Shape

sausage

sausage

styliform

A-6 to A-3, copulatory appendage absent.

have no bristles on instars A-6 to A-4 (sex undifferentiated), at least 1 bristle on instars A-3 to

A-l, and may have no bristles on the adult (some

adults have 1 bristle). The 2 bristles on the 4th

joint of the male appendage are much longer on

adults than on instars A-l and A-2. The male A-l

instars have 4 bristles on the 5th joint of some

specimens, whereas the adults have only 3, but this

may be the result of intraspecific variability. The

presence of more bristles on the 7th joints of A-2

and A-3 instars than on adults may also be attributed to intraspecific variability.

Second antenna (Table 6): Exopodite: The 8th

and 9th joints are fused on instars A-6 to A-4 and

are separated by a suture on instars A-3 to adults

(Figure 27a). The fused 8th and 9th joints on instars

A-6 to A-4 bear 1 bristle; the 9th joints on instars

A-3 to A-l bear 2 bristles, and the 9th joints on

adults bear 3. Endopodite (Figure 8): 3 joints are

present on all instars and on adults. Fewer bristles

are present on joints 1 and 2 of early instars than

on later instars and adults, but the full accompaniment of bristles is reached on instar A-2. The 3rd

joint is unusual in that the adult appendage bean
NUMBER 219 15

fewer bristles than that of the A—1 instar. This is

especially noticeable in the male, because the adult

bears on the 3rd joint a hook-like process which

might represent a bristle, but could also be an extension of the joint.

Mandible, maxilla, fifth limb: General morphology on all juvenile instars similar to that of the

adult female (Figures 28, 29).

Sixth limb: This limb first appears in instar A-5

as a lobe without bristles (Figure 34d). It is small,

but with numerous bristles on the A-4 instar, and is

fully developed on the A-3 instar to adult (Figure

30).

Seventh limb: This limb first appears in the A-3

instar and has 2 bristles like on the adult (Figures

31a, 34i).

Furca: The claws of the furca may be divided

into long anterior claws, short middle claws, and a

posterior process (Figure 31c). Instars A-6 to adults

bear 2 long anterior claws and 1 posterior process.

The number of short middle claws increases from

0 on the A-6 instar to 6 on the adult (Figures 31c,

Mb,f,n). One short claw is added in each instar

(Table 7).

Rod-shaped organ: This organ is 1-jointed or

weakly 2-jointed in instars A-6 to adults (Figures

3Id, 54c,e,h,l,p,u,w,aa,bb,ee,ff). The tip is evenly

rounded on adults; however, both rounded and

tapered tips were observed on instars.

Posterior of body (Figures 20a, 21a), lips (Figure

31e-g): General morphology similar to that on

adults.

Male copulatory appendage: The A-2 instar is

the earliest stage on which the copulatory appendage was observed (Figure 34o,r). The anterior lobe

bears 1 spine-like terminal tooth on the A-2 instar,

3 or 4 minute teeth on the A-l instar (Figure $4hh,

it), and about 8 larger teeth on the adult (Table 8;

Key to the Developmental Stages of Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species

1. Furca without short middle claws; 1st joints of 1st antenna and endopodite of 2nd antenna without bristles A-6 instar

1'. Furca with short middle claws; 1st joints of 1st antenna and endopodite of 2nd antenna

with at least 1 bristle 2

2(1'). Furca with 1 short middle claw; 2nd joint of 1st antenna without bristles; 2nd joint of

endopodite of 2nd antenna with 1 ventral bristle; 6th limb, if present, without

bristles A-5 instar

2'. Furca with more than 1 short middle claw; 2nd joint of 1st antenna with 1 dorsal bristle;

2nd joint of endopodite of 2nd antenna with more than 1 ventral bristle; 6th limb

with numerous bristles 3

3(2'). Furca with 2 short middle claws; 1st joint of 1st antenna without lateral bristle; 1st joint

of endopodite of 2nd antenna without dorsal bristles, 2nd joint with 2 ventral bristles;

7th limb absent A-4 instar

3'. Furca with more than 2 short middle claws; 1st joint of 1st antenna with 1 lateral bristle;

1st joint of endopodite of 2nd antenna with dorsal bristles, 2nd joint with more than

2 ventral bristles; 7th limb present 4

4(3'). Furca with 3 short middle claws; 2nd joint of 1st antenna without ventral bristle; 1st

joint of endopodite of 2nd antenna with 1 dorsal bristle, 2nd joint with 3 ventral

bristles and no lateral bristle A—3 instar

4'. Furca with more than 3 short middle claws; 2nd joint of 1st antenna with 1 ventral

bristle; 1st joint of endopodite of 2nd antenna with 2 dorsal bristles, 2nd joint with 4

ventral bristles and 1 lateral bristle 5

5(4*). Furca with 4 short middle claws A-2 instar

5'. Furca with more than 4 short middle claws 6

6(5'). Furca with 5 short middle claws; 3rd joint of endopodite of 2nd antenna with 5 (rarely 4)

terminal bristles; posterior lobe of copulatory appendage of male sausage-shaped

A-l instar

6'. Furca with 6 short middle daws; 3rd joint of endopodite of 2nd antenna of female with

3 terminal bristles (rarely 2 or 4), of male with hook-like process; posterior lobe of

copulatory appendage of male tapered, styliform Adult
16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Figure ISd-f). The posterior lobe is sausage-shaped

in the A-2 and A-l instars and styliform on the

adult. The tip of the process bears 1 bristle on

instar A-2, 3 bristles on instar A-l, and 3 hairs on

the adult.

Sex Ratios and Dimorphism

RATIO OF MALES TO FEMALES

Although no attempt was made to determine the

exact ratio of males to females of the Thaumatocyprididae, we noted that adult males were plentiful

in the samples containing numerous specimens.

Males are sparse in many other marine ostracode

species because they die soon after mating.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF Thaumatoconcha radiata,

NEW SPECIES

ADULT.—Carapaces of males are slightly smaller

than females in the same sample (Figure 3); in

other characters the carapaces are similar.

First antenna (Figures 26, 32): On the male the

3rd and 4th joints are separated by a distinct suture,

they are fused on the female. The ventral margin

of the 4th joint on the male bears 2 long bristles

whereas the female is either without bristles or

bears 1 minute bristle. The longest bristle on the

ventral margin of the 5th joint on the male bears

abundant marginal hairs, which are absent on this

bristle on the female. The setiferous bristle on the

male may be equivalent to the sensory bristle located on the same joint of males in the Cypridinacea. The well-defined suture separating the 3rd

and 4th joints of the adult male supports our conclusion herein that homologous joints of the female

are also 3rd and 4th joints, even though the suture

between them is not well defined.

Second antenna (Figures 27, 33): The margins of

the 3rd joint of the female endopodite are more-orless parallel and the joint bears 3 terminal bristles

(1 short, 1 medium, 1 long), whereas, the margins

of the 3rd joint on the male are convex, and the

joint bears terminally a recurved hook-like process

with 2 minute spines at the tip (the base of the

process projects from the medial side of the distal

end of 3rd joint on some specimens).

Copulatory appendage: The males bear a single

copulatory appendage (Figure IBd-f). No genital

pore was discernable on the female.

Remaining appendages, upper lip, and posterior

of body: No sexual dimorphism observed.

A-l INSTAR.—The male carapace may be slightly

smaller than that of the female, but an insufficient

number of specimens were measured to be certain

of this.

First antenna (Figure 7g,h): The ventral margin

of the 4th joint on the female appendage usually

bears 1 minute bristle, whereas, the male appendage

bears 2 fairly long bristles in addition to a minute

bristle (the latter not present on all specimens).

Second antenna (Figure Sg,h): The ventral and

dorsal margins of the 3rd endopodite joint on the

female are more-or-less parallel, and the joint bears

5 terminal bristles (3 short, 2 medium length). The

ventral and dorsal margins of this joint on the male

are slightly convex (thumb-like) and the joint bears

5 (rarely 4) short terminal bristles.

Copulatory appendage: Reduced in males (Figure

Remaining appendages, upper lip, and posterior

of body: No sexual dimorphism observed.

A-2 INSTAR.—Carapace of male may be slightly

smaller than that of female, but an insufficient

number of specimens examined to be certain.

First antenna (Figure 7e,f): Ventral margin of

4th joint of female with 1 or 2 short bristles or 1

short and 1 longer bristle; this joint of male with

1 short and 1 longer bristle. Sexes not readily separated by this feature because some specimens of

both sexes are similarly armed with bristles.

Second antenna (Figure 8e,f): Ventral and dorsal

margins of 3rd joint of endopodite of female moreor-less parallel; this joint of male thumb-like

(thumb less well defined than that of A-l male

instar).

Copulatory appendage: Male appendage considerably reduced (Figure 34o).

Remaining appendages, upper lip, and posterior

of body: No sexual dimorphism observed.

A-3 TO A-6 INSTARS.—No sexual dimorphism observed.

Ecology and Biology

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—The Permian species,

Thaumatomma piscifrons, new species, is from the
NUMBER 219 17

FIGURE 8.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, paratypes, developmental stages of the endopodite of the juvenile 2nd antenna: a, A-6, USNM 143753D, left limb, medial view; b, A-5,

USNM 143753G, right limb, medial view; c, A-4, USNM 143753U, left limb, medial view; d,

A-3, USNM 143753L, left limb, medial view; e, A-2 male, USNM 126136A, right limb, lateral

view; /, A-2 female, USNM 126136B, left limb, lateral view; g, A-l male, USNM 143753MM,

left limb, medial view; h, A-l female, USNM 143753F, right limb, medial view. (Scale in

micrometers.)
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 9.—Species in the family THAUMATOCYPRIDIDAE

arranged according to localities

Locality Species

Indonesia area, Indian Ocean

Marine cave in Cuba

North Atlantic Ocean near the

Bermuda Islands

South Atlantic Ocean

Off Brazil

Off Argentina

South Africa

South Pacific Ocean

Off Peru (west edge of

Peru-Chile Trench)

Off Chile

Subantarctic region

Antarctic Region (within

Antarctic Convergence)

Drake Passage

Weddell Sea

Scotia Sea

Thaumatocypris echinata

Danielopolina orghidani

Thaumatoconcha polythrix

Danielopolina carolynae

Thaumatoconcha tuberculata

Thaumatoconcha radiata

Thaumatoconcha caraionae

Thaumatoconcha hessleri

Thaumatoconcha elongata

Thaumatoconcha sp. indet.

Thaumatoconcha punctata

Thaumatoconcha radiata

Thaumatoconcha sandersi

Thaumatoconcha radiata

Thaumatoconcha species A

Thaumatoconcha sandersi

Thaumatoconcha radiata

island of Idhra, off the Argolian coast of Greece.

The Early Jurassic species, Pokornyopsis bettenstaedti (Bartenstein, 1949), is from northwestern

Germany. The Late Jurassic species, Pokornyopsis

feifeli (Triebel, 1941), is from southwestern Germany. The Holocene species are widespread (Figure

9). As shown in Table 9, the only species of

Thaumatocypris Muller, 1906, T. echinata, is from

the Indonesian area where it has been reported

twice (Muller, 1906:43; Poulsen, 1969:8). Species

of the new genus Danielopolina have been reported

from two localities: Danielopol (1972:1) reported

D. orghidani (Danielopol, 1972), from a shallow

water, saline cave in Cuba, and we report here a

new species, D. carolynae, from abyssal depths of

the South Atlantic Ocean near the Equator.

The new genus Thaumatoconcha is represented

by species in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and

also within the Antarctic Convergence. Only one

species, T. polythrix, new species, was collected in

the North Atlantic Ocean, from near Bermuda.

Four species, all new, were collected in the South

Atlantic Ocean: T. tuberculata from off the coast

of Brazil; T. radiata and T. caraionae, from off the

coast of Argentina; and T. hessleri, from off the

coast of South Africa. Two species are endemic to

the South Pacific Ocean: T. elongata, new species,

from near the western edge of the Peru-Chile

Trench, off the coast of Peru, and T. punctata, new

species, from the Subantarctic region. Two unidentifiable specimens of Thaumatoconcha were

collected off the coast of Chile. Two species, in

addition to one in open nomenclature, were collected within the Antarctic Convergence (Antarctic

region): T. radiata, new species, was recorded from

the Drake Passage, and the Weddell and Scotia

seas; T. sandersi, new species, and Thaumatoconcha

species A were collected in the Weddell Sea.

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION.—The thaumatocypridids

upon which our study is based were collected on

the bottom at depths ranging from 587 to 4758 m

(Table 10). This range of depth represents both the

bathyal and abyssal zones (200-6000 m). Because

the boundary between the bathyal zone and the

abyssal zone is considered to be 2000 m by some

authorities and S00O m by others (Menzies et al.,

1973:73), Table 11 shows the distribution of samples and species within depth zones using the 2000

and 3000 m boundary. For this discussion we use

3000 m as the boundary.

Our samples were collected from the continental

slope and the abyssal ocean floor (Table 10). Four

samples with thaumatocypridids were collected from

the upper slope (maximum depth 1007 m), five

samples from the lower slope (1493-2747 m), and

11 samples from abyssal depth (3035-4758 m).

More species were collected in the abyssal zone

than in the bathyal zone (Table 11). The upper

part of the slope yielded 2 species, the lower part

of the slope yielded 5 species, and the abyssal ocean

floor yielded 6 species.

Four species, Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, T.

hessleri, T. polythrix, and T. caraionae were collected only in the bathyal zone (200-3000 m); five

species, Thaumatoconcha punctata, T. sandersi, T.

elongata, Thaumatoconcha species A, Danielopolina carolynae, were collected in the abyssal

zone (3000-6000 m), and only one species, Thaumatoconcha radiata, was collected in both zones

(species range: 2440-4758 m) (Table 12). The

relatively short depth ranges of most of the species

indicate that depth is an important factor in their

distribution. Similar results have been reported for
NUMBER 219 19

'»• . . *o* . «o* . fQ»

jf- Thaumatomna, new genus

^ Danlelopolina

O Thaumatoconcha, new genus

0 Pokornyop8t8 Kozur, 197A

Q Thaumatocyprls MUller, 1906

"35^"

FIGURE 9.—Distribution of living and fossil species of the Thaumatocyprididae. (Fossil species are

identified by a letter next to each symbol, living species by a number, as follows: a —

Pokornyopsis bettenstaedti (Bartenstein); b = Pokornyopsis feifeli (Treibel); c = Thaumatomma

piscifrons, new species; 1 = Thaumatoconcha polythrix, new species; 2 •= Danielopolina

carolynae, new species; 3 = Thaumatocypris echinata Mtiller; 4 = Danielopolina carolynae,

new species; 5 = Thaumatoconcha elongata, new species; 6 = Thaumatoconcha tuberculata,

new species; 7 = Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new species; 8 = Thaumatoconcha species indeterminate; 9 = Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species; 10 = Thaumatoconcha caraionae, new

species; 11 = Thaumatoconcha punctata, new species; 12 = Thaumatoconcha sandersi, new

species; 13 = Thaumatoconcha species A.)

other ostracode taxa and other animals (e.g., Morkhoven, 1972; Belyaeva, 1972; Kornicker, 1975).

The vertical distribution of the fossil species can

be inferred from the associated organisms. The

Jurassic species are inferred to have lived at depths

not deeper than 200 m (Triebel, 1941:377; Bartenstein, 1949:96). A normal marine shelf habitat is

postulated by us for the Permian species. According

to Briggs (1974:431-434), the representatives of

many ancient groups now restricted to ocean depths

migrated down the slope from the shelf during the

Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras in order to escape

competition from newly evolving taxa. Our data

suggest that the thaumatocypridids migrated to

deeper water during post-Jurassic time.

The environment of caves is similar to deepwater environments in lack of light, scarcity of

food, and climatic stability (Poulson, 1971:52).

Danielopol (1972:3) noted that the thaumatocypridids should be included among the organisms in-
20

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 10.—Vertical distribution of species in the family THAUMATOCYPWDIDAE arranged

according to depth at which they were collected

Depth (m)

shallow

587

717-619

834-939

943-1007

1100 (pelagic)

1493

2000 (pelagic)

2095-2223

2440-2480

2707

2747

3035

3305-3317

3459

3569

3658

3694

3715-3752

3824-3739

4124

4460-4449

4758

Location

Cuban Cave

South Atlantic Ocean

South Atlantic Ocean

South Atlantic Ocean

South Atlantic Ocean

Indian Ocean

South Atlantic Ocean

Indonesia

North Atlantic Ocean

South Atlantic Ocean

South Atlantic Ocean

Scotia Sea

Weddell Sea

South Atlantic Ocean

South Atlantic Ocean

South Pacific Ocean

Weddell Sea

South Pacific Ocean

Drake Passage

South Pacific Ocean

South Pacific Ocean

South Pacific Ocean

Drake Passage

Species

Danielopolina orghidani

Thaumatoconcha tuberculata

Thaumatoconcha hcssleri

Thaumatoconcha tuberculata

Thaumatoconcha tuberculata

Thaumatocypris echinata

Thaumatoconcha tuberculata

Thaumatocypris echinata

Thaumatoconcha polythrix

Thaumatoconcha radiata

Thaumatoconcha radiata

Thaumatoconcha caraionae

Thaumatoconcha radiata

Thaumatoconcha radiata

Thaumatoconcha species A

Thaumatoconcha radiata

Danielopolina carolynae

Thaumatoconcha sp. indet.

Thaumatoconcha sandersi

Thaumatoconcha punctata

Thaumatoconcha sandersi

Thaumatoconcha sp. indet.

Thaumatoconcha elongata

Thaumatoconcha elongata

Thaumatoconcha radiata

Source

Danielopol (1972); herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

Muller (1906)

herein

Poulsen (1969)

herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

herein

habiting both cave and abyssal environments. Our

deep sea collections of thaumatocypridids support

Danielopol's observation.

FOOD.—The guts of four specimens (Danielopolina orghidani—1, Thaumatoconcha radiata—2,

T. tuberculata—1) were examined. They contained

mostly brownish particles that appeared to be organic, some fragments of crustacean appendages,

and unidentifiable parts of other organisms. No

TABLE 11.—Bathymetric distribution of thaumatocpyridids

(pelagic samples not included)

Depth zone (m)

Bathyal

200-2000

200-3000

Abyssal

2000-6000

3000-6000

No. of samples No. of species

5

9

15

11

sediment was observed in the gut. The absence of

sediment suggests that the thaumatocyprids, like

other halocyprids, are carnivorous, but they could

also be detritus feeders capable of excluding particles of sediment from their diet.

EGG LAYING.—The absence of eggs within the

carapaces of the many adult females we examined

indicates that eggs are laid directly on the substrate, and are not brooded. In this respect, this

taxon resembles the Cladocopina and most members of the Halocypridacea.

FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY.—Steuer (1910:208)

considered the 2 long protuberances of Thaumatocypris echinata Muller, 1906, to be buoyancy organs. Skogsberg (1920:118) disputed this, stating:

That the two pairs of spines in the genus Thaumatocypris

cannot be explained as adaptations of buoyancy is shown

quite clearly by their position, as they are not, as one would

expect according to the buoyancy theory, both placed in the

horizontal plane in order to bring about an optimal increase

in the horizontal projection; only one of them is in this

plane—pointing almost straight forward—the other points
NUMBER 219 21

TABLE 12.—Depth, depth zone, habitat, and locality of species of THAUMATOCYPRIDIDAE

Species

Depth

(m)

Depth

zone Habitat Locality

Danielopolina orghidani ... .

Thaumatoconcha tuberculata

Thaumatoconcha hessleri . ..

Thaumatocypris echinata ..

Thaumatoconcha polythrix .

Thaumatoconcha radiata ...

Thaumatoconcha camionae .

Thaumatoconcha species A ..

Danielopolina carolynae ... .

Thaumatoconcha punctata ..

Thaumatoconcha sandersi ...

Thaumatoconcha elongata ..

shallow

587-1493

619-717

1100-2000

2095-2223

2440-4758

2707

3035

3459

3694

3658-3752

4124-4449

shallow cave

bathyal

bathyal

midwater

bathyal

bathyalabyssal

bathyal

abyssal

abyssal

abyssal

abyssal

abyssal

unknown

benthos

benthos

pelagic

benthos

benthos

benthos

benthos

benthos

benthos

benthos

benthos

Cuba

South Atlantic

South Atlantic

Indian Ocean,

Indonesian area

North Atlantic

Drake Passage,

WeddellSea,

South Atlantic

South Atlantic

Weddell Sea

South Atlantic

South Pacific

Weddell Sea,

Drake Passage

South Pacific

almost straight downward; moreover, both pairs are concentrated on the anterior side of the shell.

Skogsberg (1920:120) believed that forward and

backward movements of the 1st and 2nd antennae

during swimming would cause specimens of Thaumatocypris to roll backwards if it were not for the

spines, especially the anteroventral pair, which act

like motionless oars pressed downward by swimming strokes. The absence of the long spines on

benthic thaumatocypridids, which have 1st and 2nd

antennae similar to those on T. echinata, and presumably swim for short distances, suggests that the

spines are probably buoyancy organs as suggested

by Steuer (1910:208).

The upper lips of thaumatocypridids bear 2 tubular spine-like processes that face the mouth

(Figure 3le,f). The processes are connected by a

tube to a gland within the upper lip. The excretion

from the gland is no doubt involved with the feeding process, but its exact role is unknown.

Station Data

HOLOCENE COLLECTIONS

R. V. Atlantis II

Cruise 24, August 1966

Station 119; 19 August 1966; 32°15'48"N, 64°3r36"W to

32o16'06"N, 64°32'36"W; 2095-2223 m; epibenthic trawl;

bathyal; North Atlantic

Thaumatoconcha polythrix, new species: 2 specimens

(USNM 143790), 1 specimen (USNM 143792).

Cruise 31, February 1967

Station 156; 15 February 1967; 00°46'00"S, 29°28'00"W to

00°46'30"S, 29°24'00"W; 3459 m; abyssal; South Atlantic.

Danielopolina carolynae, new species: 1 adult $ (USNM

143789).

Station 159; 18 February 1967; 7858'00*S, 34°22D0^V;

834-939 m; epibenthic sled; bathyal; South Atlantic

Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, new species: 9 specimens

(USNM 143854).

Station 162A; 19 February 1967; 8°02'0OwS, 34°O3'0O»W to

7°56'0O"S, 34°O9'0O"W; 1493 m; epibenthic sled; bathyal;

South Atlantic

Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, new spedes: 27 specimens

(USNM 143791).

Station 167; 20 February 1967; 7°58'0O"S, 34°17'OO"W to

7°5O'OO"S, ?W; 943-1007 m; epibenthic sled; bathyal;

South Atlantic.

Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, new species: 135 specimens

(USNM 143853).

Station 169A; 21 February 1967; 8°03'00*S, S4°23WW to

8°02'0O"S, 54°25'00"W; 587 m; epibenthic sled; bathyal;

South Atlantic

Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, new species: 238 specimens

(USNM 143796); 1 adult $ (USNM 143852).

Cruise 60. March 1971

Station 245A; 14 March 1969; 36°55'42*S, 5S°01'24<'W; 2707 m;

large epibenthic sled; bathyal; American Quadrant;

South Atlantic

Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species: ca. 1200 specimens

(USNM 143753).
22

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Thaumatoconcha caraionae, new species: 1 adult 9 (USNM

143856), 4 adult $ $ (USNM 14S855), 4 adult 9 9

(USNM 143859), 4 specimens (USNM 143860): 1 A-l $

(USNM 143857).

Station 259; 26 March 1969; 37°13'18"S, 52°45'00"W; 3305-

3317 m; large epibenthic sled; abyssal; American Quadrant; South Atlantic.

Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species: 49 specimens (USNM

143754).

Station 262A; 27 March 1971; 36°W12"S> 52°17'54"W;

2440-2480 m; bathyal; South Atlantic.

Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species: 176 specimens

(USNM 143799).

USNS Eltanin

Cruise 4, July-August 1962

Station 127; 1 August 1962; 61°45'S, 61°14'W; 4758 m;

Menzies trawl; abyssal; American Quadrant; Drake Passage; Antarctic region; Continental subregion. Aliquot:

whole.

Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species: 1 adult $, 1 A-l

& (both specimens, USNM 127272).

Station 135; 6 August 1962; 62°4O'S, 64°06'W to 62°37'S,

63°57'W; 3715-3752 m; Menzies trawl; abyssal; American Quadrant; Drake Passage; Antarctic region; Continental subregion. Aliquot: whole.

Thaumatoconcha sandersi, new species: 1 adult $ (USNM

143793), 7 specimens (USNM 127275).

Cruise 11, January 1963-February 1964

Station 926; 17 January 1964; 7O°O3'S, 114°47'W to 7O°02'S.

114°28'W; 3569 m; Menzies trawl; abyssal; Pacific Quadrant; Antarctic region; South Pacific Ocean.

Thaumatoconcha species indeterminate: 1 A-3 instar

(USNM 127520).

Cruise 25, October-November 1966

Station 364; 11 December 1966; 56°17'S, 156°13'W to 56°19'S,

156°18'W; 3694 m; Menzies trawl; abyssal; Pacific Quadrant; Subantarctic region; South Pacific Ocean.

Thaumatoconcha punctata, new species: 1 adult 9 (USNM

143861), 5 specimens (USNM 127289).

VSCGC Glacier

International Weddell Sea Oceanographic Expedition

(IWSOE) Cruise 2, February-March 1969; collected by J. S.

Rankin Jr., K. Clark, C. Biernbaum

Station 0022; 14 March 1969; 73°29'S, 3O°24'6"W; 3035 m;

epibenthic sled; abyssal; American Quadrant; Weddell

Sea; Antarctic; Continental subregion.

Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species: 74 specimens (USNM

126136), 1 adult 9 (USNM 143794).

Thaumatoconcha species A: 1 adult 9 (USNM 143851).

Station 0022; same as above except collected with Anchor

dredge.

Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species: 1 juvenile (USNM

126139).

Station 0023; 14-15 March 1969; 72°47'3O"S, 30°28'18"W;

3658 m; epibenthic sled; abyssal; American Quadrant;

Weddell Sea, Antarctic; Continental subregion.

Thaumatoconcha sandersi, new species: 1 adult 9, 1 adult

$ (both specimens, USNM 143752).

R. V. Vema

Cruise 14, January-July 1958

Station V-14-25 (LGO 49); 9 March 1958; 56°43'S. 27°41'W;

2747 m; small bottom trawl; bathyal; American Quadrant; Scotia Sea; Antarctic; Continental subregion; Scotia

subregion; bottom with some volcanic sand.

Thaumatoconcha radiata, new spedes: 12 specimens (USNM

143858 A-D).

Station V-14-3S (LGO 55); 6 April 1958; 34°S6'S, 16°40'E;

717-695 m; small bottom trawl; bathyal; African Quadrant; South Atlantic.

Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new spedes: 3 adult 9 (USNM

143755, 143862, 144006).

Cruise 15, December 1958-January 1959

Station V-15-79; 23 December 1958; \\°\2!$, 84°48'W, 4460-

4449 m; small bottom trawl; manganese nodules present

in trawl; abyssal; South Pacific.

Thaumatoconcha elongata, new species: 1 juvenile $

(USNM 144005).

Cruise 17, February-November 1961

Station V-17-1; 26 February 1961; 7°W$, 85°5O'W; 4124 m;

small bottom trawl; abyssal; South Pacific

Thaumatoconcha elongata, new spedes: 1 adult 9 (USNM

143967), 1 adult $ (USNM 143968).

Station V-17-5; 16 March 1961; 38°15'S, 76°OOrW; 3824-3739

m; small bottom trawl; abyssal; South Pacific.

Thaumatoconcha species indeterminate: 1 adult 9, 1

juvenile (USNM 143969).

