7-224, Schedule No. 1—Population
Civilians, Residents of the Unter ome At Military or Naval Stations
eft)

Name of military or naval station or vessel, TWELFTH CENES
yo SCHEDUL]

Country

State ___

County _ 7 CIVILIANS, RESIDENTS OF TH

Township or other division of county...

Name of incorporated city, town, or village, within the above-named division, .______ we ee

Enumerated by me on the _ __..... .day of June
LOCATION. NAME RELATION. PERSONAL DESCRIPTION.
memos] [a | enh sergan wagpecs o wee | Tale]_s
1] 2 3 4 a [se 7 a {9 f[ofule

1 a es a Sa es Sens en RO OO OU OO
2 ~-}--J--J----------------------- 4o---------- ~--L--{----}--4---[--[--J--4---L-
3
4 ~-}.-4--4-----------------------4----------- ~--L--{----}--4---L--}--4--4---b-
5 a ne a ---p--f----b--4- eb} 4b
6
7 --t.- ----}--4
8 --t-- wane fee
9
10 tid. _ __ bee
ll a . an
12
13 a en _ en oe
14 a on _ a
15
16 _de
7 ade.
18
19 a en a es es enn nD Gs OE OO OO
20 ee a es a ee ns es RO On OE
21 1
ey enna === --- |----------- ------}----}--4---}--}--4-- pe
49 _-|--j--j_---- 2 eee ee ST |
50

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES 1900 CENSUS 15


1960 CENSUS

The U.S. population abroad reported in the 1960
census was 1,374,421. As of April 1, 1960, this figure
comprised—

@ land-based U.S. military personnel stationed abroad and
their dependents living with them.

® crews of U.S. military vessels at sea or docked in a
foreign port.

e Federal civilian employees stationed abroad and their
dependents living with them.

® crews of vessels in the U.S. merchant marine at sea or
docked in a foreign port.

® private U.S. citizens living abroad for an extended period
and their dependents living with them.

These persons were not allocated to any region or State
or included in the population for purposes of calculating
congressional apportionment.

Asin 1950, the 1960 census also used specially designed
census report forms to enumerate the overseas popula-
tion. The enumeration was made possible through the
cooperative efforts of the Departments of Defense and
State, Coast Guard, and the Maritime Administration. These
agencies took responsibility for the distribution and collec-
tion of the report forms. In addition, for the first time, a
special effort was made to obtain reports for private U.S.
citizens living abroad for an extended period.

For the 1960 census, “‘living abroad” was defined as
residing outside the 50 States, the District of Columbia, or
a U.S. commonwealth or territory (Puerto Rico, American
Samoa, Panama Canal Zone, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin
islands). Persons living in these areas were not considered
part of the overseas population.

For the first time, a separate census report was issued
on Americans Overseas, PC({3)-1C, which provided a broad
range of social and economic characteristics of the civilian
population abroad.

Land-Based Armed Forces, Federal Civilian
Employees, and Dependents

Members of land-based Armed Forces and Federal
civilian employees stationed abroad, and their dependents
living with them on April 1, 1960, were self-enumerated on
the Overseas Census Report (Form 60-PH-15).

The distribution of Overseas Census Reports to per-
sons living on military installations abroad, or attached
thereto, was handled by the Department of Defense
(DOD), which distributed and collected the forms for both
its military and civilian personnel and their dependents
living with them. Appropriate numbers of forms were

36 1960 CENSUS

shipped to the commanding officers, who arranged for
their distribution, completion, collection, and transmittal to
the Census Bureau's Census Operations Office in Jeffer-
sonville, IN.

The Department of State was responsible for the enu-
meration of all other overseas Federal employees and
their dependents living with them. It distributed copies of
the Overseas Census Report to its embassies and
consulates throughout the world. Completed forms were
returned to these offices and shipped to the Census
Operations Office in Jeffersonville, IN.

Federal civilian employees abroad consisted of U.S.
citizens 18 years old or over who reported in items 17 and
18b of the Overseas Census Report that they were work-
ing as civilians for an agency of the Federal Government.
Excluded from this group were the 3,425 persons reported
as working as Federal civilian employees aboard ships of
the Military Sea Transportation Service; they were included
in the category “crews of merchant vessels.”

The count for overseas Federal civilian employees
reported in the 1960 census and the figure provided by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission (now the Office of Person-
nel Management) were considered generally consistent, in
view of the differences between the two sources in defini-
tions and methods of data collection.

Dependents of Federal employees included the spouse,
children, and parents who were living in the household of
an overseas Federal employee (military or civilian). Par-
ents were included only if they were U.S. citizens (item 8)
or reported they had lived in the United States at some
time (item 10).

Relatives other than spouse, child, or parent, and
nonrelatives living in the household of an overseas Federal
employee were not included in the count of Americans
overseas unless they individually met the qualifications for
one of the other population groups of Americans overseas
(for example, Armed Forces or Federal civilian employ-
ees).

The count for overseas dependents of Armed Forces
personnel reported on the Overseas Census Reports was
comparable to the March 31, 1960 figure published by the
DOD. There was no similar figure available against which
to compare the census count for overseas dependents of
Federal civilian employees.

Crews of Military and Merchant Marine Vessels

These components comprised crews of military and
U.S. merchant marine vessels at sea or berthed in a
foreign port on April 1, 1960. Also included were the 3,425
persons reported as Federal civilian employees of the
Military Sea Transportation Service. All of these persons
were self-enumerated on the Report for Military and Mar-
itime Personnel (Form 60-PH-13).

Reports were shipped in bulk to the DOD, Coast Guard,
and Maritime Administration. These agencies shipped
packages of forms to the captain of each vessel, whether
in port or at sea on April 1, 1960, for the enumeration of
crew members aboard ship.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


1950 CENSUS

The U.S. population abroad reported in the 1950 census
was 481,545. As of April 1, 1950, this figure comprised—

@ land-based U.S. military personnel stationed abroad and
their dependents living with them.

© crews of U.S. military vessels at sea or docked in a
foreign port.

e Federal civilian employees stationed abroad and their
dependents living with them.

® crews of vessels in the U.S. merchant marine at sea or
docked in a foreign port.

These persons were not allocated to any region or State
or included in the population for purposes of calculating
congressional apportionment.

The overseas population was enumerated on specially
designed census report forms with the cooperation of the
Departments of Defense and State, Maritime Administra-
tion, Coast Guard, Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the
merchant marine. The agencies took responsibility for the
distribution and collection of the report forms. The 1950
census was the first time special individual and household
forms were used to enumerate overseas persons. (The
special form used in 1920 was a listing form.)

The 1950 census was the first to define the countries
considered as “living abroad.” “Living abroad” was defined
as residing outside the continental United States, the
District of Columbia, or a U.S. commonwealth or territory
(the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Ameri-
can Samoa, Panama Canal Zone, Guam, and the U.S.
Virgin Islands). Persons living in these areas were not
considered part of the overseas population.

Land-Based Armed Forces, Federal Civilian
Employees, and Dependents

Members of land-based Armed Forces and Federal
civilian employees stationed abroad, and their dependents
living with them on April 1, 1950, were self-enumerated on
the Overseas Census Report (Form P5). Bulk shipments
were mailed to military installations and foreign service
offices abroad.

The Department of Defense (DOD) coordinated the
enumeration of its overseas land-based Armed Forces
personnel (except military attaches), its civilian employees
stationed abroad, and their dependents living with them.
The Department of State was responsible for the enumer-
ation of all other overseas Federal employees (including
military attaches) and their dependents living with them.

32 1950 CENSUS

Crews of Military and Merchant Marine Vessels

These components comprised crews of military and
U.S. merchant marine vessels at sea or docked in a foreign
port on April 1, 1950. These persons were self-enumerated
on the Crews of Vessels Report (Form P4).

The vessels were enumerated with the cooperation of
the Navy Department, Coast Guard, Coast and Geodetic
Survey, and the merchant marine. Supplies of report forms
were mailed to the captains of Navy, Coast Guard, and
other government-operated vessels. Reports for merchant
marine vessels were mailed to shipowner/ operators who,
in turn, shipped them to the master of each vessel.

Completed reports for each vessel were packaged and
returned directly to the Census Bureau, where the location
of each vessel on April 1, 1950, was checked. Crews of
vessels docked in a U.S. port or in a port of a U.S.
commonwealth or territory were counted in the resident
population. Crews of all other vessels (that is, those at sea
or in foreign ports) were counted in the overseas popula-
tion.

Private U.S. Citizens

Scattered Overseas Census Reports (Form P5) were
received from private U.S. citizens living abroad for an
extended period and not affiliated with the Federal Gov-
ernment, but these persons were not included in the
overseas population. Enumeration of these persons nec-
essarily had to be done on a voluntary basis. The State
Department distributed census reports to its embassies
and consular offices, but these offices had no way to
distribute census reports except when Americans came
there voluntarily to obtain a form.

Residence Rules

References relating to the overseas population in the
enumerator instructions contained in the 1950 Enumera-
tor's Reference Manual for stateside enumeration were
the following:

Do not enumerate officers and crews of ships. Special
provision is made for the enumeration of the officers and
crews of United States Navy and Coast Guard vessels and
merchant vessels in foreign trade and of crews of seagoing
private vessels of all kinds, except yachts, under the
American flag, even though these men have homes on
shore. Omit such men from your enumeration, therefore,
when they are reported as absent members by their
families.

Do not enumerate persons working abroad for the United
States Government if their regular place of duty is abroad.
Such persons will be enumerated under special proce-
dures.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


60PH-15, Overseas Census Report

(Back, top)

USE A SEPARATE COLUMN FOR EACH PERSON

Wane
Fill « separate column for the heed and for each
‘member al hla faniy aroup living with Mim hare
(including bedi).
Exclude foreign nationale working forthe family
drove.

aioe &
fateisl

Last

Thaw

Z-WHAT 15 THIS PERSON'S RELATIONSHIP TO THE
HEAD OF THIS FAMILY GROUP?
ot example, heed, wife, aon, motharientaw. ate.)

Relationship to hen

fi sex

[a COLOR on Race

Ege ore bor or ute Fapan
Eipina,

2. Chinees

lz WHEN WAS THis PERZOW BOR

6. MARITAL STATUS ~~ 15 THIS PERSON NOW
‘Check one box.

17, WHERE WAS THIS PERSON Bi
(check U.S: or waite m neine of forelgn coumtry,
U.S posscesinn, ete)

|8. 11 this person was born outaide the United State
ASHE A UNITED STATES CITIZEN?

Bir diplace

U.S.- Dor

No, he is pot a U. S. citizen =

5. WHERE WERE THIS PERION'S FATHER AND
MOTHER BORN?

Faiber's Uiniglace

US.-Qor
ass wenatee

US Llor,

‘ania’ tarsi ‘city

Ninn’ bi reas coun “vic.

s+ user

Father's biniplace

Raine sae

ws-Om

Ho. WHEN DID THis PERSON (LAST) LEAVE THE
UNITED STATES?
clude vacations, home Leave,

© 1 tnin person Cina 0.5. in ta0- =
Does ME EXPECT TO BE ABROAD AT
LEAST 3 MONTHS?

Let

Expects to be abroad 3 months or more «
Expects to be abfoad less than 3 months ++

be U.S. in (vent).

Expects to be abroad 3 months or more =
Expects to be abroad less than 3 moths

|17. WHAT 1S THE HIGHEST GRADE (OR YEAR)
‘OF SCHOOL THIS PERSOM HAS EVER

ATTENDED?

check one bos

Ihe grade (or yea) wan ne acpoot
savas the "bon that

v:
tate ine tnd grade fr Youre

HE THE HIGHEST
(OR YEAR) HE ATTENDED?

None
Element
sehoot taraded: 5

High ot secondacy
school (yeat)=

Kinderaarten > Ci

addaoa

baad
oaadaerers

High of secondary

Nose Kialersanea 1 [one Kinde]
Thedonde) AAA AAT |S ‘Settee AAAS

igh of secondary

school ead == 2) A

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

1960 CENSUS 41

Expects to be abioad lesa thas 3 moat



Table 3. Data Collection Forms Used to Enumerate Americans Overseas: 1900-30, 1950-70, and 1990—Continued

[Source of 1940 overseas count is unclear. Forms were not used to enumerate the overseas population in 1980. Forms are Census Bureau forms
except 1990 DOD survey form]

Census Form number Use in overseas data collection Distribution
1990 D-47, 1990 Census | Reporting form used by shipmasters of U.S. mer- Mailed to shipowners of private lines, with the cooper-

Location Report for
American Flag Ves-
sels

D-55, Overseas.
Personnel and
Dependents—
Counts by State
of Residence

(00D form) 1990
survey of
Overseas Civilian
Personnel and
Dependents

chant marine vessels to determine location of ves-
sels.

Reporting form used by Federal agencies to provide
home State for their overseas personnel and depen-
lents.

DOD household survey form to enumerate DOD civil-
ian employees stationed abroad on March 31, 1990
and their dependents living with them.

ation of the Maritime Administration. Shipowners
mailed forms to all vessels.

Mailed to Federal agencies having overseas person-
nel.

Distributed and collected by DOD.

“Used primarily to enumerate the stateside population.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

OVERVIEW 9


1990 Survey of DOD Overseas Civilian Personnel and
Dependents (Front)

OMB NO. 0704-0317
EXPIRES 10/31/90

1990 SURVEY OF DOD OVERSEAS
CIVILIAN PERSONNEL AND DEPENDENTS

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average .0833 hours per
response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering
and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information.

Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information,
including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters
Services, Directorate of Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite
1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction
Project (0704-0317), Washington DC 20503, Please DO NOT RETURN your questionnaire to either
of these addresses. Send your completed questionnaire to: Defense Manpower Data Center,

1600 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 400, Arlington VA 22209.

PRIVACY NOTICE

AUTHORITY: 10 USC 136

PRINCIPLE PURPOSE(S): To determine counts of DoD civilian employees and dependents living
with them at their overseas posts. This information will be reported to the Bureau of the Census for
Congressional apportionment purposes.

ROUTINE USE(S): To the Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, for residency infor-
mation on overseas DoD civilian personnel and their dependents.

DISCLOSURE: Voluntary. Failure to respond will not result in penalty to the respondent. However,
maximum participation is encouraged so that data will be complete and representative.

*** MARKING INSTRUCTIONS ***
rare @
+ Use a No. 2 Pencil only.

+ Fill in the appropriate circles completely.
+ Please complete and return the survey within 2 weeks.

it you have any questions
about this survey CALL: = Defense Manpower Data Center Survey Desk at:
(202) 696-5863 or -5833 (Autovon 226-5863 or -5833)

For best response, please call between 0630 and 1700 hours Eastern Daylight Savings Time.

Qoscocomimmomoococoo0co0n 2948

WRETE IN THIS SHADED AREA

OOO OOOO OOOO TOOT OOOO OT orator ere eterereteretetetetetetereteretieteterey

+ US. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1960-271.073 as

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES 1990 CENSUS 69


D-23, Overseas Census Report
(Front)

THIS 1S YOUR OFFICIAL
1970 OVERSEAS CENSUS REPORT

This form is for Americans living outside the United
States, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Canal Zone, Guam,
Virgin Islands, and Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
on Census Day - April 1, 1970.

. Please complete this form on April 1,1970,0r as soon afterward as you can.
©This form is being distributed through several sources to enable the
greatest number of Americans overseas to be counted in the 1970
Census. If you receive more than one copy, please do not fill the
duplicates.

2. Please include the following people on this form —
©@Family members living here with you (wife, son, daughter, mother,
father, etc.).
@Any other persons living here with you who are Americans.

Also include any of your children who are away attending school below
college level.

3. Members of the Armed Forces (and other Defense Department personnel)
should return the completed form to the appropriate person on the post, in
accordance with local arrangements.

Civilians should return the completed form (in person or by mail) to the
nearest U.S. Embassy or Consular Office in the country in which they
are living.
®@ Name of country in which
this form is being returned __§ _- -_/ __ -_______-~~-~-~
© Also, for members of Armed Forces:
a. Name of person. / -_- / / -_ -~--~---~-~------

b. Name of installation
at which stationed __ ~§_§ ______-_-~-~-—------

4. Your cooperation in carefully filling out this form and returning it will
help make the census successful.
© Jf you are not sure of an answer, give the best answer you can.
@ If there are more than four persons, list them on an additional form or
sheet of paper. Fold the extra form or sheet inside this form before
sealing.

NOTICE — Your answers are CONFIDENTIAL by law (Title 13, United States
Code), The information you provide will be used only for statistical purposes and
cannot, by the same law, be disclosed to any person outside the Census Bureau for
any reason whatsoever. A 1970 Census report must be filed by members of the
Armed Forces and by civilian American citizens employed by the U.S. Government
who are living abroad; filing is discretionary for other Americans living abroad.

U.S. Department of Commerce Budget Bureau No. 41-S70002
Bureau of the Census Approval Expires December 31, 1970
Form 0-23

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

1970 CENSUS 51


D-21, Report for Military and Maritime
Personnel (Pages 5 and 6)

270. Have you ever completed a vocational training program?
For exemple, in high school; as apprentice; in school
of business, ‘nursing, or trades; technical institute; or
Armed Forces schools.

pore

b. What was your main field of vocational training?
Check one box,
C1 Business, office work
(J Nursing, other health fields
(7) Trades and crafts (mechanic, electrician, beautician, etc.)
CT Engineering ot science technican; draftsman
(J Agriculture or home economics
[J Other field — Specify

(Ne — Skip to 28

28a. Do you have a health or physical condition which
limits the kind or omount of work you can do at a job?
1f 65 yeors old or over, skip to question 29.

Cores CNo

b. Does your health or physical condition keep you from
holding any job ot all?
DyYes CONe

. If Yes" ina or b ~— Hew long have you been limited
in your ability to work?

Ces than 6 months
(J 6 to HI months
CJ! 02 years

(3 4 years
(55 09 years
[[] 10 years or more

29b. How many hours did you work week (at all jobs)?
Subtract any time off and odd overtime or extra
hours worked.

(I) hte 14 hours
Co] 15 to 29 hours
] 30 to 34 hours

[35 to 39 hours. looking for work or
[ao houre | POR PINES reper
(41 to 48 hours
(C] 49 to 59 hours
[.] 60 hours or more

Did not work last week
because you were:

on leave, sick, etc..[-}

. Did you work on this post or on board this ship
lost week?

(Ves = skip 10 33

xine

Where did you work last maak? If you worked in more
then one place, print where you worked most lost wet

(1) Address (Number

and street name)~—----~--~--~--~-~-----~

(2) Name of city,
town, village, ete.

(3) Inside the limits of this city, town, village, etc.?

Cves
CNo
(4) County __. ~
(6) ZIP
(S) State ___ « code

29d. How did you get to work Check one box for
chief means used on the last day you worked ot the
address given in 29c.
(Driver, private auto | [7] Taxicab

{

(7 Passenger, private auto! [—] Walked only

(2 Bus or streetcar ' (Worked at home

[C0 Subway or elevated | (Other means — Specify 7

[Railroad -

33. Are you now in the Armed Forces? (Check | or 2)
(NO Yes ~ Skip to 37

QV No
What kind of work do you do?

(For exomple: Able seoman, messman, water tender, oiler,
chief engineer, radio operator, second mate, stewardess)

35, Are you = - (Check one box)

() Employee of private company, business, or individual,
for wages, salary, or commissions

[7] Goverment employee (Federal, Stote, Local)

Self-employed in own business
(JJ Own business not incorporated

(C] Own business incorporated

37. In April 1965, were you -~ (Check three boxes)
2, Working ot a job or business (full or part-time)?

Cores [No

b. In the Armed Forces?

Cre: Cone

€. Attending college?
Coves CN

38. If "Yes"? for “Working at 0 job or business
Describe your chief activity or business in Ap
a. What kind of business or industry was this?

in question 37 -
1965.

b. What kind of work were you doing (occupation)?

