II 

Calendar No. 631 

118TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 4664 

To require the Secretary of Energy to establish a program to promote the 

use of artificial intelligence to support the missions of the Department 

of Energy, and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

JULY 10, 2024 

Mr. MANCHIN (for himself and Ms. MURKOWSKI) introduced the following bill; 

which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 

NOVEMBER 21, 2024 

Reported by Mr. MANCHIN, with an amendment 

[Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed in italic] 

A BILL 

To require the Secretary of Energy to establish a program 

to promote the use of artificial intelligence to support 

the missions of the Department of Energy, and for other 

purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 


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1 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

2 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Department of Energy 

3 AI Act’’. 

4 SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 

5 Congress finds that— 

6 (1) the Department has a leading role to play 

7 in making the most of the potential of artificial in8 telligence to advance the missions of the Department 

9 relating to national security, science, and energy (in10 cluding critical materials); 

11 (2) the 17 National Laboratories employ over 

12 40,000 scientists, engineers, and researchers with 

13 decades of experience developing world-leading ad14 vanced computational algorithms, computer science 

15 research, experimentation, and applications in ma16 chine learning that underlie artificial intelligence; 

17 (3) the NNSA manages the Stockpile Steward18 ship Program established under section 4201 of the 

19 Atomic Energy Defense Act (50 U.S.C. 2521), 

20 which includes the Advanced Simulation and Com21 puting program, that provides critical classified and 

22 unclassified computing capabilities to sustain the nu23 clear stockpile of the United States; 

24 (4) for decades, the Department has led the 

25 world in the design, construction, and operation of 

26 the preeminent high-performance computing systems 


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1 of the United States, which benefit the scientific and 

2 economic competitiveness of the United States 

3 across many sectors, including energy, critical mate4 rials, biotechnology, and national security; 

5 (5) across the network of 34 user facilities of 

6 the Department, scientists generate tremendous vol7 umes of high-quality open data across diverse re8 search areas, while the NNSA has always generated 

9 the foremost datasets in the world on nuclear deter10 rence and strategic weapons; 

11 (6) the unrivaled quantity and quality of open 

12 and classified scientific datasets of the Department 

13 is a unique asset to rapidly develop frontier AI mod14 els; 

15 (7) the Department already develops cutting16 edge AI models to execute the broad mission of the 

17 Department, including AI models of the Department 

18 that are used to forecast disease transmission for 

19 COVID–19, and address critical material issues and 

20 emerging nuclear security missions; 

21 (8) the AI capabilities of the Department will 

22 underpin and jumpstart a dedicated, focused, and 

23 centralized AI program; and 

24 (9) under section 4.1(b) of Executive Order 

25 14110 (88 Fed. Reg. 75191 (November 1, 2023)) 


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1 (relating to the safe, secure, and trustworthy devel2 opment and use of artificial intelligence), the Sec3 retary is tasked to lead development in testbeds, na4 tional security protections, and assessment of artifi5 cial intelligence applications. 

6 SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. 

7 In this Act: 

8 (1) AI; ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.—The terms 

9 ‘‘AI’’ and ‘‘artificial intelligence’’ have the meaning 

10 given the term ‘‘artificial intelligence’’ in section 

11 5002 of the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative 

12 Act of 2020 (15 U.S.C. 9401). 

13 (2) ALIGNMENT.—The term ‘‘alignment’’ 

14 means a field of AI safety research that aims to 

15 make AI systems behave in line with human inten16 tions. 

17 (3) DEPARTMENT.—The term ‘‘Department’’ 

18 means the Department of Energy, including the 

19 NNSA. 

20 (4) FOUNDATION MODEL.—The term ‘‘founda21 tion model’’ means an AI model that— 

22 (A) is trained on broad data; 

23 (B) generally uses self-supervision; 

24 (C) contains at least tens of billions of pa25 rameters; and 


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1 (D) is applicable across a wide range of 

2 contexts; and 

3 (E) exhibits, or could be easily modified to 

4 exhibit, high levels of performance at tasks that 

5 pose a serious risk to the security, national eco6 nomic security, or national public health or 

7 safety of the United States. 

8 (5) FRONTIER AI.— 

9 (A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘frontier AI’’ 

10 means the leading edge of AI research that re11 mains unexplored and is considered to be the 

12 most challenging, including models— 

13 (i) that exceed the capabilities cur14 rently present in the most advanced exist15 ing models; and 

16 (ii) many of which perform a wide va17 riety of tasks. 

18 (B) INCLUSION.—The term ‘‘frontier AI’’ 

19 includes AI models with more than 

20 1,000,000,000,000 parameters. 

21 (6) NATIONAL LABORATORY.—The term ‘‘Na22 tional Laboratory’’ has the meaning given the term 

23 in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 

24 U.S.C. 15801). 


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1 (7) NNSA.—The term ‘‘NNSA’’ means the Na2 tional Nuclear Security Administration. 

3 (8) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 

4 the Secretary of Energy. 

5 (9) TESTBED.—The term ‘‘testbed’’ means any 

6 platform, facility, or environment that enables the 

7 testing and evaluation of scientific theories and new 

8 technologies, including hardware, software, or field 

9 environments in which structured frameworks can be 

10 implemented to conduct tests to assess the perform11 ance, reliability, safety, and security of a wide range 

12 of items, including prototypes, systems, applications, 

13 AI models, instruments, computational tools, de14 vices, and other technological innovations. 

15 SEC. 4. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH TO DEPLOY16 MENT. 

17 (a) PROGRAM TO DEVELOP AND DEPLOY FRON18 TIERS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR SCIENCE, SE19 CURITY, AND TECHNOLOGY (FASST).— 

20 (1) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 180 days 

21 after the date of enactment of this Act, the Sec22 retary shall establish a centralized AI program to 

23 carry out research on the development and deploy24 ment of advanced artificial intelligence capabilities 

25 for the missions of the Department (referred to in 


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1 this subsection as the ‘‘program’’), consistent with 

2 the program established under section 5501 of the 

3 William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Au4 thorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (15 U.S.C. 

5 9461). 

6 (2) PROGRAM COMPONENTS.— 

7 (A) IN GENERAL.—The program shall ad8 vance and support diverse activities that include 

9 the following components: 

10 (i) Aggregation, curation, and dis11 tribution of AI training datasets. 

12 (ii) Development and deployment of 

13 next-generation computing platforms and 

14 infrastructure. 

15 (iii) Development and deployment of 

16 safe and trustworthy AI models and sys17 tems. 

18 (iv) Tuning and adaptation of AI 

19 models and systems for pressing scientific, 

20 energy, and national security applications. 

21 (B) AGGREGATION, CURATION, AND DIS22 TRIBUTION OF AI TRAINING DATASETS.—In 

23 carrying out the component of the program de24 scribed in subparagraph (A)(i), the Secretary 

25 shall develop methods, platforms, protocols, and 


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1 other tools required for efficient, safe, and ef2 fective aggregation, generation, curation, and 

3 distribution of AI training datasets, including— 

4 (i) assembling, aggregating, and 

5 curating large-scale training data for ad6 vanced AI, including outputs from research 

7 programs of the Department and other 

8 open science data, with the goal of devel9 oping comprehensive scientific AI training 

10 databases and testing and validation data; 

11 (ii) developing and executing appro12 priate data management plan for the eth13 ical, responsible, and secure use of classi14 fied and unclassified scientific data; 

15 (iii) identifying, curating, and safely 

16 distributing, as appropriate based on the 

17 application— 

18 (I) scientific and experimental 

19 Departmental datasets; and 

20 (II) sponsored research activities 

21 that are needed for the training of 

22 foundation and adapted downstream 

23 AI models; and 

24 (iv) partnering with stakeholders to 

25 curate critical datasets that reside outside 


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1 the Department but are determined to be 

2 critical to optimizing the capabilities of 

3 open-science AI foundation models, na4 tional security AI foundation models, and 

5 other AI technologies developed under the 

6 program. 

