SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO 

BOTANY 

NUMBER 3 

Wm. Randolph Taylor Marine Algae 

and Charles F. Rhyne of Dominica 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS 

CITY OF WASHINGTON 

I 970 
ABSTRACT 

Taylor, Wm. Randolph and Charles F. Rhyne. Marine Algae of Dominica. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 3: 1-16. 1970-One hundred forty-one species of marine algae are reported froq Dominica, W.I., with field notes. An ecological description 

of twelve collecting localities is given. A discussion of the differences between 

Agardhiella tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz of the West Indies and New England is made 

which results in a new combination, Agardhiella baileyi (Harvey) W. R. Taylor, for 

the material from New England. 

Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded 

in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON : 1970 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OBce 

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents (paper cover) 
Wm. Randolph laylor Marine Algae 

and Charles F. Rhpe of Dominica 

Introduction viewed and is responsible for them all, and has preWhen he ceased work on his manual of eastern 

American tropical marine algae ( 1960), the present 

senior author was left unhappily aware of the general 

discontinuities of ranges recorded for the algae on all 

shores of the Caribbean. Only further detailed field 

studies could be expected to correct this. It has not 

appeared practicable at this time to begin with the 

most conspicuous deficiency, that of the marine flora 

of the large island of Cuba, nor to begin with the long 

Mexican and Central American mainland because of 

the magnitude of the task and the inaccessibility of 

much of the shoreline, but plans were made for studies 

in the Lesser Antilles and, with the important assistance of the National Science Foundation (Grant no. 

GB-3186), field and laboratory work has been carried 

on through 1966-1968. 

In one instance particularly favorable facilities were 

available, for the Smithsonian Institution most graciously arranged for complete field support of a marine 

algal survey of Dominica, based on the station set up 

for the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica at Clarke Hall on the Layou River. 

This justifies a more detailed report here than will be 

practicable for the other islands. Needless to say, we 

are most grateful to the sponsors of the Survey and 

the Institution. The Institution furthermore assigned 

as collaborator Mr. Charles F. Rhyne of its staff, to 

make advance arrangements, to work with the senior 

author during his visit, and to continue afterwards to 

collect in new areas. The senior author is much indebted to him; his contribution to the field work was 

important, and he has prepared the descriptions of the 

localities which follow. While Mr. Rhyne made many 

of his own determinations, the senior author has reWm. Randolph Taylor, Department of Botany, University of 

Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Charles F. Rhyne, 

Department of Botany, University of North Carolina, Chapel 

Hill, North Carolina 27514. 

pared this report. 

There seems to have been only one publication on 

the algae of Dominica, the short list published by 

Symington Grieve (1909) based on his collection and 

the identifications by E. M. Holmes. Insofar as possible, 

where the records seem questionable, they have been 

checked. By the kindness of the Regius Keeper, Dr. 

H. R. Fletcher, the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh was able to lend most of the needed Grieve specimens, which enable several corrections to be made. 

A very few more species are attributed to the island 

in the senior author’s general work ( 1960). 

While little has been known respecting the algae of 

Dominica, the marine flora of the French islands nearby on the north has been substantially studied (Maze 

and Schramm 1870-77, Hamel 1929, Hamel and 

Hamel-Joukov 1931, Feldman 1948, Questel 1951), 

but this has chiefly concerned Guadeloupe. Yet farther 

to the north another center of activity has involved 

the Virgin Islands, St. Bartholomew, and the Netherlands Antilles (Borrgesen 1913-20, Questel 1942, 

Vroman 1968), but, though adjacent on the south, 

Martinique seems to have been rather neglected 

(Hamel supra, Taylor 1940), as have all the islands 

farther south except Barbados and Grenada. 

Physiography and General Features of the 

Coast of Dominica 

Dominica is a relatively small, very rugged island, 

approximately 48 km long and 20 km broad, with two 

mountain masses exceeding 1,400 m in height, and 

several other high ridges. Much of the shoreline is not 

easy of access. In general it was possible to sample 

each parish except those of St. Peter, St. Luke, and 

St. David, but that of St. John could only be visited 

near Portsmouth. Most of the stations were exposed: 

rocky or sandy, for well-protected sites in bays or 

1 
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

the upper intertidal zone afforded no attachment at 

all for intertidal species. A very characteristic flora was 

observed and collections were made between the middle 

intertidal down to about one meter below low waterline. Moderate to large tufts of Chaetomorpha nodosa 

were dominant in the intertidal zone interspersed with 

small tufts of Ectocarpus breviarticulatus higher up on 

the cobbles. From the low watermark to 1-2 m below, 

Grateloupia filicina was prominent. Throughout the 

wave-washed area Ralfsia discolored the majonty of 

cobbles and rocks, generally abundant in or near shaded 

crevices. Stubby immature plantlets of Sargassum were 

locally abundant in the lower intertidal areas. 

L 

within reefs, Thalassia or Cymodocea shoals, and mangrove-bordered shores were in short supply, and this 

limited considerably the variety of the flora to be 

expected. Nevertheless, we were able to collect again 

almost all the speices previously reported, hardly 20 

actually, and to add well over 100 additional names. 

The major part of the island coast is dominated 

by black volcanic sand, generally interspersed with 

stretches of weathered rock cobbles and boulders of 

volcanic origin from a few inches to several feet in 

diameter. These long stretches, when of sloping black 

sand alone are decidedly inhospitable to algal attachment unless one ventures beyond into the shallow 

sublittoral zone where the bottom affords a relatively 

stable cobble substrate. This was found especially true 

along much of the leeward (Caribbean) side of the 

island. The windward (Atlantic) shore was generally 

bordered by precipitous cliffs, with large rock material 

in the intertidal and shallow sublittoral zones. Sand 

beaches were only observed on this shore on protected 

sides of headlands and embayments. 

As stated by Hodge (1954) and observed by the 

authors, active fringing reefs were practically nonexistent except at two points, these being at Soufrie3-e 

Bay, Scotts Head on the southwest coast and at 

Calibishie on the northern coast. In both places, white 

sand (pulverized coral fragments) was observed in 

conjunction with offshore coral reefs. The paucity of 

coral formation can certainly be attributed to the 

flushing action of the many rivers depositing silt 

(Hodge, 1954) and could also be attributed to the 

drop in salinity in areas adjacent to the mouths of 

larger rivers. 

Substrate material brought back from the north 

(windward) coast yielded in many cases a corallinecoral conglomerate in the form of cobbles with the 

coral portion definitely in a moribund state. At Calibishie the reef area was apparently in a static state, 

larger fleshy algae having taken over much of the sublittoral zone. 

Collecting Stations with Ecological Notes 

1. St. Paul Parish, 2.4 km south of the Layou River 

mouth. 16 February 1967 

Large cobbles and boulders covered the bottom from 

the middle intertidal zone out to about 2-4 m of water. 

Black volcanic sand forming a continuous strand along 

2. St. Joseph Parish, about 400 m south of the Layou 

River mouth. 16 February 1967 

This habitat displays a sloping black sand beach 

with scattered small cobbles from the low watermark 

out to one meter depth. A portion of this locality was 

influenced by fresh water from the Layou River, resulting in a lack of variety and general paucity of the 

fringing flora. The dominant species, Chondria littoralis, was observed throughout the area, with abundant 

Chaetmorpha clavata, Padina gymnospora, and robust 

specimens of the variable Gracilaria domingensis. The 

high insolation tended to bleach much of the material 

in these shallows to a dull yellow and white appearance. Farther out at a depth of 5-10 dm, Neomeris 

dumetosa, Sphacelaria tribuloides ( ?) , and Caulerpa 

cupressoides were found on and between the cobbles. 

A slight embayment just 100 m south of the last 

locality contained many specimens of interest. This 

area was observed under the conditions of onshore 

winds in conjunction with incoming tides. Large masses 

of unattached algae accumulated in a drifting mass 

some 17 m wide lying parallel to the shore. Noting the 

freshness of many of these specimens and their absence 

from the area surveyed, it must be assumed that most 

of these plants were being washed up from lower depths 

just offshore. Large specimens of Gracilaria domingensis were dominant in this drift, some being over 70 cm 

in length. Other interesting plants were Agardhiella 

tenera, Codium isthmocladum, Enantiocladia duperre@, and Gracilaria damaecornis. 