©. W
An employee of a private company or government agency

(CJ Self-employed or an unpaid family worker

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

Page 6

1970 CENSUS

49


Date:

Reply to
Attn of

Subject:

To:

D-315, Location Report for American Flag Vessels
(Memo from the Director)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Bureau of the Census
Washington, D.C. 20233

OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR

S&PB FD

Enumeration of Officers and Crew Members of American Flag Vessels in the
1970 Census of Population

THE MASTER

The Bureau of the Census, in accord with the Maritime Administration and your ship operator,
requests your cooperation in conducting the 1970 Census of Population by obtaining an enumeration
as of April 1, 1970, of all officers and crew members living on your vessel. Failure of an

individual to furnish the information called for on the questionnaire subjects him to the penalties
provided under Title 13, United States Code, Section 221. Complete confidentiality of the infor-
mation on the census questionnaire is also provided under Title 13, United States Code, Section 9.

The "1970 Population Report for Military and Maritime Personnel,” Form D-21, which will be used
in this enumeration, and envelopes for returning the completed forms are being transmitted to you
through your ship operator. If you need additional supplies of either, they may be obtained from
your operator.

On April 1, 1970:

1. Complete the location report for your vessel on the back of this letter.

2. Complete a “Military and Maritime Report,” Form D-21, for yourself.

3. Distribute a "Military and Maritime Report," Form D-21, to each officer and crew member
living on your vessel. Encourage cooperation in completing the questionnaires by explaining
that each census report form will be seen only by sworn census employees and may be used
only for statistical purposes.

4. Collect the completed "Military and Maritime Report” from officers and crew members.

Return this letter with the information on the location of your veasel and the completed question-
naires to the Bureau of the Census, Jeffersonville, Indiana 47130 in the envelope provided which
requires no postage or registration fees.

Your assistance in obtaining a complete and accurate census of the United States will be
greatly appreciated.

bee W open

GEORGE H. BROWN
Director
Bureau of the Census

FORM D-318 (10-28-69)

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES 1970 CENSUS

55


D-3091, Location Report for American Flag Vessels

(Form)
Form Approved: O.M.B. No. 41-S79053
Form D-3091 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Form OS BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

1980 CENSUS LOCATION REPORT FOR AMERICAN FLAG VESSELS
20th Decennial Census - 1980

1, Name of vessel

2. Person completing this report

Name Title

3. Homeport of this vessel

Port name

Name of pier or other designated anchorage City State ZIP code

4, Operator of this vessel

5. In what waters does this vessel primarily operate?
{-) Great Lakes | (_] Coastal (CJ Oceangoing (] Other — Specify

For Great Lakes vessels only:

If this vessel did not fit out until after April 1, 1980, mark (X) here ————________» O
(Your crew is not required to fill out the enclosed Shipboard Census Reports if fit out was
after April 1, since they will be enumerated at home.) Return this form in the enclosed envelope.

6. Was this vessel within the territorial waters of the United States as of 12:01 a.m. April |, 1980?

i. Yes — Continue with question 7 (J No ~ Please stop here and return this form
in the envelope provided,
7. Was this vessel berthed in a port on April 1, 1980?
ii Yes [[] Ne — Skip to question 9
8. What is the name of that port?
Port name
Name of pier or other designated anchorage City State ZIP code

FOR VESSELS NOT BERTHED ON APRIL 1, 1980

9, What was the vessel’s port of destination?

Port name

Name of pier or other designated anchorage City State or foreign country ZIP code

10, Remarks

CENSUS
USE ONLY

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES 1980 CENSUS

59


D-21, Report for Military and Maritime
Personnel (Pages 1 and 2)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS:

UNITED STATES

CENSUS

REPORT FOR MILITARY AND MARITIME PERSONNEL

This is your official 1970 Census form. Your cooperation
in carefully filling out the form will help make the census
successful, Estimates may be made where exact answers
are not known,

Please return the completed form to the person who gave it
to you, in accordance with the arrangements on your post
or ship. The form can be sealed with the gummed flap.

Your answers are CONFIDENTIAL. The law (Title 13,
United States Code) requires that you answer the questions
to the best of your knowledge. Your answers will be used
only for statistical purposes and cannot, by law, be dis-
closed to any person outside the Census Bureau for any
reason whatsoever.

Thank you for your cooperation.

1. Please print your name:

(Middle initial)

(Last name)

(First nome)

2. If you are stationed outside the U.S. or if you
are on a vessel ——

What is your “‘home’’ state?

(Stote of voting residence, legal

residence, or home of record, etc.) -/
Continue

Budget Bureau No. 41-S69093
Approval Expires December 31, 1970

Form D.21

3. Sex

Comate [7 Female
4. Color or race

(whic {CI Filipino

Negro or Black
CINew Hawaiian
CJ Japanese
Korean
Co chinese a
(CJ Indian (American) — (J Other -
Print tribe Print race

5. When were you born?

8. Are you now ——
{Cheek one box)

(Married
(Widowed
(J Divorced
(7) Separated

(CD Single (never married)

9. Are you now in the Armed Forces? Check one box

Yes — Answer

[T] No — Continue with
below

question 13, page 3.

an

If the last two digits of your Social Security Number
are 80 through 99 (for example, 291-36-3889)
continue with question 13.

What is your Social Security Number?

T
i
1

t--

i
1
'
1

i
(Write in)

All other military personnel, please skip to page 8.

Page |

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

Page 2

1970 CENSUS 47


Population Schedule (Left)

STATE . -

County a THIRTEENT

TOWNSHIP OR OTHER DIVISION OF COUNTY

LInsert proper name and, also, name of clase, a¢ township, town, precinet, district, hundred

NAME OF INSTITUTION

Lnsert name of institution, if any, and indicate the lines on which the entries are made. See inst

LOCATION. NAME RELATION. PERSONAL DESCRI
‘ . of each Person whose place 2 eeete on April 15, ‘ : t
ald Permanent gertpgrvmcntnie | nena ne A
Bin hte eng som af2 [Perl
Pott | ee ee ee fee ee eee ee ee
2
3
ap td | _ lee
5
6
1 __ _ fp
8
9
10
1
12
13
14
15
wt | ft pt
17
18
19 Za
20
|
sof |_| ~ ai py

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES 1910 CENSUS 19


Completed reports were mailed directly by each ship
captain to the Jeffersonville, IN, Census Operations Office,
where the location of each vessel on April 1, 1960, was
checked. The same procedure as in 1950 was used. Crews
of vessels berthed in a U.S. port, or in a port of a U.S.
commonwealth or territory, were counted in the resident
population. Crews of all other vessels (that is, those at sea
or in foreign ports) were counted in the overseas popula-
tion.

Private U.S. Citizens

The 1960 census was the first to include private U.S.
citizens in the overseas population.” This group consisted
of U.S. citizens living abroad for an extended period and
not affiliated with the Federal Government who obtained
and filled out an Overseas Census Report (Form 60-PH-
15). Included in this group were private business persons,
contract workers on military installations, employees of
foreign governments and international organizations, retired
persons, missionaries and religious workers, students,
teachers, expatriates, and their family members (some of
whom may not have been U.S. citizens).

The State Department coordinated the enumeration of
these persons through its embassies and consular offices.
These offices made forms available for Americans living in
their service areas to pick up, received the completed
forms, and returned them to the Census Bureau for
processing.

Many U.S. embassies and consulates enlisted the ser-
vices of local newspapers to inform Americans of the
census operation. Some of the major U.S. publications with
overseas bureaus included information on the census in
their foreign editions. Religious groups with missionaries
abroad, as well as large corporations with overseas employ-
ees, informed their personnel of the census in their news-
letters and other periodicals. Several religious organiza-
tions also distributed census forms to their personnel.

7Gome Overseas Census Reports were received from private U.S.
citizens in the 1950 consus, but these persons were not included in the
overseas population

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

For several reasons, the census figure for private U.S.
citizens abroad represented an undercount. Many Ameri-
cans abroad, especially those living in remote areas, may
not have been aware that a census was being taken or, if
aware, may not have been able to get to a U.S. embassy
or consulate to obtain an Overseas Census Report. Still
others may have elected not to participate, as the census
for these persons necessarily had to be done on a
voluntary basis. Embassy and consulate lists of Americans
living in their jurisdictions generally were outdated and
incomplete, since there was no requirement that U.S.
citizens register with them upon entering or leaving the
country. Thus, these offices had no way of distributing
census reports except when Americans came there volun-
tarily to obtain a form. Also, involvement of the embassies
was voluntary, with no funding support from either the
State Department or the Census Bureau. More than likely,
the understatement differed substantially from one geo-
graphic area to another and from one category of private
American citizen living abroad to another.

Residence Rules

Entries relating to the overseas population in the table
of residence rules contained in the 1960 Enumerator's
Reference Manual for stateside enumeration were the
following:

Type of Person Resident of—

Officer or crew member of mer-
chant vessel engaged in...foreign
transportation:

If vessel ordinarily engages in
trios of more than 24 hours’
duration.

ED (enumeration dis-
trict) in which vessel
is located on census
date (April 1)

American citizen abroad:

Employed by U.S. Government
with place of duty abroad or
member of the family of such
person living with him.

DO NOT ENUMER-
ATE

Any other American working
or living abroad for extended
period of time.

DO NOT ENUMER-
ATE

1960 CENSUS 37


D-55, Overseas Personnel and Dependents—Counts by
State of Residence

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
e586 OVERSEAS PERSONNEL AND DEPENDENTS BRL eeeteteGs
COUNTS BY STATE OF RESIDENCE
21st Decennial Census — 1990

1. Department/Agency name
2a. Name of contact person b. Telephone number — Include area code
( )
3. OVERSEAS PERSONNEL AND DEPENDENTS COUNTS BY STATE OF RESIDENCE
State Number of State Number of State Number of State Number of
(a) (by (a) {b) (ab (b) (a) tb)
Alabama Minos Montana Rhode island
Alaska Indiana Nebraska South Carolina i
Arizona lowa Nevada South Dakota
Arkansas Kansas New Hampshire Tennessee
California Kentucky New Jersey Texas
Colorado Louisiana New Mexico Utah
Connecticut Maine New York Vermont
Delaware Maryland North Carolina Virginia
District of Columbia Massachusetts North Dakota Washington
Florida Michigan Ohio West Virginia
Georgia Minnesota Oklahoma Wisconsin
Hawaii Mississippi Wyoming
Idaho Missouri
4. Are dependents inciuded in the counts? 1
1
1
5. Are the counts as of April 1, 19907 :
e the counts p ' Dyes
|__CONo — What date?
6. Whatis your source for the counts? |
a. System name .... 6.62 1
b. System purpose .............0.2 2.000000 '
. Population covered . '
7. When was file last updated? 7
1
i
8. CERTIFICATION — | certify that the official records of my office show the above information and
that, to the best of my knowledge, this information is correct.
a. Signature b. Title c. Date
anc 5 CHIEF, DECENNIAL PLANNING DIVISION
Pon ey PETE ATTN: OVERSEAS PROJECT
OCTOBER 31 194010 BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
” WASHINGTON DC 20233

68 1990 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


CONTENTS

Page
Introduction ......----.-------------2--222-----e ono nnn enn enn ce ene nena nen eee eee nen 1
Overview ....----------------2-2eennn nn nn cence ence enc ee cence ncn cee nne enc en nena nnc ence neem nnenen seenee an eneeneeneeneneeeeee 3
TREATMENT OF AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN—
Censuses Before 1900. 10
1900 Census -.. an
1910 Census 18
1920 Census 22
1930 Census -. 26
1940 Census -. 31
1950 Census 32
1960 Census 36
1970 Census -.. 43
1980 Census -. 57
1990 Census -- 60
TABLES
1. Residence Rules Pertaining to Americans Overseas: 1870-1990 2
2. Americans Overseas, by Type: 1830, 1840, and 1900-90 7
3. Data Collection Forms Used to Enumerate Americans Overseas: 1900- 8
4. Americans Overseas at Military and Naval Stations: 1900 Wi
5. Apportionment Population Based on the 1970 Census -. - 44
6. Apportionment Population Based on the 1990 Census -. ~ 61
7. Summary of Federal Agency Participation in the 1990 Census Overseas 62
8. Overseas U.S. Armed Forces, Federal Civilian Employees, and Dependents, by Federal Agency: 1990 62
9. Department of Defense Overseas Armed Forces, Civilian Employees, and Dependents,
by Home State: 1990 -. 65
References -....-.--~--------------------- 2-2 ene enn ee enn n nee nn en nee e nen n enn ene e nen ne nn ence enn nnnnemnnenennnnnannnnenenen 72

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


1990 Survey of DOD Overseas Civilian Personnel and
Dependents (Page 2)

-
7. How many dependents lived with you at your overseas post on March 31, 1990? = 3
Include your spouse and anyone else related to you by blood, marriage, or =)
adoption who depends on you for more than half of their support. =)

DO NOT INCLUDE MILITARY MEMBERS OR YOURSELF. -

-

NONE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 3 10 OR MORE =

Oo 0 9 O09 0 O09 O09 B80 8 O O° -

-

. What was the last state where 10. In what state is your legal residence, -
you lived for at least six months for example, the state in which you =
before going overseas? Refer pay income taxes? Refer to the State -
to the State Code Table below. Code Table below. Enter the number -
Enter the number and fill in the and fill in the corresponding circles. =
corresponding circles. =

=
-
[OM O} @)o -=
10} 10} @ 0) -
@® @ @ @® -
@® @ @ @ -
@ @ @ @ -
®/| oe ®@|e@ -=
©®| © ®|o® =
®@| @ OR REO) =
®/|@ OREO} -
®|® ®1®
9. In what state did you live when you STATE CODE TABLE =
were first hired by DoD as a civilian 01 ALABAMA, 27 MONTANA -
employee? Refer to the State Code 02 ALASKA 28 NEBRASKA -
Table. Enter the number and fill in Dt ARKANSAS 30 NEW HAMPSHIRE -
the corresponding circles. Oe COLORADO. 3 NEWaEKICO =
97 CONNECTICUT 33 NEW YORK =
06 DELAWARE NORTH
09 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 38 NORTH DAKOTA -=
10 FLORIDA ‘36 OHIO -=
(0) @ 12 Awan be oncaon =
(0) @ 13 IDAHO. 39 PENNSYLVANIA -=
@| oe is hanes some,
@ @ 16 IOWA 42 SOUTH DAKOTA -
® ® 17 KANSAS: 43 TENNESSEE -
2] e to Lousiana eum =
© | © 20 MAINE 48 VERMONT =
®|@ 21 MARYLAND 47 VIRGINA -
@® ® 2 MASSACHUSETTS 48 WASHINGTON =
@ | @ 24 MINNESOTA
(28 MISSISSIPPI
(26 MISSOURI
PAGE 2

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES 1990 CENSUS 71


1990 Survey of DOD Overseas Civilian Personnel and
Dependents (Page 1)

1990 Survey of
DoD Overseas Civilian Personnel and Dependents

ern
Panne

ARE YOU ONE OF THE PEOPLE WE NEED INFORMATION FROM?

In selecting households for this survey we have attempted to identify accurately
only DoD civilian personnel who were stationed overseas on March 31, 1990 and
who were not a spouse or dependent of an active-duty military member household.

On MARCH 31, 1990:

1. Were you an active-duty military member?

© Yes (STOP and return form in the enclosed Business Reply envelope.)
O No

2. Were you married to or a dependent of an active-duty military member?

O Yes (STOP and return form in the enclosed Business Reply envelope.)
O No

3. Were you a citizen or resident alien of the United States?
O Yes

O No (STOP and return form in the enclosed Business Reply envelope.)

4. Were you employed by the DoD as a civilian at an overseas location?
O Yes

© No (STOP and return form in the enclosed Business Reply envelope.)

5. Were both you and your spouse employed by the DoD as civilians at an
overseas location?
© Does not apply - | am not married (GO TO question 7)
© No (GO TO question 7)
O Yes

IMPORTANT
ONLY ONE QUESTIONNAIRE SHOULD BE COMPLETED FOR EACH HOUSEHOLD!!

6. Which one of you will complete a questionnaire for your household?

© | will compiete and return this questionnaire. (GO TO question 7)

O will not complete this questionnaire because my spouse has already returned one or
will complete one for our household. (STOP and return form in the enclosed Business
Reply envelope).

tatentend

70 1990 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

Bae 88 PAGE 1


. Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940, Population, Volume |, Number of Inhabitants, United States Summary.

. Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940, Instructions to Enumerators, Form PA-1.
. 1950 Census. Enumerator’s Reference Manual, 17Fid-100.
. 1950 Census of Population, Volume II, Characteristics of the Population, Part 1, United States Summary.

. The 1950 Censuses—How They Were Taken, Procedural Studies of the 1950 Censuses, No. 2, Population, Housing,
Agriculture, Irrigation, Drainage, 1955.

. Principal Data Collection Forms Used in the 1950 Censuses, 1952.

. 1960 Census of Population, Volume |, Characteristics of the Population, Part 1, United States Summary.
. 1960 Census of Population, Selected Area Reports, Americans Overseas, PC(3)-1C.

. 1960 Census of Population and Housing, Enumerator’s Reference Manual, F-210.

. 1960 Censuses of Population and Housing, Principal Data-Collection Forms and Procedures, 1961.

. 1960 Censuses of Population and Housing, Procedural History, 1966.

. 1970 Census of Population, Volume |, Characteristics of the Population, Part 1, United States Summary.
. 1970 Census of Population, Subject Reports, Americans Living Abroad, PC(2)-10A.

. 1970 Census of Population and Housing, Data Collection Forms and Procedures.

. 1970 Census of Population and Housing, Questionnaire Reference Book, D-520.

. 1970 Census of Population and Housing, Procedural History, PHC(R)-1, 1976.

. 1980 Census of Population, Volume |, Characteristics of the Population, Number of Inhabitants, United States
Summary.

- 1980 Census of Population and Housing, History, PHC80-R-2, 1986.

. 1980 Census of Population and Housing, Questionnaire Reference Book, D-561.
. 1980 Census of Population and Housing, Questionnaire Reference Book, D-561.
. Twenty Censuses: Population and Housing Questions, 1790-1980, 1979.

. Working Paper 39. Population and Housing Inquiries in U.S. Decennial Censuses, 1790-1970, 1973.
. 200 Years of U.S. Census Taking: Population and Housing Questions, 1790-1990, 1989.

U.S. House of Representatives. Census—Place of Residence. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Census and
Population of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Statement of Robert L. Hagan, Deputy Director, Bureau of
the Census, 94th Cong., 2d Sess., Serial No. 94-89, September 15, 1976.

. Census Equity Act. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Census and Population of the Committee on Post Office
and Civil Service. Statement of C. Louis Kincannon, Deputy Director, Bureau of the Census, 101st Cong., 1st Sess., Serial
No. 101-26, August 1 and September 7, 1989.

. The Decennial Population Census and Congressional Apportionment, Subcommittee on Census and Statistics of the
Tomimittee on Post Office and Civil Service. 91st Cong., 2nd Sess., Calendar No. 628, H.R. No. 91-1314, Washington, DC,
1970.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES REFERENCES 73


Form 15.202 15-202, Crews of Vessels

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE—BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
FIFTEENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1930

‘Owner oF operator of vessel:

Sheet No.

‘Name of vse

“ — CREWS OF VESSELS A

TAddreae’
‘PERSONAL DESCRIPTION i PLACE OP BIRTH 5 1 OCCUPATION VETERANS

ents person whowe pace ofabodeon | |g Fe] £8 occsnernmaase pel tame] & | Es aoe ee | sooness oF wire om

Aah PES, wise aed he ship i Hy2| 22 [Mesnmenmaseas| Sib) | 32 | tehacteremct [tae] ry Sor Ns or aN

Brera te gre nean aie i ie ee a a ee

gla ze 3 swefoua] 2 |S cohen [ "33" [Gana

C8 enna nnn OEE SOEEEED SSSEEEES SSEEEES UOSSEEES SOSESEEESSEESSEOEESSOTESSOEION CEES OEEEN UOESEER EEEENE (SREOESEEESSOEESEDDESSEESE 1
2 2
3 3
4 ri
5 5
‘ 6
1 7
8 8
8 8
10 10
il u
2 2
a _ 13
u u
6 6
16 ; 6
i — a
= oo |
18 “9
30 50

30 1930 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


7-224, Schedule No. 1—Population
Civilians, Residents of the Unies sane At Military or Naval Stations
inter’

7-224,

TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.
SCHEDULE No. 1. - POPULATION.

