The Pierid Butterflies of

the Genera Hypsochila Ureta,

Phulia Herrich-Schaffer,

Infraphulia Field, Pierphulia Field,

and Pierco lias Staudinger

WILLIAM* D. FIELD

and

JOSE HERRERA

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 232
SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed

by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph

Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to

publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and

of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme

of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued

in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian

Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series:

Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology

Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics

Smithsonian Contributions to Botany

Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology

Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space

Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology

In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs

that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of

professional colleagues in the world cf science and scholarship. The publications are

distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout

the world.

Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the

Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only

through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the

manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art

preparation are outlined on the inside back cover.

S. Dillon Ripley

Secretary

Smithsonian Institution
SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOG Y • NUMBE R 232

The Pierid Butterflies of

the Genera Hypsochila Ureta,

Phulia Herrich-Schaffer,

Infraphulia Field, Pierphulia Field,

and Piercolias Staudinger

William D. Field

and Jose Herrera

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1977
ABSTRAC T

Field, William D., and Jose Herrera. The Pierid Butterflies of the Genera

Hypsochila Ureta, Phulia Herrich-Schaffer, Infraphulia Field, Pierphulia Field,

and Piercolias Staudinger. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 232, 64

pages, 198 figures, 5 maps, 1977.—The Andean genera Hypsochila, Phulia,

Infraphulia, Pierphulia, and Piercolias are revised. Keys to the genera, species,

and subspecies are provided. Infraphulia and Pierphulia are raised from subgeneric to generic status. Infraphulia ilyodes (Ureta) and Pierphulia rosea (Ureta)

are raised from subspecific to specific status and Piercolias coropunae (Dyar) is

raised from synonymy. The new taxa are: Phulia paranympha ernesta, P.

garleppi, Infraphulia madeleinea, Pierphulia rosea maria, P. rosea annamariea,

P. isabela, and Piercolias forsteri. The natural history, zoogeography, and

classification are discussed. The species and subspecies are reviewed regarding

their taxonomic history, identity, morphology, natural history, and distribution.

Photographs of the adults and drawings of the male and female genitalia,

venation, and claws are given. Maps illustrating the distribution of the genera

and species are included.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIFS COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea

cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Field, William Dewitt, 1914-

The Pierid butterflies of the genera Hypsochila Ureta, Phulia Herrich-Schaffer, Infraphulia

Field, Pierphulia Field, and Piercolias Staudinger.

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 232)

Bibliography: p.

Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:232

1. Pieridae. I. Herrera, Jose, 1913- II. Title: The Pierid butterflies of the genera Hypsochila

Ureta . . . III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 232.

QLl.S54no. 232 [QL561.P5] 591'.08s [595.7'89] 76-608071
Contents

Page

Introduction 1

Natural History 2

Zoogeography 2

Classification 2

Key to the Genera 3

Genus Hypsochila Ureta 4

Key to the Species and Subspecies of Hypsochila 5

1. Hypsochila argyrodice (Staudinger) 6

2. Hypsochila tnicrodice (Blanchard), new combination 7

3. Hypsochila huemul Pena 9

4. Hypsochila galactodice Ureta 10

5. Hypsochila wagenknechti (Ureta) 11

5a. Hypsochila wagenknechti wagenknechti (Ureta) 11

5b. Hypsochila wagenknechti sulfurodice Ureta 12

6. Hypsochila penai Ureta 13

Genus Phulia Herrich-Schaffer 14

Key to the Species and Subspecies of Phulia 15

1. Phulia nymphula (Blanchard) 16

la. Phulia nymphula nymphula (Blanchard) 18

lb. Phulia nymphula nympha Staudinger, new status 20

2. Phulia paranympha Staudinger 21

2a. Phulia paranympha paranympha Staudinger 22

2b. Phulia paranympha ernesta, new subspecies 23

3. Phulia nannophyes Dyar 24

4. Phulia garleppi, new species 24

Genus Infraphulia Field, new status 25

Key to the Species of Infraphulia 26

1. Infraphulia illimani (Weymer), new combination 27

2. Infraphulia madeleinea, new species 27

3. Infraphulia ilyodes (Ureta), new status, new combination 29

Genus Pierphulia Field, new status 30

Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pierphulia 31

1. Pierphulia nysias (Weymer), new combination 31

la. Pierphulia nysias nysias (Weymer) 32

lb. Pierphulia nysias nysiella (Rober), new status, new combination 34

2. Pierphulia rosea (Ureta), new status, new combination 34

2a. Pierphulia rosea rosea (Ureta) 35

2b. Pierphulia rosea maria, new subspecies 35

2c. Pierphulia rosea annamariea, new subspecies 36

3. Pierphulia isabela, new species 37

Genus Piercolias Staudinger 37

Key to the Species of Piercolias 39

1. Piercolias huanaco (Staudinger) 39

2. Piercolias forsteri, new species 40

3. Piercolias coropunae (Dyar), resurrected species 42

Literature Cited 43

i l l

The Pierid Butterflies of

the Genera Hypsochila Ureta,

Phulia Herrich-Schaffer,

Infraphulia Field, Pierphulia Field,

and Piercolias Staudinger

William D. Field

and Jose Herrera

Introduction

This is the third and last in a series of papers by

the authors treating the "Tatocheilae-Phulia"

branch (Klots, 1933) of the pierid family tree. Of

this branch of nine genera two, Theochila Field

and Tatochila Butler, have been revised earlier by

Herrera and Field (1959) and a third recently

described genus, Reliquia Ackery (1975), closely

related to Tatochila, are not further discussed here.

A fourth genus, Baltia Moore, found in the Himalayan Mountains of Asia was redefined in the first

of this series of papers (Field, 1958) and is outside

the scope of the present treatment. In this paper

we are presenting revisions of the five remaining

New World genera: Hypsochila Ureta, Phulia

Herrich-Schaffer, Infraphulia Field, Pierphulia

Field, and Piercolias Staudinger.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—We wish to thank the

following for the loan of material that made this

study possible: Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California

William D. Field, Department of Entomology, National

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Josd Herrera, Castillo Velasco 4148,

Santiago, Chile.

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; Dr. Harry K.

Clench and Dr. George Wallace, Carnegie Museum

of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Mr.

Henry Dybas and Dr. Rupert L. Wenzel, Field

Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois; Mr.

D. S. Fletcher, Mr. P. R. Ackery, and Dr. R. I.

Vane-Wright, British Museum (Natural History),

London; Dr. Walter Forster, Zoological Collections

of the Bavarian State, Munich, Germany; Dr.

Gerado Lamas, "Javier Prado" Museum of Natural

History, Mayor de San Marcos National University,

Lima, Peru. The late Dr. E. M. Hering, Zoological

Museum of the Humboldt University, East Berlin,

greatly aided our work by the loan of Staudinger

type material. The late Dr. Emilio Ureta, National

Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile, loaned

us type material and many study specimens. Especially valuable was the help and the great amount

of material furnished by Mr. Luis E. Pena, Santiago,

Chile.

We wish to acknowledge the assistance of Mrs.

Vera Milbank, a former museum technician for

bibliographic aid. Mr. George L. Venable of our

staff of professional artists prepared all of the

drawings, the maps, and the painting (Figure 105).
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Mr. Victor E. Krantz of the Smithsonian Institution

photo laboratory made all of the photographs.

Natural History

There is no recorded information concerning

adult dispersal, mate selection, and courtship

behavior of the 19 species we assign to these 5

genera. The life histories are also unknown for

these species. Even the food plants are unknown

except that there are suspected food plants for two

species. Several species have had their flight and

resting habits recorded and several have been

observed as adults visiting a few flowers. Observations have been made upon a number of species as

to the type of terrain and environment they seem

to prefer as life habitats. The season of adult flight

expressed by the names of the months in which

they have been captured are given under "Distribution" for the various species. What little other

natural history that is known is given under the

"natural history" heading in the treatments of the

following species and subspecies: Hypsochila

galactodice, H. wagenknechti wagenknechti, H.

wagenknechti sulfurodice, H. penai, Phulia nymphula nymphula, P. paranympha paranympha, Infraphulia illimani, I. ilyodes, Pierphulia nysias

nysias, P. rosea rosea, P. rosea annamariea, and

Piercolias huanaco.

Zoogeography

These particular pierid butterfly genera are

peculiar to the fauna of the high Andes. According

to Forster (1958) and Mani (1968) they are the

result of the migration of boreal elements from the

Holarctic region to the high altitudes on the

tropical mountains of Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and

Argentina with the last of these migrations occurring as late as the post-Pleistocene. Mani (1968:193)

states:

The faunal movements were perhaps not as extensive as they

have been in the Old World, due to the Pleistocene conditions in South America. The occurrence of such genera like

Phulia Herrich-Schaffer and Piercolias Staudinger on the

Bolivian Andes and [Baltia] on the Pamirs Region evidently

indicate pre-Pleistocene differentiation of these genera. The

numerous closely related species of these genera from the

Bolivian Andes represent, however post-Pleistocene origin.

The great similarity of the High Andes species to those from

the Pamirs and other Middle Asiatic mountains must either

be due to true faunal affinity or must be attributed to convergent evolution of related groups under comparable conditions of ecology.

In support to there being a true affinity between

the pierid fauna of the Himalayan mountains and

the High Andes or between Baltia of the former

region and Piercolias, Pierphulia, Infraphulia, and

Phulia of the latter region we cite the resemblance

in wing habitus and the similarity in venation, in

the shape of the claws, and in characters of the

male and female genitalia of all of these genera

(see Field, 1958). In this connection we call attention especially to the great similarity in the female

genitalia of Pierphulia (present paper, Figures 157,

158) with the female genitalia of Baltia (Field, 1958,

fig. 33).

For the known geographical and altitudinal

distribution see the discussion under each of the

genera and species treated below.

Classification

The relationships between the five genera treated

in this paper were found to be very complex. Collectively they display four types of unci, two distinct

types of valvae, two types of venation, two types of

claws, two distinctly different signae, and three

different types of color patterns.

The use of any one of these kinds of characters

alone gives an alignment at variance with the

alignment that results from the use of any of the

other kinds of characters taken alone. Thus, a

consideration of the uncus (in the male genitalia)

alone shows Phulia, Infraphulia, Pierphulia, and

Piercolias to be quite distinct from one another,

while Hypsochila and Phulia would be considered

very close to each other. Considering the valvae

(in the male genitalia) alone, the genera Piercolias,

Hypsochila, and Phulia would seem to be nearly

identical, having these structures acuminate, while

the genera Infraphulia and Pierphulia would be

placed an inordinate distance from them because

of their rounded valvae. Again, if we placed too

much emphasis upon the claws we would place

Infraphulia an unreasonable distance from all of

the other genera. A consideration of the radial

veins taken by itself would give us the unnatural

alignment of having Hypsochila and Piercolias at

one end with four radial veins and one species of
NUMBER 232

Infraphulia at the other end with two radial veins, that much less importance had to be given that

while the remaining two species of Infraphulia and character in another genus or in several other

the genera Phulia and Pierphulia would be in the genera.

middle with three radial veins. If we considered All five of the genera treated in this paper lack

wing habitus alone, Hypsochila, Phulia, and the tibial spurs usually found on the middle and

Piercolias would be considered very distinct from hind legs in the Pieridae. The lack of these tibial

each other and Infraphulia would not be considered spur s caused Ureta (1963:97) to erect a new subdistinctly different from Phulia nor would Pier- family in the Pieridae, which he called Hypsochiphulia be considered distinctly different from ii nae . We do not recognize this subfamily, as the

Piercolias, in spite of their very different genitalia genera Theochila Field, Tatochila Butler, and

and other characters. Reliquia Ackery, which do not lack these tibial

It became obvious, if we were going to attain spurs, are much too closely related to these five

a natural classification, that all possible characters genera to warrant their being removed to another

had to be considered and used. The result was that subfamily. We follow Riots (1933) and place all

sometimes special importance was given to a single of these genera in the tribe Pierini of the subfamily

structure in one genus or in several genera and Pierinae.

Key to the Genera

1. Forewing with 4 radial veins (Figures 162-167, 178-180) 2

Forewing with 2 or 3 radial veins (Figures 168-177) 3

2. Forewing with vein R2 from apex of discal cell (Figures 178-180); with humeral angle of hind

wing greatly produced; male genitalia with subscaphium large and heavily sclerotized,

bifurcate distally and sharply pointed at opposite end (Figures 141-143); uncus slender

and gradually produced into a long finger-like process (Figures 141-143)

Piercolias Staudinger

Forewing with vein R2 from discal cell distinctly before apex of this cell (Figures 162-167);

with humeral angle of hind wing not greatly produced; male genitalia with subscaphium

absent or if present (Figure 126) weakly sclerotized and not shaped as described above;

uncus short and broad, not elongated as described above (Figures 126-131)

Hypsochila Ureta

3. Hind wing below with a narrow black bar through middle of discal cell, a long black streak

in interspace Cu2 and black streaks on each side of the veins, at least on outer margin

(Figures 45-48, 69-88, 106-110); male genitalia with subscaphium absent, with clasper flap

on inner face of valva present (Figures 132-138) 4

Hind wing below not as described above, heavily irrorated with black and white scales

and sometimes with pink scales having a gray or pinkish gray appearance (Figures 105,

111-119, 122-125); male genitalia with subscaphium present and without a clasper flap

on inner face of valva (Figures 139, 140) Pierphulia Field

4. Claw in lateral view greatly curved along dorsal margin (Figures 191-193); male genitalia

with valva broadly produced apically and lacking the apical process, uncus in ventral

view with lateroventral wall not at all folded inward (Figures 136-138); female with

eighth tergite of abdomen unsclerotized in dorsal region forming 2 subtriangular lateral

plates (Figures 154-156); female genitalia with inner genital plate greatly reduced and

smooth (not setulose) and lacking a posterior finger-like process (Figures 154-156)

Infraphulia Field

Claw in lateral view not as greatly curved along dorsal margin (Figures 187-190); male

genitalia with valva having a strong distal process, uncus in ventral view with lateroventral

wall folded inward and closely appressed upon its inner side (Figures 132-135); female

with eighth tergite of abdomen entirely sclerotized and semiannulate (Figures 150-153);

female genitalia with inner genital plate consisting of a broad subtriangular-shaped

anterior lobe and a smaller finger-like projection posterior to this, both of these structures

thickly setulose on their outer faces (Figures 150-153) Phulia Herrich-Schaffer
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Genus Hypsochila Ureta

FIGURES 1-27, 37-39, 126-131, 144-149, 162-167, 181-186;

MAP 1

Hypsochila Urcta, 1955:58-69, pi. 1: figs. 1-3, pi. 2: figs. 1-4;

1956:160-161.—Field, 1958:104, 105, 106, 110, figs. 3, 11, 19,

27, 36.—Ureta, 1963:97-98.—Hemming, 1967:228.—Pena,

1968:140-141.

Hypsochila (Chionanema) Ureta, 1955:66-67, pi. 1: fig. 3, pi.

2: fig. 4.—Field, 1958:112.—Ureta, 1963:97-98. [New synonymy.]

Hypsochila (Hypsochila).—Field, 1958:111, 112.

Hypsochila (Chianomema [sic]).—Pena, 1963:215.

Chionanema.—Hemming, 1967:111. [Listing in a Nomenclator, not a raise in status.]

Hypsochila (Chianonema [sic]).—Pena, 1970:262; 1974b:39.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Tatochila microdice f. wagenknechti Ureta = Hypsochila wagenknechto (Ureta).

Type by original designation.

This genus differs from all the related genera

in having a silvery sheen on base of forewing extending to near middle of discal cell, especially

noticeable in the male sex. From Tatochila Butler

and Theochila Field (Field, 1958; Herrera and

Field, 1959) it differs in lacking tibial spurs on the

mid and hind legs. From Phulia, Pierphulia, and

Infraphulia it differs in having four radial veins

present on the forewing and from Infraphulia,

Pierphulia, and Piercolias it differs in structures of

the male and female genitalia.

Wings above (Figures 1-12, 25-27) with ground

color white in the male sex, white, yellowish white

to brown or gray in the female sex, and in both

sexes with the silvery sheen at base extending

throughout most of the discal cell of the forewing,

otherwise similar to Tatochila, having the discal

spot present on forewing on both surfaces and

having the black marginal sagittate markings in

apex of forewing, with a submarginal series of

spots or a solid band inward from these markings.

Undersurfaces (Figures 13-24, 37-39) with ground

color of hind wing and apex of forewing yellow

with veins in these areas overlaid with white or

sometimes with black and with adjacent fuscous

stripes.

Leg with claw (Figures 181-186) directed outward

with its dorsal margin only gradually curved

downward and relatively long, three or nearly three

times as long as width at base. Tooth divergent from

main portion of claw, originating from near the

middle of claw and relatively small, having its

dorsal margin less and usually much less than width

of claw at base. Pulvillus relatively broad with distal

subsegment not setulose at base. Paronychium long,

much more than one-half length of claw.

Venation of Hypsochila (Figures 162-167) similar

to that of Tatochila and Theochila, differing in

having M2 of forewing from apex of discal cell or

from very near apex of this cell. Forewing with

four radial veins, R5 having anastomosed with R4

and thus distinctly different from Phulia (Figures

168-171), Infraphulia (Figures 172-174), and Pierphulia (Figures 175-177), where the radial veins

are further reduced to three. In Hypsochila only

Mi is anastomosed with the stem of R;{ + R4+5

for a short distance beyond the apex of discal cell,

while in Phulia, Infraphulia, and Pierphulia both

Mi and M2 are anastomosed with the stem of the

last radial vein from apex of this cell and for

some distance beyond.

Male genitalia (Figures 126-131) with uncus,

valva, and anellus very similar to those of Tatochila

and Phulia; valva with a strong distal process; subscaphium absent or sometimes very faintly indicated; lateroventral wall at base of uncus well folded

inward and closely appressed upon its inner side;

aedeagus in lateral view about as broad distally as

through the middle, deeply incised both dorsally

and ventrally from one-third to more than one-half

its entire length and similar to that of the Xanthodice group of Tatochila (Herrera and Field, 1959,

figs. 39, 40).

Female genitalia (Figures 144-149) with ductus

bursae very similar to Tatochila, differing chiefly in

the reduced sclerotization, being either not at all

sclerotized or having very small sclerotized areas

immediately anterior to the ostium. Eighth tergite

and sternite as in Tatochila and Phulia, with inner

genital plate not reduced, divided into a broad

subtriangular-shaped anterior lobe and a smaller

finger-like projection posterior to this and with both

of these parts entirely and thickly setulose on their

outer faces.

The species of Hypsochila are all very similar in

the male and female genitalia and are figured in

this paper mainly to show their great similarity.

SYNONYMICAL NOTE.—Chionanema Ureta was

erected as a subgenus with Hypsochila penai Ureta

as its type-species and sole included species. This

proposed subgenus was described as differing from

the nominate subgenus in having a straighter costal
NUMBER 232

margin on forewing with a narrower discal cell as

well as in certain susposed venational characters.

In the senior author's earlier treatment of Hypsochila (1959:110-112), Chionanema was retained as

a subgenus principally because specimens were not

available for study. This author's doubts were

expressed, however, as the characters selected by

Ureta for this subgenus did not seem to him to

be of more than specific value. A thorough study of

specimens representing both sexes by the present

authors show that none of the characters mentioned

by Ureta are of more than specific value and some

of them represent only individual variation; we

therefore synonymize Chionanema to Hypsochila.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name Hypsochila is a feminine

noun derived from the Greek classical words hypsos

meaning "height" and cheilos meaning "a margin,

lip, or brim." The spelling "chila" has come to be

used as an ending for the names of a number of

genera of pierid butterflies.

This genus (see Map 1) is found only in the

southern half of South America, with species that

are distributed from Tierra del Fuego north

through the Andes of southern and western Argentina into the Province of Mendoza, Argentina, and

north through the Andes of Chile almost to the

border between Chile and Peru. This genus is

represented by species (H. argyrodice, H. microdice)

that fly at lower elevations in the southern part of

the Continent and by species that fly at higher and

still higher elevations northward. Hypsochila

huemul flies near Lake Alumin6, Territory of

Neuqu&i at about 1200 meters and at Lonquimay,

Province of Malleco, Chile between 1500 and 1800

meters. Hypsochila galactodice flies together with H.

huemul in the southernmost part of its range and

farther north flies at about 2000 meters. Hypsochila

wagenknechti wagenknechti flies in the mountains

of the Province of Colchagua, Chile at an elevation

of about 2200 meters and in the Province of

Coquimbo between 3200 and 3700 meters, while

farther north H. wagenknechti sulfurodice flies in

the mountains of the Province of Antofagasta, Chile

at from 3200 to 3900 meters and still farther north

in the Province of Tarapaca at from 2800 to 4500

meters. Hypsochila penai known from one population in the western part of the Province of Antofagasta close to the extreme southwest border of

Bolivia flies at from 5000 to 5200 meters.

The genus Hypsochila contains six species: H.

argyrodice (Staudinger), H. microdice (Blanchard),

H. huemul Pena, H. galactodice Ureta, H. wagenknechti (Ureta), and H. penai Ureta. We divide H.

wagenknechti into two subspecies: H. wagenknechti

wagenknechti (Ureta) and H. wagenknechti sulfurodice Ureta. Five of the six species of Hypsochila

(that is all but H. penai) are very closely related

and could be considered subspecies of a single

widely distributed species. However, since two of

these species are known to fly at the same time in at

least two of the same localities and since almost

nothing is known of the natural history of any

species in this genus, we have taken what we consider to be a conservative approach and have

allowed these five taxa to stand as species as they

were originally described.

Key to the Species and Subspecies of Hypsochila

1. Males 2

Females 8

2. Hind wing on uppersurface entirely white 3

Hind wing on uppersurface with black scaling on the veins at the outer margin extending

inward for a short distance (Figure 5) 3. H. huemul Pena

3. Black spot at end of discal cell on uppersurface of forewing large (Figures 7. 25)

4. H. galactodice Ureta

Black spot at end of discal cell on uppersurface of forewing small (Figures 1, 3, 9, 11,

26) 4

4. Apex of forewing on uppersurfaces covered with a large amount of black or fuscous coloring; ground color of wings on undersurfaces white (Figures 26, 38) 6. H. penai Ureta

Apex of forewing on uppersurfaces with a much smaller amount of black or fuscous;

ground color of wings on undersurfaces yellow (Figures 1, 3, 9, 11, 13, 15, 21, 23) 5

Subapical row of black spots on uppersurface of forewing extending into interspace M,

(Figure 3) 2. H. microdice (Blanchard)

Subapical row of black spots on uppersurface of forewing not extending below interspace

M, (Figures 1, 9, 11) 6

5.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

6. Forewing apically rounded not greatly produced; uppersurface of forewing with a small

black spot on the margin at end of vein Cu, (Figures 9, 11)

5. H. wagenknechti (Ureta) ...7

Forewing apically produced and pointed; uppersurface of forewing lacking this black spot

(Figure 1) I. H. argyrodice (Staudinger)

7. Ground color of hind wing on undersurface pale yellow

5a. H. wagenknechti wagenknechti (Ureta)

Ground color of hind wing on undersurface darker sulphur yellow

5b. H. wagenknechti sulfurodice Ureta

8. Veins on undersurface of hind wing covered with fuscous scales (Figure 39)

6. H. penai Ureta

Veins on undersurface of hind wing covered with white scales (Figures 14, 16, 18, 20, 22,

24) 9

9. Black spot at end of discal cell on uppersurface of forewing large (Figure 8)

4. H. galactodice Ureta

Black spot at end of discal cell on uppersurface of forewing small (Figures 2, 4, 6, 10,

12) 10

10. Ground color of uppersurfaces of wings pale brown (Figure 2)

1. H. argyrodice (Staudinger)

Ground color of uppersurfaces of wings white, yellowish white or yellow (Figures 4, 6,

10, 12) 11

11. Basal one-half or more of uppersurfaces of wings lacking dark scaling along veins (Figures

10, 12) 5. H. wagenknechti (Ureta) 12

Basal one-half or more of uppersurface of wings with dark scaling along veins (Figures

4, 6) IS

12. Ground color of hind wing on undersurface pale yellow

5a. H. wagenknechti wagenknechti (Ureta)

Ground color of hind wing on undersurface darker sulphur yellow

5b. H. wagenknechti sulfurodice Ureta

13. Apex of broad lobe of inner genital plate folded inward, ventral margin of this lobe only

slightly infolded (Figure 146) 3. H. huemul Pefla

Apex of broad lobe of inner genital plate not folded inward, ventral margin of this lobe

greatly infolded (Figure 145) 2. H. microdice (Blanchard)

1. Hypsochila argyrodice (Staudinger)

FicutEs 1.2,13, 14,126,144, 162,181; MAP 1

Tatochila argyrodice Staudinger. 1899:5, 6, 14-17, 18. [119],

pi. [1]: fig. 11.—Elwes, 1903:292 [in part].—Rober, 1908:56.

pi. 18: fig. c-4: I909b:56. pi. 18: fig. c-4.—Giacomelli. 1915:

405. 406. 411. 414, 415; 1916:44. 46, 54-55, 57. pi. 3: fig. 5.—

Jorgensen, 1916:439, 440. 443, 457. 469-470.—Giacomelli,

1917:378.—Talbot, 1932:58.—Breyer, 1939:30.—Hay ward.

