3Ts for Reducing Lead 

in Drinking Water 

in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 
are Facilities: Revised Guidance 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

TRAINING 

 

ide? 

ll child care facilities to help them 

eir buildings does not contain elevated 

e 3Ts (training, testing, telling) to assist 

educe children’s exposure to lead in 

health effects and sources of lead 

or testing water and recommended 

oblem if one is identified 

with parents and staff 

d care facility you should obtain a copy 

nking Water in Schools: Revised 

can be downloaded at www.epa.gov/ 

y calling the Safe Drinking Water 

Lead and Children’s Health Lead exposure is a serious health concern, especially for young children and infants. Children’s bodies absorb more of the lead they are exposed to than do adults. For infants and children, exposure to high levels of lead may result in delays in physical or mental development, lower IQ levels, and even brain damage. Because children spend so much time in child care facilities and lead exposure is a serious health risk for children, these facilities need to know if their drinking water is safe. Learn more about the health effects of lead on page 4 of this Guide. Lead in Drinking Water Drinking water is one possible source of lead exposure. Some drinking water pipes, taps, solder, and other plumbing components contain lead. Lead in the plumbing can leach into water, putting children at risk. Other possible sources of lead exposure include paint, dust, soil and dirt, and pottery. Drinking water is not usually a major source of lead but facilities that serve young children should test their water to make sure it is safe. Read more about how lead gets into drinking water on page 5. Testing for Lead Testing water in child care facilities is important because children spend a lot of time in these facilities, and are very likely to consume water while there. Even though water delivered from the community’s public water supply must meet federal and state standards for lead, the building plumbing may contribute to elevated lead levels in the drinking water. Testing the water at each outlet is the only sure way to find out if the water contains too much lead. Follow the instructions on page 8 to test the drinking water in your facility. 

2 
are Facilities: Revised Guidance 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

 your efforts to ensure the drinking 

ontain elevated levels of lead. 

water supplier. They can provide 

f the water and may be able to help 

water program to see if any 

y can provide help. 

alth agency to discuss your needs. 

ons may also be able to help you in your 

Health Effects

of Lead 

Lead is a toxic metal that is harmful to human health when it is ingested or inhaled. Unlike most other contaminants, lead is stored in our bones, and can be released over time into the bloodstream. Even small doses of lead can build up and become a significant health risk. While everyone is at risk, infants and young children are the most vulnerable to the harmful effects of lead. Risks to Children Children are especially susceptible to the effects of lead because their bodies are still developing. Children younger than six are at the most risk. Even at low levels of lead exposure, children may experience lower IQ levels, hearing loss, reduced attention span, learning disabilities, hyperactivity, and poor classroom performance. Exposure to high lead levels can cause coma, convulsions, and even death. Risks to Pregnant Women Pregnant women who are exposed to lead may bear children with low birth weight and slowed mental and physical development. Levels of Risk A variety of factors determine how harmful exposure to lead will be for an individual. The amount of lead, the number of times a person is exposed to elevated lead levels, and the length of exposure all affect the degree of risk. Age, nutrition, and health also impact risk levels. The degree of harm depends on total exposure to lead from all sources in the environment—air, soil, dust, food, and water. Lead in drinking water can be a contributor to overall exposure, particularly for infants whose diet consists of liquids made with water, such as baby food, juice, or formula. 

4 
•

••••

are Facilities: Revised Guidance 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

Gets 

Potential Sources of 

long periods, such as overnight, Lead In Drinking Water weekends, and holidays, allowing lead to Common sources of lead in leach into the water. drinking water include: 

inking Water Lead solder 

 

 

 

d 

) 

 

 

 

 

d 

 

e 

 

e 

o 

r 

d 

 

Sources of Lead Exposure Lead is distributed in the environment by natural and human activity. (Past human activities are the major source of lead in the environment.) Possible sources of lead include: f Lead-based paint that can flake 

off into soil, window sills, or floors 

f Lead in the air from industrial 

activities 

f Dust and soil from roadways 

and streets where automobiles which used leaded gas traveled 

f Lead dust brought home by 

industrial workers on their clothes and shoes 

f Lead in water from the 

corrosion of plumbing products containing lead 

Although most lead exposure occurs when people eat paint chips and inhale dust, EPA estimates that 10 to 20 percent of human exposure to lead may come from lead in drinking 

water. Lead in drinking water may be a 

significant source of lead exposure for infants who consume formula mixed with water. 