PERMIAN COLLECTIONS

Collected by Dr. Richard E. Grant, Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, 1968, 1974

USNM locality 9260. Southeastern side of Idhra, just off the

Argolian coast, Greece, about i/2 km south of the village

of Episkopi, weathered block with silicified fossils (Grant,

1972:214, for description).

Thaumatomma piscifrons, new spedes: 40 specimens (USNM

168167-168187).

Superorder MYODOCOPA Saw, 1866

Kozur (1972:5) proposed the superorder Myodocopamorphes for the orders Cladocopida, Myodocopida, and Leperditiida. We do not include the
NUMBER 219 23

Leperditiida in the superorder Myodocopa and

have retained the name Myodocopa proposed as a

section by Sars (1866:2).

The superorder Myodocopa contains the orders

Myodocopida (outside the scope of this study) and

Halocyprida.

Key to the Orders of Myodocopa

1. Seventh limb vermiform;1 medial eye present;1 6th limb flat, plate-like MYODOCOPIDA

1'. Seventh limb short with 2 bristles (Halocypridina) or absent (Cladocopina); medial eye absent;

6th limb elongate (Halocypridina) or absent (Cladocopina) HALOCYPRIDA

1

 Seventh limb absent or reduced on males of some species of Sarsiellidae.

1

 Medial eye reduced in genus Igene Kornicker, 1975.

Order HALOCYPRIDA Dana, 1853

DIAGNOSIS.—Medial eye absent; 7th limb absent,

or short with 2 bristles; 6th limb absent or elongate.

This order contains the suborders Cladocopina

and Halocypridina.

Key to the Suborders of Halocyprida

Body with 5 pairs of limbs; furca with short conical projection between claws; 1st joint of

exopodite of 2nd antenna without ventral bristle CLADOCOPINA

Body with 7 pairs of limbs; furca without short conical projection between claws; 1st joint

of exopodite of 2nd antenna with 1 ventral bristle HALOCYPRIDINA

Suborder HALOCYPRIDINA Dana, 1853

HALOCYPRINAE Dana, 1853:1281.

HALOCYPRIFORMES Skogsberg, 1920:555.

HALOCYPRIDINA Kornicker, 1968:439.

This suborder contains the superfamilies Halocypridacea (Cretaceous to Holocene), Thaumatocypridacea (Permian to Holocene), and possibly

Entomoconchacea (Lower Silurian to Lower Carboniferous).

DISTRIBUTION.—Halocypridacea: world-wide in

Holocene, single fossil from Cretaceous of Czechoslovakia (Pokorny, 1964). Thaumatocypridacea:

Holocene, world-wide, mostly southern hemisphere;

Jurassic, Germany; Permian, Greece. Entomoconchacea: Lower Silurian to Lower Carboniferous,

Europe, northeastern North America.

HABITAT.—Halocypridacea: mostly pelagic,

partly benthic. Thaumatocypridacea: fossils benthic; Holocene species both benthic and pelagic.

Entomoconchacea: presumably benthic.

DIAGNOSIS.—Fifth and 6th limbs elongate with 2

or 3 bristles on end joint; 7th limb short, 1- or 2-

jointed, with 2 long terminal bristles; copulatory

limb large, single, on left side of body; with or

without heart.

Key to the Superfamilies of Halocypridina

1. Anteroventral margain of carapace straight or slightly concave, anterior margin without

incisur or rostrum; radial adductor muscle attachment scar; 1st antenna long, straight;

1st joint of 1st antenna with 1-2 bristles; furcal lamella with 2 long anterior daws

followed by 3-7 short claws of similar length; heart absent 2

1'. Anteroventral margin convex; anterior margin with or without incisur or rostrum; nonradial muscle-attachment scar; 1st antenna short, bent downwards distally; 1st joint of

1st antenna without bristles; furcal lamella wih 1 long anterior claw followed by 6-7

smaller claws decreasing in size posteriorly; heart present HALOCYPRIDACEA

2 (1). Specimens large, more than 6 mm in length; adductor muscle attachment scar large, more

than one-fourth greatest height ENTOMOCONCHACEA

2*. Specimens small, less than 23 mm in length; adductor muscle scars small, less than onefifth greatest height THAUMATOCYPRIDACEA
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Superfamily THAUMATOCYPRIDACEA

Miiller, 1906

THAUMATOCYPRINAE Miiller, 1906:41.

THAUMATOCYPRIDACEA Sylvester-Bradley, 1961 :Q397.

DIAGNOSIS.—Because this taxon contains only one

family, the diagnosis is the same as that for the

family.

This superfamily contains one family, the Thaumatocyprididae.

DISTRIBUTION.—Holocene in Atlantic, Pacific, and

Indian oceans, mostly in southern hemisphere;

fossils in Europe (Germany, Jurassic; Greece,

Permian).

HABITAT.—Benthic and pelagic.

REVIEW OF THAUMATOCYPRIDACEA.—Miiller

(1906:41) assigned his subfamily Thaumatocyprinae,

based on the monotypic genus Thaumatocypris

Miiller, 1906 (Thaumatocypris echinata Miiller,

1906), to the Halocyprididae Dana, 1853. Triebel

(1941) and Bartenstein (1949) referred two Jurassic

species, Thaumatocypris feifeli Triebel, 1941, and

Thaumatocypris bettenstaedti Bartenstein, 1949, to

Miiller's genus. Sylvester-Bradley (1961:Q397) established the superfamily Thaumatocypridacea in the

suborder Myodocopina Sars, 1866, to comprise the

single family Thaumatocyprididae. Danielopol

(1972) referred the second living species, orghidani,

to Thaumatocypris. Oertli (1972, pi. 3: figs. 39-41)

referred Jurassic ostracodes to "Polycope? sp.,

Thaumatocypris? sp." Kozur (1974:853) proposed

the new genus, Pokornyopsis and referred to it

Thaumatocypris feifeli Triebel, 1941, T. bettenstaedti Bartenstein, 1949, "Polycope? sp., Thaumatocypris? sp." (Oertli, 1972), and Polycope? sp. D

(Oertli, 1972, figs. 37, 38). Kozur (1974) described

the new subfamily Pokornyopsinae in the family

Polycopidae Sars, 1866, suborder Cladocopida Sars,

1866, for Pokornyopsis. Kornicker and Sohn (in

press) referred Thaumatocypris orghidani Danielopol, T. feifeli Triebel, T. bettenstaedti Bartenstein

and an undescribed living species to the new genus

Danielopolina (deliberate nomen nudum). We referred to the Thaumatocyprididae, two additional

new genera (deliberate nomena nuda), Thaumatoconcha, containing 8 undescribed living species, and

Thaumatomma, containing an undescribed Permian

species. In an addendum to that paper, we accepted

Pokornyopsis feifeli (Triebel, 1941) and Pokornyopsis bettenstaedti (Bartenstein, 1949) and referred

the genus to the Thaumatocyprididae, but removed

Polycope? sp. D (Oertli, 1972), and "Polycope? sp.,

Thaumatocypris? sp." (Oertli, 1972), from the genus

Pokornyopsis and referred them to the Polycopidae.

The subfamily Pokornyopsinae Kozur, 1974, was

placed in the synonomy of Thaumatocyprididae,

and the superfamilies Thaumatocypridacea and

Halocypridacea were united in the suborder Halocypridina, order Myodocopida.

Family THAUMATOCYPRIDIDAE Miiller, 1906

THAUMATOCYPRINAE Muller, 1906:41.—Skogsberg, 1920:564,

568.

THAUMATOCYPRIDIDAE Sylvester-Bradley, 1961:QS97.

THAUMATOCYPRIDAE Poulsen, 1969:7.

POKORNYOPSINAE Kozur, 1974:853.

This family contains 5 genera, Thaumatocypris

Muller, 1906, Pokornyopsis Kozur, 1974, Thaumatoconcha, new genus, Danielopolina, new genus, and

Thaumatomma, new genus.

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 9).—Holocene: Atlantic

Ocean (32°N-73°S); Pacific Ocean (7°S-7O°S) and

also west of Celebes (2°22'S, 126°58'E); Indian

Ocean (0°58'S, 99°43'E). Fossil: Upper Jurassic of

southwestern Germany; Lower Jurassic of northwestern Germany; Permian, Idhra Island, Greece.

HABITAT.—Benthic (Thaumatomma, Thawnatoconcha, Pokornyopsis, Danielopolina) and bathyal

pelagic (Thaumatocypris).

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace small, length less than 2.5

mm; with straight or slightly concave anteroventral

margin delimited by terminal protuberances; with

or without anterodorsal node on each valve; usually

with posterodorsal tubercle on one or both valves;

surface smooth, punctate, or reticulate; adductor

muscle attachment scars less than one-fifth greatest

height. First antenna long with 8 joints; 1st joint

with 1 dorsal bristle (Thaumatocypris), or with 1

dorsal and 1 lateral bristle (Thaumatoconcha,

Danielopolina). Each lamella of furca with 2 long

anterior claws followed by 3-7 short claws (D.

orghidani with 3 short claws, remaining species in

family with 6 or 7 short claws). Rod-shaped organ

well developed only in species of Thaumatoconcha;

heart absent. Morphology of genera and species is

compared in Table 13.

DESCRIPTION.—Each valve with straight or slightly

concave anteroventral margin with a short or long

protuberance at dorsal and ventral ends; one genus
NUMBER 219 25

(Thaumatomma) with anterodorsal node; a small

posterodorsal tubercle on one or both valves of

some species of Thaumatomma and on one species

of Thaumatoconcha (T. tuberculata); surface

smooth, punctate, or reticulate; anteroventral surface with or without thin ridges parallel to valve

margin; diameter of adductor muscle attachment

scar less than one-fifth greatest height.

First antenna: Elongate, 8-jointed: 1st joint with

1 dorsal bristle; lateral surface with 1 lateral bristle

on Danielopolina and Thaumatoconcha, but without a bristle on Thaumatocypris; 2nd joint with 1

dorsal and 1 ventral bristle; 3rd and 4th joints

fused except at sclerotized dorsal and ventral margins, especially the former; 3rd joint usually without bristles, but rarely with a ventral bristle; 4th

joint of Danielopolina and Thaumatoconcha usually without bristles, but rarely with a ventral

bristle; 4th joint of Thaumatocypris with long

terminal bristle on ventral margin; ventral margin

of 5th joint of Danielopolina with 1 or 2 bristles,

of Thaumatoconcha with 2 or 3 bristles, of Thaumatocypris with 3 bristles; 6th joint without bristles,

an exception being the presence of a transparent

bristle on the specimens of Thaumatocypris

echinata described by Poulsen (1969:8); ventral

margin of 7th joint of Danielopolina and Thaumatoconcha with 2 bristles, of Thaumatocypris with 1

bristle; dorsal margin of Danielopolina without

bristles, of Thaumatoconcha and Thaumatocypris

with 1 bristle; 8th joint of Danielopolina and

Thaumatoconcha with 3 bristles, of Thaumatocypris with 2 bristles.

Second antenna: Protopodite without bristles except for Danielopolina carolynae, which bears 1

posterior bristle, not described on any other Myodocopida. Endopodite of Thaumatocypris with 2

joints, of Danielopolina and Thaumatoconcha with

3 joints: ventral margin of 1st joint of Danielopolina without bristle, of Thaumatoconcha and

Thaumatocypris with 1 bristle; dorsal margin of 1st

joint with 2 bristles, 2nd joint with 1 ventral and

4 terminal bristles, except for Danielopolina

orghidani which bears 3 terminal bristles and is

without a ventral bristle; 3rd joint of Danielopolina

with 1 terminal bristle, of Thaumatoconcha with 2

or 3 terminal bristles. Exopodite with 8 or 9 joints:

1st joint without bristles except for Danielopolina

carolynae which bears 1 long medial bristle, longer

than reported on any other species of Myodocopida;

1st joint divided into a long proximal and short

distal part (Figure 10); the 2 parts especially well

defined on D. carolynae (Figure 10a); joints 2-8

with natatory bristles; 9th joint with 2 or 3 bristles.

Mandible: Coxale endite with proximal and

distal sets of teeth separated by small space; proximal set consisting of 4 broad teeth plus rounded

teeth adjacent to space separating proximal and

distal sets of teeth; clusters of densely packed spines

medially between each tooth and extending onto

medial surface of endite; 1 pointed or blunt spinous

FIGURE 10.—Second joint and distal part of 1st joint of exopodites of 2nd antennae showing proximal parts of bristles, and

muscle connected to proximal dorsal corner of 2nd joint

and some of the other muscles: a, Danielopolina carolynae,

adult female, holotype, USNM 143789, right limb, medial

view; b, Thaumatoconcha radiata, adult female, holotype,

USNM 143794, right limb, medial view. (Scale in micrometers.)
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 13.—Summary of morphologic characters

Character

Thaumatoconcha

radiata punctata

9

elongata

9 $

Carapace, length (mm)

No. of anterior ridges

No. of muscle segments

Surface

Posterodorsal tubercles or spines present (P)

absent (A)

First antenna (no. of bristles)

1st joint: dorsal/lateral

2nd joint: ventral/dorsal

3rd joint: ventral

4th joint: ventral

5th joint: ventral

6th joint

7th joint: ventral/dorsal

8th joint

Dorsal margin of 3rd joint longer (L) or shorter

(S) than 4th

3rd and 4th joints fused (F) separated by suture

(S)

Second antenna

Protopodite (no. of bristles)

Endopodite (no. of bristles)

1st joint: ventral/dorsal

2nd joint: lateral/terminal

3rd joint

Exopodite

No. of joints

No. of bristles on joints lst/9th

Mandible

Basale (no. of bristles)

Posterior margin (proximal)

Anterior margin

Lateral side *

Medial side

Endopodite (no. of bristles)

1st joint: dorsal

2nd joint: ventral/dorsal

3rd joint

Maxilla (no. of bristles)

Endite I

Endite II ,

Endite III

Basale: dorsal/ventral

Endopodite

1st joint: anterior/posterior

2nd joint

1.66- 1.61-

2.02 1.99

4 or 5 4 or 5

19-24 19-24

smooth smooth

1/1

1/1

0 or 1 (rare)

0 or 1 (rare)

2-3

0

2/1

3

L

F

1/2

1/4

3(rarely

2 or 4)

1

3 or 4/2

7

1/1

1/1

0

2

3

0

2/1

3

L

S

1/2

1/4

0

8 (rare) or 9 9

0/2 or 3 0/3

2 3

1 1

4 or 5 5

2 2

1

3/2

7

e l l 12

9-11 11

c7 c6

1/1 1/1

5 or 6/3 5 or 6/?

9 8

2.22-

2.24

9

20

punctate

1/1

1/1

0

0

2

0

2/1

3

L

F

1/2

1/4

2

9

0/2

3

1

5

2

1

4/2

7

12

nd

nd

1/1

6/3

2.30 2.00

8 8

19 19

punctate punctate

1/1

1/1

0

0

3

0

2/1

S

1/2

1/4

2

8

0/2

3

1

5

2

1

3/2

6

1/1

1/1

0

2

3

0

2/1

3

1/2

1/4

0

8

0/2

S

1

5

2

1

3/2

6

10 10

9 nd

7 nd

1/1 1/1

5/3 and 5/3

6/2*

9 8

1.87-

1.99

7-11

20-22

1.74-

1.80

7-11

20-22

punctate punctate

1/1

1/1

0

0

3

0

2/1

3

8

0/2

3

1

5

2

1

3/2

6

nd

nd

nd

nd

nd

nd

1/1

1/1

0

2

3

0

2/1

3

0 0

1/2 1/2

1/4 1/4

3 0

8

0/2

S

1

5

2

1

3/2

6

10

clO

nd

1/1

5/2?
NUMBER 219

in living species of THAUMATOCYPRIDIDAE

27

Thaumatoconcha Danielopolina

polythrix sandersi tuberculata hessleri sp. A carolineae orghidani

9 $ 939 S 9 9 9 9

Thaumatocypris

echinata

1.85- 1.94- 1.78- 1.61- 1.59- 1.42- 0.52-

1.94 1.68 2.00 1.89 1.70 1.67 1.47 1.46 1.85 0.59 1.4 1.55

10 10 1-3 1-3 5or6 5or6 5 4or5 3 0 nd 7

16 16 9 9 17-20 17-20 14-17 15 8 9 nd 4?

punctate punctate smooth smooth smooth smooth smooth smooth reticulate reticulate smooth smooth

1/1

1/1

0

0

2

0

2/1

3

1/1

1/1

0

2

3

0

2/1

3

1/1

1/1

0

0

3

0

2/1

3

L

F

1/1

1/1

0

2

3

0

2/1

3

L

S

1/1

1/1

0

0

3

0

2/1

3

L

F

1/1

1/1

0

2

3

0

2/1

3

L

F

1/1

1/1

0

0

3

0

2/1

3

1/1

1/1

0

0

2

0

2/1

3

S

F

1/1

1/1

0

0-1 (minute)

2

0

2/0

3

1/1-

1/1 •

0

e

0*

2/0 •

3*

1/0

1/1

0

1

3

1

1/1

2

1/0

1/1

0

1

3

0

1/1

2

1/2

1/4

2

8

0/2

e l l

nd

nd

1/1

1/2

1/4

0

8

0/2

3 3

1 1

5 5

2 2

5 or 6 4 or 5

3/3 3/3

6 6

9

8

6

1/1

7/2? 7/3

1/2

1/4

2

nd

nd

nd

1/1

1/2

1/4

0

8 8

0/2? 0/?

nd 3

nd 1

nd 5

nd 2

1 1

4/2 4/2

6 6

10

11

c8

1/1

nd 8

5/3 5/3

nd 8

1/2

1/4

3

1/2

1/4

0

9 9

0/2 0/2

3 3

1 1

5 5

2 2

1 1

3/2 3/2

7 7

nd 10

9 nd

7 nd

1/1 l/'l

6/2? 5/3

9 8

1/2

1/4

3

8

0/2

3

1

5

2

1

3/2

6

c9

9

7

1/1

5/3

1/2

1/4

2

8

0/2

2(1 missing?)

1

5

2

1

4/2

6

nd

nd

nd

1/1

6/3

1

0/2

1/4

1

9

1/2

3

1

5

2

1

3/2

6

10

nd

nd

1/1

4/2?

c8

nd nd

0/2

0/3

1

8

0/2

4«

nd

3/2*

1/1 •

3/3"

5*

1/2

1/4

no 3rd

joint

9

0/2

2

2

7

2

1

4/2

7

8

15

0/1

4/2

6

1/2

1/4

no 3rd

joint

9

nd

2

3

5?

2

1

3/3

6

c9

nd

nd

l?/2?

5/2

6
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 13.—Summary of morphologic characters

Character

Fifth limb (no. of bristles)

Epidopial appendage

Protopodite and endopodite

Exopodite

1st joint: dorsal/ventral

2nd joint ventral: midventral/terminal

3rd joint

3rd joint: length of short bristle as % of long

bristle

Sixth limb (no. of bristles)

Epipodial appendage

Protopodite

Exopodite

1st joint

1st joint, process on dorsal corner

2nd and 3rd joints: midventral/dorsal

3rd joint: terminal ventral

4th joint

4th joint: length of short bristle as % of

long bristle

Seventh limb (no. of bristles)

Furca (no. of claws): long/short

Rod-shaped organ

Elongate (E), absent (A) or reduced (R)

Tip tapered (T) or rounded (R)

Posterior: single process (P)

Male copulatory organ, no. of teeth: long/short ..

radiata

9

14

23

1/7

3/0

2

58

cl5

4

4or5

3

2or3/l

0

2

83

2

2/6

E

R

P

na

nd

nd

1/9

3/0

2 (3 rare)

nd

nd

4

4

3

2/1

0

2

nd

2

2/6

E

R

P

1/7

Thaumatoconcha

punctata

9

14

22

1/10

3/0

2

50

15

4

4 or 5

3

2/1

0

2

65

2

2/6

E

T

P

na

e Ion gat a

9

14

18

1/9

3/0

2

46

15

4

6

3

2or3/l

0

2

34

2

2/6

E

R

P

na

nd

23

1/9

3/0

2

nd

nd

nd

4

3

2/1

0

2

nd

2

2/6

E

R

P

1/0

caraionae

9

nd

21

1/9

3/0

2

nd

nd

4

3

3

2/1

0

2

40

2

2/6

E

R

P

na

14

22

1/7

2/0

2

44

15

nd

4

3

2/1

0

2

44

2

2/6

E

R

P

1/0

• From Poulsen (1969).

» From Muller (1906).

e

 From Danielopol drawings (in prep.).

* Broad spine also present except on T. echinata.

• Right and left appendage of same individual.

f

 One lamella of unique specimen with 5 short claws, other with 6.

na = not applicable; nd = no data.

bristle present in space between sets of teeth; distal

set of teeth consisting of 2 flat teeth; proximal flat

tooth consisting of 1 large lateral cusp and 6-10

small pointed cusps; distal flat tooth with about 6

pointed cusps, cusp 2 counting from lateral side

longer than others; 1 spinous bristle present on

lateral side of base of proximal flat tooth and about

half length of adjacent cusp. Basale: teeth of endite

with 5 triangular cusps with minute serrations along

margins; posterior margin with 1 or 2 proximal

bristles and 1 distal short blunt bristle; anterior

margin of basale endite of Danielopolina and Thaumatoconcha with 1 bristle, of Thaumatocypris with

2? or 3? bristles; lateral side of endite with flat

knife-like process distal to several bristles, 3? to 5 on

Danielopolina, 6 (rarely 4) on Thaumatoconcha,

and 7? on Thaumatocypris; medial side of basale

with proximal mound with 2 long bristles. Endopodite 3-jointed: 1st joint with 1 dorsal bristle except

Thaumatoconcha polythrix, which has 5 or 6; ventral margin of 2nd joint with 2 or 3 bristles near

middle and 1 subterminal; dorsal margin with 2

bristles except T. polythrix, which has 3 (the

mandible of Thaumatocypris echinata illustrated
NUMBER 219

in living species of THAUMATOCYPRIDIDAE—Continued

29

polythrix

9

14

23

1/10

3/0

2

24

n d

nd

8

3

3/1

0

2

41

2

2/6

£

R

P

na

$

14

21

1/10

3/0

2

nd

15

6 or 7

5 or 6

3

3/1

0

2

nd

2

2/6

£

R

P

1/0

Thaumatoconcha

sandersi

9

nd

c l 5

1/6

nd

2

48

nd

4

4

3

2/1

0

2

nd

2

2/6

£

R

P

na

$

nd

c l 7

1/11

3/0

2

nd

15

4

4

3

2/1

0

2

41

2

2/6

£

R

P

1/0

tuberculata

9

nd

n d

1/7

3/0

2

nd

15

4

4

3

2/1

0

2

nd

2

2/6

£

R

P

na

nd

18

1/7

2/0

2

43,47

15

4

4

3

2/1

0

2

64-69

2

2/6

£

R

P

1/1

hessleri

9

nd

22

1/7

2/0

2

34

nd

4

4

3

2/1

0

2

18

2

2/6

£

R

P

na

sp.A

9

14

20

1/7

2/0

2

3538

15

4

4

3

2/1

0

2

32

2

2/5 or 6*

£

R

P

na

Danielopolina

carolineae

9

14

18

1/9

2/1

2

87

15

4

5

2

3/1

1

2

95

2

2/6

A

na

P

na

orghidani •to

14*

14 •

1/5 «

2/1

2«

45(65 •)

nd

A'

4

2

1/1

0

2 «

32*

2/3 •

A«

na

P«

na

Thaumatocypris

echinata

9*

IS

17

1/8

2/0

3

na

c l 2

4

4

l+spin<

2/1

0

3

nd

2

2/7

R

na

P

na

9 *

nd

nd

nd

nd

S

na

nd

nd

nd

: nd

nd

nd

3

nd

2

2/7

A

na

P

na

by Muller [1906, pi. 6: fig. 8] bears 3 bristles on the

dorsal margin of the 2 endopodial joint, but only 2

are on the specimen described by Poulsen [1969:

11]); 3rd joint with 6 or 7 bristles, 1 or 2 of these

much longer and stouter than others.

Maxilla: Number of bristles on endites difficult

to discern on some specimens: endite I with 8 to 12

bristles, except D. orghidani, which has only 4;

endite II with 8 to 11 bristles, except D. orghidani

which has only 3; endite III with 6 to 8 bristles,

except D. orghidani which has only 4. Basale with 1

ventral and 1 dorsal bristle except Thaumatocypris

echinata which may bear an additional bristle on

dorsal margin. Endopodite: anterior margin of 1st

joint with 3 or 4 bristles on Danielopolina, 4 or 5

on Thaumatocypris, and 5 or 6 on all species of

Thaumatoconcha except T. polythrix which has 7;

posterior margin of 1st joint with 2 or 3 bristles;

2nd joint of Thaumatocypris with 6 bristles, of

Thaumatoconcha and Danielopolina with 8 or 9

bristles, except D. orghidani which has only 5.

Fifth limb: Epipodial appendage of Danielopolina and Thaumatoconcha with 14 bristles

arranged in 3 groups of 5, 5, and 4; Thaumatocypris
30

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 11.—End joint of 5th limb: a, Danielopolina carolynae, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143789; b. D. orghidani (Danielopol, 1972), female; c, Thaumatoconcha tuberculata,

new species, adult male, paratype, USNM 143796Mb; d, same, USNM 143796M; e, Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143862; fg, both limbs, Thaumatoconcha species A, female, USNM 143851; h, Thaumatoconcha punctata, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143861; i, Thaumatoconcha sandersi, new species, adult female, paratype,

USNM 127275C; /, Thaumatoconcha polythrix, new species, adult female, paratype, USNM

143790C; k, Thaumatoconcha caraionae, new species, adult male, paratype, USNM 143855A;

I, Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143794; m, Thaumatoconcha elongata, new species, adult female, paratype, USNM 143967. (Scale in micrometers.)

with 13 bristles arranged in 3 groups of 4, 5, and 4

(Poulsen, 1969:12). The number of bristles on the

protopodite and endopodite not clearly discernable

on all specimens: the protopodite and endopodite of

Thaumatocypris with 17 bristles, of Danielopolina

with 14 to 18 bristles, of Thaumatoconcha with 15

to 23 bristles. Exopodite: dorsal margin of 1st joint

with 1 bristle; ventral margin of 1st joint of Thaumatocypris with 8 bristles, of Thaumatoconcha

with 7-11 bristles, of Danielopolina with 5-8

bristles; ventral margin of 2nd joint of Thaumatocypris and Danielopolina with 2 midbristles, of

Thaumatoconcha with 2 or 3 midbristles; ventral

margin of 2nd joint of Danielopolina with 1 terminal bristles, Thaumatocypris and Thaumatoconcha

without a terminal bristle; 3rd joint of Thaumatocypris with 3 bristles, of Danielopolina and Thaumatoconcha with 2 bristles (Figure 11).

Sixth limb: Epipodial appendage of Thaumatocypris with about 12 bristles, of Thaumatoconcha

and Danielopolina with 15. Protopodite with 4

bristles except Thaumatoconcha polythrix which

bears more (5-7?). Endopodite: process on dorsal

corner of 1st joint with 1 bristle and a minute spine

on Thaumatocypris, 2 bristles on Danielopolina,

and 3 bristles on Thaumatoconcha; 1st joint of

Thaumatocypris with 4 bristles, of Danielopolina

with 4 or 5 bristles, of Thaumatoconcha with 4-6

bristles, except T. polythrix which has 8; dorsal

margin of fused 2nd and 3rd joints with 1 bristle;

ventral margin of Thaumatocypris with 2 bristles,

of Thaumatoconcha with 2 or 3 bristles (usually 2

except for T. polythrix), of Danielopolina with 1

(D. orghidani) or 4 (D. carolynae, 3 midbristles and

1 terminal); 4th joint of Thaumatoconcha and

Danielopolina with 2 bristles, of Thaumatocypris

with 3 bristles (Figure 12).