CIVILIANS, RESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES, AT MILITARY OR NAVAL STATIONS.

Name of Institution,

by meonthe. 00 day of June, 1900, _..... eee

Enumer

PERSONAL DESCRIPTION. NATIVITY, c
a

DATE OF 5 g e Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated. If born in the United g
BIRTH. h i £ States, give the Stote or Territory; if of foreign birth, give the Country only. g
Bee) Ee]: |e A

Bia] ile |2 i

Month. | Year. | 3 'g| Ss] sels Place of birth of this Place of birth of FATHER Place of birth of MOTHER &
2 | 22) 3 | sé] ge PERSON. of this person. of this person, =

=| 2 =| 28 5

= 127] 2 | 28] 22 Z

7 efsfofule 18 i 16 i

16 1900 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


1920 CENSUS

The U.S. population abroad reported in the 1920
census was 117,238. As of January 1, 1920, this figure
comprised—

e@ US. military personnel at military and naval stations
abroad and their dependents living with them.

e@ U.S. naval personnel on naval vessels abroad or in
American waters, but not on fixed station.

®@ persons abroad in the service of the American Red
Cross or in the U.S. consular service and their depen-
dents, including servants, living with them.

These persons were not allocated to any region or
State. No apportionment was made after the 1920 census,
the apportionment of 1910 remaining in effect.

The 1920 census marked the first time the Census
Bureau used a special population schedule for enumerat-
ing Americans overseas. This form, titled ‘Military and
Naval Population, Etc., Abroad,” was identical in size and
content with the principal stateside schedule except for a
simplified occupation inquiry and additional requests for
rank and U.S. address of each person enumerated. This
form was a listing sheet printed on both sides with 50
person lines on each side. Generally, a military member on
the naval vessel or attached to each unit on the overseas
military or naval station served as enumerator and filled in
the forms. No documentation was found that described
how the forms were distributed, collected, or processed.

22 1920 CENSUS

“Living abroad” was not defined in the 1920 census
reports.

Enumerator Instructions

References relating to the overseas population in the
Instructions to Enumerators for the principal stateside
population schedule were the following:

Sailors on merchant ships—Sailors on voyages are to be
reported at their land homes, no matter how long they have
been absent, if they are supposed to be still alive.

Soldiers, sailors, marines, and civilian employees of
the United States.—in order to avoid duplication, soldiers,
sailors, and marines belonging to the Army or Navy of the
United States, and civilian employees of the United States,
are treated as resident at their posts of duty or places
where they are regularly employed. If, therefore, any family
in your district reports that one of its members is a soldier,
sailor, marine, or civilian employee of the United States
with a post of duty or station elsewhere, you should not
report him as a member of that family.

Citizens abroad—Any citizen of the United States who is
a member of a family living in your district, but abroad
temporarily at the time of the enumeration, should be
enumerated as of your district. It does not matter how long
the absence abroad is continued, provided the person
intends to return to the United States.

There was no documentation in the 1920 census reports
that clarified whether overseas persons counted at their
stateside residence, in accordance with the enumerator
instructions above, were included in the overseas count
(117,238) reported in this census. Thus, the possibility
exists that some Americans overseas may have been
counted twice: once in the overseas count and again at the
stateside home.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


1910 CENSUS

The U.S. population abroad reported in the 1910 census
was 55,608. As of April 15, 1910, this figure comprised—

e@ U.S. military personnel at military and naval stations
abroad and their dependents, including officers’ ser-
vants, living with them.

e Federal civilian employees at military and naval stations
abroad and their dependents living with them.

@ U.S. naval personnel and Federal civilian employees on
naval vessels abroad or at sea and officers’ servants.

These persons were not allocated to any region or State
or included in the population for purposes of calculating
congressional apportionment.

Americans abroad or at sea were enumerated on the
principal population schedule used stateside. This form
was a listing sheet printed on both sides with 50 person
lines on each side.

Americans abroad were enumerated through the coop-
eration of the War and Navy Departments. Generally, a
military member on the naval vessel or attached to each
unit on the overseas military or naval station served as
enumerator and filled in the forms.

“Living abroad” was defined in the 1910 census reports
as living “beyond the limits of the United States proper and
outside the outlying possessions included in the area of
enumeration in 1910” (Puerto Rico and the territories of
Alaska and Hawaii).

18 1910 CENSUS

Enumerator Instructions

References relating to the overseas population in the
Instructions to Enumerators for the principal stateside
Population schedule were the following:

Sailors on merchant ships—Sailors on voyages are to be
reported at their land homes, no matter how long they have
been absent, if they are supposed to be still alive.

Soldiers, sailors, marines, and civilian employees of

the United States—in order to avoid duplication, soldiers,

sailors, and marines belonging to the army or navy of the

United States, and civilian employees of the United States,

are treated as resident at their Pasis of duty or places

where they are regularly employed. If, therefore, any family

in your district reports that one of its members is a soldier,

sailor, marine, or civilian employee of the United States

with a post of duty or station elsewhere, you should not
report him as a member of that family.

The 1910 census was the first in which enumerators
were instructed not to report Federal employees (military
and civilian) at their stateside home but rather at their post
of duty. Federal employees overseas were not mentioned
specifically.

Citizens abroad—Any citizen of the United States who is

a member of a family living in your district, but abroad

temporarily at the time of the enumeration, should be

enumerated as of your district. It does not matter how long
the absence abroad is continued, provided the person
intends to return to the United States.

There was no documentation in the 1910 census reports
that clarified whether overseas persons counted at their
stateside residence, in accordance with the enumerator
instructions above, were included in the overseas count
(55,608) reported in this census. Thus, the possibility exists
that some Americans overseas may have been counted
twice: once in the overseas count and again at the
stateside home.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


1940 CENSUS

The U.S. population abroad reported in the 1940 census
was 118,933. As of April 1, 1940, this figure comprised—

e@ U.S. military personnel at military and naval stations
abroad and their dependents living with them.

@ U.S. naval personnel on naval vessels abroad or in
American waters, but not on fixed station.

© persons abroad in the U.S. consular service and their
dependents living with them.

These persons were not allocated to any region or State
or included in the population for purposes of calculating
congressional apportionment.

The source of the 1940 overseas count is unclear.
Microfilm records for the 1940 census that are stored in
the Census Bureau’s Data Preparation Division in Jeffer-
sonville, IN, show Americans abroad enumerated on pop-
ulation schedules—the same general schedule as that
used stateside. However, a 1950 census report stated that
in 1940, the War and Navy Departments provided counts
of their personnel stationed abroad and the State Depart-
ment furnished information on the number of employees
stationed abroad in the diplomatic service and their depen-
dents living with them.

“Living abroad” was not defined in the 1940 census
reports.

Enumerator Instructions

References relating to the overseas population in the
Instructions to Enumerators for the principal stateside
population schedule were the following:

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

Officers on merchant vessels—Enumerate the officers of
merchant vessels under the American flag at their homes
on land.

Crews of merchant vessels—Special provision is made
for the enumeration of the crews of vessels in foreign
...trade and...crews of seagoing private vessels of all Kinds,
except yachts, under the American flag, even though these
men have homes on shore, Omit such men from your
enumeration, therefore, when they are returned as “absent
members” by their families.

Crews of vessels in the U.S. merchant marine were not
included in the overseas population but were ‘‘homeport-
ed”; that is, they were counted as part of the population of
the port from which the vessel operated, regardless of its
location on April 1, 1940.

Soidiers, sailors, and marines.—Enumerate soldiers, sail-
ors, and marines in the Army or Navy of the United States
as residents of the place where they usually sleep in the
area where they are stationed. If, therefore, any household
in your district reports that one of its members is a soldier,
sailor, or marine stationed elsewhere, do not report him as
a member of that household.

Citizens abroad—Enumerate as a resident of your district
any citizen of the United States who is a member of a
household living in your district, but who is abroad tempo-
rarily at the time of the enumeration. It does not matter how
long the absence abroad is continued, provided the person
intends to return to the United States.

There was no documentation in the 1940 census reports
that clarified whether overseas persons counted at their
stateside residence, in accordance with the enumerator
instructions above, were included in the overseas count
(118,933) reported in this census. Thus, the possibility
exists that some Americans overseas may have been
counted twice: once in the overseas count and again at the
stateside home.

1940 CENSUS 31


7-413, Schedule No. 1—Population
Military and Naval Population
(Center)

7-413.

TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.
SCHEDULE No. 1. - POPULATION.

MILITARY AND NAVAL POPULATION.

Enumerated by me on the _. _...._.....-...... .....day of June, 1900.

NCE IN THE UNITED STATES. PERSONAL DESCRIPTION.
DATE OF : lz Place of birth of each perso
BIRTH. dy| States, give the $1
= | BE] 4
Pa
STATE, STREET AND NUMBER. € z ae} &
£ Month. | Year. | % a = Place of birth of this
5 ied 2 £ PERSON.
By e |25/ =
6 | 8 & |] 2
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 12

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES 1900 CENSUS 13


REFERENCES

Barbara Franklin et al. v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts et al., Civil Action No. 91-1502 (1992).

The Borough of Bethel Park et al. v. Maurice Stans et al., 319 F. Supp. 971, 976 (W.D. Pa. 1970), aff'd, 449 F.2d 575 (3d
Cir.1971).

CEC Associates. “‘Decennial Census Residence Rules and Enumeration Principles,” unpublished report prepared for the
Census Bureau, Washington, DC, February 1987.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts et al. v. Robert Mosbacher et al., Civil Action No. 91-11234-WD (1992).

Congressional Research Service. The 1990 Census: Including Foreign Based Military and Civilian Personnel in the State
Counts, Washington, DC, June 20, 1990.

General Accounting Office. Military Compensation, Comparison With Federal Civil Service Compensation, GAO/ NSIAD-
88-67BR, Washington, DC, November 1987.

Littman, Mark S. and Robert C. Speaker. “1990 Research Report on Enumeration and Residence Rules,” unpublished
Bureau of the Census report, April 1985.

National Archives Trust Fund Board. 1900 Federal Population Census: A Catalog of Microfilm Copies of the Schedules,
Washington, DC, 1978.

__ The 1910 Federal Population Census: A Catalog of Microfilm Copies of the Schedules, Washington, DC, 1982.
__. The 1920 Federal Population Census: A Catalog of National Archives Microfilm, Washington, DC, 1991.

Opinion of the Attorney General of the United States, 47 Op. Atty. Gen. 31, 33, August 26, 1949.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Fifth Census of the United States: 1830, Enumeration of the Inhabitants of the United States.

. Sixth Census of the United States: 1840, Inhabitants of the United States.
. Statistical View of the United States: 1850, A Compendium of the Seventh Census.
. Seventh Census of the United States: 1850, Population.

. Eleventh Census of the United States: 1890, Volume |, Part |, Population.

. Twelfth Census of the United States: 1900, Volume 1, Part 1, Population.

. Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910, Abstract of the Census, Population; and Volume |, Population, General
Report and Analysis,

___-: Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910, Instructions to Enumerators.
. Fourteenth Census of the United States: 1920, Population, Volume |, Number and Distribution of Inhabitants.
. Fourteenth Census of the United States: 1920, Instructions to Enumerators.
. Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Population, Volume |, Number and Distribution of Inhabitants.

. Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Population, Volume Il, General Report, Statistics by Subjects.

. Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Instructions to Enumerators, Form 15-100.

72 REFERENCES AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


1980 CENSUS

The U.S. population abroad reported in the 1980 census
was 995,546. As of April 1, 1980, this figure comprised—

@ land-based U.S. military personnel stationed abroad and
their dependents living with them.

® crews of U.S. Navy vessels deployed to the 6th or 7th
Fleets.

e Federal civilian employees stationed abroad and their
dependents living with them.

Thus, the overseas population in 1980 was restricted to
those Americans affiliated with the Federal Government
and their dependents living abroad with them. It did not
include private U.S. citizens abroad for an extended period
or crews of U.S. merchant marine vessels outside Ameri-
can waters, as was true for both the 1960 and 1970
censuses. Also unlike 1970, no component of Americans
overseas was included in the apportionment population for
1980.

Information on the federally-affiliated population over-
seas was obtained from administrative records rather than
by direct enumeration. The Department of Defense (DOD)
provided counts of its military and civilian employees
stationed abroad and their dependents living with them.
The Office of Personnel Management and Department of
State provided counts for all other overseas Federal
employees and their dependents abroad. No provision was
made in 1980 for the enumeration of any component of the
overseas population on census report forms, as had been
done in censuses since 1950.

The modifications to recent past enumeration proce-
dures were made for the following reasons: The number of
Americans overseas who were affiliated with the Federal
Government was smaller than in 1970; the data were
readily available from administrative records for the major
Population groups overseas; there was no legal require-
ment for the direct enumeration of Americans overseas or

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

for including Americans overseas in the apportionment
population; and the 1960 and 1970 census experience had
shown that the count of Americans living overseas who
were not affiliated with the Federal Government could not
be obtained in a complete manner, nor could this group be
readily defined.

Crew members of U.S. merchant marine vessels out-
side U.S. territorial waters on April 1, 1980, were not
enumerated or otherwise counted in the 1980 census.
Masters of such vessels completed a location report
(D-3091) but, if outside territorial waters, crew members
were not required to complete a Shipboard Census Report
(Form D-23), the individual enumeration form for crews of
vessels in the 1980 census.

Residence Rules

Entries relating to the overseas population in the table
of residence rules contained in the 1980 Questionnaire
Reference Book for stateside enumeration were the fol-
lowing:

Type of Person Resident of—

Member of the Armed Forces:
Assigned to a military vessel The vessel
which is deployed to the 6th

or 7th Fleet.

American citizen abroad:

Employed by U.S. Government
with place of duty abroad or
member of the family of such
person living with him or her.

DO NOT LIST

Any other American working or
living abroad for extended
period of time.

DO NOT LIST

1980 CENSUS 57


e Data were readily available from administrative records
for Americans overseas affiliated with the Federal Gov-
ernment. Data on overseas Armed Forces personnel,
Federal civilian employees, and their dependents living
with them could be obtained from the Departments of
Defense and State and the Office of Personnel Manage-
ment (OPM).

© Complete or even adequate counts of private Americans
overseas not affiliated with the Federal Government
could not be obtained in 1960 and 1970, when special
efforts were made to enumerate these persons, and
there was some question as to whether this universe
could be properly defined. Major problems associated
with obtaining an accurate count of this component
included the voluntary basis on which this group had to
be enumerated (respondents had to go to a U.S. embassy
or consulate to obtain a form), the lack of up-to-date
embassy and consulate mailing lists for Americans living
in their jurisdictions, and the definitional problem of who
should be included in such an enumeration.

With regard to the definitional issue, many alterna-
tives could be considered. For example, should an
enumeration of private Americans overseas include all
persons with a claim to U.S. citizenship? Only U.S.
citizens who intended to return to the United States? All
persons born in the United States (some of whom would
have gone on to become citizens of the country in which
they currently resided)? Only those citizens eligible to
vote? Only those tied financially to the United States,
such as Social Security beneficiaries or employees of
U.S. or multinational corporations? People having dual
(U.S. and second-nation) citizenship?

It was believed that even if a clear operational
definition of this universe could have been developed, it
still would have been necessary to contact a much
broader range of potential respondents in order to
identify those who actually met the conceptual criteria
for inclusion.

The 1990 census, for only the second time in census
history, included certain components of Americans over-
seas in the apportionment population. The overseas com-
ponents included were members of the Armed Forces,
Federal civilian employees, and their dependents living
with them. Counts of these persons were obtained from 30
Federal departments and agencies and were based pri-
marily on administrative records.

A significant factor in the Census Bureau's decision to
allocate segments of the overseas population to their home
State for apportionment purposes was the substantial
amount of bipartisan congressional support given to this
matter late in the 1980 decade. Several bills requiring
inclusion of overseas military personnel in the apportion-
ment counts were introduced in both houses of the 100th
and 101st Congresses.

The Department of Commerce, in an August 1989 press
release, announced plans to include overseas military and
civilian DOD employees in the 1990 census apportionment

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

population. In addition, the Deputy Director of the Census
Bureau testified before the House Subcommittee on Cen-
sus and Population in September 1989 that the Bureau
would include overseas military and civilian DOD employ-
ees and their associated dependents in the 1990 appor-
tionment counts. He cited several reasons for the decision:

@ The 1969 Justice Department opinion recognizing that
the Director of the Census Bureau had discretionary
authority to decide whether to include overseas Ameri-
cans in the apportionment population.

© Bipartisan congressional support for including overseas
military personnel.

@ The DOD's decision that it could provide the necessary
data to the Bureau in time to meet the December 31,
1990 deadline for reporting apportionment counts to the
President.

About the time of the hearing, the DOD, with technical
assistance from the Census Bureau, planned to enumerate
its overseas personnel and dependents concurrent with
the 1990 stateside census enumeration. These data would
be used by the Bureau for inclusion in the apportionment
counts and by DOD for a variety of programs.

The Deputy Director further testified that these over-
seas personnel and their dependents would have main-
tained a usual residence in the United States had they not
been assigned abroad in fulfillment of their military and
professional obligations.

Because of a lack of funding and other constraints, in
December 1989, the DOD cancelled its plans to conduct
an overseas enumeration but agreed to provide overseas
counts from its existing automated administrative records.
The DOD identified three alternative methods from its
administrative files for determining home State affiliation of
its overseas military personnel:

®@ Home of record—State declared by the member of the
Armed Forces to be the permanent home at time of
entry or reenlistment into the service. Home of record is
used to determine the travel stipend granted upon
discharge (derived from personnel files).

® Legal residence—State of residence a member declares
for State income tax withholding purposes (derived from
payroll files).

e Last duty station—State location of the facility to which
the member was assigned before going overseas (derived
from personnel files).

After reviewing the three data sources available in NOD
records for providing counts, the Census Bureau con-
cluded in July 1990 that DOD’s “home of record” was the
most consistent with the concept of “usual residence,”
used since 1790 as the basis for determining residency in
the decennial census. Also, home of record was the
concept used in allocating most overseas military person-
nel in the 1970 census.

OVERVIEW 5


Village, town, or borough. See instructions.)

15-6, Population Schedule (Center)

Form 15-6
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE—BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

FIFTEENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1930
POPULATION SCHEDULE

Block Na...
Enumerated b
Institution -
«nsert nai ; E i)
MOTHER TONGUE (OR NATIVE
PLACE OF BIRTH LANGUAGE) OF FOREIGN BORN CITIZENSHIP,
24 &g | Place of birth of each person enumerated and of his or her parents. If born in CODE tg| «
ey 22 | the United States, give State or Territory. If of foreign birth, give country in 223|
Pes a which birthplace is now situated. (See Instructions.) Distinguish Canada- Language, spoken) (For office use only | 25a | 2
3 | g 3 French from Canada-English, and Irish Free State from Northern Ireland goming fo the thesecolumns) | 323 |’
23 Inited States 1 ste | 2
« Be PERSON FATHER MOTHER crit. [Cm my | SP |S
15 16 Ww 18 id 20 an A B Cc 22 23

28 1930 CENSUS

Na Col Employer
ba Wage or salary worker

Working on own accoast
Unpaid worker, membe

‘of che family

ENTRIES ARE REQUI
SEVERAL COLUM

Mexican Kxpedii

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


overseas civilian employees, this figure included post-
master returns of forms that could not be delivered.
When postmaster returns were subtracted, the response
tate for completed questionnaires was about 20 percent.

