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STATE OF MICHIGAN 

COURT OF APPEALS 

JOHN ENGEL and PAM EVANS, 

 Appellants, 

UNPUBLISHED 

September 13, 2016 

v No. 327701 

Bay Circuit Court 

MONITOR TOWNSHIP ZONING BOARD OF 

APPEALS, 

LC No. 14-003651-AA 

 Appellee. 

Before: TALBOT, C.J., and O’CONNELL and OWENS, JJ. 

PER CURIAM. 

 Appellants, John Engel and Pam Evans, appeal as of right the decision of the Monitor 

Township Zoning Board of Appeals (the Board) to grant a nonuse variance to Kathy and Charles 

Card. The Cards requested a variance to construct an indoor horse training arena near their 

property line. We affirm. 

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 

 In May 2014, the Cards requested a variance to construct a 72 foot by 200 foot indoor 

horse training arena 14 feet from their side property line, which adjoins Engel’s and Evans’s 

property. Engel and Evans requested by letter that the Board deny the Cards’ request. The 

requested variance was from Monitor Township Zoning Ordinance, ch V, § 5.04(c), which 

requires a 100 foot setback for “[f]arm buildings housing animals or poultry.” In June 2014, the 

Board denied the Cards’ requested variance because “there are other options.” 

 In August 2014, the Cards submitted a new application for a nonuse variance. They 

requested the variance from Monitor Township Zoning Ordinance, ch V, § 5.04(b)(3), which 

requires that “[f]arm buildings not housing animals or poultry shall be at least fifty (50) feet from 

all property lines.” On their new application, the Cards proposed to build the arena 30 feet from 

the shared property line. 

 The Board held public meetings to address the Cards’ second application. Following the 

public comment period, the Board rendered its decision. The Board decided that the proper 

section from which to grant the variance was § 5.04(b)(3) because the arena was not a structure 

in which animals were fed, bathed, or resided overnight. The Board considered the property’s 

topography and that the Township’s Master Plan contemplated preserving farmland, and then 
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discussed in detail the difficulties in locating the arena elsewhere on the Cards’ property. 

Ultimately, the Board unanimously voted to approve the variance, finding that 

the Master Plan includes the preservation of agricultural property; the rear acreage 

of the parcel is better suited for agriculture than development; the 30 foot 

separation of the structure and the neighbor’s lot line will be sufficient and not 

cause undue hardship; [the variance was] for the purpose of allowing an indoor 

horse training arena and not to house animals or storage, but solely for 

agricultural use. 

The Board also found that granting the variance met with the spirit of the ordinance, and the 

property’s situation was not so general that it would be practical to form a general regulation to 

address the condition. 

 Engel and Evans appealed to the circuit court. In a written opinion, the circuit court 

concluded that the Board properly considered the Cards’ second application because it was 

different than their first application. It concluded that § 5.04(b)(3) was the appropriate ordinance 

from which to grant the variance because the horses would not eat, sleep, or bathe in the indoor 

arena. The circuit court also concluded that substantial evidence supported the Board’s decision 

to grant a variance, and that Monitor Township building inspector Dave Degrow’s participation 

in the proceedings was appropriate because Degrow was not related to or compensated by the 

Cards. 

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW 

 This Court reviews de novo the trial court’s decision in an appeal from a zoning board. 

Edw C Levy Co v Marine City Zoning Bd of Appeals, 293 Mich App 333, 340; 810 NW2d 621 

(2011). Courts must affirm the decision of a zoning board of appeals unless the decision is 

contrary to law, based on improper procedure, unsupported by competent, material, and 

substantial evidence on the record, or an abuse of discretion. Id. “Substantial evidence is 

evidence that a reasonable person would accept as sufficient to support a conclusion.” Id. at 340-

341 (quotation marks and citation omitted). We give deference to the agency’s findings of fact. 

Id. at 341. We review de novo the interpretation and application of municipal ordinances. Great 

Lakes Society v Georgetown Charter Twp, 281 Mich App 396, 407; 761 NW2d 371 (2008). 

III. AUTHORITY TO CONSIDER THE APPLICATION 

 Engel and Evans contend that the Board did not have authority to consider the Cards’ 

second application because it was essentially a rehearing of their first application. We disagree. 