Factors Contributing to Lead fluxes Corrosion Lead pipe and lead pipe 

fittings 

Lead dissolves more quickly in “soft” Fixtures, valves, meters, andwater (i.e., water that lathers soap easily) other system components and acidic water (i.e., low pH). Other containing brass factors, including the amount of time Sediments water is in contact with leaded plumbing, the age and condition of the plumbing, and certain characteristics of the water (such as temperature, velocity, alkalinity, and chlorine levels), affect corrosion. The public water supplier takes steps to reduce the corrosiveness of the water. However, if the plumbing in your building is made of lead or contains lead parts, corrosion may occur once the water reaches your building and lead may leach into your drinking water. Your child care facility may have a lead problem if: f The facility has lead pipes in the plumbing. The pipes will be 

dull gray in color and will appear shiny when scratched with a knife or key; lead pipes have not been widely used since the 1930s and their use has been banned since 1986. 

f The facility has copper pipes joined by lead solder. The solder 

joints will be dull gray in color and appear shiny when scratched with a knife or key. Use of lead solder in plumbing has been banned since 1986, and in many communities was banned prior to 1986. 

f The facility has brass pipes, faucets, fittings, 

and valves. These materials may contain alloys of lead and may contribute lead to drinking water. 

f The water supplied to the facility is too 

corrosive. Contact your public water supplier to determine what steps it takes to minimize these 

6 
TESTING

are Facilities: Revised Guidance 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

TESTING 

your public water supplier about any 

may have about lead levels in your 

 faucets contain lead. Debris from 

ens and may contain lead. 

lity is made of lead. A service line is the 

 the public water system main to the 

 are known to contain lead parts or 

s (see EPA’s listing of water coolers in 

sk your landlord to help identify 

 in pipes or plumbing in your building. 

ns may require lead testing in child care 

ocal public health agency or drinking 

hese organizations may help you test 

Testing 

for Lead 

You cannot see, taste, or smell lead in water; testing is the only sure way to tell if there are elevated levels of lead in your drinking water. This section outlines simple steps you can take to test your water and provides information on how to interpret the results. If you rent your facility, notify the building owner of your testing plans, ask for help, and provide him or her with a copy of your test results. Encourage your landlord to participate in this testing process and to take corrective actions if lead problems are found. Choose a Certified Laboratory to Test Your Samples Most child care facilities will need to work with a certified drinking water laboratory to analyze samples. Contact your state drinking water program (See Appendix A for contact information) or EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 1-800-426-4791 for a list of certified laboratories in your area. Questions to ask when choosing a laboratory: f Will the laboratory take samples for you or will they provide 

training and 250 milliliter (mL) sample containers for you to do the sampling on your own? 

f What is the cost of the laboratory’s services? Costs should range 

between $20 and $100 per sample, depending on the services provided. 

f Do the samples have to be hand delivered to the laboratory, or can 

they be shipped? How quickly must they reach the laboratory after the sample has been taken? 

f How long will it take to receive the results? f When will the laboratory provide information on the results? f Is the laboratory willing to establish a written agreement or 

contract with you for services? 

8 
•

••

are Facilities: Revised Guidance 

o Water Coolers 

water coolers may contain lead parts or 

o see if the make and model of your 

s a possible lead risk (see Appendix B 

er cooler that has a lead lined tank, 

ct the manufacturer to determine their 

ements for repairing, replacing, or 

ing a refund for your water cooler, or 

ct the Consumer Product Safety 

mission for follow-up steps (see Appendix 

contact information). 

drinking water outlets in your facility, 

ater for drinking, cooking lunch, and 

ula. Outlets include drinking fountains 

uld be collected from cold water taps. 

 Containers 

 the laboratory will provide sampling 

ke sure to tell the lab you want to 

s, not 1 liter. Carefully follow the 

 containers. Fill the container only to 

rs). 

 name, a unique sample number, and 

sample was collected (“first floor 

ur own files, keep a separate record for 

sample number, date and time the 

ther pertinent 

ay come in 

evels in your 

o match the 

 so you can 

Helpful Hints for Testing 

Don’t take samples after a 

vacation or weekend because the water you collect will not be representative of the water you drink. 

Don’t close the valve to a 

water fountain or sink before sampling. Small scrapings from the valves may get into your sample and produce inaccurate results. If you want to prevent use before you sample, place a sign over the unit to prevent its use. 

You may want to collect 

repeat initial samples (first draw) at the same time you collect follow-up (flush) samples. A repeat of the initial/first draw sample will give you more confidence in the result. However, the trade-off is the cost for analysis of this repeat sample. 

