1

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY

AND POLLUTION PREVENTION

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

PC Code: 288202

DP Barcode: D391853

MEMORANDUM

DATE: November 4, 2011

SUBJECT: [Revised to Include Leafy Petioles] Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations for 

Cyprodinil and its Metabolite CGA-249287 for the New Use of the Chemical on

Various New Tree Nuts, Bulb Onion, Green Onion, Leafy Vegetable (Except 

Brassica), Leafy Petioles, Fruiting Vegetable, Pome Fruit, Caneberry, Bushberry, 

Small Fruit Climbing (Except Fuzzy Kiwifruit), Low Growing Berry (Except 

Cranberry) and Dragon Fruit

FROM: José L. Meléndez, Chemist

Environmental Risk Branch V

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

THROUGH: Mah T. Shamim, Ph.D., Branch Chief

Environmental Risk Branch 5

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

TO: Lisa Jones, Risk Manager Reviewer

Shaha Joyner, Risk Manager #20

Cynthia Giles-Parker, Branch Chief

Fungicide Branch

Laura Nollen, Risk Manager Reviewer

Barbara Madden, Risk Manager #05

Daniel Rosenblatt, Branch Chief

Risk Integration, Minor Use and Emergency Response Branch

Registration Division (7505P)

AND: Thurston Morton, Chemist

Christine Olinger, Acting Branch Chief

Risk Assessment Branch 4

Health Effects Division (7509P)
2

This memo presents the Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations (EDWCs) for cyprodinil, an 

active ingredient of Vangard® WG, SwitchTM 62.5, and Inspire SuperTM Fungicides, and its 

metabolite CGA-249287. It was revised to include leafy petioles (subgroup 4B), which were not 

included in the June 30, 2011 drinking waters assessment (DWA) (D385884+). Based on a 

review of the use information, it was found that all the newly proposed crops have a similar or 

lower application rate than the maximum application rate of 0.47 lb a.i./A applied 3 times/year, 

or 1.4 lb a.i./A/year, previously modeled using the New York grapes scenario. EDWCs for the 

new uses should be similar than those already calculated for grapes; therefore, a new DWA is not 

required. The values reported in the previous assessment can be used to cover the new crops. 

An electronic copy of the previous DWA is provided in Attachment A (DP Barcode D382086), 

which also provides structures and nomenclature of cyprodinil and its metabolite CGA-249287 

(as per the Metabolism Assessment Review Committee’s (MARC) decision document).

The tier 2 aquatic models PRZM/EXAMS and the tier 1 model SCI-GROW were used to obtain

EDWCs in surface water and groundwater, respectively. The acute EDWC in surface water is 

34.79 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287 (i.e., cyprodinil + CGA249287). The chronic EDWC in surface waters is 24.65 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil 

and CGA-249287. The cancer/chronic EDWC in surface waters is 16.38 μg/L for the total 

residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287. All surface waters EDWCs were obtained using the 

New York grapes PRZM scenario. The SCI-GROW generated EDWC for the use on grapes is 

0.0861 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287. The summary of the results is 

presented in the Table 1 of the Attachment A. For details on methods, characterization of 

results, uncertainties, etc., please, refer to the Attachment A.

Should it be required, additional refinements may be available. For example, regional PCAs and 

typical use rates may be options to be used should it be requested by HED.

Identification of specific data gaps:

The environmental fate data base for cyprodinil is considered substantially complete; there are 

no new data available for this assessment. There is uncertainty with the aqueous photolysis 

study (MRID 43908422). It was carried out with natural (unsterilized) water. 

Phototransformation of cyprodinil in the irradiated samples followed a biphasic pattern, with 

slow transformation at the beginning. The possibility of microbial transformation is not ruled 

out. For modeling purposes, it was assumed that cyprodinil is stable to aqueous photolysis, 

which is a conservative assumption.

Use information:

Three end-use products are involved in this DWA, as follows. One product contains only

cyprodinil, while two of the products have another active ingredient:

 Vangard® WG Fungicide (EPA Reg. No. 100-828), containing 75.0% cyprodinil A.I.

and 25.0% other ingredients

 Switch® 62.5G Fungicide (EPA Reg. No. 100-953) containing 37.5% cyprodinil A.I., 

25.0% fludioxonil A.I. and 37.5% other ingredients
3

 Inspire SuperTM Fungicide (EPA Reg. No. 100-1317) containing 24.1% cyprodinil A.I., 

8.4% difenoconazole A.I. and 67.5% other ingredients

A previous DWA, dated November 8, 2010 (Attachment A), involved only the products 

Vangard® WG and Switch® 62.5G Fungicides and the request to apply a maximum of two 

times aerially the product to most of the crops. The registrant also requested the approval of 

chemigation method of application for several of the crops.

One of the proposed changes evaluated in this DWA, for the products Vangard® WG and Inspire 

SuperTM Fungicides, is a tolerance petition to include several nut trees, crop group 14. These are 

added crops besides almonds and pistachios, which are already approved for cyprodinil. 

Furthermore, it is proposed to reduce the pre-harvest interval for almonds from 60 days to 14 

days. However, the maximum application rate on tree nuts is the same than previously assessed 

for almonds.

In a separate request (IR-4 tolerance petition) involving all three product labels, the registrant is 

proposing to add the following crops groups to the labels:

 Bulb onion subgroup 3-07A

 Green onion subgroup 3-07B

 Leafy vegetable subgroup 4A, except brassica

 Leafy petioles subgroup 4B

 Fruiting vegetable group 8-10

 Pome fruit group 11-10

 Caneberry subgroup 13-07A

 Bushberry subgroup 13-07B

 Small fruit climbing subgroup 13-07F, except fuzzy kiwifruit

 Low growing berry subgroup 13-07G, except cranberry

 Dragon fruit

Table 1 provides a summary of the use information for the pesticide cyprodinil (i.e., the table 

does not include the other two active ingredients). Generally, no more than two sequential 

applications are allowed as part of a resistance management strategy (unless otherwise stated for 

a crop). The label requires a buffer zone to protect lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams, 

marshes or natural ponds, estuaries and commercial fish ponds. For ground applications the 

buffer zone is 75 ft; meanwhile, for aerial applications the buffer zone is 150 ft. A vegetative 

filter strip should be allowed within 10 ft of aquatic areas. Furthermore, other measures of 

precaution are required (e.g. applications when gusts or sustained winds exceed 10 mph are not 

allowed).

The following crops were previously modeled. All the crops for which aerial applications are 

allowed were modeled using all aerial applications as the most conservative scenario.

 CA almond (covers tree nuts crop group 14)

 NY grape (covers grapes and associated crops)

 CA fruit (covers pome fruits)
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 MI cherry (despite having a lower single application rate, it has the same maximum

seasonal rate; thus, it covers other stone fruits)

 GA onion (covers crops under the onion group)

 FL strawberry (covers crops under the strawberry and other berries category)

 PA tomato (covers crops under the fruiting vegetables category)

 OR Snap Bean, MO Melon and NC sweet potato (they have the same application rate 

than leafy vegetables and leafy petioles; thus, they cover the new crops)

 CA fruit and MI cherry covers the new crop dragon fruit

Since previously modeled crops cover the new proposed crops, the results of the previous DWA 

can be used for the new uses.

Table 1. Summary of use information for cyprodinil, based on Vangard® WG (EPA Reg. No. 

100-828), Switch® 62.5G (EPA Reg. No. 100-953) and Inspire SuperTM (EPA Reg. No. 1317)

Fungicides. Changes or new crops are shaded blue. Scenarios that were previously modeled 

are shaded yellow.

Use

Single App 

Rate

(lb a.i./A)

Number of 

Apps.

Yearly App. 

Rate

(lb a.i./A)

Interval

Between 

Apps. (days)

App 

Method

Pre-Harvest

Interval

(days)

Almond (CA almond) 0.47 3 1.4 NS or 14 

(1)

G, A* 14

Pistachio 0.33 4 1.3 14 G, A* 7

Tree Nuts (beech, Brazil nut, butternut, 

cashew, chestnut, chinquapin, filbert 

(hazelnut), hickory nut, macadamia nut, 

pecan, walnut (black and English))

0.47 3 1.4 NS

(2) 

G, A* 14

Citrus (lemon, lime) 0.33 1 0.33 N/A G 0

Grapes (NY Grape) (including cultivars, 

varieties, and/or hybrids of these; Amur river 

grape, hardy kiwifruit, maypop, schisandra 

berry; and muscadines, gooseberry for Inspire 

SuperTM only)

0.47 3 1.4 7 G, A*

(5)

7;

(14 days for

Inspire 

SuperTM only)

Kiwi 0.47 2 0.94 7 G, A* 0

Pome Fruits (CA fruit) (apples, azarole,

crabapples, loquat, mayhaw, medlar, pears,

Asian pear, quince, Chinese quince, Japanese 

quince, tejocote and cultivars, varieties and/or 

hybrids of these)

0.23 5-6 1.4 7 G, A*

(6)

0

Stone Fruits (MI Cherry) (apricot, tart 

cherries, nectarines, peaches, plums, prunes)

0.23,

0.47 in CA

6,

3 in CA

1.4

1.4 in CA

NS

(3)

G, A* 2

Tropical Fruits (Dragon fruit, lychee, 

longan, Spanish lime, rambutan, pulasan, 

avocado, black sapote, canistel, mamey 

sapote, mango, papaya, sapodilla and star 

apple)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A*

(5)

0

Beans (dried and succulent, except 

cowpeas) (OR Snap Bean) (garbanzo 

bean or chickpea, grain lupin bean, sweet 

lupin bean, white lupin bean, white sweet 

lupin bean, kidney bean, lima bean, mung 

bean, navy bean, pinto bean, snap bean, wax 

bean, fava bean, asparagus bean and 

blackeyed pea)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A*, C 7
5

Table 1. Summary of use information for cyprodinil, based on Vangard® WG (EPA Reg. No. 

100-828), Switch® 62.5G (EPA Reg. No. 100-953) and Inspire SuperTM (EPA Reg. No. 1317)

Fungicides. Changes or new crops are shaded blue. Scenarios that were previously modeled 

are shaded yellow.

Use

Single App 

Rate

(lb a.i./A)

Number of 

Apps.

Yearly App. 

Rate

(lb a.i./A)

Interval

Between 

Apps. (days)

App 

Method

Pre-Harvest

Interval

(days)

Berries: (including all cultivars and/ or 

hybrids of these)

Bushberries (aronia berry, black currant, 

blueberry high and low bush, Buffalo currant, 

Chilean guava, currant, edible honeysuckle, 

elderberry, European barberry, gooseberry, 

highbush cranberry, huckleberry, jostaberry, 

juneberry (Saskatoon berry), lingonberry, 

native currant, red currant, salal, sea 

buckthorn)

Caneberries (blackberry, loganberry, red and 

black raspberry, wild raspberry)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A*

(5)

0

Brassica (cole) leafy vegetables

(broccoli, Chinese broccoli, broccoli raab, 

Brussel sprouts, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, 

cauliflower, cavalo broccolo, collards, kale, 

kohlrabi, mizuna, mustard greens, mustard 

spinach, rape greens and turnip greens)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A*, C 7

Cucurbit Crops (MO Melon)

(cantaloupe, cucumber, guourds, honeydew, 

muskmelon, watermelon, chayote, Chinese 

waxgourd, Momordica spp. (bitter melon, 

balsam apple), pumpkin, squash and zucchini)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A*, C 1

Herbs, Dried and Fresh (angelica, balm, 

basil, borage, burnet, camomille, catnip, dried 

chervil leaves, chive, clary, coriander leaves 

{cilantro}, costmary, culantro leaves, curry 

leaves, dillweed, horehound, hyssop, lavender, 

lemongrass, lovage leaves, marigold, 

marjoram, nasturtium, dried parsley leaves, 

pennyroyal, rosemary, rue, sage, summer and 

winter savory, sweet bay, tansy, tarragon, 

thyme, wintergreen, woodruff and 

wormwood)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A*, C 7

Leafy Vegetables (except brassica) (head 

and leaf of lettuce, amaranth, arugula, chervil, 

edible chrysanthemum, corn salad, cress, 

dandelion, dock, escarole endive (escarole), 

New Zealand spinach, orach, parsley, 

purslane, radicchio, spinach, spinach vine)

Leafy Petioles (Cardoon celery; celery; 

Chinese celery; celtuce; Florence fennel; 

rhubarb; Swiss chard)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A*, C

(7)

0

Leaves of Root and Tuber 

Vegetables (NC Sweet Potato) (carrot, 

garden beet, sugar beet, edible burdock, 

cassava, celeriac, chicory, dasheen, parsnip, 

Oriental radish, rutabaga, black salsify, 

Spanish salsify, sweet potato, tanier, turnip 

rooted chervil, true yam)

0.33 4 1.3 (4) 7 G, A*, C 7

Root Vegetables (except sugar beet)

(edible burdock, carrot, celeriac, chicory, 

garden beet, ginseng, horseradish, parsnip, 

Oriental radish, rutabaga, black salsify, 

Spanish salsify, skirret, turnip, turnip root 

parsley, turnip rooted chervil)

0.33 4 1.3 (4) 7 G, A*, C 7
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Table 1. Summary of use information for cyprodinil, based on Vangard® WG (EPA Reg. No. 

100-828), Switch® 62.5G (EPA Reg. No. 100-953) and Inspire SuperTM (EPA Reg. No. 1317)

Fungicides. Changes or new crops are shaded blue. Scenarios that were previously modeled 

are shaded yellow.

Use

Single App 

Rate

(lb a.i./A)

Number of 

Apps.

Yearly App. 