7 (C) DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF

8 NEXT-GENERATION COMPUTING PLATFORMS

9 AND INFRASTRUCTURE.—In carrying out the 

10 component of the program described in sub11 paragraph (A)(ii), the Secretary shall— 

12 (i) develop early-stage AI testbeds to 

13 test and evaluate new software, hardware, 

14 algorithms, and other AI-based tech15 nologies and applications; 

16 (ii) develop and deploy new energy-ef17 ficient AI computing hardware and soft18 ware infrastructure necessary for devel19 oping and deploying trustworthy frontier 

20 AI systems that leverage the high-perform21 ance computing capabilities of the Depart22 ment and the National Laboratories; 

23 (iii) facilitate the development and de24 ployment of unclassified and classified 

25 high-performance computing systems and 


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1 AI platforms through Department-owned 

2 infrastructure data and computing facili3 ties; 

4 (iv) procure high-performance com5 puting and other resources necessary for 

6 developing, training, evaluating, and de7 ploying AI foundation models and AI tech8 nologies; and 

9 (v) use appropriate supplier screening 

10 tools available through the Department to 

11 ensure that procurements under clause (iv) 

12 are from trusted suppliers. 

13 (D) DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF

14 SAFE AND TRUSTWORTHY AI MODELS AND SYS15 TEMS.—In carrying out the component of the 

16 program described in subparagraph (A)(iii), not 

17 later than 3 years after the date of enactment 

18 of this Act, the Secretary shall— 

19 (i) develop innovative concepts and 

20 applied mathematics, computer science, en21 gineering, and other science disciplines 

22 needed for frontier AI; 

23 (ii) develop best-in-class AI foundation 

24 models and other AI technologies for open25 science and national security applications; 


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1 (iii) research and deploy counter-ad2 versarial artificial intelligence solutions to 

3 predict, prevent, mitigate, and respond to 

4 threats to critical infrastructure, energy se5 curity, and nuclear nonproliferation, and 

6 biological and chemical threats; 

7 (iv) establish crosscutting research ef8 forts on AI risks, reliability, safety, trust9 worthiness, and alignment, including the 

10 creation of unclassified and classified data 

11 platforms across the Department; and 

12 (v) develop capabilities needed to en13 sure the safe and responsible implementa14 tion of AI in the private and public sectors 

15 that— 

16 (I) may be readily applied across 

17 Federal agencies and private entities 

18 to ensure that open-science models are 

19 released responsibly, securely, and in 

20 the national interest; and 

21 (II) ensure that classified na22 tional security models are secure, re23 sponsibly managed, and safely imple24 mented in the national interest. 


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1 (E) TUNING AND ADAPTATION OF AI MOD2 ELS AND SYSTEMS FOR PRESSING SCIENTIFIC

3 AND NATIONAL SECURITY APPLICATIONS.—In 

4 carrying out the component of the program de5 scribed in subparagraph (A)(iv), the Secretary 

6 shall— 

7 (i) use AI foundation models and 

8 other AI technologies to develop a mul9 titude of tuned and adapted downstream 

10 models to solve pressing scientific, energy, 

11 and national security challenges; 

12 (ii) carry out joint work, including 

13 public-private partnerships, and coopera14 tive research projects with industry, includ15 ing end user companies, hardware systems 

16 vendors, and AI software companies, to ad17 vance AI technologies relevant to the mis18 sions of the Department; 

19 (iii) form partnerships with other 

20 Federal agencies, institutions of higher 

21 education, and international organizations 

22 aligned with the interests of the United 

23 States to advance frontier AI systems de24 velopment and deployment; and 


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1 (iv) increase research experiences and 

2 workforce development, including training 

3 for undergraduate and graduate students 

4 in frontier AI for science, energy, and na5 tional security. 

6 (3) STRATEGIC PLAN.—In carrying out the pro7 gram, the Secretary shall develop a strategic plan 

8 with specific short-term and long-term goals and re9 source needs to advance applications in AI for 

10 science, energy, and national security to support the 

11 missions of the Department, consistent with— 

12 (A) the 2023 National Laboratory work13 shop report entitled ‘‘Advanced Research Direc14 tions on AI for Science, Energy, and Security’’; 

15 and 

16 (B) the 2024 National Laboratory work17 shop report entitled ‘‘AI for Energy’’. 

18 (b) AI RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTERS.— 

19 (1) IN GENERAL.—As part of the program es20 tablished under subsection (a), the Secretary shall 

21 select, on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis, Na22 tional Laboratories to establish and operate not 

23 fewer than 8 multidisciplinary AI Research and De24 velopment Centers (referred to in this subsection as 

25 ‘‘Centers’’)— 


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1 (A) to accelerate the safe and trustworthy 

2 deployment of AI for science, energy, and na3 tional security missions; 

4 (B) to demonstrate the use of AI in ad5 dressing key challenge problems of national in6 terest in science, energy, and national security; 

7 and 

8 (C) to maintain the competitive advantage 

9 of the United States in AI. 

10 (2) FOCUS.—Each Center shall bring together 

11 diverse teams from National Laboratories, academia, 

12 and industry to collaboratively and concurrently de13 ploy hardware, software, numerical methods, data, 

14 algorithms, and applications for AI and ensure that 

15 the frontier AI research of the Department is well16 suited for key Department missions, including by 

17 using existing and emerging computing systems to 

18 the maximum extent practicable. 

19 (3) ADMINISTRATION.— 

20 (A) NATIONAL LABORATORY.—Each Cen21 ter shall be established as part of a National 

22 Laboratory. 

23 (B) APPLICATION.—To be eligible for se24 lection to establish and operate a Center under 

25 paragraph (1), a National Laboratory shall subVerDate Sep 11 2014 18:57 Nov 22, 2024 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6401 E:\BILLS\S4664.RS S4664

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1 mit to the Secretary an application at such 

2 time, in such manner, and containing such in3 formation as the Secretary may require. 

4 (C) DIRECTOR.—Each Center shall be 

5 headed by a Director, who shall be the Chief 

6 Executive Officer of the Center and an em7 ployee of the National Laboratory described in 

8 subparagraph (A), and responsible for— 

9 (i) successful execution of the goals of 

10 the Center; and 

11 (ii) coordinating with other Centers. 

12 (D) TECHNICAL ROADMAP.—In support of 

13 the strategic plan developed under subsection 

14 (a)(3), each Center shall— 

15 (i) set a research and innovation goal 

16 central to advancing the science, energy, 

17 and national security mission of the De18 partment; and 

19 (ii) establish a technical roadmap to 

20 meet that goal in not more than 7 years. 

21 (E) COORDINATION.—The Secretary shall 

22 coordinate, minimize duplication, and resolve 

23 conflicts between the Centers. 

24 (4) FUNDING.—Of the amounts made available 

25 under subsection (h), each Center shall receive not 


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1 less than $30,000,000 per year for a duration of not 

2 less than 5 years but not more than 7 years, which 

3 yearly amount may be renewed for an additional 5- 

4 year period. 

5 (c) AI RISK EVALUATION AND MITIGATION PRO6 GRAM.— 

7 (1) AI RISK PROGRAM.—As part of the program 

8 established under subsection (a), and consistent with 

9 the missions of the Department, the Secretary, in 

10 consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Secu11 rity, the Secretary of Defense, the Director of Na12 tional Intelligence, the Director of the National Se13 curity Agency, and the Secretary of Commerce, shall 

14 carry out a comprehensive program to evaluate and 

15 mitigate safety and security risks associated with ar16 tificial intelligence systems (referred to in this sub17 section as the ‘‘AI risk program’’). 

18 (2) RISK TAXONOMY.— 

19 (A) IN GENERAL.—Under the AI risk pro20 gram, the Secretary shall develop a taxonomy of 

21 safety and security risks associated with artifi22 cial intelligence systems relevant to the missions 

23 of the Department, including, at a minimum, 

24 the risks described in subparagraph (B). 


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1 (B) RISKS DESCRIBED.—The risks re2 ferred to in subparagraph (A) are the abilities 

3 of artificial intelligence— 

4 (i) to generate information at a given 

5 classification level; 

6 (ii) to assist in generation of nuclear 

7 weapons information; 

8 (iii) to assist in generation of chem9 ical, biological, radiological, nuclear, non10 proliferation, critical infrastructure, and 

11 energy security threats or hazards; 

12 (iv) to assist in generation of malware 

13 and other cyber and adversarial threats 

14 that pose a significant national security 

15 risk, such as threatening the stability of 

16 critical national infrastructure; 

17 (v) to undermine public trust in the 

18 use of artificial intelligence technologies or 

19 in national security; 

20 (vi) to deceive a human operator or 

21 computer system, or otherwise act in oppo22 sition to the goals of a human operator or 

23 automated systems; and 


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1 (vii) to act autonomously with little or 

2 no human intervention in ways that con3 flict with human intentions. 