3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

Either mail or deliver your samples to the laboratory. The “holding” time on samples is usually short. Make sure you coordinate shipping with the laboratory receiving the samples. How to Collect Samples Initial Samples The initial sample is representative of the water that may be consumed at the beginning of the day or after infrequent use. This is water that has been in contact with the faucet or drinking water fountain and the section of plumbing closest to the outlet. 

Collect cold water samples in the morning before the facility opens for the day. Make sure that no water has been used yet— 

don’t run faucets or flush toilets before you sample. Collect the water immediately after turning it on without allowing any 

water to run into the drain. For best results, the outlets you are testing should not have been used for 8 to 18 hours prior to collection of the samples. This is 

called a first draw sample. 

Take follow-up 

samples from outlets where test results show lead levels greater than 20 ppb (parts per billion). 

Follow-up Samples This sample is representative of the water that is in the plumbing upstream from the 

faucet or drinking water fountain. Take this sample before the facility opens and before any water is used. Let the water from the faucet or drinking water fountain run for 30 seconds before 

collecting the sample. This is called a flush sample. 

10 
are Facilities: Revised Guidance 

Results 

s 

ur test results, the concentrations of 

ples will be reported in metric form 

L) or micrograms per liter (μg/L), or they 

ion such as parts per million (ppm) or 

ely. 

entially the same as parts per million 

L) is essentially the same as parts per 

= 1 ppm = 1000 ppb

 = .020 ppm = 20 ppb

 facilities take action if samples from 

 lead levels greater than 20 parts per 

e or local health agency to see if they 

for lead in drinking water. Any drinking 

ove this level should not be used until 

n is found and the lead levels are 

a known lead-free source, such as 

m is corrected. 

w-up samples show lead levels above 

at lead is entering your drinking water 

mbing. You will need to take additional 

ources of lead. If you plan to conduct 

 EPA’s publication 3Ts for Reducing 

ols: Revised Technical Guidance, 

w.epa.gov/safewater/schools. If you rent 

to conduct follow-up testing and to 

easures. 

3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

Correcting 

Lead Problems 

Preventing Lead Problems: Routine Steps To minimize exposure to lead in your facility, there are several things you can do on a routine basis. These activities include: 1. Flush all drinking water outlets. 

Flushing drinking water outlets is important because the longer water is exposed to lead pipes or solder, the greater the likelihood of lead contamination. At the start of each day, before using any water for drinking or cooking, flush the cold water faucet by allowing the water to run for 30 seconds to one minute. Do this at each drinking water outlet. Even if all your first-draw samples and flushed samples show low lead levels, there is still a possibility that lead may get into water that sits in your plumbing for long periods (such as during vacations or over long weekends). To be safe, on the first day back, flush all drinking water outlets prior to opening the facility. 

2. Use only cold water to prepare food and drinks. Hot water 

dissolves lead more quickly than cold water and is therefore more likely to contain greater amounts of lead. If hot water is needed, water should be drawn from the cold tap and heated. Use only thoroughly flushed water from the cold water tap for drinking and when making formula, juices, or foods. 

3. Clean debris out of all water outlet screens on a regular 

basis. Small screens on the end of a faucet can trap sediments containing lead. 

12 
are Facilities: Revised Guidance 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

TELLING 

ad Levels: What Can You Do? 

nd lead-free source of 

ottled water. Bottled water 

ary measure. Make sure the 

arantees that the water 

led water standards (see 

Web site). 

ment devices, also called ‘home 

evices are installed on a faucet or other 

nts. If you are interested in a home 

our options carefully. Make sure to use 

emove lead and is NSF International 

t claim to remove many contaminants 

ning a treatment device is very 

 properly, some treatment devices may 

Before investing in any such device, you 

ternational, an independent 

the effectiveness of home treatment 

odels certified to remove lead (see 

rmation). 

n the plumbing system. These 

e appropriate for localized 

d are best handled by a licensed 

h lead-free joints. 

ture/faucet with lead-free materials. 

d-free materials. 

gs, and valves, including those 

ontribute lead to drinking water. Before 

ask the manufacturer or distributor 

he results of lead testing. Plumbing 

ss should not be tested for lead. The 

bilize. 

Communicating

With Your Community 

Telling parents and staff about your lead monitoring program will demonstrate your commitment to protecting children and staff health. Lead in drinking water can be an emotional and sensitive issue, especially for parents who are concerned about their children’s safety. Communicating early and often about your testing plans, results, and next steps will build confidence in your facility’s ability to provide a safe environment. When to Communicate Whenever public health risks are involved, public communication efforts are less complicated and generate less conflict if those potentially affected are notified in advance of important issues and events. At a minimum, EPA recommends providing information to parents and staff: f Before you begin testing. f In response to questions from parents or other caretakers and staff. f After you receive your testing results – Make sure to share your 

results and if a lead problem exists, your plans to correct any problems. 