Rate

(lb a.i./A)

Interval

Between 

Apps. (days)

App 

Method

Pre-Harvest

Interval

(days)

Bulb Onion (GA Onion) (Chinese 

onion, dry bulb onion, daylily bulb, Fritillaria 

bulb, garlic, great headed garlic, lily bulb, 

pearl onion, potato onion, serpent garlic, 

shallot)

Green Onion (Beltsville bunching onion, 

Chinese chive fresh leaves, fresh chive leaves, 

Fritillaria leaves, fresh onion, green onion, 

Hosta elegans, Kurrat, lady’s leek, leek, 

macrostem onion, shallot fresh leaves, tree 

tops onion, Welsh onion tops, wild leek, wild 

onion)

Onions Grown for Seed

0.47 3 at 0.43 1.3 7 G, A*, C

(7)

7

Strawberries (FL Strawberry)

(including cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids 

of these, bearberry, bildberry, cloudberry, 

mountries, partridgeberry)

0.47 3 at 0.43 1.3 7 G, A*, C

(5)

0

Tomatoes, Peppers, Eggplant and 

Other Fruiting Vegetables (PA 

Tomato) (African eggplant, bush tomato, 

bell pepper, cocona, currant tomato, eggplant, 

garden huckleberry, Goji berry, groundcherry, 

Martynia, naranjilla, okra, pea eggplant, 

pepino, bell pepper, nonbell pepper, Roselle, 

scarlet eggplant, sunberry, tomatillo, tomato, 

tree tomato)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A*, C 0

Watercress 0.33 4 1.3 7 G, C 0

G = ground; A* = Aerial (maximum of two aerial applications allowed); C = Chemigation; NS = Not specified.

(1). For Vangard® WG one application at 5-10% bloom, 50-100% bloom and at petal fall. For Inspire SuperTM the minimum 

retreatment interval is 14 days and the maximum single application rate is 0.33 lb a.i./A.

(2). Apply when conditions are conducive to disease. It is noted that the supplemental labels for Switch® 62.5G and Inspire SuperTM 

do not have this crop group.

(3). One application at bloom stage, second application at full bloom, in CA, two applications during the preharvest period.

(4). For radish, only 2 applications per crop and 4 applications per year.

(5). The supplemental label for Switch® 62.5G only indicates that only one aerial application is allowed, and only in CA. Otherwise, 

only ground applications are allowed for the product.

(6). This crop group not included in the supplemental label for Switch® 62.5G.

(7). The supplemental label for Inspire SuperTM does not have these crop groups.
7

Attachment A. Electronic Copy of Previous DWA

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY

AND POLLUTION PREVENTION

PC Code: 288202

DP Barcode: D382086

MEMORANDUM

DATE: November 8th 2010

SUBJECT: Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations for Cyprodinil and its Metabolite 

CGA-249287 for the Section 3 New Use of the Chemical on Multiple Crops by

Aerial and Chemigation Methods of Application

FROM: José Luis Meléndez, Chemist

Environmental Risk Branch V

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

THROUGH: Mah T. Shamim, Ph.D., Chief

Environmental Risk Branch 5

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

TO: Lisa Jones, Risk Manager Reviewer

Mary Waller, Risk Manager #21

Cynthia Giles-Parker, Chief

Fungicide Branch

Registration Division (7505P)

AND: Ray Kent, Chief

Risk Assessment Branch 4

Health Effects Division (7509P)

This memo presents revised Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations (EDWCs) for cyprodinil, 

an active ingredient of SwitchTM 62.5 and Vangard® WG Fungicides), and its metabolite CGA249287,

1

based on a maximum application rate of 0.47 lb a.i./A applied 3 times/year, or 1.4 lb 

a.i./A/year, on grapes. The models PRZM/ EXAMS and SCI-GROW were used in obtaining 

EDWCs in surface water and groundwater, respectively. The acute EDWC in surface water is 

34.79 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287 (i.e., cyprodinil + CGA249287). The chronic EDWC in surface waters is 24.65 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil 

and CGA-249287. The cancer/ chronic EDWC in surface waters is 16.38 μg/L for the total 

residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287. All surface waters EDWCs were obtained using the 

 

1

For the structures and nomenclature of cyprodinil and CGA-249287, refer to the Appendix.
8

New York grapes PRZM scenario. The SCI-GROW generated EDWC for the use on grapes is 

0.0861 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287. The summary of the results is

presented in the Table 1.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

Cyprodinil (CAS name 4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenyl-2-pyrimidinamine; IUPAC name 4-

cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine; PC code 288202; and CAS number 121552-

61-2) is a pyrimidine fungicide. Cyprodinil has been classified by the Fungicide Resistance 

Action Committee (FRAC) as a FRAC Code 9 fungicide, using their classification scheme of 

fungicides according to mode of action (MOA or MoA). The MOA is inhibition of aminoacids 

and protein synthesis (Group Name AP or anilino pyrimidine; Chemical group name anilino 

pyrimidine; Resistance risk: Medium) <http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PI131, accessed 10/01/2010>. 

The active ingredient of this fungicide belongs to the chemical class of anilino-pyrimidines and 

exhibits a systemic mode of action with no cross resistance to currently used disease control 

products. The systemic action of cyprodinil comes from its lipophilic properties. It is easily 

absorbed into and across the cuticle and wax layers of leaves and fruits from where it 

continuously distributes and penetrates into other plant parts. Biochemical studies indicate that 

the MOA for cyprodinil comes from its interference with biosynthesis of methionine. It may

also impede the secretion on fungal hydrolytic enzymes, thus resulting in impaired fungal 

pathogenesis and growth.

Currently, cyprodinil is used in a variety of crops such as beans, berries, brassica (cole) leafy

vegetables, carrots, herbs, leafy vegetables (except brassica and spinach), onions, strawberries, 

tomatoes, herbs, various tropical fruits, root vegetables, cucurbit vegetables, kiwifruit, lemon and 

watercress. Presently, this pesticide is applied by ground methods only, except in California, 

where the label includes one aerial application per season for some crops.

This action involves only the product Vangard®Fungicide, with the active ingredient cyprodinil. 

Another product, SwitchTM Fungicide, contains the active ingredients cyprodinil and fludioxonil; 

however, it is not included in this action. This is a drinking water assessment (DWA) for the 

Section 3 product registration of the aerial and chemigation applications of cyprodinil on the 

following crops:

A maximum of two aerial applications allowed per year (additional applications via ground 

methods also allowed, depending on the crop): almonds, grapes, kiwi, pistachios, pome fruits, 

stone fruits, tropical fruits and berries.

A maximum of two aerial applications allowed per year (additional applications via ground 

methods also allowed, depending on the crop) and/ or chemigation applications: dried and 

succulent beans (except cowpeas), brassica (cole) leafy vegetables, cucurbit vegetables, dried 

and fresh herbs, leafy vegetables (except brassica and spinach), leaves of root and tuber 

vegetables (including sugar beets), root vegetables (except sugar beet), onions and garlic, 

strawberries and tomatoes & tomatillos.

Chemigation applications (also applications via conventional ground methods allowed): 
9

watercress.

There are no changes for cyprodinil on citrus (i.e., lemon and lime), for which only ground 

applications are allowed. 

A screening-level DWA for cyprodinil is presented in this document. For surface waters the 

linked PRZM/ EXAMS tier 2 aquatic models were used, and for ground waters, the tier 1 aquatic 

model SCI-GROW was utilized. For the assessment, maximum application rates and minimum 

intervals between applications were used. In the Metabolism Assessment Review Committee’s 

(MARC) decision document it was concluded that the transformation product of cyprodinil,

CGA-249287 (4-cyclopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-2-amine) is of potential concern for drinking 

water sources. Therefore, EDWCs of CGA-249287 were also simulated using the PRZM/

EXAMS and SCI-GROW models. For surface waters, this degradate and its parent were

modeled individually (i.e., using the residue summation or RS approach, as opposed to the total 

residue or TR approach) (note: the RS approach is described in the Analysis Plan and Analysis 

sections of this DWA). This was done because a single degradate was modeled and sufficient 

environmental fate and physicochemical characteristic information was available for modeling. 

Furthermore, the solubility, persistence and mobility characteristics of parent and degradate were 

different and their structures differ (refer to the Appendix for structures).

Although the maximum EDWC resulted from the use on grapes in NY, this DWA is based on the 

use of multiple crop locations and multiple crop uses, representative of the maximum seasonal 

application rate. Represented states included CA, NY, MI, OR, MO, NC, GA, FL and PA and 

represented crops included almonds, fruits (pome and stone fruits), grapes, cherries, snap beans, 

melons, sweet potatoes, onions, strawberries and tomatoes.

Two uncertainties are worth mentioning related to the RS approach: first, the approach assumes 

that the maximum concentration of CGA-249287 occurs at the time of application (CGA-249287 

was actually a maximum at 28 days posttreatment in the aerobic soil metabolism study), and 

second, CGA-249287 was assumed to be stable to some routes of degradation for which there 

was no fate data available.

The environmental fate data base for cyprodinil is essentially complete. There is uncertainty 

with the aqueous photolysis study. It was carried out with natural (unsterilized) water. 

Phototransformation of cyprodinil in the irradiated samples followed a biphasic pattern, with 

slow transformation at the beginning. The possibility of microbial transformation is not ruled 

out. There is also uncertainty with the soil photodegradation study. It is suspected that there was 

microbial transformation instead of photodegradation. The amount of cyprodinil in the irradiated 

and dark control samples were similar. Of these uncertainties in the fate database, only the 

aqueous photolysis may have an effect on the modeled EDWCs for cyprodinil because it is a 

direct input parameter in the model. For modeling purposes, it was assumed that cyprodinil and 

its degradate are stable to aqueous photolysis, which is a conservative assumption.

In this assessment EDWCs may be overestimates because only two aerial applications are 

proposed for the application of cyprodinil on grapes with a third application via ground. In this

assessment, all three applications were assumed to be aerial.
10

Table 1 provides a summary of the Tier 2 modeled drinking water concentrations.

Table 1. Maximum Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations for the Use of Cyprodinil 

(expressed as total residues of cyprodinil plus its degradate CGA-249287)

DRINKING WATER SOURCE 

(MODEL USED) USE (rate modeled per year)

MAXIMUM ESTIMATED DRINKING WATER 

CONCENTRATION (EDWC) ( ppb)

Groundwater (SCI-GROW) Grapes (1.4 lb a.i.) Acute and Chronic 0.0861

Surface water

(PRZM/ EXAMS) NY grapes (1.4 lb a.i.)

Acute 34.79

Chronic 24.65

Cancer/Chronic 16.38

The National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) data warehouse does not have monitoring 

data on cyprodinil. The STORET (short for Storage Retrieval) database does contain some 

monitoring data.

Should it be required, additional refinements may be available. For, example, regional PCAs and 

typical use rates may be used should it be requested by the HED.

PROBLEM FORMULATION

Background 

In a previous drinking water assessment, dated 12/16/2003, estimated drinking water 

concentrations (EDWCs) of cyprodinil and its metabolite CGA-249287, due to the proposed use 

of the chemical on leafy greens, subgroup 4A (except spinach), snap, dry and succulent beans, 

and almonds. In a later review dated 09/12/2006, on the use of the chemical on various crops, 

using aerial applications in the state of California, preliminary results indicated that EDWCs 

were of similar order of magnitude than the 2003 review. Therefore, the EFED relied on its 

2003 drinking water analysis using the Oregon snap beans scenario. On 05/02/2008, the EFED 

issued a new DWA for new uses on various new crops. The resulting highest EDWCs were for 

the NY grape scenario. Later, in a 12/10/2009 DWA, the EFED relied on the 2008 DWA for 

EDWCs.

The environmental fate data base for cyprodinil is considered substantially complete; there are 

no new data available for this assessment. The molecular weight of cyprodinil is 225.29 g/mol. 

It is ‘readily soluble’ in water (13 ppm at pH 7, FAO 2000). From its octanol/ water partition 

coefficient, it seems likely to partition with organic tissues and other organic media. It is 

alkaline in water (pH 9.5 and pKa = 4.44). Finally, it is not likely to volatilize substantially, with 

a vapor pressure of 3.80x10-6 mmHg and a Henry’s Law constant of 7.04x10-8 Atm-m

3

/mol at 

20°C. Cyprodinil binds to sediment and particulate. It appears to be a persistent compound 

under most conditions, except aerobic soil metabolism, as demonstrated in laboratory studies. 

Cyprodinil appears to bind strongly to particulate and sediment, showing relatively low soil 

mobility (KOC range 1550 to 2030); its potential for groundwater contamination appears to be 

low. However, due to its high persistence under aquatic conditions, aquifers that lie below areas 

that have low organic content and coarse textured soils or shallow leaky aquifers could be prone 

to contamination. Even though buffer zones can ameliorate moderately the level of spray drift, 

the potential for runoff still exists for long periods of time. Cyprodinil’s high affinity to sorb to 
11

soil and particulate suggests the potential for runoff in eroded particles. This stability and 

binding to particulate and organic matter (mainly under anaerobic conditions) suggests that 

cyprodinil residues in sediments could contribute to a possible resuspension of the compound 

through mixing and mass balance for an extended period. One degradates of cyprodinil has 

been considered of concern, CGA-249287 (moderately mobile) (maxima 11.7% at 28 days in the 

aerobic soil metabolism study and 14.2% in the aerobic aquatic metabolism study).

Use Characterization

Table 2 is a summary of all agricultural use patterns for cyprodinil. The use information was 

obtained from the current and proposed labels for Vangard® WG. The proposed changes are 

bolded and highlighted yellow.

Table 2. Summary of use information for cyprodinil, based on Vanguard® WG Fungicide 

label (EPA Reg. No. 100-828)

USE

SINGLE 

APP. RATE 

(lb a.i./A)

NUMBER 

OF APPS.

YEARLY

APP. RATE 

(lb a.i./A)

INTERVAL 

BETWEEN 

APPS. (days)

APP. 