3. St. George Parish, beside the Post Office, Roseau 

Harbor. 17 February 1967 

This area resembled the locality near the Layou 

River in that Chaetmorpha media was again dominant 
NUMBER 3 3 

along a cobble-boulder shore with moderate to heavy 

surf. Several species observed here were not found at 

the latter locality, however, possibly in response to the 

heavy organic pollution of the harbor area. Two other 

species were also extremely abundant: Ulva fasciata 

and Gymnogongrus tenuis, with large quantities of Gracilaria ferox, Grateloupia cuneifolia, and G. filicina. 

Strangely, the genus Enteromorpha was not observed 

here at this time. 

4. St. Joseph Parish, just south of the Macoucheri 

River. 20 February 1967 

A black sand beach with interspersed cobbles was 

evident for miles on either side of this locality. Dominant was the ubiquitous Chaetomorpha nodosa, with 

handsome specimens of Grateloupia filicina, Galaxaura 

cylindrica, and Ceramium nitens, all being extremely 

abundant in the drift. Another species of interest was 

Pterocladia bartlettii as a dwarf form. Dictyota indica, 

Gracilaria mamillaris, Acanthophora spicifera, Giflordia mitchellae, Hypnea spinella, Spyridia aculeata, and 

Polysiphonia sphaerocarpa were all prevalent as lowgrowing matted forms on the stones. 

5. St. Luke Parish, about 0.8 km south of Point MicheI. 

21 February 1967 

A rock-cobble shore was observed here, with Chaetomorpha nodosa, Grateloupia filicina, and Wrangelia 

argus dominating throughout. Most prominent was 

W. argus, in dark tufts at the mean low-tide mark. 

6. St. Mark Parish, Scotts Head, Soufriere Bay. 

21 February-12 March 1967 

Along the shore there was a reef, mostly of dead coral 

above, but with living corals in deeper water from one 

meter below low tide to a depth past visual observation. 

The transparency of the water allowed light penetration to 17 meters or more, past the zone of plant attachment. A striking difference at this locality was the 

appearance of white sand derived from fragmentation 

of the offshore coral reef material, contrasting with the 

shore dominated by black sand north of this area. 

From the high intertidal zone to 5 dm below low 

water the flora is little different from corresponding 

spots along the leeward coast north of Scotts Head, 

except for the occurrence of Cladophoropsis menibranacea, Boodlea composita, and Struvea anastomosans. 

Large specimens of Colpomenia sinuosa, another species not found elsewhere, were locally frequent, borne 

on the common white sea urchin. 

Azone of Sargassums was observed at about 5-15 dm 

depth which paralleled the shore, affording protection 

for smaller algae such as Gelidiella acerosa, Jania rubens, Wurdemannia miniata, Laurencia microcladia, 

and L. papillosa. On either side of the Sargassum zone, 

Padina sp., Dictyota dentata, Galaxaura rugosa, 

G. squalida, and Acanthophora rnuscoides occurred 

sporadically. Ralfsia expansa encrusted the cobbles and 

suitable substrates from low watermark to one meter 

below. 

As one approached the tip of the headland at Scotts 

Head, the surf became much rougher and the flora 

richer, abundant in the upper sublittoral zone, with 

dense stands of Sargassum vulgare, Turbinaria turbinata, and irridescent Dictyota dentata. It was interesting however, to note the contrasting paucity of numbers and species from about a depth of 3 dm downward. In fact the latter area appeared sterile. 

Only once during the field work did the surf conditions allow one to work out from the water’s edge on 

the southern side of Scotts Head, which receives some 

of the force of the Atlantic surf. It is a locality with 

extremely heavy wave action and winds, and generally 

with only Saragassum platycarpum, other Saragassums, 

and Dictyota dentata washed up on the sloping cobble 

beach. Large clumps of Chamaedoris peniculum were 

prevalent in the sublittoral zone at 1-4 m depth. Occasionally Caulerpa racemosa and Dictyota dentata were 

found in this area, with Pocockiella variegata in large 

scattered patches over the bottom. Farther out a Iarge 

flat coral-coralline encrusted rock formation provided 

substrate for Sargassums and Dictyota dentata. Along 

the edge of this reef in depths of 3-7 m occurred robust 

specimens of Stypopodium zonale, a species not found 

elsewhere on the island. 

7. St. David Parish, shore at Rosalie. 22 February 1967. 

Located a few hundred meters north of the Rosalie 

River was a cobble beach subjected to extremely heavy 

surf action. An abundant growth of Enteromorpha 

jlexuosa on the cobbles in the intertidal area indicated 

probable pollution from the nearby river mouth. 

Several species, such as Cryptonemia luxurians, Bryothamnion triquetrum, and Sargassum spp., were found 

as drift. Unfortunately, it was impossible to make observations below the upper intertidal zone. 
4 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Algal material was attached to cobbles and coral fragments just beyond the inshore reef at depths of 1.0- 

1.5 m. It was here that a brown gelatinous thallus was 

found in great abundance, which later proved to be 

a palmelloid diatom colony, with many thalli reaching 

20 cm or more in extent. This has been identified by 

the kindness of Mr. Robert Ross, Keeper of Botany, 

British Museum (N.H.) as Amphipleura micans var. 

fragilis (Grev.) Cleve. On Thalassia blades, Fosliella 

lejolisii and F. farinosa were extremely abundant. Coralline algal fragments were scattered about the bottom, 

some reaching 10 cm in diameter. As much as 75 

percent of the available substrate appeared to be lithothaminoid in nature. Also common in this area were 

Chamaedoris peniculum, Ernodesmis verticillata, Siphonocladus tropicus, Pocockiella variegata, Galaxauras, and Asparagopsis taxiformis. (2) Attached to 

the exposed inshore reef surface was a thick carpet 

of Jania rubens and Cladophoropsis membrnnacea 

which covered most of the top of the reef, and the 

vegetation rising above it was dominated by large yellow streaks of Laurencia corallopsis, abundant Gelidiella acerosa, Digenia simplex, and scattered clumps of 

Padina gymnospora. The leading edge of the reef down 

to one meter was richly clothed by Sargassums, with 

large clump9 of Gracilaria debilis, and with abundant 

patches of lithothamnia. Just behind the reef on the 

leeward side, tide pools exposed at low tide gave protection to several plants of Penicillus capitatus. (3) 

About 75 m offshore there was a shoal associated with 

an exposed ridge 25-30 m high. This shoal was so situated as to miss most of the heavy incoming surf at 

high tides and to be relatively calm at lower tides. 

In tide pools ranging in depth from 0.5 to 4 dni Penicillus capitatus was found to be locally abundant. Approximately a dozen small and poorly developed plants 

of Udotea flabellum were found in a few shallow sandbottomed pools. The genus was unusually scarce about 

Dominica. (4) The majority of the species found in 

the abundant drift along the beach and in the backwash 

behind the inshore reef were also collected as attached 

plants from the intertidal zone out to a depth of 2 in. 

A few of the drifting species were not found attached, 

such as Amann’a multifida, Cryptonemia sp., Gelidium 

sp., and Vidalia obtusiloba. Such drifting material was 

probably derived from colonies at greater depths, 

though, possibly, plants occurred throughout in small 

amounts and were overlooked. 

8. St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay just north of 

Lagon. 23 February 1967. 

In this calm, shallow, but large embayment, representative species such as Padinas, Pterocladia americana, P. bartlettii, Chaetomorpha hum, Dictyota 

cervicornis, Ralfsia sp., Sargassum sp., and Laurencia 

sp. were common, with Hypnea musciformis, Dictyota 

ciliata, Cladophora sp., and Galaxaura sp. locally abundant. The shallow sublittorial consisted of encrusted 

cobbles wtih some dead coral fragments, upon which 

lay a thin layer of silt. Uniformity of habitat combined 

with high insolation produced an abundant but repetitious flora. 

9. St. John Parish, Douglas Bay at Tanetane. 24 February 1967 

Basically this was the same type of habitat as found 

in the Prince Rupert Bay area, but with a rougher, 

rockier shoreline. In some areas Wrangelia argus was 

found abundant as small tufts covering the tips of submerged rocks with Struvea anastomosans and Gymnogongrus tenuis locally abundant. The sloping sand 

beach supported Liagora decussata, Grateloupia filicina, and Cladophora in patches on somewhat sandcovered rocks. 

10. St. John Parish, Portsmouth, at the mouth of the 

Picard River. 24 February 1967 

Overall the shore appeared very sterile with only two 

major growths evident: a species of blue-green 

Lyngbya on small tree limbs submerged in water and 

a red alga that was locally common attached to cobbles. 