What to Communicate It is important to provide clear, accurate, and complete information about your lead monitoring program to parents or other caretakers and staff. Designate one staff person as a resource for parents to contact if they have more questions. Be sure to include the following: f Your plans to test the drinking water in your facility. f Results from your facility and your plans for correcting any 

identified problems. 

14
are Facilities: Revised Guidance 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

etailed 

ty. 

o lead. 

g., food, 

ignificance 

rsus other 

 about 

al health 

water 

evel 

on to visit 

ance. 

ways to 

arents and 

 your 

more 

eral, it is 

vailable in 

r to 

sh 

mmunity 

nglish 

e options 

munication 

ng 

 a letter 

o 

aretakers 

lyer will 

Hints for Effective Communication f Take the initiative: 

Provide information before you are asked. 

f Be a reliable source of 

information: Provide honest, accurate, and comprehensive information. 

f Always speak with one 

voice: It is a good idea to designate one contact person (provide a phone number!) to respond to interest in your lead monitoring program. 

f Anticipate likely 

questions: Different members of your community may have different concerns or viewpoints on the subject of lead testing. 

f Be positive, proactive, 

and forthcoming when working with the media. 

f Keep members of the 

community up-to-date: Share every piece of new information you have about your lead monitoring program. 

f Have materials available 

in languages other than English. 

describe the health effects of lead, your testing plan, your results or when to expect results, and your planned next steps. 

f Newsletter – If you have a regular newsletter, include an eyecatching headline and a short description of your lead monitoring 

program. 

f Email and Web sites – If you have an email distribution list for your 

clients and staff, email is a great way to regularly update your community about your lead monitoring program. If you have a Web site, it is a good idea to include regular updates about your lead monitoring program on your site, but also consider more direct outreach, such as a flyer, email, or newsletter article, to make sure your target community sees your lead monitoring program information. 

f Presentation – If you are initiating a lead monitoring program 

because of past problems or a significant risk of lead in your facility’s drinking water, an in-person presentation for children’s caretakers and staff is perhaps the most effective way to communicate your message. It helps to send invitations announcing the presentation and asking caretakers and staff to attend to make sure you get your target audience in the room. An in-person presentation gives you a chance to directly communicate your commitment to safeguarding your drinking water, and it gives your audience a chance to ask questions. 

f Press Release – If you find a significant lead contamination problem 

when you test, you may want to consider issuing a press release. It is always a good idea to be proactive about communications with the press. If you don’t tell the media first, they may be more likely to cast your story in a negative light. 

For additional information on developing a communications strategy and to see sample public notice materials, download the 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Schools: Revised Technical Guidance by visiting www.epa.gov/safewater/schools. 

16 
are Facilities: Revised Guidance 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

ntact Information

nking Water Programs 

r Sources 

 ................................... 1 (800) 426-4791 

mmission (CPSC) ...... 1 (800) 638-8772 

Center ........................ 1 (800) 424-LEAD 

t 

s 

 

Arizona Mr. John Calkins Drinking Water Section Arizona Dept. of Environmental Quality 1110 W. Washington St. Phoenix, AZ 85007 Phone: 602-771-4617 Fax: 602-771-4634 E-mail: calkins.john@azdeq.gov Arkansas Mr. Harold R. Seifert, P.E., Director Division of Engineering Arkansas Department of Health 4815 West Markham Street Mail Slot 37 Little Rock, AR 72205-3867 Phone: 501-661-2623 Fax: 501-661-2032 E-mail: hseifert@HealthyArkansas.com California Dr. David P. Spath, Chief Division of Drinking Water and Environmental Management California Dept. of Health Services P.O. Box 997413 Sacramento, CA 95899-7413 Phone: 916-449-5582 Fax: 916-449-5575 E-mail: DSpath@dhs.ca.gov 

