Shallow Water Porcelain Crabs

from the Pacific Coast of Panama

and Adjacent Caribbean Waters

(Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae)

ROBERT.H. GORE

and

LAWRENCE G. ABELE

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 237
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOG Y • NUMBE R 23 7

Shallow Water Porcelain Crabs

from the Pacific Coast of Panama

and Adjacent Caribbean Waters

(Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae)

Robert H. Gore

and Lawrence G. Abele

0CT22 1975

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1976
ABSTRAC T

Gore, Robert H., and Lawrence G. Abele. Shallow Water Porcelain Crabs

from the Pacific Coast of Panama and Adjacent Caribbean Waters. (Crustacea:

Anomura: Porcellanidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 237,

30 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, 1976.—Collections of porcellanid crabs were made

in over 130 areas in the Republic of Panama in order to sample as completely

as possible all the major marine, estuarine, and freshwater biotopes on both

coasts of the isthmus. Additional collections were carried out on Uva Island in

the Gulf of Chiriqui, the Perlas Islands in the Bay of Panama on the Pacific

coast, and at Galeta Island on the Atlantic coast. Red mangrove Rhizophora

mangle, rocky intertidal, pocilloporid coral Pocillopora damicornis, and the

coralline back reef biotopes were extensively sampled, as well as selected areas

in Miraflores, Pedro Miguel, and Gatun locks in the Panama Canal itself. As a

result of the present study, 65 species of porcelain crabs are now known to

occur in the tropical waters on either side of the Panamanian isthmus, 43 in the

eastern Pacific and 22 in the Caribbean Sea. Included in these are seven species

newly recorded for Panama and three recently described species. The porcellanid

faunal component in Panama comprises 66% of the total tropical porcellanid

component in the Panamic, and 67% of the Caribbean and Antillean faunal

subprovinces. A key is provided to aid in identification of the porcellanid crabs

that are known, or that are expected to occur in the waters on either side of the

isthmus.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SEMES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea

cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Gore, Robert H.

Shallow water porcelain crabs from the Pacific coast of Panama and adjacent Caribbean waters

(Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae)

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 237)

Bibliography: p.

Supt. of Docs, no.: SE 1.27:237

1. Porcellanidae. 2. Crustacea—Panama. 3. Crustacea—Pacific coast (Central America). 4,

Crustacea—Caribbean Sea. I. Abele, Lawrence G., joint author. II. Title: Shallow water porcelain crabs from the Pacific coast of Panama .. . III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 237.

QLl.S54no. 237 [QL444.M33] 591'.08s [595'J844] 76-608087
Contents

Page

Introduction 1

Acknowledgments 2

Ecological Considerations 2

Pacific Red Mangrove Fauna 2

Rocky Intertidal Fauna 5

Pocillopora damicornis (L.) Fauna 6

Fauna of the Panama Canal 6

Zoogeographical Considerations 7

Systematic Considerations 8

Key to the Species of Porcellanid Crabs 9

Family PORCELLANIDAE Haworth, 1825 15

Genus Clastotoechus Haig, 1960 15

1. Clastotoechus diffractus (Haig, 1957) 15

2. Clastotoechus nodosus (Streets, 1872) 15

Genus Megalobrachium Stimpson, 1858 16

3. Megalobrachium erosum (Glassell, 1936) 16

4. Megalobrachium pacificum Gore and Abele, 1974 17

5. Megalobrachium poeyi (Gu£rin, 1855) 17

6. Megalobrachium roseum (Rathbun, 1900) 17

7. Megalobrachium smithi (Glassell, 1936) 17

8. Megalobrachium soriatum (Say, 1818) 17

9. Megalobrachium tuberculipes (Lockington, 1878) 18

Genus Neopisosoma Haig, 1960 18

10. Neopisosoma angustifrons (Benedict, 1901) 18

Genus Pachycheles Stimpson, 1858 19

11. Pachycheles biocellatus (Lockington, 1878) 19

12. Pachycheles calculosus Haig, 1960 19

13. Pachycheles chacei Haig, 1956 19

14. Pachycheles cristobalensis Gore, 1970 19

15. Pachycheles panamensis Faxon, 1893 20

16. Pachycheles serratus (Benedict, 1901) 20

17. Pachycheles susanae Gore and Abele, 1974 20

18. Pachycheles vicarius Nobili, 1901 20

Genus Petrolisthes Stimpson, 1858 20

19. Petrolisthes agassizii Faxon, 1893 20

20. Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbes, 1850) 21

21. Petrolisthes edwardsii (Saussure, 1853) 21

22. Petrolisthes galathinus (Bosc, 1802) 21

23. Petrolisthes glasselli Haig, 1957 22

24. Petrolisthes haigae Chace, 1962 22

25. Petrolisthes jugosus Streets, 1872 22

26. Petrolisthes lindae Gore and Abele, 1974 22

27. Petrolisthes nobilii Haig, 1960 23

iii
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Page

28. Petrolisthes platymerus Haig, 1960 24

29. Petrolisthes polymitus Glassell, 1937 24

30. Petrolisthes robsonae Glassell, 1945 24

31. Petrolisthes tridentatus Stimpson, 1859 24

32. Petrolisthes zacae Haig, 1968 25

Genus Pisidia Leach, 1820 25

33. Pisidia magdalensis (Glassell, 1936) 25

Pisidia species 25

Genus Porcellana Lamarck, 1801 25

34. Porcellana cancrisocialis Glassell, 1936 25

35. Porcellana corbicola Haig, 1960 26

36. Porcellana hancocki Glassell, 1938 26

37. Porcellana paguriconviva Glassell, 1936 26

Genus Ulloaia Glassell, 1938 26

38. Ulloaia perpusillia Glassell, 1938 26

Discussion 27

Literature Cited 28
Shallow Water Porcelain Grabs

from the Pacific Coast of Panama

and Adjacent Caribbean Waters

(Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae)

Robert H. Gore

and Lawrence G. Abele

Introduction

The porcellanid crab fauna in the Caribbean

and Pacific waters of the Panamanian isthmus

have received sporadic attention for over 100 years.

Among the first species to be noted from Panama

were Petrolisthes occidentalis (= P. galathinus

(Bosc)) and P. armatus (Gibbes). These species were

recorded by Stimpson in 1858 and 1859.* Additional studies on eastern Pacific porcellanids have

been provided by several authors, notably A. Milne

Edwards (1869) on material from the Pearl Islands;

T. H. Streets (1871), who repeated the listing of

Isthmian porcellanids of Stimpson; Faxon (1893)

on material collected by the USCSS Albatross from

the Bay of Panama; Nobili (1901) on material

from Flamenco Island, Bay of Panama; Rathbun

•As Haig has pointed out (1960:38), the designation "Panama" probably referred to Panama City on the Pacific coast

of the isthmus. Atlantic coast references were generally to

"Aspinwall," today called Colon.

Robert H. Gore, Smithsonian Institution, Ft. Pierce Bureau,

Ft. Pierce, Florida 33450, and Lawrence G. Abele, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306.

(1910), who listed Panamic Province material likely

to occur in the Peruvian Province; Boone (1931)

on material obtained from the Bay of Panama and

the Canal Zone; and Haig on material from the

Panama Bight (1957), a monographic study on

eastern Pacific Porcellanidae (1960), and material

collected by the R/V Zaca along the Pacific coast

of Central America (1968).

Studies on the porcellanid fauna from the

Caribbean side of Panama are less extensive. In

addition to the above-mentioned work of Stimpson,

Nobili (1897) provided notes on material from the

Caribbean shore of Panama, Boone (1930) made

brief mention of material from Lim6n Bay, Haig

(1956, 1960, 1962, 1966) contributed to our knowledge in reporting on material collected by the

Velero HI and other expeditions in the vicinity of

Atlantic Panama, and finally Gore and Shoup

(1968) and Gore (1970, 1974) provided notes on

material collected by the University of Miami

R/V John Elliott Pillsbury in Caribbean waters

adjacent to the Republic of Panama as well as areas

of the southwestern Caribbean. The results of all

these studies indicated that, prior to the initiation

of the present investigation, the porcellanid crab

fauna of Panama consisted of at least 36 species
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

from the Pacific coast and 17 species from the

Caribbean coast.

The present study began in 1968 when a survey

of the total decapod crustacean fauna of Panama

was undertaken (Abele, 1972). Biotope diversity is

more extensive on the Pacific coast than on the

Atlantic, although comparisons can in many instances be made among both series of biotopes

across the isthmus. Collections of porcellanid crabs

were made in order to sample as completely as

possible all the major biotopes occurring on both

coasts of the Panamanian isthmus. Thus, during

the first year of study, over 100 areas were sampled

along the shores of the Bay of Panama, as well as

some of the offshore islands. On the Caribbean

coast 30 major areas were sampled between the

towns of Pinas and Portobelo. Additional collections were made in Panama from 1972 to 1974

with special attention to Galeta Island on the

Caribbean coast, Uva Island in the Gulf of

Chiriqui, the eastern Pacific Ocean, and selected

areas of the Panama Canal itself.

For this study the following biotopes were sampled on the Pacific side of the isthmus: (1) the red

mangrove (Rhizophom mangle) areas along the

shores of the Bay of Panama, and some of the offshore islands, (2) the Pocillopora damicornis coral

community offshore of some islands, (3) the rocky

intertidal areas along the shores of the isthmus,

and (4) selected areas inside the Panama Canal. On

the Caribbean side, collections were carried out in

the rocky intertidal areas, including the coralline

back reef and shelf at Galeta Island, and inside the

Gatun Locks on the Atlantic side of the Panama

Canal. Collections were also made in the Caribbean

mangrove areas around Galeta Island, but no porcellanids were taken, although the area supports a

substantial xanthid and gecarcinid decapod fauna.

Porcellanids probably occur among oysters and

other epi fauna on the subtidal roots of mangroves

but none are associated with the mangroves themselves. A list of all the stations at which material

was collected for this study is presented in Table 1

and mapped in Figure 1.

All specimens were measured using either dial

calipers or an ocular reticle calibrated with a stage

micrometer on a Wild M-5 stereomicroscope. Measurements are given in millimeters rounded off to

the nearest tenth. Carapace length is followed by

carapace width. Specimens are deposited in the

National Museum of Natural History, Washington,

D.C., and the Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Other

material is deposited in the Smithsonian Institution, Ft. Pierce Bureau Reference Museum, Florida.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—We wish to thank Ms. Janet

Haig and Dr. John S. Garth, Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, for

critically commenting on the manuscript, providing

us with much additional information, and for

aiding with species identifications or confirmations.

Miss Liberta Scotto, Harbor Branch Foundation

Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, Florida, aided in measuring

and sexing material from Galeta Island. Mrs. Linda

Abele and Mrs. Susan Gore, helped in field collections and assisted in the laboratory. We are pleased

to acknowledge the support and help provided by

the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and

thank both the director, Dr. Ira Rubinoff, and the

staff at that facility. Portions of this study were

funded (for RHG) by the Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D.C., through the auspices of its

Secretary, Dr. S. Dillon Ripley, to whom we extend

our joint thanks. Additional funds and support

were provided (to LGA) under a Smithsonian

Institution Post-Doctoral Fellowship in Tropical

Biology. Finally we also wish to thank Dr. Peter

Glynn for providing access to his collections and

sharing his field notes from Uva Island.

Ecological Considerations

The porcellanid crab fauna of Panama, like the

vast majority of species in the family in other parts

of the world, is primarily littoral. For the discussion that follows the distribution and number of

individuals in each species per biotope is summarized in Table 2. Number of individuals does

not refer to density (i.e., number/m2) but is merely

an estimate of each species' relative abundance in

the habitat.

PACIFIC RED MANGROVE FAUNA.—Four species

and 67 individuals were collected from Pacific red

mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) swamps. Petrolisthes zacae was the most abundant species. It

occurred in shallow burrows and in "crab runs"

(Warner, 1969), viz., anastomosing tunnels formed

by brachyuran crabs and the breakdown of mangrove roots. Petrolisthes lindae was also common
NUMBER 2S7

TABLE 1.—list of stations on the Pacific and Atlantic sides of Panama

at which Porcellanidae were collected

PACIFIC STATIONS

1.

2.

3.

It.

5.

e.

0 •

7a.

7b.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

\k.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

Golfo de Chiman

Isla Chepillo

Juan D1az

Panama City

Punta Paitiila

Panama Canal, Pacific

Panama Canal, Pacific

Entrance

Diablo

Hi raf lores Locks

Pedro Miguel Locks

Fort Amador

Rodman Naval Station

Fort Kobbe

Taboga Island

Taboguilla Island

Saboga

Perl as Islands

Aguadulce, Sal ado Playa

Aguadulce, Rio Palo Banco

Uva Island

Station Description

Bay of Panama, Golfo de Chiman; trawl;

3-8m, 27 May 1969.

Bay of Panama, Isla Chepillo; intertidal,

26 May 1969.

Bay of Panama, offshore from town of

Juan D1az; trawl; 6-7 m; 15 January 1969.

Albert Einstein Institute; intertidal,

17 February 1969.

Panama City; intertidal, 27 November 1968,

7 December 1968, \k April 1969, 15 April

1969, 1 July 1969, 7 July 1969, 29 October

1970.

intertidal, 27 October 1968.