1951:92.

Hypsochila (Hypsochila) argyrodice.—Field, 1958:111.

MALE (Figures 1, 13, photographs of a specimen

from "Patagonia").—This is a relatively large

species, distinctly larger than any of the other

species except H. galactodice. The forewings are

apically produced and more pointed than in the

other Hypsochila species, with fuscous or black

markings on the apical area of this wing greatly

reduced. On the undersurfaces the wings are more

intense yellow than in the other species except H.

galactodice and it differs from all the other species

in having orange streaks between the veins on the

apex of the forewing and along costal margin of

hind wing.

Length of forewing, 25-27 mm.

FEMALE (Figures 2, 14, photographs of the

lectotype).—Wings with fuscous markings and

scaling above and below even more extensive than

in either H. microdice or H. huemul.

Length of forewing, 22 mm.

VENATION (Figure 162).—Similar to that of H.

microdice (Figure 16S) except that vein M2 in the

forewing arises from distinctly below apex of cell.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

181).—Claw with ventral tooth short as in H.

huemul (Figure 183) but with base of claw wider,

paronychium similar to all the other species of

Hypsochila, pulvillus with tip larger than in the

other species.

GENITALIA (Figure 126, male, drawn from preparation WDF 5752; Figure 144, female, drawn
NUMBER 232

from preparation VVDF 5751).—Very similar to the

male and female genitalia of the other species in

this genus.

TYPE DATA.—The type locality is "Ushuaia,"

Territory of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. This

subspecies was described from two females (syntypes)

captured on 20 November and 14 December, 1892

by Dr. Johann Wilhelm Michaelsen and now in

the collection of the Zoological Museum, Humboldt

University, East Berlin. The syntype illustrated

in the present paper (Figures 2, 14), the specimen

collected on 14 December 1892, is hereby designated

the lectotype and has been so labeled.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name argyrodice is a feminine

noun in the nominative singular in apposition with

the generic name. "Argyro" is derived from the

Greek argyros meaning "silver." The "dice" ending

of this name is a commonly used suffix or compounding element often used for the names of pierid

butterflies (see under H. microdice for additional

explanation). The silver refers to the reflections

found on the base of the forewing, present in all

species of Hypsochila.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 1).—This species is known

at present only from the extreme southern part of

Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, and from southern

Chile.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—We had for study, in

addition to the two female syntypes, a male simply

labeled "Patagonien" (collected by C. Berg) and a

male and a female from Cerro Castillo, Province

of Magallanes, Chile (January) (collected by J.

Herrera).

2. Hypsochila microdice (Blanchard),

new combination

FIGURES 3. 4.15, 16. 127, 145. 163, 182: MAP 1

Pieris microdice Blanchard, 1852:14.—Kirby, 1871:451.

Tatochila microdice.—Jorgensen, 1916:439. 440. 443. 449, 451-

452, 460. 465.—Hayward, 1951:93 [in part].—Herrera and

Field, 1959:488 [in part].—Hayward, 1962:21 [in part].

Tatochila microdice microdice.—Ureta, 1938a:272 [in part];

1938c: 123 [in part].

Hypsochila argyrodice.—Pefia, 1964:153 [not Staudinger, a

misidentification].

MALE (Figures 3, 15, photographs of the lectotype).—This species closely resembles H. huemul,

differing in being slightly smaller and in lacking

the black scaling on the veins at the outer margin

of the hind wing on the uppersurface. Undersurface

of hind wing and apex of forewing with ground

color yellow and with veins pale gray, nearly white,

outlined on both sides by lilac gray and with a

white spot over the lower discocellular vein and

adjacent area. Submarginal sagittate markings on

this surface of hind wing and in the apex of the

forewing dark brown or black and rather indistinct.

Length of forewing, 18-20 mm (average 19 mm).

FEMALE (Figures 4, 16, photographs of the allolectotype).—Wings on uppersurface white or

yellowish white with dark markings, sometimes

extensive and sometimes nearly lacking on their

bases. These dark markings not as extensive as in

H. argyrodice. Undersurface of wings as in the male

except with all dark scaling more extensive.

Length of forewing, 17-22.5 mm (average 19.8

mm).

VENATION (Figure 163).—Similar to that of H.

argyrodice (Figure 162) except vein M2 in the forewing arises from apex of cell.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

182).—Claw with ventral tooth rather large and

with main element of claw more slender than in

the other species of Hypsochila, paronychium

similar to all the other species of Hypsochila,

pulvillus small about as in H. galactodice (Figure

184) and H. wagenknechti (Figure 185).

GENITALIA (Figure 127, male, drawn from preparation WDF 6637; Figure 145, female, drawn

from preparation WDF 6640).—Very similar to the

other species in the genus. Hypsochila microdice

differs from H. huemul in the female genitalia in

having the apex of the broad lobe of inner genital

plate not folded inward and with ventral margin of

this lobe greatly folded inward.

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is "Estrecho de

Magallanes al havre Pulket [sic]" = Harbor of

Pecket, Territory of Magallanes, Chile. This species

was described from one male and one female in the

Boisduval collection, now in the collection of the

British Museum (Natural History). The male is

hereby designated the lectotype and the female is

hereby designated the allolectotype and these specimens have been so labeled.

MISIDENTIFICATION NOTES.—Herrera and Field

(1959:488-490) identified and used the name

microdice for a species belonging to the genus

Tatochila because the Blanchard syntypes were

thought to be lost and the characters given in the

Blanchard description seemed to apply to that
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

• H. argyrodice

• H. microdice

• H. huemul

A H. galactodice

• H. wagenknechti wagenknechti

• H. wagenknechti sulfurodice

• H. penai

MAP 1.—Distribution of the Genus Hypsochila Ureta.
NUMBER 232

Tatochila species. Later two Blanchard syntypes

representing his Pieris microdice were discovered

in the Boisduval collection of the British Museum

(Natural History) and were studied by the senior

author (see "Type-Data" above). The genitalia of

these syntypes (both sexes were present) show that

Blanchard's species belongs to the genus Hypsochila

and not to the species in Tatochila with which we

had identified it. Ackery (1975:5) as first reviser of

the Tatochila species chose the name Tatochila

sterodice Staudinger for the species we formerly

called T. microdice (Blanchard).

ETYMOLOGY.—The name microdice is a feminine

noun in the nominative singular in apposition with

the generic name. "Micro" is derived from the

Greek mikros meaning "small." The "dice" ending

of this name is a suffix or compounding element

derived from dike meaning "law, order, right." This

ending has often been used as the ending of names

of pierid butterflies and was probably derived from

its early use in names such as daplidice, a Linnaean

name, or philodice, a Godart name.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 1).—This species is found

from the west and north bank of the Strait of

Magellan, Province of Magallanes, Chile north into

the southern part of the Province of Santa Cruz,

Argentina.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (10 males, 5 females).—CHILE: Province of Magallanes, Harbor of Pecket, Peninsula of Brunswick; Monte Aymond (November). ARGENTINA: Province

of Santa Cruz, Rio Gallegos (JulY- October).

3. Hypsochila huemul Pena

FIGURES 5, 6, 17, 18, 128, 146, 164, 183; MAP 1

Tatochila autodice.—Elwes, 1903, pi. 12: fig. 2 [not Hiibner,

a misidentification].

Hypsochila (Hypsochila) huemul Pefta, 1964:151-154, 3 figs.;

1970:262.

MALE (Figures 5, 6, photographs of paratype).—

Wings with ground color white, with inwardly

directed sagittate spots at the ends of the veins

on the uppersurfaces of both pair of wings, prominent and with discal spot of forewing especially

on the uppersurface larger and more distinct than

in H. microdice. Both pair of wings on the undersurface similar to those of H. microdice, differing

in having the gray scaling along the veins forming

wider stripes.

Length of forewing, 21-24 mm (average 22.5

mm).

FEMALE (Figures 6, 18, photographs of paratype).—As in the male sex the female is slightly

larger than the female of H. microdice with discal,

marginal, and submarginal brown spots on the

uppersurface larger. Ground color of wings yellowish white or pale dirty-white.

Length of forewing, 21-23 mm (average 22 mm).

VENATION (Figure 164).—Similar to that of H.

microdice (Figure 163) in having vein M2 of forewing arising from apex of cell.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

183).—Claw with ventral tooth about as in H.

argyrodice (Figure 181), not as curved and with

base of claw not as wide as in that species, paronychium similar to the other Hypsochila species, pulvillus intermediate in size between H. microdice

(Figure 182) and H. argyrodice.

GENITALIA (Figure 128, male, drawn from preparation WDF 6582; Figure 146, female, drawn from

preparation WDF 6643).—As illustrated, quite similar to the other species of Hypsochila. Hypsochila

huemul differs from H. microdice in the female

genitalia in having the apex of the inner genital

plate folded inward and with ventral margin of

this lobe only slightly folded inward.

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is "Chile-Chico,"

Province of "Aysen, Chile." This species was described from the male holotype, female allotype,

and 17 male and 8 female paratypes all from the

same locality, collected between 24 and 31 December 1960. The holotype and majority of paratypes

are in the collection of Luis E. Pena, Santiago,

Chile. The allotype and two paratypes are in the

collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile. Other paratypes are in the

"Miguel Lillo" Institution of Tucuman, Argentina,

and in the National Museum of Natural History,

Washington, D. C.

MISIDENTIFICATION NOTE.—Elwes (1903, pi. 12:

fig. 2) figures a females of this species from Quillen,

Province of Cautin. Chile as Tatochila autodice

(Hiibner).

ETYMOLOGY.—The name huemul is an American

Indian name treated as a noun in the nominative

singular in apposition to the generic name. It is

derived from the Araucanian Indian verb "huemin"

meaning "to follow someone" and is the popular

name of a species of small deer found in the same

general region as the butterfly.
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 1).—This species is

known at present from Chile-Chico, Province of

Ayse'n, Chile near the border between Chile and

Argentina, northeast to Valle Lago Blanco, Territory of Chubut, Argentina and north in Chile into

the Province of Cautin to Lago Quille"n and east

from there into the Territory of Neuque'n, Argentina, where it flies near the Rio Agrio and at Lake

Alumine at about 1219 meters elevation (Elwes,

1903:292). This species and H. galactodice occur

together in the Province of Malleco, Chile and in

the Province of Neuque'n, Argentina.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (14 males, 9 females).—CHILE: Province of Ay sen, Chile-Chico (December, January). Province of

Malleco, Lonquimay, Cordillera Las Raices (December, 1500-

1800 meters). ARGENTINA: Territory of Chubut, Portezuelo,

Rio Guenguel (March). Territory of Neuque'n, Lake Alumine

(February, 1219 meters); Rio Agrio. Nahuel Huapi National

Park, Cerro Catedral, Bariloche (December).

4. Hypsochila galactodice Ureta

FICURES 7, 8, 19. 20, 25. 37. 129, 147. 165, 184; MAP 1

Tatochila microdice i. sterodice.—Ureta, 1938a: pi. 12: fig. 5

[not Staudinger, a misidentification].

Hypsochila galactodice Ureta, 1955:65-66, figs. 1, 3; 1956:161,

pi. 1: fig. 3a.—Field, 1958:111.—Ureta, 1963:97—Pefia,

1964:153.

MALE (Figures 7, 8, photographs of a specimen

from Termas, Chilian, Chile; Figures 25, 37, photographs of a specimen from Termas, Rio Blanco,

Malleco, Chile).—This species differs from all other

species of Hypsochila in having the forewing

broader and in having the black spot at the end

of the discal cell on both surfaces of this wing unusually large. On the uppersurface of forewing the

series of marginal black spots ends at vein Culf

and the series of subapical black spots ends in interspace M2 or sometimes in interspace Ma.

Length of forewing, 23-37 mm (average 25 mm).

FEMALE (Figures 8, 20, photographs of a specimen from Termas, Chilian, Chile).—Wings on

uppersurfaces with ground color white, contrasting

greatly with the black color pattern. As in the male

with the spot at end of discal cell on forewing

unusually large. Differing from the male in having

subapical black spots on uppersurfaces of forewing

continued as a submarginal row to the hind margin and as a nearly continuous band on this surface of hind wing.

Length of forewing 25-27 mm.

VENATION (Figure 165).—Similar to that of H.

argyrodice (Figure 162) in having vein M2 of forewing arising from just below apex of cell but arising closer to stem of vein Ra + R ^ + Mj than in

that species.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

184).—Claw with ventral tooth small, not as small

as in H. penai (Figure 186) and not as curved as

in H. huemul (Figure 183), with main element of

claw about as in the latter species, paronychium

not differing from the other species, pulvillus

about the size of H. microdice (Figure 182).

GENITALIA (Figure 129, male, drawn from preparation WDF 6661; Figure 147, female, drawn

from preparation WDF 6655).—As illustrated and

much like the other species in the genus.

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is "El Roble,

origen del Rio Nuble (Chilian)" = El Roble,

source of the Rio Nuble, Department of Chilian,

Province of SJuble, Chile. This species was described from the holotype male and from one male

paratype, both collected in January 1936 by

Emilio Ureta. These specimens are in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History,

Santiago, Chile.

MISIDENTIFICATION NOTE.—Ureta at an early date

(1938a, pi. 12: fig. 5) identified the present species

from El Roble, Chile as Tatochila microdice f.

sterodice.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name galactodice is a feminine

noun in the nominative singular in apposition with

the generic name. "Galacto" is derived from the

Greek galaktos meaning "milk" and refers to the

white ground color of the uppersurface of the

wings in this species. The "dice" ending of this

name is a commonly used suffix or compounding

element often used for the names of pierid butterflies.

NATURAL HISTORY.—The imago has a very strong

rapid flight and is said to be wary of man. It is

known to visit the yellow flowers or Quinchamalium sp.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 1).—This species flies

from Termas Rio Blanco and Lonquimay, Province of Malleco, Chile north through the Andes

into the Province of 5Juble, Chile and east into

the Territory of Neuque'n, Argentina. It occurs together with H. huemul in the Province of Malleco,

Chile and in the Territory of Neuque'n, Argentina.
NUMBER 232 11

MATERIAL EXAMINED (11 males, 2 females).—CHILE: Province of Malleco, Termas Rio Blanco (March). Province of

fluble, El Roble; Las Trancas (February); Termas Chilian

(January, February, 2000 meters). ARGENTINA: Territory

of Neuquen, Lagunas de Epulafquen (January).

5. Hypsochila wagenknechti (Ureta)

FIGURES 9-12, 21-24, 130, 148, 166, 185; MAP 1

For references see under the subspecies.

MALE (Figures 9, 21, photographs of H. wagenknechti wagenknechti from El Yeso, Chile; Figures

11, 23, photographs of H. wagenknechti sulfurodice

from Mamifia, Tarapaca, Chile).—This species is

relatively smaller than H. galactodice and has a

much smaller black spot at the end of the discal

cell on the forewing. It resembles the latter in

having subapical series of black spots on uppersurface of forewing ending in interspace M2 and differs from that species in having this series of spots

located closer to the apex.

Length of forewing, 19-26 mm (average 20.2

mm).

FEMALE (Figures 10, 22, photographs of H. wagenkneckti wagenknechti from Rio Seco, Chile; Figures 12, 24, photographs of H. wagenknechti sulfurodice paratype from Putre, Tarapaca, Chile).—

This species in this sex is also relatively smaller

than H. galactodice and has a smaller black spot

at the end of the discal cell on the forewing. The

subapical and submarginal spots on uppersurface

of forewing are closer to the outer margin than in

H. galactodice. Some females lack the submarginal

row of spots on this surface of hind wing and when

present they are not as prominent as they are in H.

galactodice.

Length of forewing, 19-23 mm (average 20.3 mm).

VENATION (Figure 166).—With vein M2 connate

with stem of veins R3 + R4+5 + M,.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

185).—Claw with ventral tooth about as in H. galactodice (Figure 184), not as small as in H. penai

(Figure 186), paronychium not distinctly different

from the other species, pulvillus smaller than in the

other species except H. penai, which has a still

smaller pulvillus.

GENITALIA (Figure 130, male, drawn from preparation WDF 6644; Figure 148, female, drawn from

preparation WDF 6656).—As illustrated, very much

like the other species of Hypsochila and figured

mainly to show its similarity.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name wagenknechti is a masculine noun in the genitive case, a patronym after

Rodolfo Wagenknecht, the collector of part of the

type series of this species.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 1).—This species including both subspecies ranges from the Cordillera de

Parral, Province of Linares north through central

Chile and northern Chile almost to the boundary

between Peru and Chile and in the mountains of

the Province of Mendoza, Argentina.

This species flies at lower elevations in the southern part of its range and at higher and higher elevations northward. In the southern part of its range

it flies at from between 2200 and 2700 meters,

gradually being found at higher elevations up to

4500 meters in the Province of Tarapaca, Chile.

5a. Hypsochila wagenknechti wagenknechti

(Ureta)

FIGURES 9.10, 21, 22. 130.148, 166. 185; MAP 1

Tatochila microdice.—Elwes, 1903, pi. 12: fig. 5 [not

Blanchard, a misidentification].—Gigoux, 1927:1433 [a

misidentification]; 1936:263 [a misidentification].—Ureta,

1936:32 [a misidentification]; 1937:110 [a misidentification].

Tatochila microdice £. wagenknechti Ureta, 1938a:278-283,

pi. 12: figs. 3, 4; 1938b: 123.—Breyer. 1939:29.—Ureta.

1939:297— Hayward, 1951:93—Hemming, 1967:228.

Hypsochila wagenknechti wagenknechti.—Ureta, 1955:58, 60-

63, figs. 1. 2; 1956:160, pi. 1: fig. 1; 1963:98.—Pefla. 1970:

262.

Hypsochila wagenknechti.—field, 1958:110, 111. 122. 124, 126.

128, 130. figs. 3, 11. 19, 27, 36.

MALE (Figures 9, 21, photographs of a specimen

from El Yeso, Chile).—Wings with uppersurfaces

white with dark brown or black markings at end

of discal cell and in apex of forewing very distinct.

Undersurfaces of wings with ground color in apex

of forewing and over hind wing much lighter yellow than in H. wagenknechti sulfurodice, with

veins heavily outlined on both sides by gray scaling

in these yellow areas.

Length of forewing, 19-26 mm (average 22.4 mm).

FEMALE (Figures 10, 22, photographs of a specimen from Rfo Seco, Chile).—Wings on uppersurface white to yellowish white with dark brown or

black markings as illustrated. Hind wings varying

in amount of these dark markings from having

them small and without a submarginal series to

having a prominent series of the latter, as well as

having the marginal markings more prominent.
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Wings on undersurface very similar to the male,

with all gray scaling along veins more prominent.

Length of forewing, 20-23 mm (average 22 mm).

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is "Rio Seco, Cordillera de Elqui (Prov. de Coquimbo)," Chile. This

species was described from the holotype male (20

February 1937), allotype female (19 February 1937)

and from 9 male and 13 female paratypes. Holotype, allotype, 8 male, and 10 female paratypes in

the collection of the National Museum of Natural

History, Santiago, Chile. Two female paratypes in

the Alberto Breyer collection of the National Museum of Natural Sciences, La Plata, Argentina. One

male and one female paratypes in the collection of

Rodolfo Wagenknecht of Santiago, Chile. Additional "paratypes" designated by Ureta in 1955

(page 62) are metatypes not paratypes.

MlSIDKNTIFICATION AND OTHER NOTES.—Elwes

(1903, pi. 12: fig. 5) identifies as Tatochila microdice

a "male" specimen from "Juncal," 9000 feet ( =

2744 meters) elevation, Province of Aconcagua,

Chile. We have examined this specimen and find

it to be a female not a male specimen of H. wagenknechti wagenknechti.

Although Ureta (1938a:276) first used the term

"forma" for the taxon he named wagenknechti, it

is clear from the context of his description that his

use of this term comes within the meaning of the

term "subspecies." In 1955 (pages 58, 60-63) Ureta,

believing that his earlier name {Tatochila microdice f. wagenknechti) was not available as first published (because the taxon was not clearly designated

a subspecies with a strict trinominal name formula),

redescribed this as a new species.

NATURAL HISTORY.—This subspecies, as does H.

wagenknechti sulfurodice, flies from between 10

in the morning and 3 in the afternoon. It is an

extremely swift-flying butterfly and has been observed visiting the flowers of Aploppapus bailahxien

and Senecio sp.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 1).—This is the subspecies

found in the mountains of the Province of Linares

in the middle of Chile north through the Provinces

of Colchagua, O'Higgins, Santiago, Aconcagua, and

Coquimbo and in the mountains of the Province

of Mendoza, Argentina.

It flies at about 2200 meters in the Province of

Colchagua, up to 3000 meters in the Province of

Santiago, up to 3700 meters in the Province of

Coquimbo, and has been recorded as occurring at

3863 meters in the Province of Aconcagua.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (14 males, 10 females).—CHILE: Province of Linares, Estero de Leiva, Cordillera de Parral.

Province of Colchagua, La Leonera, Codegua (December,

2200 meters). Province of O'Higgins, El Yeso (October).

Province of Santiago, Banos del Yeso; El Volcan (January,

February); Embalse El Yeso (November, 3000 meters); La

Yesera, Caj6n de San Jose de Maipo (January, February,

2600 meters). Province of Aconcagua, Caracoles (November);

Juncal (2744 meters); Portillo (February, March). Province

of Coquimbo, Banos del Toro (January, 3350 meters); El

Toro (3500 meters); Embalse La Laguna (3350 meters);

Hacienda Illapel (November, 2600 meters); Mineral Las

Hediondas (3400 meters); Quebrada de Banados, Elqui

(March); Rio Seco, Cordillera de Elqui (February, 3200-3700

meters). ARGENTINA: Province of Mendoza, Las Cuevas;

Quebrada de Los Horcones (February).

5b. Hypsochila wagenknechti sulfurodice Ureta

FIGURES 11, 12, 23, 24; MAP 1

Hypsochila wagenknechti sulfurodice Ureta, 1955:63-65, fig.

2; 1956:161, pi. 1: figs. 2[a]-2[c]; 1963:98.

Hypsochila (Hypsochila) wagenknechti sulfurodice.—Pefla,

1970:262.

MALE (Figures 11, 12, photographs of a specimen

from Mamina, Tarapaca, Chile).—Wings on both

surfaces with dark markings as illustrated, differing

from H. wagenknechti wagenknechti in being

smaller, in having these markings reduced in size,

and in having the ground color of the undersurface

of hind wing and apex of forewing sulphur yellow.

Length of forewing, 19-20 mm (average 19 mm).

FEMALE (Figures 12, 24, photographs of a. paratype from Putre, Tarapaca, Chile).—As does the

male, in the female sex this subspecies differs from

H. wagenknechti wagenknechti in being slightly

smaller and in having the dark markings reduced

in size with the ground color of the uppersurface

of wings yellowish white and with this color on

undersurface of hind wing and on apex of forewing

a sulphur yellow. The females differ from the males

in having the submarginal row of fuscous spots on

both surfaces of forewing extending to below vein

Cuj, and in having this submarginal row of spots

present also on the hind wing.

Length of forewing, 19-20 mm (average 19 mm).

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is "Lequena, San

Pedro, 3,900 m., Prov. de Antofagasta." This subspecies was described from the holotype male 8

May 1955); allotype female (Putre, Province of
NUMBER 232 13

Tarapaca, 3600 meters, 23 November 1952) and

from 24 male and 12 female paratypes from various

localities in the Provinces of Antofagasta and Tarapaca. Holotype, allotype, and 14 male and 6 female

paratypes in the collection of the National Museum

of Natural History, Santiago, Chile. Three male

and two female paratypes in the collection of Luis

E. Pena. Six male and three female paratypes in

the collection of S. Barros; one male and one female paratypes in the collection of Sr. Heimlich.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name sulfurodice is a feminine

noun in the nominative singular in apposition with

the generic name. "Sulfur" is the Latin sulfur

meaning "brimstone" and refers to the yellow

color of the undersurfaces of the wings of this

subspecies. The "dice" ending of this name is a

commonly used suffix or a compounding element

often used for the names of pierid butterflies and

is derived from the Greek dike meaning "law, order, right."