4 (d) SHARED RESOURCES FOR AI.— 

5 (1) IN GENERAL.—As part of the program es6 tablished under subsection (a), the Secretary shall 

7 identify, support, and sustain shared resources and 

8 enabling tools that have the potential to accelerate 

9 the pace of scientific discovery and technological in10 novation with respect to the missions of the Depart11 ment relating to science, energy, and national secu12 rity. 

13 (2) CONSULTATION.—In carrying out para14 graph (1), the Secretary shall consult with relevant 

15 experts in industry, academia, and the National 

16 Laboratories. 

17 (3) FOCUS.—Shared resources and enabling 

18 tools referred to in paragraph (1) shall include the 

19 following: 

20 (A) Scientific data and knowledge bases 

21 for training AI systems. 

22 (B) Benchmarks and competitions for eval23 uating advances in AI systems. 


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1 (C) Platform technologies that lower the 

2 cost of generating training data or enable the 

3 generation of novel training data. 

4 (D) High-performance computing, includ5 ing hybrid computing systems that integrate AI 

6 and high-performance computing. 

7 (E) The combination of AI and scientific 

8 automation, such as cloud labs and self-driving 

9 labs. 

10 (F) Tools that enable AI to solve inverse 

11 design problems. 

12 (G) Testbeds for accelerating progress at 

13 the intersection of AI and cyberphysical sys14 tems. 

15 (e) ADMINISTRATION.— 

16 (1) RESEARCH SECURITY.—The activities au17 thorized under this section shall be applied in a 

18 manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the 

19 Research and Development, Competition, and Inno20 vation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.). 

21 (2) CYBERSECURITY.—The Secretary shall en22 sure the integration of robust cybersecurity meas23 ures into all AI research-to-deployment efforts au24 thorized under this section to protect the integrity 

25 and confidentiality of collected and analyzed data. 


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1 (3) PARTNERSHIPS WITH PRIVATE ENTITIES.— 

2 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

3 seek to establish partnerships with private com4 panies and nonprofit organizations in carrying 

5 out this Act, including with respect to the re6 search, development, and deployment of each of 

7 the 4 program components described in sub8 section (a)(2)(A). 

9 (B) REQUIREMENT.—In carrying out sub10 paragraph (A), the Secretary shall protect any 

11 information submitted to or shared by the De12 partment consistent with applicable laws (in13 cluding regulations). 

14 (f) STEM EDUCATION AND WORKFORCE DEVELOP15 MENT.— 

16 (1) IN GENERAL.—Of the amounts made avail17 able under subsection (h), not less than 10 percent 

18 shall be used to foster the education and training of 

19 the next-generation AI workforce. 

20 (2) AI TALENT.—As part of the program estab21 lished under subsection (a), the Secretary shall de22 velop the required workforce, and hire and train not 

23 fewer than 500 new researchers to meet the rising 

24 demand for AI talent— 


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1 (A) with a particular emphasis on expand2 ing the number of individuals from underrep3 resented groups pursuing and attaining skills 

4 relevant to AI; and 

5 (B) including by— 

6 (i) providing training, grants, and re7 search opportunities; 

8 (ii) carrying out public awareness 

9 campaigns about AI career paths; and 

10 (iii) establishing new degree and cer11 tificate programs in AI-related disciplines 

12 at universities and community colleges. 

13 (g) ANNUAL REPORT.—The Secretary shall submit 

14 to Congress an annual report describing— 

15 (1) the progress, findings, and expenditures 

16 under each program established under this section; 

17 and 

18 (2) any legislative recommendations for pro19 moting and improving each of those programs. 

20 (h) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is 

21 authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section 

22 $2,400,000,000 each year for the 5-year period following 

23 the date of enactment of this Act. 


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1 SEC. 5. FEDERAL PERMITTING. 

2 (a) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 180 days after 

3 the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall es4 tablish a program to improve Federal permitting processes 

5 for energy-related projects, including critical materials 

6 projects, using artificial intelligence. 

7 (b) PROGRAM COMPONENTS.—In carrying out the 

8 program established under subsection (a), the Secretary 

9 shall carry out activities, including activities that— 

10 (1) analyze data and provide tools from past 

11 environmental and other permitting reviews, includ12 ing by— 

13 (A) extracting data from applications for 

14 comparison with data relied on in environ15 mental reviews to assess the adequacy and rel16 evance of applications; 

17 (B) extracting information from past site18 specific analyses in the area of a current 

19 project; 

20 (C) summarizing key mitigation actions 

21 that have been successfully applied in past simi22 lar projects; and 

23 (D) using AI for deeper reviews of past de24 terminations under the National Environmental 

25 Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) to 


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1 inform more flexible and effective categorical 

2 exclusions; and 

3 (2) build tools to improve future reviews, in4 cluding— 

5 (A) tools for project proponents that accel6 erate preparation of environmental documenta7 tion; 

8 (B) tools for government reviewers such as 

9 domain-specific large language models that help 

10 convert geographic information system or tab11 ular data on resources potentially impacted into 

12 rough-draft narrative documents; 

13 (C) tools to be applied in nongovernmental 

14 settings, such as automatic reviews of applica15 tions to assess the completeness of information; 

16 and 

17 (D) a strategic plan to implement and de18 ploy online and digital tools to improve Federal 

19 permitting activities, developed in consultation 

20 with— 

21 (i) the Secretary of the Interior; 

22 (ii) the Secretary of Agriculture, with 

23 respect to National Forest System land; 

24 (iii) the Executive Director of the 

25 Federal Permitting Improvement Steering 


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1 Council established by section 41002(a) of 

2 the FAST Act (42 U.S.C. 4370m–1(a)); 

3 and 

4 (iv) the heads of any other relevant 

5 Federal department or agency, as deter6 mined appropriate by the Secretary. 

7 SEC. 6. RULEMAKING ON AI STANDARDIZATION FOR GRID 

8 INTERCONNECTION. 

9 Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment 

10 of this Act, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 

11 shall initiate a rulemaking to revise the pro forma Large 

12 Generator Interconnection Procedures promulgated pursu13 ant to section 35.28(f) of title 18, Code of Federal Regula14 tions (or successor regulations), to require public utility 

15 transmission providers to share and employ, as appro16 priate, queue management best practices with respect to 

17 the use of computing technologies, such as artificial intel18 ligence, machine learning, or automation, in evaluating 

19 and processing interconnection requests, in order to expe20 dite study results with respect to those requests. 

21 SEC. 7. ENSURING ENERGY SECURITY FOR DATACENTERS 

22 AND COMPUTING RESOURCES. 

23 Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment 

24 of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a re25 port that— 


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1 (1) assesses— 

2 (A) the growth of computing data centers 

3 and advanced computing electrical power load 

4 in the United States; 

5 (B) potential risks of growth in computing 

6 centers or growth in the required electrical 

7 power to United States energy and national se8 curity; and 

9 (C) the extent to which emerging tech10 nologies, such as artificial intelligence and ad11 vanced computing, may impact hardware and 

12 software systems used at data and computing 

13 centers; and 

14 (2) provides recommendations for— 

15 (A) resources and capabilities that the De16 partment may provide to promote access to en17 ergy resources by data centers and advanced 

18 computing; 

19 (B) policy changes to ensure domestic de20 ployment of data center and advanced com21 puting resources prevents offshoring of United 

22 States data and resources; and 

23 (C) improving the energy efficiency of data 

24 centers, advanced computing, and AI. 


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1 SEC. 8. OFFICE OF CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECH2 NOLOGY. 

3 (a) IN GENERAL.—Title II of the Department of En4 ergy Organization Act is amended by inserting after sec5 tion 215 (42 U.S.C. 7144b) the following: 

6 ‘‘SEC. 216. OFFICE OF CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECH7 NOLOGY. 

8 ‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

9 ‘‘(1) CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY.— 

10 The term ‘critical and emerging technology’ 

11 means— 

12 ‘‘(A) advanced technology that is poten13 tially significant to United States competitive14 ness, energy security, or national security, such 

15 as biotechnology, advanced computing, and ad16 vanced manufacturing; 

17 ‘‘(B) technology that may address the chal18 lenges described in subsection (b) of section 

19 10387 of the Research and Development, Com20 petition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 

21 19107); and 

22 ‘‘(C) technology described in the key tech23 nology focus areas described in subsection (c) of 

24 that section (42 U.S.C. 19107). 