16 April 1969.

Canal Zone, Diablo boat ramp; intertidal,

3 July 1969, 10 August 1973.

Canal Zone; Miraflores Locks; sides and

bottom of locks while drained for cleaning,

17 February 1972, M. L. Jones, collector.

Canal Zone, Pedro Miguel Locks; sides and

bottom of locks while drained, 3 February

1969.

Canal Zone, Ft. Amador, Smithsonian

Tropical Research Institute; intertidal,

26 December 1968.

Canal Zone, Rodman Naval Station; intertidal, 17 April 1969.

Canal Zone, Fort Kobbe, Venado Beach;

intertidal, 8 May 1969, 1 July 1969.

Bay of Panama, TabOga Island, 2 m, 11

April 1969.

Bay of Panama, Taboguilla Island; intertidal to 2m, 7 April 1969, 11 April 1969,

12 July 1969, 8 January 1973.

Bay of Panama, 8 miles west of Saboga

Island, no depth available; 12 December

1970.

Bay of Panama, Perlas Islands, Espirito

Santo Bay, Rey Island; intertidal, 25

January 1969, 12-13 June 1973, W. Patton

S A. Glamm, collectors.

Aguadulce, south end of Sal ado Playa;

intertidal, 9 November 1968.

Aguadulce, Aguadulce Yacht Club, Rio

Palo Banco; 3-5m, 9 November 1968.

Gulf of Chiriqui, Pociilopora reef; 21

January 197't; P. Glynn, collector.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 1.—Continued.

ATLANTIC STATIONS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Portobelo Bay

Maria Chiquita

Galeta Island

Fort Randolph

Coco Solo

Gatun Locks

Ft. Sherman

Station Description

Portobelo Bay, intertidal, 14 Hay 1969.

Caribbean, intertidal indurated reef,

tidepools; 18 July 1969.

Canal Zone, Galeta Island, Smithsonian

Tropical Research Institution; intertidal

11 March 1969; 6 m, 3 May 1969; intertidal

to 2 m, 15 July 1969; intertidal, 24 April

August 1973, 13-14 June 1974.

Canal Zone, Fort Randolph; intertidal,

22 April 1969.

Canal Zone, Coco Solo Naval Station;

intertidal, 22 April 1969.

Canal Zone, Gatun Locks, 5 March 1974.

Canal Zone, Ft. Sherman, on fossil reef;

0-3 m, 18 January 1969; Shimmey Beach;

intertidal, 8 February 1969.

FIGURE 1.—Map of the Republic of Panama showing general localities of stations at which

porcellanid crabs were collected, as noted in Table 1 and in the text.
NUMBER 237

TABLE 2.—The porcellanid crab fauna of Panama

(specimens taken by hand)

Species

Pacific Red Mangrove Fauna*

Petrolisthes zacae

Petrolisthes lindae

Petrolisthes nobilii

(1 genus, 4 species)

Rocky IntertidalFauna

Pacific coast

Petrolisthes tridentatus ....

Petrolisthes nobilii

Megalobrachium pacificum ....

Petrolisthes edwardsii

Petrolisthes galathinus

Petrolisthes platymerus

Pachycheles calculosus

Pachycheles panamensis

(4 genera, 11 species)

Total

Atlantic coast

Petrolisthes galathinus

Pachycheles chacei

Petrolisthes jugosus

Neopisosoma angustifrons ....

Pachycheles cristobalensis ..

Megalobrachium soriatwn

(S genera, 12 species)

Total

Pocillopora damicornis Fauna

on Pacific Panamanian Islands

Petrolisthes haigae

Petrolisthes edwardsii

Petrolisthes glasselli

Petrolisthes nobilii

Petrolisthes tridentatus ....

Petrolisthes polymitus

Petrolisthes galathinus

Pachycheles biocellatus

Megalobrachium tuberculipes .

(5 genera, IS species)

Totals

Panama Canal Fauna

Petrolisthes lindae

(1 genus, 3 species)

Totals

No. individuals examined

38

24

4

1

67

175

20

8

7

6

3

3

2

2

1

1

228

45

20

17

15

12

12

10

8

4

4

1

1

151

Taboguilla

156

9

4

2

2

2

1

-

5

13

-

-

-

-

-

194

Miraflores

upper-lower

_

25 8

5 30

30 38

Perlas

79

4

-

38

-

-

2

3

180

2

1

1

2

2

3

317

Pedro

Miguel

upper

-

1

-

1

Uva

108

5

9

-

-

-

-

-

-

13

-

-

-

3

-

135

Gatun

lower

52

-

-

52

No porcellanid crabs occurred in mangroves on the

Atlantic coast.

in this habitat but did not overlap in distribution

with P. zacae within the swamp. Petrolisthes lindae

was found among litter in areas of very low salinity,

usually less than I6%c. This is consistent with the

distribution of P. lindae within the Panama Canal;

it is rarely found in freshwater but is common in

water from about ld%0 to 20&,. The other two

species, P. armatus and P. nobilii, rarely occur

within the swamp itself. Petrolisthes nobilii is more

often taken in mud areas at the edge of the swamp,

while P. armatus can be found almost anywhere

there is hard substrate.

No species of porcellanids were collected from

the inter- or supratidal regions of Caribbean mangroves. This may be due in part to the feeding

mechanism of porcellanids as well as to the difference in tidal range on the Caribbean and Pacific

coasts. For example, the Pacific coast has diurnal

tides of about 5 m height which consistently flush

out the mangroves and provide a regular water

current with all its contained plankton. The Caribbean coast, on the other hand, has mixed diurnal

tides of about 0.3 m in height which may innundate the mangroves only occasionally. Since species

of Petrolisthes, like all porcellanids, are filter

feeders they may not be able to obtain sufficient

food in the intertidal area due to the absence of

regular flooding in Caribbean mangroves.

ROCKY INTERTIDAL FAUNA.—Eleven species and

228 individuals were collected from the Pacific

rocky intertidal habitat. Petrolisthes armatus was

by far the most abundant species, occurring under

rocks from upper to mid-lower tidal levels. A common density for this species, the most abundant

intertidal decapod on the Pacific coast of Panama,

was 20 individuals per m2. Petrolisthes tridentatus,

P. edwardsii, P. galathinus, and Pisidia magdalenensis occurred under rocks and among shell hash in

tide pools in the mid-intertidal regions. Petrolisthes

nobilii and Megalobrachium pacificum occurred in

areas where mud and sand-mud were the dominant

substrates among the lava-flow rocks. Petrolisthes

platymerus and Pachycheles chacei were always

found clinging to the undersides of boulders (diameter 0.3 m) and often occurred among sponges.

Pachycheles calculosus and P. panamensis were

found only in the lower intertidal zone.

Twelve species and 151 individuals were collected from the Caribbean rocky intertidal coast.

The Caribbean coastline, in the areas sampled,
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

lacks the rocky lava-flow intertidal zone so characteristic of the eastern Pacific. However, distinct

zones of seagrass, red algae, and zoanthid anemones

can nevertheless be recognized along reef flats.

There are five discrete and recognizable zones

progressing seaward from shore (Birkeland, Reimer,

and Young, 1976): plant zones with (1) Thalassia or

(2) Acanthophora; an intermediate zone characterized by (3) Zoanthus and (4) Laurencia, and (5) a

coralline region that extends to the edge of the

steep seaward slope. The coralline zone had the

greatest number of species; 10 of the 12 that were

collected occurred among the cracks and crevices

of the coral rocks. As seen from Table 2, Pachycheles serratus and Petrolisthes galathinus were the

two most abundant species. Both Pachycheles

susanae and Petrolisthes jugosus were very common in species of the stinging coral, Millepora.

Neopisosoma angustifrons, Pachycheles chacei, P.

cristobalensis, Megalobrachium roseum, and At.

poeyi were found here and among clumps of the

calcareous green alga Halimeda in this zone. The

remaining species seemed to be confined primarily

to the calcareous rocky substratum. In the red alga

Laurencia of the fourth zone, Petrolisthes jugosus

occurred again, and both Clastotoechus nodosus

and Pachycheles serratus were also found. In the

Zoanthus, Thalassia, and Acanthophora zones, there

occurred only one species each, i.e., Petrolisthes

galathinus, P. armatus, and P. galathinus, respectively. The single specimen of Megalobrachium

soriatum was taken from coralline rubble along

the seaward edge of the reef.

It is interesting that these distributions show the

majority of porcellanid species each to be restricted

to a particular zone despite the fact that all the

species have planktonic larvae and the zones are

contiguous across the reef flat, a distance of about

100 meters. For example, over a three-year period

only a single specimen of Pachycheles serratus, the

dominant coralline species, was collected outside

this zone in the adjacent Laurencia. Furthermore,

six of the coralline zone species were found only in

that zone and nowhere else.

Pocillopora damicornis (L.) FAUNA.—Three Pocillopora communities were sampled in Panama:

Taboguilla Island, the Perlas Islands in the Bay

of Panama, and Uva Island in the Gulf of Chiriqui.

The species and numbers of individuals from each

area are shown in Table 2 where the disparity

between species abundance in the three areas can

be seen. These areas can be compared in terms of

both species composition and abundance because

we are comparing approximately the same number

(30-35) and size range (1000-20,000 cm3) of coral

heads in each area. Petrolisthes haigae was the

dominant species at Taboquilla and Uva, and the

second most common species in the Perlas Islands.

It appeared to be restricted to Pocillopora coral

and was not collected by us in any other habitat.

Contrarily, Pisidia magdalenensis was the dominant

species in the Perlas Islands, though uncommon at

Taboquilla and apparently absent from Uva Island.

Of additional interest is the observation that

these porcellanids were not evenly distributed

over the reef at Uva Island. The front and rear of

the reef crest were similar in species richness and

abundance, but the deeper reef flanks, especially

to the rear, contained only a few individuals of a

single species. This difference may be related to

variant current patterns and amounts of suspended

sediments on the deeper reef which could, therefore, conceivably restrict feeding by these filter

feeders.

FAUNA OF THE PANAMA CANAL.—Three species

of porcellanids were commonly found in the

Panama Canal and all were apparently able to

withstand the great variation in salinity that occurs

there. Moreover, the distribution pattern of these

three species is quite interesting and strongly suggests competitive interactions.

On the Atlantic coast Petrolisthes armatus was

very common in the lower chambers of Gatun

Locks, an area where the salinity may vary from

10&, to \b% (Jones and Dawson, 1973). A few

specimens were taken at the lower entrance of the

middle chambers in water of about 5%c. A

second species, P. robsonae, was reported by Haig

(1960) based on a single specimen collected from

the lower chamber of Gatun Locks. It is the only

Atlantic record of this eastern Pacific species which

otherwise was common in the Miraflores Locks,

especially in the lower chambers where the salinity

may vary from 10&, to 30&,.

A single specimen of P. lindae was collected in the

freshwater of Pedro Miguel Locks on the Pacific

side, although the species is quite common in the

upper and, to a lesser extent, lower chambers of

the nearby Miraflores Locks. The species is thus

known to occur in waters of salinity from 0%0 to
NUMBER 237

30%c. The eastern Pacific form of Petrolisthes

armatus was collected just below the lower chambers of Miraflores, where it was very common.

On the Atlantic coast P. armatus shows a wide

tolerance to varying salinities, being found in

water from 28%c outside of the Panama Canal,

as well as in waters of about 10$© inside the

Gatun Locks. Yet on the Pacific coast, P. armatus

is absent from all the locks, although it occurs outside of Miraflores Locks (in the mouth of the

Canal); P. robsonae and P. lindae, however, occur

on the Pacific side in the zone occupied by P.

armatus in Gatun Locks on the Atlantic side.

Furthermore, the distribution of P. lindae and

P. robsonae in the Panama Canal is somewhat disjunct, with P. lindae occurring in lower salinity

waters, and P. robsonae being found in waters of

higher salinities. Thus, three species occur along a

salinity gradient on the Pacific coast, whereas on

the Atlantic coast this gradient is apparently occupied by only a single species, albeit either a close

relative or conspecific of the three Pacific species

in question.

Zoogeographical Considerations

As a result of the present study 43 species of

porcelain crabs are now known to occur in the

tropical eastern Pacific coastal waters of Panama.

Of these species, four may be extralimital. They

are Megalobrachium erosum, M. smithi, Porcellana

corbicola, and Petrolisthes brachycarpus. The first

three species were previously thought to be restricted to the Gulf of California, Mexico, or its

environs. The fourth species, known previously

from the Galapagos Islands, has been previously

recorded by Haig (1960) from Panama. Two other

species recently described by us, Petrolisthes lindae

and Megalobrachium pacificum (Gore and Abele,

1974), are also new from Pacific Panama.

The present study and previous records in the

literature indicate that at least 21 species of porcelain crabs (excluding the questionable record for

Petrolisthes robosonae) are found on the Caribbean

coast of Panama. Three of these, Clastotoechus

nodosus, Neopisosoma angustifrons, and Megalobrachium roseitm are new to Caribbean Panama.

The first two species, previously recorded by several authors from the eastern and southwestern

Caribbean or Brazil, were recently noted from

El Moro, Mexico, in the southwestern Gulf of

Mexico (Rickner, 1975). A single record for the

third species, M. roseum from Santa Marta, Colombia, was given by Haig in 1956. A fourth species,

Porcellana sigsbeiana, has been collected in waters

both north and south of Panama but not yet from

the waters of the country itself. A fifth and new

species, Pachycheles susanae, was previously decribed by us in an earlier paper (Gore and Abele,

1974).