NATURAL HISTORY.—The females of this subspecies like the males of H. penai fold their wings

together and lie with one side close to the ground

when resting. The males repeatedly fly over the

same area, from 10 in the morning until 3 in the

afternoon, seemingly following the same route near

the ground from the top to the bottom of a hill

and back. It has been observed at the flowers of

Senecio wernerioides Weddell.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 1).—This subspecies is

found in northern Chile from the mountains of the

Province of Antofagasta north through the Province

of Tarapacd almost to the border between Chile

and Peru. It flies at 3200-3900 meters elevation in

the Province of Antofagasta and at 2800-4500 meters elevation in the Province of Tarapaca.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (20 males, 4 females).—CHILE: Province of Antofagasta, Chinina, Camino Talabre (October);

Lequena, San Pedro de Conchi (May, July, 3900 meters);

Llano de Quimal (March, 3200 meters); Ollagiie; Talabre

(December, 3200 meters); Tumbre (December, February,

3200 meters). Province of Tarapaca, Bel£n, Arica (October);

Chuzmisa (November); Mamiila (September, 2800 meters);

Parca, Arica (February); Putre (November, 3600-4500 meters);

Rio Seco, Arica (October, November, 4200 meters).

ARGENTINA: Province of Catamarca, Antofagasta de la

Sierra (January).

6. Hypsochila penai Ureta

FIGURES 26, 27, 38, 39, 131, 149, 167. 186; MAP 1

Hypsochila (Chionanema) penai [sic] Ureta, 1955:67, 69,

figs. 3, 4; 1956:161, pi. 1: figs. 36, 3c—Field, 1958:112.—

Ureta, 1963:98.

Hypsochila (Chianomema [sic]) penai [sic].—Pena, 1963:215.

Hypsochila (Chianonema [sic]) periai.—Pena, 1974a:262 [required correction in spelling of specific name]; 1974b:39.

MALE (Figures 26, 38, photographs of a topotype).—Wings above and below white in ground

color with dark markings as illustrated. This is

the only species in the genus to have the ground

color of hind wing and of the apex of the forewing

white on the undersurface. It differs from H. wagenknechti tuagenknechti in being much smaller and

it is the same size as males of H. wagenknechti sulfurodice. The fuscous dark markings on both surfaces of apex of forewing cover a greater area than

they do in the other species and are nearly confluent. The fuscous markings on the undersurface

of hind wing are nearly black in color and are more

extensive than in the other species of Hypsochila.

Length of forewing, 19-20 mm.

FEMALE (Figures 27, 39, figures of a topotype).—

This sex differs from the females of the other species of Hypsochila in the same ways that the

males do. It has all dark markings on the wings

even more extensive and unlike the male it has

the white ground color on both surfaces of wings

faintly tinged with yellow.

Length of forewing, 20 mm.

VENATION (Figure 167).—Similar to that of H.

argyrodice (Figure 162) in having vein M2 of the

forewing arising from distinctly below apex of cell.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

186).—Claw with ventral tooth very small, smaller

than in any of the other species, paronychium not

distinctly different from the other species, pulvillus

the smallest of any other species in the genus.

GEN ITALIA (Figure 131, male, drawn from preparation WDF 6578; Figure 149, female, drawn

from preparation WDF 6651).—Similar to the other

species in the genus.

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is given in the

original description as "Laguna Verde, 5200 m., Cordillera de Antofagasta," = east of Volcan Hekar,

Province of Antofagasta, Chile. This is not the Laguna Verde in the southwest corner of Bolivia. Luis

E. Pena on a map sent to the senior author of the

present paper shows this type-locality to be not

far from the Salar de Atacama. This species was described from the holotype and one paratype, both

males collected by Luis E. Pena at 5200 meters, 13
14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

December 1953 (holotype) and at 5000 meters, 14

December 1953 (paratype). The holotype is in the

collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile, and the paratype is in the

collection of Luis E. Pefia. The female was later

described by Pena (1974b:39) from the same locality.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name penai is a masculine

noun in the genitive case, a patronym after Luis E.

Pefia, the collector of the original series and the

preeminent and indefatigable collector of the fauna

of the Andes.

NATURAL HISTORY.—Ureta (1955:69) reports that

Pefia has observed that this species (observations

on the male sex), when resting on the ground, folds

all four wings together and inclines them to one

side close to the ground. This perhaps affords the

least possible resistance to the strong winds that are

common where these butterflies are found. Also

perhaps by exposing their undersurfaces with their

dark vein pattern they may absorb heat from the

sun. The butterflies fly very rapidly and compete

admirably against the strong prevailing winds. They

visit the flowers of Perezia atacamensis (Philippi)

and this plant may be the food plant of the larvae

(Pefia, 1963:215).

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 1).—This species flies at

the highest elevations of any species of Hypsochila,

occurring between 4500 and 5200 meters elevation.

As far as is known at present H. penai and H. wagenknechti do not overlap in horizontal distribution

and it is certain that they do not overlap in altitudinal distribution.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—We had for study three

males (4 January 1958; November 1961) and one

female (20 January 1974), all topotypes.

Genus Phulia Herrich-Schaffer

FIGURES 33-36, 45-63, 69-83, 132-135, 150-153. 168-171,

187-190; MAP 2

Phulia Herrich-Schaffer, 1867:101, 104-105, 144.—Butler,

1870:38, 52.—Kirby, 1871:505.—Scudder, 1875:249.—Reed,

1877:655, 656-657.—Staudinger, 1885:46.—Shatz and Rober,

1886.55.—Garlepp, 1892:273, 274, 275— Dixey, 1894:307,

323, 324, 325.—Staudinger, 1894:43-46.—Elwes, 1895:lxvlxvi.—Bartlett-Calvert, 1898:98.—Grote, 1900:19, 20, 22.—

Rober, 1909a:97-98, pi. 28.—Dixey, 1910:xciv, xcix,

exxxiv.—Rober, 1910:97-98, pi. 28.—Giacomelli, 1915:404;

1916:43.—Jorgensen, 1916:428, 432, 434, 515-517.—Giacomelli, 1917:384, 385.—Rober, 1924a:1024, pi. 192; 1924b:

1024, pi. 192.—Kohler, 1928:1.—Talbot, 1932:59-60.—Klots,

1933:154, 158, 219-220, 230, 238. pi. 12: fig. 89.—Talbot,

1935:627.—Ureta, 1938a:283-287; 1938b: 124.—Breyer, 1939:

46-47.—d'Almeida, 1943:97.—Ureta, 1947:50-52—Hayward,

1951:95.—Zischka, 1951:29-30.—Herrera, 1954b:52— Ureta,

1955:57, 69.—Herrera and Etcheverry, 1956:284.—Ehrlich,

1958:325.—Field, 1958:103, 104, 105, 112-114, figs. 4, 12, 20.

28, 37.—Forster. 1958:845-846.—Hughes, 1958:7-8.—Ureta,

1963:98-99.—Hemming, 1967:361.

Phulia (Phulia).—Field, 1958:104, 105, 106, 114, figs. 4, 12,

20, 28, 37.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Pieris nymphula Blanchard =

Phulia nymphula (Blanchard). Type by reason of

being the sole included species.

Phulia differs from the other genera treated in

this paper except Infraphulia in wing habitus and

from all except Pierphulia in the claws. From

Hypsochila and Piercolias it differs in having a reduced number of radial veins in the forewing, being

similar in this respect to Infraphulia and Pierphulia. From the latter genera it differs in the uncus

and valva of the male genitalia and in the signum,

accessory bursa, and inner genital plates of the female genitalia. From Piercolias it differs in the

form of the uncus of the male genitalia and in the

form of the inner genital plates of the female

genitalia.

Wings above white in the male sex (Figures 33,

35, 49, 50, 53-55, 58, 60, 62) and white, yellowish

white to yellow in the female sex (Figures 34, 36,

51, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63), lacking the silvery sheen

present in the base of discal cell of forewing in

Hypsochila and usually with at least a few sagittate

markings in apex of forewing. Female usually much

darker with many more markings on the uppersurfaces. Wings below in both sexes (Figures 45-48,

69-83) with dark pattern as shown, differing markedly from Hypsochila in this pattern in the intenseness of black of the cellular bar and in the

marginal and submarginal spots on this wing. Species of Phulia are very much smaller than those of

Hypsochila.

Legs with claw (Figures 187-190) directed downward more than outward and with dorsal margin

greatly curved downward, but not as greatly convex

along the dorsal margin as in Infraphulia (Figures

191-193). Tooth large and nearly parallel to main

portion of claw and from middle or from beyond

middle of claw. Pulvillus (Figures 187-190) with

distal subsegment narrow and entirely setulose.

Paronychium (Figures 187-190) short to relatively

long, usually not much over one-half the length

of claw.

Venation of Phulia (Figures 168-171) similar to
NUMBER 232 15

that of Infraphulia (Figures 172-174) and Pierphulia (Figures 175-177) with the number of radial

veins reduced to three, R4+5 having anastomosed

with R3. These genera thus differ greatly from

Hypsochila (Figures 162-167) and Piercolias (Figures 178-180), which retain four radial veins. In

Phulia, Infraphulia, and Pierphulia M1 and M2

are anastomosed for a distance with R3+4+5, Ma

being anastomosed to just before the apex of wing

and M2 for a short distance beyond apex of discal

cell. Vein M2 in both Hypsochila and Piercolias

is either entirely free, originating at or near apex

of discal cell, or sometimes connate with base of

vein M^

Male genitalia (Figures 132-135) with lateroventral wall at base of uncus well folded inward and

closely appressed upon its inner side and thus similar to Hypsochila (Figures 126-131); subscaphium

absent in Phulia, present and small in Pierphulia

(Figures 139, 140), large in Piercolias (Figures 141-

143); valva having a strong distal process and a

weakly sclerotized clasper flap on inner face near

middle as in Hyposchila and Piercolias. This last

structure also present in Infraphulia (Figures 136-

138) is absent in Pierphulia.

Female genitalia (Figures 150-153) with ductus

bursae colorless and nonsclerotized, with accessory

pouch present and large. In Infraphulia this accessory pouch is absent (Figures 154, 155) or greatly

reduced in size (Figure 156). In Phulia the signum

is of the common pierid type, being a single long

bilobed and heavily dentate bar on the inner face

of the ventral surface of bursa near opening of

ductus bursae. The eighth tergite in Phulia is entire and semiannulate; eighth sternite with inner

genital plate not reduced, divided into a broad

subtriangular-shaped anterior lobe and a smaller

finger-like projection posterior to this and with

Key to the Species and Subspecies of Phulia

1. Hind wing with costal margin sinuate and humeral angle expanded (Figure 168)

I. P. nymphula (Blanchard) 2

Hind wing with costal margin straight or slightly curved outward, not at all sinuate, humeral

angle not expanded (Figures 169-171) 3

2. Wings with all dark markings smaller and less prominent; with a smaller wing expanse,

not exceeding 33 mm (Figures 35, 36, 47-52, 69-72)

la. P. nymphula nymphula (Blanchard)

Wings with all dark markings larger and more prominent; with a larger wing expanse,

35 mm or larger (Figures 33, 34, 45, 46) lb. P. nymphula nympha Staudinger

3. Undersurface of hind wing with scales along veins yellowish brown, not contrasting greatly

with the yellow ground color; with marginal black streaks faint and short, submarginal

black spots below vein M2 rounded or quadrate in shape, about as broad as long (Figures

78-81); female with uppersurface of hind wing lacking most of the dark scaling along the

veins (Figures 59, 61) 4

Undersurface of hind wing with scales along veins darker, brownish gray or brown, contrasting greatly with yellow ground color and with strong marginal black streaks and

strong submarginal black spots below vein M2> these being much longer than broad (Figures 73-76, 82, 83); female with uppersurface of hind wing having a greater amount of

dark scaling along the veins (Figures 56, 57, 63) 5

4. Undersurface of hind wing with submarginal black spots below vein M2 rounded (Figures

78, 79) 2b. P. paranympha ernesta, new subspecies

Undersurface of hind wing with submarginal black spots below vein M, quadrate or semiquadrate in shape (Figures 80, 81) 3. P. nannophyes Dyar

5. Uppersurface of forewing in the male sex with a strong discal spot present at the end of

the cell and with apical and subapical dark pattern not reduced in size (Figures 53-55);

female with this discal spot not reduced in size and with dark pattern on both surfaces

of wings darker and more contrasting with the ground color (Figures 56, 57, 76, 77)

2a. P. paranympha paranympha Staudinger

Uppersurface of forewing in the male sex lacking discal spot at the end of the cell or with

this spot greatly reduced in size and with apical and subapical dark pattern also reduced

in size (Figure 62); female with this discal spot greatly reduced in size and with dark

pattern on both surfaces of wing much paler and less contrasting with the ground color

(Figures 63, 83) 4. P. garleppi, new species
16

both of these parts thickly setulose on their outer

faces.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name Phulia is a feminine

noun, the Greek classical word for "a kind of wild

olive."

The genus Phulia contains four species: P.

nymphula (Blanchard), P. paranympha Staudinger,

P. nannophyes Dyar, and P. garleppi, new species.

We divide P. nymphula into the subspecies P.

nymphula nymphula (Blanchard) and P. nymphula

nympha Staudinger and P. paranympha into the

subspecies P. paranympha paranympha Staudinger

and P. paranympha ernesta, new subspecies.

The species of this genus (see Map 2) live in the

highland plains at elevations between 2600 to 5000

meters and occupy vast regions of the Puna in the

Andes of Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina.

1. Phulia nymphula (Blanchard)

FIGURES 33-36, 45-52, 69-72, 132, 150, 168, 187; MAP 2

For references see under the subspecies.

MALE (Figures 33, 45, photographs of lectotype

of P. nymphula nympha; 35, 47, photographs of

topotype of P. nymphula nymphula; 49, 69, photographs of lectotype of P. altivolans, synonym of P.

nymphula nymphula; 50, 70, photographs of lectotype of P. nymphaea, synonym of P. nymphula

nymphula).—This species is easily distinguished

from P. paranympha (Figures 53, 58, 73, 78) in

spite of its very similar wing pattern on both surfaces by having a small but distinct white spot at

the end of the black stripe dividing the discal cell

on undersurface of hind wing and by having the

humeral angle of this wing greatly expanded, so

much so that the costal margin is sinuate, being

concave before vein Sc+Rt and convex after that

vein. In P. paranympha this white spot is absent

and the humeral angle is not at all expanded with

the costal margin nearly straight.

Length of forewing, 12-20 mm (average 17 mm).

FEMALE (Figures 34, 46, photographs of topotype

and probably syntype of P. nymphula nympha; 36,

48, photographs of a topotype of P. nymphula

nymphula; 51, 71, photographs of allolectotype of

P. altivolans, synonym of P. nymphula nymphula;

52, 72, photographs of specimen of P. nymphula

nymphula from Achocalla, La Paz, Bolivia).—

This sex differs from the males in having many

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

more fuscous markings on the uppersurfaces of the

wings. It differs from P. paranympha in the same

ways that the males differ from that species.

Length of forewing, 12-18 mm (average 16.7 mm).

VENATION (Figure 168).—Similar to the venation

of P. paranympha (Figure 169), differing in having

vein M2 of the forewing from apex of discal cell

and separate from the base of vein R3+4+5

 + Mi

or at the most anastomosed with base of that vein

for only a very short distance. In the hind wing

vein Sc+Rt terminates much closer to vein Rs

than it does in P. paranympha.

TIBIA OF FORELEG.—Shorter than first tarsal subsegment. In P. paranympha this tibia is longer than

first tarsal subsegment.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure 187).

—Paronychium much shorter than in P. paranympha, claw quite similar to the claw of P.

paranympha.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 132, drawn from preparation WDF 6647, a specimen of P. nymphula

nymphula).—As illustrated, similar to the genitalia

P. paranympha (Figure 133), with costal margin of

valva not evenly rounded.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 150, drawn from

preparation WDF 6648, a specimen of P. nymphula

nymphula).—Similar to the genitalia of P. paranympha (Figure 151) and the other species of

Phulia.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name nymphula is a feminine

noun in the nominative singular in apposition to

the genus name and is derived from the Latin word

nympha meaning "a demigoddess of the sea, rivers,

woods, etc." and the Latin diminutive suffix ula.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 2).—This species, in one

of its subspecies P. nymphula nymphula, is distributed over a great area in the Andes from the

Province of Santiago, Chile and the Province of

Mendoza in Argentina north through southern

Bolivia and Peru. In its southernmost range it flies

at from 2600 to 3200 meters, gradually being found

at higher elevations to the north, so that in Bolivia

and Peru it flies at from 3900 to 4500 meters. The

subspecies P. nymphula nympha has a very restricted

distribution, being found only at Huallatani and

Cocapata, Province of Cochabamba, Bolivia flying

at between 4000 and 5000 meters elevation. A

relatively low-flying population of the nominate

subspecies occurs at Colahuasi, Province of Arequipa, Peru at about 2700 meters. Whether this
NUMBER 232 17

nymphula nymphula

nymphula nympha

paranympha paranympha

paranympha ernesta

nannophyes

garleppi

80 75 70

\fAP 2.—Distribution of the Genus Phulia Herrich-Schaffer.
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

population represents the original lowest habitat

or is a secondary adjustment to this lower elevation

remains to be ascertained.

SUBSPECIATION.—As indicated above we divide

this species into two subspecies: P. nymphula

nymphula and P. nymphula nympha. We have

strong reservations that P. nymphula nympha is

anything more than an isolated, very local, high

elevation (5000 meters) population (found at

Huaillatani and Cocapata near Cochabamba,

Bolivia) that perhaps like G. G. Simpson's "demes"

differ so little that it would be better not to

recognize them as a nameable taxonomic unit.

Phulia nymphula nympha may be a homogenous

population at its type-locality but nympha- like

individuals are found at other localities flying with

P. nymphula nymphula. We are maintaining the

name P. nymphula nympha as a subspecies until

further thorough field work (at the type-locality and

at other localities where individuals occur similar to

those found at the type-locality can more definitely

establish their evolutionary significance and taxononaic value.

An examination of the male and female genitalia,

of legs and venation as well as of other structures,

failed to disclose any morphological characters

separating P. nymphula nympha from P. nymphula

nymphula and we have concluded that we cannot

maintain these two entities as species as has always

been done by all workers up to this time. Indeed

as mentioned above we have doubts that the former

name can even be maintained as a subspecies when

all the facts are known.

la. phulia nymphula nymphula (Blanchard)

FICURES 35. 36, 47-52, 69-72, 132, 150, 168, 187; MAP 2

Pieris nymphula Blanchard, 1852:14-15, pi. 1: figs 3a, 3b —

Bartlet-Calvert, 1886:313.

Phulia nymphula.—Herrich-Schaffer, 1867:144.—Butler, 1870:

52.—Kirby, 1871:505.—Reed, 1877:648, 656-657, 734.—

Hopffer, 1879:84.—Schatz and Rober, 1886:72, pi. 7: fig.

[8].—Staudinger, 1884, pi. 23: fig. [/-3]; 1885:46.—Weymer,

1890:125.—Weymer and Maassen, 1890:97-98.—Dixey,

1894:307.—Bartlett-Calvert, 1898:98.—Grote, 1900:20 —

Elw«, 1903:292, 299.—Rober, 1909a:97, pi. 28. figs, c-3,

c-4; 1910:97, pi. 28: figs, c-3, e-4.—Giacomelli, 1915:404;

1918:340, 341, 342.—Reed, 1918:313-314.—Kohler, 1923:19 —

Rober, 1924a:1024; 1924b: 1024.—Kohler, 1928:1.—Talbot,

1932:59.—Riots, 1933:154, 219, 220, 242, pi. 12: fig. 89.—

Ureta, 1934:78.—Talbot, 1935:627—Ureta, 1938a:284-287,

pi. 12: figs. 9. 10; 1938b: 124; 1939:297.—d'Almeida,

1943:97—Hayward, 1951:95.—Zischka, 1951:29.—Herrera,

1954b:42, 52, pi. 5: figs. 3, 4.—Herrera and Etcheverry,

1956:275, 284.—Forster, 1955:136, 137—Field, 1958:112, 114,

122, 124, 126, 128, 131, figs. 4, 12, 20, 28, 37.—Hughes,

1958:7— Ureta, 1963:99—Hemming, 1967:361.

Phulia nymphaea Staudinger, 1894:49-51, pi. 1: fig. 11.—

Rober, 1909a:97. pi. 28: fig. d-2; 1910:97, pi. 28: fig. d-2.—

Talbot, 1932:59.—Zischka, 1951:29.—Forster, 1955:136.—

Hughes, 1956:250. [New synonymy.]

Phulia nymphea [sic.]—Elwes, 1903:292.

Phulia altwolans Dyar, 1913:628-629.—Talbot, 1932:60. [New

synonymy.]

Phulia aconquijae Jorgensen, 1916:432, 439, 515-517, figs.

12, 13.—Giacomelli, 1917:384, 385; 1918:341— Rober,

1924a:1024, pi. 192: figs, d-3, d-4; 1924b:1024, pi. 192: figs.

d-3, d-4.—Talbot, 1932:60. [New synonymy.]

Phulia reedi Giacomelli, 1918:341-342.—Hayward, 1951:95

[as a synonym of P. nymphula].—Ureta, 1963:99 [as a synonym of P. nymphula].

Phulia nymphula forma reedi.—Rober, 1924a: 1024;

1924b: 1024.—Talbot, 1932:59.

Phulia joergenseni Rober, 1924a: 1024; 1924b: 1024. [New

synonymy.]

Phulia nymphula fa. aconquijae.—Hayward, 1951:95.

Phulia nymphula nymphae [sic].—Herrera, 1954a: 140, 147;

1954b:57.—Herrera and Etcheverry, 1956:284, 289.

Phulia nymphula nymphaea.—Field, 1958:128.

MALE (Figures 35, 47, photographs of topotype;

49, 69, photographs of lectotype of the synonym P.

altivolans; 50, 70, photographs of lectotype of the

synonym P. nymphaea).—Wings as illustrated showing considerable variation in the fuscous markings

on both surfaces. This subspecies differs from P.

nymphula nympha in being usually smaller and in

having all markings on both surfaces lighter in

color and less distinct. The original series of P.

nymphula nympha composed of about one hundred

specimens had a wing expanse of from between 30

and 41 millimeters. We find that P. nymphula

nymphula has a wing expanse of between 29 and

36 millimeters. We have seen large specimens of P.

nymphula nymphula taken at a number of localities

(in the Andes of Bolivia, Peru, northern Chile,

and Argentina) that have a wing expanse of from

34 to 36 millimeters and that are almost as dark

and some that are quite as dark as P. nymphula

nympha. These large, dark specimens are found in

some localities along with the smaller and lighter

marked P. nymphula nymphula, and as stated before

we doubt the validity of P. nymphula nympha as

a subspecies, suspecting that this size difference and

the difference in the darkness of maculation may

only represent normal individual variation within

the larger population of P. nymphula.
NUMBER 232 19

Length of forewing, 11-18 ram (average 15.7

mm).

FEMALE (Figures 36, 48, photographs of a topotype; 51, 71, photographs of allolectotype of the

synonym P. altivolans; 52, 72, photographs of specimen from Achocalla, La Paz, Bolivia).—Wings as

shown in these figures with considerable maculation

variation as is true of the male sex. It differs from

the male in having more dark markings on the

uppersurface of the wings. What we have written

above about the male sex in the two so-called

subspecies applies also to the female sex.

Length of forewing, 12-18 mm (average 15.5 mm).

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is "provincia de

Coquimbo," Chile. This was described apparently

from a single specimen that is apparently lost. The

original figure is of the male sex and especially

the undersurface is rather poorly drawn and colored.

As this is the only species of the genus Phulia to

occur in Chile this far south, we have no uncertainty

about our identification and this agrees with the

opinion of all modern workers writing upon the

Chilean fauna. We do not feel that a neotype

designation is necessary at this time.