METHOD

(*)

Pre-Harvest

INTERVAL 

(days)

Almond 0.47 3 1.4 NS (1) G, A 60

Citrus (lemon, lime) 0.33 1 0.33 N/A G 0

Grapes 0.47 3 1.4 7 G, A 7

Kiwi 0.47 2 0.94 7 G, A 0

Pistachio 0.33 4 1.3 14 G, A 7

Pome Fruits (apples, crabapples, 

loquat, mayhaw, pears, quince)

0.23 5-6 1.25# 7 G, A 0

Stone Fruits (apricot, tart cherries, 

nectarines, peaches, plums, prunes)

0.23,

0.47 in CA

6,

3 in CA

1.4

1.4 in CA

NS (2) G, A 2

Tropical Fruits (lychee, longan, 

Spanish lime, rambutan, pulasan, avocado, 

black sapote, canistel, mamey sapote, 

mango, papaya, sapodilla and star apple)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A 0

Beans (dried and succulent, 

except cowpeas) (garbanzo bean or 

chickpea, grain lupin bean, sweet lupin 

bean, white lupin bean, white sweet lupin 

bean, kidney bean, lima bean, mung bean, 

navy bean, pinto bean, snap bean, wax 

bean, fava bean, asparagus bean and 

blackeyed pea)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A, C 7

Berries (Bushberries: blueberry, 

currant, elderberry, gooseberry, 

huckleberry, Caneberries: blackberry, 

loganberry, red and black raspberry, 

Juneberry, Ligonberry and Salal)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A 0

Brassica (cole) leafy vegetables

(broccoli, Chinese broccoli, broccoli raab, 

Brussel sprouts, cabbage, Chinese 

cabbage, cauliflower, cavalo broccolo, 

collards, kale, kohlrabi, mizuna, mustard 

greens, mustard spinach, rape greens and 

turnip greens)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A, C 7
12

Table 2. Summary of use information for cyprodinil, based on Vanguard® WG Fungicide 

label (EPA Reg. No. 100-828)

USE

SINGLE 

APP. RATE 

(lb a.i./A)

NUMBER 

OF APPS.

YEARLY

APP. RATE 

(lb a.i./A)

INTERVAL 

BETWEEN 

APPS. (days)

APP. 

METHOD

(*)

Pre-Harvest

INTERVAL 

(days)

Cucurbit Crops (cantaloupe, 

cucumber, guourds, honeydew, 

muskmelon, watermelon, chayote, Chinese 

waxgourd, Momordica spp. (bitter melon, 

balsam apple), pumpkin, squash and 

zuchini)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A, C 1

Herbs, Dried and Fresh (angelica, 

balm, basil, borage, burnet, camomille, 

catnip, dried chervil leaves, chive, clary, 

coriander leaves {cilantro}, costmary, 

culantro leaves, curry leaves, dillweed, 

horehound, hyssop, lavender, lemongrass, 

lovage leaves, marigold, marjoram, 

nasturtium, dried parsley leaves, 

pennyroyal, rosemary, rue, sage, summer 

and winter savory, sweet bay, tansy, 

tarragon, thyme, wintergreen, woodruff 

and wormwood)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A, C 7

Leafy Vegetables (except brassica 

and spinach) (head and leaf of lettuce, 

amaranth, arugula, chervil, edible 

chrysanthemum, corn salad, cress, 

dandelion, dock, escarole endive, orach, 

parsley, purslane, radicchio)

0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A, C 0

Leaves of Root and Tuber 

Vegetables (carrot, garden beet, sugar 

beet, edible burdock, cassava, celeriac, 

chicory, dasheen, parsnip, Oriental radish, 

rutabaga, black salsify, Spanish salsify, 

sweet potato, tanier, turnip rooted chervil, 

true yam)

0.33 4 1.3 (3) 7 G, A, C 7

Root Vegetables (except sugar 

beet) (edible burdock, carrot, celeriac, 

chicory, garden beet, ginseng, horseradish, 

parsnip, Oriental radish, rutabaga, black 

salsify, Spanish salsify, skirret, turnip, 

turnip root parsley, turnip rooted chervil)

0.33 4 1.3 (3) 7 G, A, C 7

Onions (dry bulb, green, onions grown

for seed), Garlic

0.47 3 at 0.43 1.3 7 G, A, C 7

Strawberries 0.47 3 at 0.43 1.3 7 G, A, C 0

Tomato & Tomatillo 0.33 4 1.3 7 G, A, C 0

Watercress 0.33 4 1.3 7 G, C 0

(*)G = ground; A = Aerial (maximum of two aerial applications allowed); C = Chemigation; NS = Not specified.

#Maximum rate per year was slightly decreased from 1.4 lb a.i./A.

(1). One application at 5-10% bloom, 50-100% bloom and at petal fall.

(2). One application at bloom stage, second application at full bloom, in CA, two applications during the preharvest period.

(3). For radish, only 2 applications per crop and 4 applications per year.

Presently, this pesticide is applied by ground methods only, except in California, where the label 

includes one aerial application per season for some crops. It is noted, that some of the proposed 

crops may be rotated or planted more than once a year (e.g. lettuce, Brussels sprouts, cabbage 

and carrots). However, the rates indicated in the fourth column in Table 2 are actually the rates 

allowed per year. Thus, for crops that are planted more than once a year, the derived EDWCs 

are not underestimations. The label requires a buffer zone to protect lakes, reservoirs, rivers, 
13

permanent streams, marshes or natural ponds, estuaries and commercial fish ponds. For ground 

applications, the buffer zone is 75 ft; while for aerial applications, the buffer zone is 150 ft. A 

vegetative filter strip should be allowed within 10 ft of aquatic areas. Furthermore, other 

measures of precaution are required (e.g. applications when gusts or sustained winds exceed 10 

mph are not allowed). No more than two sequential applications are allowed as part of a 

resistance management strategy.

The use patterns selected for modeling involved the highest application rates: e.g., for grapes, the 

highest application rate and minimum interval were used (three applications at 0.47 lb a.i./A per 

application at 7-day intervals). Since aerial and ground applications cannot be modeled together 

with PRZM/ EXAMS, it was assumed that all three applications were aerial although the label 

calls for a maximum of two aerial applications and one ground application.

Figure 1 provides the 2002 estimated annual agricultural use of cyprodinil. Major use crops for 

cyprodinil in 2002 were grapes (~ 42% of national use, with over 50,000 pounds of the chemical 

applied) and almonds (~32% of national use, with over 35,000 pounds of active ingredient 

applied). Major use areas were at the time, CA, the west coast zone (OR, ID), the Midwest (MI 

and WI), the east coast zone (VA, NC), the northeast and portions of central FL. At this time, 

there are no readily available more current usage and typical use data, such as typical application 

rate, number of applications, or interval between applications.

Fig. 1. 2002 Estimated Annual Agricultural Use for Cyprodinil2

Caution: The pesticide use maps available from this site show the average annual pesticide use intensity expressed as average weight (in 

pounds) of a pesticide applied to each square mile of agricultural land in a county. The area of each map is based on state-level estimates of 

pesticide use rates for individual crops that were compiled by the CropLife Foundation, Crop Protection Research Institute during based on 

information collected during 1999 through 2004 and on 2002 Census of Agriculture county crop acreage. The maps do not represent a 

 

2 Available at http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/ (accessed 10/01/2010).
14

specific year, but rather show typical use patterns over the five year period 1999 through 2004. Use intensity rates are expressed as the 

pounds applied per square mile of mapped agricultural land in a county. The area of mapped agricultural land for each county was obtained 

from an enhanced version of the 1992 USGS National Land Cover Data (NLCD). The key limitations of the data used to produce these maps 

include the following: (1) state use coefficients represent an average for the entire state and consequently do not reflect the local variability of 

pesticide management practices found within states and counties, (2) pesticide use estimates are not for a specific year, but represent typical 

use patterns for the five year period, (3) state pesticide use coefficients may not have been available for all states where a pesticide may 

have been applied to agricultural land, and therefore, are not displayed on the maps, (4) the county crop acreage is based on the 2002 

Census of Agriculture and may not represent all crop acreage because of Census nondisclosure rules, and (5) agricultural land area used to 

calculate the pesticide use intensity and display the data was derived from 30-meter satellite remote sensing data that may over estimate or 

underestimate the actual agricultural land area. The maps are not intended for making local-scale estimates of pesticide use, such as 

estimates at the county level. Please refer to Method for Estimating Pesticide Use for a detailed discussion of how the pesticide use data 

were developed.

Conceptual Model 

For cyprodinil, the following drinking water hypothesis is being employed for this assessment:

Cyprodinil use in accordance with the label, results in potential contamination of, both, 

surface and ground water resources. It may also result in the contamination of surface 

and ground water resources with the major degradate of concern CGA-249287.

The conceptual site model is a generic graphic depiction of the risk hypothesis (Figure 2). 

Through a preliminary iterative process of examining available data, the conceptual model (i.e., 

the risk hypothesis) has been refined to reflect the likely exposure pathways that are most 

relevant and applicable to this assessment (refer to the following figure).

Figure 2. Conceptual Site Model for Cyprodinil

Cyprodinil is applied to the field and there may be crop absorption since the chemical is systemic 

(the chemical is absorbed through the cuticle and wax layers of leaves and fruits because it is 

lipophilic). In addition, spray drift is an important factor in the contamination of nearby surface

waters. As the field may be kept irrigated, large runoff events accompanied with erosion may be 

a factor in horizontal movement due to the tendency of the chemical to sorb to soil and 

particulate. Since cyprodinil appears to be a persistent compound, it may be available for long 
15

periods of time in the field (several months). Vertical movement to subsurfaces is expected to be 

a relatively minor component for cyprodinil. Furthermore, volatilization, is expected to be a 

very minor route of dissipation for the active ingredient. Cyprodinil’s major degradate, CGA249287 is also a factor that is considered. It may result in runoff and leaching (high solubility

and relatively low Kd = 3.97 mL/g and KOC range 180-867 mL/gOC), and volatilization may play

a factor in the dissipation of the chemical (vapor pressure = 1.62 x 10-3 mmHg and Henry’s Law 

Constant = 3.46 x 10-6atm-m

3

/mol).

Analysis Plan 

The following scenarios were previously modeled, with aerial applications: CA grapes, CA 

almonds and CA fruits (representing pome and stone fruits). The following scenarios will be 

considered for modeling in this assessment: CA almond, CA fruit, FL strawberry, GA onion, MI 

cherry, MO melon, NC sweet potato, NY grape, OR snap bean and PA tomato. These crop/ 

scenario combinations are representative of the major uses and/ or the highest seasonal 

application rates. Also, they are representative of diverse regions of the U.S. The maximum 

application rate and the minimum interval between applications will be utilized in all instances. 

Even though only two aerial applications are allowed for these crops, the linked models PRZM/ 

EXAMS (using the shell PE5.pl) cannot model independently aerial and ground applications; 

therefore, all aerial applications will be assumed, which is a conservative approach.

As per a Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP) recommendation3, the residue summation (RS) 

approach will be taken. The application rate for the parent and the degradation product needs to 

be adjusted to account for the molecular weight ratio of degradate to parent and the normalized 

maximum percentage of degradation product produced. This method requires environmental fate 

data for the degradate of concern, CGA-249287. It also requires manual post-processing of the 

output data (daily EECs) to obtain the 1-in-10 year estimated exposure concentrations (EECs), 

using a spreadsheet that calculates the 90th percentile EECs; which is considered to equal the 1-

in-10 year EECs.

There are no major uncertainties in the chemical’s fate database. The aqueous photolysis study

resulted in a half-life of 22 days, but the review concluded that there may be little aqueous 

photolysis and that aqueous photolysis is not a major route of dissipation for cyprodinil. The 

reason is that the study was conducted with an unsterilized solution. For modeling purposes, 

EFED assumed that the cyprodinil is stable to aqueous photolysis. This uncertainty is expected 

to affect both the peak and long term EDWCs; however, the assumption is conservative.

At this time, the HED is expected to need only acute, chronic and cancer/ chronic endpoints. 

The Tier 2 aquatic linked models PRZM/ EXAMS and the Tier 1 aquatic model SCI-GROW will 

be used to obtain the EDWCs. 

 

3

SAP (The FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel). 2009. Minutes for the SAP Meeting on selected issues associated 

with risk assessment process for pesticides with persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic characteristics. October 28-

31, 2008. Arlington, VA. (Document No. 2009-01 dated 01/29/2009) 

http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2008/102808_mtg.htm (accessed 10/05/2010).
ANALYSIS

Environmental Fate

A summary table of physicochemical and environmental fate

cyprodinil, including measured parameters, val

Table 3.

Table 3. Summary of physicochemical and environmental fate

properties of cyprodinil.

PARAMETER

 Chemical Name 4-cyclopropyl

 Structure

 Molecular Weight

 Physical State Powder with agglomerates at 20°C, 

with a weak odor and beige color

 Density at 20°C

 Solubility (20 oC) 16

 Vapor Pressure (20 oC)

 Henry’s Law constant

 pKa 

 pH at 25°C

 Solubilities in g/l at 25°C In ethanol 160, acetone 610, toluene 

460, n

Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient 

(KOW, at 20oC)

log P

16

chemical and environmental fate and transport properties of 

cyprodinil, including measured parameters, values, data sources, and comments

. Summary of physicochemical and environmental fate and transport 

VALUE(S) (units) SOURCE COMMENT

cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenyl-2-

pyrimidinamine

Chemical Data 

Sheet

CAS name

4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-Nphenylpyrimidin-2-amineIUPAC name

225.29 g/mole Registrant Data

Powder with agglomerates at 20°C, 

with a weak odor and beige color

EPA Fact Sheet

1.21 g/cm3 EPA Fact Sheet

16-20 ppm @ pH 5; 13 ppm @ pH 

7; and 15 ppm @ pH 9

MRID: 43709003.