 Under the Michigan Zoning Enabling Act, townships must create zoning boards of appeal 

that are responsible for deciding whether to grant variances, among other things. MCL 

125.3601; MCL 125.3604(7). A zoning board of appeals does not have power to grant 

rehearings. McVeigh v City of Battle Creek, 350 Mich 214; 86 NW2d 279 (1957). A zoning 

enabling board which reconsiders its former grant or denial of a variance acts outside its 

statutory authority. Kethman v Oceola Twp, 88 Mich App 94, 102; 276 NW2d 529 (1979). 
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 In this case, the Board did not act outside its authority because it considered a new 

application; it did not grant a rehearing. The arena’s location was different on the Cards’ first 

and second applications—in the first application, the Cards proposed to build the arena 14 feet 

from the property line, and in the second, they proposed to build the arena 30 feet from the 

property line. We conclude that the Board did not improperly reconsider its denial of the Cards’ 

first application for a variance. 

IV. APPROPRIATENESS OF THE VARIANCE 

 First, Engel and Evans contend that the Board applied the wrong ordinance when 

considering the variance. We disagree. 

 We apply the rules of statutory interpretation to ordinances. Great Lakes Society, 281 

Mich App at 407. The purpose of interpretation is to give effect to the intent of the legislative 

body. Id. at 407-408. To do so, we afford terms their plain and ordinary meanings and may 

consult a dictionary to determine these meanings. Id. at 408. 

 As previously discussed, Monitor Township’s Zoning Ordinance provides different 

requirements for those buildings housing animals or poultry: 

No building or structure nor any enlargement thereof shall be hereafter erected 

except in conformance with the following yard and lot area requirements. . . . 

* * * 

(b) Side Yard— 

* * * 

 3) Farm buildings not housing animals or poultry shall be located at least 

fifty (50) feet from all property lines. 

(c) Farm buildings or corrals housing animals or poultry shall be located at least 

one hundred (100) feet from all property lines. [Monitor Township Zoning 

Ordinance, ch V, § 5.04 (emphasis added).] 

The ordinance defines a corral as “[a] pen or enclosure for confining or capturing animals or 

livestock, but not including an area for grazing of such.” Monitor Township Zoning Ordinance, 

ch II, § 2.27. 

 We reject Engel’s and Evans’s assertion that, because the arena confines animals, it is 

then a corral that necessarily falls under § 5.04(c). The grammar of § 5.04(c) includes an 

adjectival phrase, “housing animals or poultry,” which describes the kind of building or corral to 

which the section applies. Regardless of whether the arena is a building or corral, it does not fall 

under § 5.04(c) unless it “hous[es] animals or poultry.” Accordingly, the important distinction in 

this case is whether the arena in question does or does not house the horses. 
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 The definition of “to house” is instructive. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11 

ed) defines the verb “to house” in relevant part as follows: “1 a : to provide with living quarters 

or shelter b : to store in a house 2 : to encase, enclose, or shelter as if by putting in a house 3 : 

to serve as a shelter or container for : CONTAIN . . . .” 

 It would stretch this definition to conclude that the Cards’ horses are housed in the arena. 

The horses do not live in the arena and they are not stored there. Instead, Karen Card’s 

statements before the board established that the horses train in the arena before they are returned 

to their respective barns, where they live and are stored. We conclude that the circuit court did 

not err when it concluded that the Board applied the appropriate section when granting a 

variance. 

 Second, Engel and Evans contend that competent, material, and substantial evidence did 

not support the Board’s decision to grant the variance. Again, we disagree. 

 A variance is “a license to use property in a way that would not be permitted under a 

zoning ordinance.” Frericks v Highland Twp, 228 Mich App 575, 582; 579 NW2d 441 (1998). 

A variance may be a use variance or a nonuse variance. Nat’l Boatland, Inc v Farmington Hills 

Zoning Bd of Appeals, 146 Mich App 380, 387; 380 NW2d 472 (1985). Nonuse variances are 

those variances concerned with the area, height, and setback requirements of structures. Id. 

 A zoning board of appeals has “authority to grant nonuse variances . . . .” MCL 

125.3604(8). MCL 125.3604(7) sets forth the conditions for granting a variance: 

 If there are practical difficulties for nonuse variances as provided in [MCL 

125.3604(8)] or unnecessary hardship for use variances as provided in [MCL 

125.3604(9)] in the way of carrying out the strict letter of the zoning ordinance, 

the zoning board of appeals may grant a variance in accordance with this section, 

so that the spirit of the zoning ordinance is observed, public safety secured, and 

substantial justice done. . . . 