Seventh limb: Small with 2 long bristles.
NUMBER 219 SI

FIGURE 12.—End joint of 6th limb: a, Danielopolina carolynae, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 14S789; b, Danielopolina orghidani (Danielopol, 1972), female; c, Thaumatoconcha

tuberculata, new species, adult male, paratype, USNM 143796Mb; d, same, USNM 143796M; e,

Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143862; /, Thaumatoconcha species A, adult female, USNM 143851; g, Thaumatoconcha sandersi, new species, adult

male, holotype, USNM 143793; h, Thaumatoconcha polythrix, new species, adult female, paratype, USNM 143790C; i, Thaumatoconcha caraionae, new species, adult male, paratype, USNM

143855A; /, Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143794; k,

Thaumatoconcha elongata, new species, adult female, paratype, USNM 143967; /, Thaumatoconcha punctata, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143861. (Scale in micrometers.)

Furca: Each lamella with 2 long anterior claws

separated by suture from lamella, followed by short

claws joined to lamella: Thaumatocypris with 7

short claws; Thaumatoconcha and Danielopolina

carolynae with 6 short claws followed by short

process oriented posteriorly; Danielopolina orghidani with 3 short claws.

Rod-shaped organ: Missing or represented by

minute projection on Thaumatocypris and Danielopolina; elongate, 1-jointed or weakly 2-jointed on

Thaumatoconcha.

Posterior of body: Single process on posterior

margin proximal to furcal lamellae. Posterior margin of Thaumatocypris wrinkled (Poulsen, 1969:12),

of Thaumatoconcha and Danielopolina divided

into narrow segments.

Lips: Upper lip (Figure 13): proximal part with

triangular sclerotized lateral process on each side

oriented anteriorly; distal part with 4 spine-like

processes at tip oriented posteriorly; Thaumatoconcha punctata and Danielopolina carolynae with

additional small processes on distal part of lip

(Figure l$d,i,k). Lower lip consisting of 2 lateral

segments, each with sclerotized triangular process

at tip oriented anteriorly (Figure l$a-d,k). (Details

of lip of Thaumatocypris echinata are not known,

but the illustration of the complete specimen by

Miiller (1906, pi. 6: fig. 3) suggests that the lips of

that species are similar to those of Danielopolina

and Thaumatoconcha).

Heart: We examined several specimens of Thaumatoconcha radiata and Thaumatoconcha tubercu-
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

g

FIGURE 13.—Lips, lateral view: a, Thaumatoconcha caraionae, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143856; b, Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, new species, adult female, paratype,

USNM 143796C; c, Thaumatoconcha polythrix, new species, adult male, holotype, USNM

143792; d, Thaumatoconcha punctata, new species, adult female, paratype, USNM 127289B; e,

Thaumatoconcha sandersi, new species, adult female, paratype, USNM 127275A; /, Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new species (upper lip only), adult female, holotype, USNM 143862; g, Thaumatoconcha elongata, new species, adult female, paratype, USNM 143967; h, Danielopolina carolynae,

new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143789. Upper lip: i, Thaumatoconcha punctata,

new species, holotype, USNM 143861, ventral view; ;, Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new species,

adult female, holotype, USNM 143862, anterior view; k, Thaumatoconcha species A, adult female,

USNM 143851, anterior view; f, Danielopolina orghidani (Danielopol, 1972), anterior view (distorted). (Same magnification in micrometers: a-k; I is i/2 scale of a-k.)
NUMBER 219

lata and one specimen each of Danielopolina

carolynae, new species, and Danielopolina orghidani

(Danielopol, 1972), and were not able to find the

heart. Therefore, we tentatively have concluded

that the thaumatocyprids are without a heart. Thus,

they resemble in this character the cladocopes, the

podocopes, and the platycopes.

DISCUSSION OF APPENDAGES.—First antenna:

Miiller (1912:54) considered the 1st antenna of

Thaumatocypris echinata to have 6 joints, but

noted an incomplete suture across the 5th joint.

Poulsen (1969:9) observed a well-defined suture

across the 5th joint as defined by Miiller and interpreted that joint to consist of 2 joints, the 5th

and 6th; thus, Poulsen considered the 1st antenna

to have 7 joints. Poulsen (1969:10) interpreted a

long, bare, unringed, bristle on the ventral margin

of the 5th joint to be a sensory bristle and cited this

to support his belief that the limb had 7 joints.

That bristle is absent from the specimen of T.

echinata illustrated by Muller (1906, pi. 6: fig. 10).

The 5th joint is also bare on the specimens of

Thaumatoconcha and Danielopolina that we examined. Therefore, we consider the presence of a

bristle on the joint not to be the norm for the

Thaumatocyprididae. We do, however, agree with

Poulsen that the 5th joint described by Muller

consists of 2 joints. Poulsen (1969:8) described the

3rd joint of the 1st antenna of T. echinata as follows: "The 3rd joint is rather elongate, at about

the middle of its dorsal margin is a clear break in

the cuticula and off this break on the ventral margin a slight constriction." We have interpreted the

"3rd joint" to consist of 2 joints, the 3rd and 4th

joints. Thus, the 1st antennae of the Thaumatocyprididae have 8 joints, the same number as on

other members of the Myodocopina. The presence

of a spinous bristle (sensory bristle) on the 5th joint

of the adult male of species of Thaumatoconcha

supports our interpretation that the limb has 8

joints. The 3rd and 4th joints are separated by a

well-defined suture on some adult males of Thaumatoconcha; unfortunately, adult males are not

known for either Thaumatocypris or Danielopolina.

Second antenna: Muller (1906:41, pi. 6: fig. 9)

described and illustrated a 2-jointed endopodite on

the 2nd antenna of a juvenile female of Thaumatocypris echinata Muller, 1906. Poulsen (1969:10)

considered the endopodite of the 2nd antenna of

T. echinata to be 2-jointed, but stated, "The narrow, distal part of the joint [2nd] is by a weak line

or suture divided from the broader, proximal part,

and this may indicate that the branch actually has

3 joints (as typical for Myodocopa)." We consider

the endopodite of Thaumatocypris echinata to be

2-jointed, whereas, the endopodites of Danielopolina and Thaumatoconcha are 3-jointed.

Mandible: Skogsberg (1920:29) was of the opinion

that the small bare verruciform appendage that is

situated distodorsally, somewhat medially, on the

2nd protopodite joint that was illustrated by Muller

(1906, pi. 7: fig. 7) corresponds to the exopodite. A

verruciform appendage was not mentioned by

Muller in his description (1906:42) nor does it ppear in the medial view of the complete mandible

he illustrated (1906, pi. 7: fig. 8). Neither was it

mentioned or illustrated by Poulsen (1969). A verruciform appendage was not observed on the specimens we examined, but in some of our dissections

we have seen stumps of muscles that resemble the

structure illustrated by Muller. We conclude that

the "verruciform appendage" on Miiller's figure 7,

which is an illustration of an isolated basale, represents an internal structure, possibly the stump of a

muscle.

Key to the Genera of Thaumatocyprididae

1. Carapace reticulate 2

1'. Carapace not reticulate 4

2(1). Carapace with node on anterodorsal part of each valve Thaumatonuna (fossil)

2'. Carapace without node on anterodorsal part of each valve 3

3(2'). Reticulations formed by continuous ridges Pokornyopsis (fossil)

3'. Reticulations formed by minute subround papillae Danielopolina (Holocene)

4(1'). Carapace with long spine-like process at each end of anteroventral margin; 1st joint of

1st antenna with 1 bristle; rod-shaped organ minute Thanmatocypris (Holocene)

4\ Carapace with short protuberance at each end of anteroventral margin; 1st joint of 1st

antenna with 2 bristles; rod-shaped organ elongate Thaumatoconcha (Holocene)
34

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Thaumatocypris Miiller, 1906

Thaumatocypris Mttller, 1906:42.—Skogsberg, 1920: 568 —

Poulsen, 1969 [part]:7 [not 12]; [not Danielopol, 1972:1390].

TYPE-SPECIES.—Thaumatocypris echinata Miiller,

1906. Monotypy.

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 9).—Indian Ocean, 0°58'S,

99°43'E, 1100 m (Miiller, 1906:139; Indonesia,

2°22'S, 126°58'E, ca. 2000 m (Poulsen, 1969:8).

HABITAT.—Pelagic at bathyal depths.

Because the genus is monotypic, the diagnosis is

the same as that of the species.

Poulsen (1969:12, fig. 2) described and illustrated

an empty carapace as Thaumatocypris species indeterminate. As discussed on page 121, we do not

consider the carapace that of an ostracode.

Thaumatocypris echinata Miiller, 1906

FIGURES I4c,d; 15

Thaumatocypris echinata Miiller, 1906:42, pi. 6: figs. 1-18;

1912:54 [listed].—Poulsen, 1969:7, figs. 1, 2.

HOLOTYPE.—Not designated.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Valdivia station 190 V, 0°58'S,

99°43'E, southwest of Sumatra, 1100 m (Figure 9).

The present location of the syntypes (6 specimens)

is unknown.

OTHER LOCALITIES.—Indonesian area, 2°22/S,

126°58'E, about 2000 m (1 specimen) (Poulsen,

1969:12) (Figure 9).

MATERIAL.—We are unable to locate Miiller's

syntypes. Through Dr. Torbin Wolff we obtained

from the Zoological Museum of the University of

Copenhagen the specimen described by Poulsen

(1969:7).

DIAGNOSIS.—Each valve with upper and lower

long anteroventral protuberances (Figure 14d);

right valve with short posterodorsal tubercle (Figure

14c); surface smooth.

First antenna: First joint with 1 dorsal bristle,

but without lateral bristle; 7th joint with 2 bristles,

1 ventral, 1 dorsal; 8th joint with 2 bristles.

Second antenna: Two-jointed; 1st endopodial

joint with 3 bristles, 1 ventral, 2 dorsal.

Fifth limb: Second exopodial joint without terminal bristle on ventral margin; 3rd exopodial joint

with 3 bristles.

Sixth limb: Process on dorsal corner of 1st

exopodial joint with 1 bristle and 1 minute spine.

FIGURE 14.—Crustacea? (— Thaumatocypris sp. indet. Poulsen, 1969): a, outside view of carapace under cover slip in

shallow-well glass slide; b, detail of spine. Thaumatocypris

echinata Miiller, 1906: c, posterodorsal tubercle on right

valve, lateral view; d, proximal part of anterodorsal spine

on right valve, lateral view. (Same magnification: b-d. All

photographs taken with transmitted light.)

Rod-shaped organ: Minute, cone-shaped.

DESCRIPTION OF APPENDAGES.—First antenna:

First joint with 1 dorsal bristle, but without lateral

bristle; 2nd joint with 1 ventral and 1 dorsal bristle;

3rd and 4th joints fused except at sclerotized dorsal

and ventral margins, especially the former; sclerotized dorsal margin of 3rd joint shorter than

sclerotized dorsal margin of 4th joint; 3rd joint

without bristles; 4th joint with 1 ventral bristle;

5th joint with 3 ventral bristles; 6th joint without

bristles or with transparent ventral bristle; 7th

joint with 1 ventral and 1 dorsal bristle; 8th joint

with 2 bristles.

Second antenna: Protopodite without a bristle.

Endopodite 2-jointed: 1st joint with 1 dorsal and 2

ventral bristles; 2nd joint with 1 lateral and 4

terminal bristles. Exopodite 9-jointed: 1st joint

without a bristle, 2nd to 8th joints with natatory

setae; 9th joint with 2 bristles.

Mandible: Basale: posterior margin with 2
NUMBER 219 35

bristles; anterior margin with 2 or 3 bristles; lateral

side with 5 to 7 bristles; knife-like spine may not be

present; medial side with 2 bristles. Endopodite: 1st

joint with 1 dorsal bristle; 2nd joint with 3 or 4

ventral and 2 or 3 dorsal bristles; 3rd joint with 6

bristles.

Maxilla: Endite I with 8 or 9 bristles; endites II

and III with total of 15 bristles. Basale with either

1 bristle or without bristles on dorsal margin and

with 1 or 2 bristles on ventral margin. Endopodite:

1st joint with 4 or 5 anterior bristles and 2 posterior

bristles; 2nd joint with 6 bristles.

Fifth limb: Epipodial appendage with 13 bristles;

prodopodite and endopodite with 17 bristles. Exopodite: 1st joint with 1 dorsal bristle and 8 ventral

bristles; ventral margin of 2nd joint with 2 midbristles; 3rd joint with 3 subequal bristles.

Sixth limb: Epipodial appendage with about 12

bristles; prodopodite with 4 bristles. Exopodite:

process on dorsal corner of 1st joint with 1 bristle

and 1 minute spine; 1st joint with 4 additional

bristles; combined 2nd and 3rd joints with 1 dorsal

bristle and 2 ventral midbristles; 4th joint with 3

subequal bristles.

Seventh limb: Small with 2 long bristles.

Rod-shaped organ: Absent, or represented by

short cone.

Posterior of body: Single process present proximal to furcal lamellae; posterior wrinkled along

posterior margin dorsal to process.

Lips: Miiller's illustration of the upper and lower

lips of this species (1906, pi. 6: fig. 3) indicates that

the lips are similar to those of Danielopolina and

Thaumatoconcha.

DISCUSSION OF CENTRAL ADDUCTOR MUSCLE ATTACHMENT SCAR.—In his description, Miiller (1906:

43) stated that the closing muscle attachments are

unclear. The muscle-scars of one of the specimens

that he illustrated (1906, pi. 6: fig. 1) consist of 1

large ovoid scar anterior to 3 smaller ovoid scars

forming an oblique row. Poulsen (1969) did not

describe or illustrate the muscle scars of this species. We restudied Poulsen's specimen for the purpose of determining the muscle scar pattern on

T. echinata. Unfortunately, the muscles are partly

ripped from the shell of Poulsen's specimen so that

we could not determine the precise number and the

distribution of individual scars. Two adjacent

muscle fascicles adhering to the left valve are interpreted to be in position (Figure 15). The position

50

FIGURE 15.—Camera lucida drawing of terminal ends of 2

adductor muscles on the left valve of Poulsen's Thaumatocypris echinata, Zoological Museum of the University of

Copenhagen, lateral view. (Scale in micrometers.)

of these two fascicles suggests that all the fascicles

are oriented to form a radial group. The two adjacent muscle ends are similar to some of the muscle

ends illustrated by Danielopol (1972, fig. B) for

Thaumatocypris orghidani Danielopol, 1972

(= Danielopolina), and also to those we illustrate

herein for the male of Thaumatoconcha sandersi,

new species (Figure 596). Unfortunately, because of

the poor condition of Poulsen's specimen we were

unable to conclude whether or not all the fascicles

were radially arranged. Pending study of additional

material, we believe that the muscle-scar pattern of

the type-species is radial and not like the pattern

illustrated by Muller (1906, pi. 6: fig. 1).

COMPARISONS.—See Table 13.

Thaumatoconcha, new genus

TYPE-SPECIES.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new

species.

ETYMOLOGY.—Name derived from a combination

of the Greek thauma (wonder, marvel) + konche

(shell).
36

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

2 0

I 8

I 7 -

1.6

14

1.3

ADULT FEMALES

T. punctatoT. radiata

T. elongata

•T sandersi

-T caraionae

•T. polythrix

• •

•T. tuberculata

-T. species A

T. hessleri

14 15 I 6 1.7 IB 1.9

LENGTH (mm)

2 0 2 1 2 2 2 4

FIGURE 16.—Length-height distribution of adult females of species of Thaumatoconcha.

O caraionae, new species • polythrix, new species • sandersi, new species

S elongata, new species •& punctata, new species -fr tuberculata, new species

$ hessleri, new species • radiata, new species A species A

This genus contains 8 species, all new and one

additional taxon in open nomenclature: T. radiata,

T. sandersi, T. hessleri, T. tuberculata, T. caraionae, T. elongata, T. polythrix, T. punctata, and

Thaumatoconcha species A.

DISTRIBUTION.—Atlantic Ocean, 32°N to 73°S;

Pacific Ocean, 7°S to 70°S (Figure 9).

HABITAT.—Benthic.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace with ridges restricted to

anteroventral surface of carapace; short anteroventral protuberances crudely reticulated; without

posterodorsal tubercles except T. tuberculata; 1st

antenna with 2 bristles on 1st joint; rod-shaped

organ well developed. Surface smooth or coarsely

to finely punctate, some species with small pustules

visible with SEM; anteroventral surface with 1 to

11 thin ridges parallel to valve margin; cross-ridges

on and near anteroventral protuberances; only 1
NUMBER 219

37

18

1.7

16

^—

E

1 , 4

1 3

12

I.I

ADULT MALES

• • *

* *

-

_

o

T. polythrix

^~T. tuberculata

•

o

—-T. coraionae

~*T. radiata

— T. elongata

sandersi

1.4 15 I 6 18 1.9

LENGTH (mm)

2 0 2 2 2 3 2 4

FIGURE 17.—Length-height distribution of adult males of species of Thaumatoconcha.

O caraionae, new species * polythrix, new species • sandersi, new species

9 elongata, new species # radiata, new species -^ tuberculata, new species

species, T. tuberculata, with minute posterodorsal

tubercule on right valve located posterior to similar

tubercle on left valve. Dimensions of carapaces are

compared in Figures 16, 17.

First antenna: 1st joint with 2 bristles, 1 dorsal,

1 lateral; 7th joint with 3 bristles, 2 ventral, 1

dorsal; 8th joint with 3 bristles.

Second antenna: First endopodial joint with 3

bristles, 1 ventral, 2 dorsal.

Fifth limb: 2nd exopodial joint without terminal

bristle on ventral margin; 3rd exopodial joint with

2 (rarely 3) bristles.

Sixth limb: Process on dorsal corner of 1st exopodial joint with 3 bristles; 4th exopodial joint

with 2 bristles.

Rod-shaped organ: Elongate with rounded or

pointed tip.

DESCRIPTION OF APPENDAGES OF ADULT FEMALE.—

First antenna: First joint with 1 dorsal and 1 lateral

bristle; 2nd joint with 1 dorsal and 1 ventral bristle;

3rd and 4th joints fused except at sclerotized dorsal

and ventral margins, especially the former; segment

of dorsal margin of 3rd joint longer than that of

4th joint except for T. hessleri and Thaumatoconcha species A; 3rd and 4th joints usually without bristles, but rarely with a ventral bristle; 5th

joint with 2 or 3 ventral bristles; 7th joint with 3

bristles, 2 -ventral, 1 dorsal; 8th joint with 3 bristles.

Second antenna: Protopodite without bristles.

Endopodite 3-jointed: 1st joint with 3 bristles, 1

ventral, 2 dorsal; 2nd joint with 5 bristles, 1 ventral,

4 terminal; 3rd joint with 2 or 3 bristles. Exopodite

with 8 joints, except T. radiata, T. punctata, and

T. tuberculata which have 9: 1st joint divided into
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

long proximal and short distal parts, without

medial bristle; joints 2 to 8 with natatory bristles;

9th joint with 2 bristles, except T. radiata which

has either 2 or 3.

Mandible: Proximal flat tooth of distal set on coxale endite with 1 large lateral cusp and 6 or 7

small pointed cusps. Basale: anterior margin of

endite with 1 bristle; posterior margin with 3, rarely

2, proximal bristles, and usual blunt distal bristle;

lateral side with flat knife-like process and 5, rarely

4, bristles. Endopodite: dorsal margin of 1st joint

with 1 bristle, except T. polythrix which has 5 or

6 bristles; ventral margin of 2nd joint with 3 or 4

bristles; dorsal margin of 2nd joint with 2 bristles,

except T. polythrix which has 3 bristles; 3rd joint

with 6 or 7 bristles: 3 lateral (middle of these clawlike and longer than others), 3 or 4 medial (1 of

these on or near ventral margin).

Maxilla: Endite I with 9-12 bristles; endite II

with 8-11 bristles; endite III with 6-8 bristles.

Basale with 2 bristles, 1 ventral, 1 dorsal. Endopodite: anterior margin of 1st joint with 5 or 6

bristles, except T. polythrix which has 7; posterior

margin with 2 or 3 bristles; 2nd joint with 8 or 9

bristles, 1 of these is stout and claw-like, another,

with base on posterior margin, is long and stout

with short marginal spines.

Fifth limb: Epipodial appendage with 14 bristles

arranged in 3 groups—5, 5, and 4. Protopodite and

endopodite with 15-23 bristles. Exopodite: dorsal

margin of 1st joint with usual single bristle; ventral

margin of 1st joint with 6-10 bristles; ventral margin of 2nd joint with 2 or 3 midbristles; 3rd joint

with 1 long claw-like bristle and 1 shorter bristle.

Sixth limb: Epipodial appendage with 15 plumose bristles; protopodite with 4 bristles, except T.

polythrix which has 5 or more. Exopodite: process

on dorsal corner of 1st joint with 3 bristles; 1st

joint with 3-6 additional bristles, except T. polythrix which may have as many as 8; 4th joint with

1 long claw-like bristle and 1 shorter bristle.

Seventh limb: Small with 2 long spinous bristles.

Furca: Each lamella with 2 long anterior claws

separated by suture from lamella, followed by 6

short claws joined to lamella; 1 small process oriented posteriorly present following claws.

Rod-shaped organ: Elongate, 1-jointed or weakly

2-jointed with tapered or rounded tip.

Posterior of body: Single process present proximal

to furcal lamellae; posterior margin distinctly divided into narrow segments.

Lips: Upper lip: proximal part with triangular

sclerotized lateral process on each side oriented anteriorly; distal part with 4 spine-like processes at

tip oriented posteriorly; T. punctata with additional small processes on distal part of lip (Figure

\M,i).

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT MALE.—Similar in shape

and ornamentation to that of female but slightly

smaller.

First antenna: Joints 1, 2, and 3 similar to those

of female, except 3rd and 4th joints separated by

well-defined suture on some species (T. radiata, T.

elongata, T. polythrix, T. sandersi); 4th joint with

2 ventral bristles; 5th joint with 3 ventral bristles,

the longer of these with short marginal hairs (sensory bristle); 6th to 8th joints similar to those of

female.

Second antenna: Protopodite and exopodite similar to those of female. Endopodite: 1st and 2nd

joints similar to those of female; 3rd joint with

large curved sclerotized hook-like process with 2

minute spines at tip; surface of hook pustulose near

tip; base of process either on medial side of joint

or terminal.

Mandible, maxilla, 5th limb, 6th limb, 7th limb,

furca, rod-shaped organ, posterior, lips: Similar

to those of female, but with few differences in numbers of bristles on mandible, 5th and 6th limbs

that could be attributed to interspecific variability

(Table 13). An exception might be the 1st joint of

the exopodite of the 6th limb of T. polythrix with

5 or 6 bristles compared to 8 on female.

Copulatory organ (Figure 18): Single organ consisting of 2 parts present on left side of body: anterior part elongate with either a recurved process,

T. sandersi (Figure 18a-c), a single long tooth-like

process, T. caraionae (Figure 18g-i), T. elongata

(Figure \%n-p), T. polythrix (Figure 18q-s), a long

tooth-like process with a minute tooth at its base,

T. tuberculata (Figure 18;-m), or about 8 teeth, T.

radiata (Figure 18d-/); posterior part shorter than

anterior part, tapered, styliform with 3 hair-like

bristles at tip.

COMPARISONS.—See Table 13.

SHELL STRUCTURE.—An outer layer of shell flaked

off many specimens during the freeze-drying process

used prior to SEM micrography (Figures 22a,c,d;
NUMBER 219

FIGURE 18.—Adult male copulatory organ of species of Thaumatoconcha: a-c, T. sandersi, new

species, paratype, USNM 127275E; d-f, T. radiata, new species, paratype, USNM 126136E (arrow

in d points to styliform lobe); g-i, T. caraionae, new species, paratype, USNM 143855A; j-m,

T. tuberculata, new species, paratype, USNM 143796MY (arrow connects small tooth on / and

m); n-p, T. elongata, new species, holotype, USNM 143968; q-s, T. polythrix, new species, paratype, USNM 143790B. (Same magnification in micrometers: c, f, i, I, p, s.)
40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

23a,b,d). We observed that when the outer layer of

shell is present, details of the central muscle attachment scar are not visible in reflected light or in

SEM micrographs when the shell is viewed from

the outside. The scar is visible when the outer layer

has flaked off (Figure 23b). Hemispherical nodules

similar to those described by Sohn and Kornicker

(1969:101) from Vargula hilgendorfii (Miiller, 1890)

were observed on a few carapaces of Thaumatoconcha radiata.

Key to the Species of Thaumatoconcha, new genus

1. Endopodite of mandible with 4-6 dorsal bristles on 1st joint and 3 on 2nd

T. polythrix, new species

V. Endopodite of mandible with 1 dorsal bristle on 1st joint and 2 on 2nd 2

2(1'). Carapace length less than 1.5 mm; surface smooth without posterodorsal processes; 3rd

joint of 1st antenna of female shorter than 4th, or about same length; tip of rodshaped organ rounded 7

2'. Carapace length greater than 1.5 mm; surface smooth or punctate with or without posterodorsal processes; 3rd joint of 1st antenna of female distinctly longer than 4th; tip of

rod-shaped organ rounded or tapered 3

3(2'). Carapace coarsely punctate (punctae not visible on all specimens), without posterodorsal

processes; tip of rod-shaped organ tapered T. punctata, new species

3'. Carapace smooth or with minute punctae, with or without posterodorsal processes; tip

of rod-shaped organ rounded 4

4(3'). Carapace with minute posterodorsal processes (broken off on some specimens); tip of

copulatory organ with minute tooth at base of tooth-like processes

T. tuberculata, new species

4'. Carapace without minute posterodorsal processes; tip of copulatory organ either with

numerous teeth or single tooth-like process 5

5(4'). Carapace smooth, anteroventral surface with not more than 5 ridges parallelling margin;

tip of copulatory organ with long straight tooth with numerous short teeth or with

long strongly recurved tooth without short teeth 6

5'. Carapace finely punctate, anteroventral surface with more than 5 (usually 8) ridges parallelling margin; tip of copulatory organ with single straight or slightly curved tooth... 8

6(5). Tip of copulatory organ straight with numerous short marginal teeth

T. radiata, new species

6'. Tip of copulatory organ strongly recurved without short marginal teeth

T. sandersi, new species

7(2). Anteroventral margin concave y. hessleri, new species

7'. Anteroventral margin straight y. species A

8(5'). Length to height ratio of valves 1.29 to 1.39; tip of copulatory organ short, projects just

past end of adjacent lobe y. elongata, new species

8'. Length to height ratio of valves 1.18 to 1.24; tip of copulatory organ long, projects well

past end of adjacent lobe y. caraionae, new species

Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species

FIGURES 3-8,10fr, 11/, 12;, 18d-/; 19-23; 24a-i; 25-34

HOLOTYPE— USNM 143794, adult female, some

appendages on slides, carapace and some appendages in alcohol.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—USCGC Glacier station 0022,

73°29'S, 30°24'6"W, Weddell Sea, 3035 m.

PARATYPES.—USNM 126136, 74 specimens;

USNM 127272A, B, 2 specimens; USNM 143753,

ca. 1200 specimens; USNM 143754A-C, 49 specimens; USNM 126139, 1 juvenile; USNM 143858,

12 specimens; USNM 143799, 176 specimens.

USNM 126136 and 126139 from type-locality.

OTHER LOCALITIES.—USNM 127272 from USNS

Eltanin, Cruise 4, station 127, 61°45'S, 61° HfW,

Drake Passage, 4758 m; USNM 143753 from R. V.