3.80 x 10-6 mmHg MRID: 43709003.

7.04 x 10-8 atm-m

3

/mole --- Estimated from vapor pressure 

and water solubility.

4.44 Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.) The Pesticide Manual 

- World Compendium, 

11th ed., British 

Crop Protection 

Council, Surrey, 

England 1997, p. 319

9.5 EPA Fact Sheet

In ethanol 160, acetone 610, toluene 

460, n-hexane 30, n-octanol 160

Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.)

log PO/W = 3.9 @ pH 5; 4.0 @ pH 7; 

and 4.0 @ pH 9

PO/W = 10,000 @ pH 7

MRID: 43709003.

transport properties of 

is included in 

transport 

COMMENT

CAS name

IUPAC name

–

--

--

–

–

Estimated from vapor pressure 

and water solubility.

The Pesticide Manual 

World Compendium, 

11th ed., British 

Crop Protection 

Council, Surrey, 

England 1997, p. 319

---

---

–
17

Table 3. Summary of physicochemical and environmental fate and transport 

properties of cyprodinil.

PARAMETER VALUE(S) (units) SOURCE COMMENT

 Hydrolysis Half-life 

 (pH 5, 7, 9; (25oC)

Stable to hydrolysis at 

pH 5, 7, and 9.

MRID: 43709044. Stable at all pHs.

 Aqueous Photolysis Half-life 

 (pH 5)

DT50 = 22 days

In unsterilized water; suspected 

microbial transformation instead of 

photolysis.

MRID: 43908422. Phototransformation followed a 

biphasic pattern, w. slow 

transformation during the first 9 

days, followed by an increased 

rate from days 9-30.

 Soil Photolysis Half-life t1/2 = 64-70 days - suspected 

microbial transformation instead of 

photodegradation.

MRID: 43908423 

and 43908424.

vs. 160-86 days for the dark 

control

 Aerobic Soil Metabolism Half-life LS t1/2 = 40 and 50 days

SL t1/2 = 22 and 31 days

MRID: 43908425, 

43908426, 

43709045, and 

43709046.

For the SL, the pattern was 

biphasic, the half lives reported 

include data from 0 to 21 days.

 Anaerobic Soil Metabolism

Half-life

After aerobic incubation (half-lives 

of 16-98 days), during anaerobic 

conditions, the compound was stable

MRID: 43908427 

and 43908428

---

 Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism 

 Half-life

Stable for 369 days. MRID: 44186406. –

 Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism 

 Half-life

t1/2 = 106-126 days for the Rhine 

river; 165-178 days for the pond 

system from Switzerland, and 612 

days for the pond system from 

Denton, TX.

MRID: 45518701, 

45518702, 

43908429, and 

43908430.

_

 Organic Carbon Partition

 Coefficient (KOC) (mL/gOC)

SL 2030

S 1770

L 1630

CL 1550

MRID: 43709047. Moderately to Slightly Mobile

(FAO of the UN classification)

 Soil Partition Coefficient (Kd) 

(mL/g)

SL 16.3

S 14.2

L 24.3

CL 31.2

MRID: 43709047. –

Soil Partition Coefficient Kd and KOC

CGA-249287 (mL/g or mL/gOC)

Soil/ Kd KOC

SL 5.23 650

S 6.97 867

CL 3.48 173

L 3.88 260

LS 0.31 180

MRID 43908431 Moderately mobile

Soil Partition Coefficient Kd and KOC

CGA-321915 (mL/g or mL/gOC)

Soil/ Kd KOC

SL 2.52 313

S 1.45 180

CL 0.99 49.7

L 1.14 76.5

LS 0.25 147

MRID 43908432 Mobile to Moderately mobile

Soil Partition Coefficient Kd and KOC

CGA-275535 (mL/g or mL/gOC)

Soil/ Kd KOC

SL1 60.3 7500

S 26.7 3320

L1 32.1 2070

L2 33.3 2900

LS 4.39 2550

SL2 8.31 1810

MRID 44186407 Slightly mobile
18

Table 3. Summary of physicochemical and environmental fate and transport 

properties of cyprodinil.

PARAMETER VALUE(S) (units) SOURCE COMMENT

 Terrestrial Field Dissipation 

 Half-life

Applied to two plots, one w. 6 

applications at 0.5 lb a.i./A, and 

another at 3.0 lb a.i./A:

CA half-lives 42 days multiple 

applics. 47 days single applic. and 

NY 14 to 28 days.

Non-linear first order half-life was 35 

days. First order half lives in NY 

were 88-92 days.

MRID: 44186408, 

44186437, 

44186409, 

44186436.

_

Bioaccumulation in Fish Total residue:

Edible 100X

Non-edible 777X

Whole fish 466X

BCF based on parent only:

Edible 33X

Non-edible 90X

Between 76 and 83% of the 

radioactivity depurated after one day; 

and >97% depurated by the third day.

MRID: 43924501.

The major route of dissipation of cyprodinil in the field appears to be the aerobic soil metabolism 

(22-50 days in four measurements of two soils, with a biphasic pattern). Laboratory data 

supports that cyprodinil shows moderate to very slow degradation to other routes of dissipation. 

It is highly persistent in anaerobic aquatic environments, and degrades slowly in aerobic aquatic 

environments (half-lives of 106-126 days in river system; 165-612 days in pond systems). 

Aqueous and soil photolysis have been found to be minor degradation pathways for this 

chemical. Cyprodinil is stable to hydrolysis in the pH range of 5-9. The results of the field 

studies were of the same order of magnitude than the aerobic soil metabolism (CA half lives 42-

47 days and NY half lives 14-28 days). Cyprodinil does not readily leach to ground water, and 

has a relatively high affinity to bind to soil and particulate matter, it is moderately to slightly 

mobile (FAO mobility classification; Kd range = 14.2 – 31.2 mL/g; KOC range = 1,550 – 2,030 

mL/gOC). Given the relatively low vapor pressure of cyprodinil (3.80 x 10-6 mmHg), its low 

Henry’s Law Constant (7.04 x 10-8atm-m

3

/mol), and its tendency to bind to soils and sediments 

(average KOC = 1745 mL/gOC), the chemical is not expected to volatilize readily from wet or dry

surfaces in the environment. Furthermore, cyprodinil is not expected to be a good leacher. The 

likely routes of exposure to aquatic environments will be from spray drift and the contamination 

of surface waters from run-off and erosion events. Cyprodinil’s fate characteristics suggest that 

residues in the sediment can persist for several months to years, and the chemical can be present 

in the water column continuously when residues from the sediment are redistributed throughout 

the water body by equilibration.

The octanol/water partition coefficient predicts a high potential for bioconcentration for 

cyprodinil (log KOW = 4 at pH 7.0; KOW = 10,000). However, cyprodinil residues bioconcentrated only with maximum BCFs of 100, 777, and 466, in the edible, non-edible, and 

whole fish tissues, respectively. The rate of depuration was rapid. Between 76 and 83% of the 

radioactivity depurated after one day; while ≥97% depurated by the third day.
19

As it has been indicated, there is uncertainty with the aqueous photolysis study. It was carried 

out with natural (unsterilized) water. Phototransformation of cyprodinil in the irradiated samples 

followed a biphasic pattern, with slow transformation taking place during the first nine days, 

followed by an increased rate from days 9-30. The possibility of microbial transformation is not 

ruled out. A previous review4concluded that “based on calculated DT50 and observed 

transformation pattern, photolysis of cyprodinil would not be considered a major pathway of 

dissipation in natural waters.” This uncertainty affects the modeling results because the aqueous 

photolysis is an input parameter for PRZM/ EXAMS; however, it is not an input parameter in 

SCI-GROW. There is also uncertainty with the soil photodegradation study. The calculated 

half-lives were 64-70 days; however, it is suspected that there was microbial transformation 

instead of photodegradation because the amount of cyprodinil in the irradiated and dark control 

samples were similar. Photodegradation on soil surfaces is not expected to play a major role in 

the dissipation of cyprodinil. This uncertainty does not affect the modeling results because the 

soil photodegradation is not an input parameter for PRZM/ EXAMS or SCI-GROW.

Table 4 summarizes the available data on the formation of transformation products by each 

process in the studies reviewed.

Table 4. Summary of degradate formation from degradation of cyprodinil.

STUDY TYPE

DEGRADATE and MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION

SOURCE

CGA-249287

(residue of concern)

CGA-321915 CGA-275535, CGA304075, and CGA304076 mixture

 Hydrolysis Relatively stable MRID: 43709044.

 Aqueous Photolysis Not a contributor MRID: 43908422

 Soil Photolysis Not a contributor MRID: 4390823 and 

43908424

 Aerobic Soil Metabolism 11.7% at 28 days --- 13% at 14 days

 MRID: 43908425, 

43908426, 43709045, 

and 43709046

 Anaerobic Soil Metabolism Stable during the anaerobic phase MRID: 43908427, 

43908428

 Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism 14.2% --- ---

MRID: 45518701, 

45518702, 43908429, 

and 43908430

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism Stable for 369 days MRID: 44186406.

Terrestrial Field Dissipation 0.086 ppm in NY

Detected in 0-6” depth 

in both sites, and 6-12” 

depth in CA between 60 

to 240 days.

Not monitored MRID: 44186409 and 

44186436

The common denominator in Table 4 is the presence of CGA-249287, which is also identified as 

the residue of concern in this DWA. This metabolite is the major one in aerobic soil and aquatic 

metabolic condition. CGA-249287 is moderately mobile. Even though leaching was not 

observed in the field, it may have gone undetected. This remains an uncertainty. There is 

uncertainty about the transformation products of cyprodinil. It appears that only under aerobic 

conditions there is degradation and relatively little information was available about CGA249287, the degradate of concern, and CGA-321915.

 

4

Summary and conclusions were derived from US EPA/Canada PMRA Joint Review of March 1998.
20

Drinking Water Exposure Modeling

Modeling Approach and Input Parameters

 Model Selection

SCI-GROW (Screening Concentration in Ground Water v. 2.3; dated July 29, 2003) is a 

regression model used as a screening tool to estimate pesticide concentrations found in ground 

water used as drinking water. SCI-GROW was developed by fitting a linear model to 

groundwater concentrations with the Relative Index of Leaching Potential (RILP) as the 

independent variable. Groundwater concentrations were taken from 90-day average high 

concentrations from Prospective Ground Water studies; the RILP is a function of aerobic soil 

metabolism and the soil-water partition coefficient. The output of SCI-GROW represents the 

concentrations that might be expected in shallow unconfined aquifers under sandy soils, which is 

representative of the ground water most vulnerable to pesticide contamination likely to serve as a 

drinking water source. (Ref. 9)

The Tier 2 aquatic model employs PRZM (Pesticide Root Zone Model; version 3.12.2 compiled 

May 12, 2005) and EXAMS (Exposure Analysis Modeling System; version 2.98.04.06 compiled 

April 25, 2005). PRZM simulates processes such like runoff and erosion from an agricultural 

field on a daily time step. The runoff and erosion flux output data from PRZM are used as 

chemical loadings to the EXAMS surface water program in order to predict the EECs. A 

graphical user interface PE5.pl (v.5.0, November 15, 2006) developed by the EPA 

(http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water ) was used to facilitate inputting chemical and use 

specific parameters into the appropriate PRZM input files (inp) and EXAMS chemical files.

PRZM is a one-dimensional, dynamic, compartmental model that can be used to simulate 

chemical movement in unsaturated soil systems within and immediately below the plant root 

zone. It has two major components: hydrology (and hydraulics) and chemical transport. The 

hydrologic component for calculating runoff and erosion is based on the Soil Conservation 

Service curve number technique and the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Evapotranspiration is 

estimated either directly from pan evaporation data, or based on an empirical formula. Water 

movement is simulated by the use of generalized soil parameters, including field capacity, 

wilting point, and saturation water content. The chemical transport component can simulate 

pesticides or other chemicals. For pesticides, the transport component can simulate pesticide 

application on the soil or on the plant foliage. Biodegradation can also be considered in the root 

zone. Dissolved, adsorbed, and vapor-phase concentrations in the soil are estimated by

simultaneously considering the processes of pesticide uptake by plants, surface runoff, erosion, 

decay, volatilization, foliar washoff, advection, dispersion, and retardation. For nitrogen, 

simulation of surface applications, atmospheric deposition, and septic effluent discharge may all 

be simulated.

EXAMS is a model that has a set of process modules that link fundamental chemical properties 

to limnological processes that control the kinetics and transport of chemicals in aquatic systems. 

It provides facilities for steady state or long-term evaluation of chronic chemical discharges, 

initial-value approaches for studying short-term contaminant releases, and full kinetic 

simulations that allow for monthly variation in mean climatological factors, and changes in 
21

contaminant loadings on daily time scales. It is fairly and relatively complex model that requires 

more input variables, ranging from hydro-geological and weather data to pesticide 

physicochemical properties, mobility coefficients, and degradation rate constants in the aqueous 

and sediment phases.

 Scenario Selection.

The scenarios selected were CA almonds, CA fruits, NY grapes, MI cherries, OR snap beans, 

MO melon, NC sweet potato, GA onion, FL strawberries and PA tomato. These crops were 

representative of the major uses or the highest seasonal application rates. Also, all these crops

could be applied aerially. The minimum interval between applications was utilized in each case 

(most conservative scenario was taken).

 Model Inputs

The Metabolism Assessment Review Committee’s (MARC) decision document concluded that 

the transformation product CGA-249287 of cyprodinil is a potential concern for drinking water 

sources. Therefore, EDWCs of CGA-249287 were also simulated using the linked PRZM/

EXAMS, and SCI-GROW models. EFED had only limited environmental fate data for this 

transformation product; however, KOC of this metabolite was available. The aerobic soil 

metabolism half-life was calculated from reported formation-decline curve of parent cyprodinil 

and CGA-249287 metabolite in the aerobic soil metabolism study (MRID 43908425). Selected 

physical and chemical parameters for CGA-249287 were also generated using EPISUITE, v.