Crews of Merchant Marine Vessels

This overseas component comprised crews of U.S.
merchant marine vessels sailing from one foreign port to
another or docked in a foreign port on April 1, 1990. Also
included in this group of vessels were factory trawlers,
floating processors, and tuna boats. These crews of
vessels were included in the overseas population but were
excluded from the apportionment population. Only persons
affiliated with the Federal Government were included in the
apportionment population.

Crew members and passengers of all merchant vessels
were self-enumerated on the Shipboard Census Report
(D-23). Report forms were shipped to the master of each
vessel through shipowners or operators, with the cooper-
ation of the Maritime Administration and other maritime
organizations. Ship captains returned completed reports
along with a location report (D-47) to the Census Bureau.
According to the location the ship captain reported, crews
of merchant vessels sailing from one foreign port to
another or docked in a foreign port were included in the
overseas population.

64 1990 CENSUS

Residence Rules

Entries relating to the overseas population in the table
of residence rules contained in the 1990 Questionnaire
Reference Book for stateside enumeration were the fol-
lowing:

Type of person Resident of—

Person is a member of the Armed
Forces:

Assigned to a military vessel DO NOT LIST
which is “deployed” to the 6th
or 7th Fleet
Assigned to a military base out- DO NOT LIST
side the United States

The merchant
vessel

Person is an officer or crew mem-
ber of a merchant vessel engaged
in foreign transportation

Person is an American citizen
overseas:

Employed by the U.S. Govern-
ment with place of duty abroad,
including family members living
with them

DO NOT LIST

Any other American working, DO NOT LIST
studying, or living abroad (for

extended period)

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


D-47, Location Report for American Flag Vessels
(Memo from the Director)

o
rormD-47 i’ ss, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
(8-8-8) t ; Bureau of the Census
% é Washington, 0.0. 20233
aes

OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR
FROM THE DIRECTOR
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

Attention: Ship’s Master — The Bureau of the Census, in a cooperative effort with the Maritime
Administration and your ship operator, requests your assistance in conducting the 1990 Census of the
United States by obtaining a count as of April 1, 1990, of all officers, crew members, and passengers
aboard your vessel on that date.

We have asked your ship operator to transfer to you this form and the questionnaires “Shipboard
Census Report,” Forms D-23. Completion of these forms is required by law (Title 13, United States
Code), which also protects the confidentiality of your responses. You will use the enclosed return
envelope and mailing label for returning the completed forms. Please complete the enclosed
“Acknowledgment of Receipt of Shipboard Census Materials” postcard, Form D-46, upon receipt of
materials and retur it to the Bureau of the Census.

On April 1, 1990 please:
1. Complete the location report that is on the reverse of this letter.

2. Distribute the Shipboard Census Report, Form D-23, to each officer (including yourself), crew
member, and passenger aboard the vessel.

3. Collect the completed questionnaires from officers, crew members and passengers.
4. Return the questionnaires and this form to the Bureau of the Census.

Encourage cooperation in completing the questionnaire by explaining that the information provided is
seen only by swom Census Bureau employees and is used only for statistical purposes. By law (title 13,
United States Code), census employees are subject to fine and/or imprisonment for any disclosure of an
individual’s answers to census questions. Only after 72 years does the information provided become
available to other government agencies and the public. The same law requires individuals to answer the
questions to the best of their knowledge.

The Census Bureau estimates that, on average, each respondent will take 5 minutes to complete form
D-47, including the time for reviewing instructions and answers. Comments about this estimate should
be directed to the Associate Director for Management Services, Bureau of the Census, Washington,
DC 20233, Attn: CEN-90, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction
Project CEN-90, Washington, DC 20503.

Great Lakes Vessels: Crews of Great Lakes vessels that have not fit out by April 1, 1990, are not
enumerated on the ship. Masters of such vessels should indicate on the location report that the vessel
had not fit out by April 1, and return the location report in the enclosed envelope.

Please destroy the unused Shipboard Census Reports, Form D-23.

Thank you for helping us make the 1990 census, the Bicentennial Census, the best in our history.

Enclosures

CENSUS °90

66 1990 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


D-47, Location Report for American Flag Vessels
(Form)

OMB No. 0607-0662: Approval Expires 09/30/90
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
prepa? MEN Se SOMERS

1990 CENSUS LOCATION REPORT FOR AMERICAN FLAG VESSELS
21st Decennial Census — 1990

1. Name of vessel

2. Person completing this report
Name Title

3. Operator of this vessel

4a. In what waters does this vessel primarily operate?
OGreat Lakes — Go to 4b O Coastal } SKIP Oo Other — Specify ad \ SKIP

COceangoing f to 5 105

b. If this vessel did not fit out until after April 1, 1990, mark (X) here ——————>
The Census Bureau does not require your crew to fill out the enclosed Shipboard Census Report (SCR) if fit out was after
April 1, because they will be enumerated at home. Return this form in the accompanying envelope.

5. Was this vessel berthed in a port on April 1, 1990?
O Yes — Goto6 OCNo — SKIP to7

6. What is the name of that port?
Port name

Name of pier or other designated anchorage

City State or foreign country ZIP Code

FOR VESSELS BERTHED, SKIP TO 9. FOR VESSELS NOT BERTHED ON APRIL 1, 1990, COMPLETE 7 — 10.

7. What was the vessel’s port of departure?
Port name

Name of pier or other designated anchorage

City State or foreign country ZIP Code

8. What was the vessel’s port of destination?
Port name

Name of pier or other designated anchorage

City State or foreign country ZIP Code

9. Total number of completed SCR forms (D-23) retumed, enter number here ———______» |

L
10. Remarks

11. CENSUS ST co CT/BNA ARA
USE ONLY

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES. 1990 CENSUS 67



D7-686, Military and Naval Population, Etc., Abroad (Right)

to7-686) ( COMPANY ORTROOP SHEET NO.

POPULATION eu A
ARM OF SERVICE
_.. 1920. __..... ENUMERATOR.
NATIVITY AND MOTHER TONGUE. 7 OCCUPATION.
is ca 1
Place of birth, Mother tongue Place of birth Mothertongue. |
8 2 Fy ai 2 2B

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

1920 CENSUS 25


Table 1. Residence Rules Pertaining to Americans Overseas: 1870-1990

[Beginning in 1820, census takers were supplied with printed instructions to clarify who should be enumerated in their district. Cen-
‘sus years not listed below did not include residence rules for the overseas component]

U.S. Military Personnel Stationed Abroad or at
Sea

1870, 1880, 1900 ......... eee eee eee eee eect eter eens

1V910-GO eect eee teeter ee

Federal Civilian Employees Stationed Abroad

Crews of U.S. Merchant Marine Vessels at Sea
1870, 1880, 1910, 1920.

1930, 1940 oo... cece cee cece cee ee eee ee teeta eee ee tenes

1950-90

Private U.S. Citizens Abroad for an Extended
Period

1910-40

1960-90...

Enumerate at stateside home (also may have been included in
overseas population in 1900)

Do not enumerate at stateside home (included in overseas popu-
lation)

. Enumerate at stateside home (also may have been included in

overseas population)

Do not enumerate at stateside home (included in overseas popu-
lation)

Enumerate at stateside home (not included in overseas popula-
tion)

Enumerate officers at stateside home. Do not enumerate crews
at stateside home. All merchant vessels were homeported,
regardless of location, so crews were not included in overseas
population

Do not enumerate at stateside home

1950, 1960—included in overseas population if vessel was at sea
or in a foreign port

1970—included in overseas population if vessel was at sea with
a foreign port as its designation or in a foreign port

1980—not included in overseas population

1990—included in overseas population if vessel was sailing from
one foreign port to another or in a foreign port

Enumerate at stateside home (not included in overseas popula-
tion)

. Do not enumerate at stateside home (included in overseas popu-

lation only in 1960 and 1970)

2 INTRODUCTION

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


INTRODUCTION

The decision to enumerate Americans living abroad in
U.S. decennial censuses has varied over the years, as well
as the decisions of how this population group is defined
and where these persons should be counted. This report
documents the treatment of Americans living overseas in
the decennial censuses, particularly those conducted in
the 20th century. Excluded from this discussion are U.S.
citizens temporarily abroad on private business, travel, and
so forth. Such persons were enumerated in each census at
their usual place of residence in the United States as
absent members of their own households.

The first Census Act in 1790 stated that each person
enumerated in the census of the United States was to be
counted as an inhabitant of his or her ‘‘usual place of
abode.” The concept of usual residence as the overriding
criterion for where to count a person thus was established
for the first census and has been the guiding principle in alt
subsequent censuses. Usual residence generally has been
construed to mean the place where the person lives and
sleeps most of the time. Instructions that included resi-
dence rules specifying where to count various classes of
persons have been furnished to census takers since 1820
(to marshals and their assistants from 1820-70 and to
enumerators beginning in 1880).

The implementation of the concept of usual residence
in decennial censuses also has resulted in the establish-
ment of residence rules for certain categories of persons
whose usual place of residence is not immediately appar-
ent. The population segment of Americans living overseas
traditionally has been one of these categories.2

Table 1 lists the residence rules given to census takers
for Americans living abroad for an extended period and for
crews of U.S. merchant vessels at sea. As this table
illustrates, the residence rules for these groups changed
considerably from census to census.

Various types of materials were used in preparing this
report. Census reports and other published documents
such as procedural histories were reviewed for each
census from 1790 to 1970 to determine whether Ameri-
cans overseas were reported in the census. However,
given that published historical census documentation on
the treatment of Americans overseas was often meager,

‘The synonym “usual place of residence” was introduced in the 1940
instructions to enumerators.

Other categories of persons for which specific residence rules are
determined at each census include persons away from their usual
residence on Census Day; college students; boarding schoo! students;
members of the Armed Forces, including Navy afloat; persons in institu-
tions; crews of U.S. merchant marine vessels not at sea; persons with
multiple residence; migrant workers; and persons with no permanent
residence.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

fragmentary, and sketchy—particularly before 1950—other
sources were consulted as well. For the 1900 to 1920
censuses, microfilm of the census schedules used for
enumerating Americans abroad or at sea were examined
at the National Archives and Records Administration in
Washington, DC. For the 1930 and 1940 censuses, the
microfilmed census schedules were reviewed at the Cen-
sus Bureau's Data Preparation Division in Jeffersonville,
IN. Finally, to gather information on the overseas census
planning and reporting since 1950, unpublished reports
and position papers, internal memorandums, and copies of
correspondence also were studied.

A major observation that emerged from reviewing these
historic materials was the lack of a single conceptual thread
running through the censuses concerning how Americans
abroad fit into the overall decennial enumeration. it was
partly this absence that led to the inconsistencies—evident
in this report—in census treatment of Americans overseas.
Different definitions of the population components that
were included and in the areas that were considered
overseas, varying instructions to census takers regarding
where to enumerate this population, and differences in
procedures and methods of data collection (administrative
records, direct enumeration, or a combination of the two)
all contributed to a lack of uniformity in treatment over the
years. Legal and political considerations also played an
important role in formulating the Census Bureau’s concept
and policy of who to count overseas and where to count
them. Cross-cutting all of these issues has been the fact
that decisions relating to overseas enumeration for a
specific census have reflected the overall census proce-
dures and prevailing societal conditions (for example, the
presence of military conflicts or economic downturns).

For the censuses since 1900, counts of the American
overseas population and its components generally have
been published in table 1 of Number of inhabitants, United
States Summary. in the censuses of 1950-70, Americans
overseas also were shown by selected demographic char-
acteristics (for example, age, race, sex, and nativity) in a
table in General Demographic Characteristics, United States
Summary. Special subject reports were issued in the 1960
and 1970 censuses on U.S. civilians abroad for an extended
period. (See “References” for exact citations.)

In this report, the terms “abroad” and “overseas” are
used interchangeably. The countries considered as “living
abroad” have varied and were specified in census reports
only in 1950-70 and 1990.

INTRODUCTION 1


7-413, Schedule No. 1—Population

Military

ATES.

1900.

and Naval Population
(Right)

Company or Troop __

Regiment ___

Arm of Service

_..., Enumerator.

A

Sheet No.

NATIVITY. CITIZENSHIP. | EDUCATION.
wor Metoa gave he Stave or Perry of foreign birth eve the Country any H 7 z 3
hof this Place of birth of FATHER Place of birth of MOTHER a a E z|é F
IN of this person, of this person. f = E i :
Sg 215] 5/8
13 1d 15, 16 17 18 19 20
a ne ee es ee ee ee
anes nena ie ee ee ee ee
3
od — fob ddd
od ee es eee Oe ee OO)
6
ene ene fee es eee ee ee ee
es een fe es ee ee ee
9
_— ___} 10
te _ jail
12
oe eee ee ee ee
15
7 |__| 16
fo |. jar
18
an nee | ff tt fas
en ne | fo [Lf |_| 20
21
a —_ es SE NN
ne en ae ee ee ee ee ee)
50

14 1900 CENSUS

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


who would have been enumerated in their home States on
April 1, 1970, except for their assignment to duty stations
overseas as military or civilian employees of the U.S.
Government. In particular, the scale of U.S. activities in
Southeast Asia meant unusually large numbers of military
personnel were stationed overseas on Census Day.

In prior decennial censuses, the number of Federal
Government personnel on duty overseas was relatively
small and had never been included in the apportionment
population. Attorney General J. Howard McGrath, when
consulted in 1949, stated that exclusion of the overseas
population from the apportionment count, as was done in
1940 and prior censuses and as was being proposed for
1950, was not contrary to the requirements of the Consti-
tution or applicable law. The opinion stated, in part, “The
Congress has vested in the Director of the Census, subject
to the approval of the Secretary of Commerce, discretion
to determine the manner in which inhabitants of the United
States who are abroad...shall be enumerated...”

In 1969, this matter was brought to the attention of the
House Subcommittee on Census and Statistics of the
Committee on Post Office and Civil Service (which had
immediate congressional oversight of the Census Bureau)
during its hearings on the “1970 Census and Legislation
Related Thereto.” The subcommittee, recognizing the
larger numbers of U.S. military and Federal civilian person-
nel expected to be overseas at the time of the 1970
census, recommended that these Americans be counted
in the apportionment population. Congressional questions
also were raised in 1969 at hearings before the Senate
Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee
on the Judiciary.

Also in 1969, the Department of Commerce sought a
ruling from the Department of Justice on the legality of the
proposed procedure to include certain components of the
overseas population in the 1970 State apportionment
totals. The opinion letter was written by then-Assistant
Attorney General William Rehnquist, who perceived no
objection to their inclusion and stated that ‘the Director of
the Census may, in his discretion, validly adopt that
procedure.’’S

Allocations of the 1970 overseas population for appor-
tionment purposes were made at the State level only.
Allocations were not made to subdivisions within a State,
as this would have required U.S. street addresses. U.S.
street address was not asked on the Overseas Census
Report or the Report for Military and Maritime Personnel.

5In 1967, the Census Bureau had evaluated the possible effects on
apportionment that would have resulted if Federal Government overseas
personnel and their dependents—estimated to be somewhat fewer than
2 million persons—were included in the apportionment count. It was
determined that their inclusion at that time would not have resulted in any
State having its congressional representation changed since the esti-
mated 2 million persons overseas, although a large number by itself, was
less than 1 percent of the total U.S. population and had approximately the
same State-by-State distribution as the resident population. The actual
1970 overseas population (1,574,537) added to the apportionment base
(resident population of each State minus the District of Columbia) caused
@ congressional seat to be shifted from Connecticut to Oklahoma by
fewer than 300 persons.

4 OVERVIEW

This detailed information also was not included in DOD's
administrative counts, by home State of record, for Army,
Air Force, or Marine Corps personnel stationed abroad.
Thus, the within-State redistricting process used different
numbers as its base than the between-State reapportion-
ment.

In Bethel Park v. Stans, an appellate court held in 1971
that neither the U.S. Constitution nor the Census Act
demanded allocation of persons to a particular subdivision
of a State for apportionment purposes. Moreover, the court
held that the Census Bureau, in determining the number of
representatives to which each State was entitled, could
properly allocate overseas military and Federal civilian
personnel and their dependents to the State of their
“home of record’ and not to any political subdivision within
the State.

The overseas enumerations associated with the 1950-70
censuses were necessarily conducted under operational
conditions very different from those used in the stateside
censuses. The decentralized and globally far-flung nature
of these overseas operations prevented the utilization of
most of the standard review and quality contro! procedures
used stateside.

For the 1980 census, the Census Bureau decided not
to enumerate Americans overseas directly, as had been
done in censuses since 1950, but to use administrative
records instead. The reasons for this departure in practice
from recent past censuses were the following:

The number of Americans overseas was much smaller
than in 1970.

@ There were no plans to include Americans overseas in
the apportionment population, as was done in 1970. in
testimony in 1976 before the House Subcommittee on
Census and Population (formerly the Subcommittee on
Census and Statistics) of the Committee on Post Office
and Civil Service, the Deputy Director of the Census
Bureau outlined the proposed rules of residence for the
1980 census. He indicated that the Bureau did not plan
to include any component of Americans overseas in the
apportionment population for 1980. The subcommittee
raised no objections to that proposal.

@ There were no constitutional or other legal mandates
requiring the direct enumeration of Americans living
overseas. Title 13 of the U.S. Code stated that the
census enumeration should include each State, the
District of Columbia, and its territories and possessions;
it did not require the enumeration of Americans living in
foreign countries.

@ There were no Federal program requirements for data
on Americans overseas, and very little use was made of
the information on Americans overseas that had been
collected in past censuses. The Departments of Defense
and State and, to a lesser extent, other government
agencies having employees abroad, maintained their
own records for these personnel.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


Population Schedule (Center)

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR—BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
ENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1910—POPUL
NAME OF INCORPORATED PLACE

striet, hundred, beat, ete. See instructions.] Unsert proper name and, algo, name of class, as city

ENUMERATED BY ME ON THE
made. See instructions.)
DESCRIPTION. NATIVITY.
z Place of birth o each person and parents ofeach person enumerated, IPborn inthe Unite States.
ee ‘ue the mate or trary. to regn baths eve tbe county Whether able wapeak | Teadeo
ln tae
é sive Tanguiage spaken fone
3 ‘ . Place of birth of Father of Place of birth of Mother of Borer
4 Puc obi ofthis Person inh of epic of
aps a w a 7

20 1910 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


Technical Paper 62

Karen M. Mills

U.S. Department of Commerce
Economics and Statistics Administration
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS


1970 CENSUS

The U.S. population abroad reported in the 1970
census was 1,737,836. As of April 1, 1970, this figure
comprised—

e land-based U.S. military personnel stationed abroad and
their dependents living with them.

© crews of U.S. Navy vessels deployed to the 6th or 7th
Fleets.

© Federal civilian employees stationed abroad and their
dependents living with them.

crews of vessels in the U.S. merchant marine at sea with
a foreign port as their destination or docked in a foreign
port.

@ private U.S. citizens living abroad for an extended period
and their dependents living with them.2

Both administrative records and direct enumeration
were used to obtain counts of Americans overseas in
1970. Data for the Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps
personnel stationed abroad were provided by the Depart-
ment of Defense (DOD) from its administrative records,
rather than by direct enumeration on census forms. Enu-
meration of Navy personnel and all other Americans
abroad or at sea was conducted by means of specially
designed census report forms, with the cooperative efforts
of the DOD, Department of State, Coast Guard, and
Maritime Administration. These agencies took responsibil-
ity for the publicity of the census as well as for the
distribution and collection of the forms. In addition, height-
ened efforts were made to obtain reports for private U.S.
citizens living abroad for an extended period.

For the 1970 census, “living abroad” was defined as
residing outside the 50 States, the District of Columbia, or
a U.S. commonwealth or territory (the Commonwealth
of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Canal Zone, Guam, U.S.
Virgin Islands, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands).
For purposes of calculating the apportionment, however,
the overseas population was augmented by the inclusion
of members of the Armed Forces, Federal civilian employ-
ees, and their dependents who were living in a U.S.
commonwealth or territory and reported a home State.