Atlantis II, Cruise 60, station 245A, 36°55'42"S,

53°01'24"W, South Atlantic, 2707 m; USNM

143754 from R. V. Atlantis II, Cruise 60, station

259, 37°13'18"S, 52°45'00"W, South Atlantic, 3305-

3317 m; USNM 143858A-D from R. V. Vema

Cruise 14, station V-14-25 (Lamont Geological Observatory station 49) 56°43'S, 27°41'W, 2747 m;
NUMBER 219 41

FIGURE 19.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, carapace

of adult female, paratype, USNM 143753R, length 1.85 mm,

anterior to left.

USNM 143799 from R. V. Atlantis II, Cruise 60,

station 262A, 36°05'12"S, 52°17'54"W, South Atlantic, 2440-2480 m (Figures 1 and 9).

ETYMOLOGY.—The specific name radiata is in

reference to the radial structure of the adductor

muscle attachments.

DIAGNOSIS.—Surface smooth with 4 or 5 anteroventral ridges and straight anteroventral margin;

dorsal margin of 3rd joint of 1st antenna longer

than dorsal margin of 4th joint; endopodite of

mandible with 1 dorsal bristle on 1st joint and 2

on 2nd joint; rod-shaped organ with rounded tip;

tip of male copulatory organ with long straight

tooth and with numerous short teeth.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE (Figures Aq,r; 5/;

6/A- 106; 11/; 12;; 19-22; 24a-t; 25-31).—Valves

subround, height of anterior margin greater than

posterior (Figures 4q,r; 19; 20a; 21a; 22a-e); straight

anteroventral margin delimited by a dorsal and a

ventral forward pointing, short, truncated pro100

FIGURE 20.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species: a, adult female with right valve removed,

paratype, USNM 126136Y, length 1.91 mm, anterior to right; b, ventral view of posterior of

adult female showing caudal furca and 7th limbs, holotype, USNM 143794. (1 = 1st antenna,

2 -• 2nd antenna, 3 -= rod-shaped organ, 4 = mandible, 5 = maxilla, 6 = 5th limb, 7 •= 6th

limb, 8 •» 7th limb, 9 = furca, 10 = posterior process, 11 = transverse folds of posterior, 12

— adductor muscle, 13 •= anus, 14 «= gut. Scale in micrometers.)
42

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 21.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult female, paratype, USNM 126136Y,

specimen with right valve removed: a, stereo-pair of body in left valve, anterior margin to right,

X 44; b, anteroventral edge of left valve and mandible, X 150; c, upper anteroventral protuberance of left valve, inside view, x 250; d, proximal part of ventral margin of furca and

single posterior process (arrow), X 400. (Photos reduced to 54 percent.)

tuberance (Figures 6j,k; 22/,i); anterodorsal margin

broadly convex, merging with short straight dorsal

margin at point about one-third greatest length;

posterior margin evenly rounded; ventral margin

curving gently forward and downward to point

approximately below subcentral adductor musclescar, then curving upward to join anteroventral

margin below protuberance. Dorsal outline subelliptical, greatest width in front of midlength

(Figure 22c); end outline subelliptical, greatest

width slightly below midheight (Figure 22e).

Ornamentation: Surface smooth; widely spaced

pore-canals with hairs that branch distally observed

near anterior margin (Figure 22gji); anteroventral

surface with 4 thin ridges parallel to valve margin

(some individuals have a discontinuous 5th ridge)

(Figure 22e); upper protuberance located between

the 2 ridges closest to the contact margin, in form

of truncated pentagonal pyramid with 5 thin ridges

forming corners (Figure 22/); ridge on posterior

corner perpendicular to contact margin; remaining

4 ridges each join one of the 2 ridges closest to

contact margin; cross-ridges form crude reticulations

around protuberance; lower protuberance located

between 2nd and 4th thin ridges, covered with

irregular reticulations formed by cross-ridges and

capped by a rimmed pore containing a single hair

(Figure 22t); 2 of the thin ridges extend along ventral margin, of these, ridge closest to contact margin

continues to hinge margin, other terminates at

posteroventral margin.

Adductor muscle attachment scar: Scar subcentrally located in area of greatest width; subround,

greatest diameter trending towards posterior end of

hinge; scar consists of from 19 to 24 subequal

wedged-shaped segments more-or-less radially arranged (Figure 19; also see Figure 2Se, an adult of

unknown sex).

Size: USNM 143794 (holotype), left valve, length

1.90 mm, height 1.63 mm; right valve, length 1.88

mm, height 1.67 mm. USNM 126136Y, left valve,

length 1.94 mm, height 1.69 mm; right valve, length
NUMBER 219 43

i "• - •'"• '

FIGURE 22.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult female, paratype, USNM 14375SW,

right valve: a, outside, X 42; b, inside, X 46; c, dorsal view, anterior to left, X 46; d, ventral

view, anterior to right, x 42; e, anterior view, x 46; /, upper anteroventral protuberance,

X 1250; g, outer surface of valve showing branching hairs, pustules, and openings, X 1000; h,

detail of branching hair, pustules, and openings shown in g (arrow), X 3000; i, lower anteroventral protuberance, X 1250. (Photos reduced to 66i/£ percent.)

1.94 mm, height 1.72 mm. USNM 126136Z, complete specimen, length 2.02 mm, height 1.61 mm;

USNM 126136G, complete specimen, length 1.97

mm, height 1.71 mm; USNM 126136H, complete

specimen, length 1.98 mm, height 1.71 mm. USNM

143753A, left valve only, length 1.72 mm, height

1.50 mm; USNM 143753E, left valve only, length

1.72 mm, height 1.49 mm; USNM 143753N, left

valve only, length 1.79 mm, height 1.58 mm; USNM

143753P, complete specimen, length 1.83 mm,

height 1.60 mm; USNM 143753R, complete specimen, length 1.85 mm, height 1.59 mm; USNM

143753W, right valve only, length 1.66 mm, height

1.49 mm; USNM 143753KK, disarticulated valves,

left valve, length 1.77 mm, height 1.50 mm; right

valve, length 1.76 mm, height 1.46 mm; USNM

143753XX, right valve only, length 1.76 mm, height

1.60 mm. USNM 143754A, complete specimen,

length 1.88 mm, height 1.70 mm. USNM 143858A,

length 2.03 mm, height 1.74 mm; USNM 143858B,

length 2.13 mm, height 1.83 mm. USNM 143799A,

complete specimen, length 1.84 mm, height 1.66

mm (Figures 3, 16).

First antenna (Figures Ih; 20a; 21a; 24; 25a,6;
44

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 23.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult specimen, USNM 143753WW, articulated valves: a, dorsal view, anterior to right (flaking of shell occurred during freeze-dry operation prior to scanning), x 46; b, lateral view of right valve showing adductor muscle attachment

scar, X 46; c, anterior end of specimen, dorsal view, x 200; d, detail of loose flake of shell

showing pustules, X 400; e, adductor muscle attachment scar on right valve shown in b (outer

layer of shell not present), x 410. (Photo reduced to 66i/£ percent.)

26): Limb with 8 joints: 1st joint with minute

spines on lateral surface (near distal margin),

numerous long spines on medial surface, 1 dorsal

bristle with short marginal spines, and 1 spinous

lateral bristle on small protuberance; 2nd joint

with 1 ventral bristle reaching to or beyond 8th

joint and 1 dorsal bristle reaching 5th to 8th joints,

both bristles with short marginal spines; 3rd and

4th joints fused except in sclerotized areas on ventral and dorsal margins; 3rd joint distinctly longer

than 4th joint; 3rd joint with long spines on ventral

and dorsal margins and on medial surface (rarely

with ventral bristle); 4th joint with few short marginal spines and rarely with minute terminal bristle

on ventral margin (Table 14); 5th joint with few

short spines on dorsal margin and with 3 terminal

ventral bristles, 1 short (not always present), and 2

long with widely separated short marginal spines;

6th joint with few spines along dorsal margin; 7th

joint with 1 short ringed dorsal bristle with short

marginal spines and 2 terminal ventral bristles with

widely separated short marginal spines; 8th joint

with 1 short terminal dorsal bristle with short

marginal spines, and 2 long terminal bristles with

widely separated short marginal spines.

Second antenna (Figures Sh; 10b; 20a; 21a; 25c;

27): Protopodite with long hairs forming clusters

along ventral margin; lateral surface with numerous
NUMBER 219 45

TABLE 14.—Distribution of minute bristles on ventral margin

of 4th joint of 1st antenna of Thaumatoconcha radiata, new

species

USNM

126136G

126136H .

126136X

126136Z .

143753A .

143753E .

143753P .

143753R .

143753T

143753W

143753KK

143754A

Right limb Left limb

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

!•

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

•3rd joint of right limb unusual, with 1 ventral bristle

(Figure 7).

blunt spines on arcuate sclerite proximal to base of

endopodite. Endopodite weakly 3-jointed: 1st joint

with medial spines, 1 ventral and 2 dorsal bristles,

both with short marginal spines; 2nd joint narrower

and longer than 1st joint, with medial spines along

ventral margin and on medial surface, 1 lateral

bristle with short marginal spines, and 4 terminal

bristles on ventral half of distal margin, all with

widely separated short marginal spines; 3rd joint

with 3 terminal bristles (rarely 2 or 4): 1 short,

ventral, with closely spaced short marginal spines,

and 2 longer, with more widely spaced marginal

spines; suture separating 3rd and 4th joints present

only on medial side. Exopodite 9-jointed (rarely

with 8): 1st joint with suture dividing it into long

proximal and short distal parts, with spines along

ventral margin and forming row along terminal

margin; joints 2—8 each with 1 long bristle with

natatory hairs and short spines along ventral margin

(number of bristles with spines varies); 9th joint

with 3 (only 2 on some specimens) bristles, 1 long

and 1 medium with natatory hairs, 1 short with

short marginal spines (when short bristle is absent,

medium bristle bears only spines); joints without

basal spines but with some distal hairs.

Mandible (Figures 20a; 2la,b; 25d,e; 2Sa,b):

Coxale endite with proximal and distal sets of

teeth separated by small space; proximal set consisting of 4 broad teeth plus rounded tooth near

space; about 3 clusters of very densely packed spines

present medially between each tooth (bases of cluster extending onto medial surface of endite); 1

pointed or blunt spinous bristle present in space

between proximal and distal sets of teeth; distal set

of teeth consisting of 2 flat teeth; proximal flat

tooth consisting of 1 large lateral cusp and 6 or 7

small pointed medial cusps; distal flat tooth with 6

pointed cusps (cusp 2 counting from lateral side

longer than others); 1 spinous bristle present on

lateral side of base of proximal flat tooth and about

half length of adjacent cusp; medial and lateral

surfaces of endite with short spines forming clusters

on distal part near teeth. Basale: teeth of endite

with 5 triangular cusps with minute serrations

along margins; posterior margin of endite with

single proximal bristle and distal blunt bristle with

minute short tube-like process at tip (process visible

at X 1000); anterior margin of endite with 1 bristle;

lateral side of endite hirsute with 4 or 5 spinous

bristles varying in location on different specimens,

and short triangular process with minute teeth on

lateral side near anterior margin; medial side of

basale with cluster of long hairs near outer edge

and mound with 1 long outer bristle with very long

proximal hairs and short distal spines, and 1 long

inner bristle with short spines. Endopodite 3-jointed

with 1st and 2nd joints about same length and 3rd

joint shorter; 1st joint with 1 spinous dorsal bristle

and spines forming clusters on lateral and medial

surfaces and along ventral margin; ventral margin

of 2nd joint with 3 or 4 spinous bristles (2 or 3

near middle, 1 terminal); dorsal margin of 2nd

joint with 2 claw-like bristles, both with marginal

spines (distal bristle slightly broader at base than

proximal bristle); terminal end of 3rd joint with 3

lateral spinous bristles (middle of these claw-like

and about twice length of others) and 4 medial

spinous bristles (1 of these on or near ventral

margin).

Maxilla (Figures 20a; 21a; 25/; 28c): Endite I

with ca. 11 bristles; endite II with 9-11 bristles;

endite III with ca. 7 bristles; some endite bristles

broad, flat, pectinate. Basale with long dorsal bristle

with long proximal and short distal spines; ventral

margin of basale with long bristle with short marginal spines (this bristle may be on 1st endopodite

joint). Endopodite: 1st joint hirsute, with 5 or 6

slender spinous bristles on anterior (dorsal) margin,

2 terminal spinous bristles and 1 short subterminal
46

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

f

50

FIGURE 24.—Variation in 3rd and 4th joints of female 1st antenna, Thaumatoconcha radiata,

new species: a, holotype, USNM 143794, left limb, medial view; b, same, right limb, lateral

view; c, paratype, USNM 126136H, right limb, lateral view; d, same, left limb, medial view;

e, paratype, USNM 126136G, right limb, lateral view; /, same, left limb, medial view; g, paratype, USNM 143754A, right limb, lateral view; h, paratype, USNM 143753T, right limb, medial

view; i, same, left limb, lateral view; /', Thaumatoconcha species A, USNM 143851, right limb,

medial view; k, Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new species, holotype, USNM 143862, right limb,

lateral view. (Scale in micrometers.)

bristle on posterior (ventral) margin, and 1 short

proximal spinous bristle with base on medial surface; anterior edge of terminal margin of end joint

with 1 stout claw-like bristle with minute blunt

teeth along middle of anterior edge, and short

spines along middle of posterior edge; terminal

margin of end joint with 7 slender bristles, and 1

long stout posterior bristle with short marginal

spines; anterior margin of joint with short spines.

Fifth limb (Figures 11/; 20a; 21a; 25g; 29): Epipodial appendage with bristles in 3 groups, each

with 5, 5, and 4 plumose bristles. Protopodite and

endopodite with total of 23 bristles; distal endopodite joint with short triangular tooth-like

process. Exopodite 3-jointed: 1st joint with 1 long

spinous terminal bristle near dorsal margin, and 7

bristles near ventral margin; 2nd joint hirsute,

slender, longer than 1st, with 3 midbristles near or
NUMBER 219 47

FIGURE 25.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143794: a,

right 1st antenna, lateral view; b, rod-shaped organ (arrow) and left 1st antenna, medial view;

c, right 2nd antenna, lateral view; d, right mandible, medial view; e, left mandible and central

adductor muscles, lateral view of mandible; /, maxilla; g, 5th limb; h, 6th limb; i, 7th limb.

(For size of appendages, see Figures 26-31.)

on ventral margin; end joint with 1 short spinous

bristle, and 1 long claw-like bristle with spines

along ventral margin.

Sixth limb (Figures 12;; 20a; 21a; 2bh; 30):

Epipodial appendage with ca. 15 plumose bristles;

protopodite hirsute, unjointed, with 4 bristles near

or on ventral margin. Exopodite 4-jointed: 1st joint

divided by weak suture into proximal part with 2

spinous ventral bristles, and short distal part with

2 spinous bristles on ventral edge of terminal margin (some variation noted on number and distribution of bristles); small process with 3 plumose

bristles present on dorsal corner of terminal margin

of 1st joint; 2nd and 3rd joints hirsute, completely

fused, with 3 ventral and 1 dorsal bristles, all with

long marginal spines; end joint with 1 slender
48

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 26.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143794,

right 1st antenna, lateral view. (Scale in micrometers.)
NUMBER 219 49

FIGURE 27.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143794, 2nd

antenna: a, complete right limb, lateral view; b, tip of endopodite of right limb, lateral view;

c, tip of endopodite of left limb, medial view. (Scales in micrometers.)

bristle with short marginal spines, and 1 terminal

claw-like bristle with short spines along ventral

margin.

Seventh limb (Figures 20; 21a; 25*; 31a,6): Small,

tapered, with 2 long spinous terminal bristles.

Furca (Figures 20; 21M; 31c): Each lamella with

2 long anterior claws separated by suture from

lamella followed by 6 short claws joined to lamella;

1 small process oriented posteriorly present following other claws; lamellae with spines forming rows;

each claw with teeth along anterior and posterior

margins.

Rod-shaped organ (Figures 20a; 21a; 25b; Sid):

Elongate, 1-jointed or weakly 2-jointed with

rounded tip, reaching just beyond terminal margin

of 1st joint of 1st antenna.

Posterior of body (Figures 20; 21a; 31c): Single

process with minute marginal spines present proximal to furcal lamellae; posterior margin distinctly

divided into narrow segments; segmentation becoming less distinct anteriorly.

Lips: Upper lip projecting posteriorly and with

2 short stout outer processes and 2 narrower inner

pointed processes which may have glandular opening at tip (Figure Sle,f). Lower lip consisting of 2

triangular flaps, each with sclerotized pointed

process at tip (Figure 31g).

FOOD.—USNM 143753KK with fragments of appendages of myodocopid ostracodes and possibly

other crustacea in gut.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT MALE (Figures 4o,p; hi;

18d-/; 32; 33).—Similar in shape and ornamentation to that of female but slightly smaller (Figures

4o,p; hi; 32).

Size: USNM 143753C, left valve only, length 1.69

mm, height 1.40 mm; USNM 143753V, left valve

only, length 1.66 mm, height 1.39 mm; USNM

143753AA, left valve only, length 1.64 mm, height

1.46 mm. USNM 143753JJ, disarticulated valves:

left valve, length 1.61 mm, height 1.35 mm; right

valve length 1.64 mm, height 1.40 mm. USNM

127272A disarticulated valves, right valve, length

1.99 mm, height 1.74 mm; left valve, length 1.97

mm, height 1.73 mm. USNM 143754B, complete

specimen, length 1.77 mm, height 1.53 mm. USNM

143858D, complete specimen, length 1.91 mm,

height 1.67 mm. USNM 143799B, complete specimen, length 1.72 mm, height 1.54 mm (Figures 3,

17).

First antenna: Limb with 8 distinct joints; 1st

joint similar to those of adult female; 2nd joint
50

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

\

FIGURE 28.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143794: a,

mandible, right limb, lateral view of coxale, medical view of basale and endopodite; b, mandible,

left limb, medial view of coxale, lateral view of basale and endopodite; c, maxilla. (Scale in

micrometers.)

with 1 ventral bristle reaching beyond 8th joint

and 1 dorsal bristle reaching to about middle of

4th joint, both bristles with short marginal spines;

3rd joint spinous, much smaller than 2nd; 4th joint

smaller than 3rd and with 2 long bare ventral

bristles; 5th joint short, with 3 ventral bristles

(longest of these with curved hairs along ventral

margin, others bare); 6th joint without bristles; 7th

joint with 2 long bare ventral bristles and 1 short

spinous dorsal bristle; 8th joint with 2 long bare

bristles and 1 short spinous bristle.

Second antenna: Protopodite and exopodite

similar to those of adult female. Endopodite (Figure 33): 1st and 2nd joints similar to those of adult

female; 2nd joint weakly separated from 3rd; 3rd

joint with large curved sclerotized hook-like process

with 2 minute spines at tip; surface of hook

pustulose near tip; base of process either on medial
NUMBER 219 51

FIGURE 29.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143794, 5th

limb. (Scale in micrometers.)

side of joint or terminal. (Length and curvature of

hook-like process varies among specimens of the

same species and between the left and right appendages of the same specimen.)

Mandible, maxilla, 5th limb, 6th limb, 7th limb,

furca, rod-shaped organ, posterior of body; lips:

Similar to those appendages on adult female, but

with a few differences in number of bristles on

mandible, maxilla, 5th and 6th limbs.

Copulatory organ (Figure \%d-f): Single organ
52

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 30.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143794, 6th

limb. (Scale in micrometers.)

present on left side of animal consisting of 2 parts:

anterior part elongate with ca. 8 teeth at tip; posterior part about one-half length of anterior part,

tapered, styliform with 3 hair-like bristles at tip.

DESCRIPTION OF FEMALE A-l INSTAR (Figures

\m,n; 5h,n; 6h,l; Ih; Sh; $4x-z/ia,bb).—Carapace

similar in shape to that of adult female (Figures

4m,n; 5h,n; 6h,t).

Size (Figure 3): USNM 143753F, right valve only,

length 1.56 mm, height 1.35 mm; USNM 143753DD,

complete specimen, length 1.56 mm, height 1.37.

First antenna (Figures 7h; 34x-z): Limb with 8

joints: 1st joint with long hairs on medial surface

and 1 dorsal and 1 lateral bristle similar to those

on adult female; 2nd joint with 1 ventral bristle

reaching to distal end of 6th joint and 1 dorsal

bristle reaching to middle of 5th or 6th joints, both

bristles with short marginal spines; 3rd joint with

long spines on ventral and dorsal margins and

medial surface; 3rd and 4th joints fused; 4th joint

with few clusters of marginal spines on ventral and

dorsal margins and minute terminal ventral bristle

(right limb of USNM 143753F also with 2 terminal

broad, flat, transparent bristles, Figure 34x); 3rd

joint distinctly longer than 4th joint; 5th joint

with few short spines along dorsal margin and 3

terminal ventral bristles (1 short inner bristle on

lateral side; 2 long outer bristles with widely separated short marginal spines); 6th joint with few

clusters of short spines on lateral and medial sides

near dorsal margin; 7th and 8th joints similar to

those on adult female.
NUMBER 219 53

FIGURE 31.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143794: a, 7th

limb; b, detail of spines on bristle of 7th limb; c, right lamella of caudal furca and single posterior process; d, rod-shaped organ and part of left 1st antenna, medial view (dorsal bristle on

joints 1 and 2 missing); e, upper lip, lateral view; /, upper lip, ventral view; g, lower lip, anterior

view of lip flattened under cover slip. (Same magnification in micrometers: a, e-g.)

Second antenna: Similar to that of female adult

except 3rd joint of endopodite with 5 bristles, 3

short, 2 medium (Figure 8h); terminal joint of

exopodite with 2 bristles, 1 long with ventral spines

and natatory hairs, 1 medium with only spines.

Mandible, maxilla, 5th, 6th and 7th limbs, posterior of body, and upper lip: General morphology

similar to that of adult female.

Furca: Similar to that of adult female except

with only 5 short claws.

Rod-shaped organ: Elongate, 1-jointed or weakly

2-jointed; USNM 143753DD with rounded tip similar to that on adult female (Figure 3466); USNM

143753F with tapered tip, unusual for this species

(Figure 34aa).

DESCRIPTION OF MALE A-l INSTAR (Figures 4ft,/;
54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

5g,m; 6e; 7g; 8g; $4cc,ee,gg,ii).—Carapace similar

in shape to that of A-l female (Figures 4k,l; bm,g;

6e).

Size (Figure 3): USNM 143753CC, complete specimen, length 1.55 mm, height 1.33 mm. USNM

143753MM, disarticulated specimen, right valve

broken; left valve, length 1.50 mm, height 1.27 mm.

USNM 127272B, complete specimen, length 1.74

mm, height 1.52 mm.

First antenna (Figures 7g; $4cc): Similar to limb

of A-l female with following exceptions: ventral

margin of 4th joint with 2 fairly long terminal

bristles with broad proximal part and 1 minute

inner bristle (the latter bristle not present on all

limbs); ventral margin of 5th joint with 2 long

bristles, 1 short bristle, and 1 minute inner bristle

(the latter bristle not present on all limbs).

Second antenna: Similar to limb on A-l female

with following exceptions: 3rd joint of endopodite

thumb-like with 5 (rarely 4) short terminal bristles

(Figure 8g).

Mandible, maxilla, 5th, 6th, and 7th limbs, posterior of body, upper lip: General morphology similar to that of adult female.

Furca: Similar to that of A-l female.

Rod-shaped organ: Elongate, 1-jointed with

rounded tip (Figures 7g; S4ee).

Copulatory organ (Figure 34gg): Shorter than

that on adult; anterior part with about 3 minute

teeth at tip; posterior part about one-half length

anterior part, not tapered or styliform like that on

adult, with 3 small bristles at tip.

DESCRIPTION OF ATYPICALLY DEVELOPED MALE

A-l INSTAR (Figure $4dd,ff,hh).—Carapace similar

in shape to normal A-l male.

Size: USNM 143753Y, left valve only, length 1.47

mm, height 1.28 mm.

First antenna (Figure 34dd): Similar to that on

normal A-l male with following exceptions: ventral

margin of 4th joint with 2 short terminal bristles;

ventral margin of 5th joint with 3 terminal bristles.

Second antenna: Similar to that on female A-l

instar except shape of 3rd joint on endopodite

approaching that of male A-l instar.

Mandible, maxilla, 5th, 6th, and 7th limbs, posterior of body, upper lip: General morphology similar to that of adult female.

Furca: Similar to that of A-l female.

Rod-shaped organ (Figure 34/f): Bifurcate (abnormality), ventral organ longer and narrower than

,100,

FIGURE 32.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult

male, paratype, USNM 126136E, left 1st antenna, lateral

view. (Scale in micrometers.)

dorsal organ and with rounded tip; dorsal organ

with tapered tip and minute terminal process; both

organs with few spines on surface.

Copulatory organ (Figure $4hh): Smaller than

that on normal A-l instar; anterior lobe with 1

long spine or bristle and ca. 4 minute teeth; posterior lobe with 3 bristles somewhat longer than

those on normal A-l instar.

Remarks: This specimen, although having a

carapace similar in size to other A-l instars, bears

an endopodite on the 2nd antenna and a copulatory organ that seem to be in degree of development

between the A-l and A-2 instars.

DESCRIPTION OF FEMALE A-2 INSTAR (Figures \i,\;

5/,/; 7e; 8/; Ms-w).—Carapace similar in shape to

that of adult female (Figures 4i,j; bf,J).
NUMBER 219 55

FIGURE 33.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, adult male, paratype, USNM 126136E, endopodite of left 2nd antenna, lateral view. (Scale in micrometers.)

Size (Figure 3): USNM 126136B, left valve only,

length 1.34 mm, height 1.19 mm. USNM 143753H,

right valve only, length 1.29 mm, height 1.12 mm;

USNM 143753BB, right valve only, length 1.29 mm,

height 1.17 mm. USNM 143753OO, complete specimen, length 1.24 mm, height 1.12 mm. USNM

143753PP, disarticulated valves: right valve, length

1.27 mm, height 1.12 mm; left valve, length 1.30

mm, height 1.13 mm.

First antenna (Figures 7e; $4s,t,v): Similar to that

on A-l female with following exceptions: ventral

bristle on 2nd joint shorter than dorsal bristle;

ventral margin of 4th joint with 1 or 2 short terminal bristles or with 1 short bristle and 1 longer

bristle reaching past 5th joint; ventral margin of

7th joint with 1 long bristle, 1 medium length

bristle, and 1 minute bristle (latter bristle not always present).

Second antenna: Similar to that on female A-l

instar except inner bristle on 2nd joint of endopodite very short and 3rd joint with 4 or 5

bristles (Figure 8/).

Mandible, maxilla, 5th, 6th, and 7th limbs, posterior of body, upper lip: General morphology similar to that of adult female.

Furca: Similar to that of A-l female except with

only 4 short claws.

Rod-shaped organ: Elongate, 1-jointed with

rounded tip (Figure $4u,w).

DESCRIPTION OF MALE A-2 INSTAR (Figures 7/; Se;

34;-r).—Carapace similar in shape to that of A-2

female (Figure 34;).

Size (Figure 3): USNM 126136A, disarticulated

valves, right valve, length 1.35 mm, height 1.15 mm;

left valve, length 1.37 mm, height 1.15 mm. USNM

1261361, complete specimen, length 1.26 mm, height

1.14 mm. USNM 143753K, complete specimen,

length 1.21 mm, height 1.09 mm; USNM 143753X,

complete specimen, length 1.28 mm, height 1.11

mm.

