| The              Library of Congress>>Especially              for Researchers>>Research              Centers   Home >> Country             Studies >> ChinaFindinFederal Research                      Division PagesResearchers                      Web PagesAll Library of Congress PagesA Country Study: China**Library of Congress Call Number DS706                   .C489 1988**- China  ForewordAcknowledgments
- Table                       A. Chronology of Chinese Dynasties  Country                       Profile - Visit new updated                       Profile(PDF)- Country  GeographySociety
- Economy  Transportation                           and CommunicationsGovernment                           and Politics
- National                           Security    Introduction- Chapter                       1 - Historical Setting  (Rinn-Sup Shinn and Robert L.                       Worden)                          - The                           Ancient Dynasties      - The                               Dawn of History  The                               Zhou PeriodThe                               Hundred Schools of Thought
- The                           Imperial EraI    - The                               First Imperial Period  Era                               of DisunityRestoration                               of Empire
- Mongolian                               Interlude  The                               Chinese Regain PowerThe                               Rise of the Manchus
- Emergence                           of Modern China    - The                               Western Powers Arrive  The                               Opium War, 1839-42The                               Taiping Rebellion, 1851-64
- The                               Self-Strengthening Movement  The                               Hundred Days' Reform and the AftermathThe                               Republican Revolution of 1911
- Republican                           China    - Nationalism                               and Communism      - Opposing                                   the Warlords  Consolidation                                   under the GuomindangRise                                   of the Communists
- Anti-Japanese                               War  Return                               to Civil WarThe                           People's Republic of China
The                               Transition to Socialism, 1953-57
- The                               Great Leap Forward, 1958-60  Readjustment                               and Recovery, 1961-65The                               Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76
The                                   Militant Phase, 1966-68
- The                                   Ninth National Party Congress to the Demise                                   of Lin Biao, 1969-71  End                                   of the Era of Mao Zedong, 1972-76The                               Post-Mao Period, 1976-78
- China                               and the Four Modernizations, 1979-82       - Chapter                       2 - Physical Environment and Population  (Michael L.                       Waddle)                            - Physical                           Environment        - Boundaries  Terrain                               and DrainageClimate
- Wildlife   Population- The                               Data Base  Mortality                               and FertilityPopulation                               Control Programs
- Density                               and Distribution  Migration- Internal  UrbanizationEmigration                                   and Immigration
- Minority                               Nationalities    - Demographic                                   Overview  PolicyLabor                               Force
- Health                               Care       - Chapter                       3 - The Social System  (Donald R. DeGlopper)                            - Ethnic                           Boundaries   Han                           Diversity and UnityTraditional                           Society and Culture
Diffusion                               of Values
- The                               Confucian Legacy  Traditional                               Social StructureThe                               Examination System
- Social                               Stratification  Stratification                               and FamiliesSocial                               Mobility
- Social                           Change   Differentiation- The                               Work Place  Communist                               Party MembershipUrban-Rural                               Distinctions
- Regional                               Distinctions   Common                           Patterns- Work                               Units  Wages                               and BenefitsInformal                               Mechanisms of Exchange
- Rural                           Society     - Collectivization                               and Class Status  DecollectivizationThe                               Role of the Household
- Consequences                               of Rural Reform  Regulations                               and FavorsFamily                               and Household
- Marriage  Community                               StructureUrban                           Society 
Distinctive                               Features
- Housing  Families                               and MarriageProviding                               for the Next Generation
- Opportunities                               and Competition  Examinations,                               Hereditary Transmission of Jobs, and ConnectionsWomen
- Religion  Trends                           and Tensions- Chapter                       4 - Education and Culture  (Andrea Matles Savada and                       Ronald E. Dolan)                          - Education                           Policy  The                           Education System- New                               Directions  Compulsory                               Education LawKey                               Schools
- Primary                           Education    - Primary                               Schools  Preschool                               Education Special                               Education 
- Secondary                           Education     - Middle                               Schools  Vocational                               and Technical SchoolsHigher                           Education 
Background
- Modernization                               Goals in the 1980s    - Entrance                                   Examinations and Admission Criteria  Changes                                   in Enrollment and Assignment PoliciesScholarship                                   and Loan System
- Study                                   Abroad   Educational                               InvestmentTeachers
- Adult                           Education     - Role                               in Modernization  Alternative                               FormsLiteracy                               and Language Reform
- Policy                           Toward Intellectuals    - Background  Post-Mao                               DevelopmentCulture                           and the Arts
Traditional                               Literature
Classics
- Early                                   Prose  Early                                   PoetryLater                                   Prose
- Modern                                   Prose   Literature                               in the Post-Mao PeriodTraditional                               Arts
Drama
- Music  Painting                                   and CalligraphyContemporary                               Performing Arts
Motion                                   Pictures
- Radio                                   and Television  Folk                                   and Variety ArtsPublishing
Background