25 ‘‘(2) DEPARTMENT CAPABILITIES.—The term 

26 ‘Department capabilities’ means— 


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1 ‘‘(A) each of the National Laboratories (as 

2 defined in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 

3 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)); and 

4 ‘‘(B) each associated user facility of the 

5 Department. 

6 ‘‘(3) DIRECTOR.—The term ‘Director’ means 

7 the Director of Critical and Emerging Technology 

8 described in subsection (d). 

9 ‘‘(4) OFFICE.—The term ‘Office’ means the Of10 fice of Critical and Emerging Technology established 

11 by subsection (b). 

12 ‘‘(b) ESTABLISHMENT.—There shall be within the 

13 Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Innovation 

14 an Office of Critical and Emerging Technology. 

15 ‘‘(c) MISSION.—The mission of the Office shall be— 

16 ‘‘(1) to work across the entire Department to 

17 assess and analyze the status of and gaps in United 

18 States competitiveness, energy security, and national 

19 security relating to critical and emerging tech20 nologies, including through the use of Department 

21 capabilities; 

22 ‘‘(2) to leverage Department capabilities to pro23 vide for rapid response to emerging threats and 

24 technological surprise from new emerging tech25 nologies; 


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1 ‘‘(3) to promote greater participation of De2 partment capabilities within national science policy 

3 and international forums; and 

4 ‘‘(4) to inform the direction of research and 

5 policy decisionmaking relating to potential risks of 

6 adoption and use of emerging technologies, such as 

7 inadvertent or deliberate misuses of technology. 

8 ‘‘(d) DIRECTOR OF CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECH9 NOLOGY.—The Office shall be headed by a director, to be 

10 known as the ‘Director of Critical and Emerging Tech11 nology’, who shall— 

12 ‘‘(1) be appointed by the Secretary; and 

13 ‘‘(2) be an individual who, by reason of profes14 sional background and experience, is specially quali15 fied to advise the Secretary on matters pertaining to 

16 critical and emerging technology. 

17 ‘‘(e) COLLABORATION.—In carrying out the mission 

18 and activities of the Office, the Director shall closely col19 laborate with all relevant Departmental entities, including 

20 the National Nuclear Security Administration and the Of21 fice of Science, to maximize the computational capabilities 

22 of the Department and minimize redundant capabilities. 

23 ‘‘(f) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the mission 

24 and activities of the Office, the Director— 


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1 ‘‘(1) shall coordinate with senior leadership 

2 across the Department and other stakeholders (such 

3 as institutions of higher education and private in4 dustry); 

5 ‘‘(2) shall ensure the coordination of the Office 

6 of Science with the other activities of the Depart7 ment relating to critical and emerging technology, 

8 including the transfer of knowledge, capabilities, and 

9 relevant technologies, from basic research programs 

10 of the Department to applied research and develop11 ment programs of the Department, for the purpose 

12 of enabling development of mission-relevant tech13 nologies; 

14 ‘‘(3) shall support joint activities among the 

15 programs of the Department; 

16 ‘‘(4) shall coordinate with the heads of other 

17 relevant Federal agencies operating under existing 

18 authorizations with subjects related to the mission of 

19 the Office described in subsection (c) in support of 

20 advancements in related research areas, as the Di21 rector determines to be appropriate; and 

22 ‘‘(5) may form partnerships to enhance the use 

23 of, and to ensure access to, user facilities by other 

24 Federal agencies. 

25 ‘‘(g) PLANNING, ASSESSMENT, AND REPORTING.— 


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1 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days 

2 after the date of enactment of the Department of 

3 Energy AI Act, the Secretary shall submit to Con4 gress a critical and emerging technology action plan 

5 and assessment, which shall include— 

6 ‘‘(A) a review of current investments, pro7 grams, activities, and science infrastructure of 

8 the Department, including under National Lab9 oratories, to advance critical and emerging tech10 nologies; 

11 ‘‘(B) a description of any shortcomings of 

12 the capabilities of the Department that may ad13 versely impact national competitiveness relating 

14 to emerging technologies or national security; 

15 and 

16 ‘‘(C) a budget projection for the subse17 quent 5 fiscal years of planned investments of 

18 the Department in each critical and emerging 

19 technology, including research and development, 

20 infrastructure, pilots, test beds, demonstration 

21 projects, and other relevant activities. 

22 ‘‘(2) UPDATES.—Every 2 years after the sub23 mission of the plan and assessment under paragraph 

24 (1), the Secretary shall submit to Congress— 


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1 ‘‘(A) an updated emerging technology ac2 tion plan and assessment; and 

3 ‘‘(B) a report that describes the progress 

4 made toward meeting the goals set forth in the 

5 emerging technology action plan and assess6 ment submitted previously.’’. 

7 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

8 for the Department of Energy Organization Act (Public 

9 Law 95–91; 91 Stat. 565; 119 Stat. 764; 133 Stat. 2199) 

10 is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 

11 215 the following: 

‘‘Sec. 216. Office of Critical and Emerging Technology.’’. 

12 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

13 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Department of Energy 

14 AI Act’’. 

15 SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 

16 Congress finds that— 

17 (1) the Department has a leading role to play in 

18 making the most of the potential of artificial intel19 ligence to advance the missions of the Department re20 lating to national security, science, and energy (in21 cluding critical materials); 

22 (2) the 17 National Laboratories employ over 

23 40,000 scientists, engineers, and researchers with dec24 ades of experience developing world-leading advanced 

25 computational algorithms, computer science research, 


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1 experimentation, and applications in machine learn2 ing that underlie artificial intelligence; 

3 (3) the NNSA manages the Stockpile Steward4 ship Program established under section 4201 of the 

5 Atomic Energy Defense Act (50 U.S.C. 2521), which 

6 includes the Advanced Simulation and Computing 

7 program, that provides critical classified and unclas8 sified computing capabilities to sustain the nuclear 

9 stockpile of the United States; 

10 (4) for decades, the Department has led the world 

11 in the design, construction, and operation of the pre12 eminent high-performance computing systems of the 

13 United States, which benefit the scientific and eco14 nomic competitiveness of the United States across 

15 many sectors, including energy, critical materials, 

16 biotechnology, and national security; 

17 (5) across the Department’s network of 34 user 

18 facilities, scientists generate tremendous volumes of 

19 high-quality open data across diverse research areas, 

20 while the NNSA has always generated the foremost 

21 datasets in the world on nuclear deterrence and stra22 tegic weapons; 

23 (6) the unrivaled quantity and quality of open 

24 and classified scientific datasets of the Department is 

25 a unique asset to rapidly develop frontier AI models; 


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1 (7) the Department already develops cutting-edge 

2 AI models to execute the broad mission of the Depart3 ment, including AI models developed by the Depart4 ment that are used to forecast disease transmission 

5 for COVID–19, and address critical material issues 

6 and emerging nuclear security missions; 

7 (8) the AI capabilities of the Department will 

8 underpin and jumpstart a dedicated, focused, and 

9 centralized AI program; and 

10 (9) under section 4.1(b) of Executive Order 

11 14110 (88 Fed. Reg. 75191 (November 1, 2023)) (re12 lating to the safe, secure, and trustworthy develop13 ment and use of artificial intelligence), the Secretary 

14 is tasked to lead development in testbeds, national se15 curity protections, and assessment of artificial intel16 ligence applications. 

17 SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. 

18 In this Act: 

19 (1) AI; ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.—The terms 

20 ‘‘AI’’ and ‘‘artificial intelligence’’ have the meaning 

21 given the term ‘‘artificial intelligence’’ in section 

22 5002 of the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative 

23 Act of 2020 (15 U.S.C. 9401). 


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1 (2) ALIGNMENT.—The term ‘‘alignment’’ means 

2 a field of AI safety research that aims to make AI 

3 systems behave in line with human intentions. 

4 (3) DEPARTMENT.—The term ‘‘Department’’ 

5 means the Department of Energy, including the 

6 NNSA. 

7 (4) FOUNDATION MODEL.—The term ‘‘foundation 

8 model’’ means an AI model that— 

9 (A) is trained on broad data; 

10 (B) generally uses self-supervision; 

11 (C) contains at least tens of billions of pa12 rameters; and 

13 (D) is applicable across a wide range of 

14 contexts; and 

15 (E) exhibits, or could be easily modified to 

16 exhibit, high levels of performance at tasks that 

17 pose a serious risk to the security, national eco18 nomic security, or national public health or safe19 ty of the United States. 