SYNONYMICAL NOTES.—Phulia nymphaea Staudinger, 1894: Type-locality, "Illimani aus Bolivien"

= Illimani, Province of Cochabamba, Bolivia. This

was described from a series of four males and seven

females from the Stiibel collection of the Zoological

Museum, Humboldt University of Berlin and from

one male collected by Mr. Buckley in Bolivia, now

in the collection of the British Museum (Natural

History). Staudinger, following his earlier (1894:

44-46) misdetermination of Blanchard's species P.

nymphula, placed his manuscript name Phulia

paranympha in the synonymy of P. nymphula and

redescribed the true P. nymphula under the name

P. nymphaea. He was led astray by his complete

lack of material from Chile and by the poor and

oversized original figure of P. nymphula. His observation that the basal portion of the hind wing

in P. nymphaea is greatly produced definitely

confirms the junior synonymy of P. nymphaea to P.

nymphula. Unfortunately Blanchard's illustration

(1852; pi. 1: fig. 5b) does not show this greatly

produced humeral angle. We know the Blanchard

illustration is in error because, as stated before the

only species found in the Province of Coquimbo,

Chile has this greatly produced humeral angle.

According to the late Dr. E. M. Hering there are in

the Stiibel collection of the Zoological Museum,

Humboldt University of Berlin, four male and five

female syntypes from Illimani, Bolivia. One of these

male syntypes was loaned to us for study and we

have selected it as the lectotype (Figures 50, 70) and

have labeled it accordingly.

Phulia altivolans Dyar, 1913: Described from

"Cotypes.—Three males, two females, Cat. No.

15600, U.S.N.M., Cotahuasi, 9,000 feet, October,

1911; Coropuna, 14,500 feet, October, 1911." We

select as the lectotype the male labeled "Type" in

the collection of the National Museum of Natural

History (Washington, D. C.) and have pinned an

appropriate label with it. The lectotype and the

remainder of the type series clearly represent the

subspecies Phulia nymphula nymphula.

Phulia aconquijae Jorgensen, 1916: This name

was erected for a supposed species described from

material in the Jorgensen collection from: "cumbres

de Aconquija (cerro Medio, alt. 3700 m., cerro de la

Tambillo o de la Cie"naga, alt. 3750 m., cerro de

Yutoyaco, alt. 3500 m., cerro Negro, alt. 3500 m.),"

Province of Catamarca, Argentina. The number of

specimens and number of each sex are not specified

in the original description, nor was a holotype

designated. Topotypes are present in the collection

of the National Museum of Natural History

(Washington, D. C.) and indeed these specimens

may represent syntypes (although they are not so

labeled). A lectotype designation is not needed at

the present time. A study of the original description

and of topotypes show that this name is a junior

synonym of Phulia nymphula nymphula.

Phulia reedi Giacomelli, 1918: Being misled by

the misidentification made by Staudinger (1894)

of the Chilean species (from Coquimbo) as being

the species we now call Phulia paranympha Staudinger (and which Staudinger thought was Phulia

nymphula) and not being familar with the species

occurring in Chile, Giacomelli mistakenly describes

as new, this population, of which he had 15 males

and 5 females from "Las Cuevas (Mendoza),"

Argentina. The location of the syntypes is unknown

to the present writers. It is clearly a junior synonym

of Phulia nymphula nymphula and was so treated

by Hay ward (1951:95).

Phulia joergenseni Rober, 1924: Rober being

misled by Staudinger (1894), and apparently in

addition being thoroughly confused, proposed this

name for "die Boliviaform" if Jorgensen's P.
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

aconquijae turned out to be synonymous with P.

nymphula. That the Bolivian population had

already been named P. nymphaea and that the

latter name was a junior synonym of the true P.

nymphula as opposed to the species Staudinger

misidentified as P. nymphula was not understood

by Rober. He mentions no specimens and type

specimens were not considered necessary by Rober

as he thought of his name as a replacement name.

NATURAL HISTORY.—This subspecies prefers wet

swampy areas. The adults settle after flight with

their wings outspread to both sides of their bodies

and closely appressed to the ground. Reed (1918:

314) states that the food-plant may be Tropaeolum

polyphyllum Cavanilles as he observed gravid

females upon this plant as well as a chrysalis

attached to the base of one of them.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 2).—The nominate subspecies, P. nymphula nymphula, has the greatest

distribution of any species or subspecies in the

genus Phulia and for that matter of any species

treated in this paper. It is found in the Andes from

the Province of Santiago and Valpariso in central

Chile and from the Province of Mendoza in Argentina north through Chile and through west-central

Bolivia into Peru through the Departments of

Arequipa and Puno to the Departments of Huancavelica, Cusco, and Junin.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (266 males, 123 females).—CHILE:

Province of Santiago, Caracoles (November, 3800 meters);

Farallones (October); La Engorda (February). Province of

Valparaiso, exact locality?. Province of Aconcagua, Rio

Blanco, Laguna de Castro (December, 3200 meters). Province

of Coquimbo, llanos El Toro (January, February, 3500

meters); Hda. Illapel (November, 2600-2800 meters); Rio

Seco, Elqui (February). Province of Antofagasta, Andes Range

(December, 3000-5000 meters); Catarape, Salar de Atacama

(December, January, 3000-3500 meters); Corral Blanco (December); Geyser del Tatio (December); Hekar (December);

Inacaliri (December); Laguna Legia (November, December,

4400 meters); Alto de Laguna Verde (October, November,

December, February, 4400-5000 meters); Ojalar (December);

Siloli (December); Tumbre (September-December, 3700-4000

meters; Toconce Gu'y)> northwest of Volcan Laskar

(September-December, 3700-4000 meters). Province of Tarapacd, Alcerreca (November, 3600-3700 meters); Beten (November, 3200 meters); Chapiquina (November, 3370 meters);

Cotacotani (February, 4500 meters); Guayatire (November,

4500 meters); Parinacota (December, February, 4350-4500

meters); Putre (November, December, February, 3530-3650

meters); Socoroma (March, 3600 meters). ARGENTINA:

Province of Mendoza, Las Cuevas (February). Province of San

Juan, Paso del Inca (3400 meters). Province of Catamarca,

Yura Yaco (January). Province of Tucumdn, Laguna El

Negrito, Department of Tafi; Rio de Puerta, San Jose, Department of Tafi (December, 3900 meters). Province of Salta,

Calchaqui (December, 4500 meters); La OUada. PERU: Department of Arequipa, Cotahuasi (October, 2742 meters);

Coropuna (October, 4418 meters); El Fraile (June, 4300

meters); Quenche (January, 4265 meters); San Ignacio de

Cailloma (September, November); Sumbay (June, 3500

meters). Department of Puno, Cabanillas (April, 4000 meters);

Capachica (January, 4100 meters); Desaguadero (November);

Hda. Collacachi, near Puno (November); Hda. Lagunillas,

Province of San Roman (October, 4200 meters); Puno (July,

4875 meters); Tiroya (April, 4600 meters); Yunguyo (January).

Department of Cusco, Ruins near Paso de Amparaes, Province

of Urubamba (October, 4000 meters). Department of Huancave'lica, Pairomane (November, 4000 meters). Department

of Junin, La Oroya (3656 meters) Pamay, near Satipo

(July, 3900 meters). Department of Ayacucho, Reserva Pampa

Galeras, Lucanas (April, 4000 meters). BOLIVIA: Department of Oruro, Nevado de Sajama; Oruro (January,

March, July, 4000 meters). Department of La Paz, Belen Experiment Station (May, 3961 meters); Estaci6n La Cumbre

(February); near Huanaco (4875 meters); Illimani; La Paz

(March, 4000-5000 meters); 35 kilometers southwest of La Paz

(June, 3961 meters); Rio Mauri, General Campero (February,

3960 meters); Sicasica (October); Songotal, Cuticucha (July,

4500 meters); Tiahuanaco (March, June, 3961 meters). Department of Cochabamba, Tunari (December, 4000 meters).

lb. Phulia nymphula nympha Staudinger,

new status

FICURES 33, 34, 45; MAP 2

Schmetterlinge Nr. 3.—Garlepp, 1892:273, 274.—Staudinger,

1892:273,274,

Phulia nffnpha Staudinger, 1894:46-49, pi. 1: figs. 6, 13, 15,

52, 54.—Rober, 1909a:97, pi. 28: figs, c-5, rf-1; 1910:97, pi.

28: figs, c-5, d-1.—Dyar, 1913:628.—Jorgensen, 1916:517.—

Talbot, 1932:59.—Zischka, 1951:29.—Forster, 1955:137 —

Ureta, 1963:99.

Phulia olympia Staudinger, 1894:46. [A manuscript name in

synonymy of P. nympha.]

MALE (Figures 33, 45, photographs of lectotype).

—This subspecies differs from P. nymphula

nymphula in being larger and in having all markings on both surfaces of wings darker in color, more

extensive, and more contrasting with the white

ground color. We recognize this subspecies only

provisionally and apply the name only to the

population found between 4000 and 5000 meters

elevation at Huaillatani and nearby Cocapata,

Province of Cochabamba, Bolivia. We have studied

typical P. nymphula nymphula from 4000 meters

elevation taken near Tunari, which is only about

30 kilometers (map measurement) west of Huaillatani and about 25 kilometers south of Cocapata.
NUMBER 232 21

Individuals similar to P. nymphula nympha are

found in a number of localities over the range of

the nominate subspecies, and we consider these to

represent normal variation in that subspecies. It is

difficult for us to believe that these so-called subspecies do not fly together at the same time in

these localities near Cochabamba, Bolivia and thus

likewise only represent individual variation. Biological studies and careful field observation are

needed to solve this problem.

Length of forewing, 19-20 mm (average 18.4

mm).

FEMALE (Figures 34, 46, photographs of topotype

and probable syntype).—Wings with habitus as

illustrated and as in the male larger and darker

than in the nominate subspecies.

Length of forewing, 17.5-18 mm (average 17.8

mm).

TYPE DATA.—This subspecies was described by

Staudinger from a large series of about 100 specimens of both sexes from "Huallatani" ( = Huaillatani), Bolivia taken between January 10th and

the beginning of March 1892 by Gustav Garlepp at

about 4000 meters and from an unspecified number

of males and one female from "Cocapata," Bolivia.

Staudinger reported that these localities were in the

Department of Las Paz; however, modern maps

show them to be in the Department of Cochabamba,

Bolivia. According to the late Dr. Erich M. Hering

(in a letter) there are in the Staudinger collection

of the Zoological Museum, Humboldt University

of Berlin, one male from Huaillatani and nine

male and seven female syntypes from Cocapata.

Since Staudinger in his original description states

that he had only one female from the latter locality,

six of these seven females cannot be regarded as

syntypes. We select as the lectotype the single

remaining male from Huaillatani (Figures 33, 45)

and have so labeled this specimen. Staudinger was

a famous dealer in insects and undoubtedly sold

most of this large series of syntypes (probably without proper identifying labels).

SYNONYMICAL NOTE.—Phulia olympia Staudinger,

1894: Staudinger often labeled and sold butterflies

under his own manuscript names. Later when

describing one of these species as new he would

sometimes choose a different name for the butterfly

involved. This subspecies was described as a species

with name given as "Phul. Nympha Stgr. (Olympia

Stgr. in litt.)" Since the name "nympha" is a new

name, the name "olympia" is stillborn (being proposed in synonymy) and an unavailable name.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name nympha is a feminine

noun in the nominative singular in apposition with

the genus name and is the Latin word for "nymph."

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 2).—This subspecies as we

"restrict" and "understand" it is found only at

Huaillatani and Cocapata, Department of Cochabamba, Bolivia. It flies at about 4000 meters

elevation at the latter locality and at about 5000

meters elevation at the former locality.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—We had for study five

males and two females, all from the type-locality.

2. Phulia paranympha Staudinger

FIGURES 53-59, 73-79, 133, 151. 169,188; MAP 2

For references see under the subspecies.

MALE (Figures 53, 73, photographs of lectotype

of P. paranympha paranympha; 58, 78, photographs

of allotype of P. paranympha ernesta).—This species

is easily distinguished from Phulia nymphula by

lacking the small and distinct white spot found in

the latter species on the undersurface of hind wing

at the end of the black stripe dividing the discal

cell and by having the humeral angle of this wing

not at all expanded and with its costal margin

straight. In P. paranympha this black stripe runs to

the end of the discal cell where it joins a small

thin blackcross bar that delineates the end of that

cell.

Length of forewing, 12.5-17 mm (average 14.3

mm).

FEMALE (Figures 56, 76, photographs of a topotype of P. paranympha paranympha; 57, 77, photographs of a specimen of P. paranympha paranympha

from Sicasica, Bolivia; 59, 79, photographs of

holotype of P. paranympha ernesta).—This sex

differs from females of P. nymphula in the same

ways that the male sex differs from that species. It

differs from the male sex in having more and larger

fuscous markings on the uppersurfaces of the wings.

VENATION (Figure 169).—Similar to the venation

of P. nymphula (Figure 168), differing in having

vein M, of the forewing anastomosed with base of

Ra+i+s + M, for some distance. In the hind wing

vein Sc + R-! terminates much farther from vein Rs

than it does in P. nymphula.

TIBIA OF FORELEG.—Longer than the first tarsal
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBU TIONS TO ZOOLOGY

subsegment. In P. nymphula this tibia is shorter

than the first tarsal subsegment.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure 188).

—Paronychium longer than in P. nymphula, claw

quite similar to that species.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 133, drawn from preparation WDF 6665, a specimen of P. paranympha

paranympha).—As illustrated, similar to the genitalia of P. nymphula (Figure 132) with costal margin

of valva evenly rounded.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 151, drawn from

preparation WDF 6686, a specimen of P. paranympha paranympha).—As illustrated, similar to

the genitalia of P. nymphula (Figure 150).

ETYMOLOGY.—The name paranympha is a

feminine noun in the nominative singular in

apposition with the genus name and is derived from

the Greek prefix para meaning "near or parallel"

and the Latin nympha meaning "nymph."

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 2).—This species occurs

only in Bolivia, ranging from the Nevado de Sajama

east to Oruro, northeast through the Sierra de

Cochabamba, west from there through the Cordillera Real, and south to the Serannia de Sicasica. It

flies at between 4000 and 5000 meters elevation.

SUBSPECIATION.—We recognize two subspecies: P.

paranympha paranympha and P. paranympha

ernesta, new subspecies. The former has the broader

distribution, the latter appearing to be an isolated

population found only on the Nevado de Sajama.

2a. Phulia paranympha paranympha

Staudinger

FICURES 53-57, 73-77, 133, 151, 169, 188; MAP 2

Schmetterlinge Nr. 2.—Garlepp, 1892:273.—Staudinger,

1892:273.

Phulia nymphula Blanchard (?) (Paranympha StgT. in litt).—

Staudinger, 1894:44-46, 47, 48, 52, 54, 56. [A misidentification of Phulia nymphula and a manuscript name published

in the synonymy of this misidentification.]

Phulia nymphagoga Rober, 1909a:97, pi. 28: figs. d-A, d-5;

1910:97, pi. 28: figs. d-A, d-5.—Talbot, 1932:59.—Zischka,

1951:29.—Field, 1958:114.—Hughes, 1958:7. [New synonymy.]

Phulia paranympha.—Forster, 1955:136-137 [name made

available as of the original author and date; see Article

11 (d). International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 2nd

edition, 1964].—Field, 1958:114.—Forster, 1958:846.

MALE (Figures 53, 73, photographs of lectotype;

54, 55, 74, 75, photographs of specimens from La

Paz, Bolivia).—Wings as illustrated, ground color

greenish yellow underneath with veins bordered on

each side by a dark grayish brown line, these veins

black and their borders enlarged at the margins.

Marginal markings large and very distinct. Black

spot at end of cell on forewing on both surfaces

always present. Some specimens have a small

amount of pink or red along costal margin of hind

wing underneath. This is the most strongly marked

of the two subspecies as the figures indicate. The

dark markings of the undersurface of the hind wing

show through on the uppersurface and in some

males there are in addition black scales overlying

the veins.

Length of forewing, 12.5-17 mm average 14.4

mm).

FEMALE (Figures 56, 76, photographs of a topotype; 57, 77, photographs of a specimen from

Sicasica, Bolivia).—As illustrated with some variation in the amount of dark markings but with

these markings extensive on both surfaces. Some

females have a small amount of pink along the

costal margin of the hind wings below.

Length of forewing, 13-16 mm (average 14.3 mm).

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is "bei Huallatani" = near Huaillatani, 4000 meters, Department

of Cochabamba, Bolivia. This subspecies was

described from about 75 males and 25 females

collected by Gustav Garlepp, mainly in February

1892. Most of this series was undoubtedly sold by

Staudinger, who was a famous dealer in insects, so

that many collections probably contain syntypes

(unlabeled as to that status). According to the

late Dr. E. M. Hering there remain in the Staudinger collection of the Zoological Museum, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10 males and 7 females.

One of these males was sent to the senior author

for study and is here designated the lectotype

(Figures 53, 73) and has been so labeled. In addition

to the above series, Staudinger in his original

description mentioned one male from near Cocapata, Bolivia (only about 26 kilometers distance

from Huaillatani and at a similar elevation). This

syntype is apparently lost.

MISIDENTIFICATION AND SYNONYMICAL NOTES.—

This species was first discovered by Gustav Garlepp

(1882) and was labeled by him as "Schmetterlinge

Nr. 2." Staudinger (1892:273 referred to this as a

new Phulia near nymphula. In 1894 (page 44) he

identified it as "Phulia nymphula Blanchard (?)

(Paranympha Stgr. in litt.)" Staudinger not having
NUMBER 232

material from Chile depended upon Blanchard's

rather poor original colored figure (1852, pi. 1: figs.

3a, 3b), which does not show the greatly expanded

humeral angle of the hind wing that is the diagnostic character of Blanchard's species. In addition

Blanchard's figure is very poorly drawn and colored,

particularly in dark markings of the undersurfaces.

Staudinger placed a question mark after the identification heading in his description and covering all

eventualities; in addition he cited his manuscript

name in the synonymy of his questioned identification. Dr. Walter Forster (1955:136) first used

this name as of the original author and date and

it thus became the valid name for this species (and

nominate subspecies) (see Article 11 (d), International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 2nd

edition, 1964).

Rober (1909a) describes Phulia nymphagoga as a

new species from at least two specimens (both

sexes) from Cocapata, Bolivia (the same locality

from which Staudinger had one syntype of his P.

paranympha). These Rober syntypes are apparently

lost. The late Dr. E. M. Hering wrote (to the

senior author) that "no specimen in the Staudinger

and Rober collections are labeled as coming from

Cocapata." He also stated that there were 19 males

and 8 females from Sajama in the Staudinger

collection standing under this Rober name (and

Staudinger manuscript name), and one male specimen from this series was loaned to us as a possible

lectotype candidate. This specimen is not eligible

for lectotype designation as it is not a syntype

and is not from the type-locality. This specimen,

in fact, represents a different subspecies described

below as P. paranympha ernesta. The original

description of P. nymphagoga fits many paler and

less well-marked specimens of P. paranympha paranympha, and we therefore list P. nymphagoga as a

junior synonym of that subspecies. We see no need

for a neotype selection at the present time.

NATURAL HISTORY.—The adults of this subspecies

rest upon the ground with their wings outspread.

DISTRIBUTION (Map 2).—This subspecies is found

in Bolivia, occurring from the Cordillera Real and

the Serrania de Sicasica, Department of La Paz

south to Oruro and in the Sierra de Cochabamba,

Department of Cochabamba.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (35 males, 20 females).—BOLIVIA:

Department of Cochabamba, Huaillatani (February, 5000

meters). Department of La Paz: La Paz (March, 4800 meters);

west slope Illimani (April, 4500-5000 meters); Illimani (January, 4400 meters); Cordillera Real, Chacaltaya (March, 4700

meters); £staci6n Cumbre (February); Hichacota (June, 4500

meters); Sicasica (October). Department of Oruro, Oruro

(January, 4100 meters).

2b. Phulia paranympha ernesta, new subspecies

FIGURES 58, 59, 78, 79; MAP 2

Phulia nymphagoga.—Forster, 1955:137 [not Rober, a misidentification].

MALE (Figures 58, 78, photographs of allotype).—

Wings as figured with ground color above white,

faintly tinged with yellow and with dark markings

in apex and along outer margin of forewing very

much smaller than in P. paranympha paranympha.

The subapical brown spots not reaching below vein

M3 and represented by a very small dot in interspace M2. Discal spot on forewing very thin. Ground

color of undersurfaces yellow with all markings

more faint than in P. paranympha paranympha.

Length of forewing, 13-14 mm.

FEMALE (Figures 59, 79, photographs of holotype).

—Similar to the male with wings as illustrated and

having brown markings only slightly larger than in

that sex. The white ground color on both surfaces

tinged with yellow as in the male.

Length of forewing, 13 mm.

TYPE DATA.—Described from the female holotype, the male allotype, and one male and one

female paratypes, all from the Nevado de Sajama,

Bolivia. These specimens were probably all collected

by Gustav Garlepp in September 1896 at 4000

meters elevation and the male paratype, which is

better labeled than the rest, was definitely so

labeled. Holotype in the collection of the National

Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. and

has been given the type number 73644. The allotype

and the female paratype are in the collection of the

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.

The male paratype is in the collection of the Zoological Museum, Humboldt University of Berlin,

Germany, where there are nine additional male and

seven additional female topotypes, all mistakenly

standing under the name P. nymphagoga.

MISIDENTIFICATION NOTE.—Forster (1955:137)

overlooking the fact that the type-locality of P.

nymphagoga Rober (a junior synonym of P. paranympha paranympha) is Cocapata not Sajama,

Bolivia, makes the mistake of regarding the material
SMITHSONIAN CON TRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

he had for study from the Berlin Museum as true

syntypes of the Rober species. They are not syntypes

of the Rober species as explained above and are

topotypes of P. paranympha ernesta.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name ernesta is a feminine

noun in the nominative singular in apposition with

the generic name and is based upon the given name

of the wife of the junior author.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 2).—This is an isolated

subspecies known at present only from the Nevado

de Sajama, Bolivia, flying at 4000 meters elevation.

3. Phulia nannophyes Dyar

FIGURES 60, 61, 80, 81, 134, 152,170, 189; MAP 2

Phulia nannophyes Dyar, 1913:629.—Talbot, 1932:60.

MALE (Figures 60, 80, photographs of lectotype).—This is the smallest of the four species of

Phulia measuring 23-25 millimeters in wing expanse (Dyar mistakenly gives this expanse as 19-21

mm). Wings with ground color white above,

secondaries faintly yellowish. Very similar to P.

paranympha ernesta on this surface but with spot

at end of cell in the forewing much more distinct.

Wings below with ground color or hind wing and

apical area of forewing yellow. Black submarginal

row of spots on hind wing on this surface below

vein M2 quadrate or semiquadrate in shape and

very distinct and contrasting strongly with other

markings and the ground color. The black bar

found in the middle of the cell on this surface

in the hind wing also very distinct and contrasting

with ground color.

Length of forewing, 11-12 mm.

FEMALE (Figures 61, 81, photographs of allolectotype).—Similar to the male with dark markings

above slightly more extensive.

Length of forewing, 10-11.5 mm.

VENATION (Figure 170).—Similar to the venation

of P. paranympha (Figure 169), differing in having

vein R3 and R4+s + Mj almost completely anastomosed, the free part of vein R3 being very short.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

189).—Paronychium about as in P. paranympha,

claw with ventral tooth from closer to tip of claw

than in P. nymphula and P. paranympha and

similar to that of P. garleppi but with dorsal margin

of main element of claw more evenly curved.

MALE GEMTALIA (Figure 134, drawn from preparation JH 182).—As illustrated, similar to that

of P. paranympha with costal margin of valva more

projected outwardly and with apical projection

small and slightly upturned.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 152, drawn from

preparation JH 181).—As illustrated, similar to the

genitalia of P. paranympha (Figure 151) and with

dorsal process of inner genital plate smaller.

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is "Coropuna,

14,500 feet" (= 4418 meters), Department of

Arequipa, Peru. This was described from two

syntype "males" collected in October 1911 by the

Yale Peruvian Expedition. One of these specimens

is a female, not a male. The male is hereby designated the lectotype and the female the allolectotype

and have been so labeled. Both were assigned the

type number 15601 by Dyar and are in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History,

Washington, D. C.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name nannophyes is an

invariable adjective in the nominative singular. The

name is derived from the Greek words nannos

(dwarf) and phye (growth). Thus the name refers

to this species as being of the stature of a dwarf.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 2).—This is an isolated

species known only from the Cordillera Occidental,

Department of Arequipa, Peru.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—We had for study in addition to the lectotype and allolectotype three males

and two females from San Ignacio de Cailloma,

Department of Arequipa, Peru (September, 4418

meters).