Of the 48 eastern Pacific species of porcellanid

crabs that were previously recorded as occurring in,

or whose ranges encompassed, the waters of Panama,

the present study has accounted for 29 of 48, or 60

percent (Table 3). This study has also accounted

for 12 of the 21 species of porcellanids presently

known from Caribbean Panama, or over 57 percent of the total. The seven new records and three

new species for the isthmian region included herein

bring the total of the porcellanid crab species

known from Atlantic and Pacific Panamanian

waters to 65 (including the five trans-Panamanian

conspecifics; see Table 3).

If we define the Panamic Province as extending

from the head of the Gulf of California and the

outer Baja Peninsula at about the vicinity of Magdalena Bay, southward to Guayaquil, Ecuador

(Garth, 1961; Haig, 1968), then the total number of

porcelain crab species in this region stands at 65, of

which 43 (66 percent) occur in the waters of Pacific

Panama.

The porcellanid fauna is equally well represented

on the Atlantic side of Panama, where 31 species

have been recorded from both Caribbean and

Antillean Faunal Provinces. Of these 31 species, 21

(67 percent) of the known total occur along the

Caribbean coast of Panama.

The importance of the Panamanian porcellanid

faunal component can be easily seen when one considers its relationship to the total American porcellanid fauna. Data available from several authors

indicate that the total number of porcellanid species

in the eastern Pacific Ocean now stands at 88, while

in the western Atlantic Ocean at least 34 species are

known, for a total American faunal component of

at least 122 species. The porcellanid fauna of Panama thus accounts for over 57% of the total American porcellanid fauna. Moreover, approximately 250

species of Porcellanidae are known throughout the

world, so that the American faunal component com-
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 3.—Species of Porcellanidae recorded from or with ranges

encompassing the Pacific or Atlantic coast of Panama

Pacific species

Clastotoechus diffractus

Euceramus panatelus

Euceramus transversilineatus ....

Megalobrachium smithi*

Pachycheles calculosus

Pachycheles trichotus

Petrolisthes armatus

Petrolisthes galathinus

Petrolisthes tridentatus

Petrolisthes agassizii

Petrolisthes artifrons

Petrolisthes brachycarpus*

Petrolisthes edwardsii

Petrolisthes glasselli

Petrolisthes hians

Petrolisthes holotrichus

Petrolisthes lewisi austrinus ...

Petrolisthes lindae

Petrolisthes nigrunguiculatus ...

Petrolisthes nobilii

Petrolisthes ortmanni

Petrolisthes platymerus

Petrolisthes polymitus

Petrolisthes robsonae

Petrolisthes tonsorius

Plsidia magdalenensis

Polyonyx nitidus

Porcellana corbicola*

Porcellana hancocki

Ulloaia perpusillia

Totals (29+ and 19-)

Collected

herein

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

+

+

-

-

-

+

+

+

-

+

-

-

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

+

+

+

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

+

+

+

-

+

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

48

New to Collected

Panama herein

+ +

+

+

+ +

+ +

+

-

+ +

+

-

+

+ +

+

+

+

-

+

-

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

6 4 22

Atlantic species

... Clastotoechus nodosus

... Megalobrachium mortenseni

... Megalobrachium poeyi

... Megalobrachium roseum

... Megalobrachium soriatum

... Minyocerus angustus

Neopisosoma angustifrons

... Pachycheles chacei

... Pachycheles ackleianus

... Pachycheles cristobalensis

... Pachycheles susanae

... Pachycheles serratus

... Petrolisthes armatus

... Petrolisthes galathinus

... Petrolisthes tridentatus

... Petrolisthes jugosus

... Petrolisthes politus

Petrolisthes quadratus

Petrolisthes robsonae**

Polyonyx gibbesi

— Porcellana sayana

... Porcellana sigsbeiana

(12+ and 10-)

Data taken from Haig, 1956, 1960, 1962, 1968; Haig et al. , 1970; Gore, 1970; Gore and

Abele, 1974.

* Possibly extralimital.

Known only from a single recording, Gatun Locks, Panama Canal; locality needs verification.

prises almost 50% of the total number of species

worldwide.

Systematic Considerations

In the following text we restrict synonymies to

those of the original author, the first use of the

taxon in its presently accepted sense, the work

providing the best description or illustration of the

species under consideration, the more important

references which have appeared since Haig's monographs (1956, 1960) on the porcellanid crabs from

the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific, or the

recent update of Caribbean species by Gore (1974).
NUMBER 237

The key that follows may be used to determine

the species of Porcellanidae which are known to

occur on either side of Panama. The key is modified

primarily from those that appeared in the previously cited monographic studies by Ms. Janet

Haig (esp. 1960). Species that we have collected and

examined are preceded by a number which refers

to the discussion of the species in the text of this

study. Species not so numbered in the key are those

that are known to occur in Panamanian waters, or

have ranges which extend to either north or south

of the country, but have not yet been collected by

us. Those species that have not yet been recorded

from Panama but which might occur in the shallow

waters on either side of the isthmus are followed in

the key by an asterisk.

Key to the Species of Porcellanid Crabs

(Known to occur on the eastern Pacific and Caribbean coasts of the Republic of Panama)

1. Carapace at least 1.5 times as long as broad; form elongate, "Hippa"-like; a large orbit-like

concavity on hepatic margin, its outer angle marked by a tooth Euceramus (2)

Carapace less than or nearly 1.5 times as long as broad; form not elongate or "Hippa"-like;

no large orbit-like concavity on hepatic margin 4

2. Carapace about 1.5 times as long as broad, with distinct transverse striations; antennal flagellum shorter than carapace, without hairs

Euceramus transversilineatus (Lockington) (Pacific)

Carapace at least twice as long as broad or longer, lightly plicate; antennal flagellum longer

than carapace, and distinctly hairy 3

3. Median lobe of frontal region distinctly longer than lateral lobe; basal segment of the antenna with broad inward projection, and narrowly in contact with anterior margin of the

carapace; propodus and dactylus of walking leg 2 normal

Euceramus praeUmgus Stimpson (Atlantic)*

Median lobe of frontal region equal or slightly longer than lateral lobes; basal segment of

antennae without inward or forward projections; dactylus of walking leg 3 fiat, without a

nail Euceramus panatelus (Glassell) (Pacific)

4. Chelipeds normally held more or less straight out in front of carapace; carapace about 1.5

times as long as broad, lateral margins armed with a series of 12-15 minute, dose-set

spinules posterior to the cervical groove Orthochela pumila Glassell (Pacific)

Chelipeds normally bent sharply at articulation of carpus and manus; carapace never as

much as 1.5 times as long as broad, lateral margins never with as many as 12-15 minute,

dose-set spinules posterior to cervical groove 5

5. Basal segment of antennae short, not strongly produced forward to meet anterior margin of

the carapace, movable segments with free access to the orbit 6

Basal segment of antennae strongly produced forward and broadly in contact with the

anterior margin of the carapace so that movable segments are far removed from the

orbit 51

6. Posterior portions of side walls of carapace lacking, or consisting of one or more small pieces,

separated by membranous interspaces behind the epibranchial region 7

Posterior portions of side walls of carapace entire, without small pieces or membranous

area behind epibranchial region 27

7. Side walls of carapace incomplete, the portion posterior to epibranchial or mesobranchial

area occupied by membrane Neopisosoma (8)

Side walls of carapace consisting of one or more pieces separated by membranous interspaces in epibranchial or mesobranchial area 12

8. Chelipeds large, robust, markedly differing in size, covered with numerous rounded, projecting granules; carpus without distinct crests; telson 5-plated; male pleopods lacking ... 9

Chelipeds as above, but covered with flattened granules, carpus with three more or less

distinct crests; telson 7-plated (occasionally 5- or incompletely 7-plated); male pleopods

present 10

9. Side wall of carapace consisting only of small anterior wedge ending at epibranchial level;

outer surface of manus at junction of fingers without large noticeable whitened granulate

tubercle Neopisosoma dohtmyi Haig (Parific)

Side wall of carapace consisting of narrow, curved portion extending posteriorly to meso-
JO SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

branchial area; outer surface of manus with distinct, whitened, granulate tubercle at

junction of fingers 10. Neopisosoma angustifrons (Benedict) (Atlantic)

10. Carpus of chelipeds with 3 teeth, these occupying not more than the proximal two-thirds of

the anterior margin; surface of carpus with three low, often obsolescent crests

Neopisosoma mexicanum (Streets) (Pacific)

Carpus of chelipeds with 4-5 teeth, occupying entire anterior margin; surface of carpus with

three, distinct longitudinal crests and a fourth along the posterior margin 11

11. Manus of both chelipeds thickly covered with long hair; telson 7-plated

Neopisosoma bicapillatum Haig (Pacific)*

Manus of one, or both chelipeds usually lacking pubescence (except in females in which

both hands are pubescent); telson 5-, incompletely 7-, or 7-plated

Neopisosoma curacaoense (Schmitt) (Atlantic)*

12. Chelipeds somewhat flattened, subequal; front strongly produced and distinctly trilobate in

dorsal view; telson of abdomen with 5 plates, male pleopods present Clastotoechus (13)

Chelipeds thick, robust, distinctly dissimilar in size; front not prominent, usually transversely sinuate or rounded in dorsal view, often with distinct tuft of hairs, never distinctly trilobate in dorsal view; telson of abdomen with 5 or 7 plates; pleopods present

or lacking in males Pachycheles (15)

13. Front not greatly produced, lateral lobes pointed, not truncate; orbital margin deeply concave, not angular or oblique 2. Clastotoechus nodosus (Streets) (Atlantic)

Front greatly produced, lateral lobes truncate; orbital margin angular, shallow and

oblique 14

14. Carapace strongly granulate and rugose; front not markedly elongate; brush of hair on

outer margin of manus of chelipeds usually present only in females

1. Clastotoechus diffractus (Haig) (Pacific)

Carapace not strongly granulate and rugose; front markedly elongate; brush of hair on

outer margin of chelipeds may be present in both males and females

Clastotoechus vanderhorsti (Schmitt) (Atlantic)*

15. Carapace with a distinct tuft of hairs on front, or surface covered with distinct hairs 16

Carapace devoid of hairs, or at most with scattered, isolated plumose or nonplumose hairs,

often scarcely visible except under magnification 18

16. Frontal region with distinct tuft of mixed plumose and nonplumose hairs; carpus of

cheliped with 3-4 teeth, dorsal surface of same covered with small conical tubercles;

manus with tufts of long nonplumose and short plumose hairs; telson 7-plated in males;

5- or incompletely 7-plated in females; male pleopods absent

Pachycheles spimdactylus Haig (Pacific)

Frontal region without a distinct tuft of hairs, although some hairs may be present; carpus

of chelipeds with 2-3 teeth, these not tuberculate on dorsal surface; telson 7-plated or

incompletely so 17

17. Carapace covered with short, nonplumose setae; chelipeds with nonplumose setae only,

carpus of same with short rugae or flattened granules; telson 7-plated; male pleopods

present 15. Pachycheles panamensis Faxon (Pacific)

Carapace with a few short plumose and nonplumose hairs on front; chelipeds with short,

nonplumose setae, but a few plumose hairs on posterior margin, carpus of same nearly

smooth anteriorly, noticeably granulate posteriorly; telson 7-plated or incompletely so;

male pleopods absent Pachycheles trichotus Haig (Pacific)

18. Telson of abdomen with 5 plates 19

Telson of abdomen usually with 7 plates (except P. vicarius females) 22

19. Carpus and manus of chelipeds nearly smooth; manus with distinct groove near outer margin; anterior margin of carpus with broad lamellar lobe, indistinctly divided into 3 teeth

11. Pachycheles biocellatus (Lockington) (Pacific)

Carpus and manus of chelipeds granulate; anterior margin of carpus a broad lobe divided

into 8 or more small teeth, or cut into 4-5 large distinct teeth 20

20. Carapace slightly roughened, plicate, not markedly convex from front to back; dactylus oi

walking legs without two strong fixed spines; anterior margin of carpus a broad lobe

armed with about 8 small teeth or serrations; male pleopods present

13. Pachycheles chacei Haig (Atlantic and Pacific)

Carapace smooth, shining, strongly convex front to back; dactylus of walking legs with 2

strong fixed spines on posterior margin in addition to terminal claw; carpus armed an-
NUMBER 237

teriorly with 4 or 5 strong teeth; male pleopods absent 21

21. Granules on chelipeds tending to form longitudinal rows; a distinct tubercle near the base

of the pollex, pubescent on distal side

Pachycheles ackleianus A. Milne Edwards (Atlantic)

Granules on chelipeds evenly distributed over surface; no distinct tubercle near the base

of the pollex Pachycheles ctassus (A. Milne Edwards) (Pacific)