20 (5) FRONTIER AI.— 

21 (A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘frontier AI’’ 

22 means the leading edge of AI research that re23 mains unexplored and is considered to be the 

24 most challenging, including models— 


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1 (i) that exceed the capabilities cur2 rently present in the most advanced existing 

3 models; and 

4 (ii) many of which perform a wide va5 riety of tasks. 

6 (B) INCLUSION.—The term ‘‘frontier AI’’ 

7 includes AI models with more than 

8 1,000,000,000,000 parameters. 

9 (6) NATIONAL LABORATORY.—The term ‘‘Na10 tional Laboratory’’ has the meaning given the term in 

11 section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 

12 15801). 

13 (7) NNSA.—The term ‘‘NNSA’’ means the Na14 tional Nuclear Security Administration. 

15 (8) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 

16 the Secretary of Energy. 

17 (9) TESTBED.—The term ‘‘testbed’’ means any 

18 platform, facility, or environment that enables the 

19 testing and evaluation of scientific theories and new 

20 technologies, including hardware, software, or field 

21 environments in which structured frameworks can be 

22 implemented to conduct tests to assess the perform23 ance, reliability, safety, and security of a wide range 

24 of items, including prototypes, systems, applications, 


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1 AI models, instruments, computational tools, devices, 

2 and other technological innovations. 

3 SEC. 4. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH TO DEPLOY4 MENT. 

5 (a) PROGRAM TO DEVELOP AND DEPLOY FRONTIERS

6 IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR SCIENCE, SECURITY, 

7 AND TECHNOLOGY (FASST).— 

8 (1) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 180 days 

9 after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary 

10 shall establish a centralized AI program to carry out 

11 research on the development and deployment of ad12 vanced artificial intelligence capabilities for the mis13 sions of the Department (referred to in this subsection 

14 as the ‘‘program’’), consistent with the program estab15 lished under section 5501 of the William M. (Mac) 

16 Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for 

17 Fiscal Year 2021 (15 U.S.C. 9461). 

18 (2) PROGRAM COMPONENTS.— 

19 (A) IN GENERAL.—The program shall ad20 vance and support diverse activities that include 

21 the following components: 

22 (i) Aggregation, curation, and dis23 tribution of AI training datasets. 


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1 (ii) Development and deployment of 

2 next-generation computing platforms and 

3 infrastructure. 

4 (iii) Development and deployment of 

5 safe and trustworthy AI models and sys6 tems. 

7 (iv) Tuning and adaptation of AI 

8 models and systems for pressing scientific, 

9 energy, and national security applications. 

10 (B) AGGREGATION, CURATION, AND DIS11 TRIBUTION OF AI TRAINING DATASETS.—In car12 rying out the component of the program de13 scribed in subparagraph (A)(i), the Secretary 

14 shall develop methods, platforms, protocols, and 

15 other tools required for efficient, safe, secure, and 

16 effective aggregation, generation, curation, and 

17 distribution of AI training datasets, including— 

18 (i) assembling, aggregating, and 

19 curating large-scale training data for ad20 vanced AI, including outputs and synthetic 

21 data from research programs of the Depart22 ment and other open science data, with the 

23 goal of developing comprehensive scientific 

24 AI training databases and testing and vali25 dation data; 


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1 (ii) developing and executing appro2 priate data management plan for the eth3 ical, responsible, and secure use of classified 

4 and unclassified scientific data; 

5 (iii) identifying, restricting, securing, 

6 curating, and safely distributing, as appro7 priate based on the application— 

8 (I) scientific and experimental 

9 Departmental datasets; and 

10 (II) sponsored research activities 

11 that are needed for the training of 

12 foundation and adapted downstream 

13 AI models; and 

14 (iv) partnering with stakeholders to 

15 identify, secure, and curate critical datasets 

16 that reside outside the Department but are 

17 determined to be critical to optimizing the 

18 capabilities of open-science AI foundation 

19 models, national security AI foundation 

20 models, applied energy AI foundation mod21 els, and other AI technologies developed 

22 under the program. 

23 (C) DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF

24 NEXT-GENERATION COMPUTING PLATFORMS AND

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1 nent of the program described in subparagraph 

2 (A)(ii), the Secretary shall— 

3 (i) develop early-stage and applica4 tion-stage AI testbeds to test and evaluate 

5 new software, hardware, algorithms, and 

6 other AI-based technologies and applica7 tions; 

8 (ii) develop and deploy new energy-ef9 ficient AI computing hardware and soft10 ware infrastructure necessary for developing 

11 and deploying trustworthy and secure inter12 operable frontier AI systems that leverage 

13 the high-performance computing capabilities 

14 of the Department and the National Lab15 oratories; 

16 (iii) facilitate the development and de17 ployment of unclassified and classified high18 performance computing systems and AI 

19 platforms through Department-owned infra20 structure data and computing facilities; 

21 (iv) procure interoperable high-per22 formance computing and other resources 

23 necessary for developing, training, evalu24 ating, and deploying AI foundation models 

25 and AI technologies; and 


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1 (v) use appropriate supplier screening 

2 tools available through the Department to 

3 ensure that procurements under clause (iv) 

4 are from trusted suppliers. 

5 (D) DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF

6 SAFE, SECURE, AND TRUSTWORTHY AI MODELS

7 AND SYSTEMS.—In carrying out the component 

8 of the program described in subparagraph 

9 (A)(iii), not later than 3 years after the date of 

10 enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall— 

11 (i) develop innovative concepts and ap12 plied mathematics, computer science, engi13 neering, and other science disciplines needed 

14 for frontier AI; 

15 (ii) develop best-in-class AI foundation 

16 models and other AI technologies for open17 science, applied energy, and national secu18 rity applications; 

19 (iii) research, develop, and deploy 

20 counter-adversarial artificial intelligence so21 lutions to predict, prevent, mitigate, and re22 spond to threats to critical infrastructure, 

23 energy security, nuclear nonproliferation, 

24 biological and chemical threats, and cyber 

25 threats; 


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1 (iv) establish crosscutting research ef2 forts on AI risks, reliability, safety, cyberse3 curity, trustworthiness, and alignment, in4 cluding the creation of unclassified and 

5 classified data platforms across the Depart6 ment; and 

7 (v) develop capabilities needed to en8 sure the safe, secure, and responsible imple9 mentation of AI in the private and public 

10 sectors that— 

11 (I) may be readily applied across 

12 Federal agencies and private entities to 

13 ensure that open-science models are re14 leased, operated, and managed respon15 sibly, securely, and in the national in16 terest; and 

17 (II) ensure that classified national 

18 security models are secure, responsibly19 managed, and safely implemented in 

20 the national interest. 

21 (E) TUNING AND ADAPTATION OF AI MOD22 ELS AND SYSTEMS FOR PRESSING SCIENTIFIC, 

23 APPLIED ENERGY, AND NATIONAL SECURITY AP24 PLICATIONS.—In carrying out the component of 


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1 the program described in subparagraph (A)(iv), 

2 the Secretary shall— 

3 (i) use AI foundation models and other 

4 AI technologies to develop a multitude of 

5 tuned and adapted downstream models to 

6 solve pressing scientific, applied energy, and 

7 national security challenges; 

8 (ii) carry out joint work, including 

9 public-private partnerships, and cooperative 

10 research projects with industry, including 

11 end user companies, hardware systems ven12 dors, and AI software companies, to ad13 vance AI technologies relevant to the mis14 sions of the Department; 

15 (iii) form partnerships with other Fed16 eral agencies, institutions of higher edu17 cation, and international organizations 

18 aligned with the interests of the United 

19 States to advance frontier AI systems devel20 opment and deployment; and 

21 (iv) increase research experiences and 

22 workforce development, including training 

23 for undergraduate and graduate students in 

24 frontier AI for science, energy, and national 

25 security. 


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1 (3) STRATEGIC PLAN.—In carrying out the pro2 gram, the Secretary shall develop a strategic plan 

3 with specific short-term and long-term goals and re4 source needs to advance applications in AI for 

5 science, energy, and national security to support the 

6 missions of the Department, consistent with— 

7 (A) the 2023 National Laboratory workshop 

8 report entitled ‘‘Advanced Research Directions 

9 on AI for Science, Energy, and Security’’; and 

10 (B) the 2024 National Laboratory workshop 

11 report entitled ‘‘AI for Energy’’. 