First antenna (Figures 7/; 34/,^): Same as that on

A-2 female except ventral margin of 4th joint with

2 bristles: 1 lateral bristle almost reaching or just

reaching beyond distal margin of 5th joint; 1

medial bristle about half length lateral bristle.

(The female A-2 instar USNM 126136B has bristles

on the 4th joint similar to those on the male A-l

instars examined.)

Second antenna (Figures Se; 34m): Similar to that

on A-2 female except 3rd joint of endopodite
thumb-like (thumb less well defined than that on

A-l male).

Mandible, maxilla, 5th, 6th, and 7th limbs, posterior of body, upper lip: General morphology similar to that of adult female.

Furca: Similar to that of A-2 female (Figure 34n).

Rod-shaped organ: Elongate, 1-jointed. USNM

126136A, 143753X, 143753K with tapered tip (Figure 34/), the latter with minute process at tip

(Figure 34p); USNM 1261361 with rounded tip.

Copulatory organ: With long anterior lobe with

1 spine-like tooth and shorter posterior lobe with 1

short terminal bristle (Figure 34o,r).

DESCRIPTION OF A-3 INSTAR (Figures 4g,h; be;

6c,d; Id; Sd; 34g-t).—No sexual dimorphism observed. Carapace similar in shape to that of A-2
NUMBER 219 57

FIGURE 34.—Thaumatoconcha radiata, new species, juvenile

paratypes. A-6: a, right valve, USNM 143753B, length 0.71

mm, inside view; b, right furcal lamella, USNM 143753D; c,

rod-shaped organ, USNM 143753D. A-5: d, 6th limb, USNM

143753QQ. A-4, USNM 143753U: e, rod-shaped organ; /, left

furcal lamella. A-3: g, joints 3-8 of left 1st antenna, USNM

143753L; h, rod-shaped organ, USNM 143753L; i, 7th limb,

USNM 143753Z. A-2 male, USNM 126136A: ;, right valve,

length 1.37 mm, inside view; k, detail of central muscle attachment scars on right valve, medial view; /, rod-shaped

organ and right 1st antenna, lateral view; m, endopodite

of right 2nd antenna, lateral view; n, right furcal lamella;

o, copulatory organ. A-2 male: p, rod-shaped organ, USNM

143753K; q, joints 3-5 of left 1st antenna, USNM 143753X,

medial view; r, copulatory organ, USNM 143753X. A-2 female: s, joints 3 and 4 of right 1st antenna, USNM 143753H,

medial view; t, same, left 1st antenna, lateral view; u, rodshaped organ, USNM 143753PP; v, joints 3-8 of left 1st

antenna, USNM 126136B, lateral view; w, rod-shaped organ,

USNM 126136B. A-l female: x, joints 3-8 of right 1st antenna, USNM I43753F, lateral view; y, joints 3 and 4 of right

1st antenna, USNM 143753BB, lateral view; z, joints 3 and 4

of left 1st antenna, USNM 143753F, medial view; aa, rodshaped organ, USNM 143753F; bb, rod-shaped organ, USNM

143753DD. A-l male: cc, joints 3-8 of right 1st antenna,

USNM 143753MM, medial view; dd, joints 3 and 4 of left

1st antenna, USNM 143753Y, medial view; ee, rod-shaped

organ, USNM I43753MM; ff, aberrant bifurcate rod-shaped

organ, USNM 143753Y; gg, copulatory organ, USNM 143753-

MM; hh, same, USNM 143753Y; it, same, USNM 143753CC.

(Same magnification in micrometers: bjl-z, aa-ii.)

instars (Figures 4g,h; be; 6c,d).

Size (Figure 3): USNM 143753L, complete specimen, length 1.10 mm, height 0.93 mm; USNM

143753Z, left valve only, length 1.03 mm, height

0.91 mm; USNM 143753FF, complete specimen,

length 1.09 mm, height 0.92 mm; USNM 143753II,

disarticulated valves: right valve, length 1.10 mm,

height 0.97 mm; left valve, length 1.11 mm, height

0.96 mm; USNM 143753NN, complete specimen,

length 1.12 mm, height 0.98 mm.

First antenna (Figures Id; 34g): Similar to that

of female A-2 instar with following exceptions:

lateral bristle of 1st joint shorter than dorsal bristle;

2nd joint without ventral bristle; ventral margin

of 4th joint with 1 or 2 minute bristles, or 1 minute

bristle and 1 longer bristle almost reaching distal

margin of 5th joint; ventral margin of 5th joint

with 2 bristles, 1 long, 1 short (about same length

as 5th joint); ventral margin of 7th joint with 1

long terminal bristle, 1 short bristle about twice

length of 8th joint, and 1 minute bristle (the minute

bristle or both the minute and short bristle not

always present).

Second antenna: Similar to that on female A-l

instar with following exceptions: Endopodite (Figure Sd): 1st joint with 1 dorsal bristle; 2nd joint

without lateral bristle and with 3 terminal bristles

on ventral half of distal margin; 3rd joint with 4

bristles. Exopodite: 9th joint minute and not distinctly separated from 8th joint.

Mandible, maxilla, 5th, 6th, and 7th limbs (Figure 34t), posterior of body, upper lip: General

morphology similar to that of adult female.

Furca: Similar to that of A-2 female except with

only 3 short claws.

Rod-shaped organ: Elongate, 1-jointed with

slightly or distinctly tapered tip (Figures Id; 34^).

Copulatory organ: Not developed.

DESCRIPTION OF A-4 INSTAR (Figures 4e,f; 5d; 7c;

8c; $4e,f).—No sexual dimorphism observed. Carapace similar in shape to that of A-3 instar (Figures

4e,f; bd).

Size (Figure 3): USNM 143753M, complete specimen, length 1.00 mm, height 0.87 mm; USNM

143753U, left valve only, length 0.94 mm, height

0.81 mm; USNM 143753HH, complete specimen,

length 0.94 mm, height 0.82 mm; USNM 143753RR,

disarticulate valves: right valve, length 0.93 mm,

height 0.81 mm; left valve, length 0.95 mm, height

0.82 mm.

First antenna (Figure 7c): Similar to that of A-3

instar with following exceptions: 1st joint without

lateral bristle; ventral margin of 4th joint without

bristles; 5th joint with 1 long ventral bristle, ventral

margin of 7th joint with 1 long and 1 very short

bristle.

Second antenna: Similar to that on A-3 instar

with following exceptions: Endopodite (Figure 8c):

no dorsal bristle present on 1st joint; 2 terminal

bristles on 2nd joint (inner of these very short);

medioventral bristle on terminal margin of 3rd

joint very short. Exopodite: 1st joint not divided

into 2 parts; 8th and 9th joints fused, with 2 bristles,

1 long with natatory hairs and marginal spines, the

other medium with only marginal spines (the

natatory bristle is considered here to be on the 8th

joint and the spined bristle on the 9th).

Mandible, maxilla, 5th limb, posterior of body,

upper lip: General morphology similar to that of

adult female.

Sixth limb: Reduced but with many bristles.

Seventh limb: Absent.

Furca: Similar to that of A-3 female except with
58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

only 2 short claws (Figure 34/).

Rod-shaped organ: Elongate, 1-jointed with

rounded or tapered tip (Figures 7 c; $4e).

DESCRIPTION OF A-5 INSTAR (Figures 4c,d; 5b/:;

6a,b; 76; 8b; Sid).—No sexual dimorphism observed. Carapace similar in shape to that of A—4

instar; 4th thin ridge on anteroventral surface discontinuous (Figures 4c,d; 5b; 6a,b).

Size: USNM 143753G, complete specimen, length

0.80 mm, height 0.62 mm; USNM 1437531, complete

specimen, length 0.82 mm, height 0.73 mm; USNM

143753EE, complete specimen, length 0.80 mm,

height 0.71 mm, USNM 143753GG, complete specimen, length 0.85 mm, height 0.71 mm. USNM

143753QQ, disarticulated valves: right valve, length

0.79 mm, height 0.69 mm, left valve, length 0.80

mm, height 0.69 mm (Figure 3).

First antenna (Figure 76): Similar to that of A-A

instar with following exceptions: 2nd joint without

bristles; ventral margin of 7th joint with 1 long

bristle; 8th joint with 2 bristles, 1 medium, 1 long.

Second antenna: Similar to that of A-4 instar

except 2nd endopodite joint with only 1 long bristle

(Figure 86). (Remarks: USNM 143753G was in

process of molting.)

Mandible, maxilla, 5th limb, posterior of body,

upper lip: General morphology similar to that of

adult female.

Sixth limb: Rudimentary without bristles (Figure 34d).

Seventh limb: Absent.

Furca: Similar to that of A—4 female except with

only 1 short claw.

Rod-shaped organ: Elongate, 1-jointed with

round or tapered tip, some with a minute terminal

process.

DESCRIPTION OF A-6 INSTAR (Figures 4a,b; 5a; la;

8a; 34a-c).—No sexual dimorphism observed. Carapace similar in shape to that of A-5 instar; only 3

ridges on anteroventral surface (Figures 4a,6; 5a;

34a).

Size: USNM 143753B, right valve only, length

0.71 mm, height 0.60 mm; USNM 143753D, complete

specimen, length 0.69 mm, height 0.59 mm; USNM

143753J, left valve only, length 0.67 mm, height

0.56 mm; USNM 143753O, complete specimen,

length 0.67 mm, height 0.58 mm; USNM 143753Q,

right valve only, length 0.70 mm, height 0.60 mm;

USNM 143753S, complete specimen, length 0.73

mm, height 0.58 mm. USNM 143753LL, disarticulated valves: right valve, length 0.71 mm. height

0.61 mm; left valve, length 0.68 mm, height 0.60

mm. USNM 143753SS, complete specimen, length

0.67 mm. height 0.59 mm (Figure 3).

First antenna: Similar to that of A-5 instar except without bristles on 1st joint (Figure 7a).

Second antenna: Similar to that of A-5 instar except no bristles on the 1st endopodite joint (Figure

8a).

Mandible, maxilla, 5th limb, posterior of body,

upper lip: General morphology similar to that of

adult female.

Sixth and seventh limbs: Absent.

Furca: Similar to that of A-3 female except without well-developed short claws, and claw 2 not

separated from lamella by suture (Figure 346).

Rod-shaped organ: Elongate, 1-jointed with

tapered or irregular tip (Figures 7a; 34c).

Ontogeny: Summarized on p. 7.

COMPARISONS.—See Table 13.

ThaunuUoconcha caraionae, new species

FICURES lift, 12i, 13a, 18g-», 35-40

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 143856, adult female; appendages on slides, carapace and some appendages

in alcohol.

FIGURE 35.—Thaumatoconcha caraionae, new species, carapace

of adult female, holotype, USNM 143856, length 1.87 mm,

anterior to left.
NUMBER 219 59

FIGURE 36.—Thaumatoconcha caraionae, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143856: a,

left 1st antenna, lateral view; b, protopodite and endopodite of right 2nd antenna, medial view;

c, coxale endite of left mandible, medial view; d, basale and endopodite of left mandible, lateral

view; e, 5th limb; /, 6th limb; g, 7th limb. (Same magnification in micrometers: a, b; c-g.)
60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TYPE-LOCALITY.—R. V. Atlantis II, Cruise 60,

station 245A, 36°55'42"S, 53°01/24"W, South Atlantic, 2707 m.

PARATYPES.—USNM 143855, 4 adult males;

USNM 143857, 1 A-l male; USNM 143859, 4 adult

females; USNM 143860, 4 specimens. Paratypes

from same sample as holotype (Figures 1, 9).

ETYMOLOGY.—The species is named for Dr. Francisca Elena Caraion.

DIAGNOSIS.—Surface of carapace with shallow

punctae and 7 continuous and 3 or 4 discontinuous

anteroventral ridges; 6 of the ridges extend along

anterodorsal margin to point about halfway between dorsal protuberance and anterior end of

hinge; straight anteroventral margin; length of female 1.87 to 1.99 mm, length of male 1.74 to 1.80

mm; dorsal margin of 3rd joint of 1st antenna

longer than dorsal margin of 4th joint; endopodite

of mandible with 1 dorsal bristle on 1st joint and

2 on 2nd; rod-shaped organ with rounded tip; anterior lobe of male copulatory organ with single

tooth-like process.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE (Figures 13a, 35,

36).—Valves subround, height of anterior margin

greater than posterior (Figure 35); gently concave

anteroventral margin delimited by a dorsal and a

ventral forward pointing, short, truncated protuberance; anterodorsal margin broadly convex,

merging with short straight dorsal margin at about

one-third greatest length; posterior margin evenly

rounded; ventral margin curving gently forward

and downward to a point in front of subcentral

adductor muscle-scar, then curving upward to join

anteroventral margin below protuberance; dorsal

outline subelliptical, greatest width in front of midlength; end outline subelliptical, greatest width

slightly below midheight.

Ornamentation: Surface with shallow punctae,

and scattered pore canals with long branched and

unbranched hairs; narrow marginal rim around entire periphery of valve except between protuberances; anteroventral surface with 7 continuous and

3 or 4 discontinuous thin ridges subparallel to valve

margin; ridges grade into polygonal reticulations in

area of protuberances; cross-ridges present on rim

between the 2 distal ridges below and behind ventral protuberance, and between 2nd and 3rd ridges

in vicinity of dorsal protuberance; 6 ridges extend

along anterodorsal margin to point about halfway

between dorsal protuberance and anterior end oi

hinge, and fewer ridges extend for a shorter distance along ventral margin.

Adductor muscle-scar: Scar subcentrally located,

subelliptical, greatest diameter trending towards

posterior end of hinge; consists of 20-22 subequal

pie-shaped segments with inner ends of segments

forming wavy ridge that trends along axis of scar.

Size (Figure 16): USNM 143856, complete specimen, length 1.87 mm, height 1.58 mm. USNM

143859, 4 females: complete specimen, length 1.93

mm, height 1.64 mm; complete specimen, length

1.99 mm, height 1.60 mm; right valve, length 1.94

mm, height 1.65 mm; right valve, length 1.93 mm,

height 1.64 mm.

First antenna (Figure 36a), maxilla, 5th limb

(Figure 36er), 7th limb (Figure 36g), furca, rodshaped organ, upper-lip (Figure 13a), posterior of

body: Similar to those of T. radiata.

Second antenna (Figure 366): Exopodite with 8

joints; limb otherwise similar to that of T. radiata.

Mandible (Figure $6c,d): Third endopodial joint

with 6 bristles; limb otherwise similar to that of

T. radiata.

Sixth limb (Figure 36/): Short bristle on 4th exopodial joint of 6th limb, 40 percent length of long

bristle; limb otherwise similar to that of T. radiata.

DESCRIPTION OF MALE (Figures 11 A, 12i, 18g-i,

37-40).—Carapace similar in shape to that of female but smaller (Figures 37, 38).

Size (Figure 17): USNM 143855A, left valve,

length 1.74 mm, height 1.43 mm; USNM 143855B,

complete specimen, length 1.80 mm, height 1.46

mm. USNM 143855C, 2 specimens: complete speciFIGURE 37.—Thaumatoconcha caraionae, new species, left

valve of adult male, paratype, USNM 143855A: a, outside

view, anterior to left, x 50; b, dorsal view, anterior to right,

X 60; c, ventral view, anterior to left, x 75; d, anteroventral

view, ventral margin to right, X 60; e, ventral view, posterior to left, X 75; /, anterior end of valve, dorsal view, X

160; g, anterior end, ventral view, x 280; h, lower anteroventral protuberance from /, anteroventral view, ventral

margin to right, X 1540; i, upper anteroventral protuberance,

anteroventral view, ventral margin to right, x 300; ;, lower

anteroventral protuberance, anteroventral view, ventral

margin to right, x 300; k, smooth surface over adductor

muscle attachment and minute surface punctae from a, X

125; /, branched hair from near anteroventral margin of

valve, x 2400; m, unbranched hair from near upper anteroventral protuberance (for location see arrow in i), X 1890.

(Photos reduced to 50i/£ percent.)
NUMBER 219 61
FIGURE 38.—Thaumatoconcha caraionae, new species, left valve of adult male, paratype, USNM

143855B; a, detail of outer shell layer (for location see arrow in b), X 10,000; b, cross-section

of shell (for location see arrow in d), X 2000; c, unbranched hair and shallow punctae on surface of valve (for location see arrow in d), x 2000; d, valve with part of outer layers of shell

missing (for location see arrow in g), X 700; e, unbranched bristle near valve edge, X 1300;

/, upper protuberance of anteroventral margin, from g, X 260; g, anteroventral view, ventral

margin to bottom, x 70; h, lower anteroventral protuberance, from g, x 260; i, ventral view

of valve, anterior to right, x 60; ;, dorsal view of valve, anterior to left, x 60; *, inside view

of valve, anterior to right, X 50. (Photos reduced to 55% percent.)
NUMBER 219 63

b

FIGURE 39.—Thaumatoconcha caraionae, new species, adult male, paratype, USNM 143855A: a,

left 1st antenna, lateral view; b, part of protopodite and endopodite of left 2nd antenna, medial

view; c, mandibular coxale; d, basale and endopodite of left mandible, lateral view; e, maxilla;

/, 5th limb; g, distal part of 6th limb; h, 7th limb. (For approximate size of appendages see

Figures 36, 40.)

men, length 1.76 mm, height 1.42 mm; left valve,

length 1.74 mm, height 1.41 mm.

First antenna (Figures 39a, 40a): Similar to that

of T. radiata.

Second antenna (Figures 396, 406): Exopodite

with 8 joints; limb otherwise similar to that of

T. radiata.

Mandible (Figure 39c-d), maxilla (Figure 39c),

5th limb (Figures lift, 39/), 6th limb (Figures 12i,

39g), 7th limb (Figure 39/i), furca, rod-shaped organ,

posterior of body: Similar to those of female.

Copulatory organ: Tip of anterior lobe with

single terminal tooth-like process (Figure 18g-i).

DESCRIPTION OF A-l MALE.—USNM 143857,
64

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

100

FIGURE 40.—Thaumatoconcha caraionae, new species, adult male, paratype, USNM 143855A: a,

left 1st antenna, lateral view; b, part of protopodite and endopodite of left 2nd antenna, medial

view. (Scale in micrometers.)

carapace, length 1.52 mm, height 1.29 mm; shape

similar to that of adult.

COMPARISONS.—See Table 13.

Thaumatoconcha elongate, new species

FICURES llm, \2k, 13g, ISn-p; 41-46

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 143968, adult male, appendages on slide, carapace and some appendages in

alcohol.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—R. V. Vema, Cruise 17, station

V-17-1, 7°10'S, 85°5(KW, South Pacific, 4124 m.

PARATYPES.—USNM 143967, 1 adult female from

same sample as holotype; USNM 144005, 1 juvenile

male from R. V. Vema, Cruise 15, station V-15-79,

11°12'S, 84°48'W, 4460-4449 m (Figures 1, 9).

ETYMOLOGY.—The specific name is in reference

to the elongate carapace of this species.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace elongate with scattered

shallow pits on surface; anteroventral surface with

about 8 ridges; straight anteroventral margin;

length of female 2.30 mm, length of male 2 mm;
NUMBER 219 65

FIGURE 41.—Thaumatoconcha elongata, new species, left valve of adult female, paratype, USNM

143967: a, outside view (valve cracked during freeze-dry operation), x 40; b, anteroventral view,

slightly oblique, ventral margin toward bottom, x 135; c, upper anteroventral protuberance,

from b, x 340; d, lower anteroventral protuberance, from b, x 340; e, smooth surface over

adductor muscle attachment, and shallow punctae on valve surface, from b, x 170; /, detail of

surface (for location see arrow in c), X 1000; g, detail of anteroventral ridges (for location see

arrow in b), x 650; h, ridges on anterodorsal valve surface (location is from near top of c), X

340; i, branching hair on anteroventral part of valve surface (for location see arrow in c), X

2400; /, detail of shallow punctae (for location see arrow in f), x 2000; k, detail of punctae with

small raised pore (for location see arrow in ;), x 10,000; /, adductor muscle attachment scar as

seen from the inside, X 500; m, posteroventral margin from inside, ventral margin to right, X

200. (Photos reduced to A%\/2 percent.)
66

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

"

m •

FIGURE 42.—Thaumatoconcha elongata, new species, adult female, paratype, USNM 143967: a,

right valve from outside, anterior to right; b, adductor muscle attachment scar of right valve

shown in a; c, right 1st antenna, medial view; d, protopodite and endopodite of right 2nd antenna, lateral view; e, exopodite of right 2nd antenna, lateral view; /, basale and endopodite

of left mandible, medial view; g, tip of basale of right mandible, lateral view; h, mandibular

coxale (twisted); i, tip of endopodite of right mandible, lateral view; j , maxilla; k, 5th limb; /,

6th limb; m, 7th limb. (For size of appendages see Figure 43.)
100

FIGURE 43.—Thaumatoconcha elongata, new species, adult female, paratype, USNM 143967;

a, complete specimen, length 2.3 mm; b, right 1st antenna, medial view; c, protopodite and

endopodite of right 2nd antenna, lateral view; d, mandibular coaxle (twisted); e, basale and

endopodite of left mandible, medial view; /, tip of basale of right mandible, medial view; g,

tip of endopodite of right mandible, lateral view; h, maxilla; i, 5th limb; ;, 6th limb; k, 7th

limb; /, rod-shaped organ. (Same magnification in micrometers: b, c, j , k; a, d, e, g-i, I.)
68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

dorsal margin of 3rd joint of 1st antenna longer

than dorsal margin of 4th joint; endopodite of

mandible with 1 dorsal bristle on 1st joint and 2

on 2nd; rod-shaped organ with rounded tip; anterior lobe of male copulatory organ with single

tapered tooth projecting well past end of adjacent

lobe.

DESCRIPTION OF FEMALE (Figures llm, \2k, 41-

43).—Carapace elongate-ovate; height of anterior

margin much greater than posterior (Figures 41,

42a, 43a); straight anteroventral margin delimited

by a dorsal and a slightly smaller ventral cone-like

process, each terminating in a forward pointing

short, protuberance (in lateral view anteroventral

margin appears concave); anterodorsal margin

curves gently forward and then strongly downward

to upper cone-like process, merging with short

straight dorsal margin at point more than about

one-third greatest length; in lateral view dorsal

outline gently curved; posterior margin curves

gently to a point approximately same height as

dorsal protuberance, then curves sharply to meet

convex ventral margin. Dorsal outline subelliptical,

greatest width at midlength; end outline subelliptical, greatest width at midheight.

Ornamentation: Surface with scattered shallow

pits; widely spaced pore-canals containing hairs

that branch distally observed near anterior margin;

narrow marginal rim present except between protuberances; anteroventral surface with 8 thin ridges

becoming more convex and discontinuous proximally; ridges grade into polygonal reticulations in

area of cone-like processes; ridges terminate posteriorly to cone-like processes.

Adductor muscle-scar: Scar subcentrally located,

round, consists of about 19 subequal pie-shaped

segments more-or-less radially arranged (Figure

42a,b).

Size: USNM 143967, length 2.30 mm, height 1.66

mm (Figure 16).

First antenna (Figures 42c, 43&), maxilla (Figures

42;, 4Sh), 5th limb (Figures llm, 42£), 7th limb

(Figure 42m), furca, rod-shaped organ, upper lip

(Figure 13g): Similar to that of T. radiata.

Second antenna: Exopodite with only 8 joints,

limb otherwise similar to that of T. radiata (Figures

42dje, 43c).

Mandible: Third endopodial joint with 6 bristles;

limb otherwise similar to that of T. radiata (Figures 42/-i, 43d-g).

FIGURE 44.—Thaumatoconcha elongate, new species, carapace

of adult male, holotype, USNM 143968, length 2.00 mm, anterior to left.

Sixth limb (Figures \2k, 421, 43;): Long bristle

of 4th joint about li/z times length of that of T.

radiata; limb otherwise similar to that of T. radiata.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT MALE (Figures ISn-p, 44-

46).—Carapace similar in shape to that of female

except smaller (Figure 44).

Size: USNM 143968, length 2.00 mm, height 1.55

mm (Figure 17).

First antenna: Similar to that of T. radiata (Figures 45a, 46a).

Second antenna: Exopodite with 8 joints, otherwise limb similar to that of T. radiata (Figures

456,c; 466).

Mandible (Figures 45d,e; 46c), maxilla (Figures

45/, 46d), 5th limb (Figure 45g), 6th limb (Figure

45h), 7th limb (Figure 45t), rod-shaped organ (Figure 46e), posterior of body: Similar to those of

female.

Copulatory organ: Tip long, projecting well past

adjacent lobe, without short teeth (Figure lBn-p).

DESCRIPTION OF JUVENILE MALE.—USNM 144005,

carapace, thin, torn, length about 1.39 mm, height

about 1.06 mm.

COMPARISONS.—See Table 13.
NUMBER 219 69

FIGURE 45.—Thaumatoconcha elongata, new species, adult male, holotype, USNM 143968: a, left

1st antenna, lateral view; b, protopodite and endopodite of left 2nd antenna, lateral view; c,

exopodite of left 2nd antenna, lateral view; d, coxale of left mandible, lateral view; e, basale

and endopodite of left mandible, lateral view; /, maxilla; g, 5th limb; h, distal part of 6th limb;

i, 7th limb. (For approximate size of appendages see Figures 43, 46.)
70

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 46.—Thaumatoconcha elongata, new species, adult male, holotype, USNM 143968: a, left

1st antenna, lateral view; b, protopodite and endopodite of left 2nd antenna, lateral view; c,

coxale of left mandible, lateral view; d, maxilla; e, rod-shaped organ. (Same magnification in

micrometers: a, c-e.)
NUMBER 219 71

Thaumatoconcha hessleri; new species

FICURES lie, 12c; 13/; 47-51

HOLOTYPE.— USNM 143862, adult female, appendages on slide, valves and remaining appendages in alcohol.

FIGURE 47.—Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new species, carapace

of adult female, holotype, USNM 143862, length 1.42 mm,

anterior to left.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—R. V. Vema, Cruise 14, station

V-14-33, 34°36'S, 16°40/E, South Atlantic, 717-

695 m.

PARATYPES—TWO adult females, USNM 143755,

USNM 144006, from same station as holotype (Figure 9).

ETYMOLOGY.—The species is named for Dr.

Robert R. Hessler.

DIAGNOSIS.—Surface smooth but with small pustules visible at high magnification (X 2000) and 5

anteroventral ridges; anteroventral profile slightly

concave; length of female 1.42 to 1.47 mm; dorsal

margin of 3rd joint of 1st antenna shorter than, or

about same length as dorsal margin of 4th joint;

endopodite of mandible with 1 dorsal bristle on 1st

joint and 2 on 2nd; rod-shaped organ with rounded

tip.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE (Figures We, \1e,

47-51).—Valves subround, height of anterior margin greater than posterior, concave anteroventral

margin delimited by a dorsal and a ventral subdued protuberance (Figures 47-50); anterodorsal

margin broadly convex, merging with short straight

dorsal margin at point about one-third greatest

length; posterior margin broadly convex; ventral

margin curving sharply forward and downward to

FIGURE 48.—Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new species, left valve of adult female, holotype, USNM

143862 (decalcified valve was distorted during freeze-dry operation): a, anterior view, ventral

margin to right, x 85; b, detail of outer surface showiqg short processes, x 1000. (Photos reduced to 82 percent.)
72

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 49.—Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new species, right valve (decalcified) of adult female, paratype, USNM 143755B: a, ventral view, anterior to right, X 50; b, outside view, X 50; c, inside

view, x 50; d, outer surface near dorsal margin, anterior to right, X 150; e, detail of minute

process on outer surface of shell, X 5000; /, outer surface of shell showing several processes, X

1000; g, part of adductor muscle attachment from inside, anterior end of valve towards top, X

1300. (Photos reduced to 63 percent.)

point approximately below subcentral adductor

muscle-scar, then curving upward to join anteroventral margin below protuberance; dorsal outline

subelliptical, greatest width subcentral; end outline

subelliptical, greatest width subcentral.