22. Carpus and man us of chelipeds with strong crests and grooves 23

Carpus and inarms of chelipeds covered with granules 24

23. Dorsal surface of cheliped carpus with three, long, low, gently rounded crests, not interrupted and broken into large tubercles; side wall of carapace broken about midway

down its length; male pleopods absent

17. Pachycheles susanae Gore and Abele (Atlantic)

Dorsal surface of cheliped carpus with 4, high, distinct crests of which the third is often

interrupted and broken into large irregular tubercles; side wall of carapace broken

about two-thirds down its length; male pleopods present

18. Pachycheles vicarhu Nobili (Pacific)

24. Carpus and manus of chelipeds thickly covered with long, plumose hairs; no large tubercle

on cutting edge of the dactyl of cheliped; first movable antennal segment without a

distinct conical tubercle: male pleopods present 25

Carpus and manus of chelipeds devoid of hair, or at most with traces of pubescence; a

large tubercle on the cutting edge of dactyl of cheliped; first movable antennal segment

with a distinct conical tubercle; male pleopods absent 26

25. Anterior margin of the carpus of cheliped indistinctly divided into 3 teeth; pubescence

on chelipeds extremely thick and fine 16. Pachycheles serratus (Benedict) (Atlantic)

Anterior margin of the carpus of cheliped cut into 3 strong, distinct teeth; pubescence

not as thick as preceding species, often scarcely evident on carpus

Pachycheles sethnanus (Lockington) (Pacific)

26. Carapace with posterolateral plications low, often scarcely developed; granulation on

chelipeds reduced; walking legs sparsely and irregularly covered with long plumose

hairs 14. Pachycheles cristobalensis Gore (Atlantic)

Carapace with well-developed plications posterolaterally; granulation of chelipeds distinct;

walking legs thickly covered with long, plumose hairs

12. Pachycheles calculosus Haig (Pacific)

27. Basal segment of antennule not laterally expanded; basal antennal segment neither produced

inward nor forming partial suborbital margin; front triangular, prominent; carapace with

distinct frontal, epibranchial and mesobranchial spinules; cheliped fingers distorted,

gaping, deeply grooved along cutting edges, spooned and truncate at tips; telson 7-plated

Parapetrolisthes tortugensis (Glassell) (Atlantic)*

Basal antennular segment as above; basal antennal segment either not produced inward,

or if with a distinct inward projection, forming only a partial suborbital margin; front

triangular or trilobate, usually prominent; carapace without mesobranchial spinules;

cheliped fingers normal, not grooved along cutting edges nor spooned at tips; telson

almost invariably 7-plated PetroUsthes (28)

28. Telson of abdomen with 5 plates 29

Telson of abdomen with 7 plates 30

29. 3 or 4 teeth on carpus of chelipeds pointed, denticulate; outer margin of manus with

longitudinal groove; carapace chelipeds, and gape of fingers lightly pubescent

25. PetroUsthes jugosus (Streets) (Atlantic)

3 or 4 teeth on carpus of chelipeds rounded, broad; outer margin of manus with distinct

longitudinal groove; carapace, chelipeds, and gape of fingers without pubescence

PetroUsthes Mans Nobili (Pacific)

30. Epibranchial spine present (if obsolescent or vestigial its position distinctly marked at

epibranchial angle by a notch); anterior margin of merus of walking legs usually

spined 31

Epibranchial spine absent; anterior margin of merus of walking legs without spines 42

31. Carapace with distinct, transverse, piliferous striations, usually interrupted only at grooves

defining the various regions 32

Carapace smooth, granulate, plicate or roughened, but never with distinct transverse

piliferous striations 36
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

32. Two epibranchial spines present 23. Petrolisthes glasselli Haig (Pacific)

A single epibranchial spine present 33

33. Carpus with three, low, wide-set teeth on anterior margin 34

Carpus with 4 or 5 broad, close-set teeth on anterior margin 35

34. Carpus of cheliped about twice as long as wide, covered with large, flattened tubercles;

piliferous striations of carapace interrupted at the metabranchial regions

21. Petrolisthes edwardsii (Saussure) (Pacific)

Carpus of cheliped about 3 times as long as wide, covered with 3 longitudinal rows of

rugae; piliferous striations of carapace continuing across the metabranchial regions

19. Petrolisthes agassizii Faxon (Pacific)

35. Front narrow, strongly produced, a distinct supraocular spine present, and often several

spinules distally; carpus of cheliped about twice as long as wide, its surface covered with

distinct, oblique striations; merus of walking legs with row of anterior spines, that of legs

1 and 2 (occasionally 3) armed with a posterodistal spine

22. Petrolisthes galathinus (Bosc) (Atlantic and Pacific)

Front broad, not strongly produced, a small supraocular spine present as well as minute

denticles distally; carpus of cheliped about one and a half times as long as wide, its

dorsal surface covered with short flattened rugae; merus of walking legs with 1 or 2

anterior spines, a posterodistal spine on merus of leg 1 only

29. Petrolisthes polymitus Glassell (Pacific)

36. Anterior margin of carpus of cheliped with 4 to 6 broad, close-set teeth; no strong supraocular spine but one or more usually close-set supraocular spinules present

24. Petrolisthes haigae Chace (Pacific)

Anterior margin of carpus of cheliped with 1 to 3 (rarely four) low, wide-set teeth, a

distal lobe may be present in lieu of teeth; carapace never with a strong supraocular

spine or spinules 37

37. Epibranchial spine vestigial or absent, but a distinct notch visible if absent 38

Epibranchial spine distinctly present, never vestigial 40

38. Carapace distinctly granulate; carpus of cheliped 2.5 times as long as wide, its anterior

margin with one spine plus an elongate lobe distally (rarely two small spines present);

anterior margin of walking legs with one or no spines

26. Petrolisthes lindae Gore and Abele (Pacific)

Carapace granulate and plicate; carpus of cheliped about 2.5 times as long as wide, 3

spines present on the anterior margin; anterior margin of the walking legs usually with

a row of spines 39

39. Carapace widest posterior to midbranchial regions; orbits strongly oblique; chelipeds with

the anterior lobe of merus rounded; posterior margin of carpus proxirnad to the posterodistal spine with 1 or 2 spinules; manus with a narrow line of pubescence on ventral

surface along its outer margin 27. Petrolisthes nobilii Haig (Pacific)

Carapace widest slightly posterior to midbranchial regions; orbits slightly concave to

oblique; chelipeds with anterior lobe of the merus spined; posterior margin of the

carpus proximal to the posterodistal spine with 3 or 4 spinules; manus without a

narrow line of pubescence on the ventral surface along the outer margin

Petrolisthes politus (Gray) (Atlantic)

40. Anterior margin of carpus of the cheliped with 2 teeth; merus of the walking legs with

1 or 2 anterior spines 30. Petrolisthes robsonae Glassell (Pacific)

Anterior margin of carpus of the cheliped with 3 or occasionally 4 teeth; merus of walking

legs with 2 to 6 anterior spines 41

41. Carapace finely rugose; merus of walking legs with 2 to 4 spines on the anterior margin;

dactyl of walking legs with only a single movable spinule on the posterior margin

32. Petrolisthes zacae Haig (Pacific)

Carapace granulate or plicate; merus of walking legs with 2 to 6 spines on the anterior

margin; dactyl of walking legs with more than a single movable spinule on the posterior

margin 20. Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbes) (Atlantic and Pacific)

42. Carpus of the cheliped armed on the anterior margin with strong teeth or tubercles 43

Carpus of the cheliped not armed on the anterior margin, although a distinct lobe may

be present 45

43. Carpus with wide-set conical tubercles on the anterior margin; manus with a thick fringe

of hairs on its outer margin; fingers dissimilar in the 2 chelipeds
NUMBER 237 13

Petrolisthes nigrunguiculatus Glassell (Pacific)

Carpus with strong teeth on the anterior margin; manus without a thick, fringe of hair

on the anterior margin; fingers not distinctly dissimilar in the 2 chelipeds 44

44. Manus with 2 longitudinal crests on the dorsal surface, and a heavy rounded crest along

the outer margin; proximal 2 or 3 teeth on carpal margin partially or wholly coalesced

to form a broad tooth, this followed by a smaller tooth

Petrolisthes lewisi austrimts Haig (Pacific)

Manus without dorsal crests, no heavy rounded crest along the outer margin; anterior

margin of carpus with 3 broad teeth Petrolisthes ortmatmi Nobili (Pacific)

45. Carpus of cheliped about 1.5 times as long as wide manus with 2 low crests on dorsal

surface separated by indistinct grooves, proximal two-thirds of anterior margin of

carpus with a broad, strongly projecting lobe, its edge obscurely divided into 3 parts

Petrolisthes artifrons Haig (Pacific)

Carpus of cheliped more than 1.5 times, and up to twice as long as wide, manus with at

most a single crest; anterior margin of carpus unarmed; lobe, if present, entire and not

divided 46

46. Carapace subquadrate, lateral margins nearly parallel posterior to the epi branchial angle;

fingers often short and stubby 47

Carapace subovate, occasionally nearly subquadrate, lateral margins not parallel; fingers

not short and stubby 48

47. Proximal two-thirds of the anterior margin of the carpus lobed, distal third subparallel

with posterior margin; merus of walking leg 3 inflated; front narrow, triangular

Petrolisthes tonsorius Haig (Pacific)

Proximal two-thirds of the anterior margin of the carpus entire, not lobate, distal third

subparallel with posterior margin; merus of walking leg 3 not noticeably inflated; front

broadly triangular, without lobiform teeth at inner orbital angles

Petrolisthes quadratus Benedict (Atlantic)

48. Carapace smooth overall, front distinctly trilobate; manus not swollen, its outer edge thin;

gape of fingers without a tuft of pubescence 49

Carapace roughened, or granulate; if smooth only anteriorly; front sinuously triangular;

manus somewhat swollen on its dorsal surface, its outer margin with a crest; gape of

fingers with thick tuft of pubescence 50

49. Carapace and chelipeds naked or with traces of pubescence; lateral lobes of front narrower

than median lobe; carpus unarmed, its margins slightly converging distally

31. Petrolisthes tridentatus Stimpson (Atlantic and Pacific)

Entire crab covered with a short, fine tomentum, produced into a long fringe on the

outer margin of the manus; frontal lobes about equal in breadth; anterior margin of

the carpus with a strong proximal lobe, anterior and posterior margins converging

distally from its highest point Petrolisthes holotrichus Nobili (Pacific)

50. Entire carapace rough and uneven; carpus of cheliped unarmed; merus of walking leg 3

broad, inflated 28. Petrolisthes platymerus Haig (Pacific)

Carapace nearly smooth anteriorly, but with large, low, rough, granules posterior to

cervical groove; anterior margin of carpus with a few enlarged granules or spinules

proximally, otherwise unarmed; merus of walking leg 3 not inflated

Petrolisthes brachycarpus Sivertsen (Pacific)

51. Dactylus of walking legs ending in 2 or more large, strong, fixed spines; carapace markedly

broader than long, front nearly transverse in dorsal view Polyonyx (52)

Dactylus of walking legs ending in a single spine, usually with accessory movable spinules

on the posterior margin 54

52. Dactylar ventral spines (progressing distally) subequal, the second slightly smaller and

not overreaching imaginary line connecting apices of first and third; propodus of walking

legs with no (or rarely one) spinule ventrally plus usual three posterodistally

Polyonyx gibbesi Haig (Atlantic)

Dactylar ventral spines disparate, the second by far the largest (progressing distally),

overreaching imaginary line connecting apices of first and third 53

53. Propodus of walking legs without ventral spinules except for usual three posterodistally

Polyonyx confirm Haig (Pacific)*

Propodus of walking legs with 2 spinules ventrally plus usual 3 posterodistally

Polyonyx nitidus Lockington (Pacific)
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

54. Movable segments of the antenna minute, flagellum rudimentary, their total length less

than or scarcely exceeding the width of the eye; carapace about H/s limes as long as

broad, front strongly tridentate in dorsal view; a single sirong spine on the lateral

margin Minyocerus (55)

Movable segments of antenna normal; not as above 56

55. Cheliped merus with a large, strong spine on inner upper distal angle plus additional

smaller spines or spinules dorsomedially on distal margin; carpus usually with 1 to 3

sharp strong spines on anterior margin; caiapace noticeably pubescent

Minyocerus angustus (Dana) (Atlantic)

Spine on cheliped merus short, acute; dorsomedial spinules on distal margin little developed or wanting; carpus with a single spine about midway on anterior margin, followed

by several smaller spinules; carapace not noticeably pubescent

Minyocerus kirki Glassell (Pacific)*

56. Front prominent, tridentate or trilobate in dorsal view; carapace only slightly longer than

broad 57

Front deflexed, appearing rounded or faintly trilobate in doisal view, but may appear

strongly tridentate when viewed frontally, carapace either as broad as long, or distinctly

longer than broad 63

57. Lateral margin of carapace with a series of spinules posterior to the epibranchial angle;

fingers on one or both chelipeds twisted out of the plane of the palm

33. Pisidia magdalenensis (Glassell) (Pacific)

Lateral margins of the carapace unarmed posterior to the epibranchial angle; fingers on

the chelipeds not twisted out of the plane with the palm, more or less normal

PorceUana (58)

58. Telson of abdomen with 5 plates; fingers opening vertically

35. PorceUana corbicola Haig (Pacific)

Telson of abdomen with 7 plates; fingers opening horizontally or somewhat obliquely ...59

59. Lateral margin of the carapace with a deep, narrow notch at the cervical groove; man us of

cheliped slender, its surface somewhat swollen 60

Lateral margin of the carapace without a notch at the cervical groove; manus of cheliped

broad, its surface flattened or slightly rounded 61

60. Chelipeds with fingers short, blunt, cutting edges of movable fingers with 2 small blunt

teeth; walking legs short, somewhat stout

Porcellana sigsbeiana A. Milne Edwards (Atlantic)