3.12, which is a Windows®based suite of physical/ chemical property and environmental fate 

estimation models developed by the EPA’s Office of Pollution Prevention Toxics and Syracuse 

Research Corporation (SRC). For the output file of EPISUITE, refer to the Appendix.

According to the SAP, although the simultaneous formation/ decline kinetic modeling strategy is 

the preferred method for estimation of total residue concentrations, this method is highly

dependent on the ability to describe the formation and degradation kinetics of degradation 

products. To that end, the method requires environmental fate data for the toxic degradation 

products. Another important consideration is the ability to integrate these data into PRZM/

EXAMS model simulations. In light of these issues, alternative modeling strategies could be 

employed such as the total residue (TR) approach or the residue summation (RS) approach 

depending on the availability of data. PRZM/ EXAMS modeling is used to obtain daily time 

series for calculating the 1-in-10 year aquatic exposure concentrations for the RS method. The 

1-in-10 year exposure concentrations are calculated using daily concentration data by means of a 

post-processing spreadsheet application.

The RS method requires assignment of an application rate for each of the individual chemical 

stressors (i.e., cyprodinil and CGA-249287). These application rates are normalized according to 

the percentage of residue detected in aerobic soil metabolism studies and the molecular weight 

ratio of degradate and parent compounds. The aerobic soil was chosen because most of the 

chemical is expected to reach the soil system after application. Table 5 provides an example on 

the determination of the application rate using the RS method for the application of cyprodinil on 

grapes. The two chemicals are assumed to be applied at time zero. Also, it is assumed that the 

maximum degradation of the parent and the maximum formation of degradates occur at 
22

application. This assumption constitutes an uncertainty of the RS method. CGA-249287 was 

actually a maximum at 28 days in the aerobic soil metabolism study.

Table 5. Example calculation of application rates for modeling of cyprodinil and its 

metabolite (example for the use on grapes)

Chemical Species

% Maximum in Aerobic Soil Study Application Rate

(lb a.i./A)

Molecular 

Ratio

Modeled Application Rate 

Observed* Normalized (lb a.i./A)

Cyprodinil 100% 89.5% 0.421 1 0.421

CGA-249287 11.7% 10.5% 0.0492 0.662** 0.0327

Total 111.7% 100% 0.47

The shaded and bolded area provides the results used in modeling.

* Observed maximum values for parent and CGA 249287 in the aerobic soil metabolism studies

** CGA-249287 to cyprodinil molecular ratio = 149.20/ 225.29

Tables of model parameter input values for SCI-GROW (Tables 6a and 6b) and PRZM/

EXAMS (Tables 7a and 7b) are based on the current input parameter guidance, dated 

10/22/2009 (Ref. 10).

Table 6a. SCI-GROW (v 2.3) input parameter values for cyprodinil use on grapes1.

PARAMETER (units) VALUE(S) SOURCE COMMENT

Maximum Application Rate (lb a.i./A) 0.421 Proposed label. Proposed label for SwitchTM fungicide. For calculation 

of application rate, see Table 5.

Number of Applications per Year 3 Proposed label. Represents most-conservative scenario in which the 

total maximum rate per year is applied in three 

applications.

Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient (KOC; 

mL/g)

1700

MRID:

437090-47 Median value of the following KOC’s 2030, 1770, 1630, 

1550. 

Aerobic Soil Metabolism Half-life (days) 35.5 MRID: 43908425, 

43908426, 

43709045, and 

43709046.

Median value, since there are four or more half-life 

values: 50, 40, 31, 22 days.

1. Data were selected according to the Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides 

(Version 2.1, dated October 22, 2009).

Table 6b. SCI-GROW (v2.3) input parameter values for CGA-249287 use on grapes1.

PARAMETER (units) VALUE(S) SOURCE COMMENT

Maximum Application Rate (lb a.i./A) 0.0327 Proposed label. For calculation of application rate, see Table 5.

Number of Applications per Year 3 Proposed label. Represents most-conservative scenario in which the 

total maximum rate per year is applied in three 

applications.

Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient (KOC; 

mL/g)

173

MRID 43709047, 

43908431 Lowest value of the following KOC’s: 173, 180, 260, 

650, and 867. There is greater than a three-fold 

variation between the values. 

Aerobic Soil Metabolism Half-life (days) 72

--- Available value.

1. Data were selected according to the Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides 

(Version 2.1, dated October 22, 2009).
23

The cyprodinil label requires that, for resistance management, two applications of the chemical 

should be alternated with a chemical with a different mode of action for two applications. In this 

assessment, it was assumed that the alternate fungicide is also applied at 7-day intervals. Thus, 

for example, for grapes, the chemical is firstly applied once, an alternate fungicide is applied 

twice, and then cyprodinil is applied twice. The corresponding intervals between applications 

are 21 and 7 days (21-day interval between the 1st and 2nd application, and 7-day interval 

between the 2nd and 3rd application). A total of 3 applications of cyprodinil are modeled at the 

maximum rate for the example use on grapes. [Similarly, for four applications the intervals are 

7, 21 and 7 days, and for six applications the intervals are 7, 21, 7, 21 and 7 days.] The 

application dates were obtained from the corresponding metadata files, the crop profiles, 

meteorological files and the label.

Table 7a. Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS for Cyprodinil1

PARAMETER VALUE(S) SOURCES COMMENTS

Output File Name CYPRODIN --- ---

Chemical Name Cyprodinil --- ---

Crop Names Almond, grape, pome and 

stone fruits (e.g., apple, 

cherry), avocado, beans (e.g., 

snap bean), cabbage, melon, 

sweet potato, onion, 

strawberry and tomato

Proposed label for 

Vangard® WG (EPA 

Reg. No. 100-828)

---

PRZM Scenario Scenario/ Represented Crop

CA almond/ almond

CA fruit/ pome fruits

NY grape/ grape

MI cherries/ stone fruit

OR snap bean/ bean

MO melon/ cucurbit vegetable

NC sweet potato/ leaves of 

root & tuber vegetable

GA onion/ onions and garlic

FL strawberry/ strawberry

PA tomato/ tomato & tomatillo

--- Representative of a variety 

of crops, taking into 

consideration most 

geographical regions in 

the US, maximum 

application rates and aerial 

applications.

Application Rate Crop/ Rate in kg a.i./ha

CA almond/ 0.472

CA fruit/ 0.472

NY grape/ 0.472

MI cherries/ 0.231

OR snap bean/ 0.331

MO melon/ 0.331

NC sweet potato/ 0.331

GA onion/ 1 @ 0.361 + 2 @ 

0.472

FL strawberry/ 1 @ 0.361 + 2 

@ 0.472

PA tomato/ 0.331

Proposed label for 

Vangard® WG (EPA 

Reg. No. 100-828); 

refer to Table 5 for 

an example of the 

calculation of the 

application rate to be 

used in modeling.

Crop/ Rate in lb a.i./A

CA almond/ 0.421

CA fruit/ 0.421 (in CA)

NY grape/ 0.421

MI cherries/ 0.206

OR snap bean/ 0.295

MO melon/ 0.295

NC sweet potato/ 0.295

GA onion/ 1 @ 0.322 + 2 

@ 0.421

FL strawberry/ 1 @ 0.322 

+ 2 @ 0.421

PA tomato/ 0.295
24

Table 7a. Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS for Cyprodinil1

PARAMETER VALUE(S) SOURCES COMMENTS

Number of 

Applications Allowed

CA almond/ 3

CA fruit/ 3

NY grape/ 3

MI cherries/ 6

OR snap bean/ 4

MO melon/ 4

NC sweet potato/ 4

GA onion/ 3

FL strawberry/ 3

PA tomato/ 4

Proposed label for 

Vangard® WG (EPA 

Reg. No. 100-828)

---

Interval between 

Applications (days)

CA almond/ 21, 7 (assumed)

CA fruit/ 21, 7 (assumed)

NY grape/ 21, 7

MI cherries/ 7, 21, 7, 21, 7

OR snap bean/ 7, 21, 7

MO melon/ 7, 21, 7

NC sweet potato/ 7, 21, 7

GA onion/ 21, 7

FL strawberry/ 21, 7

PA tomato/ 7, 21, 7

Proposed label for 

Vangard® WG (EPA 

Reg. No. 100-828)

As per label requirement, 

for resistance 

management, after two 

applications, alternate 

with a different mode of 

action for two 

applications.

Day of Application Crop/ Day-Month

CA almond/ 01-03

CA fruit/ 18-04

NY grape/ 15-08

MI cherries/ 05-05

OR snap bean/ 02-07

MO melon/ 30-05

NC sweet potato/ 22-07

GA onion/ 20-04

FL strawberry/ 02-01

PA tomato/ 01-07

Estimated from 

metadata file, the 

crop profiles, 

meteorological files 

and label.

Crop/ PHI (days)

CA almond/ 60

CA fruit/ 2

NY grape/ 7

MI cherries/ 2

OR snap bean/ 7

MO melon/ 1

NC sweet potato/ 7

GA onion/ 7

FL strawberry/ 0

PA tomato/ 0

KOC 1,745 MRID: 437090-47 Average KOC value among 

four values ranging from 

1550 to 2030 ml/g. The 

KOC model was utilized 

since it describes better 

the mobility of cyprodinil.

Aerobic Soil 

Metabolism (days)

44.3 MRID: 439084-26 Represents the 90th

percentile of the upper 

confidence bound on the 

mean of four half-life 

values: 40, 50, 22, 31 

days; mean = 35.75 days; 

std. dev. = 10.40 days

Incorporation Depth 0.0 in Proposed label ---

Method of Application Aerial Proposed label ---

Buffer Zone (ft.) 150 aerial Proposed label ---

Application Efficiency 

(fraction)

0.95 aerial --- ---

Spray Drift (fraction) 0.16 aerial applications --- ---

Solubility in Water at 

pH 7 (ppm) (20°C)

13 MRID 437090-03 ---
25

Table 7a. Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS for Cyprodinil1

PARAMETER VALUE(S) SOURCES COMMENTS

Aerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism (days)

382.3 MRID 439084-26, 

439084-29, 439084-

30, 455187-01 & 

455187-02

Represents the 90th

percentile of the upper 

confidence bound on the 

mean of five half-life 

values: 106, 126, 165, 178 

and 612 days; mean = 

237.40 days; std. dev. = 

211.41days

Anaerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism (days)

Stable MRID 441864-06 ---

Hydrolysis at pH 7 Stable MRID 437090-44 ---

Aqueous Photolysis @ 

pH 7 and 25°C (days)

Stable MRID 439084-22 ---

Molecular Weight 

(g/mol)

225.29 Registrant Data ---

Vapor Pressure (torr) 3.80 x 10-6 MRID 437090-03 torr = mmHg

Henry’s Law Constant

(atm-m

3

/mol)

7.04 x 10-8 Calculated from

solubility and vapor 

pressure.

---

Environment ir298.exv --- Default for index 

reservoir, as opposed to 

pond scenario.

Field Size Reservoir ---

Runoff Overall ---

Metfile Scenario CA almond w23232.dvf

CA fruit w93193.dvf

NY grape w14860.dvf

MI cherries w14850.dvf

OR snap bean w24232.dvf

MO melon w13893.dvf

NC sweet potato w13722.dvf

GA onion w03822.dvf

FL strawberry w12842.dvf

PA tomato w14751.dvf

--- As suggested by the shell 

(PE5).

CAM (Chemical 

Application Method)

2 --- 2 = linear foliar based on 

crop canopy

IPSCND 1 --- 1 = pesticide remaining on 

foliage is converted to 

surface application to the 

top soil layer

FEXTRC, Foliar 

extraction

0.5 --- ---

PLDKRT, Decay rate 

on foliage (day-1)

0 --- ---

PLVKRT, 

Volatilization rate from 

foliage

0 --- ---

UPTKF, Uptake factor 0 --- ---

1. Data were selected according to the Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the 

Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides (Version 2.1, dated October 22, 2009).

For CGA-249287, the same application dates as for cyprodinil were utilized. The application 

rates were adjusted as indicated in the example provided in the Table 5. The following 

parameters were estimated by the EPISUITE model: molecular weight, solubility in water, vapor 
26

pressure and Henry’s Law Constant. Other parameters such as the aerobic soil metabolism were 

derived from the decay curve in the study performed for cyprodinil. In the absence of data, for 

the following processes CGA-249287 was assumed to be stable: hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis 

and anaerobic aquatic metabolism. These assumptions are conservative.

Table 7b. Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS for CGA-2492871

PARAMETER VALUE(S) SOURCES COMMENTS

Output File Name CGA_249287 --- ---

Chemical Name CGA-249287 --- ---

Crop Names Same as for cyprodinil; refer 

to Table 7a.

Proposed label for 

Vangard® WG (EPA 

Reg. No. 100-828)

---

PRZM Scenario Same as for cyprodinil; refer 

to Table 7a.

--- ---

Application Rate Crop/ Rate in kg a.i./ha

CA almond/ 0.0367

CA fruit/ 0.0367

NY grape/ 0.0367

MI cherries/ 0.0179

OR snap bean/ 0.0257

MO melon/ 0.0257

NC sweet potato/ 0.0257

GA onion/ 1 @ 0.0280 + 2 @ 

0.0367

FL strawberry/ 1 @ 0.0280 + 2 

@ 0.0367

PA tomato/ 0.0257

Proposed label for 

Vangard® WG (EPA 

Reg. No. 100-828) ; 

refer to Table 5 for 

an example of the 

calculation of the 

application rate to be 

used in modeling.