Ornamentation: Surface smooth, abundant small

pustules observed at high magnification (X 2000);

widely spaced pore-canals containing hairs along

free margin; anteroventral surface with 5 thin

ridges parallel to valve margin, ridges not observed

on holotype because it is decalcified; cross-ridges

form crude reticulations around protuberances;

outermost ridge continuous around all margins.

Adductor muscle-scar: Scar subcentrally located

in area of greatest width; subround; scar consists of

14 to 17 subequal wedge-shaped segments more-orless radially arranged (Figure 47).

FIGURE 50.—Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new species, left valve

of adult female, paratype, USNM 144006: a, inside view

(valve distorted), x 65; b, outside view (outer layer of shell

flaked off during freeze-dry operation), x 60; c, anteroventral

margin, dorsal margin of valve towards upper right, X 160;

d, anteroventral view, ventral margin of valve to right, X

100; e, lower protuberance of anteroventral margin, ventral

margin of valve towards right, X 415; /, ridges and surface

hairs near upper protuberance of anteroventral margin (for

location see arrow in c), x 700; g, anterior end of valve,

dorsal view, x 215; h, dorsal view of distorted valve, X 70;

i, hair near ventral protuberance (see arrow in e), X 4150;

/, outer surface of shell at posterior end of valve (for location

see arrow in b), x 1000; k, ventral view of distorted valve,

X 70; I, anterior end of valve from inside, X 135; m, detail

of outer surface of shell (for location see arrow in ;), X 4000;

n, outer surface of shell flake from near posterior end of

valve (for location see arrow in b), x 4000; o, inside surface

of flake of outer layer of shell shown in n, x 4000. (Photos

reduced to 50i/£ percent.)
NUMBER 219 73

0
74

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 51.—Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143862: a,

right 1st antenna, lateral view; b, right 2nd antenna, medial view; c, coxale of left mandible,

lateral view; d, basale and endopodite of left mandible, lateral view; e, maxilla; /, 5th limb;

g, 6th limb; h, posterior part of furca showing 5 short claws and small process posterior to them

on each lamella, and single posterior process; i, rod-shaped organ. (Scale in micrometers.)
NUMBER 219 75

Size (Figure 16).—USNM 143862, length 1.42 mm,

height 1.22 mm; USNM 143755B, length 1.44 mm,

height 1.21 mm; USNM 144006, length 1.47

mm, height 1.28 mm.

First antenna: Dorsal margin of 3rd joint shorter

than dorsal margin of 4th joint (Figure 51a).

Second antenna: Exopodite with 8 joints; limb

otherwise similar to that of T. radiata (Figure 516).

Mandible: Third endopodial joint with 6 bristles;

limb otherwise similar to that of T. radiata (Figure

51 c,d).

Maxilla (Figure 5Iff), 7th limb, furca (Figure

51 h), rod-shaped organ (Figure 5 It), lips (Figure

13/), posterior of body: Similar to those of T.

radiata.

Fifth limb (Figures We, 51/): Short bristle of 3rd

exopodial joint about one-third length of long

bristle; limb otherwise similar to that of T. radiata.

Sixth limb (Figures \2e, 51g): Short bristle of 4th

exopodial joint about one-fifth length of long

bristle; limb otherwise similar to that of T. radiata.

COMPARISONS.—See Table 13.

Thaumatoconcha polythrix, new species

FIGURES 11;, 12/», 13c, I8q-s, 52-55

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 143792, adult male, appendages on slides, carapace and some appendages in

alcohol.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—R. V. Atlantis II, Cruise 24,

station 119, 32°15'48"N, 64°31/36"W to 32°16'

06"N, 64°32'36"W, North Atlantic, 2095-2223 m.

PARATYPES.—USNM 143790A,C, 2 adult females

from same sample as holotype (Figure 9).

ETYMOLOGY.—The specific name from the Greek

meaning many bristles, in reference to the large

number of bristles on the dorsal margin of the 1st

and 2nd joints of the mandibular endopodite.

DIAGNOSIS.—Surface of carapace smooth to finely

punctate with 10 anteroventral ridges; 7 of the

ridges continue along ventral margin, decreasing in

number posteriorly; 4 ridges continue for short distance along anterior margin dorsal to upper protuberance; straight anteroventral margin; length of

female 1.85 to 1.94 mm, length of male 1.68 mm;

dorsal margin of 3rd joint of 1st antenna longer

than dorsal margin of 4th joint. Endopodite of

mandible: dorsal margin of 1st joint with 4-6

bristles; dorsal margin of 2nd joint with 3 bristles;

3rd joint with 6 bristles. Maxilla: anterior margin

of 1st endopodial joint with 7 bristles; 5th limb:

ventral margin of 1st exopodial joint with 10

bristles; short bristle of 3rd exopodial joint less

than one-half length of long bristle. Sixth limb:

1st exopodial joint with 5-8 bristles; rod-shaped

organ with rounded tip; anterior lobe of male copulatory limb with single long curved tooth-like

process.

DESCRIPTION OF FEMALE (Figures 11;, I2h, 52, 53).

—Valves subround, height of anterior margin

greater than posterior (Figure 52); concave anteroventral margin delimited by a dorsal and by a

ventral forward pointing protuberance; anterior

margin straight or gently curved, slightly longer

than anteroventral margin; anterodorsal margin

curved, short, merging with straight dorsal margin

at point about one-third greatest length; posterior

margin convex, evenly rounded; ventral margin

curving gently forward and downward to a point

approximately below subcentral muscle-scar, then

curving outward to join anteroventral margin below protuberance; dorsal outline subelliptical,

greatest width at approximately midlength; end

outline subelliptical, greatest width slightly below

midheight.

Ornamentation: Surface smooth to finely punctate; widely spaced simple pores, some with a hair,

and more abundant shallow punctae, 2 or 3 times

size of the pores, present on surface except in area

of muscle-scar; anteroventral surface with 10 thin

ridges subparallel to valve margin; cross-ridges form

crude reticulations around subdued protuberances;

7 of the thin ridges continue along ventral margin,

decreasing in number posteriorly; 4 of the thin

ridges continue for a short distance above the upper

protuberance along the anterior margin.

Adductor muscle-scar: Scar subcentrally located,

subelliptical, greatest diameter trending toward

middle of hinge; scar consists of approximately 16

subequal pie-shaped segments more-or-less radially

arranged.

Size (Figure 16): USNM 143790A, complete specimen, length 1.85 mm, height 1.55 mm; USNM

143790C, complete specimen, length 1.94 mm,

height 1.49 mm.

First antenna (Figure 53a), 7th limb, furca, rodshaped organ, lips, posterior of body: Similar to

those of T. radiata.
76

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 52.—Thaumatoconcha polythrix, new species, right valve of adult female, paratype, USNM

14379OA: a, outside view (cracking and flaking of outer layer of shell took place during the

freeze-dry operation), x 40; b, anteroventral view, ventral margin to left, X 65; c, anterior part

of valve, ventral view, x 100; d, lower protuberance of anteroventral margin (for location see

arrow in b), x 295; e, upper protuberance (broken) of anteroventral margin (for location see

arrow in b), x 295; /, anterior end of valve, dorsal view, x 100; g, detail of puncta (see arrow

in a); x 16,800; h, surface punctae (see arrow in a), x 1025; i, detail of surface of flake showing

broken bristle and punctae (see arrow in a), x 3265; ;', underside of flake showing broadened

base of bristle and slightly raised reflections of punctae (see arrow in a), x 3200. (Photos reduced to 52 percent.)
NUMBER 219 77

FIGURE 53.—Thaumatoconcha polythrix, new species, adult female, paratype, USNM 143790C: a,

right 1st antenna, lateral view; b, protopodite and endopodite of left 2nd antenna, lateral view.

(Scale in micrometers.)
78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 54.—Thaumatoconcha polythrix, new species, carapace

of adult male, holotype, USNM 143792, length 1.68 mm,

anterior to left.

Second antenna (Figure 53&): Exopodite with 8

joints and 3rd endopodial joint minute; limb otherwise similar to that of T. radiata.

Mandible: Dorsal margin of 1st endopodial joint

with 5 or 6 bristles; dorsal margin of 2nd endopodial joint with 3 bristles; 3rd endopodial joint

with 6 bristles; limb otherwise similar to that of

T. radiata.

Maxilla: First endopodial joint with 7 anterior

bristles; limb otherwise similar to that of T. radiata.

Fifth limb (Figure 11;): Frst exopodial joint with

10 ventral bristles; short bristle on 3rd exopodial

joint about one-fourth length of long bristle; limb

otherwise similar to that of T. radiata.

Sixth limb (Figure I2h): First exopodial joint

with 8 bristles; short bristle of 4th endopodial joint

less than one-half length of long bristle; limb otherwise similar to that of T. radiata.

FOOD.—USNM 143790A with fragments of crustacean appendages and minute brownish particles

in gut.

DESCRIPTION OF MALE (Figures 13c, 18q-s, 54, 55).

—Carapace similar to that of female except smaller

(Figure 54).

Size (Figure 17): USNM 143792, complete specimen, length 1.68 mm, height 1.40 mm.

First antenna: Similar to that of T. radiata (Figure 55a).

Second antenna: Exopodite with 8 joints; limb

otherwise similar to that of female (Figure 55&).

Mandible (Figure 55c-e), maxilla (Figure 55/),

5th limb (Figure 55g), 6th limb (Figure bbh), 7th

limb, rod-shaped organ (Figure 55i), furca, lips

(Figure 13c), posterior of body: Similar to that of

female.

Copulatory organ: See Figure 18^-s.

COMPARISONS.—See Table 13.

Thaumatoconcha punctata, new species

FIGURES 11 h, 12/, 13d, 56-58

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 143861, adult female, some

appendages on slide, others in alcohol; left valve

in alcohol; right valve dry, gold-plated.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—USNS Eltanin, Cruise 25, station 364, 56°17'S, 156°13'W to 56°19'S, \bS°WW,

South Pacific, 3694 m.

PARATYPES.—USNM 127289B, 1 adult female;

USNM 127289C, 1 A-l female; USNM 127289D-E,

2 A-2 females; USNM 127289F, 1 juvenile, length

1.26 mm, height 1.14 mm (not opened). Paratypes

from same sample as holotype (Figure 9).

ETYMOLOGY.—The specific name is in reference

to the punctate surface of the carapace (punctae

were not observed on juveniles and poorly preserved adults).

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace surface with irregularly

spaced shallow punctae and about 9 anteroventral

ridges; straight anteroventral margin; length of

female 2.22 to 2.24 mm; dorsal margin of 3rd joint

of 1st antenna longer than dorsal margin of 4th

joint; endopodite of mandible with 1 dorsal bristle

on 1st joint and 2 on 2nd; rod-shaped organ with

pointed tip.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE (male unknown)

(Figures llh, 121, 13d, 56-58).—Valves subround,

height of anterior margin almost twice the height

of posterior (Figures 56, 57); straight anteroventral

margin delimited by a dorsal and a ventral forward

pointing very short truncated protuberance; anterodorsal margin broadly convex, merging with short

gently curved dorsal margin at point about onethird greatest length; posterior margin gently

rounded; forward and downward curving ventral

margin joins posterior with slight angulation,

curves upward approximately below subcentral ad-
NUMBER 219 79

FIGURE 55.—Thaumatoconcha polythrix, new species, adult male, holotype, USNM 143792: a,

left 1st antenna, lateral view; b, left 2nd antenna, medial view; c, mandibular coxale; d, basale

and endopodite of left mandible, lateral view; e, basale and endopodite of right mandible,

medial view; /, maxilla; g, part of 5th limb; h, 6th limb; i, rod-shaped organ. (Same magnification in micrometers: a, b; c-i.)
80 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 56.—Thaumatoconcha punctata, new species, carapace

of adult female, holotype, USNM 143861, length 2.22 mm,

anterior to left.

ductor muscle-scar to join straight anteroventral

margin below protuberance; dorsal outline subelliptical, greatest width slightly in front of midlength; end outline subelliptical, greatest width

slightly below midheight.

Ornamentation: Surface with irregularly spaced

shallow punctae and scattered hairs emerging from

normal pores; anteroventral surface with 9 low

ridges; proximal ridges wavy; practically no crossridges present; right closest to contact margin continues around entire valve; next 4 ridges extend

dorsally, terminating about half way up anterior

margin; proximal ridges progressively shorter than

distal ridges.

Adductor muscle-scar: Scar subcentrally located,

subovate, greatest diameter trending normal to

hinge; scar consists of approximately 20 subequal

pie-shaped segments more-or-less radially arranged

(Figure 56).

Size: USNM 143861, length 2.22 mm, height 1.88

mm; USNM 127289B, length 2.24 mm, height 1.97

mm (Figure 16).

First (Figure 58a) and 2nd antenna (Figure 58&),

mandible (Figure 5Sc,d), maxilla (Figure 58e), 6th

limb (Figures 12/, 58g); 7th limb (Figure 5Sh),

furca, posterior of body: Similar to those on adult

female of T. radiata.

Fifth limb (Figure \\h, 58/): First exopodite joint

of the holotype with 10 ventral bristles. (This joint

on holotype of T. radiata bears only 7 ventral

bristles, but the variability in the number of bristles

on this joint was not determined for either T.

radiata or T. punctata, so the observed difference

in number of bristles for the 2 species may not be

significant).

Rod-shaped organ: Elongate, 1-jointed or weakly

2-jointed, with broad proximal half; distal half

strongly tapered with small process at tip (Figure

58,-;).

Upper lip: With 4 small processes, otherwise

similar to that of T. radiata (Figure 13d).

DESCRIPTION OF FEMALE A-l INSTAR.—Carapace

similar in shape to that of adult but without punctations (only 1 specimen observed).

Size: USNM 127289C, length 1.85 mm, height

1.49 mm.

Furca: Similar to that on female A-l instar of

T. radiata.

Rod-shaped organ (Figure 58A): Elongate, 1-

jointed, strongly tapering in distal half.

DESCRIPTION OF FEMALE A-2 INSTAR.—Carapace

similar in shape to that of adult but without punctations (only 2 specimens observed).

Size: USNM 127289D, length 1.47 mm, height

1.33 mm; USNM 127289E, length 1.63 mm, height

1.42 mm.

Furca: Similar to that of female A-2 instar of T.

radiata.

FIGURE 57.—Thaumatoconcha punctata, new species, right

valve of adult female, holotype, USNM 143861 (valve distorted

and part of outer shell layer removed by flaking during

freeze-dry operation; valve lost): a, inside view, note adductor

muscle attachment scar just anterior to valve middle, X 45;

b, anterior view showing dorsal part of anteroventral margin,

X 170; c, anterior view showing ventral part of anteroventral

margin, x 170; d, outer surface of shell just posterior to

valve middle showing punctae, X 170; e, punctae (for location see arrow in d), x 850; /, pore with stump of broken

bristle (for location see arrow in e), x 8500; g, inside of flake

of outer shell showing convex protuberances that are inner

reflections of punctae, X 250; h, detail of g (for location see

arrow in g), X 1250: i, detail of right protuberance in h,

X 5000; j , adductor muscle attachment scar from inside (see

arrow in a), X 320; k, detail from / showing smooth surface

between muscle attachments and network-like structure of

muscles attached to shell (see arrow in / for location), X

2000; /, detail from k (see arrow in k), X 10,000; m, detail of

adductor muscle attachment from inside, X 10,000. (Photos

reduced 54i/£ percent.)
NUMBER 219 81
82

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 58.—Thaumatoconcha punctata, new species. Adult female, holotype, USNM 143861: a,

right 1st antenna, lateral view; b, protopodite and endopodite of right 2nd antenna, medial

view; c, coxale endite of left mandible, lateral view; d, protopodite and basal of left mandible,

lateral view; e, maxilla; /, 5th limb; g, 6th limb; h, 7th limb; i, rod-shaped organ. Adult female, paratype, USNM 127289B: /, rod-shaped organ. A-l female, paratype, USNM 127289C:

k, rod-shaped organ. (Same magnification in micrometers: a-d, f, g; e, h-k.)
NUMBER 219

Rod-shaped organ: Similar to that on A-l instar

but not quite so strongly tapered (observed only on

USNM 127289D).

COMPARISONS.—See Table 13.

Thaumatoconcha sandersi, new species

FIGURES HI , 12g, 13<r, I8a-c, 59-62

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 143793, adult male, appendages on slides, carapace and some appendages in

alcohol.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—USNS Eltanin, Cruise 4, station 135, 62°40'S, 64°06'W to 62°37/

S, 63°57'W,

Drake Passage, 3715-3752 m.

PARATYPES.—USNM 127275, 7 specimens from

FIGURE 59.—Thaumatoconcha sandersi, new species, adult

male, holotype, USNM 143793: a, complete specimen, anterior to left, note elongate copulatory appendage (arrow),

length of specimen 1.78 mm; b, detail of adductor muscle

attachments of left valve, anterior to left, maximum length

of scar 0.21 mm.

type-locality (includes 1 adult male and 2 adult females); USNM 143752, 2 specimens (1 adult male,

I adult female) (Figure 9).

ETYMOLOGY.—Species named for Dr. Howard L.

Sanders.

OTHER LOCALITIES.—USNM 143752 from USCGC

Glacier, station 0023, 72°47'30"S, 30°28'18"W, Weddell Sea, 3658 m.

DIAGNOSIS.—Surface smooth with 1-3 anteroventral ridges and straight anteroventral margin

(specimens on hand decalcified); length of male 1.78

to 1.89 mm; dorsal margin of 3rd joint of 1st antenna longer than dorsal margin of 4th joint;

endopodite of mandible with 1 dorsal bristle on 1st

joint and 2 on 2nd joint; rod-shaped organ with

rounded tip; anterior lobe of male copulatory organ with slender recurved terminal process.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT MALE (Figures 12g, 18a-c,

59-62).—Valves subround, height of anterior margin greater than posterior (Figures 59a, 60); straight

anteroventral margin delimited by a dorsal and a

ventral forward pointing short protuberance; anterodorsal margin broadly convex, merging with

short gently curved dorsal margin at a point about

one-third greatest length; posterior margin evenly

rounded; ventral margin curving gently forward

and downward to point in front of subcentral adductor muscle-scar, then curving upward to join

FIGURE 60.—Thaumatoconcha sandersi, new species, carapace

of adult male, paratype, USNM 127275E, length 1.89 mm,

anterior to left.
84

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 61.—Thaumatoconcha sandersi, new species, adult male, paratype, USNM 127275E: a,

left 1st antenna, lateral view (long bristle usually on 1st joint of 1st antenna, appeared to be on

2nd joint as shown); b, endopodite of left 2nd antenna, lateral view; c, right mandible,

lateral view; d, 6th limb. (Scale in micrometers.)

anteroventral margin below protuberance; dorsal

outline subelliptical, greatest width at approximate

midlength; end outline subelliptical, greatest width

slightly above midheight.

Ornamentation: Specimens decalcified; surface

smooth; anteroventral surface with 1 to 3 thin

ridges parallel to valve margin; protuberances

smooth, relatively stout.

Adductor muscle-scar: Scar subcentrally located,

subelliptical, greatest diameter trending towards

posterior end of hinge; attachment ends consist

of 9 subequal pie-shaped segments radially arranged

(Figures 596, 60).

Size (Figure 17): USNM 143793, length 1.78 mm,

height 1.63 mm, USNM 127275E, length 1.89 mm,

height 1.56 mm, USNM 143752B, length 1.78
NUMBER 219 85

FIGURE 62.—Thaumatoconcha sandersi, new species, adult

male, paratype, USNM 127275E: a, left lamella of furca and

copulatory organ; b, tip of copulatory organ; c, tip of styliform process of copulatory organ. (Same magnification in

micrometers: b, c.)

mm, height 1.50 mm.

First antenna: Similar to that of T. radiata (Figure 61a).

Second antenna: Exopodite with 8 joints; limb

otherwise similar to that of T. radiata (Figure 616).

Mandible: Third endopodial joint with 6 bristles;

limb otherwise similar to that of T. radiata (Figure

61c).

Maxilla, 6th limb (Figures 12g, 61d), 7th limb,

furca (Figure 62a), rod-shaped organ, lips, posterior

of body: Similar to those of T. radiata.

Fifth limb: Ventral margin of 1st exopodial joint

with 11 bristles; limb otherwise similar to that of

T. radiata.

Copulatory organ (Figures 18a-c, 59a, 62): Anterior lobe with slender recurved terminal process.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE (Figures 111, lSe).

—Carapace similar to that of male but slightly

larger.

Size (Figure 16): USNM 127275A, length 1.99

mm, height 1.67 mm; USNM 127275C, length 2.00

mm, height 1.69 mm, USNM 143752A, length

1.94 mm, height 1.65 mm.

First antenna: Similar to that of T. radiata.

Second antenna: Exopodite with 8 joints; limb

otherwise similar to that of T. radiata.

Mandible, maxilla, 6th limb, 7th limb, furca,

rod-shaped organ, lips (Figure 13e), posterior of

body: Similar to those of male.

Fifth limb: Ventral margin of 1st exopodial joint

with 6 bristles; limb otherwise similar to that of

male (Figure Hi).

COMPARISONS.—See Table 13.

Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, new species

FIGURES \\c,d; \2c4; 136; I8j-m; 63-68

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 143852, adult male, length

1.64 mm.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—R. V. Atlantis II, Cruise 31,

station 169a, 8°03'00"S, 34°23'00"W to 8°02'00"S,

34°25'00"W, South Atlantic, 587 m.

PARATYPES.—USNM 143796A-D, F-M, ca. 237

specimens, all from same sample as holotype;

USNM 143854, 9 specimens; USNM 143791, 27

specimens; USNM 143853, 135 specimens.

ETYMOLOGY.—The specific name is from the

Latin tuberculum (tubercle), in reference to the

minute tubercle present on the posterodorsal margin of the valves.

OTHER LOCALITIES—USNM 143854 from R. V.

Atlantis II, Cruise 31, station 159, 7°58'00"S, 34°22'

00"W, 834-939 m; USNM 143853 from same cruise,

station 167, 7°58'00"S, 34°17'00"W to 7°50WS,

FICURE 63.—Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, new species, carapace of adult male, holotype, USNM 143852, length 1.63

mm, anterior to left.
86

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 64.—Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, new species, paratypes: a, adult male, left valve with tubercle (arrow), USNM

143796MY, outside view, X 50; b, adult male, left valve,

USNM 143796MW, inside view, x 60; c, adult male, left

valve, USNM 143796MA, ventral view, anterior to left, X 65;

d, adult male, right valve with tubercle (arrow), USNM

143796MW, inside view, x 60; e, adult male, right valve

with tubercle (arrow), USNM 143796MY, outside view, x

50; /, adult male, right valve, USNM 143796MA, ventral view,

X 65; g, adult male, left valve with tubercle (arrow), USNM

1437%MY, dorsal view, x 65; h, adult male, right valve,

USNM 143796MA, anteroventral view, ventral margin to left,

X 65; i, same valve (remnant of tubercle not visible at this

magnification; see Figure 65/t), dorsal view, X 70; ;', complete

specimen with tubercles missing, USNM 143796MM, dorsal

view, anterior to right, x 60; k, adductor muscle attachment scar from d, inside view, x 240; /, same from b, inside view, X 360. (Photos reduced to 531/2 percent.)
NUMBER 219 87

FIGURE 65.—Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, new species, adult

male paratypes: a, upper anteroventral protuberance of right

valve, USNM 143796MA, x 170; b, same valve, lower anteroventral protuberance, X 265; c, upper anteroventral protuberance (broken) of right valve, USNM 143796MY, X 320; d,

posterodorsal tubercle of right valve, USNM 143796MW, x

500; e, protuberance shown in d, X 2000; /, same, but oblique

view, x 1700; g, same valve, inside view (protuberance indicated by arrow), x 500; h, posterodorsal protuberance of

right valve, USNM 143796MY, x 1600; i, posterodorsal protuberance of left valve, same specimen, x 1600; /', posterodorsal protuberance (remnant) of left value, USNM 143796MA,

X 2000; k, posterodorsal protuberance (remnant) of right

valve, USNM 143796MA, X 2000; /, surface near posterodorsal protuberance of left valve showing divided bristle and

minute pustules, USNM 143796MY, X 4000; m, short bristle?

on same specimen, x 2000; n, pustules on right valve surface, USNM 143796MW, X 5000; o, single pustule on same

specimen, x 10,000; p, posteroventral part of left valve

showing bristle distribution (arrows), USNM 143796MW, X

190. (Photos reduced to 42 percent.)
88 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

?W, 943-1007 m; USNM 143791 from same cruise,

station 162A, 8°02WS, 34°03'00"W to 7°56WS,

34°09'00"W, 1493 m (Figure 9).

DIAGNOSIS.—Surface of carapace smooth with 5

or 6 anteroventral ridges and posterodorsal tubercle

on each valve; straight anteroventral margin; length

of female 1.61 to 1.70 mm, length of male 1.59 to

1.67 mm; dorsal margin of 3rd joint of 1st antenna

longer than dorsal margin of 4th joint; endopodite

of mandible with 1 dorsal bristle on 1st joint and

2 on 2nd; rod-shaped organ with rounded tip; anterior lobe of male copulatory organ with slender

process with minute tooth at its base.

DESCRIPTION OF FEMALE (Figures 136, 68/).—

Valves subround, height of anterior margin greater

than posterior; straight anteroventral margin delimited by a dorsal and a ventral forward pointing

protuberance; anterodorsal margin broadly convex,

merging with short gently curved dorsal margin at

point about one-third greatest length; posterior

margin gently rounded; ventral margin slightly

convex, with shallow concavity near junction with

posterior margin on some specimens. Dorsal outline

subelliptical, greatest width in front of midlength;

end outline subelliptical, greatest width slightly below midlength.

Ornamentation: Surface smooth; widely spaced

pore-canals containing hairs that branch distally,

and longer more slender unbranched hairs and

more abundant much smaller pustules present;

anteroventral margin with 5 thin ridges parallel to

valve margin (some individuals with discontinuous

6th ridge); outermost of the thin ridges continues

partly around periphery of each valve; 4 remaining

ridges continue for a short distance along the upper

protuberance and anterior margin, with innermost

ridge being shortest; 4th ridge from contact margin

continues along ventral margin to point slightly

beyond midlength of valve; a wider continuous rim

lies just above the thin outermost peripheral ridge,

except along the anteroventral margin between protuberances where the rim is absent; cross-ridges

present around protuberances and also on ventral

margin between outermost thin ridge and contact

margin near lower protuberance; a minute tubercle

asymmetrically located on posterodorsal part of

each valve on the proximal margin of rim; tubercle

on left valve located on posterior end of dorsal

margin; tubercle on right valve slightly larger and

located posterior to tubercle on left valve.

Adductor muscle-scar: Scar located at approximately midlength and slightly below midheight;

scar subcentrally located in area of greatest width,

subround; greatest diameter trending toward the

lower part of the anteroventral protuberance; scar

consists of 17 to 20 subequal pie-shaped segments

more-or-less radially arranged.

Size: USNM 143796C: left valve, length 1.61

mm, height 1.37 mm; right valve, length 1.62 mm,

height 1.40 mm. USNM 143796G: left valve, length

1.65 mm, height 1.46 mm; right valve, length 1.66

mm, height 1.43 mm. USNM 143796H, left valve

only, length 1.65 mm, height 1.47 mm; USNM

1437961, left valve, length 1.70 mm, height 1.45

mm; USNM 143796J, left valve, length 1.65 mm,

height 1.40 mm (Figure 16).