As in 1960, a separate report was issued on Americans
Living Abroad, PC(2)-10A, which provided social and eco-
nomic characteristics of the civilian population abroad.

The Apportionment Population for 1970

In 1970, officially for the first time, certain segments of
the overseas population were allocated to their home
State and were included in the population of those States
for apportionment of seats in the U.S. House of Rep-

®The enumeration of these persons was done on a voluntary basis,
and this group was not so well reported as other overseas groups
covered by the census.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

resentatives. In all previous censuses, the apportionment
population consisted solely of the resident population of
the 50 States (excluding the population of the District of
Columbia) and did not include the overseas population.
The two major reasons for the change in the procedure
were the larger number of persons (both military and
civilian) overseas in 1970 and the congressional support
reflected in the recommendation of the House Subcom-
mittee on Census and Statistics to include these persons.

The overseas military and Federal civilian population
assigned to a home State, and their dependents living with
them, numbered 1,580,998° on April 1, 1970. Excluding the
6,461 persons reporting a home in the District of Columbia,
1,574,537 persons were added to the resident population
of the 50 States for calculating the congressional appor-
tionment. This represented less than 1 percent (.77 per-
cent) of the total resident population. The apportionment
population based on the 1970 census is shown in table 5.

The segments of the overseas population included in
the apportionment count were the following:'°

e U.S. military personnel (including crews of military ves-
sels) who were stationed in a U.S. commonwealth or
territory or in a foreign country and reported a home
State, and their spouses and children living with them.

e Federal civilian employees stationed in a U.S. common-
wealth or territory who reported a home State, and their
spouses and children living with them.

® Federal civilian employees stationed in a foreign country
who were U.S. citizens or reported a home State, and
their spouses and children living with them.

Other relatives living abroad with persons in the above
groups who were U.S. citizens or reported a home State.

Although these persons were added to the resident
population of their respective home States for apportion-
ment purposes, they were not distributed among the
political subdivisions of the State. Thus, congressional
districts within each State were drawn using resident
population counts, exclusive of the overseas population. In
addition, except for a few special cases, these persons
were not included in the tables of 1970 census reports.

Land-Based Armed Forces, Federal Civilian
Employees, and Dependents

For members of the Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps
stationed overseas as of April 1, 1970, the DOD provided
tabulations by State of “home of record” from its own
administrative records. However, persons overseas such
as dependents of these Armed Forces personnel, other

“Differs from the figure of 1,737,836 by the inclusion of U.S. military
personnel, Federal civilian employees, and their dependents (95,408)
stationed in a U.S. commonwealth or territory and the exclusion of private
US. citizens living abroad for an extended period (236,336) and crews
(15,910) of U.S. merchant marine vessels at sea with a foreign port as
their destination or in a foreign port.

*°Not included were crews of U.S. merchant marine vessels at sea
with a foreign port as their destination or in a foreign port.

1970 CENSUS 43


Table 2. Americans Overseas, by Type: 1830, 1840, and 1900-90

[In 1850-90 censuses, no figures were published for Americans overseas]

Dependents of
Federal employees Federal employ-
Year ees (Armed Crews of U.S.

Total, U.S. popu- Forces and merchant Private U.S.
lation abroad* Total Armed Forces Civilians civilian) vessels citizens
1990. 2925 845 (NA) 3529 269 (NA) 4(NA) 53 026 (NA)
1980. 995 546 562 962 °515 408 °47 554 °432 584 (NA) (NA)
1970. 1 737 836 1 114 224 74 057 776 °56 448 °371 366 915 910 1236 336
1960. 1 374 421 647 730 *1609 720 ®38 010 °506 393 292 464 90187 B34
1950. 13481 545 328 505 74301 595 °26 910 *107 350 1545 690 (NA)
1940. 16148 933 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)
1930. 1789 453 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)
1920. 19447 238 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)
4910. ‘755 608 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)
1900. 1991 219 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)
1840. . 206 100 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)
1830.......... 25 318 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

(NA) Not available.

‘Excludes U.S. citizens temporarily abroad on private business, travel, etc. Such persons were enumerated at their usual place of residence in the
United States as absent members of their own households. Also excludes private, non-tederally affiliated U.S. citizens living abroad for an extended
period, except for 1970 and 1960, which include portions of this subpopulation.

Excludes 9,460 persons overseas whose home State was not designated and 16,999 persons overseas whose designated home “State” was a U.S.
commonwealth or territory.

°Based on administrative records provided by Department of Defense.

“Not shown separately. Total number reported of overseas Federal civilian employees and dependents (of both military and civilian personnel) was
393,550. Based on administrative records provided by 30 Federal agencies (including Department of Defense) and survey results provided by Department
of Defense.

*Vessels sailing from one foreign port to another or in a foreign port. Overseas status based on Census Location Report.

Based on administrative records provided by Office of Personnel Management and Departments of Defense and State.

7For members of the Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps abroad, based on administrative records provided by Department of Defense. Crews of
deployed U.S. military vessels were enumerated on Report for Military and Maritime Personnel. Land-based Navy and Coast Guard personnel abroad were
enumerated on Overseas Census Report.

Enumerated on Overseas Census Report.

*Vessels at sea with a foreign port as their destination or in a foreign port. Enumerated on Report for Military and Maritime Personnel.

1°U,S. citizens living abroad for an extended period not affiliated with the Federal Government and their overseas dependents. Enumerated on
Overseas Census Report.

‘Enumerated on Overseas Census Report and Report for Military and Maritime Personnel.

*2Vessels at sea or in a foreign port. Enumerated on Report for Military and Maritime Personnel.

‘Based on 20-percent sample of reports received.

‘“4Enumerated on Overseas Census Report and Crews of Vessels Report.

*SVessels at sea or in a foreign port. Enumerated on Crews of Vessels Repart.

"®Source of overseas count is unclear, see section on 1940 census.

‘7Enumerated on general population schedule.

‘®Enumerated on report for Military and Naval Population, Etc., Abroad.

‘SEnumerated on report for Military and Naval Population and report for Civilians, Residents of U.S. at Military or Naval Stations.

?°Persons on naval vessels in the service of the United States.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES OVERVIEW 7


In many cases, legal residence might reflect a State
chosen because it had no or low taxes or one where
military personnel were exempt from paying income taxes.
A 1987 General Accounting Office report had indicated
that a significant proportion of military personnel declared
their legal residence in one of the States that did not tax
personal wages or exempted all military pay from their
income.

The use of last duty station, reflecting the location of the
last facility to which a person was assigned, would result in
counting some military personnel and their dependents in
States other than their actual previous U.S. residence. For
example, those assigned to the Pentagon would be counted
as District of Columbia residents even though they might
have actually lived in Maryland or Virginia (although phys-
ically located in Virginia, the Pentagon has a duty station of
the District of Columbia).

Furthermore, one bill requiring the inclusion of overseas
military personnel and dependents in the apportionment
population (H.R. 4903) mandated the use of “home of
record.” That bill passed the House of Representatives in
June 1980, and a similar proposal (S. 2675) had been
teferred to the appropriate Senate committee for consid-
eration.€

In response to the strong congressional support for the
use of home of record data, the Commerce Department
decided to use those data, supplemented and improved
with DOD's automated records for missing information, as
the basis for including overseas military and dependents in
the 1990 apportionment counts.

A June 1990 Congressional Research Service report for
Congress found that allocating military personnel by State
using home of record most closely resembled the State-
by-State distribution of the resident population. An alloca-
tion based on last duty station varied from the resident
population distribution by 10 times as much as home of
record, and legal residence, by nearly 3 times as much.

In addition to the arrangement made with DOD for
obtaining counts of its overseas military personnel, the
Census Bureau obtained counts of overseas personnel by
home State from 29 other Federal agencies. These counts
were based principally on administrative records from the
employing agency. The DOD also conducted a survey of

®Once the Census Bureau decided to include overseas military
personnel and their dependents in the apportionment population, no
further action was taken in the 101st Congress on this matter.

6 OVERVIEW

its overseas civilian employees and dependents using a
short, self-administered questionnaire.

As in the 1970 census, allocations of the 1990 overseas
population for apportionment purposes were made at the
State level only. This population was not included, there-
fore, in the substate counts used for redistricting because
the administrative records did not contain detailed (street/
place) addresses.

In May 1991, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
filed a legal challenge against the Secretary of Commerce
and others. One of the issues in the case was the
constitutionality and/or legality of including overseas U.S.
military and Federal civilian employees and their depen-
dents living with them in the 1990 census counts used to
apportion the U.S. House of Representatives. Massachu-
setts lost its 11th House seat by a narrow margin as a
result of the apportionment after the 1990 census. This
seat, the 435th House seat allocated under the apportion-
ment formula, was shifted to Washington State.

The 1990 census apportionment, calculated by the
“method of equal proportions” that had been used since
the 1940 census, assigned a priority value to each con-
gressional seat. Constitutionally, every State starts with
one seat. Under the method of equal proportions, addi-
tional seats are added to each State's delegation based on
the priority value for that State’s next seat relative to the
other 49 States’ priority values for their next seats. Using
the 1990 apportionment population, Washington's 9th seat
was the 435th and last seat assigned; Massachusetts’
11th seat would have been the 436th.

In February 1992, a three-judge panel of the U.S.
District Court for the District of Massachusetts held that
the decision of the Secretary of Commerce to include
overseas military and Federal civilian employees and their
dependents living with them in the apportionment counts
was “‘arbitrary and capricious” under the standards of the
Federal Administrative Procedure Act.

In an appeal by the Commerce Department, the U.S.
Supreme Court in June 1992 unanimously reversed the
three-judge panel's decision. Thus, the Secretary of Com-
merce’s decision to allocate Federal military and civilian
personnel serving abroad and their dependents living with
them to the State population totals for purposes of appor-
tioning the U.S. House of Representatives was allowed to
stand and, as a result, Massachusetts lost a seat in the
House of Representatives.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


D-315, Location Report for American Flag Vessels
(Form)

Budget Bureau No. 41-869092: Approval Expires December 31, 1970

7 U.8. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
ron iad 6 BUREAU OF THE CENSUS:

1970 CENSUS LOCATION REPORT FOR AMERICAN FLAG VESSELS
19th Decennial Census ~ 1970

1, Name of vessel

2. Name of operator

3. Was this vessel berthed in a port on April 17 (Mark one box)

O Yes - Answer PartA O 0 No - Answer Part 8
PART A

4, Name of pier or other designated anchorage

5. Name of port

6. City or town H State (if in the U.S.)

|
PART B

7. At 12:01 A.M. on April 1, what was the approximate location of this vessel?
(EXAMPLE: Lake Erie 6 miles Northeast of Cleveland)

8, What was the port of destination?

9, What was port of departure?

10. Name of pier or other designated anchorage

11. City or town State (If in the U.S.)

12. Country {If outside the U.S.)

13. What was the cate of decarure? i(Monm, cay, yeart

14. Name or person compieting tnis report ‘ Title

USCOMM-DC

56 1970 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


60PH.

rt for Military and Maritime

-13, Re
Personnel (Back)

Fold along thie line tor veaing

PA Sen Male nna
5. Color or race
White...) W other (for example, American
Negro) Indian, Jopanese, ot), write in
%4 When wore you bom? Month. -.... 2.2 Yeoteossssee es

PT. he you ow (Check one box)
Morsied.[} Oiverced ..[) Single (never marred).
Widowed...[} Seporated..C}

PR, Where were you born? (if born in hospital, give residence
‘of mother, not keaton of hospital)
born in the United Stotes, write name of State,
Whorn oubide the United Stotes, write nome of country, US.
. Use international boueder
U.S, DistinguishyNorthera Ir

‘ee, feng soe, U8, prone, oh)

79. Ht you ware bom outside the US.——

‘What language wes spoken In your home before you come 10 the
United Staves?

P14. Wiket is the highest grade (or year) of regular school you hove
ter and? (Clove Bo)

Mt now  raguler school or college, check the grade
{or year) you ore In. Hit isin junior high school, check the
Box that si For thot grade for year).

Never ottended schoo! .C]

Kindergarten.

Elementary
school (Grode)

16. Mave you attended ropuer school ot callege at any fee since
Fabrvary 1, 19602

. What country war your father born in?
United

Stotes..C1 OR
onto even si te en, vom, we)

1 you hove nly
‘education closes, check "No.
1 you are toking correspondence courses (given by USAFI, @
‘niverity, ae.) for high schoo! or college credit, check "Yas."

‘ode school, or adult

oO

FAK. Wow many Boor Gd you work lat week (ot all bs)?
{Check one box. If exact figure not known, give best estimate)

Vite 14 hows...
15 te 29 hours...
3010 34 hours...

Q
B | did not
3410 329 hows
Q
oO

week becouse you were:

PAT. Gccupation (Anawer 1 or 2)

1. Now in the Army, Novy, Air Force,
ox Marine Corps, oF Coost Guerd

2. Now in the Marchant Mas Aoower d
‘ond @, below
4. Whot kind of woikdo you de?

ie waa ils ana, meno, may nde, ve
‘Sit Soglne veda opr tvond men, nererdes,

a0
Are you workings

(Check one bos)
© 4 an employes’ of « private company...)

© oso government empl

county, oF local)

(Federal,

© ena ship which you own

Unites ae Ne 1 you worked lat week of military ex clon wrk
on eu E 2 ’
ne i sss
PIR, Whan dd you move one ths post or ship? 128, What cy and county dd you work fe lest weak?
{ebech det of lt more) 117. tno ube school rw piven scoot? WW you worked in mare ihen ore city or county, gi
Jon. 1954 place where you worked mat lot wath.
In 1989 or 196 je Moreh 1955.) Public shoot o Worked on this
tn 1958 195016 1953...) Privoleo ‘nowar 0,5, and, below Of helm | pot ov on
bn 1957, 1940 10 1949. ..e.L ‘porachial tehool noo beord ship-- C]
Apa 1955, 1999 of soriee
(ee 1986] Alwoys lived hve. > - 2. Cy oF town .
IR. Di you lve on thi pst or Tip on April 1, 19557 PIB. Iyou hove err been married — iy or town — Bid yo work nde
(Answer 1 oF 2) Nave you boon mortied more than once? the cy Hist.
1. Yes, this post or ship...)
2. No, somewhere ela] One —— coum, s
. No, ee © ate
ret a Y
Where did you tive on April 1, 19557 on boord 129. Wow Gi you got to work Tet wok?
ship on April 1 Check one box for pring Worked on this
1955, heck | ‘neo ed fa eek Oc poworen
9. When did you When did you get mariod we O
” forth fet te Reilrood.... Taxicab...) Walk only...
Privote auto
<1 er car post.
Cc Moot» a pol
AND =) Other maar Write in
ston, fosign country,
US. pomeulon, ee. Yoor Year . a
Continued on
i roo 9 teas 4 other side

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

1960 CENSUS 39



15-6,

Township or other
division of county ...

(insert proper name and also name of elas, as township, town, precinct, dis

‘ete, See instructions.)

Population Schedule (Left)

Incorporated 1 place
‘Insert proper name and also name of class, as city, village, to

Ward of city .__

Unincorporated place -
‘Enter name of any unincorporated place ha

Wf approximately 500 inh,

PLACE OF ABODE HOME DATA PERSONAL DESCRIPTION [ED
NAME RELATION
‘ Num. : Bf
g ofeach sh iL bode . . 5 2.0 g rs
2 | rouse | dwet. | bors? eee pA 1, 1990, was face of abade on Relationship of fg | bse, zy 2 |e a E
GE) number | ing | fomiy | Enver surname frst, then the given name and 4 thi Penson to Fg) 2yee | | 26 # [3 a i
Fara | Se | order middle initial, if any fanil $6) 2822 |e] 2 5 | Se Seige
Z| towne) | order | ofvis- [| Include every person living on April 1, 1930, Omit family ge") 2835 | 3] 3& 5 | #2 Be
a of vis: | itation children born since Apn 1, 1 i | Ss 2 3 gi«| 2 Bid
station 2| 4* [4/6 z
3 @ 7 [o> ful» [ol [sf
1 _ ne ne eee on
2
3
5
6
8
9

ABBREVIATIONS TO BE USED
IN COLUMNS INDICATED:

[Use no abbreviations for State or country of birth
(oF for mother tongue (Columns 18,19, 20, and 21))

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

Other race, spel
out in full

1930 CENSUS 27


Table 5. Apportionment Population Based on the 1970 Census

United States population abroad’

State Resident population Total Federal employees
Dependents.
Apportionment Percent Percent Armed of Federal
population Number} distribution Number] distribution Forces Civilian employees
United States ............ 204 053 325] #203 235 298 100.00] 1 580 998 100.00) 1 076 431 67 993 436 574
Alabama . 3 475 885 3 444 165 1.69 31 720 2.01 22 121 786 8 813
Alaska . 304 067 302 173 AS 1 894 12 1 304 414 476
Arizona 1 787 620 1772 482 87 15 138 96 9 866 652 4 620
Arkansas . 1 942 303 1 923 295 95 19 008 1.20 13 027 443 5 §38
California. 20 098 863 19 953 134 9.82 145 729 9.22 93 511 9 547 42 671
Colorado . 2 226 771 2 207 259 1.09 19 512 1.23 12 585 961 5 966
Connecticut. 3 050 693 3 032 217 1.49 18 476 117 12 681 1 049 4746
Delaware... 551 928 548 104 27 3 824 24 2 678 145 1 001
District of Columbi: @ 756 510 37 6 461 At 3 139 841 2 481
Florida 6 855 702 6 789 443 3.34 66 259 419 38 948 3391 23 920
4 627 306 4 589 575 2.26 37 731 2.39 26 151 975 10 605
784 901 769 913 38 14 988 95 6 151 2 042 6 795
719 924 713 008 35 6 913 44 4 362 281 2 270
11 184 320 11 113 976 5.47 70 344 445 50 769 2 725 16 850
5 228 156 5 193 669 2.56 34 487 2.18 25 454 943 8 090
2 846 920 2 825 041 1.39 21 879 1.38 16 069 796 5 014
. 2 265 846 2 249 071 114 16 775 1.06 10 812 650 5 313
Kentucky . 3 246 481 3 219 311 1.58 27 170 172 20 138 525 6 507
Louisiana. 3 672 008 3 643 180 1.79 28 828 1.82 20 969 658 7 201
Maine... 1 006 320 993 663 49 12 657 80 7 754 540 4 363
Maryland . 3 953 698 3 922 399 1.93 31 299 1.98 19 542 2 215 9 542
Massachu: 5 726 676 5 689 170 2.80 37 506 2.37 25 123 2 092 10 291
Michigan . 8 937 196 8 875 083 4.37 62 113 3.93 46 329 1 925 13 859
Minnesota 3 833 173 3 805 069 1.87 28 104 1.78 20 806 41167 6 131
Mississippi 2 233 848 2 216 912 1.09 16 936 1.07 41-741 443 4 752
Missouri 4 718 034 4 677 399 2.30 40 635 2.57 30 438 1 (151 9 046
Montana . 701 573 694 409 34 7 164 45 § 113 312 1739
Nebraska. 1 496 820 1 483 791 73 13 029 82 8 939 464 3 626
Nevada .. 492 396 488 738 24 3 658 23 2 028 310 1 320
New Hampshire . 746 284 737 681 36 8 603 54 5 446 550 2 607
New Jersey. 7 208 035 7 168 164 3.53 39 871 2.52 26 905 2 412 10 554
New Mexico 1 026 664 1 016 000 50 10 664 67 6 680 S29 3 455
New York .. 18 338 055 18 241 266 8.98 96 789 642 70 316 4741 21 732
North Carolina 5 125 230 5 082 059 2.50 43171 2.73 31 268 1 009 10 894
North Dakota - 624 181 617 761 30 6 420 41 4 432 243 1 745
Ohio... 10 730 200 10 652 017 6.24 78 183 4.95 57 807 2 460 17 916
Oklahoma 2 585 486 2 559 253 1.26 26 233 1.66 17 273 870 8 090
Oregon. 2 110 810 2 091 385 1.03 19 425 1.23 13 614 926 4 885
Pennsylvania . 11 884 314 11 793 909 5.80 90 405 5.72 62 043 3 368 24 994
Rhode Island . 957 798 949 723 47 8 075 51 5 374 371 2 330
South Carolina 2 617 320 2 590 516 1.27 26 804 1.70 19 043 490 7 271
South Dakota . 673 247 666 257 33 6 990 44 4 792 244 1 954
Tennessee . 3 961 060 3 924 164 1.93 36 896 2.33 26 375 827 9 694
11 298 787 11196 730 5.51 102 057 6.46 63 915 3 658 34 484
1 067 810 1 059 273 52 8 537 54 5 582 381 2 574
448 327 444 732 22 3 595 23 2 229 177 1 189
4 690 742 4 648 494 2.29 42 248 2.67 26 721 2 547 12 980
gion. 3 443 487 3 409 169 1.68 34 318 217 20 784 2 427 41 107
West Virginia . 1 763 331 1 744 237 86 19 094 1.21 13 055 47t 5 568
Wisconsin 4 447 013 4 417 933 247 29 080 1.84 22 264 978 5 838
Wyoming . 335 719 332 416 16 3 303 21 1 965 171 1 167

Source: 1970 Census of Population, Volume |, Characteristics of the Population, Number of inhabitants, United States Summary, table A.