Chelipeds with fingers not as short as preceding, cutting edges lacking 2 small blunt teeth;

walking legs longer, more slender 36. Porcellana hancoctd Glassell (Pacific)

61. Carapace with epibranchial angles unarmed; frontal teeth rounded at their tips, the median

tooth not spinulate on its margin 37. Porcellana paguriconvhua Glassell (Pacific)

Carapace with epibranchial angle armed with 1 to 3 small spinules; frontal teeth pointed at

their tips, median tooth spinulate on its margins 62

62. Epibranchial angle rounded, with a single large spinule which may be followed by 2 or 3

much smaller, or nearly obsolete spinules, or be entirely lacking in large individuals;

spinules on median frontal tooth often developed into small lobes in larger individuals

Porcellana sayana (Leach) (Atlantic)

Epibranchial angle rounded, bearing 2 or 3 small spinules; median frontal tooth usually

with spinules, rarely tending to become lobate in large individuals

34. Porcellana cancrisodalis Glassell (Pacific)

63. Carapace distinctly longer than broad; ftont with a broad rectangular rostral process, visible

only in frontal view; basal segment of antennules large, produced anteriorly to fill the

notches between the rostral process and the inner orbital angles; an extremely small

species 38. UUoaia perpusiUia Glassell (Pacific)

Carapace about as broad as long; front trilobate to tridentate in frontal view; basal segment

of antennules very small, recessed behind the front, the latter projecting over the antennules like a shelf Megalobrachiutn (64)

64. Telson of abdomen with 5 plates 65

Telson of abdomen with 7 plates 68

65. Carapace, chelipeds and walking legs covered with small, shallow pits

Megalobrachium garthi Haig (Pacific)

Carapace, chelipeds and walking legs tubcrculate 66
NUMBER 2S7 15

66. Anterolateral and posterolaieral margins forming a distinct angle behind mid-branchial

level; lateral margins unarmed Megalobrachium festai (Nobili) (Pacific)

Lateral margins rounded, dentate 67

67. Frontal, postfrontal and protogastric lobes, when viewed frontally, appearing low, rounded,

indistinct, usually smooth, rarely granular 8. Megalobrachium soriatum (Say) (Atlantic)

Frontal, postfrontal, and protogastric lobes, viewed frontally, appearing raised, distinctly

rounded and elevated, often slightly roughened or lightly granular

9. Megalobrachium tuberculipes (Lockington) (Pacific)

68. Carapace and chelipeds heavily eroded, uneven 69

Carapace and chelipeds smooth or roughened, never heavily eroded 70

69. Frontal region of carapace tridentate in frontal view, lateral lobes narrow, truncate, separated from median lobe by deep, rounded notches; proximal third of anterior margin of

carpus of the chelipcd with a broad, low triangular tooth; anterior margin of merus,

carpus and propodus of walking legs with a distinct high crest

3. Megalobrachium erosum (Glassell) (Pacific)

Frontal region as above but lateral lobes broad and truncate, separated from median lobe

by broad U- or V-shaped notches; proximal third of anterior margin of cheliped carpus

with strongly projecting, narrow granular lobe; anterior margin of merus, carpus, and

propodus of walking legs with a more or less sharp crest

Megalobrachum mortenseni Haig (Atlantic)

70. Carapace and chelipeds thickly covered with coarse hairs; chelipeds heavily and evenly

granulate 71

Carapace and chelipeds naked or lightly pubescent; granulation on chelipeds somewhat

roughened, less even 72

71. Protogastric regions, when viewed frontally, indistinct, not higher than the frontal and

hepatic regions; propodi of walking legs robust, 2 to 2.3 times longer than wide

4. Megalobrachium pacificum Gore and Abele (Pacific)

Protogastric regions, viewed frontally, distinct, and clearly elevated above the frontal and

hepatic regions; propodi of walking legs more slender, from 2-8 to 3 times longer than

wide 5. Megalobrachium poeyi (Guerin) (Atlantic)

72. Carapace roughened; front with 3 shallow lobes, strongly projecting beyond eyes, rounded

in dorsal view 7. Megalobrachium smithi (Glassell) (Pacific)

Carapace nearly smooth; front with 3 teeth separated by deep rounded notches, strongly

projecting beyond eyes, usually triangular in dorsal view

6. Megalobrachium roseum (Rathbun) (Atlantic)

Family PORCELLANIDAE Haworth, 1825

Genus Clastotoechus Haig, 1960

1. Clastotoechus diffractus (Haig, 1957)

Petrolisthes diffractus Haig, 1957:36, pi. 9: figs. 1-6.

Clastotoechus diffractus.—Haig, 1960:8, 175, 176, fig. 5(1), pi.

30: fig. 1.—Birkeland, et ah, 1975:67.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Punta Paitilla; 2 <?» 2 $,

1 ovigerous; 29 Oct 1970.

MEASUREMENTS.—3.7 * 3.8 to 6.3 x 6.5 mm;

smallest ovigerous female, 3.7 x 3.8 mm.

REMARKS.—Although its size would not necessarily cause it to be overlooked, it is apparently a rare

species. The four specimens collected at Paitilla

Beach and reported herein bring the total of known

individuals to 27.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known in the eastern Pacific from

Cabo San Lucas, Gulf of California to Acapulco,

Mexico, and Malpelo Island. The specimens herein

from Panama City constitute a first recording for

Panama; littoral.

2. Clastotoechus nodosus (Streets, 1872)

FIGURE 2

Petrolisthes nodosus Streets, 1872:133.—Haig, 1956:27.

Clastotoechus nodosus.—Haig, 1960:177, fig. 5(3); 178.—Rickner, 1975:163.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Galeta Island; 1 juvenile;

8 Mar 1972.

MEASUREMENTS.—2.0 x 2.0 mm.

REMARKS.—Haig (1956) has commented on the

small size of this species. It may therefore have

been overlooked in previous collections made in

Panama.
16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 2.—Clastotoechus nodosus (Streets, 1872): juvenile specimen from Galeta Island, 8 March

1972. Left cheliped damaged.

DISTRIBUTION.—The species was previously known

from the littoral zone in the southwestern Gulf of

Mexico, the southeastern Caribbean, and Venezuela.

The Galeta Island material is the first recording for

Panama and the southwestern Caribbean; littoral.

Genus Megalobrachium Stimpson, 1858

3. Megalobrachium erosum (Glassell, 1936)

Pisosoma erosa Glassell, 1936:289.

Megalobrachium erosa.—Chace, 1942:100.

Megalobrachium erosum.—Haig, 1960:213, 222, pi. 16: fig. 8,

pi. 40: fig. 2; 1962:191; 1970:26.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Perlas Islands; 1 <f, 1 $ ;

12-13 Jun 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—4.0 X 4.4 to 4.4 X 5.0 mm.

REMARKS.—The two specimens appeared typical.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known previously from the Gulf

of California and outer coast of Baja California,

Mexico, the two Panamanian specimens are a first

recording for Panama and constitute a range exten-
NUMBER 237 17

sion southward of nearly 4000 km. This species,

like other Gulf of California endemics noted elsewhere in this report, is possibly extralimital; from

the intertidal zone to 50 m.

4. Megalobrachium pacificum Gore and Abele,

1974

Megalobrachium poeyi.—Haig, 1960:213. 214, 339, 340, pi. 16:

fig. 4, pi. 39: fig. 1 [not Af. poeyi (Gueiin-Meneville, 1855)].

Megalobrachium pacificum Gore and Abele, 1974:568, fig. 3F.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Panama City; 3cf, 4 9»

3 ovigerous; 14-15 Apr and 5 Jun 1969.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 3.2 X 2.8 to 6.7 X 7.4

mm; female 6.3 X 6.8 mm; ovigerous females 3.7 X

3.5 to 8.2 X 9.0 mm.

REMARKS.—This species has been reported on

previously by Gore and Abele (1974). It was considered conspecific with M. poeyi across the Panamanian isthmus for many years, but larval characters and meristic adult features allowed it to be

separated from its present Atlantic geminate, M.

poeyi.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the Pacific coast

of Costa Rica and the Bay of Panama; littoral.

5. Megalobrachium poeyi (Guerin, 1855)

Porcellana poeyi Guerin-Meneville, 1855: pi. 2: fig. 4; 1857a:

xvi; 1857b:xxxix, pi. 2: fig. 4.

Megalobrachium poeyi.—Benedict, 1901:136, pi. 3: fig. 8.—

Abele and Gore, 1973:105.—Gore, 1974:704 [not Haig,

1960:213, 214, 339, 340, pi. 16: fig. 4, pi. 39: fig. 1 (=M.

pacificum Gore and Abele, 1974)].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Galeta Island; 2 o*. 1?I

23 Nov 1971 and 22 May 1972, respectively.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 3.4 x 3.6, 3.8 x 4.3 mm,

female 3.3 X 3.5 mm.

REMARKS.—These specimens were identified by

Ms. Janet Haig of the Allan Hancock Foundation,

who also provided the measurements at our request.

They were collected from the coralline zone on the

reef flat at Galeta.

DISTRIBUTION.—Widely distributed from eastern

central Florida throughout the eastern Caribbean

to Brazil, the species has only rarely been collected

in Panama. Megalobrachium poeyi has been collected from the intertidal zone to depths of 46 m.

6. Megalobrachium roseutn (Rathbun, 1900)

Porcellana rosea Rathbun, 1900:148, pi. 8: fig. 3.

Porcellanopsis rosea.—Haig, 1956:34.—Coelho, 1966:59.

Megalobrachum roseum.—Haig, 1960:225, 227.

Pachycheles rugimanus.—Coelho, 1964:255 [not P. rugimanus

A. Milne Edwards, 1880; fide Coelho, 1966:60].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Ft. Sherman; 1 cT; 8 Feb

1969. Galeta Island; 6 <?, 2 $, 1 ovigerous; 12 Aug

1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 2.0 x 2.0 to 3.4 x 3.6

mm; female 3.7 x 4.1 mm; ovigerous female 2.8 X

2.8 mm.

REMARKS.—In one male from Galeta Island the

telson was aberrant, having only five, instead of the

usual seven plates.

DISTRIBUTION.—This species is known along the

continental margin of northern South America from

Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia. The specimens

reported herein mark the first recordings from Panama and Central America; littoral.

7. Megalobrachium smithi (Glassell, 1936)

Pisosoma smithi Glassell, 1936:286.

Megalobrachium smithi.—Chace, 1942:100.—Haig. 1960:213,

215; pi. 16: fig. 5, pi. 39: fig. 2.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Perlas Islands; 1 cT, 2 9,

1 ovigerous; 12-13 Jun 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Male 2.6 x 2.8 mm; female 3.0

X 3.4 mm; ovigerous female 2.6 X 3.0 mm.

REMARKS.—Sexual dimorphism is exhibited in

the movable finger of the female and male chelipeds.

DISTRIBUTION.—Previously restricted to the Gulf

of California, Mexico, the Panamanian specimens

reported here are possibly extralimital. They nevertheless constitute the first recording for Panama and

a range extension of nearly 4000 km; littoral.

8. Megalobrachium soriatum (Say, 1818)

FIGURE 3

Porcellana soriata Say, 1818:456.—Leary, 1967:28 [listed].

Porcellanopsis soriata.—Haig, 1956:35.—Coelho, 1966:60.

Megalobrachium soriatum. — Haig, 1960:229. — Williams,

1965:112, fig. 89.—Felder, 1973:32, pi. 4: fig. 12.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Galeta Island; ltf; 12

Aug 1973.
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

MEASUREMENTS.—Male 3.0 X 3.0 mm.

REMARKS.—The single male specimen appeared

typical.

DISTRIBUTION.—The species is widely distributed

from Isla Contoy, in the Gulf of Mexico, to Florida

and along the eastern coast of the United States as

far as North Carolina; also Barbados in the eastern

Caribbean and Brazil. Haig (1956) reported it for

the first time from Panama at Bahia Caledonia

based on a single female. The Galeta Island specimen, a male, is thus only the second recording. This

small species is apparently quite rare in the southwestern Caribbean, and its recorded occurrences

suggest that it may be a continental species; shore

to 111 m.

9. Megalobrachium tuberctdipes (Lockington,

1878)

FIGURE S

Pachycheles luberculipes Lockington, 1878:396,404.

Megalobrachium tuberculipes.—Haig, 1960:213, 227, pi. 16:

fig. 11, pi. 40: fig. 4; 1968:57, 72.—Haig et al., 1970:24, 26.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Perlas Islands; lcf, 1 $,

ovigerous; 12-13 Jun 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Male 2.8 x 2.7 mm; female 2.7

X 3.0 mm.

REMARKS.—The lateral margins of the carapaces

in both specimens were rounded, without the usual

dentition characteristic of the species.

Megalobrachium tuberculipes is extremely close

to its western Atlantic geminate, Af. soriatum.

Unfortunately, comparison of trans-Panamanian,

material was impossible since our material from

Panama of both species consisted of only three specimens. The two specimens of Af. tuberculipes noted

above, however, were compared with a large series of

Af. soriatum from the Indian River region of the

central eastern Florida coast. In general, Af. soriatum appeared to be a smoother species; the frontal

and postfrontal lobes were, for the most part, only

slightly developed, and in many instances could not

be distinguished at all. The protogastric region appeared to be more coalesced, and the lobes were

more shallow and rounded than those seen in Af.

tuberculipes. These differences, admittedly slight,

could best be seen when specimens of each species

were viewed frontally and slightly from below.