12 (4) AI TALENT.—As part of the program, the 

13 Secretary shall develop the required workforce, and 

14 hire and train not fewer than 500 new researchers to 

15 meet the rising demand for AI talent— 

16 (A) with a particular emphasis on expand17 ing the number of individuals from underrep18 resented groups pursuing and attaining skills 

19 relevant to AI; and 

20 (B) including by— 

21 (i) providing training, grants, and re22 search opportunities; 

23 (ii) carrying out public awareness 

24 campaigns about AI career paths; and 


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1 (iii) establishing new degree and cer2 tificate programs in AI-related disciplines 

3 at universities and community colleges. 

4 (b) AI RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTERS.— 

5 (1) IN GENERAL.—As part of the program estab6 lished under subsection (a), the Secretary shall select, 

7 on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis, National Lab8 oratories to establish and operate not fewer than 8 

9 multidisciplinary AI Research and Development Cen10 ters (referred to in this subsection as ‘‘Centers’’)— 

11 (A) to accelerate the safe, secure, and trust12 worthy deployment of AI for science, energy, and 

13 national security missions; 

14 (B) to demonstrate the use of AI in address15 ing key challenge problems of national interest 

16 in science, energy, and national security; and 

17 (C) to maintain the competitive advantage 

18 of the United States in AI. 

19 (2) CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTION.—In se20 lecting National Laboratories under paragraph (1), 

21 the Secretary shall, to the maximum extent prac22 ticable— 

23 (A) ensure that at least 1 Center focuses on 

24 applied energy activities carried out by the Of25 fice of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 


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1 the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Manage2 ment, or the Office of Nuclear Energy; and 

3 (B) consider geographic diversity to leverage 

4 resources and facilities of National Laboratories 

5 and partners in different regions. 

6 (3) FOCUS.—Each Center shall bring together di7 verse teams from National Laboratories, Department 

8 user facilities, academia, and industry to collabo9 ratively and concurrently deploy hardware, software, 

10 numerical methods, data, algorithms, and applica11 tions for AI and ensure that the frontier AI research 

12 of the Department is well-suited for key Department 

13 missions, including by using existing and emerging 

14 computing systems and datasets to the maximum ex15 tent practicable. 

16 (4) ADMINISTRATION.— 

17 (A) NATIONAL LABORATORY.—Each Center 

18 shall be established as part of a National Lab19 oratory. 

20 (B) APPLICATION.—To be eligible for selec21 tion to establish and operate a Center under 

22 paragraph (1), a National Laboratory shall sub23 mit to the Secretary an application at such time, 

24 in such manner, and containing such informa25 tion as the Secretary may require. 


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1 (C) DIRECTOR.—Each Center shall be head2 ed by a Director, who shall be the Chief Execu3 tive Officer of the Center and an employee of the 

4 National Laboratory described in subparagraph 

5 (A), and responsible for— 

6 (i) successful execution of the goals of 

7 the Center; and 

8 (ii) coordinating with other Centers. 

9 (D) TECHNICAL ROADMAP.—In support of 

10 the strategic plan developed under subsection 

11 (a)(3), each Center shall— 

12 (i) set a research and innovation goal 

13 central to advancing the science, energy, 

14 and national security mission of the De15 partment; and 

16 (ii) establish a technical roadmap to 

17 meet that goal in not more than 7 years. 

18 (E) COORDINATION.—The Secretary shall 

19 coordinate, minimize duplication, and resolve 

20 conflicts between the Centers. 

21 (c) AI RISK EVALUATION AND MITIGATION PRO22 GRAM.— 

23 (1) AI RISK PROGRAM.—As part of the program 

24 established under subsection (a), and consistent with 

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1 sultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, 

2 the Secretary of Defense, the Director of National In3 telligence, the Director of the National Security Agen4 cy, and the Secretary of Commerce, shall carry out a 

5 comprehensive program to evaluate and mitigate safe6 ty and security risks associated with artificial intel7 ligence systems (referred to in this subsection as the 

8 ‘‘AI risk program’’). 

9 (2) RISK TAXONOMY.— 

10 (A) IN GENERAL.—Under the AI risk pro11 gram, the Secretary shall develop a taxonomy of 

12 safety and security risks associated with artifi13 cial intelligence systems and datasets relevant to 

14 the missions of the Department, including, at a 

15 minimum, the risks described in subparagraph 

16 (B). 

17 (B) RISKS DESCRIBED.—The risks referred 

18 to in subparagraph (A) are the abilities of artifi19 cial intelligence— 

20 (i) to generate information at a given 

21 classification level; 

22 (ii) to assist in generation of nuclear 

23 weapons information; 

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1 proliferation, critical infrastructure, and 

2 other economic, security, or energy threats; 

3 (iv) to assist in generation of malware 

4 and other cyber and adversarial tactics, 

5 techniques, and procedures that pose a sig6 nificant national security risk, such as 

7 threatening the stability of critical national 

8 infrastructure; 

9 (v) to undermine public trust in the 

10 use of artificial intelligence technologies or 

11 in national security; 

12 (vi) to deceive a human operator or 

13 computer system, or otherwise act in oppo14 sition to the goals of a human operator or 

15 automated systems; 

16 (vii) to act autonomously with little or 

17 no human intervention in ways that con18 flict with human intentions; 

19 (viii) to be vulnerable to data com20 promise by malicious cyber actors; and 

21 (ix) to be vulnerable to other emerging 

22 or unforeseen risk, as determined by the 

23 Secretary. 

24 (d) SHARED RESOURCES FOR AI.— 


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1 (1) IN GENERAL.—As part of the program estab2 lished under subsection (a), the Secretary shall iden3 tify, support, and sustain shared resources and ena4 bling tools that have the potential to reduce cost and 

5 accelerate the pace of scientific discovery and techno6 logical innovation with respect to the missions of the 

7 Department relating to science, energy, and national 

8 security. 

9 (2) CONSULTATION.—In carrying out paragraph 

10 (1), the Secretary shall consult with relevant experts 

11 in industry, academia, and the National Labora12 tories. 

13 (3) FOCUS.—Shared resources and enabling tools 

14 referred to in paragraph (1) shall include the fol15 lowing: 

16 (A) Scientific data and knowledge bases for 

17 training AI systems. 

18 (B) Benchmarks and competitions for evalu19 ating advances in AI systems. 

20 (C) Platform technologies that lower the cost 

21 of generating training data or enable the genera22 tion of novel training data. 

23 (D) High-performance computing, includ24 ing hybrid computing systems that integrate AI 

25 and high-performance computing. 


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1 (E) The combination of AI and scientific 

2 automation, such as cloud labs and self-driving 

3 labs. 

4 (F) Tools that enable AI to solve inverse de5 sign problems. 

6 (G) Testbeds for accelerating progress at the 

7 intersection of AI and cyberphysical systems. 

8 (e) ADMINISTRATION.— 

9 (1) RESEARCH SECURITY.—The activities au10 thorized under this section shall be applied in a man11 ner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Re12 search and Development, Competition, and Innova13 tion Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.). 

14 (2) CYBERSECURITY.—The Secretary shall en15 sure the integration of robust cybersecurity and data 

16 security measures into all AI research-to-deployment 

17 efforts authorized under this section to protect the in18 tegrity and confidentiality of collected and analyzed 

19 data. 

20 (3) PARTNERSHIPS WITH PRIVATE ENTITIES.— 

21 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall seek 

22 to establish partnerships with private companies 

23 and nonprofit organizations in carrying out this 

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1 gram components described in subsection 

2 (a)(2)(A). 

3 (B) REQUIREMENT.—In carrying out sub4 paragraph (A), the Secretary shall protect any 

5 information submitted to or shared by the De6 partment consistent with applicable laws (in7 cluding regulations). 

8 (4) CONSIDERATIONS.—In carrying out this sec9 tion, the Secretary shall, to the maximum extent 

10 practicable, consider leveraging existing resources 

11 from public and private sectors. 

12 (f) ANNUAL REPORT.—The Secretary shall submit to 

13 Congress an annual report describing— 

14 (1) the progress, findings, and expenditures 

15 under each program established under this section; 

16 and 

17 (2) any legislative recommendations for pro18 moting and improving each of those programs. 