4. Phulia garleppi, new species

FIGURES 62, 63, 82, 83, 135, 153, 171, 190; MAP 2

MALE (Figures 62, 82, photographs of holotype).—This is a relatively large species, larger

than P. paranympha ernesta and P. nannophyes,

averaging 29 millimeters in expanse. The ground

color of the wings below is very pale yellow except

for the disk of forewing, which is white. The

markings on both sides of the veins on the undersurface of hind wing are composed of a greenish

yellow, darker than the ground color and greatly

suffused with gray scales. The black spot at the end

of the cell on forewing is usually absent or only

faintly indicated above and nearly always absent

below. The subapical dark spots on forewing on

both surfaces are either entirely absent or only
NUMBER 232 25

faintly indicated. These characters consisting oi a

lack of the normal markings found in other species

in this genus give this species its very distinctive

appearance.

Length of torewing, 13-16 mm (average 14.6

mm).

FEMALE (Figures 63, 83, photographs of allotype).—This species in this sex varies from being

very pale to being very dark in appearance, with

markings as shown.

Length of forewing, 12-15 mm (average 13.6 mm).

VENATION (Figure 171).—Similar to the venation

of P. paranympha (Figure 169), with veins R3 and

R4+5 separating from each other much farther down

their stem toward cell than in that species.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

190).—Paronychium about as in P. paranympha,

claw similar to that of P. nannophyes with ventral

tooth somewhat larger and with dorsal margin of

main element of claw not as evenly curved as in

that species.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 135, drawn from preparation JH 172).—As illustrated, similar to the

genitalia of P. paranympha (Figure 133) with

aedeagus in lateral view less downwardly bent in

the middle.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 153, drawn from preparation JH 173).—As illustrated, similar to the

genitalia of P. paranympha (Figure 151).

TYPE DATA.—Described from the male holotype,

the female allotype, and one female paratype, all

from Huancayo, Department of Junin, Peru, taken

at 4570 meters, 18 December 1922, by D. E. Bullock.

The holotype has been assigned the type number

73643 and this specimen together with the allotype

and female paratype mentioned above are in the

collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. Additional paratypes, all

from Peru, are: two females collected between

La Oroya and Tarma, Department of Junin, 4200

meters, 5 August 1955, leg. Koepcke (in the Zoological Collection of Bavaria, Munich); one male, collected in the puna above Orocas, 4000 meters,

Department of Ayacucho, 4 October 1957, J. H.

Robert (in the collection of the National Museum

of Natural History, Washington, D. C); one male

from Capillacocha (between Carhuamayo and Paucartambo), 4400 meters, 25 November 1951, Sr.

Blancas (in the National Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile); three males from Ticlio,

Department of Lima, 4200 and 4600 meters, June

and November (in collection "Javier Prado" Natural History Museum, Lima, Peru).

We also had for study a number of other

specimens from Peru (not labeled as to more exact

locality), collected at 3900 meters, and a large

series from near Huanaco, Province of Omasuyos,

Department of La Paz, Bolivia, March, 4875 meters.

We specifically exclude from the paratype series

this poorly labeled Peruvian series. We also exclude

from the paratype series the series from Bolivia

because they were found at such a great distance

from the holotype locality.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name garleppi is a masculine

noun in the genitive case, a patronym after Gustav

Garlepp, who collected and supplied to Dr. Staudinger a great amount of material from the highlands

of Bolivia. From the latter, Staudinger described

a number of new species. This very careful and

indefatigable collector in his letter to Staudinger,

which the latter published (1892), shows his great

interest and pleasure in field work and we cannot

resist quoting from it (translation): "I have already

said a hundred times that if anyone offered me a

fortune on condition that I go home and politely

sit still, I would refuse it. I would also refuse it if

the results of my journeys were as little advantageous for me as they have been recently, but

in spite of all difficulties I am hanging on to my

calling [field collector] with body and soul."

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 2).—This species occurs

in Peru from the Department of Junfn south along

the Cordillera Central to near Ayachucho, Department of Ayachucho and in Bolivia near Huanaco.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—We had for study a total

of 43 males and 18 females all listed above under

"type-data."

Genus Infraphulia Field, new status

FIGURES 64-68, 84-93, 106-110, 136-138, 154-156,172-174,

191-193; MAP 3

Phulia.—Weymer, in Weymer and Maassen, 1890:98 [in

part].—Rober, 1909a:97-98, pi. 28 [in part]; 1910:97-98, pi.

28 [in part].—Talbot, 1932:59-60 [in part].—Zischka,

1951:29-30 [in part].—Herrera, 1954b:52 [in part].—Ureta,

1955:57, 69 [in part].—Herrera and Etchevery, 1956:284

[in part].—Ureta, 1963:98-99 [in part].

Phulia (Infraphulia) Field, 1958:104, 105, 106, 114-115, figures

5, 13,21,29,38.

Infraphulia.—Hemming, 1967:232. [Listing in a Nomendator,

not a raise in status.]
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TYPE-SPECIES.—Phulia nymphula var. illimani

Weymer = Infraphulia illimani (Weymer), new

combination. Type by original designation.

Infraphulia differs from the other genera treated

herein except Phulia in habitus of the wings and

from all the other genera in the claws. It has a

reduced number of radial veins in the forewing,

being similar in this respect to Phulia and Pierphulia and thus differs from Hypsochila and

Piercolias. In one species only two radial veins

remain, a situation not known to the present

authors to occur in any other genus of butterflies.

From Phulia it also differs in the uncus and valva

of the male genitalia and in the eight tergite of the

female and in the signum, accessory bursa, and

inner genital plates of the female genitalia. From

Pierphulia and Piercolias it differs in the uncus

of the male genitalia and in the signum, accessory

bursa, and inner genital plates of the female

genitalia.

Wings above white in the male sex (Figures 64,

67, 68, 90, 91) and white, yellowish white to yellow,

or sometimes even fuscous in the female sex (Figures

65, 66, 89, 92, 93), lacking a silvery sheen on the

base of the forewing, and usually with at least a

few sagittate markings in the apex, with discal

spot very small or absent on this wing. Females

usually much darker than the males and with many

more markings on the uppersurfaces. Wings below

in both sexes (Figures 84-88, 106-110) as shown,

with the same dark pattern found in Phulia (Figures 45-48, 68-83), differing from that genus only in

usually having small pink streaks between the veins

and sometimes on the margin in the apex of

undersurface of forewing.

Leg with claw (Figures 191-193) greatly curved

downward, somewhat like the claw of Phulia but

with dorsal margin more robustly curved than in

any of the other genera. Tooth similar to that of

Phulia, nearly parallel to main portion of claw and

from near middle of claw. Pulvillus with distal

subsegment narrow and entirely setulose. Paronychium relatively long, over one-half the length of

claw.

Venation of Infraphulia similar to that of Phulia

(Figures 168-171) and Pierphulia (Figures 175-177)

in the two of its species (/. illimani, Figure 172; /.

ilyodes, Figure 174), with the number of radial

veins in forewing reduced to three, vein R3 having

anastomosed with R4+5. In these two species also

vein Mi is anastomosed with the base of vein R3+4+5

to just before apex of wing. In the third species

(/. madeleinea, Figure 172) the number of radial

veins is reduced to two, R3+4+5 having anastomosed

with vein R2. In this species veins Mx and M2 are

free beyond their common base.

Male genitalia (Figures 136-138) with lateroventral wall at base of uncus not at all folded

inward as is the case in Phulia (Figures 132-135)

and Hypsochila (Figures 126-131); subscaphium

only slightly sclerotized in Infraphulia, large in

Piercolias (Figures 141-143), and absent in Phulia;

valva broadly produced apically and lacking the

apical process found in Hypsochila, Phulia, and

Piercolias, with a weakly sclerotized clasper flap

on inner face near middle.

Female genitalia (Figures 154-156) with bursa

copulatrix about as in Phulia (Figures 150-153)

but with accessory pouch absent (Figures 154, 155)

or very greatly reduced in size (Figure 156). In

Phulia this pouch is always present and relatively

large. In Infraphulia the signum is reduced in size

and has very few dentations (Figures 155, 156) or

is entirely smooth, consisting of a semicircular plate

(Figure 154). As in Pierphulia (Figures 157-159)

the eighth tergite is not sclerotized in the dorsal

region and forms two subtriangular-shaped lateral

plates, thus differing greatly from Phulia, Hypsochila, and Piercolias, where the eighth tergite is

entire and semiannulate. The inner pair of genital

plates is greatly reduced, each being a narrow

sclerotized smooth band and lacking the figger-like

process found in all of the other genera except

Pierphulia.

Key to the Species of Infraphulia

1. Forewing with two radial veins present (Figure 173) 2. /. madeleinea, new species

Forewing with three radial veins present (Figures 172, 174) 2

2. Both sexes with dark markings small in size and indistinct (Figures 67, 68, 89, 106)

3. /. ilyodes (Ureta)

Both sexes with dark markings large and distinct (Figures 64-66, 85, 86)

1. /. illimani (Weymer)
NUMBER 232 27

ETYMOLOGY.—The name Infraphulia is a feminine noun formed from the Latin prefix infra,

meaning "underneath," and the generic name

Phulia.

The species of this genus (see Map 3) live in the

highlands of the Andes, always above 3000 meters

and up to 5000 meters elevation. They are found

only in Bolivia, Peru, and northern Chile.

1. Infraphulia illimani (Weymer),

new combination

FIGURES 64-66, 84-86, 136, 154, 173, 191; MAP 3

Phulia nympula var. illimani Weymer, in Weymer and Maassen, 1890:98—Weymer, 1890:125, pi. 4: fig. 2.—Hemming,

1967:232.

Phulia illimani.—Staudinger, 1894:49, 51-54.—Rober,

1909a:97, pi. 28: fig. d-3; 1910:97, pi. 28: fig. d-3.—Dyar,

1913:628.—Talbot, 1932:59.—Zischka, 1951:29.—Herrera,

1954a: 140, 147; 1954b:52, 57—Forster, 1955:137—Herrera

and Etcheverry, 1956:284, 289.

Phulia jllimani [sic].—Staudinger, 1895, pi. 1: figs. 8, 14.

Phulia (Infraphulia) illimani.—Field, 1958:114, 115, 122, 124,

126, 128, 131, figs. 5, 13, 21, 29, 38.

Phulia illimani illimani.—Ureta, 1963:98.

MALE (Figures 64, 84, photographs of a topotype).—Wings with ground color on both surfaces

white and with dark markings as illustrated. Uppersurfaces similar to Phulia garleppi with discal spot

sometimes absent on forewing or if present very

small. Subapical spots of forewing larger, more

confluent and with markings along outer margin

at apex larger and more distinct than in P. garleppi.

Wings below also somewhat similar to that species

with ground color slightly more yellowish on disc

and in base of hind wing and differing from that

species on this surface in having fine red or pinkish

lines between the veins on apex of forewing and

sometimes with red along the costal margin of hind

wing. All dark markings below darker than in

P. garleppi.

Length of forewing, 13-15 mm (average 14 mm).

FEMALE (Figures 65, 85, photographs of a topotype; Figures 66, 86, photographs of a specimen

from Hichucota, Bolivia).—Wings with ground

color white or yellowish white on disc and in the

light submarginal area of forewing above and

usually on this surface of hind wing. Dark markings

extensive in this sex. Undersurfaces similar to the

male with dark markings usually more distinct.

Length of forewing, 12.5-14 mm (average 13.5

mm).

VENATION (Figure 172).—Forewing with three

radial veins, R4+5 having completely anastomosed

with vein R3.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

191).—Claw with ventral tooth larger than in /.

madeleinea and /. ilyodes.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 136, drawn from prep

aration WDF 5384).—As illustrated and differing

slightly from other species in having valva more

rounded at the apex.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 154, drawn from

preparation WDF 5385).—As illustrated with a

signum that is entirely smooth and with bursa

copulatrix lacking accessory pouch.

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is "Illimani

(Bolivien) 4600 m." This species was described from

a single female specimen, the holotype, which is

in the Stiibel collection of the Zoological Museum,

Humboldt University, East Berlin.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name illimani is a noun in

apposition with the generic name and is the name

of the type-locality of this species.

NATURAL HISTORY.—This species has a strong

rapid flight and flies at high elevations where it is

exposed to strong winds.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 3).—This species is found

at Illimani north through the Cordillera Real of

Bolivia, at Malaga (to the northeast of Cochabamba) and at Puno, Peru.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (22 males, 12 females).—BOLIVIA:

Department of La Pat, Illimani (January, 4400 meters); La

Paz (January); Estacion Cumbre (February); Hichucota (June,

4300 meters). Department of Cochabamba, Malaga. PERU:

Department of Puno, Puno (4875 meters).

2. Infraphulia madeleinea, new species

FICURES 90-93, 107-110, 137, 155, 173, 192; MAP 3

MALE (Figures 90, 107, photographs of holotype;

91, 108, photographs of paratype from Campamento

Turpi, Peru).—Wings on uppersurfaces similar to

those of /. illimani, markings between the veins on

border of apical portion of forewing less distinct

and with one less of these markings due to the loss

of the radial vein R3+4+5 and of the consequent loss

of the interspace that would have been found below

this vein. This wing relatively more narrow also

because of the loss of this vein. Wings below similar
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

to /. illimani with markings covering veins darker.

Length of forewing, 11-15 mm (average 13 mm).

FEMALE (Figures 92, 109, photographs of paratype

from Capillacocha, Peru; 93, 110, photographs of

allotype).—Ground color above brownish yellow

and dark markings brown in color. Disc of forewing

with ground color yellowish white. Apex of forewing

and the hind wing on undersurface with a pale

yellow ground color. With narrow red lines between

the veins in apex of forewing. As in the male the

forewing is relatively more narrow than it is in

the other species due to the missing radial vein.

Length of forewing, 11-14 mm (average 12.3 mm).

VENATION (Figure 173).—Differing markedly from

the other species in having only two radial veins,

vein R-3+.J+5 having anastomosed completely with

vein R2.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

192).—Claw with ventral tooth smaller than in /.

illimani (Figure 191), about the same size as in

/. ilyodes (Figure 193), and slightly more separated

from main portion of claw than in the latter species.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 137, drawn from preparation of the holotype).—As illustrated with

valva slightly more concave on dorsal margin before

apex than in the other species.

• I. il I imam

A I. madeleinea

• I. ilyodes

75 70

MAP 3.—Distribution of the Genus Infraphulia Field.
NUMBER 232 29

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 155, drawn from prep

aration of the allotype).—As illustrated with

signum having a few dentations, bursae copulatrix

with accessory pouch absent, and with anterior

process of inner genital plate (Figure 1556) broader

than in /. illitnani (Figure 1546).

TYPE DATA.—Described from the male holotype,

female allotype, and eight male and two female

paratypes with data as follows: male holotype, San

Jos£ (near Minas Huarn), Department of Junin,

Peru, 14 November 1949, F. Blancas, in collection

of National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C, type number 73642; female allotype,

Campamento Turpi, upper Rio Mantero (near

Huarmicocha, near Pugio, near Huancayo), Department of Junfn, Peru, 4300 meters January 1939,

Otto Gutzwiller, in collection Natural History

Museum, Basel, Switzerland; one male paratype,

same locality and data as allotype, in collection

Natural History Museum, Basel, Switzerland; one

male and one female paratypes, Capillacocha

(between Carhuamayo and Paucartambo), Department of Junin, Peru, 4400 meters, F. Blancas, male

paratype in collection "Javier Prado" Natural

History Museum, Lima, Peru, female paratype in

collection Jose" Herrera, Santiago, Chile; two male

paratypes, Canchacuchu (between Junin and Huayllay), Department of Junin, Peru, 4300 meters, 7

August 1941, in collection "Javier Prado" Natural

History Museum, Lima, Peru; two male paratypes,

Ticlio, Department of Lima, Peru, 4758 meters,

6 August 1969, Jose1 Herrera, both in collection of

Jos£ Herrera, Santiago, Chile; one male and one

female paratypes, Junin, Department of Junin,

Peru, 4200 meters elevation, July 1947, F. Blancas,

male in collection "Javier Prado" Natural History

Museum, Lima, Peru, female in collection Jose"

Herrera, Santiago, Chile; one male paratype,

Hacienda Ulcun, Province of Paucartambo, Department of Cusco, Peru, 4500 meters, December 1947,

December 1947, in collection "Javier Prado"

Natural History Museum, Lima, Peru.

We also had for study three males from Peru

(not labeled as to precise locality) collected at 3900

meters and eight males from near Huanaco, Province of Omasuyos, Department of La Paz, Bolivia,

March 1922, collected at 4875 meters. We specifically exclude from the paratype series these poorly

labeled Peruvian specimens and the series from

Bolivia. The later are excluded because of the

great distance between their locality and the

holotype locality.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name madeleinea is a feminine noun in the nominative singular in apposition

to the generic name and is based upon the given

name of the wife of the senior author.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 3).—This species occurs

in Peru in the Cordillera Central, Department of

Junin and in the Department of Cusco. It occurs

also in Bolivia near Huanaco, where it flies together

with Phuha garleppi.

3. Infraphulia ilyodes (Ureta), new status,

new combination

FIGURES 67, 68, 87, 88, 89, 106, 138, 156, 174, 193; MAP 3

Phulia illitnani ilyodes Ureta, 1955:69-71; 1956:161, pi. 1:

figs. 4a-c; 1963: 99.—Pena, 1970:262.

MALE (Figures 67, 68, 87, 88, photographs of

topotypes).—Wings as shown, differing from /.

illimani and /. madeleinea on the uppersurfaces in

having a much smaller fuscous area at the base and

differing on the undersurface in having all dark

markings greatly reduced in size and in being much

paler.

Length of forewing, 12.5-15 mm (average 13.5

mm).

FEMALE (Figures 89, 106, photographs of a paratype).—Wings as illustrated with ground color on

upper and undersurface yellow except on the disc

of forewing, where this color is yellowish white. As

in the male all dark markings although more

extensive than in that sex are reduced in size.

Length of forewing, 12-14 mm (average 13 mm).

VENATION (Figure 174).—Forewing with three

radial veins, very similar to the venation of /.

illimani.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

193).—Claw with ventral tooth smaller than in /.

illimani (Figure 191), about the same size as in /.

madeleinea (Figure 192), and closer to main portion

of claw than in the latter.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 138, drawn from preparation WDF 6603).—With apex of valva longer

and more projected outward than in the other

species of Infraphulia.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 156, drawn from preparation WDF 6596).—With signum having at least

twice as many dentations as in /. madeleinea
30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

(Figure 155), with a small accessory pouch on bursa

copulatrix and with anterior process of inner genital

plate (Figure 1566) anteriorly projected and downwardly curved, not as broad as in /. madeleinea

(Figure 1556) and decidedly broader than in /.

illimani (Figure 1546).

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is "Mucar, Cordillera de Antofagasta," Chile. Described from the

holotype male, 18 December 1952, Luis E. Pena,

and from 16 male and 13 female paratypes with

similar data; allotype female, Lever, Cordillera de

Antofagasta, 20 December 1952, Luis E. Pena and

eight male and three female paratypes with similar

data; one female paratype from Loyoquis, Cordillera de Antofagasta, 24 December 1952, Luis E.

Pena. Holotype, allotype, and eight male and eight

female paratypes in the collection of the National

Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile. Other

paratypes in the collection of Luis E. Pena and S.

Barros.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name ilyodes is a compound

adjective in the nominative singular with an invariable ending in Latin. "Ily" is derived from the

Greek ilys meaning "mud" and "odes" is the Greek

suffix odes meaning "like."

NATURAL HISTORY.—This species flies in damp

swampy areas, where it is less exposed to winds. It

has a slow weak flight and is observed on the wing

between the hours of 10 in the morning and 3 in

the afternoon. When it settles on the ground it

extends its wings to an outspread position on both

sides of its body and closely appresses them to the

ground. We believe that this species may be

larviparous since we have several times observed

larvae within the oviducts of females we were

dissecting.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 3).—Found only in the

Cordillera of the Provinces of Antofagasta and

Tarapaca, Chile.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—We had for study 35 males

and 10 females from all of the localities mentioned

under "Type Data" above and one pair from

General Lagos (November, 4000 meters), Province

of Tarapaca and one male from Poroma (March,

3000 meters), Province of Tarapaca.

Genus Pierphulia Field, new status

FIGURES 94-105, 111-125, 139,157-159, 175-177, 194; MAP 4

Phulia.—Rober, 19O9a:97-98, pi. 28 [in part]; 1910:97-98, pi.

28 [in part].—Jorgensen, 1916:515 [in part].—Kohler, 1923:19

[in part]; 1928:1 [in part].—Talbot, 1932:59-60 [in part].—

Hughes, 1958:7-8 [in part].

Piercolias.—Herrera, 1954b:52.—Forster, 1955:138 [in part].—

Herrera and Etcheverry, 1956:284.—Ureta, 1956:163;

1963:99.—Pena, 1974a:262.

Piercolias (Pierphulia) Field, 1958:104, 105, 106, 117, figs. 6,

14, 22, 30, 39.—Pena, 1967:215.

Pierphulia.—Hemming, 1967:362. [Listing in a Nomenclator,

not a raise in status.]

TYPE-SPECIES.—Phulia nysiella Rober = Pierphulia nysias nysiella (Rober).

Pierphulia differs from all other genera treated

in this paper except Piercolias in the habitus of the

wings. Its claws are similar to those of Phulia and

differ from those of Infraphulia and Piercolias.

From Piercolias and Hypsochila it differs in having

three instead of four radial veins in the forewing

and in structures of the male and female genitalia.

Wings above white in the male (Figures 94, 96,

97, 99, 100, 103) and white to pale yellow in the

female (Figures 95, 98, 101, 102, 104, 105, 120, 121)

with small black marginal and subapical markings

on the forewing and with a very small discal spot

on this wing. Wings below (Figures 105, 111-119,

122-125) with secondaries and apex of forewing

heavily irrorated with black scales and sometimes

with pink scales, producing a gray or pinkish gray

appearance and with a white spot at end of cell on

hind wing and a small black spot in this same

position on the forewing. Females with all black or

dark markings usually more prominent on the

uppersurfaces than in the males. The color and

pattern of Pierphulia is similar to that displayed in

Piercolias (Figures 28-32, 40-44) except for the

continuous dark marginal band and larger discal

spot on the uppersurface of the forewing of the

latter.

Legs with claw (Figures 194, 195) directed outward, with dorsal margin only gradually curved

downward and relatively long, about three times as

long as width of claw at its base and similar to that

of Hypsochila. Tooth from before middle of main

part of claw, sometimes relatively long (Figure 194),

sometimes short (Figure 195). Pulvillus with distal

subsegment narrow and entirely setulose. Paronychium (Figures 194, 195) less than one-half length

of claw to more than one-half this length.

Venation of Pierphulia (Figures 175-177) similar

to that of Phulia (Figures 168-171) and Infraphulia

(Figures 172-174) with the number of radial veins
NUMBER 232 31

reduced to three, R4+5 having anastomosed with

R3. These genera thus differ greatly from Hypsochila (Figures 162-167) and Piercolias (Figures 178-

180), which both retain four radial veins. In Pierphulia, Injraphulia, and Phulia Mx and M2 are

anastomosed with R3+4+5, Mt being anastomosed to

just before the apex of wing and M2 for a short distance beyond apex of cell. The latter vein in both

Hypsochila and Piercolias is free, originating at or

near apex of cell or sometimes connate with base of

vein Mj.

Male genitalia (Figures 139, 140) with uncus slender and gradually produced into a finger-like process, similar to that of Piercolias (Figures 141-143)

except that it is very much shorter and with the

ventral opening for anal tube about two-thirds

length of entire uncus; lateroventral walls at base of

uncus neither infolded nor possessing internal

ridges; subscaphium small and weak and consisting

of two parallel sclerotized plates; valva broadly produced apically, without apical process and thus

similar to that of Injraphulia (Figures 136-138) and

differing from the latter in lacking a clasper flap or

lobe on its inner face.

Female genitalia (Figures 157-159) with ductus

bursae colorless and nonsclerotized as in Phulia

(Figures 150-153) and Infraphulia (Figures 154-

156). As in Infraphulia the eighth tergite is not

sclerotized in the dorsal region, forming two triangular lateral plates; outer genital plate large and

reticulated; inner genital plate reduced in size and

subtriangular in shape and sometimes slightly

setulose and lacking a posterior finger-like process

or bilobed and more thickly setulose with upper

lobe short and broad, not at all finger-like in shape

as it is in Phulia, Hypsochila, and Piercolias.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name Pierphulia is a feminine

noun formed from Pier, an element from the genus

name "Pieris," used as a prefix and from the genus

name Phulia.