11. St. Andrew Parish, coral reef at Calibishie. 

25 February, 3 March 1967 

The area appeared to be characterized by the outlying coral reef, the shore a white sand beach with 

many fragments of old coral heads along the upper 

intertidal zone. The coral portion of the reef was apparently not flourishing as well as the one at Scotts 

Head and possibly was in a dying state. Much of the 

sublittoral area was overgrown with larger benthic 

algae while lithothamnia predominated in both attached and loose fragment forms. 

Certain localities at Calibishie differed significantly, 

so that they are here treated individually. (1) This 

first area was heavily swept by diagonal backwash currents along with heavy agitation on incoming tides. 
NUMBER 3 5 

12. St. Andrew Parish, shoreline in Woodford Hill 

Bay. 3 March 1967 

An area observed on the west side of Pointe La Soie 

in Woodford Hill Bay was similar to that of Calibishie. 

A heavy surf continually pounded this cobble-corallinecoral reef substrate, supporting a rich variety of algae, 

such as Gracilaria debilis, Galaxaura cylindrica, Dictyota dentata, Laurencia corallopsis, and L. papillosa. 

The undergrowth carpet for the most part consisted 

of a species of Jania. Shaded tide pools higher up in the 

intertidal zone yielded large amounts of Hypnea musciformis, Gelidiella acerosa, Spyridia aculeata, and Centroceras clavulatum. At the edge of the reef washed 

by the surf, Bryocladia thyrsigera was found in abundance, while Dictyopteris delicatula was very abundant 

at depths of 3-10 dm, together with Galaxaura cylindrica. A most interesting form of Laurencia poitei 

with flat axes in bilateral blades was also observed in 

this reef edge area. The influence of the Woodford Hill 

River was sharply defined by large populations of 

Enteromorpha clathrata and Chaetomorpha nodosa. 

Traveling up the river about 30 to 70 m, the exposed 

root systems of Pterocarpus oficinalis were clothed with 

Bostrychia rivularis, and Compsopogon caeruleus appeared at 185 m from the river mouth. 

Turning away from the headland toward the center of the bay, the shore was lined with a light gray 

sand. At this point a rather extensive reef area similar 

to the Calibishie reef exposed itself. Adjacent to this 

structure was attached Heminthocladia calvadosii in 

xbundance. Heavy surf conditions were evident, with 

a strong backwash from the lee side of the reef, where 

Polysiphonia ferulacea, Grateloupia filicina, and 

Hypnea musciformis were dominant. 

List of Taxa 

The localities are cited according to parishes, starting with St. George, and followed in a clockwise direction. Our collecting station numbers are printed in 

boldface. An asterisk (*) is used to mark species newly 

recorded from Dominica. 

Serial numbers of the material we collected jointly 

are preceded by the last digits of the collection year 

(67-234), while his initial designates those collected 

by the junior author separately (R-234). The first set 

of material has been deposited in the Smithsonian 

Institution and the second in the herbarium of the 

University of Michigan. Finally, incorporated in the 

list are those algae in a small collection made in July 

1966 by William L. Stem and Dieter C. Wasshausen 

(S&W-234), which add essentially new localities. The 

use of this collection has been a welcome privilege. 

Class CHLOROPHYCEAE 

Order ULOTRICHALES 

Family CHAETOPELTIDACEAE 

*Diplochaete solitaria Collins 

St. Mark: Area 6, R307B, on Herposiphonia from the 

offshore reef. 

Family ULVACEAE 

"Enteromorpha chthrata (Roth) J. Agardh 

St. Andrew: 12, R-246, at the river mouth, intertidal and 

common. 

St. Joseph: 2, 67-338, on rocks just below low tide level 

in an area of boulders and cobbles surrounded by black 

sand. St. John: 8, 67486, drifted ashore; 9, 67500, 

frequent as attached to Iarge rocks. St. David: 7, 67457, 

also with E. lingulata, 67-458 p.p., common on rocks in 

heavy surf. 

St. Joseph: north of St. Joseph, R. M. King C-1139. 

St. David: 7, 67-458 as noted above. Doubtless it is at 

least as abundant as E. fleruosa, and both really common, 

especially near settlements, or wherever there may be a 

little pollution, but these commonplace species were seldom 

collected. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-531. 

St. George: 3, 67348, abundant on the shore rocks between tide levels. St. Joseph: 4, 67396, frequent on the 

rocks in a dwarf form. St. John: 8,67487, tufts of a dwarf 

form drifted ashore. St. Andrew: 12, R-218, common on 

the reef. St. Mark: 6, 67428, R-279, frequent on the 

rocks along the peninsula to Scotts Head, and infrequent 

on small stones in sandy areas. 

Grieve ( 1909, p. 8) mentions the presence of this alga on 

Dominica without giving a definite locality. About the 

island, as elsewhere in the West Indies, the aspect of 

U. fasciata varies a great deal. In the narrow and branched 

form it is at once recognizable, but at times the resemblance 

to U. lactuca v. rigida is great, especially in crowded, 

dwarfed forms, and microscopic examination of frond 

sections must be made. 

*Enteromorpha flexuosa ( Wulfen) J. Agardh 

*Enteromorpha lingulata J. Agardh 

Ulva lactuca Linn~eus 

Ulva fasciata Delile 
6 SMITHSONUN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Order CLADOPHORALES Family VALONIACEAE 

*Ernodesmis verticillata (Kutzing) ho gesen 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-526, frequent on rocks beyond the 

inshore reef in 6-12 dm of water, also, drifted ashore, 

67-564. 

*Siphonocladus tropicus (Crouan) J. Agardh 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-562, R-176, frequent on the reef 

edge to a depth of 6 dm, and numerous plants drifted 

ashore. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-538, frequent as attached among coral 

fragments beyond the inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth. St. 

Mark: 6, R-291, on the south side common at 12-30 dm 

depth. 

St. Andrew: 11, R-195, R-199, on the inshore reef. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67554, attached to rocks of the inshore 

reef. 

St. John: 8, 67-483, drifted ashore. St. Andrew: 11, 67- 

559, R-173A, drifted ashore and abundant on the inshore 

reef. St. Mark: 6, 67-425, R-266, soft tufts common on 

rocks of the peninsula to Scotts Head. 

St. Mark: 6, 67-426, R-268, forming dense cushions on 

rocks along the peninsula to Scotts Head. 

St. John: 9, 67-492, scarce as attached to rocks along the 

beach. St. Andrew: 11, R-170, epiphytic on Digenia on 

the inshore reef. St. Mark: 6, 67-434, scarce on the rocks 

along the shore of the peninsula to Scotts Head. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-580, in the drift, probably from the 

rocky reef offshore; 12, R-214, on the coral reef. 

A plant of crevices in exposed reefs and rocky shores, 

sdldom in accessible places on this island. 

*Chamaedoris peniculum (Ellis & Solander) Kuntze 

*Dictyosphaeria caornosa ) Borgesen skal Beorgesen (Forssk %l 

*Dictyosphaeria vanbosseae Borgesen 

*Cladophoropsis membranacea (C. Agardh) Borgesen 

*Boodlea composita (Harvey) Brand 

*Struvea anastomosans (Harvey) Piccone 

*Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C. Agardh 

Family CLADOPHORACEAE 

*Chaetomorpha hum (Mullerilleu Kiitzing 

St. Paul: 1, 67-360, drifted ashore. St. John: 8, 67479, 

very common as entangled among other attached algae. 

Also 67-488, drifted ashore. 

*Chaetomorpha nodosa Kutzing 

St. Paul: 1, 67-328, wmmon on the boulders at the highest algal level; 0.8 km. south of Layou, SbW-27810, between Layou and Goodwill, SbW-27864. St. Joseph: On 

rocks just north of St. Joseph, R. M. King C-1137; 4, 

67-410, common in similar situations. St. John: 9, 67498, 

on the larger rocks. St. Andrew: 11, 67-553; 12, R-247, 

common in situations such as those in St. Paul Parish. 

St. Mark: 6, 67-422, common in similar situations on the 

peninsula to Scotts Head. 

St. John: 6, 67-495, 67-499, common on the intertidal 

rocks. 

St. George: 3, 67-353, in considerable quantity. St. Mark: 

6, 67-423, R-264, frequent as attached to the intertidal 

rocks and at a depth of about 3 dm, on the peninsula to 

Scotts Head. 

Grieve ( 1909, p. 8) probably refers to this species under 

the name C. antennina Kutzing as a misidentification, reporting it from the northeast coast, which would indicate 

St. Andrew Parish. 

St. Joseph: 2, 67-333, forming numerous tufts on the 

rocks. Cells markedly swollen, as visible to the unaided eye. 