19 SEC. 5. FEDERAL PERMITTING. 

20 (a) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 180 days after 

21 the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall estab22 lish a program to improve Federal permitting processes for 

23 energy-related projects, including critical materials projects 

24 using artificial intelligence. 


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1 (b) PROGRAM COMPONENTS.—In carrying out the pro2 gram established under subsection (a), the Secretary shall 

3 carry out activities, including activities that— 

4 (1) generate, collect, and analyze data and pro5 vide tools from past environmental and other permit6 ting reviews, including by— 

7 (A) extracting data from applications for 

8 comparison with data relied on in environ9 mental reviews to assess the adequacy and rel10 evance of applications; 

11 (B) extracting information from past site12 specific analyses in the area of a current project; 

13 (C) summarizing key mitigation actions 

14 that have been successfully applied in past simi15 lar projects; and 

16 (D) using AI for deeper reviews of past de17 terminations under the National Environmental 

18 Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) to 

19 inform more flexible and effective categorical ex20 clusions; and 

21 (2) build tools to improve future reviews, includ22 ing— 

23 (A) tools for project proponents that accel24 erate preparation of environmental documenta25 tion; 


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1 (B) tools for government reviewers such as 

2 domain-specific large language models that help 

3 convert geographic information system or tab4 ular data on resources potentially impacted into 

5 rough-draft narrative documents; 

6 (C) tools to be applied in nongovernmental 

7 settings, such as automatic reviews of applica8 tions to assess the completeness of information; 

9 and 

10 (D) a strategic plan to implement and de11 ploy online and digital tools to improve Federal 

12 permitting activities, developed in consultation 

13 with— 

14 (i) the Secretary of the Interior; 

15 (ii) the Secretary of Agriculture, with 

16 respect to National Forest System land; 

17 (iii) the Executive Director of the Fed18 eral Permitting Improvement Steering 

19 Council established by section 41002(a) of 

20 the FAST Act (42 U.S.C. 4370m–1(a)); and 

21 (iv) the heads of any other relevant 

22 Federal department or agency, as deter23 mined appropriate by the Secretary. 

24 (c) INTERAGENCY ACCESS.—The Secretary shall make 

25 available to Federal agencies— 


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1 (1) the code for any artificial intelligence devel2 oped in furtherance of the program established under 

3 subsection (a); 

4 (2) the training dataset curated under this sec5 tion; and 

6 (3) the particular environmental documents used 

7 in that training dataset. 

8 SEC. 6. RULEMAKING ON AI STANDARDIZATION FOR GRID 

9 INTERCONNECTION. 

10 Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment 

11 of this Act, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 

12 shall initiate a rulemaking to revise the pro forma Large 

13 Generator Interconnection Procedures promulgated pursu14 ant to section 35.28(f) of title 18, Code of Federal Regula15 tions (or successor regulations), to require public utility 

16 transmission providers to share and employ, as appro17 priate, queue management best practices with respect to the 

18 use of computing technologies, such as artificial intelligence, 

19 machine learning, or automation, in evaluating and proc20 essing interconnection requests, in order to expedite study 

21 results with respect to those requests. 


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1 SEC. 7. ENSURING ENERGY SECURITY FOR DATACENTERS 

2 AND COMPUTING RESOURCES. 

3 Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of 

4 this Act, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report 

5 that— 

6 (1) assesses— 

7 (A) the growth of computing data centers 

8 and advanced computing electrical power load in 

9 the United States; 

10 (B) potential risks of growth in computing 

11 centers or growth in the required electrical power 

12 to United States energy and national security; 

13 (C) the national security impacts of com14 puting data centers being manipulated through 

15 nefarious means to cause broad impacts to en16 ergy reliability; and 

17 (D) the extent to which emerging tech18 nologies, such as artificial intelligence and ad19 vanced computing, may impact hardware and 

20 software systems used at data and computing 

21 centers; and 

22 (2) provides recommendations for— 

23 (A) resources and capabilities that the De24 partment may provide to promote access to en25 ergy resources by data centers and advanced 

26 computing; 


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1 (B) policy changes to ensure domestic de2 ployment of data center and advanced com3 puting resources prevents offshoring of United 

4 States data and resources; 

5 (C) improving the energy efficiency of data 

6 centers, advanced computing, and AI; and 

7 (D) enhancing collaboration and resource 

8 sharing between National Laboratories and other 

9 applicable entities to maximize scientific output 

10 and accelerate AI innovation. 

11 SEC. 8. OFFICE OF CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY. 

12 (a) IN GENERAL.—Title II of the Department of En13 ergy Organization Act is amended by inserting after section 

14 215 (42 U.S.C. 7144b) the following: 

15 ‘‘SEC. 216. OFFICE OF CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECH16 NOLOGY. 

17 ‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

18 ‘‘(1) CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY.— 

19 The term ‘critical and emerging technology’ means— 

20 ‘‘(A) advanced technology that is potentially 

21 significant to United States competitiveness, en22 ergy security, or national security, such as bio23 technology, advanced computing, and advanced 

24 manufacturing; 


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1 ‘‘(B) technology that may address the chal2 lenges described in subsection (b) of section 

3 10387 of the Research and Development, Com4 petition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19107); 

5 and 

6 ‘‘(C) technology described in the key tech7 nology focus areas described in subsection (c) of 

8 that section (42 U.S.C. 19107). 

9 ‘‘(2) DEPARTMENT CAPABILITIES.—The term 

10 ‘Department capabilities’ means— 

11 ‘‘(A) each of the National Laboratories (as 

12 defined in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 

13 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)); and 

14 ‘‘(B) each associated user facility of the De15 partment. 

16 ‘‘(3) DIRECTOR.—The term ‘Director’ means the 

17 Director of Critical and Emerging Technology de18 scribed in subsection (d). 

19 ‘‘(4) OFFICE.—The term ‘Office’ means the Office 

20 of Critical and Emerging Technology established by 

21 subsection (b). 

22 ‘‘(b) ESTABLISHMENT.—There shall be within the Of23 fice of the Under Secretary for Science and Innovation an 

24 Office of Critical and Emerging Technology. 

25 ‘‘(c) MISSION.—The mission of the Office shall be— 


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1 ‘‘(1) to work across the entire Department to as2 sess and analyze the status of and gaps in United 

3 States competitiveness, energy security, and national 

4 security relating to critical and emerging tech5 nologies, including through the use of Department ca6 pabilities; 

7 ‘‘(2) to leverage Department capabilities to pro8 vide for rapid response to emerging threats and tech9 nological surprise from new emerging technologies; 

10 ‘‘(3) to promote greater participation of Depart11 ment capabilities within national science policy and 

12 international forums; and 

13 ‘‘(4) to inform the direction of research and pol14 icy decisionmaking relating to potential risks of 

15 adoption and use of emerging technologies, such as in16 advertent or deliberate misuses of technology. 

17 ‘‘(d) DIRECTOR OF CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECH18 NOLOGY.—The Office shall be headed by a director, to be 

19 known as the ‘Director of Critical and Emerging Tech20 nology’, who shall— 

21 ‘‘(1) be appointed by the Secretary; and 

22 ‘‘(2) be an individual who, by reason of profes23 sional background and experience, is specially quali24 fied to advise the Secretary on matters pertaining to 

25 critical and emerging technology. 


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1 ‘‘(e) COLLABORATION.—In carrying out the mission 

2 and activities of the Office, the Director shall closely collabo3 rate with all relevant Departmental entities, including the 

4 National Nuclear Security Administration, the applied en5 ergy offices, and the Office of Science, to maximize the com6 putational capabilities of the Department and minimize re7 dundant capabilities. 