‘Includes U.S. military and Federal civilian employees and their dependents who were living in (1) a U.S. commonwealth or territory and reported a
home State or (2) a foreign country and were U.S. citizens or reported a home State,
2Differs from the population of 203,211,926 shown in the detailed 1970 census tables because of revisions made after the tabulations were completed.
“The population of the District of Columbia is not included in the apportionment population.

44 1970 CENSUS

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


1930 CENSUS

The U.S. population abroad reported in the 1930 census
was 89,453. As of April 1, 1930, this figure comprised—

@ U.S. military personnel at military and naval stations
abroad and their dependents living with them.

@ U.S. naval personnel on naval vessels abroad or in
American waters, but not on fixed station.

@ persons abroad in the service of the American Red
Cross or in the U.S. consular service and their depen-
dents living with them.

These persons were not allocated to any region or State
or included in the population for purposes of calculating
congressional apportionment.

Americans living abroad were enumerated on the prin-
cipal population schedule used stateside. No documenta-
tion was found that described how the forms were distrib-
uted, collected, or processed.

“Living abroad” was not defined in the 1930 census
reports.

Enumerator Instructions

References relating to the overseas population in the
Instructions to Enumerators for the principal stateside
population schedule were the following:

Sailors on merchant vessels—The officers of merchant
vessels under the United States flag should be enumerated
at their homes on land, where they will be reported by some
member of the family. Special provision is made for the
enumeration of the crews of vessels in foreign...trade
and...crews of sea-going private vessels of all kinds, except
yachts, under the American flag, even though these crews
have homes on shore. You should omit such men from your
enumeration, therefore, when they are returned as “absent
members” by their families.

26 1930 CENSUS

Although not specified, it would appear that the “special
provision” to which the enumerator instructions referred
was the Crews of Vessels form (Form 15-202). This listing
sheet, printed on both sides with 50 person lines on each
side, was completed for each U.S. military and merchant
marine vessel. However, U.S. merchant vessels were
“homeported,” that is, they were counted as part of the
population of the port from which the vessel operated,
regardless of its location on April 1, 1930, so crews were
not included in the overseas population.

Soldiers, sailors, marines, and civilian employees of
the United States—Soldiers, sailors, and marines belong-
ing to the Army or Navy of the United States, and civilian
employees of the United States, are treated as resident at
their posts of duty or places where they are regularly
employed. If, therefore, any family in your district reports
that one of its members is a soldier, sailor, marine, or
civilian employee of the United States with a post of duty or
station elsewhere, you should not report him as a member
of that family.

Citizens abroad—Any citizen of the United States who is
a member of a family living in your district, but abroad
temporarily at the time of the enumeration, should be
enumerated as of your district. It does not matter how long
the absence abroad is continued, provided the person
intends to return to the United States.

There was no documentation in the 1930 census reports
that clarified whether overseas persons counted at their
stateside residence, in accordance with the enumerator
instructions above, were included in the overseas count
(89,453) reported in this census. Thus, the possibility exists
that some Americans overseas may have been counted
twice: once in the overseas count and again at the
stateside home.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


was no match, DOD continued to search back in time at
3-month intervals to June 1982, if necessary. Finally, the
remaining unmatched records were matched against
Military Entrance Processing Command (MEPCOM) data
showing first duty station upon entry into the military
service.

e For overseas military personnel recorded in “‘accompa-
nied” status on the JUMPS records, another set of
administrative records—the Defense Enrollment Eligibil-
ity Reporting System (DEERS)—was used to match
military personnel and their overseas dependents. DOD
assigned home State for these overseas dependents
according to the State allocation of their military spon-
sor. Personnel assigned to the 6th or 7th Fleet had no
dependents accompanying them.

@ For overseas DOD civilian personnel, DOD used responses
to item 9 of its survey (‘In what State did you live when
you were first hired by DOD as a civilian employee?’) as
the equivalent of ‘home of record.” When item 9 was
blank or “Outside U.S.” was marked, item 10 (legal
tesidence) was used. When both items 9 and 10 were
blank, or “Outside U.S.” was marked, item 8 (last State
of residence of at least 6 months duration) was used.
Persons not providing responses to items 8-10 were
excluded from the tabulations.

e For overseas dependents of DOD civilian personnel,
DOD assigned home State according to the same
methodology used for DOD civilian personnel. The count
of dependents was derived from cross-tabulating item 7
(number of dependents living with civilian personnel)
and item 9 (or item 10 or 8). Civilian employees were to
include their spouse and anyone else related to them by
blood, marriage, or adoption or who depended on them
for more than half of the dependent’s support. Civilian
employees were not to include dependents who were
military members themselves.

® For overseas employees of the other 29 participating
Federal agencies reporting their counts on Census
Bureau Form D-55, home State was to be assigned
according to guidelines provided by the Census Bureau.
The agencies were instructed to “consider as the State
of residence the U.S. State that the person claims as
his/her home when he/ she is overseas. It is not neces-
sarily the individual's official duty station or place of
work.”

Home of record was the method of assigning home
State for the vast majority of the 1990 overseas popula-
tion. It was the basis of assigning home State for about 92
percent of DOD's 874,205 overseas military personnel and
dependents, representing about 87 percent of the total
1990 overseas count of 922,819.

Four participating agencies could not provide a home
State for all their overseas employees. Altogether, home
State could not be determined for 9,460 persons (DOD,

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

8,731; U.S. Information Agency, 718; Department of Trans-
portation, 6; and Department of Agriculture, 5). These
persons were excluded from the overseas population.

Duplication of Overseas Counts

The reporting guidelines the Census Bureau furnished
to agencies specified that agencies were to avoid dupli-
cate reporting in cases where family members worked
overseas for different Federal agencies or where Federal
civilian employees were also dependents of overseas
military personnel.

To eliminate duplication of counts within its own depart-
ment, DOD matched Social Security numbers to remove
those overseas DOD civilian employees—who were also
dependents of military personnel overseas—from its civil-
ian survey.

The State Department, whose overseas employees
accounted for nearly two-thirds of the non-DOD overseas
population, excluded dependents of other agency person-
nel from its departmental overseas counts. The Panama
Canal Commission, known to have a large number of its
employees who were also dependents of military person-
nel, excluded these military dependents from its counts.

Comparison of DOD’s Count Submission With
Previous DOD Estimate

A press release from the Department of Commerce on
August 1, 1989, cited an overseas DOD population ranging
from 1.2 to 1.6 million persons. This was a rough estimate,
provided directly to the Commerce Department by DOD.
The DOD's final count submission of 901,880 overseas
personnel and dependents, which was based on both its
administrative records and survey results, was consider-
ably lower than the estimate. The following factors contrib-
uted to this difference:

@ The DOD estimated range was for a period in time when
the levels of military deployments overseas were higher
than on April 1, 1990.

@ The DOD estimated range included certain Navy per-
sonnel that were not within scope of the overseas
population on Census Day, April, 1, 1990. For instance,
the estimate included about 180,000 Navy personnel
who, by Census Day, were aboard ships docked at
homeports. Under the 1990 census rules of residence,
these persons were included in the U.S. resident popu-
lation rather than overseas. In addition, the estimate
included Navy personnel assigned to the 6th or 7th
Fleets (and thus considered to be overseas) who, by
Census Day, were no longer assigned to these fleets.

@ Numerous overseas civilians and dependents were miss-
ing from DOD's final total because of the low response
rate—about 20 percent—to its voluntary mail survey of
overseas DOD civilians. Although DOD reported receiv-
ing about 49 percent of the questionnaires from its

1990 CENSUS 63


OVERVIEW

Only twice in the first 100 years since census-taking
began in the United States in 1790 were separate counts
of the American overseas population reported in the
decennial censuses. The 1830 census was the first to
include counts for any segment of the overseas popula-
tion. The total U.S. population reported for this census and
for the 1840 census included persons on U.S. naval
vessels at sea. It was not until 60 years later, in the 1900
census, that counts of the overseas population again were
reported. Since then, overseas counts have been reported
in every decennial census.

Table 2 provides historical counts of the U.S. population
abroad or at sea reported in the decennial censuses, and
table 3 lists the data collection forms used to enumerate
components of the American overseas population.

The 1900 and 1910 censuses enumerated the U.S.
population abroad on the same forms as those used
stateside. The 1920 census was the first to use special
forms to enumerate the population abroad. The 1930
census again enumerated Americans overseas on the
general stateside population schedule.

Although microfilm of 1940 census records shows
Americans abroad enumerated on census schedules, a
1950 census report stated that in the 1940 census, the
War and Navy Departments provided the Census Bureau
with the number of their personnel stationed abroad, and
the State Department furnished counts of Americans in the
diplomatic service abroad and their dependents living with
them.

The 1950 census was the first to make provision for the
actual enumeration of Americans abroad or at sea on
special individual or household census forms. (The special
1920 form was a listing form.) The overseas groups
enumerated were U.S. military personnel and Federal
civilian employees, their dependents living with them, and
crews of U.S. merchant vessels at sea or docked in a
foreign port. The 1950 overseas enumeration was con-
ducted through cooperative arrangements with the Depart-
ments of Defense and State and the Maritime Administra-
tion.

In the 1960 census, special census report forms were
used to enumerate the same overseas groups as in 1950,
again with the cooperation of the Departments of Defense
and State and the Maritime Administration. In addition, for
the first time (the only other being 1970), a special effort
was made to obtain voluntary reports from private U.S.
citizens not affiliated with the Federal Government who
were abroad for an extended period. The reporting of
these private U.S. citizens was not complete, however, and
understated the true number of these persons abroad.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

The same components of Americans overseas were
included again in the 1970 census. However, counts of
Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps personnel stationed
abroad were based on administrative records provided by
the Department of Defense (DOD), rather than by direct
enumeration on census forms. Census forms were used to
enumerate the following:

@ Dependents living with the Army, Air Force, and Marine
Corps personnel abroad

e Land-based Navy and Coast Guard personnel stationed
abroad and their dependents living with them

© Crews of U.S. military vessels deployed to the 6th or 7th
Fleets

e Federal civilian employees stationed abroad and their
dependents living with them

Crews of U.S. merchant vessels at sea with a foreign
port as their destination or docked in a foreign port

Private U.S. citizens living abroad for an extended period
and their dependents living with them?

The 1970 census was the first in which certain catego-
ties of Americans overseas officially were included in the
congressional apportionment population.* In this census,
the apportionment population was expanded to include
certain segments of the relatively large number of U.S.
citizens who were overseas at that time. These included
Federal employees (both military and civilian) and their
dependents living with them who resided in a U.S. com-
monwealith or territory or a foreign country and reported a
home State.

The change in the definition of the apportionment
population was made in response to bipartisan congres-
sional concern for the substantial numbers of Americans

As in 1960, the reporting of this group was not complete and
understated the true number of these persons abroad.

4In most censuses, the apportionment population base is the resident
population for each of the 50 States and is used to determine the number
of seats allotted to each State in the U.S. House of Representatives. The
apportionment population excludes the District of Columbia. By law, the
Secretary of Commerce must deliver the apportionment counts to the
President within 9 months of Census Day. Thus, for censuses conducted
‘on April 1, this date would be December 31.

Enumerator instructions for the 1900-40 censuses (and perhaps some
pre-1900 censuses such as 1850, 1870, and 1880) may have resulted in
some Americans overseas being included in the apportionment popula-
tion for these years. Enumerators were instructed in these censuses to
report certain Americans abroad as residents of their stateside home.
Thus, these persons would have been included in the resident population,
which is used to calculate the apportionment.

OVERVIEW 3


. 7-224, Schedule No. 1—Population
Civilians, Residents of the vnkes baie At Military or Naval Stations
ight;

TED STATES.

ATI ON { Supervisor’s District No. ______-..-----.-..--- | Sheet No.

Enumeration District No.

Y OR NAVAL STATIONS.
f Institution,

, Enumerator.

CITIZENSHIP. OCCUPATION, TRADE, OR EDUCATION. OWNERSHIP OF HOME.
ry PROFESSION Zz
numerated. If born in the United rare z 3
rth, give the Country only. ggle of each person TEN YEARS of age z
gals and over. é 4 z q
Place of bith orrorHen | £E| £2] 3 Eg| 2. ele] EE; el] 2]
of this person ee / 22] § OCCUPATION. 2e122/¢)¢]4a]2 ayaa
go] EE | = Se, 32|/ ¢ 12] ¢
S°/ 25 | 2 se] 2Fl a | al j si il
i we [a [ae 9 Ee TO

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES 1900 CENSUS 17


70-82-2, Official Notice to All Americans
Living Overseas

UNITED STATES CENSUS
OFFICIAL NOTICE TO ALL AMERICANS LIVING OVERSEAS

¢ The Decennial Census is now being taken.

«Make sure you are counted in the 1970 Census--all Americans
are counted, whether at home or abroad.

Get your census form from any U.S. embassy or consulate.

Fill out and return your census form by April 1, or as soon
afterward as possible.

© By law, your answers are confidential--the results are used
only for statistical purposes.

¢Remember: All Americans are counted every ten years;
be sure you are included.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / Bureau of the Census

Form 70-82-2

54 1970 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


Table 6. Apportionment Population Based on the 1990 Census

Resident population United States population abroad’
State Apportionment

population Number] Percent distribution Number] Percent distribution
United States... 249 022 783 248 709 873 100.00 922 819 100.00
Alabama . 4 062 608 4 040 587 1.62 22 021 2.39
Alaska . 551 947 550 043 0.22 1 904 0.21
Arizona 3 677 985 3 665 228 1.47 12 757 1.38
Arkansas 2 362 239 2 350 725 0.95 11514 1.25
California 29 839 250 29 760 021 11.97 79 229 8.59
Colorado 3 307 912 3 294 394 1.32 13 518 1.46
Connecticut 3 295 669 3 287 116 1.32 8 553 0.93
Delaware 668 696 666 168 0.27 2 528 0.27
District of Col (2) 606 900 0.24 3 009 0.33
Florida 13 003 362 12 937 926 5.20 65 436 7.09
Georgia . 6 508 419 6 478 216 2.60 30 203 3.27
Hawaii . 1:145 274 1 108 229 0.45 7 045 0.76
Idaho 1 011 986 1 006 749 0.40 5 237 0.57
Mlinois . 11 466 682 11 430 602 4.60 36 080 3.91
Indiana 5 564 228 5 544 159 2.23 20 069 2.17
lowa 2 787 424 2 776 755 112 10 669 1.16
Kansas 2 485 600 2 477 574 1.00 8 026 0.87
Kentucky 3 698 969 3 685 296 1.48 13 673 1.48
Louisiana 4 238 216 4 219 973 1.70 18 243 1.98
Maine ... 1 233 223 1 227 928 0.49 5 295 0.57
Maryland 4 798 622 4 781 468 1.92 17 154 1.86
Massachusetts . 6 029 051 6 016 425 2.42 12 626 1.37
Michigan ... 9 328 784 9 295 297 3.74 33 487 3.63
Minnesota . 4 387 029 4 375 099 1.76 11 930 1.29
Mississippi . 2 586 443 2 573 216 1.03 13 227 1.43
Missouri . 5 137 804 5 117 073 2.06 20 731 2.25
Montana . 803 655 799 065 0.32 4 590 0.50
Nebraska 1 584 617 1 (578 385 0.63 6 232 0.68
Nevada .. 1 206 152 1 201 833 0.48 4319 0.47
New Hampshire 1113 915 t 109 252 0.45 4 663 0.51
New Jersey .. 7 748 634 7 730 188 3.11 18 446 2.00
New Mexico . 1 521 779 1 515 069 0.61 6 710 0.73
New York .. 18 044 505 17 990 455 7.23 54 050 5.86
North Carolina 6 657 630 6 628 637 2.67 28 993 3.14
North Dakota . 641 364 638 800 0.26 2 564 0.28
Ohio .... 10 887 325 10 847 115 4.36 40 210 4.36
Oklahoma . 3 157 604 3 145 585 1.26 12 019 1.30
Oregon .. 2 853 733 2 842 321 4.14 11412 1.24
Pennsylvania . 11 924 710 11 881 643 4.78 43 067 4.67
Rhode Island . 1 005 984 1 003 464 0.40 2 520 0.27
South Carolina ... 3 505 707 3 486 703 1.40 19 004 2.06
South Dakota 699 999 696 004 0.28 3 995 0.43
Tennessee 4 896 641 4 877 185 1.96 19 456 211
Texas 17 059 805 16 986 510 6.83 73 295 7.94
Utah 1 727 784 1 722 850 0.69 4 934 0.53
Vermont . 564 964 562 758 0.23 2 206 0.24
Virginia .. 6 216 568 6 187 358 2.49 29 210 3.17
Washington 4 887 941 4 866 692 1,96 21 249 2.30
West Virginia . 1 801 625 1 793 477 0.72 8 148 0.88
Wisconsin . 4906 745 4 891 769 1.97 14 976 1.62
Wyoming .. 455 975 453 588 0.18 2 387 0.26

Source: Resident population—Census and You, Volume 26, No. 4, April 1991. U.S. population abroad—U.S. Department of Commerce Press Release,

CB91-07.

‘Includes U.S. military and Federal civilian employees and their dependents who were living in a U.S. commonwealth or territory or a foreign country
and were reported by their employing agency as having a home State.
2The population of the District of Columbia is not included in the apportionment population.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

1990 CENSUS 61


P5, Overseas Census Report (Front)

This inquiry is authorized by law. Your Census report can be seen only by authorized personnel and Budget Buceay No. 41-4978
cannot be used for purposes of taxation, investigation, or regulation. ‘Approval expires Dec, 31, 1950
FORM
P5 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
= BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

OVERSEAS CENSUS REPORT
1950 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES

This form must be filled by each person who is:
1, A member of the Armed Forces, or

2. A civilian American citizen employed by the
United States government

AND
who is residing overseas on April 1, 1950.

DO NOT FILL THIS FORM IF YOUR PLACE OF RESIDENCE ON APRIL 1, 1950, IS IN:

Continental United States Puerto Rico Guam
The Territory of Hawaii The Panama Canal Zone _ The Virgin Islands of
The Territory of Alaska American Samoa the United States

IMPORTANT: This form should be filled where you usually reside overseas. This is the place
where you generally spend most your time, If you are temporarily absent from your place of usual
residence overseas, either on vacation, on temporary duty at another place, or for any other reason,
you should not fill this form where you happen to be visiting. When you return to your place of
usual residence you will be given a form to fill there.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. Dart 5. CHECK THE Box Witch AppLigs 10 You:
[1] Member of Armed Forces: Army
(Date form is Aled) C Member of Armed Forces: Navy
2. Location

[J Member of Armed Forces: Air Force
—_ SWE) (J Member of Armed Forces: Marine Corps
1D Member of Armed Forces: Coast Guard

Service SERIAL No.