Colorado Mr. Chet Pauls, Manager Drinking Water Program Water Quality Control Division Colorado Dept. of Public Health and Environment WQCD-DW-B2 4300 Cherry Creek Drive, South Denver, CO 80246-1530 Phone: 303-692-3610 Fax: 303-782-0390 E-mail: chester.pauls@state.co.us Connecticut Dr. Gerald R. Iwan, Director Drinking Water Division Connecticut Dept. of Public Health 410 Capitol Ave. MS-51WAT P.O. Box 340308 Hartford, CT 06134-0308 Phone: 860-509-7333 Fax: 860-509-7359 E-mail: gerald.iwan@po.state.ct.us Delaware Mr. Edward G. Hallock, Program Administrator Office of Drinking Water Division of Public Health Delaware Health and Social Services Blue Hen Corporate Center, Suite 203 655 Bay Road Dover, DE 19901 Phone: 302-741-8590 Fax: 302-741-8631 E-mail: edward.hallock@state.de.us District of Columbia Ms. Jerusalem Bekele, Chief Water Quality Division Department of Health 51 N Street, NE Washington, DC 20002 Phone: 202-535-1603 E-mail: jerusalem.bekele@dc.gov 

Florida Mr. Van R. Hoofnagle, Administrator Drinking Water Section Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection Twin Towers Office Building 2600 Blair Stone Road Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400 Phone: 850-245-8631 Fax: 850-245-8669 E-mail: van.hoofnagle@dep.state.fl.us Georgia Mr. Nolton G. Johnson, Chief Water Resources Branch Environmental Protection Div., Georgia DNR 2 Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive, S.E. East Tower - Suite 1362 Atlanta, GA 30334 Phone: 404-651-5168 Fax: 404-651-9590 E-mail: nolton_johnson@mail.dnr.state.ga.us *Mr. Brad Addison is Manager of the Drinking Water Program (see address above) Phone: 404-651-5155 Fax: 404-651-9590 E-mail: brad_addison@dnr.state.ga.us Guam Mr. Jesus T. Salas, Administrator Guam Environmental Protection Agency Government of Guam P.O. Box 22439 GMF Barrigada, GU 96921 Phone: 671-472-8863 Fax: 671-477-9402 

18
are Facilities: Revised Guidance 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

n 

8) 

y 

v 

 

t 

Iowa Mr. Dennis J. Alt, Environmental Program Supervisor Water Supply Section Iowa Department of Natural Resources 401 SW 7th Street, Suite M Des Moines, IA 50309-4611 Phone: 515-725-0275 Fax: 515-725-0348 E-mail: dennis.alt@dnr.state.ia.us *Mr. Steve Hopkins is Supervisor of the Water Supply Operations (see address above) Phone: 515-725-0295 Fax: 515-725-0348 E-mail: stephen.hopkins@dnr.state.ia.us Kansas Mr. David F. Waldo, Chief Public Water Supply Section Bureau of Water Kansas Dept of Health & Environment 1000 SW Jackson St. - Suite 420 Topeka, KS 66612-1367 Phone: 785-296-5503 Fax: 785-296-5509 E-mail: dwaldo@kdhe.state.ks.us Kentucky Ms. Donna S. Marlin, Manager Division of Water - Drinking Water Branch Kentucky Dept. for Environmental Protection 14 Reilly Road, Frankfort Ofc. Park Frankfort, KY 40601 Phone: 502-564-3410 Fax: 502-564-5105 E-mail: donna.marlin@ky.gov 

Louisiana Ms. Karen Irion, Administrator Safe Drinking Water Program Center for Environmental and Health Services Office of Public Health Louisiana Dept. of Health and Hospitals 6867 Blue Bonnet Blvd. Baton Rouge, LA 70810 Phone: 225-765-5046 Fax: 225-765-5040 E-mail: Kirion@dhh.la.gov Maine Ms. Nancy Beardsley, Director Drinking Water Program Maine Department of Health and Human Services Division of Health Engineering 11 State House Station Augusta, ME 04333 Phone: 207-287-5674 Fax: 207-287-4172 E-mail: nancy.beardsley@maine.gov Maryland Mr. Saeid Kasraei, Manager Water Supply Program Maryland Dept. of the Environment Montgomery Park Business Center 1800 Washington Blvd. - Suite 450 Baltimore, MD 21230-1708 Phone: 410-537-3702 Fax: 410-537-3157 E-mail: skasraei@mde.state.md.us Massachusetts Mr. David Terry, Director Drinking Water Program Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection One Winter Street, 6th Floor Boston, MA 02108 Phone: 617-292-5529 Fax: 617-292-5696 E-mail: david.terry@state.ma.us 