3mm

FIGURE 3.—Frontal view of carapaces of Megalobrachium

soriatum (upper), Vero Beach, Florida, and Af. tuberculipes

(lower), Perlas Islands, Panama, illustrating differences in

frontal, postfrontal, and protogastric regions between the

species.

When viewed this way, Af. tuberculipes appeared to

have more developed protogastric lobes, not as

coalesced as in Af. soriatum. The frontal and postfrontal lobes were distinct and separate. It remains

to be seen, however, whether these differences will

be constant in a large series of Af. tuberculipes.

DISTRIBUTION.—From northern Baja California,

and the Gulf of California, Mexico to Santa Elena

Bay, Ecuador; shore to 20 m.

Genus Neopisosoma Haig, 1960

10. Neopisosoma angustifrons (Benedict, 1901)

Pisosoma angustifrons Benedict, 1901:135, pi. 3: fig. 6.—

Haig, 1956:15.
NUMBER 237 19

Neopisosoma angustifrons.—Hnig, 1960:124, 131; 1962:181.—

Rickner, 1975:163.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Galeta Island; 7 cf, 4 $,

2 ovigerous, 1 juvenile; 12 Aug 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 2.4 X 2.5 to 4.6 x 5.0

mm; females 2.2 X 2.4 to 2.5 x 2.8 mm; ovigerous

female 2.0 X 2.2; juvenile 1.7 x 1.7 mm.

REMARKS.—These specimens are easily recognized

by using the characters pointed out by Haig (1956).

In addition, at the base of the cheliped dactylus a

large white clump of granules was always present.

This drab little porcellanid was found primarily

among coralline clumps on the outer reef margin

at Galeta Island. Other material consisting of several males and ovigerous females collected on 12-

13 June 1974 has been incorporated by Gore (in

press) in a paper describing the larval development

of this species.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known previously from the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, the lesser Antilles, Trinidad, Cubagua, Islas La Tortuga, Bonaire, Curacao,

and from Venezuela, the Panamanian specimens

extend the known range south westward 1875 km,

and constitute a first recording for the southwestern

Caribbean and Central America; littoral.

Genus Pachycheles Stimpson, 1858

11. Pachycheles biocellatus (Lockington, 1878)

Petrolisthes (Pisosoma) biocellatus Lockington, 1878:396, 403.

Pachycheles biocellatus.—Glassell, 1937:84.—Haig, 1960:34,

144, pi. 32: fig. 1; 1968:57, 68.—Chace, 1962:619—Birkeland,

et al., 1975:67.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Taboguilla Island; 5 cf,

7 $, 3 ovigerous; 7 and 11 Apr, 12 Jul 1969. Perlas

Islands; 1 tf, I $, ovigerous; 12-13 Jun 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 2.2 X 2.2 to 5.0 X 5.5

mm; females 1.9 X 2.0 to 3.0 x 3.2 mm; ovigerous

females 2.5 X 2.5 to 4.1 x 4.6 mm.

REMARKS.—The smallest ovigerous female collected from Taboguilla Island is apparently the

smallest yet recorded for the species. Chace (1962)

noted that the smallest egg-bearing female in the

series he examined had a carapace width of 3.3 mm.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known from the Gulf of California, Espiritu Santo Island, Mexico, to Ecuador

and offshore to Malpelo, Isabel, Tres Marias, Revillagigedo, Clipperton, and the Galapagos Islands;

shore to 26 m.

12. Pachycheles calculosus Haig, 1960

Pachycheles calculosus Haig, 1960:135, 136, pis. 10, 31: fig. 4;

1968:57, 68.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Punta Paitilla; 1 ? ; 7 Jul

1969.

MEASUREMENTS.—2.0 X 2.7 mm.

REMARKS.—The sole specimen did not appear as

plicate posterolaterally as indicated in Haig's (1960)

description.

DISTRIBUTION.—Sihuantenejo Bay, Mexico to La

Libertad, Ecuador; littoral to 8 m.

13. Pachycheles chacei Haig, 1956

Pachycheles chacei Haig, 1956:7, 9, pi. 1; 1960:134, 135, pi.

31: fig. 3; 1968:57.68.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Punta Paitilla; 1 <j>, ovigerous; 8 Jun 1969. Galeta Island; 10 cT, 11 $, 8

ovigerous, 3 juvenile; 24 May 1969 and 11-12 Aug

1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 2.1 X 2.2 to 3.7 X 4.1

mm; females 2.0 X 2.0 to 4.4 X 5.0 mm; ovigerous

females 3.0 x 3.4 to 5.5 x 6.8 mm.

REMARKS.—The single Pacific specimen examined

had only four plates in the telson instead of five,

the distal plates being fused. The Atlantic specimens were normal. The species is found under large

stones and in coralline rubble on both sides of the

isthmus.

DISTRIBUTION.—In the eastern Pacific Ocean from

Guatemala to Ecuador; in the Atlantic known only

from the southwestern Caribbean off Panama and

Colombia. Pacific, littoral to 8 m; Atlantic only

in the littoral.

14. Pachycheles cristobalensis Gore, 1970

Pachycheles cristobalensis Gore, 1970:958, figs. 1, 2.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Ft. Sherman; 1 <j>, ovigerous; 8 Feb 1969. Galeta Island; 2 cf. 3 ?, 2 ovigerous, 1 juvenile; 12 Aug 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 2.3 X 2.4 to 3.3 X 3.9

mm; female 3.8 X 4.4 mm; ovigerous females 2.5 X

2.7 to 4.0 x 4.6 mm.

REMARKS.—To our knowledge this diminutive

species has not been collected outside a narrow area

around the Atlantic entrance to the Panama Canal.
20

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type-locality, Limdn Bay, and Galeta Island and the surrounding area, Atlantic side of Panama; littoral.

15. Pachycheles panamensis Faxon, 1893

Pachycheles panamensis Faxon, 1893:175; 1895:71, pi. 15: figs.

2, 2a.—Haig, 1962:182; 1968:57, 69.—Haig, et al., 1970:23,

26.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Panama City; 1 c?; 17

Feb 1969.

MEASUREMENTS.—5.4 X 5.6 mm.

REMARKS.—The single specimen examined appeared typical for the species.

DISTRIBUTION.—Tiburon Island, Giilf of California to Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador, and Isabel

Island; littoral to 8 m.

16. Pachycheles serratus (Benedict, 1901)

Pisosoma serrata Benedict, 1901:135, pi. 3: fig. 7 [in part].

Pachycheles serratus.—Haig, 1956:7, 8; 1962:181.—Gore. 1970:

962, fig. 2.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Ft. Sherman; 7 o*» 20 $,

8 ovigerous; 18 Jan and 8 Feb 1969. Galeta Island;

20 cf, 20$, 11 ovigerous, 2 juvenile; 24 Apr 1969,

8 Sept and 5, 9 Oct 1970, 11, 12 Aug 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 2.0 X 2.0 to 4.8 X 5.0

mm; females 2.1 X 2.2 to 2.3 X 2.3 mm; ovigerous

females 3.1 X 3.3 to 6.2 X 6.8 mm.

REMARKS.—This species is by far the most common porcellanid at Galeta Island where it may be

found in nearly every interstice and crevice of coralline rocks on the outer edge of the reef flat. It can

be immediately distinguished in the field from a

species similar in appearance, Neopisosoma angustifrons, by its heavily furred chelipeds.

DISTRIBUTION.—The range of this little porcellanid seems to be restricted to Puerto Rico, the

Virgin Islands, and the Caribbean coast of Panama.

Perhaps further collections in coralline intertidal

areas will provide more recordings; littoral.

17. Pachycheles susanae Gore and Abele,

1974

Pachycheles susanae Gore and Abele, 1974:560, figs. 1, 3B.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Galeta Island; 1 d1, 1 $,

2 juveniles; 5 Oct 1970, 12 Aug 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Male 3.6 X 3.9 mm; female

1.7 X 1.9 mm; juveniles not measured.

REMARKS.—This species was reported previously

by Gore and Abele in 1974. It may be confused at

first glance in the field with Petrolisthes jugosus,

with which it shares similar red or red-orange

coloration, and cryptic habitat, especially in thick

clumps of the calcareous green algae Halimeda.

Pachycheles susanae, however, possesses distinctive

grooves and ridges on the manus of the chelipeds

which are lacking in P. jugosus.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the typelocality, Galeta Island, on the Atlantic side of

Panama; littoral.

18. Pachycheles vicarius Nobili, 1901

Pachycheles vicarius Nobili, 1901:19.—Haig, 1960:147, pi. 32:

fig. 2; 1968:57, 69.—Gore and Abele, 1974:563.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Perlas Islands; 1 cf; 12-

13 Jun 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—3.9 x 4.4 mm.

REMARKS.—This species is easily identified by

distinct longitudinal ridges on the chelipeds. It

shows some affinity with an Atlantic species,

P. susanae, but differs from that species in several

respects. Males of Pachycheles vicarius have pleopods that are lacking in the latter species.

DISTRIBUTION.—Acajutla, El Salvador to Santa

Elena Bay, Ecuador; shore to 8 m.

Genus Petrolisthes Stimpson, 1858

19. Petrolisthes agassizii Faxon, 1893

Petrolisthes agassizii Faxon, 1893:174; 1895:69, pi. 15: figs. 1,

la.—Haig, 1962:174; 1968:57, 60.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Taboguilla Island; 1 cf.

3 $, 2 ovigerous; 7, 11 Apr and 12 Jul 1969. Perlas

Islands; 8 cf, 11 o, io ovigerous; 12-13 Jun 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 3.1 X 3.0 to 6.6 X 7.0

mm; ovigerous females 3.5 X 4.0 to 6.0 X 6.9 mm.

REMARKS.—In this species and also Petrolisthes

edwardsii, a distinct red spot surrounded by a blue

margin occurs on the propodus of maxilliped 3.

This spot remains quite noticeable even in preserved specimens.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known from the southern end of

the Gulf of California and various localities along
NUMBER 237 21

the eastern Pacific coastline of Central America

to Colombia; littoral to 4 m.

struction of the Panama Canal; intertidal zone to a

maximum of 20 m.

20. Petrolisthes artnatus (Gibbes, 1850)

Porcellana armala Gibbes, 1850:190.

Petrolisthes armatus.—Stimpson, 1858:227 [listed].—Haig,

1956:19 [Atlantic synonymy]; 1960:50, pi. 19: fig. 2 [Pacific

synonymy].—Leary, 1967:27, figure, 28 [listed].—Gore,

1974:702 [table], 709.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—PACIFIC. Aguadulce, Salado Playa; 6 tf, 13 $. 8 ovigerous; 9 Nov 1968.

Punta Paitilla; 19 d1, 33 $, 28 ovigerous; 21 Oct

1967, 27 Nov and 7 Dec 1968, 14, 15 Apr and 1, 7

Jul 1969. Albert Einstein Institute; 7 d\ 13 $, 11

ovigerous; 17 Feb 1969. Panama Canal, Pacific

entrance; 3 $, ovigerous; 16 Apr 1969. Rodman

Naval Station; 4 $, 3 9» ovigerous; 17 Apr 1969.

Fort Kobbe; 20 tf, 18 $, 17 ovigerous; 8 May and

1 Jul, 1969. Perlas Islands; 1 tf; 25 Jan 1969. Isla

Chepillo; 5 cT> 4 $. 3 ovigerous; 26 May 1969.

Miguel River, Fort Clayton; \tf, 1 $, and its

molt; 10 Jun 1974. ATLANTIC. Fort Sherman; 5 cf»

2 9, ovigerous, plus 8 dried speciments not sexed;

18 Jan and 8 Feb 1969. Coco Solo; 6 tf, 8 $, 5

ovigerous; 22 Apr 1969. Galeta Island; 4 tf, 3 $,

ovigerous; 11 Mar, 3 May, and 15 Jul 1969. Portobelo Bay; 1 $, ovigerous; 14 May 1969.

MEASUREMENTS.—PACIFIC. Males 2.6 x 2.4 to 13.2

X 13.0 mm; females 3.3 X 3.9 to 12.6 x 12.6 mm;

ovigerous females 3.9 X 3.8 to 11.5 X 11.5 mm.

ATLANTIC. Males 2.9 X 2.6 to 9.7 X 9.0 mm; females 2.8 X 2.6 to 7.2 X 7.0 mm; ovigerous females

4.0 X 3.9 to 8.0 X 7.6 mm.

REMARKS.—This highly variable species is widespread on both sides of the Panamanian isthmus

and is apparently able to tolerate conditions otherwise adverse to other species of porcelain crabs. Primarily a rocky intertidal species, it has been collected in muddy mangrove areas of the Pacific

coast and in the rocky coralline intertidal zone at

Galeta.

DISTRIBUTION.—Widely distributed from the tropical western coast of Africa, the east central coast

of Florida, the Gulf of Mexico and throughout the

Caribbean as far south as Santa Catharina, Brazil;

in the eastern Pacific from the Gulf of California,

Mexico, to Peru. It has been known from the

Pacific coast of Panama since 1859, well before con21. Petrolisthes edwardsii (Saussure, 1853)

Porcellana edwardsii Saussure, 1853:366, pi. 12: fig. 3.