The Monitor Township Zoning Ordinance contains procedures for processing and granting 

variances in § 18.10, which provides as follows: 

Where there are practical difficulties or unnecessary hardship in carrying out the 

strict letter of this Ordinance, the Zoning Board of Appeals shall have power to 

vary or modify any of the provisions hereof so that the spirit of the Ordinance 

shall be observed, public safety promoted, and substantial justice done. The 

Zoning Board of Appeals may grant such variances only upon finding that all of 

the following conditions exist: 

(a) Where it is found that, by reason of the exceptional narrowness, 

shallowness or shape of a specific parcel or property or by reason of 

exceptional topographic conditions or other extraordinary situation of the 

land or structure or of the use of property immediately adjoining the 

property in question, the literal enforcement of this Ordinance would 

involve practical difficulties or would cause undue hardship . . . . 
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(b) Where it is found that there is practical difficulty or unnecessary hardship 

in carrying out the strict letter of this Ordinance and a request is made to 

vary such regulations so that the spirit of this Ordinance shall be observed, 

public safety secured, and substantial justice done. 

(c) Where it is found that the condition or situation of the specific piece of 

property or the intended use of said property for which the variance is 

sought is not so general or recurrent in nature as to make reasonably 

practicable the formulation of a general regulation for such condition or 

situation in this Ordinance. 

Although the ordinance requires a finding of “practical difficulties or unnecessary hardship,” 

practical difficulties under the Act relate to nonuse variances and unnecessary hardship pertains 

to use variances. MCL 125.3604(7). Accordingly, “practical difficulty” is the relevant standard 

for the Cards’ nonuse variance, not whether—as Engel and Evans contend—alternative 

placement of the arena was impossible. 

 Engel and Evans contend that, contrary to Degrow’s testimony, the property was not 60% 

floodplain, and that a 250-foot difference in the distance between the arena and horse barns 

would not present a practical difficulty. They also argue that, contrary to the Board’s findings, 

the nearness of the arena would work a substantial detriment on their property. 

 The record supports the Board’s findings on these issues. At the meetings in this case, 

Engel and Evans expressed their belief that the Cards could not demonstrate a hardship because 

their parcel contained 28 acres. The Board discussed alternate locations on the property on 

which the Cards could build their horse arena. Degrow, Monitor Township’s building inspector, 

gave several reasons why the Board should grant the Cards a variance. Degrow opined that 60% 

of the Cards’ property was floodplain, and 45% to 50% was wetlands. Degrow stated that 

building the arena elsewhere on the property would require building it on farmed pasture or 

fields. Michelle Kostraba, the owner of a horse farm in Saginaw County, also opined that the 

Cards’ arena was necessary for training horses in Michigan because horses “need to be worked 

year round,” and the weather often prevents that. Kostraba opined that building the arena in the 

alternative location in the hayfield would be problematic in the winter because it would require 

the Cards to move hot, sweaty horses long distances in the cold. 

 Engel’s and Evans’s arguments regarding the appropriateness of the variance boil down 

to issues of credibility. This Court defers to findings regarding credibility in zoning board of 

appeals cases because we are not in the best position to test the credibility of witnesses. 

Marcenas v Village of Michiana, 433 Mich 380, 392; 446 NW2d 102 (1989). We conclude that 

competent, material, and substantial evidence in the record supported the Board’s findings. 

V. PARTICIPATION OF DEGROW 

 Finally, Engel and Evans argue that Degrow’s participation in the proceedings was 

inappropriate and denied them due process. We disagree. 

 A party has a due process right to a hearing before a fair and impartial tribunal. Pitoniak 

v Borman’s Inc, 104 Mich App 718, 722; 305 NW2d 305 (1981). “Duress occurs in the land use, 
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administrative context when the decision maker is improperly pressured to serve an interest other 

than that of the voters, taxpayers, members of the general public, justice, and due process.” 

Hughes v Almena Twp, 284 Mich App 50, 76; 771 NW2d 453 (2009) (quotation marks and

citation omitted). The question is whether the officer appearing before the board had a personal 

interest in the matter. Id. at 76. 

 In this case, Degrow was a contractual employee of the Township. As an employee, he 

owed a duty of loyalty to the public. See Macomb Co Prosecutor v Murphy, 464 Mich 149, 164; 

627 NW2d 247 (2001). However, Engel and Evans have failed to provide evidence that Degrow 

had a personal interest in this case. He was not related to or receiving compensation from the 

Cards. More importantly, there is no indication that Degrow improperly pressured the Board to 

reach its decision in this case. To the contrary, the Board treated Degrow’s statements with the 

same scrutiny that it treated others offering opinions and comments. We conclude that Degrow’s 

involvement in the case did not deprive Engel and Evans of a fair hearing. 

 We affirm. 

/s/ Michael J. Talbot 

/s/ Peter D. O’Connell 

/s/ Donald S. Owens