Rhizoclonium arenosum (Carmichael) Kutzing 

St. George: Roseau, according to Grieve (1909, p. 9), a 

doubtful record. 

Grieve also reported the var. occidentalis Kutzing from 

the same place, but I would consider his specimen under 

this name in the herbarium of the Edinburgh Botanic 

Garden to be Chaetomorpha nodoscl. 

St. Andrew: 11, R-173, R-l82A, R-l89C, abundant on 

the inshore reef. 

St. Paul: 1, 67362, frequent in the drift. St. Joseph: 2, 

67-339, on boulders. St. John: 8, 67-473, attached to the 

rocks; 9, 67-504, 67-505, where frequent as attached to 

rocks off the sandy beach. St. Andrew: 12, R-215, on a 

cobblestone reef. 

*Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kutzing 

Chaetomorpha media (Wulfen) C. Agardh 

*Chaetomorpha clavata (C. Agardh) Ku tzing 

*Cladophora fuliginosa Kutzing 

*Cladophora fascicularis (Mertens) Kutzing 

Order SIPHONOCLADIALES 

Family DASYCLADACEAE 

*Neomeris dumetosa Lamouroux 

St. Joseph: 2, 67-334, very scarce and small, on stones 

below low tide level. 

St. Andrew: 11, R-198, on the inshore reef. 

*Neomeris annulata Dickie 

Order SIPHONALES 

Family CAULERPACEAE 

*Caulerpa cupressoides (West) C. Agardh, var. cupressoides 

St. Andrew: 11, R-154, on the offshore reef, and R-185, 

on a coral-cobble bottom at 6-9 dm depth. 

*Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium (J. Agardh) Webervan Bosse f. elegans (Crouan) Weber-van Bosse. 

St. Joseph: 2, R-318, 67-337, occasional colonies growing 

on the sand. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-534, on rocks beyond the inshore reef 

at a depth of 6-12 dm. 

St. Paul: 1, 67-363, drifted ashore. St. Joseph: 2, R-319, 

67-463, on cobbles at about 6 dm depth. St. Andrew: 11, 

R-186, on the inshore reef. 

*Caulerpa racemosa (Forssail) J. Agardh 

Caulerfia sertularioides (Gmelin) Howe 
NUMBER 3 7 

*Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-540, attached to rocks beyond the 

inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth. 

St. Andrew: 12, R-218, very scarce, in offshore tide-pools; 

*Udotea flabelturn (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux * 

11, R-150. 

*Penicillus capitatus Lamarck 

St. Andrew: 11, R-151, R-174, R-187, frequent in offshore rock tide-pools. 

Halimeda simulans Howe 

St. John: 8, at 11-28 m, W. L. Schmitt, 28 iii 56. Reported in Hillis 1959, p. 369 (but in University of Michigan 

Herbarium). 

St. Paul: 1, 67-364, one large specimen drifted ashore. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-532, infrequent as attached to rocks 

beyond the inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth. 

*Codium isthmocladum Vickers 

Class PHAEOPHYCEAE 

Order ECTOCARPALES 

Family ECTOCARPACEAE 

*Ectocarpus breuiarticulatus J. Agardh 

St. Paul: 1, 67-330, on large boulders. St. Joseph: 4, 67- 

407, on rocks along the shore. St. John: 9, 67-502, on 

rocks off the sandy beach. St. Mark: 6,67-441, rocks along 

the peninsula to Scotts Head. 

St. Joseph: 4,67-409, on rocks along shore. 

'Gifordia mitchellae (Harvey) Hamel 

Order SPHACELARIALES 

Family SPHACELARIACEAE 

'Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini 

St. Paul: 1, 67-325, scarce, on the large rocks along shore, 

Order DICTYOTALES 

Family DICTYOTACEAE 

'Dilophus guineensis (Kutzing) J. Agardh 

St. Paul: 1, 67-365. St. Joseph: 2, 67-394, brought ashore 

on a fisherman's net, coll. Rhyne; 4, 67-411, on scattered 

rocks. St. Mark: 6, R-277, at depths of 6-30 m; R-294A, 

the south side. 

This species is widely distributed and very common on 

other islands, hut since often small in the intertidal zone of 

* In a paper in press, written subsequent to the preparation 

of this Dominica report, the senior author questions the correctness of the joint citation of Ellis and Solander as authors 

of several species names. 

exposed shores it may have been neglected in collecting on 

Dominica. 

St. Andrew: 11,67-579, drifted ashore. 

Grieve (1909, p. 10) lists this (as D. bartayresiana) without citing a definite station, hut there is nothing implausible 

about the record. 

St. John: 8,67-490, drifted ashore. 

St. Joseph: 4,67-386, one plant only. 

St. John: 8, 67-480, attached on rocks along the shore. 

St. Joseph: SbW-27861, south of Mero. St. John: 8, 67- 

471, frequent as attached to the rocks. St. Andrew: 11, 

67-583. St. Mark: 6, R-300, on the south side, frequent at 

12-30 dm depth. 

St. Paul: SbW-27874, between Layou and Goodwill. 

St. Paul: 1, 67-357, numerous plants drifted ashore. St. 

Joseph: 4, 67-387, on rocks along the beach. St. Andrew: 

11, 67-543, locally common on rocks beyond the inshore 

coral reef at 6-12 dm depth. St. Mark: 6, 67-449, on the 

south side, frequent as drifted ashore. 

Probably quite common but the tendency to limit collections to well-grown plants caused the much more numerous dwarfed ones of the low intertidal zone of exposed 

shores to be neglected. This is true for the Dictyotas and 

Padinas in general, for unless the plants are well grown 

the identifications are always unreliable. 

St. George: 3, 67-355, scarce as washed ashore. St. Joseph: 

4, 67-401, 67-408. St. John: Grieve (1909, p. 9) lists this 

from Portsmouth. St. Mark: 6, R-294B, on the south side, 

frequent at 9-30 dm depth. 

"Dictyopteris plagiogramma (Montagne) Vickers 

St. Andrew: 12, R-256B, a scrap drifted ashore. 

"Pocockiella uariegata (Lamouroux) Papenfuss 

St. Andrew: 11,67542, R-184, locally abundant, attached 

to rocks and coral cobbles beyond the inshore at 6-12 dm 

depth. Also, drifted ashore, 67-578. St. Mark: 6, R-290, 

on the south side, at depths of 12-30 dm. 

Stypopodium zonale (Lamouroux) Papenfuss 

St. Mark: 6, R-289, on the south side, scarce at depths of 

3-6 m. 

St. Joseph: 4,67-381; scarce at this location. 

St. Joseph: 2, 67-340, common on large rocks scattered 

over the sand. St. Andrew: 11,67-555, common as attached 

plants on the inshore reef. St. Mark: 6, R-269, frequent 

at depths of 6-1 2 dm. 

Padinas were not uncommon about the island, hut often 

only 1-2 cm tall and sterile, so that identification was seldom practicable 

+Dilophus alternans J. Agardh 

Dictyota bartayresii Lamouroux 

*Dictyota divaricata Lamouroux 

*Dictyota indica Sonder 

"Dictyota cervicornis Kutzing 

"Dictyota ciliolata Kutzing 

"Dictyota jamaicensis W. R. Taylor 

"Dictyota dentata Lamouroux 

Dictyopteris delicatula Lamouroux 

"Padina uickersiae Hoyt 

"Padina gymnospora (Ku tzing) Vickers 
8 

Order PUNCTARIALES 

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Family COMPSOPOGONACEAE 

*Compsopogon caeruleus (Balbis) Montagne 

St. Andrew: 12, R-248A, about 185 m from the bay, very 

abundant on the roots of Pterocarpus. 

Family PUNCTARIACEAE 

"Colpomenia sinuosa (Roth) Derb&s and Solier 

St. Andrews: 11, 67-530, common as attached to rocks 

beyond the inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth. St. Mark: 6, 

67-429, frequent on rocks along the peninsula to Scotts 

Head. 

St. John: S&W-27825 Prince Rupert Bay, Portsmouth 

Harbor. 

"Rosenvingea sanctae-crucis Borgesen 

Order FUCALES 

Family SARGASSACEAE 

Sargassum filipendula C. Agardh 

St. Mark: 6,67446, on the south side. 

The rather inadequate specimens which Grieve (1909, 

p. 9) assigned here, without specifying a definite locality, 

seem to belong in S. vulgare, so his may be considered a 

a rather unsatisfactory new record for the island. 