The genus Pierphulia contains three species: P.

nysias (Weymer), P. rosea (Ureta), and P. isabela,

new species.

This genus (see Map 4) is known from the Andes

of southern Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, where it is

found as far south as the Nevado Ojos del Salado,

Province of Atacama. The species fly at between

3000 and 5000 meters elevation.

Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pierphulia

1. Hind wing on uppersurface with a series of three submarginal fuscous spots, one each in

interspaces R,, Mi and M2 (Figures 105, 120, 121) 3. P. isabela, new species

Hind wing on uppersurface lacking these submarginal fuscous spots (Figures 94-104) 2

2. Ground color of undersurface of hind wing and of apex of forewing light gray or dark gray,

not at all pink (Figures 111-113) 1. P. nysias (Weymer), 3

Ground color of undersurface of hind wing and of apex of forewing with a pinkish cast (Figures 114-119, 122, 123) 2. P. rosea (Ureta), 4

3. Ground color of undersurface of hind wing and of apex of forewing dark gray (Figures 111,

112) la. P. nysias nysias (Weymer)

Ground color of undersurface of hind wing and of apex of forewing light gray (Figure 113) ....

lb. P. nysias nysiella (Rober)

4. Undersurface of hind wing with a small fuscous spot on humeral area (Figures 116, 118)

2b. P. rosea maria, new subspecies

Undersurface of hind wing lacking this fuscous spot on humeral area (Figures 114, 115, 119,

122, 123) 5

5. Ground color of undersurface of hind wing very pale, not heavily irrorated with fuscous

scales (Figures 119, 122, 123) 2a. P. rosea rosea (Ureta)

Ground color of undersurface of hind wing darker, heavily irrorated with fuscous scales

(Figures 114, 115) 2c. P. rosea annamariea, new subspecies

1. Pierphulia nysias (Weymer), new combination

FIGURES 94-96,111-113, 139,157, 175, 194; MAP 4

For references see under the subspecies.

MALE (Figures 94, 111, photographs of topotype

of P. nysias nysias; 96, 113, photographs of lectotype

of P. nysias nysiella).—Wings white above, forewing with black bar at end of cell, marginal black

spots at end of veins and a subapical series of black

spots extending from costal margin into interspace

M2. Forewing with undersurface dark or light gray

in apical area and with this same color over entire
32

undersurface of hind wing, this color formed by a

heavy irroration of black scales over a creamy background. Forewing on this surface with a black bar,

sometimes a very thin one at end of cell. On the

hind wing on this surface there is a faint white spot

at the end of the cell, a faint series of small submarginal black spots, and an additional black spot

above the middle of the cell. This species differs

in habitus from P. rosea chiefly in lacking any suggestion of pink on the undersurfaces of wings.

FEMALE (Figures 95, 112, photographs of lectotype of P. nysias nysias).—The female of P. nysias

nysiella is unknown to the present authors. Differing from the male in having dark markings on both

surfaces of the forewing larger and differing on

the uppersurface of this wing by having the subapical and submarginal row of fuscous spots extending into interspace Cu2. Undersurfaces with

hind wing and apex of forewing as in the male.

VENATION (Figure 175).—With stalk of vein

Mi + M2+R3 + R4+5 longer than in P. isabela and

about the length it is in P. rosea.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

194).—Claw with ventral tooth long and close to

and nearly parallel with the upper element and

with paronychium relatively long and pointed.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 139, drawn from preparation WDF 6613, a specimen of P. nysias

nysias).—Differing from genitalia of P. rosea (Figure 140) in the shape of the subscaphium, which is

divided and with each element distinctly pointed

posteriorly. Differing also from that species in having vinculum attached to saccus along its full length

dorsally. There are no differences in male genitalia

in the two subspecies.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 157, drawn from

preparation of lectotype of P. nysias nysias).—With

inner genital plate completely devoid of setae and

thus differing from both P. rosea (Figure 158) and

P. isabela (Figure 159).

ETYMOLOGY.—The name nysias is a feminine

noun in the nominative singular in apposition with

the generic name. It is a Latin word meaning

"Nysaean," of or belonging to Nysa, one of three

classical cities of that name.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 4).—This species including its two subspecies has been found only at three

localities in Bolivia: P. nysias nysias being known

to occur at 4600 meters at Illimani, Department of

La Paz; at 5000 meters at Huailatani, Department

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

of Cochabamba; and P. nysias nysiella being known

only at 3000 meters at Cillutincara, Department of

La Paz (a locality close by and to the northeast of

Illimani).

la. Pierphulia nysias nysias (Weymer)

FIGURES 94, 95. Ill, 112, 139, 157, 194; MAP 4

Phulia nysias Weymer, in Weymer and Maassen, 1890:98.—

Weymer, 1890:125, pi. 4: fig. 11.—Staudinger, 1892:274;

1894:54-56, pi. 1: figs. 9, 17.—Rober, 1909a:97-98, pi. 28:

fig. e-l; 1910:97-98, pi. 28: fig. e-\— Kohler, 1928:1.—

Talbot, 1932:60.—Ureta, 1947:50-52 [in part].

Schmetterlinge Nr. 5.—Garlepp, 1892:274.—Staudinger,

1892:274.

Phulia nycias [sic].—Jorgensen, 1916:515.

Pierocolias nysias.—Forster, 1955:138.

Piercolias nyssias [sic].—Ureta. 1956:181.

Piercolias (Pierphulia) nysias.—Field, 1958:117, 126, fig. 22.

MALE (Figures 94, 111, photographs of topotype).—This subspecies has all dark markings on

uppersurface of forewing larger with subapical

black spots and the spots along the outer margin

confluent or nearly so. On the undersurfaces the

hind wing and the apex of the forewing are very

much darker gray than in P. nysias nysiella.

Length of forewing, 15-16 mm.

FEMALE (Figures 95, 112, photographs of lectotype).—With dark markings on both surfaces of

the forewing larger and on the uppersurface with

the subapical and submarginal row of fuscous spots

extending into interspace Cu2. Undersurface of

hind wing and apex of forewing very dark gray as

in the male.

Length of forewing, 15 mm.

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is "Illimani in

Bolivien 4600 m." According to Weymer this subspecies was described from two females ( = syntypes)

collected between October and December 1876 by

A. Stiibel. These two specimens were loaned to the

present revisers for study by the late Dr. E. M.

Hering, former curator of the Zoological Museum,

Humboldt University, East Berlin. We select as the

lectotype, the female specimen labeled "Illimani"

and have attached to its pin a designating label.

The second specimen is a male, not a female as

described, and is labeled simply "Bolivia." This

specimen is certainly not from Illimani and is P.

rosea annamariea.

NATURAL HISTORY.—Gustav Garlepp (1892:274)
NUMBER 232

jh Cusao % T

Antofagasta

P. nysias nysias

P. nysias nysiella

P. rosea annamariea

P. rosea man"a

P. rosea rosea

P. isabela

80 70

MAP 4.—Distribution of the Genus Pierphulia Field.

65

reports that this butterfly flies on the grassless and against the earth. Apparently unable to cope with

bare rocky ridges, but here and there a small leaved the wind it flies uneasily and close to the ground

plant with nearly sessile white flowers presses itself during the times that the sun is out and the wind
84 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

is quiet for the moment. When the butterflies

alight they press themselves close to the ground

with their wings outspread.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 4).—This subspecies is

known at present only from two localities in Bolivia: Illimani (4600 meters), Department of La

Paz and Huailatani (5000 meters), Department of

Cochabamba.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—We had for study only

four males and the lectotype female.

lb. Pierphulia nysias nysiella (Rober), new status,

new combination

FIGURES 96, 113; MAP 4

Phulia nysiella Rober, 1909a:98, pi. 28: fig. d-$; 1910:98, pi.

28: fig. d-6.—Talbot, 1932:60.—Ureta, 1947:51 [a misidentification, in part].—Zischka, 1951:29-30.—Hemming, 1967:

363.

Phulia nysias.—Ureta, 1947:50, 51 [a misidentification, in

part.]

Piercolias nysiella.—Forster, 1955:138 [in part.]

Piercolias (Pierpulia) nysiella.—Field, 1958:117, 124, 128, 131.

Pierphulia nysiella.—Hemming, 1967:363 [listing in a Nomenclator, not a new combination].

MALE (Figures 96, 113, photographs of lectotype).—This subspecies has all dark markings on

uppersurface of forewing smaller, with the subapical fuscous spot in interspace M, separate and

with these spots along the outer margin also separate. On the undersurfaces the hind wing and

the apex of the forewing are very much lighter

gray than in P. nysias nysias.

Length of forewing 11.5 mm.

FEMALE.—Unknown to the present authors.

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is "Cillutincara,

3,000 m.," Department of La Paz, Bolivia. This

subspecies was described from the male sex, number of specimens not stated, collected by Gustav

Garlepp in January 1896. There are four male and

one female syntypes (the female was thought by

Rober to be a male) in the Staudinger collection,

all collected by Garlepp at the type-locality. One

of these males (Figures 90, 110) was loaned to us

for study by the late Dr. E. M. Hering, former

curator of the Zoological Museum, Humboldt University, East Berlin. We designate this specimen the

lectotype, having attached to it an appropriate

label.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name nysiella is a noun in the

nominative singular with a feminine ending. The

name is derived from the species name nysias and

the Latin diminutive suffix ellus, ella, ellum, thus

giving the meaning "little Nysaean" or "little

Nysias."

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 4).—This subspecies is

known at present only from the type-locality, Cillutincara, Province of Nor Yungas, Department of

La Paz, Bolivia at 3000 meters elevation.

2. Pierphulia rosea (Ureta), new status,

new combination

FIGURES 97-104,114-119, 122, 123,140,158, 176; MAP 4

For references see under the subspecies.

MALE (Figures 97, 114, photographs of holotype

of P. rosea annamariea; 99, 116, photographs of

holotype of P. rosea maria; 100, 117, photographs

of paratype of P. rosea maria from Taipicahua,

Chile; 103, 122, photographs of topotype of P.

rosea rosea).—Wings white above, forewing with

vein closing end of cell black with marginal black

spots at end of veins, and a subapical series of

black spots extending from costal margin into interspace M2. The uppersurfaces are thus quite similar to P. nysias. Undersurfaces with a distinct pink

cast over the hind wing and apex of the forewing,

thus differing from P. nysias.

Length of forewing, 8-16 mm (average 12.6 mm).

FEMALE (Figures 98, 115, photographs of allotype of P. rosea annamariea; 101, 118, photographs

of allotype of P. rosea maria; 102, 119, photographs

of P. rosea rosea from Ojo del Putana, Antofagasta,

Chile; 104, 123, photographs of topotype of P.

rosea rosea).—Differing from the male in the same

way that the female of P. nysias differs from the

male of that species in having the dark markings

on both surfaces larger and more extensive. As in

the male the female differs from P. nysias in the

pink cast on the hind wing and in apex of forewing.

Length of forewing, 9-15 mm (average 12 mm).

VENATION (Figure 176).—With the stalk of vein

M! + M2 + R3 + R4+5 about the same length as in

P. nysias and longer than in P. isabela.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS.—Not illustrated, quite similar to those structures in P. nysias.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 140, drawn from preparation WDF 6620, a specimen of P. rosea rosea).—

Differing from these structures in P. nysias (Figure

139) in the shape of the subscaphium, which while
NUMBER 232 35

divided has each element distinctly blunted posteriorly. It differs also from that species in having

vinculum attached to saccus only about up to

the middle of that structure. The subspecies show

no differentiating characters in the male genitalia.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 158, drawn from

preparation WDF 6676, a specimen of P. rosea

rosed).—With inner genital plate having posterior

process reduced to a small triangularly shaped

lobe and having anterior process with a number

of setae along its ventral margin.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name rosea is an adjective

in the nominative singular with a feminine ending and agreeing in gender with the generic name.

It has the following gender endings: "us," masculine; "a," feminine; "um," neuter. The name is

derived from the Latin word rosa meaning "rose"

and refers to the ground color of the undersurfaces of the secondaries and apex of the primaries.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 4).—This species including its subspecies ranges at widely separated localities in the Cordillera of northern Chile (Provinces

of Antofagasta and Tarapaca), in Bolivia (Sicasica,

Province of Sicasica, Department of La Paz), and

in the Cordillera of Peru north into the Department of Junfn.

2a. Pierphulia rosea rosea (Ureta)

FIGURES 102-104, 119, 122, 123, 140, 158, 176; MAP 4

Piercolias nysiella.—Herrera, 1954b:52 [a misidentification, in

part].—Herrera and Etcheverry, 1956:284 [a misidentification, in part].

Piercolias nysias rosea Ureta, 1956:163-164, fig. 5, pi. 1: figs.

5a-5d [a misidentification, in part]; 1963:99.—Pefla,

1970:262.

Piercolias (Pierphulia) nysias rosea.—Pefta, 1963:215.

MALE (Figures 103, 122, photographs of topotype).—Uppersurfaces as illustrated with ground

color white, fuscous spots on apex of forewing

variable in amount. Wings below pale pink on

secondaries and in apical area of primaries. This

subspecies is characterized by having the undersurface of the hind wing and apex of forewing

much paler, much less heavily irrorated with black

scales.

Length of forewing, 10.5-16 mm (average 13.9

mm).

FEMALE (Figures 102, 119, photographs of specimen from Ojos del Putana, Antofagasta, Chile;

104, 123, photographs of topotype).—Similar to the

male with fuscous submarginal markings on apex

of forewing larger and with ground color white

or yellow. Wings below quite similar to the male,

disc of forewing sometimes whitish yellow.

Length of forewing, 12-15 mm (average 13.6

mm).

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is given as "Alto

de Laguna Verde, Cord, de Antofagasta," Chile.

This type-locality citation refers to the small lagoon

east of the Volcan He"kar in the Province of Antofagasta, not to Laguna Verde in the southwest corner of Bolivia. This subspecies was described from

the holotype male, allotype female, and two male

and three female paratypes, all from this locality,

24 December 1952, 5000 meters, Luis E. Pefia collector. Five male and two female paratypes from

Parinacota, Province of Tarapaca, and one male

paratype from Apacheta de Chapiquina, Province of

Tarapaca, are not this subspecies but are P. rosea

maria, new subspecies. The holotype, allotype, and

four male topotypical paratypes are in the collection

of the National Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile. The remaining paratypes are in the

collections of Luis E. Pena and G. Heimlich.

NATURAL HISTORY.—The natural habitat of this

subspecies is arid areas in the high planes.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 4).—This subspecies is

found only in the Cordillera de Antofagasta at

from 3300 to 5000 meters elevation.

We had for study 15 males and 7 females from

the holotype locality and one male and two females from Ojos del Putana, Province of Antofagasta (3 December 1959).

2b. Pierphulia rosea maria, new subspecies

FIGURES 99-101, 116-118; MAP 4

Phulia tiysias.—Ureta, 1947:50-52 [a misidentification, in part].

Piercolias nysiella.—Herrera, 1954b:52 [a misidentification, in

part].—Herrera and Etcheverry, 1956:284 [a misidentification, in part].

Piercolias nysias rosea.—Ureta, 1956:164 [a misidentification,

in part]; 1963:99 [a misidentification, in part].

Piercolias (Pierphulia) nysias rosea.—Pefla, 1963:215 [a misidentification, in part].

MALE (Figures 99, 116, photographs of the holotype; 100, 117, photographs of a paratype from

Taipicahua, Chile).—Wings above white, fuscous

markings most similar to those of P. nysias nysiella.

Hind wing and apex of forewing gray with a faint

suffusion of pink and a series of distinct fuscous
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

spots in the middle of the hind wing and with

one such spot in the humeral area of this wing.

Length of forewing, 8-12.5 mm (average 11 mm).

FEMALE (Figures 101, 118, photographs of the

allotype).—Similar to the male, fuscous markings

on forewing larger, with ground color on uppersurfaces yellowish white or white (white in the

allotype), with ground color gray on undersurface of hind wing, apex of forewing suffused

with pink, and with markings on these surfaces

as in the male.

Length of forewing, 9-12 mm (average 10.8 mm.)

TYPE DATA.—This subspecies is described from

the holotype male, allotype female, and five male

and two female paratypes from Parinacota, Province of Tarapaca, Chile, 4500 meters, 27 February 1948; two male and two female paratypes, same

data except 28 and 29 February, G. Kuschel; three

male and two female paratypes, same data except

8 December 1946; two male and one female paratypes from Taipicagua, Province of Tarapaca,

4000 meters, 6 December 1946, G. Kuschel; one

male and three female paratypes, Taipicagua, Province of Tarapaca, 3500 meters, 16 November 1966,

J. Herrera; one male paratype, Chungara, Province

of Tarapaca, 17 November 1966, Maria Etcheverry

and from one male and two female paratypes,

Cota-Cotani, Province of Tarapaca, 4500 meters,

28 February 1948.

Holotype, allotype, three male and three female

paratypes in the National Museum of Natural

History, Santiago, Chile. Other paratypes distributed to the National Museum of Natural History,

Washington, D. C, the British Museum (Natural

History), London, the Natural History Collection

of Bavaria, Munich, the Carnegie Museum of

Natural History, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, Center for

Entomological Studies, University of Chile and the

collection of Jos6 Herrera, Santiago, Chile.

One male and one female from Sumbay, Department of Arequipa, Peru, (3500 meters, 8 June

1971) are excluded from the paratype series because they are from such a great distance from

the type-locality.

As mentioned before, five male and two female

paratypes of P. rosea rosea from the Province of

Tarapaca, Chile are not that subspecies and belong to the present subspecies.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name maria is a feminine

noun in the nominative singular in apposition

with the generic name and is based upon the

given name of Maria Etcheverry, who has contributed much to our knowledge of the Andean

fauna.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 4).—This subspecies is

known only from the Cordillera Occidental of the

Andes, Department of Arica, Province of Tarapaca,

Chile and from Sumbay, Department of Arequipa,

Peru.

2c. Pierphulia rosea annamariea, new subspecies

FICURES 97, 98, 114,115; MAP 4

Piercol'.is nysiella.—Forster, 1955:138 [a misidentification, in

part].

Phulia nysiella.—Hughes, 1958:8 [a misidentification].

MALE (Figures 97, 114, photographs of the holotype).—This subspecies has the undersurface of the

apex of the forewing and of the entire hind wing

a pink color with the usual dark markings, which

are very small and less distinct than they are in

P. rosea maria.

Length of forewing, 11-15 mm (average 13 mm).

FEMALE (Figures 98, 115, photographs of the

allotype).—Ground color of wings above white

(as in the paratype) or pale yellow (as in the allotype) with fuscous markings as figured. Wings below as in the male with fuscous spots even more

faint and disc of forewing sometimes yellowish

white (as in the allotype).

Length of forewing, 11-12.5 mm (average 12 mm).

TYPE DATA.—Described from the holotype male,

allotype female, and from five male and two female paratypes, all from Sicasica, Province of Sicasica, Department of La Paz, Bolivia, elevation

not known, 1 October 1899, collected by A. G.

Weeks, Jr. Holotype, allotype, and four male and

one female paratypes in the collection of the

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,

Massachusetts. One male and one female paratype

in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. Three male specimens from three widely separate localities in Peru

are not included in the type series because of

their great distance from the type-locality.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name annamariea is a feminine noun in the nominative singular in apposition with the generic name and is based upon the

given name of the mother of the senior author.
NUMBER 232 37

NATURAL HISTORY.—The adults occur near small

marshes and damp areas.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 4).—This subspecies is

known at present from four widely separated localities. In addition to being found at Sicasica, Bolivia, we have examined a number of males from

Peru (one each from Puno, Department of Puno,

4875 meters, from Cusco, Department of Cusco,

4000 meters, and from Campamento Turpi, January, 4380 meters, Department of Junfn).

3. Pierphulia isabela, new species

FIGURES 105, 120, 121, 124, 125, 159, 177, 195; MAP 4

We hesitated at first to describe this species because it is known at present from only a single

battered female specimen. However, because we

are attempting a complete treatment of this genus,

because the genitalia are in perfect shape and

quite different from the genitalia of any other

species studied by us, because of the distinctive

dark markings found on the uppersurface of the

hind wing, and because other specimens are not

likely to be collected in the near future we decided to name and describe this unique species.

MALE.—Unknown at present.

FEMALE (Figure 105, a painting based upon the

hind wings of the holotype and upon the forewings

of females of P. nysias and P. rosea, which P. isabela is quite likely to resemble; 120, 121, photographs of uppersurface of holotype; 124, 125, photographs of undersurface of holotype).—The female

of this species differs from the females of P. nysias

and of P. rosea in having a series of submarginal

fuscous spots, one each in interspaces Rs, Mlf and

M2 on uppersurface of hind wing. On the undersurface of this wing there is a slightly pink tinge

to the pale whitish ground color and a light scattering of black scales.

Length of forewing, 16 mm.

VENATION (Figure 177).—With the stalk of vein

Mj + M2 + R3 + R4+5 shorter than in P. nysias or P.

rosea.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

195).—Claw with ventral tooth relatively short and

divergent from the upper element of claw and

with paronychium short and rounded.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 159).—Differing

markedly from P. nysias and P. rosea in having

posterior process of inner genital plate large, only

slightly smaller than the anterior process and with

both of these processes heavily setulose on their

outer surfaces.

TYPE DATA.—Described from the holotype female, the only known specimen, from Nevado Ojos

del Salado, Province of Atacama, Chile, 5400 meters, 18 December 1970, collected by Jose* Herrera

and deposited in the Herrera collection.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name isabela is a feminine

noun in the nominative singular in apposition

with the generic name and is the given name of

the mother of the junior author.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 4).—This species is known

only from the holotype specimen taken on the

slopes of the world's highest active volcano, Nevado Ojos de Salado, Province of Atacama, Chile.

Genus Piercolias Staudinger

FIGURES 28-32, 40-44, 141-143, 160, 161, 178-180, 196-198;

MAP 5

Trifurcula Staudinger, 1894:43, 56-59, pi. 1: figs. 7, 16, 18

[preoccupied by Trifurcula Zeller, 1848]; 1895:ii [preoccupation noted and substitute name Andina proposed].—

Grote, 1900:20, 22, pi. 2: fig. 13; 1903:139 [preoccupation

noted and name placed in synonymy of Piercolias].—

Talbot, 1932:60 [in synonymy of Piercolias].—Klots,

1933:218, 238 [in synonymy of Piercolias].—d'Almeida,

1943:104 [in synonymy of Piercolias].—Field, 1958:115 [in

synonymy of Piercolias].—Hemming, 1967:448 [in synonymy

of Piercolias].

Piercolias Staudinger, 1894:56 [a manscript in synonymy of

Trifurcula].—Grote, 1903:139 [homonomy of Trifurcula

Staudinger, 1894 with Trifurcula Zeller, 1848 noted and

Piercolias Staudinger, 1894 substituted in place of the

former, see Article 11 (d). International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature, second edition, 1964].—Talbot, 1932:60.—

Klots, 1933:154, 159, 218-219, 230, 238.—Talbot, 1935:627.—

d'Almeida, 1943:97.—Herrera, 1954b: 52.—Herrera and

Etcheverry, 1956:284.—Field, 1958:103, 104, 115-117, figs. 7,

15, 23, 31, 40.—Forster, 1958:845-846.—Hemming, 1967:362

[name attributed to Grote!].

Andina Staudinger, 1895:ii [homonomy of Trifurcula Staudinger, 1894 with Trifurcula Zeller, 1848 noted and Andina

proposed as the replacement name, the latter name invalidated by Grote, 1903 (see above under Piercolias)].—

Rober, 19O9a:97, pi. 28: fig. c-2; 1910:97, pi. 28: fig. c-2.—

Jorgensen, 1916:517.—Talbot, 1932:60 [in synonymy of

Piercolias].—Klots, 1933:218, 236 [in synonymy of Piercolias].—d'Almeida, 1943:74.—Zischka, 1951:29—Field,

1948:115 [in synonymy of Piercolias].—Hemming, 1967:44

[in synonymy of Piercolias].

Piercolias (Piercolias).—Yield, 1958:104, 106, 118, figs. 7.

15,31,40.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Trifurcula huanaco Staudinger =
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Piercolias huanaco (Staudinger). Type by reason

of being the sole included species.