Michigan Mr. James K. Cleland, P.E., Chief Water Bureau Michigan Dept. of Env. Quality P. O. Box 30630 Lansing, MI 48909-8130 Phone: 517-241-1287 Fax: 517-335-0889 E-mail: clelandj@michigan.gov Minnesota Mr. Doug Mandy, Manager Drinking Water Protection Section Minnesota Department of Health Metro Square Building, Suite 220 P.O. Box 64975 St. Paul, MN 55164-0975 Phone: 651-215-0757 Fax: 651-215-0775 E-mail: douglas.mandy@health.state.mn.us Mississippi Mr. Keith Allen, Director Division of Water Supply Mississippi State Department of Health P.O. Box 1700 570 E. Woodrow Wilson Dr. Jackson, MS 39215-1700 Phone: 601-576-7518 Fax: 601-576-7822 E-mail: kallen@msdh.state.ms.us Missouri Mr. Ed Galbraith, Director Water Protection Program Missouri Dept of Natural Resources P.O. Box 176 Jefferson City, MO 65102 Phone: 573-751-6721 Fax: 573-751-1146 E-mail: ed.galbraith@dnr.mo.gov 

20
are Facilities: Revised Guidance 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

New Jersey Mr. Barker Hamill, Chief 

u Bureau of Safe Drinking Water 

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection P.O. Box 426 Trenton, NJ 08625 Phone: 609-292-5550 Fax: 609-292-1654 E-mail: barker.hamill@dep.state.nj.us New Mexico Mr. Fernando Martinez, Chief Drinking Water Bureau 

on New Mexico Environment Department 

s 525 Camino De Los Marquez 

Suite 4 

r Santa Fe, NM 87505 

Phone: 505-827-1400 Fax: 505-827-7545 E-mail: fernando_martinez@nmenv.state.nm.us New York Mr. Jack Dunn, Director Bureau of Public Water Supply Protection New York Department of Health Flanigan Square, Rm. 400 547 River Street Troy, NY 12180-2216 Phone: 518-402-7650 Fax: 518-402-7659 

 

E-mail: jmd02@health.state.ny.us North Carolina Ms. Jessica G. Miles, P.E., Chief Public Water Supply Section North Carolina Dept. of Env. and Natural Resources 1634 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1634 Phone: 919-715-3232 Fax: 919-715-4374 

er E-mail: jessica.miles@ncmail.net 

North Dakota Mr. Larry J. Thelen, Program Manager Drinking Water Program ND Dept. of Health 1200 Missouri Avenue, Room 203 P.O. Box 5520 Bismarck, ND 58506-5520 Phone: 701-328-5257 Fax: 701-328-5200 E-mail: lthelen@state.nd.us Northern Mariana Islands Mr. John I. Castro, Director Division of Environmental Quality Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Post Office Box 501304 Saipan, MP 96950-1304 Phone: 670-664-8500 Fax: 670-664-8540 E-mail: deq.director@saipan.com *Mr. Joe M. Kaipat is the Manager of the Safe Drinking Water Branch (see address above) Phone: 670-664-8500 Fax: 670-664-8540 E-mail: joe.kaipat@saipan.com Ohio Mr. Mike G. Baker, Chief Division of Drinking and Ground Waters Ohio EPA Lazarus Gov’t Center P.O. Box 1049 Columbus, OH 43216-1049 Phone: 614-644-2752 Fax: 614-644-2909 E-mail: mike.baker@epa.state.oh.us *Mr. Kirk Leifheit is Assistant Chief of Drinking Water in the Division of Drinking and Ground Waters (see address above) Phone: 614-644-2769 Fax: 614-644-2909 E-mail: kirk.leifheit@epa.state.oh.us 

Oklahoma Mr. Jon L. Craig, Director Water Quality Division Department of Environmental Quality 707 North Robinson Suite 8100 P.O. Box 1677 Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677 Phone: 405-702-8100 Fax: 405-702-8101 E-mail: jon.craig@deq.state.ok.us *Mr. Mike S. Harrell is Administrator of the Public Water Supply Program (see address above) Phone: 405-702-8158 Fax: 405-702-8101 E-mail: mike.harrell@deq.state.ok.us Oregon Mr. David E. Leland, Manager Drinking Water Program Office of Public Health Systems Oregon Department of Human Services 800 NE Oregon St. - Rm. 611 Portland, OR 97232 Phone: 503-731-4010 Fax: 503-731-4077 E-mail: david.e.leland@state.or.us Pennsylvania Mr. Jeffrey A. Gordon, Chief Division of Operations Management and Training Bureau of Water Standards and Facility Regulation Department of Environmental Protection P.O. Box 8467 Harrisburg, PA 17105-8467 Phone: 717-772-4018 Fax: 717-772-3249 E-mail: jegordon@state.pa.us 