St. David: 7,67453. 

St. George: 3, 67-347, a small amount washed ashore; 1, 

67-332, on rocks scattered along the shore; 67-376, drifted 

ashore. St. John: Grieve (1909, p. 9) lists this species 

from Portsmouth. St. Andrew: 11, 67-560, drifted ashore. 

St. David: 7, 67-455. St. Mark: 6, 67-430, R-302, 

abundant on rocks at the reef edge at 3-15 dm depth. 

, var. *foliosissinurn (Lamouroux) C. Agardh 

St. John: 8,67-476,67-477. 

Sargassum pteropleuron Grunow 

Grieve (1909, p. 9) lists this without a definite station. 

"Sargnssum hystrix J. Agardh 

St. David: 7, 67-452. 

Sargassum platycarpum Montagne 

St. David: 7, 67-454, on the boulders. St. Mark: 6, R-298, 

on the south side, on reef rock at depths of 0.9-6.0 m. 

Grieve (1909, p. 9) lists this species without citing a 

definite locality. It does not seem to be as common about 

the island, or at least not as well developed, as on several 

other islands of the Lesser Antilles. 

St. Mark: 6, R-301, abundant at the reef edge at depths 

of 3-15 m. 

"Sargatsum rigidulum Ku tzing 

Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh 

"Turbinaria turbinata (Linnaeus) Kuntze 

Class RHODOPHYCEAE 

Order BANGIALES 

Family BANGIACEAE 

"Erythrocladia subintegra Rosenvinge 

St. George: 3, 67-353 p.p., epiphytic on Chaetomorpha 

media, intertidal on rocks. 

Order HELMINTHOCLADIALES 

Family HELMINTHOCLADIACEAE 

*HelminthocEadia calvadosii (Lamouroux) Setchell 

*Liagora ceranoides Lamouroux 

St. Andrew: 12, R-250, locally abundant on the reef. 

St. Joseph: 2, 67-464, common on rocks at a depth of a 

meter or somewhat more. St. Andrew: 11, 67-527, frequent on rocks beyond the inshore reef at depths of 6-12 

dm. 

St. John: 8, 67-469, attached to rocks in shallow water. 

St. Paul: 11, 67-327, frequent on rocks in shallow water. 

St. John: 9, 67-501, abundant in patches on rocks off the 

sandy beach. 

It was a particular piece of good fortune to find this 

very striking species on Dominica, for it has seldom been 

collected: on Jamaica (for Phyc. Bor.-Amer. no. 89 by 

Pease and Butler), on Guadeloupe (Crouan) and on St. 

Vincent (the type-locality) . 

St. John: 8, 67-474, attached to rocks in quiet water. 

St. Andrew: 11, R-158, very abundant at 3-6 dm. depth. 

St. Mark: 6, 67-435, frequent on the rocks of the peninsula to Scotts Head. 

St. Paul: 1, 67-372B, drifted ashore. St. Andrew: 11, 

67-584, drifted ashore. St. Mark: 6, R-262, infrequent. 

St. Paul: 1, 67-372C, drifted ashore. St. Joseph: 4, 67- 

377, frequent as drifted ashore; S&W-27850, south of 

Mero, on a rocky bottom. St. Andrew: 11, 67-545, R-202, 

on cobbles and the inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth; 12, 

R-233, common at 3-9 dm depth. 

St. Paul: 1,67-373, drifted ashore. 

St. Paul: 2, SBW-27813; 1, 67-368, on a rocky bottom, 

and scarce as drifted ashore. St. Joseph: 4, 67-379, scarce 

as drifted ashore. St. Andrew: 11, 67-569, drifted ashore; 

"Liagora valida Harvey 

*L. decussata Montagne 

"Galaxaura squalida Kjellman 

*Galaxaura subverticillata Kjellman 

*Galaxaura rugosa (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux 

*Galaxaura cylindrica (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux 

*Galaxaura oblongata (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux 

*Galaxaura marginata (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux 

12, R-23. 

Family BONNEMAISONIACEAE 

*Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Collins and Hervey 

St. Andrew: 11, R-159, abundant over the cobbles at 

6-12 dm depth. 
NUMBER 3 9 

Order GELIDIALES 

Family GELIDIACEAE 

*Gelidiella acerosa (Forssal) 

St. Paul: 2, SbW-27814, 

Feldmann and Hamel 

on a rocky bottom. St. Mark: 

6, 67-431, locally common on the intertidal rocks. St. 

Andrew: 11, 67541, R-189, attached to rocks beyond the 

inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth; abundant on this reef, 

67-458; 12, R-210, common on the reef. 

St. Andrew: Marigot Bay, R. G. Fennah 1939, in pools on 

a rocky ledge. Reported by Taylor (1960, p. 353) without 

definite locality. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-572, from rocks along shore. 

Doubtless a general component of the dense mats of 

very small algae which are almost everywhere in exposed 

situations on rocks. 

St. Paul: 1, 67-331, on intertidal rocks in shallow water. 

St. Joseph: 4, 67-380, drifted ashore. St. John: 8, 67-467, 

common as attached to rocks in shallow water. 

St. John: 8, 67-468, attached to rocks in shallow water. 

St. Mark: 6, R-297, on the atlantic south side, frequent 

at 9-30 dm. 

Gelidiopsis planicaulis (W. R. Taylor) Taylor 

'Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis 

*Pterocladia bartlettii W. R. Taylor 

"Pterocladia americana W. R. Taylor 

"Pterocladia pinnata (Hudson) Papenfuss 

Family WURDEMANNIACEAE 

* Wurdemannia miniata (Draparnaud) Feldmann and Hamel 

St. Mark: 6, 67-438, on the rocks of the peninsula to Scotts 

Head. 

Order CRYPTONEMIALES 

Family RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE 

*Ochtodes secundiramea (Montagne) Howe 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-577, R-191, drifted ashore, and frequent on the reef. 

Many Rhodophyceae when growing exposed to strong 

light show strong color changes: i.e., Wrangelia argus 

appears nearly black, while Laurencia papillosa changes 

from blackish-purple through green to yellow, whereas 

Ochtodes maintains its distinctive bright red color. 

Family CORALLINACEAE 

*Fosliella lejolisii (Rosanoff) Howe 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-536, abundant on Thalassia among 

coral fragments beyond the inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth; 

12, R-230A p.p., on Amansia. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-5824, R-157, abundant on Thalassia. 

Doubtless Fosliellas were much more common about 

*Fosliella farinosa (Lamouroux) Howe 

Dominica than these collection records would indicate, but 

Thalassia beds were not conspicuous about the island, and 

they furnish the chief habitat for these plants. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-552, R-175, attached to rocks as the 

common turf-forming element of the inshore reef. St. 

Mark: 6, 67-436, on rocks along the peninsula to Scotts 

Head. 

Grieve (1909, p. 12) reports this without recording a 

definite station. The supporting specimen consists of a very 

few segments which do not seem to be A. breviarticulata or 

A. fragilissima, but possibly might be A. beauvoisii, entangled among Centroceras filaments. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-533, locally common as attached to 

rocks and coral beyond the inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth. 

St. Paul: 1,67-371, scarce as drifted ashore. 

St. Andrew: 11,677585, scarce as drifted ashore. 

St. Andrew: 11, R-189A. St. Mask: 6, 67439B, on the 

rocks of the peninsula to Scotts Head. 

St. Joseph: 2, 67-335, occasional good colonies in shallow 

water. St. Andrew: 11, 47-550, attached to Digenia on 

rocks of the inshore reef. St. Mark: 6, 67-432, R-260, 

common on rocks along the peninsula to Scotts Head, forming extensive mats at 6-1 2 dm depth. 

Amphiroa fragilissima (Linnaeus) Lamouroux 

Amphiroa breuiarticulata Areschoug 

*Amphiroa rigida Lamouroux, var. antdlana Borgesen 

*Corallina cubensis (Montagne) Kutzing 

*Corallina subulata Ellis & Solander 

"Jania capillacea Harvey 

"Jania rubens (Linnaeus) Lamouroux 

Family GRATELOUPIACEAE 

Grateloupia fdicina (Wulfen) C. Agardh 

St. George: 3, 67-349, common intertidally on rocks. 

St. Paul: 1,67-327, commonon intertidal rocks. St. Joseph; 

4, 67-397, common on the rocks. St. John: 8, 67-489, 

drifted ashore; 9, 67-493, 67-503, common locally on 

rocks and drifted ashore. St. David: 7, 67-462, often 

dwarf, on rocks in the surf. 