Piercolias differs from all the other genera treated

in this paper except Pierphulia in the color and

habitus of the wings. It differs from all but the

genus Hypsochila in having four radial veins on

the forewing, and differs in venation from the latter in the position of vein R,. It differs from all

these genera including Pierphulia, its closest relative, in structures of the male and female genitalia.

Wings above as shown, white in the male (Figures 28, 30, 31) and pale yellow in the female

(Figures 29, 32) with a black marginal band and

subapical black markings on the forewing and

with a relatively large discal spot on this wing.

Wings below (Figures 40-44) with secondaries and

apex of forewing heavily irrorated with dark gray

giving an allover gray appearance and with a

white spot at end of cell on hind wing and a relatively large black spot in this position on the

forewing. Female on undersurface (Figures 41, 44)

with black or dark markings more prominent than

in the male. The color and pattern of Piercolias

are similar to those displayed in Pierphulia (Figures

94-105, 111-125) except for the smaller discal spots

and the lack of the continuous dark marginal band

(replaced by a marginal row of separate spots) on

the uppersurfaces of the forewing of the latter.

Legs with claw (Figures 196-198) having a large

tooth which is either nearly parallel to main part

of claw (Figure 196) or divergent (Figures 197,

198). Pulvillus (Figures 196-198) either large or

small and entirely setulose. Paronychium (Figures

196-198) relatively narrow and long, more than

one-half the length of claw.

The venation of Piercolias (Figures 178-180) differs from that of Phulia, Infraphulia, and Pierphulia (Figures 168-177) in having four radial

veins on the forewing with only M1 anastomosed

with stem of R3 + R4+5, M2 being entirely free and

from apex or from very near apex of cell. In Phulia,

Infraphulia, and Pierphulia, as mentioned before,

the bases of both M x and M2 are anastomosed with

the stem of these radial veins. In Piercolias also

on the forewing, R2 has moved to the apex of the

cell. It was the character of vein R2, the stem of

Ra + R^s + Mj, and of vein M2, all apparently originating from apex or very near apex of cell that

caused Staudinger (1894:43, 56-59) to name this

genus Trifurcula (meaning a "three-pronged fork"),

a good descriptive name for the genus that was

later shown to be preoccupied. In the hind wing in

Piercolias vein Mt originates from the cell a considerable distance before the origin of M2 while in

Pierphulia vein M, originates much closer to the

origin of M2.

Male genitalia (Figures 141-143) with uncus very

slender and gradually produced into a long fingerlike process, similar to the uncus of Pierphulia

(Figures 139, 140) except that it is much longer, as

long as length of tegumen and with the ventral

opening for the anal tube about one-fourth length

of entire uncus; subscraphium large and heavily

sclerotized, bifurcate distally and sharply pointed

at the opposite end; valva with an apical process

and a large clasper lobe near middle on inner face.

In Pierphulia, perhaps the nearest relative of Piercolias, the uncus is short and slender, shorter than

the length of the tegumen and with the opening

for the anal tube about two-thirds of the length of

entire uncus; the subscaphium is small and weak

and completely divided, the valva is broadly produced apically, lacking the apical process and

lacking a clasper lobe or flap on its inner face.

Female genitalia (Figures 160, 161) somewhat

similar to Pierphulia (Figures 156-158) with ductus

bursae colorless and nonsclerotized and with a

larger accessory pouch. The eighth tergite is entire and semiannulate; eighth sternite with outer

genital plates large and smooth, inner genital plates

not at all reduced, setulose, and each divided into

a broad outwardly dentate anterior section and a

large club-shaped posterior process. The signum in

Piercolias is more heavily dentate than is true in

Pierphulia. As mentioned before, the eighth tergite

is not developed in the dorsal region in Pierphulia

and the inner genital plate lacks the large clubshaped posterior process found in Piercolias.

SYNONYMICAL NOTES.—Trifurcula Staudinger,

1894: This genus was erected with Piercolias as a

manuscript name in its synonymy and with Trifurcula huanaco Staudinger as its type-species. The

name Trifurcula Staudinger is preoccupied by Trifurcula Zeller, 1848.

Andina Staudinger, 1895: Soon after the original

description of Trifurcula, Staudinger discovered

that his name was preoccupied by Trifurcula

Zeller and he proposed the substitute name Andina

to replace the former, overlooking or preferring
NUMBER 232

not to use his manuscript name Piercolias. Rober

(1909a, 1910) is the only author to the present

time, including Hemming (1967), to see the 1895

note by Staudinger, and he used the name Andina

for this genus, correctly attributing its authorship

to Staudinger. Unfortunately Grote had already

invalidated this name as explained below. All later

authors using the name Andina, being unaware

of the 1895 note by Staudinger, attribute the name

Andina to Rober.

Piercolias Staudinger, 1894: Grote in 1903 invalidated the replacement name Andina Staudinger

without even being aware of its existence by noting

the preoccupation of Trifurcula Staudinger with

Trifurcula Zeller and using the name Piercolias

Staudinger for this genus. The latter, which up to

Grote's time (1903) was still a manuscript name in

synonymy, became by this action the correct name

for this genus (see Article 11 (d), International

Code of Zoological Nomenclature, second edition,

1964).

ETYMOLOGY.—The name Piercolias is a feminine

noun formed from Pier, an element from the genus

name Pieris, used as a prefix and from the genus

name Colias. Pieris, in turn, in classical Latin was

the name for a daughter of Pierus, a Muse, while

Colias was the classical Greek name for a mountain on which there was a temple dedicated to

Aphrodite and is therefore an epithet of the goddess.

The genus Piercolias contains three species: P.

huanaco (Staudinger), P. forsteri, new species, and

P. coropunae (Dyar). These species fly between

4800 and 5000 meters on the tops of three widely

separated mountains in the Andes of Bolivia and

Peru (see Map 5).

Key to the Species of Piercolias

1. Uppersurface of forewing with discal spot at end of cell and subapical fuscous spots small,

fuscous border along outer margin narrow (Figure 30) 3. P. coropunae (Dyar)

Uppersurface of forewing with discal spot at end of cell and subapical fuscous spots large,

fuscous border along outer margin broader (Figures 28, 29, 31, 32) 2

2. Fuscous border along outer margin on uppersurface of forewing extending almost to vein

2

dA (Figures 31, 32) 2. P. forsteri, new species

Fuscous border along outer margin on uppersurface of forewing not extending more than

one-half the distance between Cu2 and 2<iA (Figures 28, 29) 1. P. huanaco (Staudinger)

1. Piercolias huanaco (Staudinger)

FICURES 28, 29, 40, 41, 143, 160, 178, 196; MAP 5

Schmetterlinge Nr. 6.—Garlepp, 1892:275.—Staudinger,

1892:275.

Trifurcula huanaco Staudinger, 1894:43, 56-59, pi. 1: figs. 7,

16, 18.—Elwes, 1895:lxv.—Grote, 1900:20-21.—d'Almeida,

1943:104.—Hemming, 1967:448.

Piercolias huanaco.—Staudinger, 1894:56.—Grote, 1903:139.—

Talbot, 1932.60.—Klots, 1932:218, 219.—d'Almeida, 1934:97.

—Forster, 1955:138 [in part].—Field, 1958:115, 118, 124,

126, 128, 131, figs. 7, 15, 23, 31, 40.

Andina huanaco.—Rober, 1909a:97, pL 28: fig. c-2; 1910:97,

pi. 28: fig. c-2.—Dyar, 1913:629.—d'Almeida, 1943:74.—

Ureta, 1947:50.—Zischka, 1951:29.

Piercolias coropunae.—Forster, 1955:138 [a misidentification,

in part].

Piercolias andina [sic].—Forster, 1958:846 [a lapsus mentis, a

nomen nudum].

Piercolias huanace [sic.].—Hemming, 1967:362.

Trifurcula huanace [sic].—Hemming, 1967:362.

MALE (Figures 28, 40, photographs of lectotype).—This species as illustrated with uppersurface of wings white and with a large dark bar at

end of cell in forewing and large apical and subapical dark markings. The dark border on the forewing on this surface extends below vein Cu2 only

about one-half the distance to vein 2dA thus differing from P. forsteri where this border extends

to vein 2dA or almost to that vein. In P. huanaco

also there is more white scaling in interspaces Rj,

R2 and R3 + R4+5 on this wing than in P. forsteri.

Undersurface of hind wing and apex of forewing

more uniformly gray in color than in P. forsteri

with submarginal row of fuscous spots on hind

wing faint or absent and with a faint white spot at

the end of the cell. This gray ground color formed

by a light tan that is heavily irrorated with black

scales.

Length of forewing, 18-21 mm.

FEMALE (Figures 29, 41, photographs of one of

the probably original syntypes).—As illustrated and

similar to the male with dark markings on uppersurfaces more extensive and with a white to yellow
40

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

ground color. Wings on undersurfaces with dark

markings more extensive than in the male and

differing from the female of P. forsteri, as the male

does, in having the dark border on uppersurface of

forewing extending only about one-half the distance to vein 2dA.

Length of forewing, 19 mm.

VENATION (Figure 178).—With characters as given

in the description of the genus. Staudinger (1894:

56) selected the genus name Trifurcula (which unknown to him at the time was preoccupied) because of the venation, which as he says (translation

from the German) "three veins arise almost from

one point like a trident from the upper corner

of the cell of the forewing and this occurs in this

way in no pierid genus known to me."

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

196).—As illustrated with claw differing from that

of P. coropunae (Figure 198) and P. forsteri (Figure

197) in having the ventral tooth closer to upper

element and with paronychium slightly broader

than in P. coropunae.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 143, drawn from preparation of lectotype).—As illustrated and similar

to that of P. forsteri with subscaphium having its

anterior process shorter and slightly blunt.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 160, drawn from

preparation WDF 5346).—As illustrated, differing

from P. forsteri in the shape of the inner genital

plate, having the posterior process rounded at the

end and with ventral margin of anterior process

longer than the posterior margin of this process.

TYPE DATA.—The type-locality is "Bolivien . . .

Huallatani" (= Huaillatani), near Cocapata, Province of Ayopayo, Department of La Paz, Bolivia.

This species was described by Staudinger from 30

males and 7 females collected by Gustav Garlepp

between 10 January and the beginning of March

1892. Most of this series was sold by Staudinger

and many collections contain unlabeled syntypes.

There are four male and four female syntypes remaining in the Staudinger collection in the Zoological Museum, Humboldt University, East Berlin. The late Dr. E. M. Hering sent us for study

the male specimen figured by Staudinger (1892,

pi. 1: fig. 16), and we designate this specimen as

the lectotype and have placed upon its pin a designating label.

MISIDENTIFICATION NOTE.—As stated below under

P. forsteri, Forster regarded P. coropunae as a junior synonym of P. huanaco and his study specimens

were of both the Illimani and Huaillatani populations. We continue to recognize P. coropunae

as a distinct species.

SYNONYMY.—Dr. Forster in a paper given at the

Tenth International Congress of Entomology in

1956 (1958:846) refers to this species as being

found in the East Cordillera of Bolivia under the

name Piercolias andina Staudinger. Dr. Staudinger

never described a species under this name, which is

a nomen nudum and a name resulting from a lapse

of memory with the resulting confusion. This

probably occurred because the species P. huanaco

was known for many years by the name Andina

huanaco.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name huanaco is an Amerind

name treated as a noun in the nominative singular in apposition to the genus name. It is derived from a vernacular name huanaco (or guanaco)

and is the Quechua speaking Indian name for

the wild mammal related to the domesticated

llama. This name seems to us to be singularly appropriate since Gustav Garlepp reports (1892:275)

that he could only reach the high elevations (up

to 5000 meters, mistakenly reported by Garlepp

as 5800 meters) where this species of butterfly occurred by making use of the paths made by these

mammals, the guanacos.

NATURAL HISTORY.—According to Gustav Garlepp this species flies only on the highest peaks

of the cordilleras in nearly desert-like fields of

rocks and boulders where there is almost daily

snow and ice, where vegetation is nonexistent [!],

and where the condor flies.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 5).—Known at present

only from Huaillatani, Province of Ayopayo, Department of Cochamba, Bolivia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—We had for study in addition to the lectotype, four males and one female.

2. Piercolias forsteri, new species

FIGURES 31, 32,43, 44, 142, 161, 179, 197; MAP 5

Piercolias huanaco.—Forster, 1955:138 [a misidentification, in

part].

Piercolias coropunae.—Forster, 1955:138 [a misidentification,

in part].

MALE (Figures 31, 43, photographs of holotype).—

As illustrated, differing from P. huanaco in this

sex in having the narrow dark border on upper-
NUMBER 232 41

15

20

PIERCOLIAS

P. huanaco

P. forsteri

P. coropunae

80 75 70

MAP 5.—Distribution of the Genus Piercolias Staudinger.

65

surface of forewing extending almost to vein 2dA,

in having less white scaling in interspaces Klt R2,

and R3 + R4+5, and in having the outer halves of

the hind wing on the undersurface paler, more

contrasting with the ground color at the base of

this wing.

Length of forewing, 17-21 mm.

FEMALE (Figures 32, 44, photographs of allotype).—As illustrated, differing from females of

P. huanaco in the same characters that differentiate

the males and differing from the males in having

dark markings on uppersurfaces more extensive and

in having a yellow ground color on the uppersurfaces.

Length of forewing, 17.5-19 mm.

VENATION (Figure 179).—As illustrated, with

characters as given for the genus and not differing

from that of P. huanaco and P. coropunae.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

197).—As illustrated, with claw differing from that

of P. huanaco (Figure 196) in having ventral tooth

more separated from upper element, being even

more separated than in P. coropunae (Figure 198),

with paronychium broad.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 142, drawn from holotype).—As illustrated, differing from that of P.

huanaco and P. coropunae especially in having the

subscaphium with its anterior process long and

sharply pointed.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 161, drawn from

preparation of paratype).—As illustrated, differing

from P. huanaco in the shape of the inner genital

plate, having the posterior process not distinctly

rounded at the end, with ventral margin of anterior

process shorter than the posterior margin of this

process, and with the latter margin concave.

TYPE DATA.—Described from the holotype male,

allotype female, and three male and one female

paratypes. All of these are from the west slope of

Illimani, Bolivia, taken between 5000 and 5300

meters elevation on 14 and 27 April 1950 by Dr.

Walter Forster. Holotype, allotype, and two male

paratypes in the Zoological Collection of Bavaria,

Munich, Germany. One male and one female paratype in the collection of the National Museum of

Natural History, Washington, D. C.

MISIDENTIFICATION NOTE.—Dr. Walter Forster

(1955:138) because one of his specimens (one of the

paratypes of P. forsteri) displays a reduced maculation on the uppersurfaces of the forewing mistakenly suggested that P. coropunae Dyar was a

synonym of P. huanaco (Staudinger). While this

specimen shows some reduction in maculation it

does not display the great reduction in maculation

that occurs in P. coropunae, and we consider the

latter to be a distinct species.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name forsteri is a masculine

noun in the genitive case, a patronym after Dr.

Walter Forster, the collector of the type series,

director of the Zoological Collections of Bavaria

and a worker who has contributed a great deal to

our knowledge of Andean butterflies.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 5).—This species is known

only from the type series taken at from between

5000 and 5300 meters elevation at Illimani, Province of Sud Yungas, Department of La Paz, Bolivia.
42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

3. Piercolias coropunae (Dyer), resurrected species

FIGURES 30, 42, 141, 180, 198; MAP 5

Andina coropunae Dyar, 1913:629.

Piercolias coropunae.—Talbot, 1932:60.—Forster, 1955:138 [in

part].

Piercolias (Piercolias) coropunae.—Field, 1958:118.

MALE (Figures 30, 42, photographs of holotype).—

With maculation as shown, similar to P. huanaco

and P. forsteri, differing in having the fuscous

maculation on the uppersurface of forewing very

greatly reduced, the subapical row of spots being

reduced to two (those in interspaces M1 and R2),

and with the dark marginal border greatly reduced

in width. In P. coropunae as in P. huanaco this

border does not extend more than one-half the

distance between veins Cu2 and 2dA. In P. coropunae also there is a distinct marginal white spot

in interspace R,. Hind wing and apex of forewing

on undersurfaces very pale gray with a slight pink

overcast that is lacking in the other species.

Length of forewing, 18 mm.

FEMALE.—Unknown.

VENATION (Figure 180).—With characters as given

in the description of the genus and not differing

from that of P. huanaco and P. forsteri.

CLAW, PARONYCHIUM, AND PULVILLUS (Figure

198).—As illustrated, with claw most similar to that

of P. forsteri (Figure 197), having ventral tooth

slightly separated from the upper element, with

paronychium long and narrow, distinctly longer

than in the other species.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 141, drawn from preparation of the holotype).—As illustrated, differing

from that of P. forsteri in having the subscaphium

with its anterior process short and not sharply

pointed and differing from both other species in

having valva with a very short apical process.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name coropunae is a noun in

the genitive case formed from the name of the

type-locality, Coropuna, Peru.

TYPE DATA.—As mentioned above, the typelocality is Coropuna, Peru. This species was

described from one specimen, sex not indicated

in the original description. This specimen, the holotype, is a male and was taken in October 1911 between 4875 and 5180 meters elevation on the Yale

Peruvian Expedition. This specimen is in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History,

Washington, D. C. and bears the type number

15602.

MISIDENTIFICATION NOTE.—Forster (1955:138) suggests that P. coropunae (Dyar) is a synonym of P.

huanaco (Staudinger). As we have stated above we

regard P. coropunae as a species distinct from both

P. huanaco and from P. forsteri.

DISTRIBUTION (see Map 5).—This species is known

at present only from the holotype from Coropuna,

Department of Arequipa, Peru.
Literature Cited

Ackery, P. R.

1975. A New Pierine Genus and Species with Notes on the

Genus Tatochila (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Bulletin

of the Allyn Museum, 30:1-9. [5 December.]

d'Almeida, Romualdo Ferreira

1943. Alguns tipos de generos da ordem Lepidoptera.

Papeis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura (Brazil), 3(5):73-105. [4 June.]

Bartlett-Calvert, William

1886. Catalogo de los Lepidbpteros Rhopal6ceros i Heter6ceros de Chile. Anales de la Universidad de Chile,

Section 1: Memorias Cientificas i Literarias, 69:311-

352. [March.]

1898. Catalogo revisado de los Lepid6pteros de Chile.

Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 2(7):97-101.

Blanchard, Charles Emile

1852. Insectos, Lepidopteros. Volume 7 of Claudio Gay,

Historia Fisica y Politico de Chile, Zoologia. 112

pages, 7 plates. Paris: E. Blanchard; Santiago, Chile:

Museo de Historia Natural.

Breyer, Alberto

1939. Uber die Argentinischen Pieriden (Lep. Rhop.)

Pages 26-55 in Section 1 of Verhandlungen, VII

Internationalen Kongress fur Entomologie (1938). 1

map. [25 February.]

Butler, Arthur Gardiner

1870. A Revision of the Genera of the Sub-family Pierinae.

Cistula Entomologica, l[(3)]:33-58, plates 1-4. [12

September.]

Calvert, William, see William Bartlett-Calvert

Dixey, Federick A.

1894. On the Phylogeny of the Pierinae, as Illustrated by

Their Wing-markings and Geographical Distribution. Transactions of the Entomological Society of

London, 1894(2):249-334, plates 3-5. [June.]

1910. The Plume-scales of the Pierinae. Proceedings of the

Entomological Society of London, 1909(5):xciii-cxli,

plates D-F. [10 March.]

Dyar, Harrison G.

1913. Results of the Yale Peruvian Expedition of 1911:

Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 45(2006):627-649. [22 July.]

Ehrlich, Paul R.

1958. The Comparative Morphology, Phylogeny, and

Higher Classification of the Butterflies (Lepidoptera:

Papilionoidea). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 39(8):3O5-370, figures 1-64. [18 November.]

Elwes, Henry John

1895. [Geographical Distribution of Butterflies.] Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,

1894(6):lii-lxxxiv. [9 January.]

1903. The Butterflies of Chile. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 19O3(3):263-3Ol, plates

12-15. [15 October.]

Etcheverry C, Maria

1956. See Herrera G., Jose, and Maria Etcheverry C.

Field, William D.

1958. A Redefinition of the Butterfly Genera Tatochila,

Phulia, Piercolias, and Baltia, with Descriptions of

Related Genera and Subgenera. Proceedings of the

United States National Museum, 108(3396): 103-131,

figures 1-40. [9 June.]

1959. See Herrera, Jose, and William D. Field.

Forster, Walter

1955. Beitriige zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Boliviens,

part 1: Einleitung, Lepidoptera 1. Verofjentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Miinchen,

3:81-159, plates 25-33. [1 December.]

1958. Die Tiergeographischen Verhaltnisse Boliviens. Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of

Entomology (1956), 1:843-846.

Garlepp, Gustav

1892a. Brief aus Bolivien. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, "Iris," 5(1):272. [June.]

1892b. Brief aus Bolivien, Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, "Iris," 5(2):273-276. [December.]

Giacomelli, Eugenio

1915. El genero "Tatochila Butl." lo que Sabemos y lo

que ignoramos de el. Anales del Museo Nacional de

Historia Natural de Buenos Aires, 26:403-415, [10

March.]

1916. Sinopsis de los Lepid6pteros Chilenos, del genero

Tatochila Butlr. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 20(3):41-57, plates 1-3. [30 June.]

1917. Nuevos estudios y obsenaciones sobre Pieridas argentinas. Physis, Revista de la Sociedad Argentina

de Ciencias Naturales, 3(15):37O-385.

1918. Apuntes sobre algunos formas argentinas de niariposas del genero "Phulia" H. Schaeff. Physis, Revista

de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales,

4(17):34O-342. [20 December.]

1923. Enumeracion sistematica y anotaciones sobre los

Lepidopteros de villa Cabrera (Cordoba), Part 1:

Ropaloceros y Esfingidos. Revista de la Universidad

Nacional de Cdrdoba, 10(7-8):3-17. [27 April.]

Gigoux, Enrique Ernesto

1927. Mariposas diurnas del valle de Copiapo. Revista

Universitaria (Universidad Catolica de Chile),

12(10): 1433. [December.]

1936. El morro Copiapo. Revista de Historia Natural,

39:253-265. [1935, 1936.]

Grote, August Radcliffe

1900. The Descent of the Pierids. Proceedings of the Amer43
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

ican Philosophical Society, 39(161):4-67, plates 1-4.

1903. Note on the Generic Title Trifurcula. Canadian

Entomologist, 35(5):139. [2 May.]

Hayward, Kenneth J.

1951. Catalogo sinonimico de los Ropaloceros argentinos

excluyendo "Hesperiidae." Ada Zoologica Lilloana,

9:85-281. [25 October.]

1967. Lista de los tipos de insectos y otros invertebrados

conservados en el instituto Miguel Lillo. Ada

Zoologica Lilloana, 22:337-352.

Hemming, Francis

1967. The Generic Names of the Butterflies and Their

Type-species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Bulletin

of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series, supplement 9, pages [l]-[5], 6-509. [1

August.]

Herrera G., Jose

1954a. Lepidopteros nemos para chile, Lepidoptera, Pieridae. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 3:140-147, 12

figures. [1953, 1954.]

1954b. La enseflanza de la zoologia sistematica en el liceo.

Direccion General de Educacion Secundaria, Ministerio de Educacion Publica, Serie Cientifica, 2: 58

pages, 13 plates. [December.]

Herrera G., Jose, and Maria Etchevenry C.

1956. Curso teorico prddico de entomologia. Volume 1,

294 pages. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Universitaria.

[Mimeographed.]

Herrera G., Jose, and William D. Field

1959. A Revision Of The Butterfly Genera Theochila and

Tatochila (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Proceedings of

the United States National Museum, 108(3408):467-

514, plates 1-17. [24 July.]

Herrich-Schaffer, Gottlieb August Wilhelm

1867a. Prodromus systematis Lepidopterorum, XVI: Pieridina. Correspondenz-Blatt des Zoologisch-mineralogischen Vereines in Regensburg, 21(93): 100-106.

1867b. Prodromus systematis Lepidopterorum, XVI: Pieridina. Correspondenz-Blatt des Zoologisch-mineralogischen Vereines in Regensburg, 21(10): 124-128.

1867c. Prodromus systematis Lepidopterorum, XVI: Pieridina. Correspondenz-Blatt des Zoologisch-mineralogischen Vereines in Regensburg, 21(11): 138-144.

Hopffer, Carl

1879. Exotische Schmetterlinge. Entomologische Zeitung

(Stettin), 40(l-3):47-95. [January-March.]

Hughes, Robin A.