22 
are Facilities: Revised Guidance 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

n 

es 

Tennessee Mr. W. David Draughon, Jr., Director Division of Water Supply Tennessee Dept. of Environment & Conservation 401 Church Street L & C Tower, 6th Floor Nashville, TN 37243-1549 Phone: 615-532-0152 Fax: 615-532-0503 E-mail: david.draughon@state.tn.us Texas Mr. E. Buck Henderson, Manager Public Drinking Water Section Water Supply Division Texas Commission on Environmental Quality P.O. Box 13087 (MC – 155) Austin, TX 78711-3087 Phone: 512-239-0990 Fax: 512-239-0030 E-mail: ehenders@tceq.state.tx.us Utah Mr. Kevin W. Brown, Director Division of Drinking Water Utah Dept. of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 144830 Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4830 Phone: 801-536-4188 Fax: 801-536-4211 E-mail: kwbrown@utah.gov Vermont Mr. Jay L. Rutherford, P.E., Director Water Supply Division Vermont Dept. of Env. Conservation Old Pantry Building 103 South Main Street Waterbury, VT 05671-0403 Phone: 802-241-3434 Fax: 802-241-3284 E-mail: jay.rutherford@state.vt.us 

Virgin Islands Mr. Leonard Reed, Assistant Director Division of Environmental Protection Dept. of Planning & Natural Resources Wheatley Center 2 St. Thomas, VI 00802 Phone: 340-777-4577 Fax: 340-774-5416 * Mrs. Christine M. Lottes is Supervisor of Public Water System Supervision (PWSS) Dept. of Planning & Natural Resources Water Gut Homes 1118 Christiansted, St. Croix, VI 00820-5065 Phone: 340-773-0565 Fax: 340-773-9310 Virginia Mr. Jerry Peaks, Director Office of Drinking Water Virginia Department of Health 109 Governor St. Richmond, VA 23219 Phone: 804-864-7488 Fax: 804-864-7520 E-mail: jerry.peaks@vdh.viginia.gov Washington Ms. Denise Addotta Clifford, Director Office of Drinking Water WA Department of Health 7211 Cleanwater Lane, Bldg. 9 P.O. Box 47828 Olympia, WA 98504-7828 Phone: 360-236-3110 Fax: 360-236-2253 E-mail: denise.clifford@doh.wa.gov 

West Virginia Mr. Walter Ivey, Director Environmental Engineering Div. Office of Environmental Health Services West Virginia Dept. of Health and Human Services 815 Quarrier Street, Suite 418 Charleston, WV 25301 Phone: 304-558-6715 Fax: 304-558-0289 E-mail: walterivey@wvdhhr.org Wisconsin Ms. Jill D. Jonas, Director Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources P.O. Box 7921 Madison, WI 53707 Phone: 608-267-7545 Fax: 608-267-7650 E-mail: jill.jonas@dnr.state.wi.us Wyoming Mr. John Wagner, Administrator Water Quality Dept. of Environmental Quality Herschler Building 4th Floor West Cheyenne, WY 82002 Phone: 307-777-7055 Fax: 307-777-5973 E-mail: jwagne@state.wy.us *Wyoming’s Drinking Water Program is managed by EPA Region VIII 

24
are Facilities: Revised Guidance 

ter Cooler 

Summary 

ol Act (LCCA), which amended the Safe 

into law on October 31, 1988 (P.L. 100 

olers to supply lead to drinking water in 

was a principal focus of this legislation. 

 that the Consumer Product Safety 

pair, replacement, or recall and refund 

ead-lined water tanks. In addition, the 

anufacture or sale in interstate 

olers that are not lead-free. Civil and 

hed under the law for violations of this 

oler that may come in contact with 

d the term “lead-free” to mean: 

ad, except that no drinking water 

older, flux, or storage tank interior 

contact with drinking water shall be 

older, flux, or storage tank interior 

0.2 percent lead.” 

A was the requirement that EPA 

he States a list of drinking water 

hat are not lead-free. In addition, EPA 

ble to the states a separate list of the 

ers with a lead-lined tank. EPA is 

h these lists as new information or 

sional survey in the winter of 1988, three 

 Taylor Company, EBCO Manufacturing 

ation, indicated that lead solder had been 

heir drinking water coolers. On April 10, 

al Register (at 54 FR 14320) lists of 

lined tanks and coolers that are not lead

ved on the notice, and the list was 

y 18, 1990 (Part III, 55 FR 1772). See 

rs and lead components. 