- Newspapers   Libraries                               and Archives- Chapter                       5 - Economic Context  (Thomas R. Gottschang)                          - General                           Nature of the Economy  Economic                           Policies, 1949-80- Recovery                               from War, 1949-52  The                               First Five-Year Plan, 1953-57The                               Great Leap Forward, 1958-60
- Readjustment                               and Recovery: "Agriculture First," 1961-65  Events                               During the Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76- High                                   Tide of the Cultural Revolution, 1966-68  Resumption                                   of Systematic Growth, 1970-74The                                   Gang of Four, 1974-76
- The                               Post-Mao Interlude, 1976-78  Reform                               of the Economic System, Beginning in 1979- The                                   Period of Readjustment, 1979-81  Reform                                   and Opening, Beginning in 1982Structure                           and Operation of the Economy
Roles                               of the Government and the Party
- The                               Two Major Sectors: Agriculture and Industry    - Agriculture  IndustryOther                               Important Sectors
- Planning  The                               BudgetThe                               Banking System
- Prices    - Determination                                   of Prices  The                                   Role of PricesProblems                                   in Price Policy
- Inflation    Living                           Standards - Progress                               since 1949    - Food  ClothingConsumer                                   Goods
- Housing   Income                               DistributionPotential                           for Achieving National Goals
Chapter                       6 - Agriculture
 (Frederick W. Crook)                       
Resources                           Endowment
- Agricultural                           Policies    - The                               1950s  Importance                               of Agriculture RecognizedRecovery
- Post-Mao                               Policies   Planning                           and OrganizationOperational                           Methods and Inputs
Cropping                               Patterns
- Fertilizer  MechanizationWater                               Conservancy
- Pest                               Control  Seed                               VarietiesAgricultural                               Science
- Production    - Crops  Animal                               HusbandryForestry
- Fishery  Sideline                               ProductionAgricultural                           Trade
Chapter                       7 - Industry
 (Michael L. Waddle)                       
Trends                           in Industrial Production
- Organization  Geographic                           Distribution of IndustryLevel                           of Technology
- Supplies                           of Industrial Resources    - Capital  LaborRaw                               Materials
- Energy   Manufacturing- Iron                               and Steel  Machine                               Building- Machine                                   Tools  Electric                                   Power EquipmentTransportation                                   Equipment
- Metallurgical                                   Equipment  ElectronicsChemicals
- Building                               Materials  PaperTextiles
- Food                               Processing  Other                               Consumer GoodsConstruction
Housing                               Construction
- Capital                               Construction   Mining- Coal  Iron                               OreOther                               Minerals and Metals
- Energy    - Oil                               and Natural Gas  Electric                               and Nuclear PowerRural                           Industry 
- Defense                           Industry       - Chapter                       8 - Trade and Transportation  (Roxane D.V. Sismanidis                       and Ernestine H. Wang)                            - Internal                           Trade and Distribution        - Agriculture  IndustryLateral                               Economic Cooperation
- Retail                               Sales   Foreign                           Trade - History                               of Chinese Foreign Trade  Trade                               Policy in the 1980sOrganization                               of Foreign Trade
Ministry                                   of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
- Foreign                                   Trade Corporations and Enterprises  Financial                                   Transactions and InvestmentOther                                   Organizations Involved in Trade
- Composition                               of Foreign Trade  Trading                               PartnersTourism
- Transportation    - Railroads  SubwaysHighways                               and Roads
- Bridges  Inland                               WaterwaysMaritime                               Shipping
- Civil                               Aviation   Postal                           Services Telecommunications
Historical                               Development
- Telecommunications                               Services       - Chapter                       9 - Science and Technology  (Donald D. DeGlopper)                            - Historical                           Development of Science and Technology Policy        - Pre-1949                               Patterns          - Foreign                                   Learning and Chinese Learning   Soviet                               Influence in the 1950s"Reds"                               Versus "Experts" in the 1950s and 1960s
- Rehabilitation                               and Rethinking, 1977-84   Science                           and Technology in the 1980's- The                               Supply of Skilled Manpower  Research                               InstitutesNational                               Organization and Administration
Chinese                                   Academy of Sciences
- State                                   Science and Technology Commission  National                                   Defense Science, Technology, and Industry CommissionResearch                                   in Colleges, Universities, and Enterprises
- Planning                                   Scientific Research   Integration                               of Administrative Systems- Leading                                   Group for Science and Technology  China                                   Association of Science and TechnologyInternational                               Ties
- The                           Reform Program    - Shortcomings                               of the Science and Technology System  The                               Program- The                                   Relation with Economic Reform  Technology                                   Markets and Joint VenturesPersonnel                                   and Job Mobility
- Technology                           Transfer    - Policy  Modes                               of TransferLinking                               Technology and Economics
Chapter                       10 - Party and Government
 (Marcia R. Ristaino)                       
Chinese                           Communist Party
Party                               Constitution
- National                               Party Congresses  Central                               Committee and Political BureauSecretariat
- Central                               Military Commission  Other                               Party OrgansMembership