Second antenna (Figure 68/): Similar to that of

T. radiata.

Other appendages: Similar to those of T. radiata.

Food: USNM 143796C with small clear elongate

objects of unknown affinity and few crustacean

spines in anterior part of gut, and unrecognizable

smaller fragments in posterior part of gut.

DESCRIPTION OF MALE (Figures \\c,d; I2c,d;

18;-m; 63-68a-e).—Carapace similar to that of female except smaller (Figures 63-65).

Size: USNM 143796A: left valve, length 1.60

mm, height 1.34 mm; right valve, length 1.59 mm,

height 1.30 mm. USNM 143852: left valve, length

1.63 mm, height 1.38 mm; right valve length 1.64

mm, height 1.36 mm. USNM 143796D, left valve,

length 1.63 mm, height 1.35 mm; right valve, length

1.65 mm, height 1.33 mm. USNM 143796F, left

valve, length 1.59 mm, height 1.33 mm; right valve,

length 1.57 mm, height 1.36 mm (Figure 17).

First antenna (Figures 66a, 67a), 2nd antenna

(Figures 666, 676), mandible (Figures 66c,d; 67c,d),

maxilla (Figure 67 c,d), 5th limb (Figures llc,d; 66c;

68a), 6th limb (Figures \2c,d; 66/), 7th limb (Figure

6Sc,d), furca (Figure 67e), rod-shaped organ (Figgure 66g), lips, posterior of body: Similar to those

on adult male of T. radiata.

Copulatory organ (Figures 18;-m, 67f-h): Tip

consisting of proximal and distal lobe, latter with

single stout tooth-like process with minute tooth

near its base. Organ otherwise similar to that on

T. radiata.

Food: USNM 143796A with fine brown particles

in posterior end of gut.
NUMBER 219 89

FIGURE 66.—Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, new species, adult male, holotype, USNM 143852: a,

right 1st antenna, lateral view; b, right 2nd antenna, lateral view; c, coxale of right mandible,

lateral view; d, basale and endopodite of right mandible, lateral view; e, 5th limb; /, 6th limb;

g, rod-shaped organ. (Same magnification in micrometers: a, b; c-g.)
90

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

k

h

FIGURE 67.—Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, new species, adult male, paratype, USNM 143796MB:

a, left 1st antenna and rod-shaped organ (arrow), medial view; b, right 2nd antenna, lateral

view; c, d, right mandible and maxilla, medial view; e, caudal furca (left lamella aberrant);

/, copulatory organ; g, tip of styliform lobe of copulatory organ; h, tip of copulatory organ. (For

approximate size of appendages see Figure 18 j-tn.)
NUMBER 219 91

FIGURE 68.—Thaumatoconcha tuberculata, new species, paratypes. Adult male, USNM 143796MW: a, 5th limb; b, 6th

limb; c, 7th limb. Adult male, USNM 143796MB: d, aberrant 7th limb with 3 bristles; e, upper lip. Adult female,

USNM 143796MO: /, left 2nd antenna. (For approximate

size of appendages see Figures 13 ft, 66.)

DISCUSSION.—We noted with the light microscope

that many of the specimens were without posterodorsal tubercles on either one or both valves of

adults of both sexes and juveniles. In order to determine whether or not nontuberculate specimens

were the result of breakage of the tubercles, we

examined valves with tubercles with the SEM in

order to obtain their precise structure and location.

We then examined a "nontuberculate" carapace

and identified remnants of tubercles on both valves.

COMPARISONS.—See Table 13.

Thaumatoconcha species A

FIGURES 13ft, 69, 70

MATERIAL.—USNM 143851, adult female, appendages on slide, 1 valve and remaining appendages in alcohol, 1 valve gold-plated and on slide.

LOCALITY.—USCGC Glacier, Cruise 2, station

0022, 73°29'S, 30°24'6"W, Weddell Sea, 3035 m

(Figure 9).

DIAGNOSIS.—Surface smooth and with 4 or 5

anteroventral ridges; anteroventral profile straight;

length of female 1.46 mm; dorsal margin of 3rd

joint shorter than, or about same length as,

dorsal margin of 4th joint; endopodite of mandible

with 1 dorsal bristle on 1st joint and 2 on 2nd;

rod-shaped organ with rounded tip.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE (male unknown)

(Figures 13ft, 69, 70).—Differs from T. radiata in

smaller size of carapace (Figure 69).

Size: USNM 143851, length 1.46 mm, height 1.21

mm (Figure 16).

First antenna: Dorsal margin of 3rd joint shorter

than 4th joint; limb otherwise similar to that of

T. radiata (Figure 70a,6).

Second antenna: Exopodite with 8 joints; limb

otherwise similar to that of T. radiata (Figure

70c,d).

Mandible: Third endopodial joint with 6

bristles; limb otherwise similar to that of T.

radiata.

Maxilla, 5th limb (Figure 70e), 7th limb, rodshaped organ (Figure 70a,g), lips, posterior of body:

Similar to those of T. radiata.

Sixth limb (Figure 70/): Short bristle of 4th exFIGURE 69.—Thaumatoconcha species A, carapace of adult

female, USNM 143851, length 1.46 mm, anterior to left.
92

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 70.—Thaumatoconcha species A, adult female, USNM 143851: a, rod-shaped organ and

right 1st antenna, medial view; b, joints 3 and 4 of right 1st antenna, medial view; c, joints 2

and 3 of endopodite of right 2nd antenna, lateral view; d, protopodite and endopodite of right

2nd antenna, lateral view; e, 5th limb; /, 6th limb; g, rod-shaped organ. (Same magnification

in micrometers: a, d; e-g; b, c.)
NUMBER 219

opodial joint about one-third length of long bristle;

limb otherwise similar to that of T. radiata.

COMPARISONS.—See Table 13. Because of inadequate material to evaluate the variability of this

species, which differs only slightly from Thaumatoconcha hessleri, new species, we have left it in open

nomenclature.

Thaumatoconcha species indeterminate

MATERIAL.—USNM 127520, A-3 instar, length

1.21 mm, height 0.96 mm, from USNS Eltanin,

Cruise 11, station 926; USNM 143969, 1 adult female, length 2.17 mm, height 1.81 mm, and 1

juvenile, length 0.92 mm, height 0.87 mm, from

R. V. Vema, Cruise 17, station V-17-5. Because

several species of Thaumatoconcha are identified

mainly by the morphology of the male copulatory

organ, it was not possible to identify the adult

female, USNM 143969. Juveniles of many of the

species of Thaumatoconcha are difficult to identify,

and the above two juveniles, USNM 127520 and

143969, could not be identified. For distribution

see Figure 9.

Danielopolina, new genus

Thaumatocypris Miiller.—Danielopol, 1972:1390.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Danielopolina carolynae, new

species.

ETYMOLOGY.—The genus is named for Dr. Dan

L. Danielopol.

This genus contains 2 Holocene species, D.

orghidani (Danielopol, 1972) and D. carolynae.

DISTRIBUTION.—A grotto in Cuba and in Atlantic

Ocean near equartor at a depth of 3459 m.

HABITAT.—Danielopolina carolynae, benthic; D.

orghidani, presumably benthic. The method of collection in the Cuban grotto is not known, but

presumably the water is shallow.

DIAGNOSIS.—Surface reticulate. Boundaries of

reticulations formed of closely spaced minute subround papillae.

First antenna: First joint with 2 bristles, 1 dorsal,

1 lateral; 7th joint with 2 ventral bristles, but without dorsal bristle; 8th joint with 3 bristles.

Second antenna: Three-jointed; 1st endopodial

joint with 2 dorsal bristles, but without ventral

bristle.

Fifth limb: Second exopodial joint with 1 terminal bristle on ventral margin; 3rd exopodial joint

with 2 bristles.

Sixth limb: Process on dorsal corner of 1st exopodial joint with 2 bristles; 4th exopodial joint

with 2 bristles.

Rod-shaped organ: Absent.

DESCRIPTION.—Surface reticulate, boundaries of

reticulations formed by closely spaced minute subround papillae; anteroventral margin. bounded by

protuberances more spine-like than those of Thaumatoconcha; a posterodorsal tubercle on each

valve.

First antenna: Joints 1 to 4, 6, and 8 similar to

those of Thaumatoconcha; 5th joint with 1 ventral

bristle (D. orghidani) or 2 ventral bristles (D.

carolynae); 7th joint with 2 ventral bristles, but

without dorsal bristle.

Second antenna: Protopodite of D. carolynae

with bristle on posterior margin; protopodite of

D. orghidani without bristle. Endopodite 3-jointed:

1st joint with 2 dorsal bristles, but without ventral

bristle; 2nd joint of D. carolynae with 1 lateral

and 4 terminal bristles; 2nd joint of D. orghidani

without a lateral bristle and with only 3 terminal

bristles; 3rd joint with 1 bristle. Exopodite with

8 or 9 joints and with 2 bristles on 9th joint; 1st

joint of D. carolynae unusual in having long bristle.

Mandible: Similar to that of Thaumatoconcha.

Maxilla: Similar to that of Thaumatoconcha except with only 3 or 4 anterior bristles on the 1st

endopodial joint; D. orghidani may have relatively

few bristles on endites and on 2nd endopodial

joint.

Fifth limb: Similar to that of Thaumatoconcha

except ventral margin of 2nd exopodial joint with

2 midbristles and 1 terminal bristle.

Sixth limb: Epipodial appendage with 15 bristles;

protopodite with 4 bristles. Exopodite: process on

dorsal corner of 1st joint with 2 bristles; 1st joint

with 4 or 5 additional bristles; combined 2nd and

3rd joints with 1 dorsal bristle; ventral margin of

joints 2 and 3 of D. carolynae with 3 midbristles

and 1 terminal bristle; of D. orghidani with only 1

midbristle and without a terminal bristle; 4th joint

with 2 bristles.

Seventh limb: Small with 2 bristles.

Furca: Of D. carolynae, similar to furca of Thaumatoconcha; of D. orghidani, with only 3 short

claws following the 2 anterior longer daws.
94 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Posterior of body: Similar to that of Thaumato- Lips: General morphology similar to lips of

concha. Thaumatoconcha.

Key to the Species of Danielopolina, new genus

1. Carapace length less than 1 mm; no bristle on either protopodite or 1st exopodial joint of

2nd antenna; end joint of 6th limb with 1 long and 1 short bristle .. D. orghidani

1'. Carapace length greater than 1.5 mm; bristle on protopodite and 1st exopodial joint of 2nd

antenna; end joint of 6th limb with 2 bristles of equal length D. carolynae, new species

Danielopolina orghidani (Danielopol, 1972)

FIGURES 116, 12b, IS/, 71-73

Thaumatocypris orghidani Danielopol, 1972:1390, figs. A-D.—

Orghidan, et al., 1973, photo 6B [incorrectly spelled Taumatocypris orghidani].

HOLOTYPE.—Unique female, length 0.52 mm.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Grotto in Matanzas, Cuba, 1.5

km from Atlantic Ocean (Figure 9).

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Five specimens were received from Professor Tr. Orghidan through Dr.

Francisca Caraion. The vial contained the following pencilled label, "30 IV 73 MATANZAS GRIETA DU

PHARE DE SEBORUCAL / LEG. T. ORGHIDAN e t N. VINA."

"Grieta" is a vertical cleft in the limestone of a

marine terrace giving access to fresh or brackish

water (Botosaneanu, 1973:218). The specimens apparently are topotypes collected at a later date.

One of the specimens was dissected and appendages were mounted on slides. Slides and specimens

were returned to Dr. Caraion.

Dr. Danielopol kindly sent to us copies of illustrations of appendages of the holotype from a

manuscript in preparation. These are compared

with our samples in the "Supplementary Description," below.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace with symmetrically located

posterodorsal nodes; length 0.56 to 0.59 mm.

First antenna: Fifth joint with 1 ventral bristle.

Second antenna: Second endopodial joint with 3

terminal bristles and without lateral bristle; exopodite 8-jointed, without bristle on 1st joint.

Sixth limb: Third exopodial joint without terminal bristle on ventral margin; short bristle on 4th

exopodial joint about one-third length of long

bristle.

Furca: Each lamella with 2 long and 3 short

claws.

SUPPLEMENTARY DESCRIPTION OF FEMALE (Figures

126, 13/, 71-73).—Shell subovate, small, greatest

length less than 0.65 mm (Figures 71, 72); height

of anterior margin slightly greater than posterior;

straight-to-slightly concave anteroventral margin

FIGURE 71.—Danielopolina orghidani (Danielopol, 1972), carapace of female, length 0.58 mm, anterior to left.

FICURE 72.—Danielopolina orghidani (Danielopol, 1972), topotype, complete specimen: a, outside viewed from left side,

anterior to left, x HO; b, ventral view, anterior to left, X

140; c, dorsal view, anterior to right, x 140; d, anterior view,

X 200; e, pustules forming reticulations on carapace, X

3300; /, anteroventral part of right shell showing reticulate

surface, anterior to right, x 320; g, detail of reticulate surface shown in / (see arrow in f), x 800; h, posterior part

of right valve showing height of pustules forming reticulation on outer layer of shell, note absence of pustules on

valve surface where outer layer shell is absent, X 950; i,

surface of right valve near h showing outer layer with

pustules that form the reticulations, and crinkled surface

that might have formed during freeze dry-operation, note

smooth surface of valve where outer shell layer is absent (for

location see arrow in h), x 1900; /, detail of i (see arrow), X

4650; k, underside of flake of outer layer of shell (see arrow

in c for location of flake), X 5000. (Photo reduced to 55

percent.)
NUMBER 819 95
96 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

delimited by forward pointing protuberances;

dorsoanterior margin gently convex, merging with

slightly concave dorsal margin at point slightly in

front of position of adductor muscle-scar; posterior

and ventral margins evenly rounded; dorsal outline

subelliptical with evenly rounded ends, greatest

width at approximate midlength; end outline subelliptical, greatest width at or above midheight.

Note: The dorsal margin of the carapace appears to be slightly concave when viewed from the

side, we do not know whether or not this may be

the result of preservation. The posterodorsal

tubercles and ventroanterior processes vary in

length with individuals, this variation is probably

due to breakage of the distal ends.

Ornamentation: Surface of valves with elongate

irregularly shaped reticulations subconcentric to

lateral outline, appear to be missing on parts of

central area; boundary of reticulations formed by

widely spaced, subelliptical papillae; distance between adjacent papillae less than half greatest axis

of papillae; anteroventral surface without continuous ridges and cross-ridges, but with subquadrate

papillate reticulations; some papillae with minute

terminal pores; scattered short hairs emerging from

simple pores present within reticulations; conical

tubercle symmetrically located on posterodorsal

part of each valve, slightly behind and below dorsal

margin.

Adductor muscle-scar: Scar approximately subFIGURE 73.—Danielopolina orghidani (Danielopol, 1972), adult female, topotype: a, endopodite

of right 2nd antenna, lateral view; b, tip of upper lip, anterior view (distorted under cover

riiP); c> Pa

rt of lower lip, lateral view; d, tip of 6th limb. (Scale in micrometers.)
NUMBER 219 97

central; details of scar indistinct, appears to be

subelliptical with up to 9 segments, some being

pie-shaped and radially arranged (Figure 71).

Size: Danielopol (1972) recorded the length of

the holotype as 0.52 mm (measurement did not

include anteroventral protuberances). Our measurements of 5 specimens are as follows: length

0.56 mm (with protuberances 0.63 mm), height 0.47

mm (illustrated specimen); length 0.59 mm, height

0.45 mm; length 0.56 mm (with protuberances 0.60

mm), height 0.46 mm; length 0.58 mm, height 0.43

mm; length 0.42 mm, height 0.42 mm (probably

juvenile specimen).

Second antenna (Figure 73a): 1st joint of endopodite with 2 dorsal bristles; 2nd joint with 3

terminal bristles, 2 long and 1 short (short bristle

on minute protuberance on dorsal edge of terminal

margin). Exopodite with 8 joints (this supports

number found by Danielopol): 1st joint divided

by weak suture into long proximal and short distal

parts; terminal joint with 1 long and 1 short bristle.

Fifth limb: See Figure 116 for distal end.

Sixth limb: The fused 2nd and 3rd exopodial

joints on the appendage illustrated by Danielopol

bear 2 ventral bristles near the middle; on the

single limb we observed, the 2 bristles are widely

separated, and the joints could be interpreted as

having 1 bristle on the ventral margin and 1 on the

dorsal margin (Figures \2b, 73d).

Lips (Figures 13/; 736,c): Not clear on slide, but

having general similarity with those of D. carolynae.

Remaining appendages: Similar to the illustrations of appendages of holotype supplied by

Danielopol (in prep.).

Rod-shaped organ: This organ was not described

by Danielopol on the holotype and we did not

observe one. The small size of the specimens makes

it difficult to ascertain whether a minute rod-shaped

organ such as that illustrated by Poulsen (1969,

fig. lj) on Thaumatocypris echinata might not be

present.

Food: A few unidentified spines and brown particles (plant matter?) in gut.

COMPARISONS.—See Table 13.

GROWTH STAGE OF SPECIMEN.—The similarity in

size of the holotype and 4 specimens in the material

we studied suggests that they are at the same stage

of development. One of the specimens on hand is

smaller and presumably younger than the other

four. The furca on the holotype has 3 short claws

in addition to 2 longer anterior claws. The furca

of adults of all other species of Thaumatocyprididae have 6 or 7 short claws in addition to the

2 long anterior claws. The furca on the specimen

we examined was fragmented, but seems to have

the same number of claws as that on the holotype.

The number and distribution of claws on the holotype is similar to that on the A-3 instar of Thaumatoconcha radiata (Figure 34/). This suggests that

the holotype and the material we studied might all

be juveniles. The supposition, however, is refuted

by the presence of well-developed, but unextruded,

eggs in several of the specimens on hand. Also,

Danielopol notes (1972:1392) the presence of ovocytes in the holotype, which indicate that it is an

adult, or at least not younger than an A-l instar.

Unextruded small eggs appear in A-l instars of

myodocopids, but large eggs are present only in

adults.

Danielopolina carolynae, new species

FIGURES 10a, lla, 12a, \$h, 74-77

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 143789, 1 adult female, right

appendages on slide, valves and remaining appendages in alcohol. Unique specimen.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—R. V. Atlantis II, Cruise 31, station 156, 00°46'00"S, 29°28WW to 00°46'30"S,

29°24WW, South Atlantic, 3459 m (Figure 9).

ETYMOLOGY.—This species is named for Mrs.

Carolyn Gast, Smithsonian Institution.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace with posterodorsal tubercle

of right valve posterior to that on left valve.

First antenna: Fifth joint with 2 ventral bristles.

Second antenna: Second endopodial joint with 1

lateral and 4 terminal bristles; exopodite 9-jointed,

with 1 long medial bristle on 1st joint.

Sixth limb: Third exopodial joint with terminal

bristle on ventral margin; 2 bristles of 4th exopodial joint of almost equal length.

Furca: Each lamella with 2 long and 6 short

claws.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE (Figures 10a, lla,

12a, \lh, 74-77).—Valves subround, height of anterior margin greater than posterior (Figures 74,

75a,6); straight anteroventral margin delimited by
98

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 74. Danielopolina carolynae, new species, carapace of adult female, holotype, USNM

143789, length 1.85 mm, anterior to right.
NUMBER 219 99

7

•

-

FIGURE 75.—Danielopolina carolynae, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143789, carapace, length 1.85 mm: a, right valve, outside view; b, left valve, outside view; c, anteroventral

margin of right valve, inside view; d, posterodorsal corner of right valve showing tubercle, inside

view; e, adductor muscle attachment scar of left valve, outside view. /, same, right valve.
100

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

• • 1

FIGURE 76.—Danielopolina carolynae, new species, left valve of adult female, holotype, USNM

143789: a, anteroventral part of valve from outside, X 100; b, reticulate ornamentation, X 1000;

c, detail of pustules forming reticulations shown in b (much debris between pustules), X 7500;

d, anteroventral view of valve, ventral margin to right, X 60; e, detail from d showing upper

anteroventral protuberance, X 600; /, same, but showing lower anteroventral protuberance, X

600; g, posterodorsal tubercle, lateral view, x 320; h, same, view perpendicular to tip, X

1200; i, nonreticulate area over adductor muscle attachment, lateral view, X 320. (Photo reduced to 55 percent.)

a dorsal and ventral forward pointing conical protuberance (Figures 75c, 76a,d-f); dorsoanterior

margin broadly convex merging with short, straight

dorsal margin at point one-third greatest length;

posterior and ventral margins evenly rounded;

dorsal outline subelliptical with acuminate ends;

greatest width at or behind midlength; end outline

subelliptical, greatest width at about midheight.

Ornamentation: Central part of valve smooth

(Figure 76i), rest with elongate pentagonal and

hexagonal reticulations concentrically oriented

(Figure 76a); boundaries of reticulations formed by

closely spaced minute subround papillae (Figure

766,c)\ anteroventral surface with 3 higher nonpapillate ridges parallel to valve margin (Figure

76d-/); ridge closest to margin continues around

valve; 3rd ridge extends dorsally for short distance;

2nd and 3rd ridges extend ventrally for somewhat
NUMBER 219 101

longer distance, terminating at distance equal to

one-fourth length anteroventral margin; quadrate

reticulations formed by nonpapillate cross-ridges;

no pore-canals or hairs observed; a conical tubercle

asymmetrically located on posterodorsal part of

valves (Figures 74; 75a,b,d; 76g,h); tubercle on left

valve located on posterior end of straight dorsal

margin, tubercle on right valve located posterior to

tubercle on left valve.

Adductor muscle-scar (Figures 74a, 75e,/): Scar

located at approximately midlength and slightly

below midheight, its position being below and

posterior to a line connecting dorsoposterior

tubercle and lower anteroventral protuberance on

left valve, and located on a similar line on right

valve; scar consists of 8 subequal pie-shaped segments more-or-less radially arranged.

Size: USNM 143789, complete specimen, length

1.85 mm, height 1.72 mm.

First antenna (Figure 77a): Limb with 8 joints:

1st joint with long hairs on lateral surface near distal margin, numerous long hairs on medial surface,

1 dorsal bristle with short marginal spines, and 1

spinous lateral bristle on small protuberance; 2nd

joint with 1 ventral bristle reaching to 7th joint

and^ 1 dorsal bristle reaching to 4th joint, both

bristles with short marginal spines; 3rd joint with

long spines and hairs on medial and lateral surfaces and ventral and dorsal margins; 3rd joint

fused with 4th except in sclerotized area of dorsal

margin; 4th joint about three-fourths length of

3rd, and with few short spines along ventral and

dorsal margins, and with either no bristle or with

1 minute bristle; 5th joint with 2 long terminal

bristles, lateral of these with small bulge at base

and with widely separated short marginal spines,

spines possibly on medial bristle, but obscured by

debris; 6th joint with few short spines along dorsal

margin; 7th joint with 2 long terminal ventral

bristles, lateral of these with widely separated

minute marginal spines; margins of medial bristle

not clearly observable on mounted limb; 8th joint

with 1 short terminal dorsal bristle with short

closely spaced marginal spines, and 2 long terminal

bristles with widely separated minute marginal

spines.

Second antenna (Figures 10a, 77b-d): Protopodite

with long hairs along ventral margin and 1 long

bare bristle on posteroventral margin. Endopodite

considered here to be weakly 3-jointed: 1st joint

with distal spines on medial surface along ventral

and dorsal margins (more along latter); joint also

with 2 dorsal bristles, both with short marginal

spines; 2nd joint longer and narrower than 1st

joint, with 1 short lateral bristle and 4 long terminal bristles; 3rd joint small, completely fused to

2nd, with 1 short terminal bristle; pore on terminal

margin of 3rd joint adjacent to bristle may represent undeveloped bristle. Exopodite with 9 joints:

1st joint with minute spines along ventral margin

and distinct suture dividing it into long proximal

and short distal parts; medial bristle on distal part

reaching just beyond 8th joint, with minute spines

along dorsal and ventral margins, more along latter,

without natatory hairs; bristles on joints 3-8 with

natatory hairs, some also with minute marginal

spines; 9th joint with 2 bristles, 1 medium length

with short marginal spines, 1 long with natatory

hairs.

Mandible (Figure 77e,f): Posterior margin of

basale endite with 2 short bristles near middle and

distal blunt bristle; anterior margin with 1 bristle;

lateral surface with 5 bristles; remaining parts of

limb similar to limb of Thaumatoconcha radiata.

Maxilla (Figure 77g): Anterior margin of 1st

endopodite joint with 3 bristles near middle and

1 subterminal; limb otherwise more-or-less similar

to that of T. radiata, but number of small bristles

on end joint uncertain.

Fifth limb (Figures lla, 77 h): Epipodial appendage with bristles in 3 groups with 5, 5, and 4

plumose bristles. Protopodite with 3 bristles on

ventral margin proximal to endite I; endite I with

3 bristles; endite II with 5 bristles; dorsal margin

of protopodite hirsute. Endopodite with 1 stout

bare bristle, 1 stout longer bristle with marginal

spines, 3 long slender distal bristles, 1 long slender

proximal bristle. Exopodite: dorsal margin of 1st

joint with 1 long bristle with short marginal spines;

middle of ventral margin with 2 long bristles with

long marginal spines and 2 short bristles with short

marginal spines; distal end of ventral margin with

3 bristles; middle of distal ends of lateral and

medial sides each with 1 bristle; medial side with

long hairs forming distal row; 2nd joint with 2

bristles at middle of ventral margin and 1 terminal

(base of terminal bristle on medial side of joint);

medial surface of joint hirsute; end joint with 2

stout terminal bristles of equal length.

Sixth limb (Figures 12a, 77i): Epipodial append-
102

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 77.—Danielopolina carolynae, new species, adult female, holotype, USNM 143789: a,

right 1st antenna, lateral view; b, protopodite and endopodite of left 2nd antenna, lateral view;

c, same of right 2nd antenna, medial view; d, exopodite of right 2nd antenna, medial view; e,

coxale endite of right mandible, medial view; /, basale and endopodite of right mandible, lateral

view; g, maxilla; h, 5th limb; »', 6th limb. (Same magnification in micrometers: a—c, d—i.)
NUMBER 219 103

age with bristles in 3 groups with 6, 4, and 5

plumose bristles. Protopodite interpreted to consist

of 2 joints: 1st joint with 2 terminal bristles on

medial side near ventral margin; 2nd joint with 2

medial bristles near distal margin; suture separating

1st and 2nd joints better denned than suture separating protopodite and exopodite. Exopodite: 1st

joint equally divided by weak suture into proximal

part with 2 stout plumose bristles, 1 on ventral

margin, 1 on medial side, and distal part with 3

bristles, 2 ventral, 1 medial, and short lateral process

terminal on dorsal margin; process with 2 bristles;

2nd joint with 2 bristles at middle of ventral margin, 1 bristle distal to middle of dorsal margin, 1

medial bristle near middle, and 1 terminal medial

bristle near ventral margin; end joint with 2

bristles of equal length.

Seventh limb: Limb small, elongate, tapered

with 2 long spinous bristles.

Furca, posterior of body: Similar to those on

T. radiata.

Rod-shaped organ: Not observed. (During dissection, when attempting to remove the right 2nd

antenna, the right 1st antenna inadvertently was

removed with it, resulting in the head area of the

specimen being torn. Therefore, it is not certain

that a minute rod-shaped organ, such as that illustrated for Thaumatocypris echinata by Poulsen

(1969:11, fig. lj), was not present; however, it is

reasonably certain that a well-developed rod-shaped

organ is absent.)

Upper lip: In general similar to that on T.

radiata, but with 2 anteroventral spine-like processes and 3 lateral triangular processes on each side

(Figure l$h).