8 ‘‘(f) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the mission and 

9 activities of the Office, the Director— 

10 ‘‘(1) shall coordinate with senior leadership 

11 across the Department and other stakeholders (such as 

12 institutions of higher education and private indus13 try); 

14 ‘‘(2) shall ensure the coordination of the Office of 

15 Science with the other activities of the Department re16 lating to critical and emerging technology, including 

17 the transfer of knowledge, capabilities, and relevant 

18 technologies, from basic research programs of the De19 partment to applied research and development pro20 grams of the Department, for the purpose of enabling 

21 development of mission-relevant technologies; 

22 ‘‘(3) shall support joint activities among the pro23 grams of the Department; 

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1 thorizations with subjects related to the mission of the 

2 Office described in subsection (c) in support of ad3 vancements in related research areas, as the Director 

4 determines to be appropriate; and 

5 ‘‘(5) may form partnerships to enhance the use 

6 of, and to ensure access to, user facilities by other 

7 Federal agencies. 

8 ‘‘(g) PLANNING, ASSESSMENT, AND REPORTING.— 

9 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days 

10 after the date of enactment of the Department of En11 ergy AI Act, the Secretary shall submit to Congress 

12 a critical and emerging technology action plan and 

13 assessment, which shall include— 

14 ‘‘(A) a review of current investments, pro15 grams, activities, and science infrastructure of 

16 the Department, including under National Lab17 oratories, to advance critical and emerging tech18 nologies; 

19 ‘‘(B) a description of any shortcomings of 

20 the capabilities of the Department that may ad21 versely impact national competitiveness relating 

22 to emerging technologies or national security; 

23 and 

24 ‘‘(C) a budget projection for the subsequent 

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1 partment in each critical and emerging tech2 nology, including research and development, in3 frastructure, pilots, test beds, demonstration 

4 projects, and other relevant activities. 

5 ‘‘(2) UPDATES.—Every 2 years after the submis6 sion of the plan and assessment under paragraph (1), 

7 the Secretary shall submit to Congress— 

8 ‘‘(A) an updated emerging technology action 

9 plan and assessment; and 

10 ‘‘(B) a report that describes the progress 

11 made toward meeting the goals set forth in the 

12 emerging technology action plan and assessment 

13 submitted previously.’’. 

14 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents for 

15 the Department of Energy Organization Act (Public Law 

16 95–91; 91 Stat. 565; 119 Stat. 764; 133 Stat. 2199) is 

17 amended by inserting after the item relating to section 215 

18 the following: 

‘‘Sec. 216. Office of Critical and Emerging Technology.’’. 

19 SEC. 9. OFFICE OF INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTERINTEL20 LIGENCE REVIEW OF VISITORS AND ASSIGN21 EES. 

22 (a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

23 (1) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMIT24 TEES.—The term ‘‘appropriate congressional commit25 tees’’ means— 


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1 (A) the congressional intelligence commit2 tees; 

3 (B) the Committee on Armed Services, the 

4 Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, 

5 the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Com6 mittee on the Judiciary, the Committee on 

7 Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 

8 and the Committee on Appropriations of the 

9 Senate; and 

10 (C) the Committee on Armed Services, the 

11 Committee on Energy and Commerce, the Com12 mittee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on the 

13 Judiciary, the Committee on Homeland Secu14 rity, and the Committee on Appropriations of 

15 the House of Representatives. 

16 (2) COUNTRY OF RISK.—The term ‘‘country of 

17 risk’’ means a country identified in the report sub18 mitted to Congress by the Director of National Intel19 ligence in 2024 pursuant to section 108B of the Na20 tional Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3043b) (com21 monly referred to as the ‘‘Annual Threat Assess22 ment’’). 

23 (3) COVERED ASSIGNEE; COVERED VISITOR.— 

24 The terms ‘‘covered assignee’’ and ‘‘covered visitor’’ 

25 mean a foreign national from a country of risk that 


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1 is ‘‘engaging in competitive behavior that directly 

2 threatens U.S. national security’’, who is not an em3 ployee of either the Department or the management 

4 and operations contractor operating a National Lab5 oratory on behalf of the Department, and has re6 quested access to the premises, information, or tech7 nology of a National Laboratory. 

8 (4) DIRECTOR.—The term ‘‘Director’’ means the 

9 Director of the Office of Intelligence and Counterintel10 ligence of the Department (or their designee). 

11 (5) FOREIGN NATIONAL.—The term ‘‘foreign na12 tional’’ has the meaning given the term ‘‘alien’’ in 

13 section 101(a) of the Immigration and Nationality 

14 Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)). 

15 (6) NATIONAL LABORATORY.—The term ‘‘Na16 tional Laboratory’’ has the meaning given the term in 

17 section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 

18 15801). 

19 (7) NONTRADITIONAL INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION

20 THREAT.—The term ‘‘nontraditional intelligence col21 lection threat’’ means a threat posed by an individual 

22 not employed by a foreign intelligence service, who is 

23 seeking access to information about a capability, re24 search, or organizational dynamics of the United 


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1 States to inform a foreign adversary or nonstate 

2 actor. 

3 (b) FINDINGS.—The Senate finds the following: 

4 (1) The National Laboratories conduct critical, 

5 cutting-edge research across a range of scientific dis6 ciplines that provide the United States with a techno7 logical edge over other countries. 

8 (2) The technologies developed in the National 

9 Laboratories contribute to the national security of the 

10 United States, including classified and sensitive mili11 tary technology and dual-use commercial technology. 

12 (3) International cooperation in the field of 

13 science is critical to the United States maintaining 

14 its leading technological edge. 

15 (4) The research enterprise of the Department, 

16 including the National Laboratories, is increasingly 

17 targeted by adversarial nations to exploit military 

18 and dual-use technologies for military or economic 

19 gain. 

20 (5) Approximately 40,000 citizens of foreign 

21 countries, including more than 8,000 citizens from 

22 China and Russia, were granted access to the prem23 ises, information, or technology of National Labora24 tories in fiscal year 2023. 


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1 (6) The Office of Intelligence and Counterintel2 ligence of the Department is responsible for identi3 fying counterintelligence risks to the Department, in4 cluding the National Laboratories, and providing di5 rection for the mitigation of such risks. 

6 (c) SENSE OF THE SENATE.—It is the sense of the Sen7 ate that— 

8 (1) before being granted access to the premises, 

9 information, or technology of a National Laboratory, 

10 citizens of foreign countries identified in the 2024 An11 nual Threat Assessment of the intelligence community 

12 as ‘‘engaging in competitive behavior that directly 

13 threatens U.S. national security’’ should be appro14 priately screened by the National Laboratory to which 

15 they seek access, and by the Office of Intelligence and 

16 Counterintelligence of the Department, to identify 

17 risks associated with granting the requested access to 

18 sensitive military, or dual-use technologies; and 

19 (2) identified risks should be mitigated. 

20 (d) REVIEW OF COUNTRY OF RISK COVERED VISITOR

21 AND COVERED ASSIGNEE ACCESS REQUESTS.—The Direc22 tor shall, in consultation with the applicable Under Sec23 retary of the Department that oversees the National Labora24 tory, or their designee, promulgate a policy to assess the 

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1 signees pose to the research or activities undertaken at a 

2 National Laboratory. 

3 (e) ADVICE WITH RESPECT TO COVERED VISITORS OR

4 COVERED ASSIGNEES.— 

5 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall provide ad6 vice to a National Laboratory on covered visitors and 

7 covered assignees when 1 or more of the following con8 ditions are present: 

9 (A) The Director has reason to believe that 

10 a covered visitor or covered assignee is a non11 traditional intelligence collection threat. 

12 (B) The Director is in receipt of informa13 tion indicating that a covered visitor or covered 

14 assignee constitutes a counterintelligence risk to 

15 a National Laboratory. 

16 (2) ADVICE DESCRIBED.—Advice provided to a 

17 National Laboratory in accordance with paragraph 

18 (1) shall include a description of the assessed risk. 

19 (3) RISK MITIGATION.—When appropriate, the 

20 Director shall, in consultation with the applicable 

21 Under Secretary of the Department that oversees the 

22 National Laboratory, or their designee, provide rec23 ommendations to mitigate the risk as part of the ad24 vice provided in accordance with paragraph (1). 


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1 (f) REPORTS TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 90 days 

2 after the date of the enactment of this Act, and quarterly 

3 thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate 

4 congressional committees a report, which shall include— 

5 (1) the number of covered visitors or covered as6 signees permitted to access the premises, information, 

7 or technology of each National Laboratory; 

8 (2) the number of instances in which the Direc9 tor provided advice to a National Laboratory in ac10 cordance with subsection (e); and 

11 (3) the number of instances in which a National 

12 Laboratory took action inconsistent with advice pro13 vided by the Director in accordance with subsection 

14 (e). 

15 (g) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is 

16 authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be nec17 essary to carry out this section for each of fiscal years 2024 

18 through 2032. 


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Calendar No. 631 

118TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 4664 

A BILL 

To require the Secretary of Energy to establish a 

ment of Energy, and for other purposes. ligence to support the missions of the Departprogram to promote the use of artificial intelNOVEMBER 21, 2024 

Reported with an amendment 


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