1956. Notes on the Butterflies of the Arequipa District of

Southwest Peru. The Entomologist, 89(1121):248-

251. [24 October.]

1958. Butterfly Collecting In the High Andes of Southern

Peru, March 1956. The Entomologist, 91(1136):l-8.

[21 January.]

Jorgensen, Pedro

1916. Las mariposas Argentinas (Lep.): Familia Pieridae.

Armies del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de

Buenos Aires, 28:427-520, figures 1-14. [10 November.]

kirby, William Forsell

1871. A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera. v +

657 pages. London: John van Joorst.

Klots, Alexander Barrett

1933. A Generic Revision of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera),

Together with a Study of the Male Genitalia. Enlomologica Americana, 12(3): 139-204 [December 1931,

8 February 1933]; 12(4):205-242, plates 5-13 [March

1932, 8 February 1933].

Kohler, Pablo

1923. Fauna Argentina, Lepidoptera e collectione Alberto

Breyer, 1: Teil, Rhopalocera, Systematischer Katalog

und Studien, Berichtigungen u. Neubeschreibungen.

Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie,

18(12):supplement 1-34, plates 1-3. [15 December.]

1928. Catalogo de Lepiddpteros argentinos. Pages 1-12.

Buenos Aires: Breyer.

Maassen, Peter

1890. See Weymer, Gustav, and Peter Maassen.

Mani, M. S.

1968. Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects.

xiv + 527 pages, 80 figures. The Hague: Dr. W.

Junk.

Pefla G., Luis E.

1963. Exploraciones en la cordillera de Antofagasta. Revista Universidad Catolica (Santiago, Chile),

47(52):209-217. [1962, 1963.]

1964. Hypsochila (Hypsochila) Huemul, nueva especie de

Lepidoptera Pieridae de Chile. Boletin del Museo

Nacional de Historia Natural (Chile), 28(3):151-154.

[May.]

1966. A Preliminary Attempt to Divide Chile into Entomofaunal Regions, Based on the Tenebrionidae

(Coleoptera). Postilla (Peabody Museum of Natural

History, Yale University), 97:1-17. [28 March.]

1968a. Observaciones sobre mariposas de Chile (Lepidoptera). Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepcidn (Chile), 40:95-99, figures 1-8. [1965-1966, 20

June 1968.]

1968b. Distribuci6n de algunas mariposas en Chile. Revista

Chilena de Entomologia, 6:140-141.

1974a. Los tipos de insectos de la coleccion Luis E. Pena

G. Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepcidn

(Chile), 47:259-282.

1974b. La hembra de Hypsochila (Chianonema) penai Ur.

(Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 8:39 June.]

Reed, Edwyn C.

1877. Una monografia de las mariposas chilenas. Anales

de la Universidad de Chile, section 1, 51([9]):647-736,

plates 1-3. [September.]

Reed, Carlos S.

1918. Breves observaciones acerca de la biologia de la

"Phulia nymphula." Physis, Revista de la Sociedad

Argentina de Ciencias Naturales, 4(17):313-314. [20

December.]

Rober, J.

1886. See Schatz, E., and J. Rober

1908. [Die gattung Tatochila.] Pages 53, 55-56 in volume

5, Die Amerikanischen Tagfalter, of Adalbert Seitz,
NUMBER 232 45

editor, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Plate 18.

Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen. [25 May.]

1909a. [Die gattungen Andina und Phulia.] Pages 97-98

in volume 5, Die Amerikanischen Tag)'alter, of

Adalbert Seitz, editor, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der

Erde. Plate 28. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen. [26 April.]

1909b. [The genus Tatochila.] Pages 53, 55-56 in volume 5,

The American Rhopalocera, of Adalbert Seitz, editor,

The Marcolepidoptera of the World. Plate 18.

Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen. [5 November.]

1910. [The genera Andina, Phulia.] Pages 97-98 in volume

5, The American Rhopalocera, of Adalbert Seitz,

editor, The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Plate

28. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen. [2 February.]

1924a. [Nachtrage: Pieridae.] Pages 1015, 1016. 1024 in

volume 5, Die Amerikanischen Tagfalter, of Adalbert Seitz, editor, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde.

Plates 192, 194. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen. [21

January.]

1924b. [Additions: Pieridae.] Pages 1015, 1016, 1024 in

volume 5, The American Rhopalocera, of Adalbert

Seitz, editor. The Macrolepidoptera of the World.

Plates 192, 194. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen. [18

March.]

Scudder, Samuel H.

1875. Historical Sketch of the Generic Names Proposed

for Butterflies, a Contribution to Systematic Nomenclature. Proceedings of the American Academy Arts

and Sciences, 10(article 5):91-293.

Schatz, E., and J. Rober

1886. [Pieridae.] Pages 52-74 in Die Familien und Gattungen der Tagfalter, systematischen und analytisch

bearbeitet. Part II of O. Staudinger and E. Schatz.

editors, Exotische Schmetterlinge. Plates 4-8. Fiirth,

Bavaria: G. Lowensohn.

Staudinger, Otto

1884. [Plate 23.] In Exotische Tagfalter in systematischen

Reihenfolge mit Beriicksichtigung neuer Arten.

Part I of O. Staudinger and E. Schatz, Exotische

Schmetterlinge. Fiirth, Bavaria: G. Lowensohn.

1885. [Phulia.] Page 46 in Exotische Tagfalter in systematischen Reihenfolge mit Beriicksichtigung neuer

Arten. Part I of O. Staudinger and E. Schatz,

Exotische Schmetterlinge. Fiirth, Bavaria: G.

Lowensohn.

1892. [Footnote.] In Gustav Garlepp, Brief aus Bolivien.

Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, "Iris," 5(1):

272-276.

1894. Hochandine Lepidopteren. Deutsche Entomologische

Zeitschrift, "Iris," 7(1):43-1OO, plates 1, 2. [14 July.]

1895. [Footnote.] Inhalts-Uebersicht. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, "Iris", 7(l):ii. [5 January.]

1899. Lepidopteren [6th Article.] Pages 1-118 in volume 2,

Arthropoden, of Hamburger Magalhaensische Sammelreise. 1 plate, Hamburg: L. Friederischsen & Co.

[1888, January 1899.]

Talbot, G.

1932. Pieridae I. Part 53 (pages 3-320) of E. Strand, editor,

Lepidopterorum Catalogus. [24 October.]

1935. Pieridae III. Part 66 (pages 385-697) of E. Strand,

editor, Lepidopterorum Catalogus. [30 August.]

Ureta Rojas, Emilio

1934. Lista de Ropal6ceros de la provincia de Coquimbo.

Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 38:78-80.

1937. Segunda nota adicional a la lista de Ropaloceros de

la provincia de Coquimbo. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 40:108-110. [1936, 1937.]

1938a. Lepid6pteros de Chile (II Parte) [Pieridae!]. Revista

Chilena de Historia Natural, 41:237-287, plates 11-

13, figures 33-39. [1937, 1938.]

1938b. Lista de Ropaloceros de Chile. Bole tin Museo

National de Historia Natural (Santiago), 16:121-

130. [1937, 1938.]

1939. Ropaldceros de la provincia de Coquimbo. Revista

Chilena de Historia Natural, 42:296-299. [1938,

1939.]

1947. Nuevos Ropaloceros (Lep.) de Chile. Boletin del

Museo National de Historia Natural (Santiago), 23:

47-61, plates 1,2.

1955. Nuevas especies de Pieridae (Lep. Rhopalocera) de

Chile y Argentina. Boletin del Museo National de

Historia Natural (Santiago), 26(4):57-71, plates 1,

2, 1 figure.

1956. Nuevos Rhopaloceros (Lep.) de Chile. Boletin del

Museo National de Historia Natural (Santiago),

26(6):159-185, plates 1, 2, 9 figures.

1963. Catalogo de Lepid6pteros de Chile, Boletin del

Museo National de Historia Natural (Santiago de

Chile), 28(2):[55]-[63], 64-140, [141]-[147].

Weymer, Gustav

1890. Zweite Abtheilung, Beschreibung der neuen Arten,

Rhopalocera. Pages 105-128 in Gustav Weymer and

Peter Maassen, W. Reiss und A. Stiibel, Reisen in

Sud-Amerika, Lepidopteren gesammelt auf einer

reise durch Colombia, Ecuador, Peril, Brasilien, Argentinien und Bolivien in den Jahren 1868-1877

von Alphons Stiibel. Plates 1-3, 4: figures 1-13.

Berlin: A. Asher & Co.

Weymer, Gustav, and Peter Maassen

1890. W. Reiss und A. Stiibel, Reisen in Sud-Amerika,

Lepidopteren gesammelt auf einer reise durch

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brasilien, Argentinien

und Bolivien in den Jahren 1868-1877 von Alphons

Stiibel. Pages I-XI, 1-3; Erste Abtheilung, Die

gesammelten Arten in geographischer Anordnumg

nach Landern und Reiserouten, pages [5]-[9], 10-

101; index, pages 173-182. Berlin: A. Asher & Co.

Zischka, Rodolfo

1951. Los Pieridos Bolivianos. Folia Universitaria (Cochabamba, Bolivia). 5:7-32, 21 figures.
46

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 1-12.—Habitus figures (X 1), uppersurfaces. Hypsochila argyrodice: 1, male, "Patagonien," C. Berg; 2, female, lectotype. H. microdice: 3, male, lectotype; 4, female, allolectotype.

H. huemul: 5, male, paratype; 6, female, paratype. H. galactodice: 7, male, Termas, Chilian,

Chile; 8, female, same locality. H. wagenknechti wagenknechti: 9, male, El Yeso, Chile; 10,

female, Rio Seco, Chile. H. wagenknechti sulfurodice: 11, male, Mamina, Tarapaca, Chile; 12,

female, Putre, Tarapaca, Chile, paratype.
NUMBER 232 47

FIGURES 13-24.—Habitus figures (X 1), undersurfaces of specimens shown in Figures 1-12

(in the same positions).
48

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 25-36.—Habitus figures (X 1), uppersurfaces. Hypsochila galactodice: 25, male, Malleco,

Termas, Rio Blanco). H. penai: 26, male, topotype; 27, female, topotype. Piercolias huanaco:

28, male, lectotype; 29. female, allolectotype. P. coropunae: 30, male, holotype). P. forsteri: 31,

male, holotype; 32, female, allotype. Phulia nymphula nympha: 33, male, lectotype; 34, female,

topotype and probable syntype. P. nymphula nymphula: 35, male, topotype; 36, female,

topotype.
NUMBER 232 49

FIGURES 37-48.—Habitus figures (X 1), undersurfaces of specimens shown in Figures 25-36

(in the same positions).
50

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FICURES 49-68.—Habitus figures (X 1), uppersurfaces. Phulia nymphula nymphula: 49, male,

lectotype of the synonym P. altivolans; 50, male, lectotype of the synonym P. nymphaea; 51,

female, allolectotype of the synonym P. altivolans; 52, female, Achocalla, La Paz, Bolivia.

P. paranympha paranympha: 53, male, lectotype; 54, male. La Paz, Bolivia; 55, male, same

locality; 56, female, topotype; 57, female, Sicasica, Bolivia. P. paranympha ernesta: 58, male,

allotype; 59, female, holotype. P. nannophyes: 60, male, lectotype; 61, female, allolectotype.

P. garleppi: 62, male, holotype; 63, female, allotype. Infraphulia illimani: 64, male, topotype;

65, female, Huallatani, Bolivia; 66, female, Hichucota, Bolivia. /. ilyodes: 67, 68 males, topotypes.
NUMBER 232 51

FIGURES 69-88 — Habitus figures (X 1), undersurfaces of specimens shown in Figures 49-68

(in the same positions).
52

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 89-105.—Habitus figures (X 1), uppersurfaces. Infraphulia ilyodes: 89, female, paratype. /. madeleinea: 90, male, holotype; 91, male, paratype; 92, female, paratype; 93. female,

allotype. Pierphulia nysias nysias: 94, male, topotype; 95, female, lectotype. P. nysias nysiella:

96, male, lectotype. P. rosea annamariea: 97, male, holotype; 98, female, allotype. P. rosea

maria: 99, male, holotype; 100, male paratype, Tapicahua, Chile; 101, female, allotype. P. rosea

rosea: 102, female, Antofagasta, Ojos del Putana; 103, male, topotype; 104, female, topotype).

Habitus figure, artists' restoration (X 2), uppersurface on the left, undersurface on the right,

Pierphulia isabela: 105, female, holotype.
NUMBER 232 53

FIGURES 106-125.—Habitus figures (X 1). 106-119, 122, 123, Undersurfaces of specimens shown

in Figures 89-104 (in the same positions). Pierphulia isabela (holotype), with both dark and

light backgrounds: 120, 121, uppersurfaces; 124, 125, undersurfaces.
54

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

129

FIGURES 126-129.—Male genitalia consisting of ventral views (at top of each figure) of uncus,

tegumen, vinculum, and saccus; of lateral view (in center of each figure) of genital capsule with

left valva, anellus, and aedeagus removed; of ventral and lateral view of anellus (at the central

left of each figure); and of aedeagus in lateral view (at bottom of each figure): 126, Hypsochila

argyrodice (drawn from preparation WDF 5752); 127, H. microdice (drawn from preparation

WDF 6637); 128, H. huemul (drawn from preparation WDF 6582); 129, H. galactodice (drawn

from preparation WDF 6661).
NUMBER 232

55

131

135

FIGURES 130-135.—Male genitalia consisting of ventral views (at top of each figure) of uncus,

tegumen, vinculum, and saccus; of lateral view (in center of each figure) of genital capsule with

left valva, anellus, and aedeagus removed; of ventral and lateral view of anellus (at the central

left of each figure); and of aedeagus in lateral view (at bottom of each figure): 130, Hypsochila

wagenknechti wagenknechti (drawn from preparation WDF 6644); 131, H. penai (drawn from

preparation WDF 6578); 132, Phulia nymphula nymphula (drawn from preparation WDF 6647);

133, P. paranympha paranympha (drawn from preparation WDF 6665); 134, P. nannophyes

(drawn from preparation JH 182); 135, P. garleppi (drawn from preparation JH 172).
56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FICURES 136-143.—Male genitalia consisting of ventral views (at tope of each figure) of uncus,

subcaphium (when present), tegumen, vinculum, and saccus; of lateral view (in center of each

figure) of genital capsule with left valva, anellus, and aedeagus removed; of ventral and lateral

view of anellus (at the central left of each figure); and of aedeagus in lateral view (at bottom

of each figure): 136, Infraphulia illimani (drawn from preparation WDF 5384); 137, /. madeleinea (drawn from preparation WDF 6601); 138, /. ilyodes (drawn from preparation WDF 6603);

139, Pierphulia nysias nysias (drawn from preparation WDF 6613); 140, P. rosea rosea (drawn

from preparation WDF 6620); 141, Piercolias coropunae (drawn from preparation JH 156, the

holotype); 142, P. forsteri (drawn from preparation WDF 6681); 143, P. huanaco (drawn from

preparation WDF 6622, the lectotype).
NUMBER 232 57

FIGURES 144, 145.—Female genitalia consisting of lateral views of inner surfaces of inner and

outer genital plates of right sides (these plates having been removed from the left sides) with

each bursa copulatrix rotated to show signum in ventral view: 144, Hypsochila argyrodice

(drawn from preparation WDF 5751); 145, H. microdice (drawn from preparation WDF 6640;

inset figure to the left is of signum in lateral view).
58

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

146

FIGURES 146, 147.—Female genitalia consisting of lateral views of inner surfaces of inner and

outer genital plates of right sides (these plates having been removed from the left sides) with

each bursa copulatrix rotated to show signum in ventral view: 146, Hypsochila huemul (drawn

from preparation WDF 6643); 147, H. galactodice (drawn from preparation WDF 6655).
NUMBER 232 59

FIGURES 148-153.—Female genitalia consisting of lateral views of inner surfaces of inner and

outer genital plates of right sides (these plates having been removed from the left sides) with

each bursa copulatrix rotated to show signum in ventral view: 148, Hypsochila wagenknechti

wagenknechti (drawn from preparation WDF 6656); 149, H. penai (drawn from preparation

WDF 6651); 150, Phulia nymphula nymphula (drawn from preparation WDF 6648); 151,

P. paranympha paranympha (drawn from preparation WDF 6686); 152, P. nannophyes (drawn

from preparation JH 181); 153, P. garleppi (drawn from preparation JH 173).
60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

156a

159

FIGURES 154-159.—Female genitalia consisting of lateral views with each bursa copulatrix

rotated to show ventral view of each signum; with inner faces of outer and inner genital

plates of left sides shown greatly enlarged (in Figures 154b, 155b, 1566): 154, Infraphulia

illimani (drawn from preparation WDF 5385); 155, /. madeleinea (drawn from preparation

WDF 6554); 156, /. ilyodes (drawn from preparation WDF 6596); 157, Pierphulia nysias nysias

(drawn from preparation WDF 6614). Female genitalia consisting of lateral views of inner

surfaces of inner and outer genital plates of right sides (these plates having been removed

from the left sides) with each bursa copulatrix rotated to show signum in ventral view: 158,

Pierphulia rosea rosea (drawn from preparation WDF 6676); 159, P. Isabella (drawn from

preparation WDF 6675, the holotype).
NUMBER 232 61

160

161

FIGURES 160, 161.—Female geniulia consisting of lateral views of inner surfaces of inner and

outer genital plates of right sides (these plates having been removed from the left sides) with

each buna copulatrix rotated to show signum in ventral view: 160, Piercolias huanaco (drawn

from preparation WDF 5346); 161, P. forsteri (drawn from preparation WDF 6625).
62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

162

165

FIGURES 162-167.—Wing venation: 162, Hypsochila argyrodice (drawn from wing slide 2426); 163,

H. microdice (drawn from wing slide 1182); 164, H. huemul (drawn from wing slide 1183);

165, H. galactodice (drawn from wing slide 1160); 166, H. wagenknechti wagenknechti (drawn

from wing slide 1159); 167, H. penai (drawn from wing slide 6578).
NUMBER 232 63

178

FIGURES 168-180.—Wing venation: 168, Phulia nymphula nymphula (drawn from wing slide

114); 169, P. paranympha paranympha (drawn from wing slide 194); 170, P. nannophyes (drawn

from holotype); 171, P. garleppi (drawn from wing slide 5378); 172, Infraphulia illimani (drawn

from wing slide 169); 173, /. madeleinea (drawn from wing slide 5363); 174, /. ilyodes (drawn

from wing slide 6633); 175, Pierphulia nysias nysias (drawn from wing slide 180); 176, P. rosea

rosea (drawn from wing slide 1184); 177, P. isabela (reconstructed drawing based upon holotype); 178, Piercolias huanaco (drawn from wing slide 155); 179, Picrcolias forsteri (drawn

from wing slide 6623); 180, P. coropunae (drawn from holotype).
64

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

198

FIGURES 181-198.—Paronychia (at the top of each figure), claws (at the bottom of each figure),

pulvilli (at the right of each figure): 181, Hypsochila argyrodice (drawn from slide no. 5751);

182, H. microdice (drawn from slide no. 6637); 183, H. huemul (drawn from slide no. 6581);

184, H. galactodice (drawn from slide no. 6680); 185, H. wagenknechti wagenknechti (drawn

from slide no. 5753); 186, H. penai (drawn from slide no. 6580); 187, Phulia nymphula

nymphula (drawn from slide no. 1172); 188, P. paranympha paranympha (drawn from slide

no. 1171); 189, P. nannophyes (drawn from slide no. 6668); 190, P. garleppi (drawn from slide

no. 1170); 191, Infraphulia illimani (drawn from slide no. 1169); 192, /. madeleinea (drawn

from slide no. 5380); 193, /. ilyodes (drawn from slide no. 6590); 194, Pierphulia nysias nysias

(drawn from slide no. 6613); 195, P. isabela (drawn from slide no. 6675); 196, Piercolias huanaco

(drawn from slide no. 1167); 197, P. forsteri (drawn from slide no. 6681); 198, P. coropunae

(drawn from slide no. 1176).
REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION

Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review within their

originating Smithsonian museums or offices and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution

Press with approval of the appropriate museum authority on Form SI—36. Requests for

special treatment—use of color, foldouts, casebound covers, etc.—require, on the same

form, the added approval of designated committees or museum directors.

Review of manuscripts and art by the Press for requirements of series format and style,

completeness and clarity of copy, and arrangement of all material, as outlined below, will

govern, within the judgment of the Press, acceptance or rejection of the manuscripts and art.

Copy must be typewritten, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper,

with l%" margins, submitted as ribbon copy (not carbon or xerox), in loose sheets (not

stapled or bound), and accompanied by original art. Minimum acceptable length is 30 pages.

Front matter (preceding the text) should include: title page with only title and author

and no other information, abstract page with author/title/series/etc., following the established format, table of contents with indents reflecting the heads and structure of the paper.

First page of text should carry the title and author at the top of the page and an unnumbered footnote at the bottom consisting of author's name and professional mailing address.

Center heads of whatever level should be typed with initial caps of major words, with

extra space above and below the head, but with no other preparation (such as all caps or

underline). Run-in paragraph heads should use period/dashes or colons as necessary.

Tabulations within text (lists of data, often in parallel columns) can be typed on the text

page where they occur, but they should not contain rules or formal, numbered table heads.

Formal tables (numbered, with table heads, boxheads, stubs, rules) should be submitted as camera copy, but the author must contact the series section of the Press for editorial attention and preparation assistance before final typing of this matter.

Taxonomic keys in natural history papers should use the aiined-couplet form in the

zoology and paleobiology series and the multi-level indent form in the botany series. If

cross-referencing is required between key and text, do not include page references within the

key, but number the keyed-out taxa with their corresponding heads in the text.

Synonymy in the zoology and paleobiology series must use the short form (taxon,

author, yearpage), with a full reference at the end of the paper under "Literature Cited."

For the botany series, the long form (taxon, author, abbreviated journal or book title, volume,

page, year, with no reference in the "Literature Cited") is optional.

Footnotes, when few in number, whether annotative or bibliographic, should be typed

at the bottom of the text page on which the reference occurs. Extensive notes must appear at

the end of the text in a notes section. If bibliographic footnotes are required, use the short

form (author/brief title/page) with the full reference in the bibliography.

Text-reference system (author/year/page within the text, with the full reference in a

"Literature Cited" at the end of the text) must be used in place of bibliographic footnotes in

all scientific series and is strongly recommended in the history and technology series:

"(Jones, 1910:122)" or ". . . Jones (1910:122)."

Bibliography, depending upon use, is termed "References," "Selected References," or

"Literature Cited." Spell out book, journal, and article tities, using initial caps in all major

words. For capitalization of titles in foreign languages, follow the national practice of each

language. Underline (for italics) book and journal titles. Use the colon-parentheses system

for volume/number/page citations: "10(2):5-9." For alinement and arrangement of

elements, follow the format of the series for which the manuscript is intended.

Legends for illustrations must not be attached to the art nor included within the text but

must be submitted at the end of the manuscript—with as many legends typed, doublespaced, to a page as convenient.

Illustrations must not be included within the manuscript but must be submitted separately as original art (not copies). All illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, etc.)

can be intermixed throughout the printed text. They should be termed Figures and should

be numbered consecutively. If several "figures" are treated as components of a single larger

figure, they should be designated by lowercase italic letters (underlined in copy) on the illustration, in the legend, and in text references: "Figure 9b." If illustrations are intended to be

printed separately on coated stock following the text, they should be termed Plates and any

components should be lettered as in figures: "Plate 9b." Keys to any symbols within an

illustration should appear on the art and not in the legend.

A few points of style: (1) Do not use periods after such abbreviations as "mm, ft,

yds, USNM, NNE, AM, BC." (2) Use hyphens in spelled out fractions: "two-thirds." (3)

Spell out numbers "one" through "nine" in expository text, but use numerals in all other

cases if possible. (4) Use the metric system of measurement, where possible, instead of

the English system. (5) Use the decimal system, where possible, in place of fractions.

(6) Use day/month/year sequence for dates: "9 April 1976." (7) For months in tabular listings or data sections, use three-letter abbreviations with no periods: "Jan, Mar, Jun," etc.

Arrange and paginate sequentially EVERY sheet of manuscript—including ALL front

matter and ALL legends, etc., at the back of the text—in the following order: (1) title page,

(2) abstract, (3) table of contents, (4) foreword and/or preface, (5) text, (6) appendixes,

(7) notes, (8) glossary, (9) bibliography, (10) index, (11) legends.
K

1

•

"iHr

^ ^MBI