‘(For members of the Armed Forces only) CO Civilian employee of
(Specify agencyy
i, Ane ANY Memaers oF Your Famicy Livinc Wit You
Overstas? (Check one box.)
0 Other
O Yes [] No o ‘(Gpecify—such as tourist, employee of private firm, etc.)|

DISTRIBUTION: Armed Forces Commanding Officers will distribute these forms to all personnel (civilian and military)
assigned to their commands outside the areas listed above, but not to persons temporarily present at such stations. Members

vf the Armed Forces temporarily absent {rom the place where they are regularly assigned will be enumerated at that place when
they return,

Civilian American citizens employed by United States government agencies overseas will be provided with this form by the
employing agency,

Other American citizens overseas who wish to be included in this Census may apply to United States Missions or Consular Offices
for copies of this form.

If additional copies of this form are needed, local distributing agencies may duplicate it,

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS ON THE OTHER SIDE

34 1950 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


. 1970 Census and Legislation Related Thereto. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Census and Statistics of the
Tomimittee on Post Office and Civil Service. Statement of A. Ross Eckler, Director, Bureau of the Census, 91st Cong., 1st
Sess., Serial No. 91-8, April 24, 1969.

U.S. Senate. The History and Growth of the United States Census, by Carroll D. Wright and William C. Hunt, 56th Cong.,
1st Sess., Vol. 14, No. 194, Washington, DC, 1900. (Covers 1790-1890.)

. Privacy, the Census and Federal Questionnaires. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the
Tommittee on the Judiciary. Statement of A. Ross Eckler, Director, Bureau of the Census, 91st Cong., 2nd Sess., S.1791,
May 2, 1969.

Zitter, Meyer. “Enumeration of Americans Living Abroad,” unpublished paper presented at the Conference on Census
Residence Rules, held by the Council of Professional Associates on Federal Statistics under Census Bureau sponsorship,
Washington, DC, December 15-16, 1986.

74 REFERENCES AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


P5, Overseas Census Report (Back)

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer the following questions for yourself and for any members of your faruily 2. The wife of a person required to fill this form should not complete a separate
living with you overseas on April 1, 1950, feport if she is living with her husband overseas, She should be listed oa her
nisband’s rept.
at Last
AR ase Place of birth
7 ationship 10 yo (oer | Marital stata Ra (Enter name of State, itizenshi
Name Relationship to you Sex Under 1” for aus ee Teeticory, or poster: Citizenship
(Enter last name, first name, and. hildren under sion of the U. S., or
middle initial). (Enter son, daughter, etc.J(Check one boxJone year of axe)| (Check one box) | (Check one box) foreign country) (Check one box).
You Age 5 Marrie
‘our name e TE] Murriod FO] white LD Gitven of
1 Male 2 1) Widowed the U.S.
LBAVE BLANK 3. Divorced | 2 Nesso
2 [ Female! . 2] Notaciti
O Fe 40 Never | 3 Other 2en of the
Your wife's name 1) White 1) Citizen of
the U. S.
AVE LEAVE
weave BLANK | BEAVE BEANE [2 Negto
2 Dy Not aciti:
3 [] Other zen of the
a — U.S.
Name of your son, daughter, or ‘Age 1 Married .
other relative living with you O Married 1 2 white 1 Citizen of
1G Male 21 Widowed the U. S.
3 0 Divorced | 2 [1 Negro
Female Jew 2 1 Notaciti
ia) 40 Never 3 (] Other zen of the
oe a we (Years old) mea a U.S.
Name of your son, daughter, or Age ie Loe
other relative living with you 1D Matied | 1 6 white 1D Citizen of
1D Mate 2 1] Widowed the U.S.
3 1 Divorced | 2 O Negro
Female! 2D Not aciti-|
=) ___.|40 Never 3 0) Other zen of the
ae ee oe (Years old) marn oo US.
Name of your son, daughter, or Age Married y
other relative living with you 10 Mar 1 White 1D Citizen of
OD Male 2 1] Widowed the U.S.
3 (1 Divorced | 2 £] Negro
Cy Female| 4 Never 2] Not aciti
— b
oo 8 Wana married | >) Ofer a zen of the

Use extra forsa if needed for additional family members. {_] Check this box if extra form is used and attach extra form before sealing,

Ww —eLSeO-)v > contmamnn patnrac orrce

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

1950 CENSUS

(d¥14 aaWnng)

35


D-21, Report for Military and Maritime
Personnel (Pages 7 and 8)

390. Last year (1969), did you work at oll,

wen for a few days?
(No — Skip to 47

ru Yes

b. How mony weeks did you work in 1969, either full-time or
part-time? Count paid vacation, paid sick leave, ond
military service,

(F113 weeks or less
(I 14 to 26 weeks
([)27 to 39 weeks

(2) 40 to 47 weeks
[48 to 49 weeks
([)50 to 52 weeks.

40. Earnings in 1969 -—

Fill parts a, b, and c if you worked at any time in 1969
‘even if you had no income. Enter amount or check “*None.’*

If exact amount is not known, give best estimate.

. How much did you earn in 1969
in wages, salary, commissions,
bonuses, o1 1 jobs?

Before deductions for taxes,
bonds, dues, or other items,

b. How much did you earn in 1969
from your own nonfarm business,
professional practice, or
partnership? ,

00
(Wollars only)
Conone

Net after business expenses.
If business lost money, write ‘OR

“tLoss'' above amount, J
¢. How much did you earn in 1969)
from your own farm?
Net after operating expenses.
oe eee tom Gates arin
lest money, write “Loss” ok None

a.

Income other than earnings in 1969 ——
Fill parts a, b, and c. Enter amount or check ‘‘None.'*

If exact amount is not known, give best estimate,

2. How much did you receive in 1969
from Social Security or Railroad
Retirement?
(Dollars only)

J OR [None

b. How much did you receive in 1969
from public assistance or welfore
payments?

Include aid for dependent

children, old age assistance, a
eneral assistance, aid to the

Blind or totally disabled,

00
(Dollars only)
OR [None

Exclude separate poyments for
hospital or other medical core.

c. How much did you rec
from all other sou!

(Dollars only)

(None

Include interest, dividends,
veterans’ payments, pensions,
ond other regular payments. OR

PLEASE FILL ONE OF THE TWO SECTIONS BELOW

—> If you are on a MILITARY INSTALLATION -

@ Name of
this installation _ __

@ Location of this installation:

State (or U.S.
Possession, etc.)

Building or barracks
number or identification __.

© Are you on temporary duty at this installation?

ro Yes C1no

Name and location of your permanent installation:

OR
—> If you are on a VESSEL —

@ Name of vessel

‘© Name of operator i
of vessel (if
U.S. Government,
specify Navy,
Coast Guard, etc.)

(This form may be reproduced if additional
copies are needed.)

4 GPO : 1989 © - 367-782

Page 7

50 1970 CENSUS

Pages

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


D7-686, Military and Naval Population, Etc., Abroad (Left)

NAME OF MILITARY OR NAVAL STATION, OR VESSEL: e349 DE
coy FOURTEENTH
SEAPORT. oe 7
of each person NAME ce of abode on RANK OR RELATION. RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES.
Sannary 1, 1920, waa at the abowe
station or aboard the above ship. Give rank of officer or
‘Enter surname Airs, then the given name and middle Felauonship ofa State. City oF town. ‘Street and number.
load org pres Mngt gan Omit ane
5 a .
2
3
Ce eS CO
5
6
Toe ------ |---| eb e------- 4-.
8B
9
5 a .
MW
12
5 rs ccs nn een .
14
wb
16 | _ a
17
18
5 a a
20
21

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES 1920 CENSUS 23


D-23, Overseas Census Report

(Back, bottom)

1 HGE TER A, Te, WAS TW PEON ATTEIOED
ESULAR SCHOOL OR COLLEGE AT ANY TIME?

Solera cal
Gaursee (given 8y US
Ian craattomard » &plom of Sag

“schooling which feud lo
noo!

inde correspondance
te taken

ot

2 Tan stad sen Te
Ne, ae cl attended slace Feb. 1, 1978

1D Noy hae

‘tended ance Feb. 1 1970

Bae atganes fig nceae winds
i satay dna oe

“om
1S Bot

attended since Fe

ocd stemdaace: Ag nciats eomamce =F
Sch ntatn sry aapengen a eh
oC Yee attended since Fed. 1, 1970
it aeaded since Feb 1, 1970

[ERT THE RTGNEST GRATE OR TERA OF
[REGULAR SCHOOL THIS PERSON HAS EVER’
ArTENDEDt

Ea Neves atended schoo!

1D evr stenaed ectos!

Gi Kintearen 1 Rinaegarten
hack one tox, How atonding, check Ete oi cet nde yeu) | Ely gh mel neo 0) lh ance (gd oy)
Aewde Bete i sae ce )orarororasas |aro:oine os Groros as

a asia ual cutie the 1S2 ] Oro as Owonge 81 Gt Ss) Geon eh Brot 53 Seauge
Cate (essen eae) Eologe academe reer leg centemc yer) eae (ntdame seen
Sor oos os os| SMS TOO: os of OMOTS oe os ose] GMOS Oe ot oss
TT ve sented ooo = SG) Ho atede it ente seu)
2 We FM THE Mens cRADE 1B (erm
ean we 10) buna tm ore
‘QUESTIONS 17 THROUGH 71 ARE FOR PERSONS 14 Y EARS OLD AND OVER

Tr. DORE Twas PERSOM SPEAK ANY LOCAL UimGUAGET
1b knows nly fo wd af the angen
Te Zount Engliahyunfose it

Speak Taal Tnennee?
oC Yes — mat language

‘peat Tocl lnageeee?
oC Yew — mat Imnguage?

{he on toca oO ~ ‘On. ‘Cine :
TH WAPRIL 1m, WAS THI PERSON baie Saas
Check one Bor in and ane box Pie Rene Ferent ie Area recent
ove Ne “ON SOc at he
2. aitanaingcaigst ang entgs?
sCiten tl Ke fern
ro OSH RETNE BOTT PE Be eine WHF

13 Tail PERN
UNITED STATES AME
Iyon sive beh of seem

oC Yer — wat bred of nervcet
1 Woy he in eta

oC) Yer = wat bench o eevee?

"FOR CIVILIANS ORLY
0 THIt PERN WORK AT Any TE CAST WEEKT

ED Yer, woriee
1 Hes bata

Tike hes 90 job or basin
thie o1o We CAST FORK AT ALL, EVEN

7a a Peer)
1G 1-694 1989 reat
20 161-67 Neverwotted

10
iSiecsr

22 No ana
20 tare 5 0-6

TE} 68-69 4) 19H or eater
1G 667 tC ever were

+O mas 3 60-83
Ty 6e69 4 1959 or eater
1G 1964-87 1D Heverwerted

FOR A FEW DAYS?
Es ie. Fam
Civicrans oreamearion ‘io rms
ower Penson
eck ovebon

21) Other pte company ot onanieation

$US. Gorcngest ele Dt, Sate Dt

3 Other ereete company ot orestizatin

3 Ober gevate comnany or or

TOUS. Gavenzen (betane Bape, Be Dope

ab waar 1s Tae mae OF THE
TENT AGENCY,
‘EouPAny On oneAMIZATION?

© Name of govt ney, company, oF eraiailon

2 gvete company ot orasieation
Dercrite kind of Business

1+ private company of ortesisation —
Danciibe hind of bueinene

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

1970 CENSUS 53


Table 7. Summary of Federal Agency Participation in
the 1990 Census Overseas Count Project

40 agencies—were identified by OPM as having overseas
employees; of these:

30 agencies—reported figures by home State (20 included
dependents; 10 did not)

1 agency—(FEMA) reported that its 3 overseas employees
did not respond to its survey for home State
information

1 agency—(Peace Corps) declined to participate as its
administrative records did not contain home State
information

8 agencies—were found to be out of scope; their
overseas employees were actually local resi-
dents of the foreign countries or the U.S. com-
monwealths or territories where they were

working

Table 8. Overseas U.S. Armed Forces, Federal Civil-
ian Employees, and Dependents, by Federal

Agency: 1
Employing Federal agency Assigned to a
Total, 30 agencies . ‘922 819
Department of Defense 901 880
13 561
2 287
Department of Transportation? ... 1271
Agency for International Development? 4 154
Department of Justice . . 4 025
Department of Commerce $14
Department of Agriculture’ 258
Department of the Treasury. 152
United States Information Ager 138
American Battle Monuments Commission 110
General Accounting Office 90
Department of the Interior 81
United States Secret Service 56
General Services Administration? 47
Smithsonian institution 33
Department of Labor . 26
Department of Health’ 20
Department of Veteran Aftairs . 20
Library of Congress 17
Office of Personnel Management. 17
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative 13
Department of Energy ..... 10
International Joint Commissior 9
National Aeronautics and Spact 8
National Science Foundation 8
United States Postal Service 8
Environmental Protection Agency? 4
Department of Housing and Urban Development® 1
Federal Communications Commission 1

Source: Administrative records from employing and 1990 Survey of DOD
Overseas Civilian Personnel and Dependenis agency ¥

‘Excludes 9,460 persons overseas whose home State could not be determined
(Defense, 8,731; U.S. Information Agency, 718; Transportation, 6; and Agriculture,

" 2Did not include dependents in its counts (10 agencies).

Eight agencies reported they had no overseas employ-
ees as defined for the 1990 census overseas count
project. Although OPM had identified the agencies as
having overseas employees, the persons were found to be

62 1990 CENSUS

local residents of the U.S. commonwealths or territories or
of the foreign countries where they were working, rather
than stationed to one of these areas from the United
States. Thus, they were not to be included in the overseas.
count, and their agencies were removed from the overseas
inventory. The agencies were as follows:

ACTION

Administrative Office of the United States Courts
Department of Education

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Federal Maritime Commission

National Credit Union Administration

National Labor Relations Board

Small Business Administration

Also excluded were 16,999 persons (16,899 DOD and
100 Coast Guard) whose home ‘“‘State” was a U.S. com-
monwealth or territory.

Assigning Home State

Several methods were used to assign home State for
the 1990 overseas population:

e For overseas DOD military personnel, DOD assigned
home State on the basis of their “home of record” from
DOD active duty personnel files as of March 31, 1990.
Home of record reflects the State declared by the
military member to be the permanent home at time of
entry or reenlistment into the service.'4

To supplement these data for persons whose home
of record was missing or who had a home of record
outside the United States, DOD matched by Social
Security number (SSN) active duty files with Joint Uni-
formed Military Pay System (JUMPS) files that contained
a legal residence State code. Legal residence is the
State of residence a military member declares for State
income tax withholding purposes.

The remaining personnel with unknown or “out of
U.S.” legal residence were then matched by SSN against
the active duty files for a 3-month earlier period—
December 31, 1989—to determine the last U.S. duty
station where the member had spent at least 6 months
before going overseas. If there was a match for this time
period and the member was still overseas, or if there

‘As of 1990, the ability of active duty personnel to change their home
of record (HOR) differed by branch of service and type of personnel, as
follows:

@ Army—For both officers and enlisted personnel, HOR could not be
changed.

@ Navy and Air Force—For officers, HOR could not be changed. For
enlisted personnel, HOR could be changed at reenlistment.

Marine Corps—For officers, HOR normally could not be changed; rare
exceptions could be made, however, requiring documentary proof,
such as tax or voting records, For enlisted personnel, HOR could be
changed at reenlistment.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


eS) =

Wy

i ae

Economics and Statistics
Administration
Paul A. London, Acting Under Secretary
for Economic Affairs

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
Harry A. Scarr, Acting Director

Charies D. Jones, Associate Director for
Decennial Census

William P. Butz, Associate Director for
Demographic Programs

Bryant Benton, Associate Director for
Field Operations

Clifford J. Parker, Acting Associate Director
for Administration

Peter A. Bounpane, Assistant Director for
Decennial Census

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, DC 20402.


60PH-15, Overseas Census Report
(Back, bottom)

17a, 1S WE NOW ENROLLED INA SCHOOL, COLLEGE, |] Yes, entolled in school,
Of UNIVERSITY?

eae. Yea, catolled
ot aniversity = ss

Yes, erclied i schol, oleae,

thie patean 4s taking
(diven by USAFL, »
School, college, or university credit, check "YES",

ANSWER QUESTIONS 13 TO 18 ONLY FOR PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER
1 I thie parson box received » degree Irom @ Colles, ratee: Major eld Desieer
University, ar technical inatitute ==
WHAT DEGREE(S) HAS HE RECEIVED,
AND IW WHAT MAJOR FIELD(S) 7

Noy not entolled = No, wot entolleds eee

ee
eee cwe ne cecum || Mee" Frtdet sady fost cof seer test Fatdce eat
Be a Te OE TEND pio ne Stub] [res reat mae
CAL INSTITUTE, AND WAT ee

ton 2,

DOES THIS PERSON SPEAK ANY LOCAL LANGUAGE?! | Speak local Tanauene? ‘Sioa
y @ tow words of the fondu

stunse? Speak local language?
Yes= Cy-pWhat language? ‘Yes C9 ¥hat language? Yes + ]-p¥hat langvage?

Do NOT count English, untens st :9 the onty local
Tengu

Now] ss eens soe
lia" THIS PERSON NOW OW ACTIVE BUTY INTHE TT yes, now ln U.S Aimed Forces esse owes eo
UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES? o

7, POR CIVILIANS ONLY
Dio THIS PERSON WORK AT ANY TIME LaST
WEEK?

Do NOT count onn housework

Now O :
Yes, now in U. S. Armed Forces
No, he ix 2 civilian = +=

|nos-

Yes, aw ia U. 5. Amed Forces ++

No, he is 2

Yes, worked full-time of part-time = Yen, vorked fll tine of pattie |
” st

No, but hes No, bot hay a job or busint
Ie was temper he was temporatily absent

No, anid

Noy he in civilian =+ =

part-time == ===
joes from which
he was temporarily absent += *

No, atid Bas no job ot business -

oui nd haa no sab orbusineaa
WHEW DIDHE LAST WORK AT ALL, || ta I933-60-+C]_ 1949 or earlier
Even pon's eeebAYS?

i= 3955-60--C) 1969 or easier == ~~
ta 1930-542+ 0) Never worked += 210+ 63 [ta 1950054--
iad of wo cis peta did Kid of won thts petion didi

\i6, FOR CIVILIANS] 180, WHAT KIND OF WORK WAS
‘one y== ‘DOING?
OCCUPATION | Give exect tt
ivi! engin
(well shooter, dental fachnician, seee
Protecsor of ‘aia tartare

[| worked for: Worked for: Worked for:
wom? GOVERNMENT ancney “> GOVERNMENT a GOVERNMENT spency - Ce
coneck covenwMENT o» PRIVATE. || ogra lew one
TeOvERNMANT, alec vate tn name] |S Mpthey?... ee eeeeceeee Te ae oe
Uifevonenant gad sume ot eawrers | 6
UE Ste Depttsuis” Dsteree Bape] | OR R lon
Iniemsettoe! Gabor Often, UNESCO,
Bros ooonagt State Planing. ate’ || PRIVATE compaey PRIVATE company PRIVATE cospany
IF PRIVATE, sino write in:
Me mexer + Name of
hes meter lenene et crgsieetion of compan Name ot
tna lew ‘Acme Motot Co., Sauythe Aweoct pany OF
me tie Sia, cane, ore - .