Petrolisthes edwardsii.—Haig, 1960:33, pi. 21; 1962:175;

1968:57, 60.—Haig, et al., 1970:26.—Brusca and Haig,

1972:56.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Panama City; 1 $; 17

Feb 1969. Taboguilla Island; 3 dried specimens,

1 juvenile, 1 tf; 7, 11 Apr and 12 Jul 1969. Perlas

Islands; Srf. l ? , ovigerous; 12-13 Jun 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 4.0 X 3.9 to 11.2 X 11.9

mm; female 5.0 X 4.6 mm; ovigerous female 9.2 X

9.6 mm.

REMARKS.—There is a change in the length-width

ratio of the carapace as the species matures, with

young specimens to about 6 mm long being longer

than wide, whereas those of about 9 mm carapace

length are wider than long. This species exhibits a

red spot surrounded by a blue margin on the outer

surface of maxilliped 3, similar to that seen in P.

agassizii (q.v.).

DISTRIBUTION.—Found from outer Baja and the

upper Gulf of California, Mexico, to La Plata Island, Ecuador, and Isabel, Tres Marias, Revillagigedo, and the Galapagos Islands; littoral to 40 m.

22. Petrolisthes galathinus (Bosc, 1802)

Porcellana galathina Bosc, 1802:231-233, pi. 6: fig. 2.

Petrolisthes galathinus.—Haig, 1960:36, pi. 19: fig. 4; 1962:175.

—Leary, 1967:28 [and as P. sexspinosus].—Gore, 1974:702,

703 [table], 712.—Rickner, 1975:164.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—PACIFIC. Panama City; 1

<$, 1 $, ovigerous; 17 Feb 1969. Perlas Islands; 1

d

1

, 2 $, ovigerous; 12-13 Jun 1973. ATLANTIC. Ft.

Sherman; 7 d1. 5 °., 2 ovigerous, 1 juvenile; 8 Feb

1969. Ft. Randolph; 1 ? , juvenile; 22 Apr 1969.

Galeta Island; 3 <J. 4 ? , 1 ovigerous; 15 Jul 1969

and 11 Aug 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 3.0 x 2.8 to 11.0 X 10.0

mm; females 2.4 X 2.0 to 4.6 X 4.1 mm; ovigerous

females 4.4 X 4.2 to 8.1 X 9.0 mm.

REMARKS.—Some variation appears in the color

pattern for this species, with juveniles not as noticeably striate or as deeply colored as adults. This material indicates that ovigerous females are present
22

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

from January to August in the southwestern Caribbean.

DISTRIBUTION.—In the Atlantic from Cape Hatteras to Brazil, including Gulf of Mexico. Pacific

distribution records come from the vicinity of the

Panama Canal, and from Costa Rica and Ecuador;

from shore to 54 m.

23. Petrolisthes glasselli Haig, 1957

Petrolisthes glasselli Haig, 1957:33, pi. 8: figs. 1-3; 1962:176;

1968:57, 61.—Chace, 1962:623—Birkeland, et al., 1975:67.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Taboguilla Island; 1 cf»

2 $, ovigerous, 1 juvenile; 11 Apr and 12 Jul

1969.

MEASUREMENTS.—Male 5.8 X 5.6 mm; 2 females,

ovigerous 5.6 x 5.0 and 5.6 X 5.4 mm; juvenile

2.8 X 2.5 mm.

REMARKS.—The specimens were typical.

DISTRIBUTION.—Widely distributed in the tropical

eastern Pacific from Gulf of California, Mexico, to

Gorgona and Malpelo Islands, Columbia, and Tres

Marias, Isabel, Revillagigedo, Galapagos, and Clip

perton Islands offshore; shore to 8 m.

24. Petrolisthes haigae Chace, 1962

Petrolisthes marginatus.—Haig, 1960:25, 47, pi. 20: fig. 1

[not P. marginatus Stimpson, 1859].

Petrolisthes sp. Haig, 1962:177.

Petrolisthes haigae Chace, 1962:620, fig. 1.—Haig, 1968:57,

61.—Birkeland, et al., 1975:67.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Taboguilla Island; 61 tf,

89 $.70 ovigerous; 7, 11, Apr and 12 Jul 1969.

Perlas Islands; 27 tf, 28 $,24 ovigerous; 12-13

Jun 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 2.3 X 2.1 to 8.8 x 8.6

mm; females 2.6 X 2.2 to 8.9 X 8.7 mm; ovigerous

females 3.2 X 3.0 to 8.0 X 8.4 mm.

REMARKS.—Some variation was noted in the

supraocular spinules on several specimens. One

small male from Taboguilla Island had only a

single spine on each side, a feature which might

lead one to identify it with Petrolisthes hirtispinosus from the Gulf of California. This and other

specimens similar to it, however, all possessed salient features of P. haigae. Apparently, variation

along these lines is not uncommon in the species.

Ovigerous females in the Bay of Panama occur from

April through at least August.

DISTRIBUTION.—Guaymas Bay, Gulf of California

to Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador; Malpelo Island,

Colombia, and offshore to Isabel, Tres Marias,

Revillagigedo, Galapagos, Clipperton Islands; shore

to 12 m.

25. Petrolisthes jugosus Streets, 1872

FIGURE 4

Petrolisthes jugosus Streets, 1872:134.—Haig, 1960:23, 122,

123; 1962:180.

Pisosoma jugosum.—Haig, 1956:16.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Galeta Island; 2 c?, 3 ?,

2 ovigerous; 12 Aug 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 2.0 x 1.8 and 2.1 X 2.0

mm; female 2.4 X 2.4 mm; ovigerous females 2.8

X 2.8 to 2.9 X 2.9 mm.

REMARKS.—The following color notes were taken

on specimens collected from Millepora stinging

coral at Galeta Island. Crab a deep red or brick red

overall; white spots on each epibranchial area, and

dorsally on the inner margin of the metabranchial

region adjacent to the posterolateral delimitation

of the cardiac region; a white stripe vertically

along the eipmera extending from the antenna to

the anterior ventral margin; legs and abdomen

mottled red and white. The bright red color of

this small species holds in alcohol for at least one

year. This same color makes the species readily

distinguishable in the field from most other porcellanids that inhabit coralline rocks and rubble.

DISTRIBUTION.—The species is known from the

southwestern Gulf of Mexico, the Antilles in the

eastern Caribbean, Trinidad, Tobago, and some

islands along the northern coast of South America,

westward to Panama. In addition, we have seen

specimens collected by Mr. Jacques Von Montfrans

of Florida Atlantic University, from phragmatopomid worm reefs at Boca Raton, Palm Beach County,

Florida; littoral.

26. Petrolisthes Undue Gore and Abele, 1974

Petrolisthes lindae Gore and Abele, 1974:564, figs. 2,3D,G.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Twenty-seven specimens

(17 males, 10 females, 8 ovigerous) constituting our

original material were reported previously (Gore

and Abele, 1974). The following material was dis-
NUMBER 287 23

FIGURE 4.—Petrolisthes jugosus Streets, 1872: male specimen from Galeta Island, 5 June 1975.

covered after the original description of the species

had been published: Pacific side, east bank of Panama Canal; 1 tf; 27 Oct 1968. Pedro Miguel locks;

Panama Canal; 1 $ ; 3 Feb 1969.

MEASUREMENTS.—Male 5.8 X 5.6 mm; female

2.8 X 3.0 mm.

REMARKS.—The male specimen, lacking all but

two pereiopods, but with both chelipeds intact,

showed features similar to P. robsonae in the spination on the outer ventral margin of the chelipeds,

and in possession of two vestigial epibranchial

spines. The outer orbital angle, however, was

rounded, not acute, the cheliped merus had one

spine plus a lobe with a small spinule, the carpus

length-width ratio was 2.5, and the two pereiopods

present were unarmed, all features indicative of P.

Undue. The specimen thus seems to be another

example of those individuals noted in the original

description suggesting that P. lindae may be a result of hybridization between either P. robsonae

or P. nobilii, and P. armatus. Notes on the female

specimen indicated that it was a molted carapace

from a very small specimen, obviously a juvenile,

possessing no epibranchial spine, and having a deflexed tridentate front. Unfortunately, in the process

of shipping the specimen to Florida from Panama

it was severely damaged and now consists only of

bits and pieces.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known at present only from the

vicinity of the Pacific entrance to the Panama

Canal; onshore.

27. Petrolisthes nobilii Haig, 1960

Petrolisthes nobilii Haig, 1960:25, 55, pi. 1, 18: Eg. 3;

1968:57. 62.—Gore and Abele, 1974:567, 568.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Punta Paitilla; 2 $ ovigerous; 9 Jul 1967 and 27 Nov 1968. Taboga Is-
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

land; 3 cf, 2 9, 1 ovigerous; 11 Apr 1969. Taboguilla Island; 1 <j>, ovigerous; 11 Apr 1969. Ft.

Kobbe; 3 cT; 8 May 1969.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 4.8 X 4.5 to 13.7 X 12.7

mm; female 6.0 X 5.8 mm; ovigerous females 7.0

X 6.8 to 7.5 X 7.8 mm.

REMARKS.—One ovigerous female from Punta

Paitilla, and the smallest male from Ft. Kobbe,

were extremely close in several morphological features to Petrolisthes armatus. Although the female

carapace was much expanded posteriorly and the

chelipeds had a tuft of setae on the outer ventral

margin (both features characteristic of P. nobilii),

this specimen had distinct epibranchial spines. The

male also had distinct epibranchial spines, and a

carapace only slightly expanded posteriorly; unfortunately the chelipeds were missing. Consequently,

both these specimens are placed in diis taxon with

some hesitation.

DISTRIBUTION.—From Cabeza Bellena, Gulf of

California to Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador, and Isabel

Island; intertidal zone.

28. Petrolisthes platymerus Haig, 1960

Petrolisthes platymerus Haig, 1960:29, 108, pi. 4, pi. 29:

fig. 3; 1968:57, 66.—Gore, 1972:336, figs. 1-6 [larval development].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Punta Paitilla; 1 <$; 7 Jul

1969.

MEASUREMENTS.—3.8 X 3.6 mm.

REMARKS.—A male and female of this species,

collected at Punta Paitilla in December, 1968 were

reported previously by Gore (1972). The species was

considered uncommon, and only 18 specimens had

been previously collected from the eastern Pacific.

We subsequently found the species, however, to be

common in the extreme lower intertidal under large

boulders at Punta Paitilla and Venado Beach.

DISTRIBUTION.—The range of this little species

seems to be restricted in the eastern Pacific from

Port Parker, and the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica,

to the Bay of Panama. As Haig (1968:66) points

out, its small size, as well as its cryptic habit and

heavy pilosity may well cause it to be overlooked by

collectors; intertidal zone.

29. Petrolisthes polymitus Glassell, 1937

Petrolisthes polymitus Glassell, 1937:81, pi. 1: fig. 1.—Haig,

1962:176; 1968:57,61.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Taboguilla Island; 1 cf»

2 ?, ovigerous; 11 Apr 1969. Perlas Islands; 1 $,

ovigerous; 12-13 Jun 1974.

MEASUREMENTS.—Male 3.9 X 4.0 mm; ovigerous

females 3.5 X 3.2 to 4.6 X 4.8 mm.

REMARKS.—The specimens examined appeared

typical for the species and fit the description provided by Haig (1960) very well. Ovigerous females

have been reported in February and March from

Costa Rica and in November and December from

Mexico. The Panamanian records suggest that the

species may breed year round in the eastern Pacific.

DISTRIBUTION.—Gulf of California to La Libertad,

Ecuador, Tres Marias and Galapagos Islands; shore

to 8 m.

30. Petrolisthes robsonae Glassell, 1945

Petrolisthes robsonae Glassell, 1945:227, fig. 3.—Haig, 1957:10;

1960:57, pi. 18: fig. 2; 1968:65.—Gore and Abele, 1974:567,

fig. 3c.

Petrolisthes armatus.—Hildebrand, 1939:23 [not Petrolisthes

armatus (Gibbes. 1850)].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Miraflores Locks, Panama

Canal; 5 <j>, ovigerous; 17 Jan 1972 (M. L. Jones).

MEASUREMENTS.—4.9 X 4.8 to 5.5 X 5.4 mm.

REMARKS.—It is quite interesting that despite our

collecting in the mouth of the Panama Canal and

areas of low salinity adjacent to it our only specimens come from the Miraflores Locks. Haig (1960)

also reported a single female from the lower chamber of Gatun Locks on the Atlantic coast of Panama. The species may thus occur only in areas of

large fluctuations in salinity. Unfortunately, no detailed data are available on the specimens known

from other localities.

DISTRIBUTION.—Mexico, El Salvador, Panama,

and Guayaquil, Ecuador; intertidal zone.

31. Petrolisthes tridentatus Stimpson, 1859

Petrolisthes tridentatus Stimpson, 1858:227 [nomen nudum];

1859:75, pi. 1: fig. 4.—Haig, 1968:57, 65.—Gore, 1971:485,

figs. 1-6 [larval development].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Punta Paitilla; 2 <$, 5 °.,

2 ovigerous; 27 Nov 1968, 14, 15 Apr, and 7 Jul

1969. Taboga Island; 1 cf, 1 $, ovigerous; 11 Apr

1969. Panama Canal entrance, Pacific side; 1 cf»

1 $, ovigerous; 16 Apr 1969. Isle Chepillo; 4 $, 3

ovigerous; 26 May 1969.
NUMBER 297 25

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 4.5 X 4.6 to 5.7 X 5.8

mm; female 4.3 X 4.5 mm; ovigerous females 3.5 X

3.7 to 6.6 X 6.6 mm.