COMPARISONS.—The new species, D. carolynae,

differs from D. orghidani in being larger, having

more delicate reticulations, and in having the posterodorsal process on the left valve lower than the

process of the right valve. The 2 bristles on the

terminal joint of the 5th limb of D. carolynae,

unlike those on D. orghidani, are equal in length.

No other species of Thaumatocyprididae bears a

bristle on the distal part of the 1st exopodial joint

of the 2nd antenna or on the posteroventral margin

of the protopodite. A bristle on the posteroventral

margin of the protopodite is unknown for the order Myodocopida. For comparing other morphological characters see Table 13.

Pokomyopsis Kozur, 1974

Thaumatocypris Mullen—Triebel, 1941:376— Bartenstein,

1949:95.

Pokornyopsis Kozur, 1974:863 [part].

TYPE-SPECIES.—Thaumatocypris feifeli Triebel,

1941, original designation.

This genus contains two Jurassic species P. feifeli

(Triebel, 1941) and P. bettenstaedti (Bartenstein,

1949).

DISTRIBUTION.—Lower and Upper Jurassic, Germany.

HABITAT.—Marine, benthonic, maximum depth

200 m.

DIAGNOSIS.—Differs from Danielopolina and

Thaumatomma in character of surface reticulations

and from Thaumatomma in absence of anterodorsal node.

DESCRIPTION.—Small, less than 1.5 mm in length;

subovate, with short straight hinge margin; with 2

anteroventral protuberances and 1 posterodorsal

tubercle symmetrically located on each valve. Surface with robust sublongitudinal ribs and 3 or 4

marginal ribs subconcentric with contact margins,

finer cross-ridges form reticulated pattern; subcentral subovate pit outlined by rim of same width as

surface ribs.

DISCUSSION.—Kozur (1974:853) did not publish

a diagnosis under Pokornyopsis; he referred to the

diagnosis of the subfamily Porkornyopsinae, family

Polycopidae. The following additional taxa, which

we do not include in Pokornyopsis, were referred

to it by Kozur: Polycope? sp. D (Oertli, 1972, only

figs. 37, 38 [Jurassic, Callovian? or Oxfordian, Deep

Sea Drilling Project Site 100, Cat Gap, 24°41.2'N,

73°47.94/W]); and Polycope? sp., Thaumatocypris?

sp. (Oertli, 1972 [same core as above]).

Key to the Species of Pokornyopsis

1. In end view valve surface slopes sharply from center to margins P. feifeli

1'. In end view valve surface curves gently from center to margins P. bettenataedti
104

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 78.—Pokornyopsis feifeli (Triebel, 1941), lateral view of topotypes in Natur-Museum

Senckenberg: a, left valve, specimen lost after examination; b, right valve, Xe 10104; c, left

valve, Xe 10105; d, left valve, Xe 10106; e, right valve, Xe 10107; /, enlargement of adductor

muscle attachment area of e. (a-e, X 75; /, X 300; photos reduced to 81 percent).
NUMBER 219 105

FIGURE 79.—Pokornyopsis feifeli (Triebel, 1941), end views of topotypes in Natur-Museum

Senckenbeig: a, anteroventral view, left valve, specimen lost after examination (same as Figure

78a); b, anteroventral view, right valve, Xe 10104; c, ventral view, left valve, Xe 10105; d, ventral

view, left valve, Xe 10106; e, dorsal view, right valve, Xe 10108; /, ventral view, right valve, XE

10107. (All x 75, photos reduced to 88 percent).

Pokornyopsis feifeli (Triebel, 1941)

FIGURES 78, 79

Thaumatocypris feifeli Triebel, 1941:376, pi. 12: figs. 140-

142.

Pokornyopsis feifeli (Triebel).—Kozur, 1974:853.

HOLOTYPE.—Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Xe

1242.

HABITAT.—Triebel (1941:377) postulated that

the heavily calcified shells do not indicate a purely

nektonic habit, although the animals could probably swim. Triebel proposed a depth of 100 m to

a maximum of 200 m for the type-species.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE.—Triebel (1941:377) recorded this species from Malm alpha and beta

(Upper Jurassic).

DIAGNOSIS.—Reticulate thaumatocyprid with

sharply curved outline in end view.

DISCUSSION.—Triebel adequately described and

illustrated this species based on more than 100

specimens. Kozur designated it as the type-species

of Pokornyopsis. Through the courtesy of Dr.

Heinz Malz, we borrowed from the Senckenberg

Museum 26 topotype specimens of P. feifeli. The

valves do not show the adductor muscle attachment scar pattern within the subcentrally located

external subovate pit, but the position of adductor

muscle attachment scars on the Holocene genera

(Figure 19) indicates that the pit on P. feifeli probably is the result of the muscle attachment. We

attempted to determine the presumed radial pattern of the adductor muscle attachment scar by

means of both acetate peels (1 specimen) and SEM

photographs (8 specimens), but were not able to

discern any details (Figure 78c-/). Based on the

position of the body within the valves of the Holocene genera (Figures 20, 21), Triebel's orientation

is adjusted so that the straight dorsal margin is on

top and the two protuberances are in an anteroventral position.

Pokornyopsis bettenstaedti (Bartenstein, 1949)

FIGURE 80

Thaumatocypris bettenstaedti Bartenstein, 1949:95, fig. la-c

Pokornyopsis bettenstaedti (Bartenstein).—Kozur, 1974:853.

HOLOTYPE.—Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Xe

1367.
FICUWE 80.—Porkornyopsis bettenstaedti (Bartenstein, 1949), paratype, Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Xe 1S68: a, right valve; b, left valve; c, carapace, dorsal view; d, carapace, anterior view;

e, carapace, posterior view; /, enlargement of adductor muscle attachment area of left valve, (o-e,

X 75; /, X 300; photos reduced to 92>/£ percent.)
NUMBER 219 107

HABITAT.—Bartenstein (1949:96) credited Dr.

K. Hoffman-Celle for determining a maximum

depth of 200 m for the gray, calcareous claystone

in which the 4 specimens were found associated

with abundant snail and mollusk fragments, but

few foraminiferids, ostracodes, or ammonites.

DIAGNOSIS.—Bartenstein differentiated P. bettenstaedti from P. feifeli (Triebel) because of its

smaller size and more evenly rounded dorsal outline; P. feifeli is more convex in dorsal view (compare Figure 79e with Figure 80c).

DISCUSSION.—Bartenstein adequately described

this species and illustrated the holotype from the

uppermost Lias (Lower Jurassic) in Lattrum Well

no. 2, northwestern Germany. He recorded the

length to be from 0.52 mm to 0.96 mm, and stated

that in addition to the holotype, he had 3 paratypes (Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Xe 1368). Dr.

Heinz Malz sent a pyritised paratype and wrote

(letter to Sohn, 19 February 1973) that the second

paratype suffered from decay of the pyrite, and

that the third specimen is a juvenile.

Thaumatomma, new genus

TYPE-SPECIES.—Thaumatomma piscifrons, new

species.

ETYMOLOGY.—The generic name is from the

Greek thauma (marvel) 4- omma (eye).

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from Permian limestones at Idhra (Hydra), Greece. In addition to the

type-species, at least five as yet undescribed species

are present in the Permian of Greece.

HABITAT.—Associated brachiopods, rare trilobite

fragments, fusuline and other foraminiferids, as

well as benthic ostracodes in families including

Bairdiidae, Amphissitidae, Kellettinidae, Roundyella Bradfield, 1935 (PScrobiculidae), Hollinellidae,

and the presence of growth stages in many of the

species indicate a normal marine shelf habitat.

DIAGNOSIS.—Small, subround, reticulate with

anterodorsal node.

DESCRIPTION.—Carapace subround; less than 2

mm in greatest length; with straight or slightly

convex dorsal margin; valves symmetrical, ornamented by variable patterns formed by ridges and

cross-ridges; with more-or-less straight anteroventral

margin delimited by 2 protuberances; lower anteroventral protuberance, usually longer than

upper, may vary in size on opposing valves, and

the distance between it and the contact margin

may vary; with slightly inset anterodorsal node on

each valve; with or without small posterodorsal

tubercle located in the same position on each

valve. Overlap slight, apparently right over left on

anterior margin, and left over right along posterior

margin. Hingement relatively short, straight or

curved, apparently without dentition. Dimorphism

and adductor muscle attachment scar pattern as yet

undetermined.

DISCUSSION.—All the specimens are poorly silicified, obtained by treating limestone with dilute

hydrochloric acid. The anterodorsal node is rarely

preserved; in most specimens it is represented by a

hole in the valve, and in some by a rounded node

that is not reticulated. This node, of unknown

function, superficially resembles an "eye spot,"

consequently the name "Thaumatomma." The position of the anteroventral protuberances varies in

distance from the contact margin, and may possibly

be of specific importance. Some species have a

stubby posterodorsal tubercle in the same position

on both valves; other species have either a spine

in the anteroventral area, or do not have any

tubercles or spines.

This genus and its type-species are described

here in order to document the phylogenetic interpretation. The other species will be described by

Sohn at a later date with the rest of the ostracodes

from the Permian of Greece.

The presence in the collections of specimens of

Thaumatomma with diverse morphological characters suggests that some of the observed differences

could be due to sexual dimorphism. Dimorphism

is ruled out by the fact that each of the morphotypes present has growth stages with the same

morphology as the largest specimens. The diversity

in Thaumatomma species (at least 6) during the

Permian of Greece suggests that the genus probably evolved during the Carboniferous or even

earlier, but has not yet been recorded.

Thaumatomma piscifrons, new species

FIGURES 81-87

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 168167, left valve of probably A-l growth stage.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Southeastern side of Idhra,
108

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 81.—Thaumatomma piscifrons, new species, paratype, USNM 168168, broken carapace:

a, dorsal view; b, right view; c, left view; d, anterior view; e, posterior view. Broken fragment of

shell adhered to ventral margin of right valve during preparation for SEM as in d and e. (All

approximately X 130; photos reduced to 74i/£ percent.)
NUMBER 219 109

FIGURE 82.—Thaumatomma piscifrons, new species, lateral views: a, right valve, paratype, USNM

168170; b, right valve, paratype, USNM 168171; c, left valve, paratype, USNM 168181; d, left

valve, paratype, USNM 168172; e, right valve, paratype, USNM 168173; /, right valve, paratype,

USNM 168174; g, left valve, paratype, USNM 168175; h, left valve, oblique view, paratype,

USNM 168169; i, left valve, paratype, USNM 168176; /, left valve, holotype, USNM 168167; k,

right valve, paratype, USNM 168177. (All approximately x 100, photos reduced to 53 percent.)
110

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 83.—Thaumatomma piscifrons, new species, inside views (note location of anterodorsal

node, dorsoposterior tubercle, and missing contact margins on a-d): a, right valve, paratype,

USNM 168170; b, right valve, paratype, USNM 168171; c, left valve, paratype, USNM 168181; d,

left valve, paratype, USNM 168176; e, left valve, holotype, USNM 168167. (et-d, approximately

X 100; e, X 50; photos reduced to 82 percent).
NUMBER 219 111

FIGURE 84.—Thaumatomma piscifrons, new species: a, right valve, dorsal view, paratype, USNM

168170; b, right valve, dorsal view, paratype, USNM 168171; c, right valve, anterior view, paratype, USNM 168173; d, left valve, anterior view, paratype, USNM 168181; e, left valve, anterior

view, paratype, USNM 168172; /, left valve, dorsal view, paratype, USNM 168172; g, right valve,

anterior view, paratype, USNM 168174; h, left valve, dorsal view, paratype, USNM 168169; i,

left valve, anterior view, holotype, USNM 168167; ;, left valve, posterior view, with dorsal to

right (note tubercle), holotype, USNM 168167; k, left valve, ventral view, holotype, USNM 168167;

I, left valve, dorsal view, paratype, USNM 168176. (All approximately x 100; photos reduced

to 54i/£ percent.)

just off the Argolian coast, Greece, about i/2 km

south of the village of Episkopi, weathered block

with silicified fossils, USNM locality 9260 (see

Grant, 1972:214, for description).

TYPE-LEVEL.—"Lattonienkalk of Renz (1955:

432), Permian (see Grant, 1972:215, for discussion

of age).

PARATYPES.—USNM 168168-168187, one poorly

preserved juvenile carapace, and 40 right and left

valves.

ETYMOLOGY.—The specific name is from the

Latin piscis (fish) 4- frons (face), because of the

appearance in anterior view.

DIAGNOSIS.—Thaumatomma with straight dorsal

margin; straight anteroventral margin located just

below approximate midheight, trends sharply

downwards and backwards; lower anteroventral

protuberance located lateral to contact margin by

less than diameter of upper protuberance; anterodorsal node located below dorsal margin slightly

more than one-fourth greatest height, somewhat

rloser to anterodorsal margin; with posterodorsal
112

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 85.—Thaumatomma piscifrons, new species, paratype,

USNM 168187, smallest specimen, length 0.42 mm, height

0.38 mm; a, right valve; b, inside view; c, posterior view;

d, ventral view; e, anterior view. (All X 100; photos reduced

to 76i4 percent; because specimen was mounted on its dorsal

margin, the dorsal parts of a and b are retouched.)

tubercle on each valve; surface reticulated, formed

by ridges subparallel to free margins, and weaker

cross-ridges, ridges subparallel to anterior margin

for approximately one-third greatest length, form

subconcentric pattern on posterior part of valve.

DESCRIPTION (Figures 81-86).—Valves subovate,

dorsal margin straight; anterodorsal margin broadly

rounded, extends from approximate anterior

quarter of greatest length to approximate midheight where it merges with the upper smaller anteroventral protuberance; straight anteroventral

margin trends downwards and backwards, length

of anteroventral margin less than one-fourth the

greatest height, makes a distinct angle with larger

lower protuberance; ventral margin convex, anterior portion trends downward and backward subparallel to straight anteroventral margin to a point

approximately directly below the junction of the

dorsal and anterodorsal margins, then curves

gently upward to a point opposite lower anteroventral protuberance where it merges with convex

posterior margin; posterior margin rounded, merges

with dorsal margin slightly in front of dorsoposterior tubercle; dorsal outline subelliptical, greatest width subcentral; end outline subovate; greatest width subcentral, less than greatest height.

Ornamentation: Surface with ridges subparallel

to free margin, weaker short ridges form rectangular to subtriangular reticules; subparallel ridges

extending approximately one-third valve length

from anterior margin, and forming a subconcentric

pattern on posterior part of valve. Anterodorsal

node with diameter larger than base of lower anteroventral protuberance, subhemispherical, with

indented perimeter, located about equidistant from

upper anteroventral protuberance and junction of

dorsal and anterodorsal margins. Dorsoposterior

tubercle small, located about same distance in front

of posterior margin and below junction of dorsal

and dorsoposterior margins; diameter of base approximately equals distance between three surface

ridges. Upper anteroventral protuberance shorter

and thinner than lower protuberance, located near

contact margin; lower anteroventral protuberance

hollow, located lateral to contact margin by distance less than its diameter; distance between protuberance equal to or less than one-fourth greatest

height of valve.

Adductor muscle-scar: Unknown.

Size (Figure 87): Because of the poor preservation, many of the valves broke when handled with

a wet brush. Consequently, only the greatest

lengths and heights on the outside of the valves

were measured. The greatest length was measured

parallel to the straight hinge margin at the base

of the upper anteroventral protuberance, and the

greatest height was measured normal to the hinge

margin. USNM locality 9260: paratype USNM

168170, length 0.55 mm, height 0.46 mm; paratype

USNM 168171, length 0.61 mm, height 0.57 mm;

paratype USNM 168172, length 0.74 mm, height

0.64; paratype USNM 168173, length 0.74 mm,

height 0.66 mm; paratype USNM 168174, length

0.80 mm, height 0.67 mm; paratype USNM 168175,

length 0.75 mm, height 0.67 mm; paratype USNM

168176, length 0.91 mm, height 0.78 mm; paratype

USNM 168177, length 0.96 mm, height 0.83 mm;

paratype USNM 168168, length 0.66 mm, height

0.56 mm; paratype USNM 168178, length 1.21 mm,

height 0.96 mm; paratype USNM 168179, length

1.23 mm, height 0.99 mm; paratype USNM 168180,

length 0.42 mm, height 0.38 mm. USNM locality

9261: paratype USNM 168181, length 0.75 mm,

height 0.64 mm; paratype USNM 168169, length

0.97 mm, height 0.86 mm; holotype USNM 168167,

length 0.92 mm, height 0.89 mm; paratype USNM
NUMBER 219 113

FIGURE 86.—Thaumatomma piscifrons, new species: a, dorsoposterior tubercle, paratype, USNM

168172, X 500; b, lateral view of anterodorsal node, paratype, USNM 168181, x 500; c, inside

view of anterodorsal node, paratype, USNM 168176, X 500; d, lateral view of anterodorsal node,

holotype, USNM 168167, X 1200; e, detail of inside of d, x 4859. (Photos reduced to 69y£

percent)
114 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

0.4

0.3

0.4 0.5 0.6 .0 I.I

FIGURE 87.—Thaumatomma piscifrons, new species, carapace length-height graph.

0.7 0.8 0.9

LENGTH (mm)

1.2 1.3

168187, length 0.42 mm, height 0.38 mm.

DISCUSSION.—The ostracodes were obtained by

dissolving, in hydrochloric acid, limestone blocks

that ranged in size from approximately 3X4X 6

in (8 X 10 X 15 cm) to as large as 10 X 12 X 24 in

.(25 X 30 X 60 cm), and each block at the same

locality was identified by a number. Because the

acid dissolved the specimens from all sides of the

block, each ostracode collection represents a mixed

assemblage that varies in the time span represented

by the thickness of the individual blocks. Any two

consecutive growth stages of the same species from

the same block may have represented individuals

that lived at different times, separated at the maximum by the number of years it took for the thickness of the block to be deposited. The study is

further complicated by the fact that the Thaumatomma specimens are as a rule poorly preserved,

and the majority of the valves have parts of the

contact margin missing. A great deal of time was

spent in picking the +40 and larger fractions of

the etched residue in the hope of finding an adult
NUMBER 219 115

individual to serve as a holotype. Only one left

valve (Figure 83<r, USNM 168167), 0.92 mm in

greatest length, has a complete contact margin, the

other figured specimens (Figures 83a-d) have portions of the contact margins missing. Specimens

with greatest length of 1.23 mm and fragments of

even larger specimens, always less than 2 mm in

greatest length were recovered. As can be seen from

the length-height graph of T. piscifrons (Figure

87), the specimen designated as the holotype probably represents the A-l growth stage. Figure 87

represents specimens from 5 blocks, with the majority from one block.

Superfamily ENTOMOCONCHACEA

Sylvester-Bradley, 1953

Family ENTOMOCONCHIDAE Brady, 1868

Subfamily ENTOMOCONCHINAE Brady, 1868

FIGURES 88, 89

Two genera are included in the Entomoconchinae: Entomoconchus McCoy, 1839, and Elpezoe

Pribyl, 1951 (= Elpe Barrande, 1872).

We have examined 4 specimens, all steinkerns, of

Entomoconchus scouleri McCoy, 1839 (Figures 88,

89) and one specimen of Elpezoe? borealis Copeland, 1964.

All the specimens hitherto illustrated in this subfamily are also judged by us to be steinkerns or

more or less corroded or abraided specimens because they have a raised radiate adductor muscle

attachment scar. If the shell were present, the scars

would not be raised. The outside surface of the

valves of taxa in this family is as yet unknown.

There is no evidence on the specimens examined

(Figures 88, 89) and on the published illustrations

of specimens that a "siphon" or a "sinus" attributed

to this group by Sylvester-Bradley (1953:132, 1961:

Q396) is present.

Through the kindness of Dr. Peter H. von Bitter,

Department of Invertebrate Paleontology, Royal

Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada, we borrowed

3 specimens of Entomoconchus scouleri McCoy,

1839, all steinkerns of single valves. SEM photographs of one of these are illustrated in Figure 89.

A steinkern of a specimen of E. scouleri (In.-192)

was obtained from the British Museum (Natural

History) through courtesy of Dr. R. H. Bate. SEM

photographs of this specimen are illustrated in

Figure 88.

Subfamily ONCOTECHMONINAE Resting, 1954

FIGURES 90-92

Kesling (1954) adequately described and illustrated Oncotechmonus chemotus Kesling, the typespecies of Oncotechmonus Kesling, 1954, and

Checontonomus cophus Kesling, the type-species of

Checontonomus Kesling, 1954. Through the cooperation of Professor R. V. Kesling, University of

Michigan, and Dr. R. S. Laub, Buffalo Museum,

we have examined the types of both species, and

suggest the following emendations:

ORIENTATION.—According to Kesling's orientation, the greatest width is above the midheight, and

the anterior margin is straight. Based on our knowledge of the living Thaumatocyprididae, in which

the widest part of the carapace is below the midheight, and the anteroventral margin is straight,

we consider it likely that the original orientation

should be changed so that the ventral margin becomes the dorsal margin and the straight anterior

margin represents the anteroventral margin. See,

however, the discussion under "Anterior Region."

POSTEROVENTRAL GAPE.—We examined the posteroventral area on the holotype of O. chemotus

(Figure 92c) and cannot exclude the possibility

that the "gape" described by Kesling (1954:576)

represents missing parts of the ventral edges of both

valves. On the hypotype of O. chemotus, later described and illustrated by Kesling (1955), this area

of the valve is missing.

ANTERIOR REGION.—Kesling stated that the anterior region of the carapace is flat or depressed.

Our examination of the holotype of C. cophus

reveals that parts of the anterior of both valves

are not in contact with each other (Figures 90d,f;

91). It is not possible to know whether this is the

result of missing shell material, or represents an

original opening in the carapace. The anterior of

the holotype and of the hypotype of O. chemotus

is partly covered. We are unable to determine

whether there is shell material below the covering

matrix. If, indeed, both genera have an opening in

this area, two possible interpretations can be postu-
116 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FICUKE 88.—Entomoconchus scouleri McCoy, 1839, steinkern, British Museum (Natural History),

In-192, Carboniferous Limestone, Bolland, Yorkshire: a, left view; b, c, right view; d, anterior

view; e, dorsal view; /, ventral view, (a, b, d-f, coated with ammonium chloride; c, uncoated;

all approximately X 3.)
NUMBER 219 117

FIGURE 89.—Entomoconchus scouleri McCoy, 1839, steinkern, Royal Ontario Museum, no. 2529CB,

Carboniferous, Wetton, England: a, lateral view of left valve, greatest length, 8.5 mm; b, detail

of adductor muscle attachment scar; c, anteroventral margin, dorsal margin to the left; d, ventral

view; e, anteroventral view to show convexity.
118 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
NUMBER 219 119

-FIGURE 90.—Checontonomus cophus Resting, 1954, holotype, Buffalo Museum, No. £15871, length

5.9 mm, height 5.8 mm, width 3.0 mm; a, right lateral view, approximately X 13; b, dorsal view,

stereo-pair (anterior towards bottom); c, posteroventral view (ventral margin towards bottom); d,

anteroventral view, stereo-pair; e, detail of hinge area along dorsal margin shown in b, orientation same as b; f, anterodorsal view, stereo-pair. (See discussion on page 118 for alternate orientations; photos reduced to 58 percent).

lated. One, the opening represents the equivalent

of the incisur of many myodocopids; or two, the

"anterior" is really the posterior, and the opening

end is either a siphon, such as is present in some

myodocopids, or it represents an aperture through

which the body of a crustacean other than an

ostracode protruded. We have not been able to

determine from the published record or from examination of Devonian Crustacea in the National

Museum of Natural History collections the taxon

in which the Oncotechmoninae belong, if they are

not ostracodes. Most living ostracodes are widest

posterior to midlength. The position of the widest

part of the Oncotechmoninae suggests that the

straight portion of the shell represents the posterior

of the carapace.

FIGURE 91.—Checontonomus cophus Resting, 1954, holotype, Buffalo Museum No. E15871: a,

oblique anterior view, approximately X 34; b, upper part of a, stereo-pair; c, detail of ventral

contact near middle of valves shown in Figure 90d; d, lower part of a, stereo-view. (Photos reduced

to 581/4 percent).
120

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 92.—Oncotechmonus chemotus Kesling, 1954, holotype. Buffalo Museum No. El4292a,

length 7.4 mm, height 6.0 mm, width 3.2 mm a, left lateral view, approximately X 13; b, anterior

view, ventral margin towards right; c, posteroventral view; d, dorsal view; e, dorsal part of anterior shown in b; f, ventral part of anterior shown in b; g, detail of posterior edge shown in

c; h, detail of lower edge shown by arrow in g; i, oblique anterior view.

The available material does not permit conclusions regarding the correctness of any of the three

possibilities enumerated above. Lacking conclusive

evidence to the contrary, we leave open the question of whether or not the Oncotechmoninae are

ostracodes.

Family CYPROSINIDAE Whidborne, 1890

The family Cyprosinidae Whidborne, 1890, was

referred to the Entomoconchacea by SylvesterBradley (1953:132, 1961:Q397). This family is based

on the monotypic genus Cyprosina Jones, 1881

(type-species C. whidbornei Jones, 1881, Middle

Devonian, southern England): The genus, depending upon shell orientation, is either rostrate or has

a posterior siphon, and has either a dorsal or a

ventral sulcus (Sylvester-Bradley, 1953, pi. 8: figs.

1-3; Whidborne, 1889, pi. 4: figs, la, 2a, b). Zanina

(1960:329) correctly referred the genus Cyprosina

to the Cypridinidae Baird, 1850. The only other

reference to this genus is by Chapman (1904:312,
NUMBER 219 121

FIGURE 93.—Cyprosina whidbornei Jones, 1881, topotype,

British Museum (Natural History), In-25911, Devonian, Lummaton near Torguan, Devon, South England: a, left valve;

b, dorsal view. (Approximately x 3.)

pi. 16: fig. 4, pi. 17: fig. 1) who described and illustrated Cyprosina sp. from the Silurian of Victoria,

but this reference is based on poorly preserved material. Chapman had also classified the genus in the

Cypridinidae.

Through the courtesy of Dr. R. H. Bate, we have

obtained from the British Museum (Natural History) a left valve (In-25911) of the type-species here

illustrated (Figure 93). The specimen is an abraded

valve showing a shallow sulcus near the dorsal

margin in front of midlength. The posterior part

of the valve is missing (Figure 93&); consequently,

we could not examine the structure previously interpreted as either a rostrum or posterior siphon.

We believe, however, that the specimen should be

oriented with the sulcus near the top.

Crustacea?

FIGURE I4a,b

Thaumatocypris sp. indet.—Poulsen, 1969:12, fig. 2.

Through Dr. Torben Wolff we obtained for examination from the Zoological Museum of the

University of Copenhagen the empty carapace described by Poulsen (1969) as Thaumatocypris sp.

indet.

We were unable to detect on the carapace any

indication of a hinge line such as the one shown

on the specimen figured by Poulsen (1969, fig. 2).

Creases are present on the specimen in the area

where a hinge line should appear, but a sufficiently

large area is free of creases to ascertain the absence

of such a line (Figure 14a). Because of the absence

of a hinge line we doubt that the carapace is that of

an ostracode. Supporting evidence is the absence

of muscle-scars, although we rely less heavily on

that criterion because of the absence of information

concerning the appearance of musde-scars in

molted or partly decomposed thaumatocyprid

carapaces. In addition, none of the spines on the

specimen has the thick well-defined wall present in

the spines of Thaumatocypris echinata (compare

Figure 146 with Figures 14c,d). In a brief survey

of the literature we noted that some decapod larvae

are multispinous, but we did not find any larvae

having spines in the precise positions of those on

the specimen on hand. These considerations form

the basis for our referring the specimen to "Crustacea?."
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