Grieve ( 1909, p. 11 ) reports this species without definite 

locality. He also reports the var. Hiformis J. Ag., and 

G. prolongata J. Ag. with its var. cauda De Toni, but the 

record specimens do not seem distinct from G. filicina, simply 

being poorly developed individuals. 

St. George: 3, 67-350, common on the rocks. St. Luke: 

5,67420, on the rocks. 

Grieve (1909, p. 11) reported G. cutleriae Kiutzing without a definite station. The record specimens seems referable 

to G. cuneifolia. 

"Grateloupia cuneifolia J. Agardh 

Grateloupia uersicolor J. Agardh 

Grieve (1909, p. 11) reported this plant without a 

definite station, but no confirming specimen has become 

available. The record is very doubtful, since the type of 

the species comes from Pacific Mexico, and it is not certainly 

known from Atlantic waters. 

St. David: 7,67450. 

"Cryptonemia luxurians (Mertens) J. Agardh 
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Order GIGARTINALES 

Family GRACILARIACEAE 

*Gracilaria uerrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss 

*Gracilaria debilis (Forsskal) Borgesen a l) Borgesen 

St. Paul: 1,67-367, occasional as drifted ashore. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-554B, attached to rocks of the inshore 

reef; 12, R-231, frequent at the reef edge. 

St. Paul: 1, 67-370, scarce as drifted ashore. St. Andrew: 

11, 67-554B, attached to rocks of the inshore reef. 

St. George: 3, 67-352, frequent on the intertidal rocks. 

St. Joseph: 12, R-324, R-325, common on the reef at 

3-6 dm. St. John: Sew-27847 p.p. Prince Rupert Bay, 

Portsmouth Harbor. 

St. Paul: 1, 67-374, large plants common as washed 

ashore. St. Joseph: 2, Rhyne 67-392, brought ashore on a 

fisherman’s net; R-309, 67-342, drifted ashore and on 

stones among black sand; 4, 67-383. St. Andrew: 11, 

R-I 78, infrequent. 

Narrow-bladed, generously branched specimens suggest 

a connection with G. cervicornis, but the sparingly 

branched individuals with long axes 2 cm broad are so 

markedly different that merging the species seems unreasonable. 

St. Paul: 2, SbW-27815. St. Joseph: 4, 67-415, on rocks 

along shore, a somewhat peculiar form of recurved habit. 

St. John: SBW-27834, Prince Rupert Bay, Portsmouth 

Harbor. 

*Gracilaria damaecornis J. Agardh 

*Gracilaria ferox J. Agardh 

“Gradaria ceruicornis (Turner) J. Agardh 

‘(Gracilaria domingensis Sonder 

“Gracilaria mammillaris (Montagne) Howe 

-*Gracilaria sjostedtii Kylin 

Family SOLIERIACEAE 

“Eucheuma echinocarpum Areschoug 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-558, 67-576, drifted ashore; 12, R,- 

235, infrequent along the reef edge. 

“Eucheuma schrammi (Crouan) J. Agardh 

St. Andrew: 12, R-236, infrequent along the reef edge. 

Agardhiella tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz-Plants tending to 

a colonial habit, the bases ramified and intertwined, attaching by small digitate holdfasts, generally bearing several 

erect axes; erect portions to 10-25 cm tall, 1.5-2.0 mm 

diameter, widely and irregularly alternately branching, or 

with distinct excurrent axes which bear a few similar indeterminate branches and, alternately and radially, numerous 

subsimple, somewhat more slender, acute-tipped branchlets. 

Structurally showing a cortex of a single compact surface 

layer of small chromatophore-bearing cells with two, 

seldom to four layers of inner colorless cells increasing in 

size toward the center; the medullary cavity more or less 

loosely filled with filaments of three types, consisting of one 

or more major longitudinal filaments (18)-32-45-(65) p 

diameter which eventually become very thick walled, and 

which occasionally bear short slender lateral branchlets 

that may divide several times to connect with other filaments and the cortex, and also as the third type numerous 

very slender thin-walled loosely anastomosing filaments 

(3.8)-4.7-6.5-( 10.0) p diameter. Zonate tetrasporangia 

occur in the outer cortex, (17)-23-31-(46) p diameter, 

36-46-(60) p long. The cystocarps are also immersed in 

the cortex, causing moderate lateral swelling, discharging 

through a pore. Spermatangia were not seen on this 

material. 

Because of the large number of collections studied, 

only a small representative sampling can be cited. 

While almost all countries and islands are mentioned, 

not all provinces, counties, or parishes could be 

included. Except for specimens of historical interest, 

collection dates are not significant enough to justify 

inclusion. 

FLORIDA: Dade County, Key West, W. H. Harvey 40 

(as Rhabdonia baileyi), February 1850 (NY) ; Brevard 

County, Indian River, E. Palmer 52, 1874 (WRT). 

BAHAMAS : New Providence Island, Nassau, M. S. Synder 

s. n., 1895 (UM). CUBA: Habana Province, Playa de 

Marianas, Baker B Van Heuman s. n., (NY); Oriente 

Province, Gibara, Diaz-Pifferer 223 (WRT) . JAMAICA: 

no location, Pease b Butler s. n., 1900 (NY); St. Thomas 

Parish, Roselle, Taylor 56-168 (UM). HAITI: southwest 

peninsula, southwest coast, Anse a Dnck, C. R. Orcutt 9794 

(NY), same but northwest coast, Jeremie, H. H. Bartlett 

27869 (UM). PUERTO RICO: San Juan Province, Catano, 

M. A. Howe 2271 (NY); Mayaguez Province, Mayaguez, 

Diaz-Pifferer 2067 (NY). VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Thomas 

Island, Charlotte Amalie, F. Borgesen s. n., (NY) ; St. Croix 

Island, Christiansted, Borgesen 193 (UM). NEVIS: St. 

Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, Taylor 68-242 

(UM). ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, causeway to Rat Island, 

Taylor 67-274 (UM). GUADELOUPE: Saunay, C. LcGallo 

160 (WRT). DOMINICA: St. Joseph; 4, 67-358, 67-389, 

67426; St. Paul 2, 67-369. ST. VINCENT: St. George 

Parish, Calliaqua Bay, G. R. Proctor A.2596 (UM). 

BARBADOS : St. Michael Parish, Kensington, A. Vickers, 

Algues de la Barbade 223, 13 January 1899; St. Joseph 

Parish, Bathsheba, Vickers, ibid., also 223, 26 January 1903 

(NY). GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, 

Taylor 66-298. TOBAGO : Rockley Bay, Scarborough, 

Taylor 39-500 (UM) . TRINIDAD: Taparo Point, W. D. 

Richardson 2685 (WRT). COSTA RICA: Limon Province, 

Puerto Limon, C. W. Dodge et al. 42 (WRT). Columbia: 

Bolivar Department, Cartagena, F. A. Barkley 28B0009 

(WRT). VENEZUELA: Federal District near Caracas, 

G. Falcon, 12, 26, 67 (WRT). BRAZIL: Ceara Province, 

Fortaleza, F. Drouet 1360 (WRT), Sao Paulo Province, Ilha 

Sao SebastiZo, A. B. Joly 52 (WRT). 

Since I feel that a distinction must be made between 

the Agardhiella typical of the West Indies and that of 

New England, I have introduced the discussion of this 

species with a description entirely based on West Indian 
NUMBER 3 11 

FIGURE l.-AgandhieZZa tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz: a, from a loose substrate of coarse granular 

material showing a loosely entangled basal portion and erect branches without dominant axes 

(plant from Tobago) ; b, from a firm substrate, the entangled base compact, the erect portions 

with distinctive main axes (plant from Dominica). 

material, excluding reproductive structures not readily 

described from herbarium material. In short, the plants 

grow in colonies-if on a firm substrate, with compact 

fibrous bases felted together, if on broken shells or 

corals, with a loose open mat of fibers mingled with 

the surface material-and these groups of plants may 

come ashore in considerable masses inextricably entangled below, free enough above. As to habit, Figure 

la shows a portion of a clump with the loosely entangled base below, and it is also an example of the 

habit where no well-defined axes develop. In contrast, 

Figure Ib shows a portion of a colony with a densely 

felted base and conspicuous erect axes. 