3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

Prior to publication of the January SPECIAL NOTE: 1990 list, EPA determined that Halsey Experience indicates that newly installed brass plumbingTaylor was the only manufacturer of components containing 8 water coolers with lead-lined tanks.1 percent or less lead, as Table B-1 presents a listing of model allowed by the SDWA, can contribute high lead levels to numbers of the Halsey Taylor drinking drinking water for a water coolers with lead-lined tanks considerable period after installation. U.S. water cooler that had been identified by EPA as of manufacturers have notified January 18, 1990. EPA that since September 1993, the components of 

water coolers that come in 

Since the LCCA required the CPSC to contact with drinking water order manufacturers of coolers with have been made with non- lead alloy materials. These lead-lined tanks to repair, replace, or materials include stainless steel recall and provide a refund of such for fittings and water control coolers, the CPSC negotiated such an devices, brass made of 60 percent copper and 40 agreement with Halsey Taylor through percent zinc, terillium copper, a consent order published on June 1, and food grade plastic. 1990 (at 55 FR 22387). The consent agreement calls on Halsey Taylor to provide a replacement or refund program that addresses all the water coolers listed in Table B-2 as well as “all tank-type models of drinking water coolers manufactured by Halsey Taylor, whether or not those models are included on the present or on a future EPA list.” Under the consent order, Halsey Taylor agreed to notify the public of the replacement and refund program for all tank type models. Currently, a company formerly associated with Halsey Taylor, Scotsman Ice Systems, has assumed responsibility for replacement of lead-line coolers previously marketed by Halsey Taylor. See below for the address of Scotsman Ice Systems. Scotsman Ice Systems 775 Corporate Woods Parkway Vernon Hills, IL 60061 PH: (800) SCOTSMAN or 800-726-8762 PH: (847) 215-4500 1Based upon an analysis of 22 water coolers at a US Navy facility and subsequent data obtained by EPA, EPA believes the most serious cooler contamination problems are associated with water coolers that have lead-lined tanks. 

26 
are Facilities: Revised Guidance 

Table B-1 

oolers With Lead-Lined Tanks2 

one or more units in the model series with lead

R GC10A GC5A RWM13A 

rs contain lead-lined tanks: 

A Serial No. 843006 WT11A Serial No. 222650 

Serial No. 64309542 LL14A Serial No. 64346908 

3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance 

Table B-2 

Water Coolers With Other Lead Components 

EBCO Manufacturing 

f All pressure bubbler water coolers with shipping dates from 1962 through 1977 have 

a bubbler valve containing lead. The units contain a single, 50-50 tin-lead solder joint on the bubbler valve. Model numbers for coolers in this category are not available. 

f The following models of pressure bubbler coolers produced from 1978 through 1981 

contain one 50-50 tin-lead solder joint each. 

CP3 DP15W DPM8 7P 13P DPM8H DP15M DP3R DP8A DP16M DP5S C10E PX-10 DP7S DP13SM DP7M DP7MH DP7WD WTC10 DP13M-60 DP14M CP10-50 CP5 CP5M DP15MW DP3R DP14S DP20-50 DP7SM DP10X DP13A DP13A-50 EP10F DP5M DP10F CP3H CP3-50 DP13M DP3RH DP5F CP3M EP5F 13PL DP8AH DP13S CP10 DP20 DP12N DP7WM DP14A-50/60 Halsey Taylor f Lead solder was used in these models of water coolers manufactured between 1978 

and the last week of 1987: 

WMA-1 SCWT/SCWT-A SWA-1 DC/DHC-1 S3/5/10D BFC-4F/7F/4FS/7FS S300/500/100D f The following coolers manufactured for Haws Drinking Faucet Company (Haws) by 

Halsey Taylor from November 1984 through December 18, 1987, are not lead free because they contain 2 tin-lead solder joints. The model designations for these units are as follows: 

HC8WT HC14F HC6W HWC7D HC8WTH HC14FH HC8W HC2F HC14WT HC14FL HC14W HC2FH HC14WTH HC8FL HC4F HC5F HC14WL HCBF7D HC4FH HC10F HC16WT HCBF7HO HC8F HC8FH HC4W HWC7 If you have one of the Halsey Taylor water coolers noted in Table B-2, contact Scotsman Ice Systems (address and phone noted on page 26) to learn more about the requirements surrounding their replacement and rebate program. 

olers at a US Navy facility and subsequent data 

serious cooler contamination problems are 

 lead-lined tanks. 

28
EPA 816-R-05-001 

December 2005 

Office of Water (4606)