- Mass                               Organizations    - Chinese                                   People's Political Consultative Conference  Democratic                                   PartiesTrade                                   Unions
- Communist                                   Youth League  Women,                                   Artists, Students, and OthersThe                           Government
Constitutional                               Framework
- The                               National People's Congress  The                               State CouncilThe                               Judiciary
- Local                               Administration  The                               Cadre SystemThe                           Media
Chapter                       11 - The Political Process
 (Marcia R. Ristaino)                       
Political                           Realignments at the Party Center
Deng                               Xiaoping Consolidates Power
- Institutionalizing                               Collective Leadership  A                               Successor GenerationThe                           First Wave of Reform, 1979-84
The                               Opening Up Policy and Reform in the Countryside
- Rectification                               and Reform   The                           Second Wave of Reform, 1984-86- The                               Repercussions of Urban Reform  The                               Decentralization of PowerThe                           Third Wave of Reform, Beginning in 1986
Political                               Reform
- Resistance                               and the Campaign Against Bourgeois Liberalization   The                           Politics of Modernization- The                               Components of Reform  Competing                               Bureaucratic InterestsDeng                               Xiaoping's Seminal Role
- Marxism-Leninism-Mao                           Zedong "Thought Be Thought "                              - The                               Role of Ideology  Ideology                               and the Socialist ManIdeology                               and Social Change
Chapter                       12 - Foreign Relations
 (Elizabeth E. Green)                       
Evolution                           of Foreign Policy
Historical                               Legacy and Worldview
- Nationalism  The                               Influence of IdeologyDecision                               Making and Implementation
Government                                   and Party Organizations
- Ministry                                   of Foreign Affairs  Ministry                                   of Foreign Economic Relations and TradeMinistry                                   of National Defense
- "People-to-People"                                   Diplomacy  The                                   Decision-Making ProcessAn                           Overview of China's Foreign Relations
Sino-Soviet                               Relations
- Sino-American                               Relations  Relations                               with the Third WorldRelations                               with the Developed World
Japan
- Europe   China's                               Role in International Organizations- Chapter                       13 - Criminal Justice and Public Security  (Ronald E.                       Dolan)                          - The                           Legal System      - The                               Imperial Era  Republican                               ChinaDevelopments                               after 1949
Early                                   Years of the People's Republic, 1949-53
- The                                   Legal System under the 1954 State Constitution  The                                   Legal System under the 1975 State ConstitutionReturn                               to Socialist Legality
Legal                                   Reforms in the 1982 State Constitution
- Court                           Structure and Process  Law                           Enforcement- Historical                               Background  Public                               Security Forces- The                                   People's Armed Police Force  State                                   SecurityGrass-Roots                               Organizations
- The                           Penal System      - Chapter                       14 - National Defense  (Roxane D.V. Sismanidis)                            - Historical                           Development, 1927-79        - From                               the Founding of the People's Liberation Army to                               the Korean War  Military                               Modernization in the 1950s and 1960sThe                               People's Liberation Army in the Cultural Revolution
- Military                               Modernization in the 1970s   Military                           Modernization- Civil-Military                               Relations    - Political                                   Role of the People's Liberation Army  Party                                   ControlPopular                                   Attitudes Toward the People's Liberation Army
- Military                               Organization    - State                                   and Party Central Military Commissions  Ministry                                   of National Defense and National Defense Science,                                   Technology, and Industry CommissionOperational                                   Control
- General                                   Staff Department  General                                   Political DepartmentGeneral                                   Logistics Department
- Streamlining                                   and Reduction in Force   Doctrine,                               Strategy, and TacticsEducation                               and Training
Revitalization                                   of the Military Academy System
- Training                                   Reforms   Personnel- Recruitment  Conditions                                   of ServicePromotion
- Ranks,                                   Uniforms, and Insignia   Defense                               Industry and the Economic Role of the People's Liberation                               Army- Military                                   Expenditures  Military                                   Research and Development and the National Defense                                   Science, Technology, and Industry CommissionDefense                                   Industry
- Weapons                                   Production  The                                   Role of Foreign Military TechnologyArms                                   Sales
- Civilian                                   Production  Economic                                   Roles of the People's Liberation ArmyPerception                           of Threat
The                               Soviet Union
- Vietnam  IndiaSouth                               China Sea
- Taiwan   Foreign                           Military CooperationForce                           Structure
Ground                               Forces
- Air                               Force  NavyNuclear                               Forces
- Paramilitary                               Forces    - Militia  Reserve                                   Service SystemProduction                                   and Construction Corps
- People's                                   Armed Police Force    Accomplishments                           and Prospects- Appendices        - Appendix B.                           Chronology and Lists  Appendix C.                           The People's Libertion Army at a GlanceBibliography
- Glossary   
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