Unfortunately, collectors commonly only mount portions of their plants, and representative bases are seldom seen in herbaria. There is a histological character 

available which can be used, but requires the utmost 

care in manipulation. Freehand sections should be cut 

from dried material, or of material in fluid preservative after partial hardening in alcohol, and the part 

selected should be from a main stem near the middle of 

the plant, because if too young the structures will not 

have matured, and if too near the base the medulla 

will be found to be, for mechanical reasons, greatly 

compacted. When this is skillfully done and good sections expanded in water with a little heat, the medulla 

should be examined closely. It will be found that strong 

filaments run lengthwise of the plant, sometimes singly, 

but varying greatly in number. When few they stand 

out spectacularly, but when more numerous some are 

smaller than others and less distinct. They are thinwalled at first near branchlet apices, but later the walls 
12 

become exceedingly thick and refractive. Figure 2a 

shows the aspect in transection, Figure 26 that in longisection. In the latter the short intercommunicating 

spurs from these thick filaments appear, and also the 

irregular, very slender thin-walled filaments which 

make up the bulk of the medullary tissue. Near the 

apices the short spur fiLiments are very distinctive as 

alternate single-celled projections from the long main 

filaments. 

In contrast the northern counterpart Agardhiella 

lacks these continuous longitudinal filaments, though 

in transection some briefly swollen filaments or anastomoses may look very like them, but in longisection their 

nature is clear. The branches are often coarser and may 

reach 4 mm in diameter, the plant bases are not widely 

entangled and the tetrasporangia are larger. Its southern range limits seem to be Florida and Texas, for 

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

examples : FLORIDA, Palm Beach County, Jupiter 

Inlet, Mrs. G. A. Hall, Phyc. Bor.-Amer. I396 (NY), 

Levy Go., Cedar Keys, M. A. Howe 6884 (NY). 

TEXAS, Galveston County, Galveston Bay, C. E. Burt 

s. n. (UM) . I refer to microscopic differences between the southern and northern plants with some misgivings, since the 

observations were made upon herbarium material. 

Measurements of tetrasporangia in a few samples of 

northern material under the same treatment accorded 

those from the West Indies gave measurements of 

(37)-46-60-(78) p dim., (69)-73-92-(110) p in 

length, so that a more extended series might confirm 

that they are about twice as large. The structure of the 

cystocarp in New England material has long been well 

known (Kylin 1928). All too few specimens of the 

West Indian plants with cystocarps have been availFIGURE 2.-Agardhiella tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz: a, transection of main axis, details only 

partly filled in, showing cortical structure and large and small filaments of the medulla (plant 

from Costa Rica); b, partial longisection of the medulla, showing large and small filaments, 

with the lateral branches from the large ones connecting with others (plant from Costa Rica). 
NUMBER 3 13 

p. 26, pl. 74) reintroduced Rhabdonia baileyi with a 

description, ascribing it to Harvey, with its range the 

Atlantic coast of North America, and a little later 

(1868, p. 27, pl. 75) described as new Sphaerococcus 

tenuis from the Bahamas. His drawing of the axis 

structure of S. tenuis is incorrect, for by the kindness 

of Dr. J. Th. Koster and Dr. W. F. Prud’homme van 

Reine of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, I was able to 

section a fragment of the type and found it to correspond structurally to that of other West Indian specimens of Agardhiella. Agardh later (1876, p. 592) reintroduced the concept of a mainland range, including in 

synonymy Solieria chordalis Harvey non C. Agardh. 

Schmitz (1889, p. 371) mentions Agardhiella as a new 

genus and cites A. tenera as formerly in Rhabdonia, 

but gives no generic diagnosis, correcting this much 

later ( 1896, p. 371), though not citing the place of 

publication in Rhabdonia or Gigartina. Farlow in his 

first substantial listing of American marine algae ( 1873, 

p. 289) listed Solieria chordalis from southern Massachusetts and Long Island while later (1875, p. 368), 

retaining our plant in Rhabdonia, he assigned no locality, but the next year accepted the range as Cape 

Cod southward and the West Indies (1876, p. 698) 

continuing this in his New England text (1881, p. 

159). Thus the pattern for the customary American 

treatment was set. DeToni (1897, p. 322) accepted 

Agardhiella with A. tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz as the 

 . His description 

surgens . . .” fits our West Indian plant very well, but 

he adopts the wider range for the species. Kylin (1928, 

p. 67) described the structure of the Massachusetts 

material, though he later recognized (1932, p. 16) 

that the type of the species came from the West Indies, 

without changing his descriptions. 

In short, if one accepts the West Indian area as the 

type district and the plants as I have described them 

as typical, then the northern materials described in the 

literature (as referred to in Taylor 1962, p. 267), and 

with representative specimens mentioned earlier, must 

be distinguished by their own name, for which the 

best available seems to be Agardhiella baileyi (Ham. 

ex Kutz) W. R. Taylor n. comb. (= Rhabdonia baileyi 

Harvey ex Kutzing 1866, p. 26). The lectotype should 

be the specimen illustrated by Kutzing (1866, pl. 74, 

figs. c, d) from Greenport, Suffolk County, on the 

northeastern end of Long Island, New York. This is, in 

able, and of course they had been dried. While the 

sections made were far from good, it appeared that the 

carpospore mass was surrounded by a sheath of filaments, varying from subst 

cystocarps, while rare to scarce trabeculae composed 

of single filaments penetrated from this sheath into the 

carposporangial mass. This seemed to be hollow, with 

the more mature carposporangia separated from a 

slender stalklike cell by a less mature sporangial rudiment. This looked more like Kylin’s figure of Solieria 

(1956, fig. 207D) than like Agardhiella (Taylor 1962, 

pl. 59, fig. 9) as drawn from New England material. 

If this is confirmed, it is doubtful that the northern and 

southern plants attributed thus far to Agardhiella 

tenera can be kept in the same genus. 

It has been many years since the senior author first 

suspected that plants from the West Indies ascribed 

to Agardhiella tenera differed from those found on the 

New England coast. Until the present he has not had 

occasion to study their structure comparatively, or to 

trace the significant records of the species from various 

Iatitudes in the literature. J. G. Agardh described 

Gigurtina tenera (184,1, p. 18) from the warmer coasts 

of North America and the West Indies. Bailey (1848, 

p. 39) lists Rhabdonia baileyi as a Harveyan manuscript name, the plants from Fort Hamilton, Staten 

Island and Long Island, New York. Ku tzing ( 1849, 

p. 777) presented Sphaerococcus tener from the West 

Indies with Agardh’s name in synonymy. Agardh 

(1852, p. 353) shifted his plant to Rhabdonia with 

G. tenera and S. tener as synonyms, limiting the distribution to the West Indies, and specifically mentioning 

Haiti, Puerto Rico, and St. Crobc, but not indicating 

which specimens he had before him in 1841, though 

some he surely did. Harvey (1853, p. 122) assigned 

plants to Solieria chordalis J. Agardh, with a range 

from Cape Cod to Key West, Florida, which are clearly 

the northern Agardhiella (plate 23A), while he mentions R. baileyi as undescribed, and assigns it to S. 

chordalis with reservations. That he recognized differences between the northern and southern plants is 

not only clear from his text (1853, p. 122), but in his 

Colombia paper (1861, p. 177) he lists S. chordalis as 

extra-tropical and R. tenera as tropical and present at 

Cartajena. Nevertheless he labeled Key West material 

(Harvey 40 at NY) as R. baileyi which seems on structural grounds to be of the West Indian type and so not 

like that of Long Island, New York. Ku tzing (1866, 
14 

Family PHYLLOPHORACEAE 

"Gymnogongrus grifithsiae (Turner) Martius 

Gymnogongrus tenuis (J. Agardh) J. Agardh 

St. Joseph: 4, 67-404 p.p. 

St. George: 3, 67-351, very common on the upper intertidal parts of rocks. St. Paul: SBW-27871, between Layou 

and Goodwill; 1, 67-326, occasional on boulders over black 

sand. St. Joseph: 4, 67-380C, in mats of algae drifted 

ashore, but dwarf. St. Mark: 6, R-283, on the reef at 

6-12 dm depth. 

Grieve (1909, p. 10) reports this and the vars. angustata 

J. Agardh and breuifolia Holmes without listing definite 

stations. The record specimens under the varietal names 

do not seem distinctive, simply being rather small. 

the Kutzing herbarium at Le iden, designated no. 37 

from Bailey. I have seotioned a fragment of it by the 

kindness of the curator, Dr. W. F. Prud'homme van 

Reine, and it shows clearly the thallus and cystocarp 

structure which characterize the New England plant 

we have been calling A. tenera. A Harveyan specimen 

from New York in the J. G. Agardh herbarium at Lund 

under the early designation of Solieria chordalis (no. 