Crop/ Rate in lb a.i./A

CA almond/ 0.0327

CA fruit/ 0.0327 (in CA)

NY grape/ 0.0327

MI cherries/ 0.0160

OR snap bean/ 0.0229

MO melon/ 0.0229

NC sweet potato/ 0.0229

GA onion/ 1 @ 0.0250 + 2 

@ 0.0327

FL strawberry/ 1 @ 

0.0250 + 2 @ 0.0327

PA tomato/ 0.0229

Number of 

Applications Allowed

CA almond/ 3

CA fruit/ 3

NY grape/ 3

MI cherries/ 6

OR snap bean/ 4

MO melon/ 4

NC sweet potato/ 4

GA onion/ 3

FL strawberry/ 3

PA tomato/ 4

Proposed label for 

Vangard® WG (EPA 

Reg. No. 100-828)

---

Interval between 

Applications (days)

CA almond/ 21, 7

CA fruit/ 21, 7

NY grape/ 21, 7

MI cherries/ 7, 21, 7, 21, 7

OR snap bean/ 7, 21, 7

MO melon/ 7, 21, 7

NC sweet potato/ 7, 21, 7

GA onion/ 21, 7

FL strawberry/ 21, 7

PA tomato/ 7, 21, 7

Proposed label for 

Vangard® WG (EPA 

Reg. No. 100-828)

As per label requirement, 

for resistance 

management, after two 

applications, alternate 

with a different mode of 

action for two 

applications.
27

Table 7b. Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS for CGA-2492871

PARAMETER VALUE(S) SOURCES COMMENTS

Day of Application Crop/ Day-Month

CA almond/ 01-03

CA fruit/ 18-04

NY grape/ 15-08

MI cherries/ 05-05

OR snap bean/ 02-07

MO melon/ 30-05

NC sweet potato/ 22-07

GA onion/ 20-04

FL strawberry/ 02-01

PA tomato/ 01-07

Estimated from 

metadata file, 

meteorological files 

and label.

Crop/ PHI (days)

CA almond/

CA fruit/

NY grape/ 7

MI cherries/ 2

OR snap bean/ 7

MO melon/ 1

NC sweet potato/ 7

GA onion/ 7

FL strawberry/ 0

PA tomato/ 0

Kd 3.97 MRID 43709047, 

43908431

Average value of the 

following Kd‘s 0.31, 3.48, 

3.88, 5.23, and 6.97, the 

Kd model describes the 

mobility of the degradate 

better than the KOC model.

Aerobic Soil 

Metabolism (days)

216 MRID: 43908425, 

43908426, 

43709045, and 

43709046.

3X available value

Incorporation Depth 0.0 in Proposed label ---

Method of Application Ground or Aerial Proposed label ---

Buffer Zone (ft.) 75 ground/ 150 aerial Proposed label ---

Application Efficiency 

(fraction)

0.95 aerial --- ---

Spray Drift (fraction) 0.16 aerial --- Included because the 

degradate forms under 

aerobic aquatic 

metabolism conditions.

Solubility in Water 

(ppm) pH 7 @ 25°C

2,352 EPISuite From KOW. 

Aerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism (days)

432 --- 2X the aerobic soil 

metabolism input value

Anaerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism (days)

Stable MRID 43908427, 

44186406

Assume stable

Hydrolysis at pH 7 Stable MRID 43709044 Assume stable

Aqueous Photolysis @ 

pH 7 and 25°C (days)

Stable MRID 43908422 Assume stable

Molecular Weight 

(g/mol)

149.20 EPISuite ---

Vapor Pressure (torr or 

mmHg, at 25°C)

0.00162 EPISuite ---

Henry’s Law Constant

(atm-m

3

/mol)

3.46x10-6 EPISuite Bond method.

Environment ir298.exv --- Default for index 

reservoir, as opposed to 

pond scenario.

Field Size Reservoir ---

Runoff Overall ---
28

Table 7b. Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS for CGA-2492871

PARAMETER VALUE(S) SOURCES COMMENTS

Metfile Scenario CA almond w23232.dvf

CA fruit w93193.dvf

NY grape w14860.dvf

MI cherries w14850.dvf

OR snap bean w24232.dvf

MO melon w13893.dvf

NC sweet potato w13722.dvf

GA onion w03822.dvf

FL strawberry w12842.dvf

PA tomato w14751.dvf

--- As suggested by the shell 

(PE5).

CAM (Chemical 

Application Method)

2 --- 2 = linear foliar based on 

crop canopy

IPSCND 1 --- 1 = pesticide remaining on 

foliage is converted to 

surface application to the 

top soil layer

FEXTRC, Foliar 

extraction

0.5 --- ---

PLDKRT, Decay rate 

on foliage (day-1)

0 --- ---

PLVKRT, 

Volatilization rate from 

foliage

0 --- ---

UPTKF, Uptake factor 0 --- ---

1. Data were selected according to the Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the 

Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides (Version 2.1, dated October 22, 2009).

The percent cropped area (PCA) for all crops assessed was the Agency’s national default of 0.87. 

Options for Tier I are national scale cotton, wheat, corn, soybeans, or default. Regional PCAs 

are a Tier II tool intended for more refined assessment. (Ref. 7) In the Exposure 

Characterization section, the uncertainties surrounding the use of the PCA and the Index 

Reservoir are described.

Modeling Results

Once the parent cyprodinil, and its degradate CGA-249287 were modeled separately using 

PRZM/ EXAMS, an output file is obtained that provides 1-in-10 year exposure concentrations 

for each chemical. An example of an output file is provided in the Appendix for reference 

purposes; however, these files were not utilized for the determination of the EDWCs. It is noted 

however, that the 1-in-10 years exposure values may be used if it known that parent and its 

degradate have different toxicity and/ or mode of action. In this assessment it is assumed that 

parent and degradate are of similar toxicity and mode of action.

Furthermore, there is another output file that provides daily concentrations, also called the time 

series or TS file. For each crop scenario one TS file is obtained for cyprodinil and another for 

CGA-249287. Post-processing daily exposure concentrations from the model results is 

performed to obtain daily EDWCs for the total residues (both stressors) by combining daily

concentrations from both chemicals by simple addition of daily exposure concentrations. The 
29

post-processing of total residue daily exposure concentrations is continued by calculating the 

required running averages and maxima for each of the 30 years. This is followed by calculating 

the 90th percentiles which is considered to be the 1-10 year EDWCs for the total residues. In the 

post-processing, the PCA adjustment was also incorporated. Thus, the spreadsheet application 

yields directly the PCA adjusted EDWCs.

Table 8 provides the results of the surface waters modeling and Table 9 provides the results for 

the groundwater modeling.

Table 8. Tier 2 Surface Waters Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations (EDWCs) of 

the Total Residues of Concern of Cyprodinil plus CGA-2492871

DRINKING 

WATER 

SOURCE 

(MODEL USED) USE SCENARIO

National 

PCA (%) 

EDWC ( ppb)

1-in-10-year 

annual peak conc.

1-in-10-year 

annual mean conc. Overall mean conc.

Surface water 

(PRZM/ 

EXAMS)

CA almond 87 11.50 6.92 6.13

CA fruit 87 16.33 11.58 10.24

NY grape187 34.79 24.65 16.38

MI cherries 87 21.29 15.59 12.12

OR snap bean 87 10.02 5.47 4.33

MO melon 87 22.07 7.21 5.66

NC sweet potato 87 28.25 12.91 10.07

GA onion 87 17.88 6.97 5.56

FL strawberry 87 21.22 6.63 5.10

PA tomato 87 21.05 10.76 8.10

1. The shaded and bolded row indicates the scenario that yielded the highest EDWCs.

The use scenario that yielded the highest EDWCs was NY grape. The maximum acute 

concentration in surface water (EDWC) is 34.79 μg/L of cyprodinil plus CGA-249287, using the 

NY grapes scenario. The maximum chronic EDWC in surface waters is 24.65 μg/L of cyprodinil 

plus CGA-249287, using the NY grapes scenario. Finally, the maximum cancer/ chronic EDWC

in surface waters is 16.38 μg/L of cyprodinil plus CGA-249287, using the NY grapes scenario.

Table 9. Groundwater Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations (EDWCs) Modeled 

for the Use of Cyprodinyl and CGA-2492871

Parameter\ Concentrations in ppb Crop Cyprodinil CGA-249287 Total Residues

SCI-GROW (Acute and Chronic) Grapes 3.60x10-25.01x10-2

8.61x10-2

1. The shaded and bolded cell indicates the EDWC for the total residues.

The SCI-GROW generated EDWC for grapes are 0.0360 μg/L for cyprodinil, 0.0501 μg/L for 

CGA-249287 and 0.0861 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil plus CGA-249287. This value 

is suitable for acute and chronic exposures.
30

Monitoring Data

The U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Data 

Warehouse was checked for possible detections of cyprodinil, but it was found that the chemical 

was not monitored in the study units (basins) that are included in the database. In addition, 

STORET (short for STOrage RETrieval) Data Warehouse was checked. It appears that it 

contains data on cyprodinil.

Drinking Water Treatment

It is likely that primary treatment may reduce the levels of cyprodinil due to its relatively high 

tendency to bind. Also it is possible that the chemical and/ or its degradate undergoes 

transformation. However, there is no information available at this time to determine the levels of 

reduction and/ or transformation, if any (Ref. 6).

EXPOSURE CHARACTERIZATION

The maximum EDWCs were obtained on the use of cyprodinil on grapes in NY. The following 

two crops with the next to the highest EDWCs were NC sweet potato and MO melon. Three 

crops modeled in the west coast (two in CA and one in OR) yielded the lowest EDWCs out of a 

total of 10 crop scenarios modeled. The range of peak EDWCs varied only by a factor of ~3.5. 

The range of peak EDWCs is 10.02 ppb for OR snap beans to 34.79 for NY grapes. It appears 

that the obtained EDWCs are reasonable conservative values.

In a previous assessment, the NY grapes scenario also yielded the highest EDWCs even though 

at the time, the application was modeled with ground methods (as compared to applications 

made aerially in CA, which were also modeled in the DWA). Since the shell (PE5.pl) does not 

allow for changes in the method of application in the same modeling run, all the applications 

were assumed to be aerial. Thus, the results of this assessment are likely to be conservative, 

since for all crops only two aerial applications will be allowed per season. In the case of grapes, 

a total of three applications are made at the maximum application rate.

In addition, for cyprodinil, the label requires a buffer zone and a vegetated buffer strip to protect 

lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams, marshes or natural ponds, estuaries and commercial 

fish ponds. For aerial applications, the buffer zone is 150 ft. For this assessment, the level of 

drift was assumed to be 0.16 (16%), which is the standard value that has been derived for aerial 

applications that do not include a buffer zone; however, it is possible that the level of drift is an 

overestimate for aerial applications of cyprodinil because of the buffer zone restriction. It 

appears that the assumption of 16% drift could be conservative in this assessment.

The crops selected for modeling [almond, fruit (for pome fruits), grape, cherries (for stone 

fruits), snap beans (for beans), melons (for cucurbit vegetables), sweet potatoes (for various root 

and tuber vegetables), onions (for onions and garlic), strawberries and tomatoes] are 

representative of the maximum number of applications at the maximum single application rates 

at the minimum interval between applications (maximum seasonal application rate between 1.3 

and 1.4 lb a.i./A/year). For grapes, which had the maximum EDWCs in PRZM/ EXAMS, the 
31

range of application rates for a single application is 0.235 to 0.47 lb a.i./A (5-10 oz of product, 

containing 75% a.i., Vangard® WG Fungicide), it is unknown if the maximum single or seasonal 

application rate are similar to the typical application rates. However, it is indicated in the label 

that the higher application rate for grapes is recommended for the use of cyprodinil alone, while 

the range of application rates (5-10 oz product) is recommended for tank mixtures with another 

fungicide registered on grapes for control of Botrytis bunch rot. The selected crop scenarios 

represent most regions and various major use areas of the continental US (CA, NY, MI, OR, 

MO, NC, GA, FL and PA). No new crops are proposed in this action. Rather, the use of aerial 

and chemigation applications are proposed.

Grapes and almonds are the two major crops (as of 2002), which comprised >74% of the national 

use of cyprodinil, followed by raspberries (not modeled), peaches and strawberries (5.3-5.9% of 

the national use each). The next crops in order of usage are apples, plums and prunes, 

nectarines, apricots and pears, in that order (0.58-3.6% of the national use).

Crops which were not modeled in this assessment were tropical fruits, kiwi, citrus (lemon and 

lime), pistachios (usually modeled using the CA almond scenario, which was modeled), berries, 

brassica (cole) vegetables, herbs, leafy vegetables and watercress. For citrus and watercress, 

only ground applications are allowed according to the proposed label. Tropical fruits, citrus, 

brassica (cole) vegetables and leafy vegetables are typically modeled using crop scenarios 

located in FL or CA, for which other scenarios were modeled (e.g., FL avocado, FL citrus, CA 

citrus, FL cabbage and CA lettuce). For kiwi, berries and herbs, no standard scenario was 

available. Despite the fact that these crops were not modeled, a variety of crops were modeled 

indeed, which cover major uses of cyprodinil and most regions of the continental U.S. where the 

chemical may be used. These crops may be considered representative of all uses of cyprodinil.

One uncertainty related to the fate database is the aqueous photolysis study. It resulted in a halflife of 22 days, but the review concluded that there may be little aqueous photolysis and that 

aqueous photolysis is not a major route of dissipation for cyprodinil. The study was conducted 

with an unsterilized solution. For modeling purposes, EFED assumed that the cyprodinil is 

stable to aqueous photolysis. This uncertainty is expected to alter both the peak and long term 

EDWCs (should the actual photolysis rate was different); however, the assumption is 

conservative.