REMARKS.—In many of the specimens the carapace appeared distinctly quadrate, a feature which

might lead to misidentification with Petrolisthes

galapagensis were not the front region triangular

in that species, instead of being distinctly trilobate

as it is in this one. Ovigerous females are known

from November through July in the Bay of Panama

and it is likely that the species breeds the entire

year.

DISTRIBUTION.—Although the species is widely

distributed from the Bahamas to Venezuela in the

Caribbean and has also been recorded from Atlantic Panama (Haig, 1956), no Atlantic specimens

were collected or examined. In the eastern Pacific

the species is found from San Juan del Sur,

Nicaragua, to Puna Island, Ecuador; littoral.

32. Petrolisthes zacae Haig, 1968

Petrolisthes zacae Haig, 1968:57, 63, fig. 2 —Abele, 1972:132.—

Gore and Abele, 1974:567.—Gore, 1975:181, figs. 1-6 [larval

development].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Pacific side, east bank of

Panama Canal; 1 J; 27 Oct 1968. Diablo Boat

Ramp; 15 o*i 16 ? , 7 ovigerous, 1 juvenile; 3 Jul

1969, and 10 Aug 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 2.6 x 2.4 to 9.1 X 8.7

mm; females 3.4 X 3.0 to 6.6 X 6.0 mm; ovigerous

females 4.6 X 4.2 to 8.6 x 7.6 mm.

REMARKS.—This species can be found on high,

exposed, muddy banks in brackish mangrove

swamps on the Pacific side, where it inhabits burrows and depressions in the mud. Among the material examined are 14 specimens with two rather

than three carpal spines and one specimen with

four carpal spines. In all other features, however,

they are typical specimens of P. Zacae.

DISTRIBUTION.—Previously known in the eastern

Pacific only from the type-locality, Ballenas Bay,

Costa Rica. Specimens reported by Abele (1972) include those noted herein and ovigerous females

collected concurrently and reported on in another

paper by Gore (1975) These are the first records for

Pacific Panama; intertidal zone.

Genus Pisidia Leach, 1820

33. Pisidia magdalenensis (Glassell, 1936)

Porcellana magdalenensis Glassell, 1936:295.

Pisidia magdalenensis.—Haig, 1960:209, fig. 10, pi. 38: fig. 4;

1962:187; 1968:57, 71.—Haig, et al., 1970:24, 26.—Del Solar,

1970:46.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Taboguilla Island; 20 o*,

13 $, 9 ovigerous; 7 Apr 1969 and 18 Jan 1973.

Rodman Naval Station; 6 cf» 17 $, 15 ovigerous;

17 Apr 1969. Punta Paitilla; 2 rf, 1 $, ovigerous;

29 Oct 1970. Perlas Islands; 76 tf. 67 ? , 62 ovigerous; 12-13 Jun 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 2.4 x 2.4 to 3.8 x 3.9

mm; ovigerous females 3.2 X 3.2 to 4.8 X 5.1 mm.

REMARKS.—Ovigerous females that mature at

about 3 mm carapace length, are known in the Bay

of Panama from January through October. The

specimens from Taboguilla Island in January 1973

were reported associated with holothurians, according to field notes in the jar. Although the species

is not known to be commensal it has been collected

among hydroids as well.

DISTRIBUTION.—Santa Maria Bay, outer Baja California, Petatlan Bay, Mexico, south to the area of

Tumbes, Peru; from the intertidal zone to 76 m.

Pisidia species

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Panama City; 2 <?, 2 $, 1

ovigerous; 17 Feb 1969. Taboguilla Island; 1 o*»

12 Jul 1969.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 2.5 X 2.0 to 3.0 x 3.2

mm; female 3.1 X 3.3 mm; ovigerous female

3.1 X 3.0 mm.

REMARKS.—All the specimens have lost chelipeds

and pereiopods thus making positive identification

uncertain. They agree, however, in all other respects with Pisidia magdalenensis.

DISTRIBUTION.—As with P. magdalenensis, if that

species.

Genus Porcellana Lamarck, 1801

34. Porcellana cancrisocialis Glassell, 1936

Porcellana cancrisocialis Glassell, 1936:292.—Haig, 1960:200,

fig. 9(2), pi. 38: fig. 2; 1962:187; 1968:57, 70.—Haig et al.,

1970:23, 26.—Del Solar et al., 1970:46.
26

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Pacific Coast, Panama;

8 cf, 7 $, 5 ovigerous; 29 Oct 1967. Aguadulce,

Rio Palo Blanco; 1 $; 9 Nov 1968. Offshore from

Juan Diaz; 1 $; 15 Jan 1969. Golfo de Chiman;

53 cf, 36 ?, 20 ovigerous, 1 juvenile; 27 May 1969.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 2.5 X 2.1 to 9.3 X 8.0

mm; females 2.8 X 2.6 to 4.9 X 4.3 mm; ovigerous

females 4.0 x 3.8 to 8.6 X 7.6 mm.

REMARKS.—The female from Aguadulce, although not noted in material examined above as

being ovigerous, had just produced larvae when

preserved. All other specimens agreed well with descriptive notes provided by Haig (1960). The majority of the specimens from Golfo de Chiman were

noted as commensals with hermit crabs of the

genera Dardanus and Petrochirus.

DISTRIBUTION.—Now known from San Juanico

Bay, outer Baja California, and Punta Penasco,

Gulf of California southward along the eastern

tropical Pacific coast to the area of Tumbes, Peru;

offshore to Isabel Island. It is found from shore to

108 m.

35. Porcellana corbicola Haig, 1960

Porcellana corbicola Haig, 1960:197, 205, pi. 15.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Taboguilla Island; 1 o*»

1 $, ovigerous; 19 Feb 1975.

MEASUREMENTS.—2.4 X 1.8 and 2.8 x 2.4 mm,

respectively.

REMARKS.—To our knowledge this material constitutes only the second and third known specimens

of this species which was described from a unique

ovigerous female holotype. Our material agrees well

with the description and illustration provided by

Haig (1960). The two specimens examined had

either one or no spinules of the distal ventral margin of the propodus of the walking legs; the dactyli,

as noted by Haig, are without armature of any

kind.

Porcellana corbicola occurs on the ahermatypic

coral Phyllangia dispersa where it appears to mimic

the polyps. Field notes shared by Dr. Peter Glynn

state that the crab has the same ground color as the

polyps and possesses green splotches on the anterior portion of the carapace which correspond to

the green beads seen on the tentacles of the coral.

DISTRIBUTION.—Our material extends the known

range from Rocas Consag, Gulf of California, to

Taboguilla Island, Panama, a distance of 3800 kms;

intertidal zone to 50 m.

36. Porcellana hancocki Glassell, 1938

Porcellana hancocki Glassell, 1937:87 [listed only]; 1938b:5 —

Haig, 1960:197, 198, fig. 9(1), pi. 38: fig. 3; 1962:185.—Del

Solar, et al., 1970:23.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Saboga Island; 1 cf; 12

Dec 1970.

MEASUREMENTS.—6.6 X 5.7 mm.

REMARKS.—Previously restricted to the Gulf of

California, this species may be yet another extralimital form that apparently reaches the Bay of

Panama on occasion.

DISTRIBUTION.—Gulf of California, Mexico, to

area of Chiclayo, Peru; from shore to 80 m.

37. Porcellana paguriconviva Glassell, 1936

Porcellana paguriconviva Glassell, 1936:293.—Haig, 1960:198,

203, fig. 9(3), pi. 38: fig. 1; 1962:185; 1968:70.—Haig, et al.,

1970:24, 26.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Pacific coast, Panama;

2 $, 1 ovigerous; 29 Oct 1967.

MEASUREMENTS.—5.1 X 4.7 mm and 6.1 X 5.7

mm (ovigerous).

REMARKS.—The two specimens agree with those

features noted by Haig (1960) in her description.

A note in the specimen jar states that they (along

with several Porcellana cancrisocialis, q.v.) were

commensal with hermit crabs of the genus Dardanus and Petrochirus.

DISTRIBUTION.—From Bahia Magdelena, outer

Baja California, Punta Penasco, Gulf of California

to Taboga and Taboguilla Islands, Bay of Panama;

shore to 100 m.

Genus Vlloaia Glassell, 1938

38. Vlloaia perpusillia Glassell, 1938

Vlloaia perpusillia Glassell, 1938:434, pi. 33: fig. 1.—Haig,

1960:230, fig. 11, pi. 37: fig. 2; 1962:191.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Perlas Islands; 2 <$, 2 $,

ovigerous; 12-13 Jun 1973.

MEASUREMENTS.—Males 2.0 x 1.6 to 2.2 X 2.0

mm; ovigerous females 2.5 X 2.2 to 2.7 X 2.1 mm.

REMARKS.—In these specimens the frontal region
NUMBER 237 27

is definitely visible in dorsal view, and the dorsal

carapace ridge is broken into two or three more or

less distinct lobes. The general appearance of the

carapace is much smoother than that illustrated by

Glassell (1938). Haig (1962) also noted some variability in the rostrum of specimens she examined.

The four individuals reported herein of this extremely small and rare species brings the total

known from the eastern Pacific to nine specimens.

However, this very small species may not be as rare

as the paucity of material would indicate, since recent collections show that it may be found among

the calices of the branching coral, Pocillopora

damicornis, to which it bears a close resemblance.

DISTRIBUTION.—Gulf of California to Perlas Islands, Bay of Panama; shore to 16 m.

Discussion

Despite the many stations sampled during this

study, we must emphasize that our knowledge of

Panamanian porcellanid crabs and, indeed, the

Panamanian biota in general is far from complete.

As can be easily seen in Figure 1, most of the coastline in Pacific Panama remains to be sampled. For

example, on the Pacific coast we have collections

from a single habitat and only one locality in the

entire Gulf of Chiriqui. There are no collections

from the Gulf of Montijo, and only two from all

of the Darien coast. The area around Panama City

and the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal,

however, has been well collected. Additional collections are also available from the nearby offshore

islands of Taboga, Taboguilla, and the Perlas

Archipelago in the Bay of Panama. As might be

expected, logistical problems are a major consideration in Panama, thus accounting in part for the

sampling bias toward populated or easily reached

areas in the country.

A similar situation prevails on the Caribbean

coastline. Again, we have collections from the Atlantic entrance to the Panama Canal and the

nearby vicinity extending to the town of Portobelo.

On the other hand, the coastline of Bocas del Toro,

the Gulf of Mosquitoes, and the San Bias Archipelago have not, as yet, been adequately investigated. This is unfortunate since several major

habitats occur in these regions, among them rocky

outcroppings in Bocas del Toro and deep living

coral reefs in the San Bias Islands. Both are attractive habitats for porcelain crabs.

Despite these obvious limitations our collections

have increased the known porcellanid crab fauna

of Panama by about 20%, and added three new

species. Yet, we were working with a faunal component that is typically restricted to shallow waters

inshore where collecting is often easier than in

deeper water or in more cryptic decapod faunas

such as the Alpheidae or some genera of the

Xanthidae. It is entirely possible that additional

new species will be discovered in the smaller members of the fauna (e.g., 2-3 mm carapace width)

and commensal species on the coral reefs of the

areas on both coasts of Panama.

It is our hope that the data of this report will

sufficiently encourage other students to continue explorations in Panama, especially in the vast stretches

of as yet unsampled coastline on either shore. In

our opinion, it is imperative that such explorations

be carried out not only for the Porcellanidae, but

also for all groups of marine organisms occurring

in Panama. This country is in a region that appears

ready to undergo far-reaching and permanent alterations (urban growth, industrialization, and possibly a sea-level canal) before the end of this century.
Literature Cited

Abele, L. G.

1972. Comparative Habit Diversity and Faunal Relationships Between the Pacific and Caribbean Panamanian

Decapod Crustacea: A Preliminary Report, with

some Remarks on the Crustacean Fauna of Panama.

Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington,

2:125-138.

Abele, Lawrence G., and Robert H. Gore

1973. Selection of a Lectotype for Megalobrachium granuliferum Stimpson, 1858 [ = Af. poeyi (Guerin, 1855)]

(Decapoda, Porcellanidae), Crustaceana, 25(1): 105-

106.

Benedict, James £.

1901. To Anomuran Collections Made by the Fish Hawk

Expedition to Porto Rico. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish

Commission, 20(2): 129-148, 3 figures, plates 4-6.

Birkeland, C, D. L. Meyer, J. P. Stames, and C. L. Buford

1975. Subtidal Communities on Malpelo Island. In

Graham, J. B. (ed.), The Biological Investigation of

Malpelo Island, Colombia. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 176:55-68; figs. 20-27.

Birkeland, C, A. A. Reimer, and J. R. Young

1976. Effects of Oil on Tropical Shore Natural Communities in Panama. 190 pages, 6 figures. Washington,

D.C.: Federal Water Quality Administration, Environmental Protection Agency Final Report (National

Technical Information Service).

Boone, Lee

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30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

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