34490) is the characteristic plant as found in open 

water from Long Island and the southern shores of 

Cape Cod, as is one from Greenport (no. 34492) which 

Harvey may very well have received from Bailey and 

sent to Agardh. 

Through the very great kindness of Dr. 0. Almborn, 

Keeper Olf the Herbarium in the Universitets Botaniska 

Museum, Lund, I have been able to examine the Rhabdonia tenera specimens in Agardh's herbarium. Unfortunately, almost all are undated and lack more or less 

of the essential data. These have now been examined 

histologically, however, and most can clearly be assigned to Rhabdonia baileyi (of the earlier terminology) or to Agardhiella tenera of warmer seas, leaving 

a very few uncertain ones which may belong to a third 

very soft species. When Agardh (1852) clarified his 

concept of the range of his R. tenera he mentioned 

Haiti, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix as sources. I was 

unable to get satisfactory sections of the specimens from 

Haiti and St. Croix now in the herbarium and they 

lacked the distinctive basal parts, but those from Puerto 

Rico (ex herb. Binder) could be studied with confidence and agreed with what I found in more recent 

material scheduled aibove. Therefore I suggest that the 

latter specimen retaining the base (no. 34480) be 

designated the lectotype for Gigartina tenera J. Agardh 

(1841, p. 18), later designated Rhabdonia tenera (J. 

Agardh) J. Agardh, and currently called Agardhiella 

tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz. 

Family HYPNEACEAE 

*Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh) Ku tzing 

St. Joseph: 4, 67-402, forming mats on the rocks in 

shallow water. 

St. Joseph: SBW-27854, south of Mero; 2, 67-345, common on stones in shallow water. St. John: 8, 67-470, 

frequent in similar situations. St. Andrew: 12, R-250, 

R-253, R-256A, locally common on the reef and over the 

sandy bottom in shallow water. 

*Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) Lamouruux 

Order RHODYMENIALES 

Family RHODYMENIACEAE 

'Botryocladia occidentalis (Borgesen) Kylin 

St. Andrew: 11, R-Z93, locally common at 6-12 dm depth. 

Family CHAMPIACEAE 

*Coelothrix irregularis (Harvey) Borgesen 

Champia paruula (C. Agardh) Harvey 

St. George: 3,67-354, washed ashore on the rocks. 

St. Andrew: 12, R-237A. 

Order CERAMIALES 

Family CERAMIACEAE 

* Wrangelia argus Montagne 

St. John: 9, 67-497, common on rocks along the beach. 

St. Mark: 6, 67-424, R-304, on rocks along the peninsula 

to Scotts Head and on the reef at 6-12 dm depth. St. 

Luke: 5,67-419, locally common on rocks. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-572 ( ?), drifted ashore as epiphytic on 

Gracilaria. 

St. Paul: 1, 67-361, frequent as drifted ashore. St. Joseph: 

4, 67-384, frequent in the drift. St. Andrew: 11, R-190, 

mixed with other small algae. St. Mark: 6, R-296, on the 

south side, common at depths of 9-30 dm. 

St. Joseph: SBW-27856, south of Mero; 2,67441; SBW27868, on rocks somewhat below low tide level between 

Layou and Goodwill. St. Andrew: 11, 67-586, drifted 

ashore; 12, R-206, R-221, very common high on the 

reef and in tidepools. St. Mark: 6, 674394, on the rocks 

along the peninsula to Scotts Head. 

*Spyridia aculeata (Schimper) Kutzing 

St. Joseph: 4,67406, on rocks in shallow water. 

*Ccramiuin subtile J. Agardh 

*Ceramiu,m nitens (C. Agardh) J. Agardh 

Centroceras clauulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne 
NUMBER 3 

Family RHODOMELACEAE 

"Falkenbergia hillebrandii (Bornet) Falkenberg 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-528, among other algae attached to 

the rocks beyond the inshore reef at 6-12 dm depth. 

St. Joseph: 4, 67-403, attached to rocks along the shore. 

St. Mark: 6, 67427, dwarf, on rocks along the peninsula to Scotts Head. 

St. Joseph: 4, 67-400, attached to rocks along the shore. 

St. Andrew: 12, R-244, where intertidal on cobbles, and 

R-249 on the inshore reef and its vicinity (both det. G. W. 

Hollenberg) . 

St. Andrew: 12, R-245, abundant on cobbles in shallow 

water. St. David: 7, 67-459, at a high intertidal level on 

the boulders. 

St. Andrew: 12, R-251. 

St. Joseph: 2, R-316. St. Andrew: 11, 67539, R-177, 

common as attached to rocks beyond the inshore reef at 

6-12 dm depth. SeemingIy not widespread on Dominica. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-574, drifted ashore; 12, R-230B, on 

the edge of the reef at 6-12 dm depth; R-210, on the reef 

at Pointe La Soie. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-549, R-192, abundant attached high 

in the intertidal zone on the inner reef. 

This is another of the usually ubiquitous species of the 

upper intertidal zone seldom collected on this visit. It is 

commonly very stunted and loaded with epiphytes and, 

thus concealed, doubtless widespread about the island. 

St. Andrew: 12, R-248, abundant on Pterocarpus roots. 

St. Mark: 6, R307A, on the offshore reef. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-556, drifted ashore. 12, R-230A, 

frequent at the reef edge to 3 dm depth. 

"Vidalia obtusiloba (Mertens) J. Agardh 

St. Andrew: 11,67-582, drifted ashore. 

*Enantiocladia duperreyi (C. Agardh) Falkenberg 

St. Paul: 1, 67-359, frequent as drifted ashore. St. Joseph: 

2, R-308; 4,67-382, drifted ashore. 

St. Joseph: 2, R-315, 67-346, on small rocks scattered 

over the black sand just below low tide line and to 12 dm 

depth; 4,67-391, on the submerged cobbles. 

This species as ordinarily encountered in very shallow 

water is pale yellow or nearly colorless; unless very promptly 

mounted or preserved it is liable to decay after collecting. 

St. Paul : Sb W-27863 between Layou and Goodwill. 

*Polysiphonia sphaerocarpa Borgesen 

"Polysip honai binneyi Harvey 

"Polysiphonia ferulacea Suhr 

"Bryocladia thyrsigera (J. Agardh) Schmitz 

YBryocladia cuspidata (J. Agardh) De Toni 

WBryothamnion triquetrum (Gmelin) Howe 

YBryothamnion seaforthii (Turner) Ku tzing 

*Digenia simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh 

*Bostrychia riuularis Harvey 

*Herposiphonia secunda (C. Agardh) Ambronn 

"Amansia multifida Lamouroux 

* Ch ondria lit t oralis Harvey 

*Acanthophora muscoides (Linnaeus) Bory 

Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl) Borgesen 

St. Paul: SbW-27817 ca. 0.8 km south of the Layou River. 

St. Joseph: 4, 67-412. St. John: 9, 67-491, infrequent, 

but on rocks near the shore. 

Grieve (1909, p. 10, as A. thierii Lamx.) reports this with 

some doubt as to its identity and without a specific location. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-547, 67-563, common as attached on 

the inner reef and drifted ashore. 

St. Joseph: 4, 67-417, attached to rocks in shallow water 

near high tide line. St. John: 8, 67-478, in similar situations. St. Andrew: 11, 67-557, drifted ashore; 12, R-207, 

R-208, common on the reef. St. Mark: 6,67442, attached 

near high tide line to rocks along the peninsula to Scotts 

Head. 

This species is all but ubiquitous in exposed situations 

near high tide level on rocks, and when thus exposed to 

strong light its normal blackish-purple color does not 

develop, so that the plants appear bright greenish-yellow. 

St. Andrew: 12, R-234. A juvenile form with flat blades 

and axes. Grieve (1909, p. 11, as L. tuberculosa) lists this 

without recording a definite station. 

*Laurencia scoparia J. Agardh 

St. Andrew: 12, R-255, drifted ashore. 

*Laurencia intricata Lamouroux 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-546, 67-587, scarce, attached to the 

inner reef and drifted ashore. 

"Laurencia microcladia Kutzing 

St. Joseph: 4, 67-413, attached to rocks in shallow water. 

St. Andrew: 11, 67-588, drifted ashore. St. Mark: 6, 

67-444, on the rocks of the peninsula to Scotts Head. 

*Laurencia corallopsis (Montagne) Howe 

*Laurencia papillosa (Forsskal) Greville 

Laurencia poitei (Lamouroux) Howe 

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Continuation of the List of Localities of Algae in 

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16 

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