The input parameters for PRZM/ EXAMS for cyprodinil have a relatively low level of 

uncertainty. The dataset for the chemical was extensive. The chemical was found to be stable to 

hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis at pH 7 and anaerobic aquatic metabolism. A total of ten PRZM 

scenarios were run with PRZM/ EXAMS. In general, conservative assumptions were made with 

respect to the input parameters in this assessment, as per the input guidelines dated 10/22/2009 

(Ref. 10).

CGA-249287 had been selected by the Metabolism Assessment Review Committee (MARC) for 

modeling of EDWCs. The metabolite was modeled separately (as opposed to the use of the total 

residue approach), but using the residue summation method (RS). For CGA-249287, there is a 

higher degree of uncertainty in the input parameters. For this chemical, only the mobility study

was available. The aerobic soil metabolism half-life was derived from the study on the parent. 
32

Since only one value was available, it was multiplied by three to account for the uncertainty due 

to the lack of additional half-lives. The aerobic aquatic metabolism was assumed to be twice the 

aerobic soil metabolism input (as per the input guidelines). CGA-249287 was assumed to be 

stable to hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis and anaerobic aquatic metabolism (because there was no

data or the metabolite did not degrade under the stated conditions). The vapor pressure, Henry’s 

Law constant and solubility were derived from the EPISUITE® model because no empirical 

values were available.

With the RS approach, both cyprodinil and CGA-249287 were assumed to be applied at time 

zero. Also, it is assumed that the maximum degradation of the parent and the maximum 

formation of degradates occur at application. This assumption constitutes an uncertainty of the 

RS method. The degradate was actually a maximum at 28 days in the aerobic soil metabolism 

study. The EDWC was comparatively higher using the conventional approach to determine 1-in10 year peak exposures (e.g., for the CA almond scenario, the peak EDWC is 13.48 ppb x 0.87 = 

11.73 ppb for cyprodinil and the peak EDWC is 0.827 ppb x 0.87 = 0.719 ppb for CGA-249287, 

see the Appendix for the example output file). The metabolite comprised only a maximum of 

~12-14% in laboratory studies. When the time series files were post-processed, the peak EDWC 

for the same scenario was slightly lower than the sum of the individual values. For the example 

of the CA almond scenario, the final post-processed EDWC is 11.50 ppb of cyprodinil plus 

CGA-249287. It is unknown if using the peak value derived using this approach may be an 

overestimation or underestimation of what really happens in the field. CGA-249287 was a major 

degradate only under aerobic conditions (aerobic soil metabolism and aerobic aquatic 

metabolism) and in the field.

The extent of this assessment is national in scope, with the use of national percent crop areas 

(PCAs). For uncertainties regarding the use of a PCA, refer to the following section.

In addition, the percent of the crop which is treated (PCT) with a pesticide can be an important 

factor in determining the concentration level in drinking water in each basin. However, PCT can 

vary greatly from watershed to watershed, and generally, pesticide use data is not collected 

below the statewide level, so this variability cannot currently be characterized. Using state-wide 

averages for PCT will underestimate for up to half the watersheds, or in cases where the usage is 

limited to a small portion of the state, significantly underestimate for these watersheds, while 

overestimating for the rest. Because there is no currently acceptable method to estimate PCT on a 

watershed basis from existing data, and existing data sources are usually at too large a scale, OPP 

does not estimate drinking water concentrations be quantitatively adjusted to account for PCT. 

OPP currently assumes 100% PCT for surface-water-source drinking water assessments, as there 

is no way to objectively defend the assumption of a lower PCT without appropriate data or 

estimation tools.

Monitoring data were not utilized in this assessment.
33

Uncertainties Related to the Use of a PCA

The PCA is a watershed-based modification (Ref. 7). Implicit in its application is the assumption 

that currently used field-scale models reflect basin-scale processes consistently for all pesticides 

and uses. In other words, it is assumed that the large field simulated by the index reservoir 

models is a reasonable approximation of pesticide fate and transport within a watershed that 

contains a drinking water reservoir. If the models fail to capture pertinent basin-scale fate and 

transport processes consistently for all pesticides and all uses, the application of a factor that 

reduces the concentrations estimated by modeling could, in some instances, result in 

underestimated EDWCs. Important basin scale processes that are not simulated by using PRZM 

and EXAMS with a PCA factor tend to reduce the peak concentration below the estimate, but 

may extend the duration of its occurrence. Examples of these processes include applications to 

different fields on different dates, non-simultaneous entry of runoff into the water body at 

different locations in the watershed, and subsurface interflow through ground water.

The spatial data used for the PCA came from readily available sources and have a number of 

inherent limitations:

1. The size of the 8-digit HUC [mean = 366,989 ha; range = 6.7-2,282,081 ha; n = 2,111] 

may not provide reasonable estimates of actual PCAs for smaller watersheds. The 

watersheds that drain into drinking water reservoirs are generally smaller than the 8-digit 

HUC and may be better represented by watersheds defined for drinking water intakes.

2. The conversion of the county-level data to watershed-based percent cropped areas 

assumes the distribution of the crops within a county is uniform and homogeneous 

throughout the county area. Distances between the treated fields and the water body are 

not addressed.

3. PCA adjustment factors were generated using data from the 1992 and 1997 Census of 

Agriculture. The assumption that “yearly changes in cropping patterns will cause minimal 

impact” remains a source of uncertainty.

4. The PCA adjustment factors do not consider the percent of the crop treated in the 

watershed because detailed pesticide usage data are extremely limited at this time and are 

currently available for only a few states.

Uncertainties Related to the Use of the Index Reservoir

The index reservoir represents potential drinking water exposure from a specific area (Illinois) 

with specific cropping patterns, weather, soils, and other factors (Ref. 8). Use of the index 

reservoir for areas with different climates, crops, pesticides used, sources of water (e.g., rivers 

instead of reservoirs), and hydrogeology creates uncertainties. In general, because the index 

reservoir represents a fairly vulnerable watershed, the exposure estimated with the index 

reservoir will likely be higher than the actual exposure for most drinking water sources. 

However, the index reservoir is not designed to represent a worst case scenario. Communities 

that derive their drinking water from smaller bodies of water with minimal outflow, or with more 

runoff prone soils, would be likely to have higher drinking water exposure than estimated using 

the index reservoir. Areas with a more humid climate, that use a similar reservoir and cropping 
34

patterns may also have higher concentrations of pesticides in their drinking water than predicted 

using this scenario.

A single steady flow represents water flow through the reservoir. Because this steady discharge 

from the reservoir also removes chemicals, this assumption will underestimate removal from the 

reservoir during wet periods and will overestimate removal during dry periods. This assumption 

can both underestimate and overestimate the concentration of a pesticide remaining in the

reservoir depending upon the annual precipitation pattern at the reservoir.

The index reservoir scenario uses the characteristics of a single soil to represent soils in the 

watershed. Soils can vary substantially across even small areas and this variability is not 

reflected in the scenario.

The index reservoir scenario does not consider tile drainage. Tile drainage contributes additional 

water and, in some cases, additional pesticide loading to the reservoir. This may cause either an 

increase or decrease in the pesticide concentration in the reservoir. Tile drainage also causes the 

surface soil to dry out faster, which will reduce runoff of the pesticide into the reservoir. The 

watershed used as the model for the index reservoir (Shipman City Lake) does not have tile 

drainage in the cropped areas.

The index reservoir scenario assumes complete mixing of the chemical through the water 

column. However, thermal stratification can occur in reservoirs that inhibits mixing. Eventually, 

an overturn event will occur that eliminates the stratification and returns the water column to a 

completely mixed state. Overturn occurs when the temperature drops in the fall and again in the 

spring when the reservoir warms up. EXAMS does not easily model stratification and spring and 

fall turnover. Because of this limitation with EXAMS, the Index Reservoir has been simulated 

without stratification. There are data to suggest that Shipman City Lake, upon which the Index 

Reservoir is based, does indeed stratify in the deepest parts of the lake at least in some years. 

This may result in both over and underestimation of the concentration in drinking water 

depending upon the time of the year and the depth of the drinking water intake.
35

REFERENCES 

1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2006). Guidance for Developing a Tier I Drinking 

Water Exposure Assessment

2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance on Characterization of Drinking Water 

Exposure for Dietary Risk Assessment. December 13, 2007.

3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1999) Estimating the Drinking Water Component of 

a Dietary Exposure Assessment. http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/trac/science/#drinking

4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000a). Development and Use of Distributions of 

Pesticide Concentrations in Drinking Water for FQPA Exposure Assessments. FIFRA SAP 

Meeting – February 29 – March 3, 2000. 

http://www.epa.gov/oscpmont/sap/meetings/2000/index.htm.

5. June 2000: Monitoring Strategies for Pesticides in Surface-Derived Drinking Water. FIFRA 

SAP Meeting - http://www.epa.gov/oscpmont/sap/meetings/2000/june/finwateronly.pdf

6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000b). Progress Report on Estimating Pesticide 

Concentrations in Drinking Water and Assessing Water Treatment Effects on Pesticide Removal 

and Transformation. http://www.epa.gov/oscpmont/sap/meetings/2000/index.htm

7. Jones, R.D., K. Costello, J. Hetrick, J. Lin, R. Parker, N. Thurman, C. Peck and G. Orrick. 

2010. Development and Use of Percent Cropped Area Adjustment Factors in Drinking Water 

Exposure Assessments. Office of Pesticide Programs, USEPA. September 9, 2010

8. Jones, R.D., K. Costello, J. Hetrick, J. Lin, R. Parker, N. Thurman and C. Peck. 2010. 

Development and Use of the Index Reservoir in Drinking Water Exposure Assessments. Office 

of Pesticides Programs, USEPA. April 15, 2010

9. SCI-GROW Description 

http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/scigrow_description.htm

10. Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport 

of Pesticides, Version 2.1 (October 22, 2009). Available at 

http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/input_parameter_guidance.htm

11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2007). Guidance for Developing a Tier II Drinking 

Water Exposure Assessment.

12. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO PESTICIDE DISPOSAL 

SERIES 8. Assessing Soil Contamination: A Reference Manual. Appendix 2. Parameters of 

pesticides that influence processes in the soil. Editorial Group, FAO Information Division: 

Rome, 2000. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X2570E/X2570E00.htm
APPENDIX

Structure of Cyprodinil (4-cyclopropyl

Structure of CGA-249287 (4-cyclopropyl

 

EPISUITE Output File for CGA

SMILES : c1c(C)nc(N)nc1(C2CC2)

CHEM : 

MOL FOR: C8 H11 N3 

MOL WT : 149.20

------------------------------

Physical Property Inputs:

 Water Solubility (mg/L): 

 Vapor Pressure (mm Hg) : 

 Henry LC (atm-m3/mole) : 

 Log Kow (octanol-water): 

 Boiling Point (deg C) : 

 Melting Point (deg C) : 

Log Octanol-Water Partition Coef (SRC):

 Log Kow (KOWWIN v1.67 estimate) = 1.77

Boiling Pt, Melting Pt, Vapor Pressure Estimations (MPBPWIN v1.41):

 Boiling Pt (deg C): 277.53 (Adapted Stein & Brown method)

 Melting Pt (deg C): 86.92 (Mean or Weighted MP)

 VP(mm Hg,25 deg C): 0.00162 (Modified Grain method)

N

N NH2

36

cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenyl-2-pyrimidinamine)

cyclopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-2-amine)

EPISUITE Output File for CGA-249287

SMILES : c1c(C)nc(N)nc1(C2CC2)

------------------------------ EPI SUMMARY (v3.12) --------------------------

Water Solubility (mg/L): ------

Vapor Pressure (mm Hg) : ------

m3/mole) : ------

water): ------

Boiling Point (deg C) : ------

Melting Point (deg C) : ------

n Coef (SRC):

Log Kow (KOWWIN v1.67 estimate) = 1.77

Boiling Pt, Melting Pt, Vapor Pressure Estimations (MPBPWIN v1.41):

Boiling Pt (deg C): 277.53 (Adapted Stein & Brown method)

Melting Pt (deg C): 86.92 (Mean or Weighted MP)

Hg,25 deg C): 0.00162 (Modified Grain method)

)

--------------------------
37

Water Solubility Estimate from Log Kow (WSKOW v1.41):

 Water Solubility at 25 deg C (mg/L): 2352

 log Kow used: 1.77 (estimated)

 no-melting pt equation used

Water Sol Estimate from Fragments:

 Wat Sol (v1.01 est) = 4921.5 mg/L

ECOSAR Class Program (ECOSAR v0.99h):

 Class(es) found:

 Aromatic Amines

Henrys Law Constant (25 deg C) [HENRYWIN v3.10]:

 Bond Method : 3.46E-006 atm-m3/mole

 Group Method: Incomplete

Henrys LC [VP/WSol estimate using EPI values]: 1.352E-007 atm-m3/mole

Probability of Rapid Biodegradation (BIOWIN v4.02):

 Biowin1 (Linear Model) : 0.5521

 Biowin2 (Non-Linear Model) : 0.5343

Expert Survey Biodegradation Results:

 Biowin3 (Ultimate Survey Model): 2.5848 (weeks-months)

 Biowin4 (Primary Survey Model) : 3.3870 (days-weeks )

Readily Biodegradable Probability (MITI Model):

 Biowin5 (MITI Linear Model) : 0.1900

 Biowin6 (MITI Non-Linear Model): 0.1365

Ready Biodegradability Prediction: NO

Atmospheric Oxidation (25 deg C) [AopWin v1.91]:

 Hydroxyl Radicals Reaction:

 OVERALL OH Rate Constant = 78.8956 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec

 Half-Life = 0.136 Days (12-hr day; 1.5E6 OH/cm3)

 Half-Life = 1.627 Hrs

 Ozone Reaction:

 No Ozone Reaction Estimation

Soil Adsorption Coefficient (PCKOCWIN v1.66):

 Koc : 47.33

 Log Koc: 1.675 

Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v1.67]:

 Rate constants can NOT be estimated for this structure!

BCF Estimate from Log Kow (BCFWIN v2.15):

 Log BCF = 0.663 (BCF = 4.607)

 log Kow used: 1.77 (estimated)

Volatilization from Water:

 Henry LC: 3.46E-006 atm-m3/mole (estimated by Bond SAR Method)

 Half-Life from Model River: 207.9 hours (8.664 days)

 Half-Life from Model Lake : 2371 hours (98.78 days)

Removal In Wastewater Treatment:

 Total removal: 2.27 percent

 Total biodegradation: 0.09 percent

 Total sludge adsorption: 1.98 percent

 Total to Air: 0.20 percent

 (using 10000 hr Bio P,A,S)

Removal In Wastewater Treatment:

 Total removal: 22.64 percent

 Total biodegradation: 20.84 percent

 Total sludge adsorption: 1.65 percent

 Total to Air: 0.16 percent
38

 (using Biowin/EPA draft method)

Level III Fugacity Model:

 Mass Amount Half-Life Emissions

 (percent) (hr) (kg/hr)

 Air 0.235 3.25 1000 

 Water 36.1 900 1000 

 Soil 63.6 1.8e+003 1000 

 Sediment 0.11 8.1e+003 0 

 Persistence Time: 710 hr

SCi-GROW Output Files (output for the parent, followed by output for the degradate):

 SCIGROW

 VERSION 2.3

 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EFFECTS DIVISION

 OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS

 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

 SCREENING MODEL

 FOR AQUATIC PESTICIDE EXPOSURE

SciGrow version 2.3

chemical:Cyprodinil

time is 9/24/2010 15: 6:21

------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Application Number of Total Use Koc Soil Aerobic

 rate (lb/acre) applications (lb/acre/yr) (ml/g) metabolism (days)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

 0.421 3.0 1.263 1.70E+03 35.5

------------------------------------------------------------------------

groundwater screening cond (ppb) = 3.60E-02 

************************************************************************
39

 SCIGROW

 VERSION 2.3

 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EFFECTS DIVISION

 OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS

 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

 SCREENING MODEL

 FOR AQUATIC PESTICIDE EXPOSURE

SciGrow version 2.3

chemical:CGA-249287

time is 9/24/2010 15: 8:20

------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Application Number of Total Use Koc Soil Aerobic

 rate (lb/acre) applications (lb/acre/yr) (ml/g) metabolism (days)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

 0.033 3.0 0.098 1.73E+02 72.0

------------------------------------------------------------------------

groundwater screening cond (ppb) = 5.01E-02 

************************************************************************

Sample PRZM/EXAMS Output Files (Note that the Time Series or TS files were used 

instead of the usual output files in determining the results):

Cyprodinil: CA almond

stored as CYPRODIN.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAalmond_WirrigSTD.txt modified Wedday, 13 June 2007 at 

12:17:16

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:07

Metfile: w23232.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:15:38

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 6.773 6.6 6.018 5.027 4.564 2.583

1962 8.793 8.525 7.842 6.87 6.352 4.79

1963 13.92 13.53 12.7 11.28 10.41 7.162

1964 11.73 11.46 10.82 9.827 9.253 6.902

1965 11.58 11.3 10.58 9.53 9.006 6.692

1966 11.53 11.25 10.48 9.515 8.956 6.616

1967 11.76 11.48 10.86 9.676 9.069 6.665

1968 11.6 11.32 10.46 9.485 8.905 6.534

1969 11.48 11.2 10.36 9.38 8.849 6.494

1970 11.52 11.36 10.68 9.571 8.952 6.564

1971 11.68 11.4 10.6 9.544 9.024 6.675

1972 11.61 11.45 10.54 9.539 8.975 6.575

1973 11.28 11.01 10.39 9.418 8.838 6.472

1974 11.43 11.15 10.22 9.267 8.743 6.45

1975 11.81 11.57 10.65 9.564 8.975 6.494

1976 11.6 11.31 10.4 9.444 8.946 6.505

1977 11.51 11.22 10.5 9.436 8.87 6.526

1978 12 11.71 10.69 9.552 9.006 6.636

1979 11.61 11.32 10.44 9.385 8.858 6.522

1980 11.48 11.2 10.54 9.462 8.884 6.513

1981 11.49 11.21 10.45 9.386 8.826 6.499

1982 18.51 17.95 16.8 14.35 13.06 8.653

1983 13.6 13.29 12.4 11.62 11.02 8.212

1984 12.43 12.14 11.47 10.47 9.889 7.39

1985 11.78 11.51 10.82 9.798 9.223 6.901

1986 12.07 11.77 10.98 9.876 9.276 6.833
40

1987 12.33 12.09 11.22 10.07 9.415 6.871

1988 11.72 11.56 10.78 9.805 9.24 6.766

1989 12.06 11.76 10.87 9.756 9.145 6.771

1990 11.62 11.42 10.66 9.63 9.123 6.762

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 18.51 17.95 16.8 14.35 13.06 8.653

0.0645161290322581 13.92 13.53 12.7 11.62 11.02 8.212

0.0967741935483871 13.6 13.29 12.4 11.28 10.41 7.39

0.129032258064516 12.43 12.14 11.47 10.47 9.889 7.162

0.161290322580645 12.33 12.09 11.22 10.07 9.415 6.902

0.193548387096774 12.07 11.77 10.98 9.876 9.276 6.901

0.225806451612903 12.06 11.76 10.87 9.827 9.253 6.871

0.258064516129032 12 11.71 10.86 9.805 9.24 6.833

0.290322580645161 11.81 11.57 10.82 9.798 9.223 6.771

0.32258064516129 11.78 11.56 10.82 9.756 9.145 6.766

0.354838709677419 11.76 11.51 10.78 9.676 9.123 6.762

0.387096774193548 11.73 11.48 10.69 9.63 9.069 6.692

0.419354838709677 11.72 11.46 10.68 9.571 9.024 6.675

0.451612903225806 11.68 11.45 10.66 9.564 9.006 6.665

0.483870967741936 11.62 11.42 10.65 9.552 9.006 6.636

0.516129032258065 11.61 11.4 10.6 9.544 8.975 6.616

0.548387096774194 11.61 11.36 10.58 9.539 8.975 6.575

0.580645161290323 11.6 11.32 10.54 9.53 8.956 6.564

0.612903225806452 11.6 11.32 10.54 9.515 8.952 6.534

0.645161290322581 11.58 11.31 10.5 9.485 8.946 6.526

0.67741935483871 11.53 11.3 10.48 9.462 8.905 6.522

0.709677419354839 11.52 11.25 10.46 9.444 8.884 6.513

0.741935483870968 11.51 11.22 10.45 9.436 8.87 6.505

0.774193548387097 11.49 11.21 10.44 9.418 8.858 6.499

0.806451612903226 11.48 11.2 10.4 9.386 8.849 6.494

0.838709677419355 11.48 11.2 10.39 9.385 8.838 6.494

0.870967741935484 11.43 11.15 10.36 9.38 8.826 6.472

0.903225806451613 11.28 11.01 10.22 9.267 8.743 6.45

0.935483870967742 8.793 8.525 7.842 6.87 6.352 4.79

0.967741935483871 6.773 6.6 6.018 5.027 4.564 2.583

0.1 13.483 13.175 12.307 11.199 10.3579 7.3672

Average of yearly averages: 6.60093333333333

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: CYPRODIN

Metfile: w23232.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAalmond_WirrigSTD.txt

EXAMS environment file: ir298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 13 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0.0 cm
41

Application Rate: TAPP 0.472 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.16 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 01-03 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 1 apprate 0.472 kg/ha

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 2 apprate 0.472 kg/ha

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Reservoir

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF total none, monthly or total(average of entire run)

CGA-249287: CA almond

stored as CGA_249287.out

Chemical: CGA-249287

PRZM environment: CAalmond_WirrigSTD.txt modified Wedday, 13 June 2007 at 

12:17:16

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:07

Metfile: w23232.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:15:38

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.6052 0.5873 0.558 0.4729 0.4133 0.1633

1962 0.8305 0.8112 0.736 0.6165 0.5223 0.305

1963 1.228 1.196 1.143 0.9996 0.8743 0.4069

1964 0.6063 0.5869 0.5643 0.4817 0.4191 0.179

1965 0.6013 0.5838 0.5521 0.4713 0.4092 0.1609

1966 0.6408 0.6214 0.5773 0.5006 0.4381 0.184

1967 0.6925 0.6738 0.6241 0.5325 0.4708 0.1998

1968 0.6391 0.6217 0.5719 0.4895 0.4266 0.1726

1969 0.6136 0.5957 0.5542 0.4803 0.4205 0.167

1970 0.661 0.6416 0.6092 0.5116 0.4416 0.1867

1971 0.6365 0.6171 0.5764 0.4928 0.4336 0.1824

1972 0.6708 0.6513 0.5871 0.503 0.4414 0.1736

1973 0.5761 0.5576 0.539 0.4588 0.3994 0.1619

1974 0.6202 0.6028 0.5446 0.475 0.4176 0.17

1975 0.6732 0.6504 0.583 0.4888 0.4208 0.165

1976 0.6512 0.6318 0.5767 0.4953 0.428 0.1661

1977 0.611 0.5906 0.5616 0.471 0.4123 0.1661

1978 0.7302 0.7112 0.6421 0.5429 0.4841 0.1975

1979 0.6531 0.6371 0.592 0.5137 0.4537 0.1843

1980 0.6534 0.634 0.5806 0.4911 0.4268 0.1684

1981 0.6244 0.6071 0.5845 0.5061 0.4483 0.1851

1982 1.586 1.539 1.416 1.119 0.9401 0.3598

1983 0.7002 0.6798 0.6318 0.5672 0.5034 0.2042

1984 0.6017 0.5822 0.5525 0.4743 0.4141 0.1669

1985 0.5896 0.5727 0.5457 0.4702 0.4094 0.174

1986 0.6866 0.6674 0.6356 0.5473 0.479 0.1977

1987 0.7964 0.7747 0.7235 0.6156 0.5479 0.2197

1988 0.6774 0.6595 0.6241 0.564 0.501 0.2028

1989 0.6747 0.6552 0.6159 0.5347 0.4695 0.1987

1990 0.6648 0.6452 0.6036 0.5147 0.4565 0.1884

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly
42

0.032258064516129 1.586 1.539 1.416 1.119 0.9401 0.4069

0.0645161290322581 1.228 1.196 1.143 0.9996 0.8743 0.3598

0.0967741935483871 0.8305 0.8112 0.736 0.6165 0.5479 0.305

0.129032258064516 0.7964 0.7747 0.7235 0.6156 0.5223 0.2197

0.161290322580645 0.7302 0.7112 0.6421 0.5672 0.5034 0.2042

0.193548387096774 0.7002 0.6798 0.6356 0.564 0.501 0.2028

0.225806451612903 0.6925 0.6738 0.6318 0.5473 0.4841 0.1998

0.258064516129032 0.6866 0.6674 0.6241 0.5429 0.479 0.1987

0.290322580645161 0.6774 0.6595 0.6241 0.5347 0.4708 0.1977

0.32258064516129 0.6747 0.6552 0.6159 0.5325 0.4695 0.1975

0.354838709677419 0.6732 0.6513 0.6092 0.5147 0.4565 0.1884

0.387096774193548 0.6708 0.6504 0.6036 0.5137 0.4537 0.1867

0.419354838709677 0.6648 0.6452 0.592 0.5116 0.4483 0.1851

0.451612903225806 0.661 0.6416 0.5871 0.5061 0.4416 0.1843

0.483870967741936 0.6534 0.6371 0.5845 0.503 0.4414 0.184

0.516129032258065 0.6531 0.634 0.583 0.5006 0.4381 0.1824

0.548387096774194 0.6512 0.6318 0.5806 0.4953 0.4336 0.179

0.580645161290323 0.6408 0.6217 0.5773 0.4928 0.428 0.174

0.612903225806452 0.6391 0.6214 0.5767 0.4911 0.4268 0.1736

0.645161290322581 0.6365 0.6171 0.5764 0.4895 0.4266 0.1726

0.67741935483871 0.6244 0.6071 0.5719 0.4888 0.4208 0.17

0.709677419354839 0.6202 0.6028 0.5643 0.4817 0.4205 0.1684

0.741935483870968 0.6136 0.5957 0.5616 0.4803 0.4191 0.167

0.774193548387097 0.611 0.5906 0.558 0.475 0.4176 0.1669

0.806451612903226 0.6063 0.5873 0.5542 0.4743 0.4141 0.1661

0.838709677419355 0.6052 0.5869 0.5525 0.4729 0.4133 0.1661

0.870967741935484 0.6017 0.5838 0.5521 0.4713 0.4123 0.165

0.903225806451613 0.6013 0.5822 0.5457 0.471 0.4094 0.1633

0.935483870967742 0.5896 0.5727 0.5446 0.4702 0.4092 0.1619

0.967741935483871 0.5761 0.5576 0.539 0.4588 0.3994 0.1609

0.1 0.82709 0.80755 0.73475 0.61641 0.54534 0.29647

Average of yearly averages: 0.198593333333333

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: CGA_249287

Metfile: w23232.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAalmond_WirrigSTD.txt

EXAMS environment file: ir298.exv

Chemical Name: CGA-249287

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 149.20 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 3.46e-6 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 1.62e-3 torr

Solubility sol 2352 mg/L

Kd Kd 3.97 mg/L

Koc Koc mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 432 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 216 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0.0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.0367 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.16 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 01-03 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 1 apprate 0.0367 kg/ha

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single app.
43

app. rate 2 apprate 0.0367 kg/ha

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Reservoir

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF total none, monthly or total(average of entire run)