[@ANd Description of kind of busine
ne automobile factory. mngineering || @ Kind of Kind of
Convultants, pertome exporter, retiel || ” busieess? business? .
Sreantzattony ste

42 1960 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES



60PH-15, Overseas Census Report
(Front)

* UNITED STATES OF AMERICA *
1960 Ceaaus of Population

®

OVERSEAS CENSUS REPORT

‘This form is for Americans living eutelde the United States, Perna
Rico, American Samoa, Canal Zone, Guam, and the Virgia Ielande
on Coneus Day ~ Apeil 1, 1960.

Dear Fellow Anerican:

960, Papalsio Cenuensopar fac on hei 1.180
Ove Nation hae ake
Sunbere of Anercane,

OMT ty impor eo al ces

thei locatiaa, ages, education, occupation,

et tniy are iin with youcrreran, pluses
ws inch Smo sh Tarn Il lere are ove thea low perce ua Your fly
rou ‘oe an additional form o sheet of paper, ‘Fela the exara form
‘Sheet inside thie form beloce sealing.

Please Gil ut shin form completely and costly, i will he only fey
‘minwes of your time, Fest, fll out the idea

i Tete: Thee, ever hr questions se the iaeide forYourell nd cach member
of your family group. Yout aaawere t0 these questions will be kept strictly
confidential, as provided by law.

enbeisof the Amed asces should eur be completed for sh
bate peace em the pty in accordance wih Ical amangements. Civilians
‘should return the completed form (in person or by mail) se the searest Us S.
Fiobesay or Consular Office in the counery ia which they age living. ‘Thank you
for yout cooperation.

Sincerely yours,

Rotor WV rque

eters. Bagees, Director

FALL (TEMS BELOW
Poe ORAS ¥ eteroemmeme gre | toner

NOTE: This form is being
‘ecatent umber poss
1960 Census. If you
che duplic

the
the
lease do met fill

op)

1. Whar is the oame of the head
‘oF this amily Reowp? eee

2. I the head 1s in the Aimed Forces

lane of inacallation
se vhich stationed --

. Country «

3. the head

Name of country
hich now living es eee sess

40 1960 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


Table 9. Department of Defense Overseas Armed Forces, Civilian Employees, and Dependents,
by Home State: 1990

Total, Armed Total, civilians

State Total, DOD Forces and Armed and depen- Cian
overseas count dependents Forces Dependents dents employees Dependents
(1)= (2) + (5)] (2) = @) + (4) (3) (4)| _©)=(6) + (7) (6) (7)
United States 901 880 874 205 529 269 344 936 27 675 10 745 16 930
Alabama. 21 889 21 516 12 557 8 959 373 158 215
Alaska 1 869 1 695 955 740 174 72 102
Anzona 12 485 11971 7 265 4 706 514 201 313
Arkansas 11 440 11-313 6 770 4543 127 56 71
California 76 424 72 254 44 744 27 510 4170 1 569 2 601
Colorado 13 294 12 735 7 844 4 891 559 223 336
Connecticut 8117 7 893 4711 3 182 224 96 128
Delaware 2 493 2 443 1 442 1 001 50 19 31
Distnet of Columbia 2 527 2 382 1419 963 145 67 78
Florida 63 355 61177 35 717 25 460 2178 868 1 310
Georgia 30 014 29 391 17 668 11 723 623 240 383
Hawai 6 894 5 784 3 140 2 644 1:110 422 688
Idaho 5 179 5 075 2 957 2 118 104 38 66
Minors 35 655 34 831 21 785 13 046 824 335 489
Indiana. 19 915 19 570 11 843 7 727 345 136 209
lowa 10 551 10 409 6 424 3 985 142 57 85
Kansas 7 937 7 685 4 660 3 025 252 103 149
Kentucky 13 591 13 375 8 081 5 294 216 87 129
Loutsiana 18 066 17 765 111441 6 624 301 112 189
Maine 5 180 5 032 3 050 1 982 148 61 87
Maryland 16 028 15 462 9 523 5 939 566 217 349
Massachusetts 12 287 11 884 7 063 4 821 403 161 242
Michigan 33 222 32 692 20 869 11 823 530 207 323
Minnesota 11 815 11 599 7 390 4 209 216 87 129
Mississippi 13 163 12 914 7 706 5 208 249 a 158
Missouri 20 507 20 101 12 012 8 089 406 160 246
Montana 4519 4414 2712 1 702 105 48 57
Nebraska 6 165 6 050 3 689 2 361 115 51 64
Nevada 4171 3 934 2 334 1 600 237 87 150
New Hampshire 4 435 4 263 2 474 1 789 172 74 98
New Jersey 17 985 17 354 10 618 6 736 631 233 398
‘New Mexico 6 563 6 273 3 860 2413 290 113 177
New York 52 752 51 543 30 889 20 654 1 209 443 766
North Carolina 28 759 28 382 17 059 11 323 377 152 225
North Dakota 2 542 2 478 1 592 886 64 24 40
Ohio 39 833 39 235 24 256 14 979 598 235 363
Oklahoma 11 922 11 543 6 861 4 682 379 148 231
Oregon 11 195, 10 864 6 753 4111 331 139 192
Pennsylvania 42 352 41 381 25 409 15 972 971 385 586
Rhode Island 2 457 2 367 1 467 900 90 34 56
South Carolina 18 925 18 662 11 188 7 474 263 108 155,
South Dakota 3 895 3 759 2 222 1 537 136 56 80
Tennessee 19 236 18 853 11 040 7 813 383 149 234
Texas 71 718 69 012 40 728 28 284 2 706 1 039 1 667
Utah 4819 4 388 2 202 2 186 431 129 302
Vermont 2 120 2 081 1 231 850 39 14 25
Virginia 26 109 24 710 14 856 9 854 1 399 555 844
Washington 20 389 19 072 14 :592 7 480 1317 503 814
West Virginia 8 051 7 901 4 722 3179 150 57 93
Wisconsin 14 768 14 544 9 402 5 142 224 86 138
Wyoming 2 303 2 194 1377 817 109 40 69

Source DOD administrative records and 1990 Survey of DOD Overseas Civilian Personnel and Dependents

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

1990 CENSUS 65


CENSUSES BEFORE 1900

In the censuses from 1790 to 1900, very little mention
was made—in the published report tables, accompanying
textual materials, or instructions to census takers—of
Americans living overseas or on ships at sea. The 1830
and 1840 censuses were the only censuses in this time
period that published separate population counts for over-
seas components; these were for crews of naval vessels
at sea. Otherwise, too few U.S. citizens lived overseas for
an extended period to warrant special procedures to
enumerate them and, operationally, it probably would not
have been feasible to do so, given the systems of com-
munications then in existence.

The 1830 census was the first to make reference to any
segment of the population that would later be considered
part of the U.S. overseas population. Basic census tabu-
lations included a separate data line of 5,318 for the
“whole number of persons employed on board public ships
in the service of the United States on the 1st day of June
1830 [Census Day for the 1830 census], not credited to
any division or State.” These persons were not allocated
to any region or State or included in the population for
purposes of calculating congressional apportionment.

Likewise, the 1840 census tabulations also included a
separate data line of 6,100 for “seamen in the U.S. naval
service, not distributed among the States.” These persons
also were not allocated to any region or State or included
in the population for purposes of calculating congressional
apportionment. The 1830 and 1840 figures were defined in
an 1850 census report as ‘persons on board vessels of
war in the United States naval service.” No documentation
was found that explained how the 1830 and 1840 counts
were obtained.

The 1850 census marked the first time that the instruc-
tions contained residence rules that pertained to persons
abroad or at sea. The relevant portion of the instructions

10 CENSUSES BEFORE 1900

for filling out the principal stateside 1850 population schedule—
provided to marshals and their assistants who were respon-
sible for conducting the census then—was the following:

The assistants in all seaports will apply at the proper office
for lists of all persons on a voyage at sea, and register all
citizens of the United States who have not been registered
as belonging to some family.

Thus, the assistant marshals were to examine lists of
persons at sea at the appropriate offices in every port and
register the U.S. citizens among them. No documentation
was found that described the special registration the
assistant marshals were to conduct or how the assistant
marshals determined who had already been registered at
their stateside home. An 1850 census report stated that
“Americans resident abroad should be ascertained through
the State Department” but did not elaborate as to whether
any overseas Counts were ever obtained or whether they
were included in any tabulations.

No mention was made in the 1860 census of Americans
living abroad or on ships at sea. The only reference to
these population groups in the 1870, 1880, and 1890
censuses was in the instructions for filling out the respec-
tive stateside population schedules.

References relating to the overseas population in the
instructions to assistant marshals in 1870 and enumera-
tors in 1880 were as follows:

Seafaring men are to be reported at their land homes, no
matter how long they may have been absent, if they are
supposed to be still alive.

Relevant portions of the enumerator instructions in 1890
read:

All sailors and marines stationed on vessels...will be spe-
cially enumerated and need not be taken by the district
enumerator if, upon inquiry or by notification, he knows that
such special provision has been made.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


¢——$_$—_—_———_———————— USE A SEPARATE COLUMN FOR EACH PERSON»

D-23, Overseas Census Report

(Back, top)

us.

an @

Foe
pry

‘check one box. It "OMmen*

Ey So or dour of hed
Bapeeeretron

“Ot
1G We ot nent

oe

3G ese ry
1D Wile otteat 3G) Mother

aaa

Gaotheriinlaw, pariner, roomer, atc.) ee i tionanlp Otter ive enact _] Ghote ~ ging snes
Cheat one box 1 Feaaie oD male 12 Fenate
1 SoLOF oF Wace a ane
heck one ox ot pint Fepanen on 1G Negw | On
Entnean Filipinos ote a ~~ prec epveineaey-| "Bae Tse
3, WHEN WA THId PERGON BORAT on bom Tone tow Ta to

reff

laa ii

‘C_WAT 15 THIS PERSOWE WARITAL STATORT

TE Wav naried 90) Ser

TE Now maried oC) Sever

3D Sevenied

‘acatlons, tome leary 0 lenporery
‘isin the Unted Statoee

Check ene box 10) Widowed 1D step (orvermarieg | 1) Bieowed SE Since Caeser maried) 20D Bigle (rover marsed)
10 Divorces 10 Divarcee
TN WHAT COUNTRY TE THE PERSOW WOW LIVING Name af Tear
Eomtys comm
‘a. EM OHO THIS PERSOW CAST LEAVE THE
Sane rata Ler me us. Left te Us.

an fre i948.
OR ever ied a US.»

thle perwan (lao!) lot the U.S. in 1970 —
4, DOES He EXPECT To BE ABROAD AT LEAST
Showa

CD Expect t be abroad 3 wont
1D Enpects to te ated ive tha 3 monte

0D Rapes ta be ebrad 3 manthe ce nore
NED expects tobe abroed tee than J onthe

‘2 WHERE 010 Tis PEAIOW LIVE ON APRIL 1, 167
in collage of Armed Forces In ADL 19
rapon plate of fealdance there

ate (or sour) of rnidence ie AprT TEE

‘Sate (or nang) of adeno i Apri 16S

ence Ap TRE

Th WHAT 1s THE PERSO “HOWE” STATET
For enlldren, give sume State ae parent

[Ii WWERE WAS THE PERSON BORNT—

1 bom In « hospital, give place where mathar lived

ret location of howptal
heck seg tox ard pnt nae of State, Lesion
‘Slunten Bowne Rica

Bere}

jee

0D Waited states
sus. Temiten,

10) Us. Temtory
20 Poreigs country

20D Waite Sates \

aan comic

TE 15 THIS PERSON A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATEST
Check one to.

3O) Yentom a Us

2G Yor tom ins

1G Yew, saturated

10 Yer, Domabeond of Anenices parents
Ne

oaleed
1G) Ye Samah of Asean parents
20 wo

2G Yer bem OS
3) Yes, aututized
2G) Tees tom ebrond of Aneicen parents
sc) Ne

Th WHERE WERE THis PERSON FATHER AND
MOTHER sor?

Check ong box of print name of foreign
Sountry Poors Rico, Guam, ef

Dus. on

ser brace

Dus. ow | =
Baad a tags Senin wd

oes biplnces
us. on

iene
Cus. on

thera Brapiace
Dus. OR -,

52 1970 CENSUS

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


D-3091, Location Report for American Flag Vessels
(Memo from the Director)

ran oreo
ferpoon ‘xt
: %,

& | UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
: | Bureau of the Census
ra Washington, D.C. 20233
Fares oF
aa OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR

FROM THE DIRECTOR
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

Attention: Ship’s Master -- The Bureau of the Census, in a cooperative effort with the Maritime Admin-
istration, the Coast Guard, and your ship operator, requests your assistance in conducting the 1980 Census
of Population by obtaining an enumeration as of Apri! 1, 1980, of all officers and crew members aboard
your vessel on that date.

The questionnaires to be used (“Shipboard Census Report,” Form D-23) and envelopes for returning the
completed forms are being transmitted to you through your ship operator.

On April 1, 1980:
1, Complete the location report for your vessel which is printed on the back of this letter.

2. Distribute the Shipboard Census Reports (Form 0-23) to each officer (including yourself) and
crew member aboard the vessel, if your vessel is within the territorial waters of the United States
on April 1, 1980.

3. Collect the completed questionnaires from officers and crew members.

4. Return the questionnaires and this letter with the location information on the back to the Bureau
of the Census in the envelope or box provided. The envelope requires no postage; a franked Jabel
is enclosed for the box.

Encourage cooperation in completing the questionnaires by explaining that the information provided will
be seen only by sworn census employees and be used only for statistical purposes. By law, (title 13, United
States Code), census employees are subject to fine and/or imprisonment for any disclosure of an indi-
vidual's answers to census questions. Only after 72 years does the information provided become available
to other government agencies or the public. The same law requires individuals to answer the questions to
the best of their knowledge.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
Vessels Outside the Territorial Waters of the United States on April 1, 1980: Crews of these vessels do not
need to fill out Shipboard Census Reports. Masters of such vessels should complete the location report and
return it in the enclosed envelope. Please destroy the unused Shipboard Census Reports.
Great Lakes Vessels: Crews of Great Lakes vessels which have not fit out by April 1, 1980, will not be
enumerated on the ship. Masters of such vessels should indicate on the location report that the vessel had
not fit out by April 1, and return the location report in the enclosed envelope. Please destroy the unused
Shipboard Census Reports.
Passenger Ships: Passengers aboard such vessels should not be given the Shipboard Census Report (D-23)
which the crew and officers complete. Special forms to be used by passengers will be distributed in
March 1980.
Your assistance in obtaining a complete and accurate census of the United States is greatly appreciated.

Sincerely,

sun? Pal

VINCENT P. BARABBA
58 1980 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES,


7-413, Schedule No. 1—Population
Military and Naval Population
(Left)

Name of Military or Naval Station, or Vessel:

TWE

State - 7 7
Country - - -
Seaport. -
NAME RESIDENCE IN THE UN
of each person whose place of abode on
June 1, 1900, was at the above station
or aboard the above ship. RANK, GRADE,
Enter ramet he he gvn name and OR CLASS. CITY OR TOWN. STATE,
INCLUDE every person living on June 2, 1900.
L 2 3 4
5 a OS
(GC
3
4}.
5h
6
a
sf.
9
wl.
SO a
12
13 |
4] _
15
16|__ —
17
18
19
20
21
22
49
50

12 1900 CENSUS

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES



Aemeesieate

Overseas itt
w.S. Caicuses

by
Karen M. Mills

Issued November 1993

U.S. Department of Commerce
Ronald H. Brown, Secretary

Economics and Statistics Administration
Paul A. London, Acting Under Secretary
for Economic Affairs

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
Harry A. Scarr, Acting Director


P4, Crews of Vessels Report

QUNMED LIF

‘ACL OFFICERS AND GREW MEENIRERS MOST
SNSWER QUESTIONS 1-9

© Whe is your name?

- eens

acer

Your race? (Check one box or enter name
5)

Whine Cl Negro or What ret

@® Whar is your sex? (Check one.)
(OMe C Female
@ How old were you on your let birthdey? | —,
@ Are younow married or not macvied? (Check one.)
Ome G Ovvorsed
CO Widewed Ch Seared
CO Never married

© Where were you torn?

1D Yee Laras bm in Om United eta Toren or

(Yen tas tee in erga ountry bat came ten
1 Yom tnaem ine orem country of Amarian parent
1D ota no iit th Unie Sat

© fre gnow a member of the Armed orcs of the

On ae

esearmnr
Xe you ape ive dy nthe Arad Force. what,
® i your branch of service?
Over ev scien

Dey

QUESTIONS 3 MOT BE AS PERES

is VERseL WAS IN A UNITED STATES PORT

Fi
INCLUDING PORTS IN U. 8. TERRITORIES AND POSSESSIONS) ON APRIL 1. 1950

@ Were you ving on foe year ast (Check one)
Ov Cn

@ Where were you living « year agot

Doms vent
Di Alboresve

D wos he ugh grade of choo you have at-

Cmentny aie 1) 9030100) 90.0
soe Goo
fener 00300 Jno
Teo et et

@ Did you Finish thin grade? (Check one}
Gye Mm

@ How many hours did you work during the week,
from Sundey, March 28, theough Saturday, Ape

om:
@ Wher tnd of wk i you dt

{ One ea (1900, a you do any work sta even

Yorn tow very
on
ase yeut U9), you eam any money by wark-
D ieee cater wages sary. tees

Sree etn
enh gt el

aN.

va ian ec
usr nate eed

ee

Yer Atoat tne mach,

ON

@ Whether of not you worked lst year (1948)—Did
yer eer any other money income from tere,
ihcome not counted in questions 18and 19?

soy ot
Yerba ew mac _

DK
rr eran the Armed Fat of he
Doers ding necvice nthe Masehant
Marine) during ¢anewer ta) and (© Below)

(a) Wordnet Dre One
(Wort Se Ore Ose
1) Omer wererpeaatime ree Fiver E} Ne

ms

Seal chis form and raturm it to the ofcer
of the, vem from show you obexined it

WDENTIFICATION—TO BE FILLED
IY MASTER OF VESSEL,

1 Name of vemel

2. Operstor of vewel

2. Was chis vemel berthed im aU. 8. Port
(Gnchading U. 8. Tereitoriee and poe:
sons) on April 1 19807
re

Om

‘DO NOT USE—FOR CENSUS OFFICE USE

oi .u of the Census
——— SeSSEEEEESES

SSESSESESESEES

cod

[eal she completed form with the gummed Dap wo that
Your univer may be kepe confidential. Return ehe

U. $, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
[BUREAU OF THE cERGUS

CREWS OF VESSELS REPORT

tio crasus OF PoruLTION

‘This Crm is provided oo that oficers and other crew

Philp MHeunrActng Dcector

CREWS OF VESSELS

ua pecemteneee

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

1950 CENSUS 33



TECHNICAL PAPERS

Date in parentheses indicates year of publication.

No.

No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

No.
No.
No.
No.

1

2 OO MONON ROD

aoe ee on ae ei
aN Oar ORD = O0

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

27
28
29
30

The Sample Survey of Retail Stores: A Report on Methodology (1953)

Description of the Sample for the Monthly Retail Trade Report (unnumbered revision) (1955)

The Accuracy of Census Statistics With and Without Sampling (1960)

Farm Population: 1880 to 1950 (1960)

The Post-Enumeration Survey: 1950 (1960)

Tests and Revisions of Bureau of the Census Methods of Seasonal Adjustments (1961)

The Current Population Survey Reinterview Program, Some Notes and Discussion (1963)

The Current Population Survey, A Report on Methodology (1963)

Trends in the Income of Families and Persons in the United States: 1947 to 1960 (1963)

Reconciliation of the 1958 Census of Retail Trade with the Monthly Retail Trade Report (1963)
Population Trends in the United States: 1900 to 1960 (1964)

Response Errors in Collection of Expenditures Data by Household Interviews: An Experimental Study (1965)
Estimating Trading-Day Variation in Monthly Economic Time Series (1965)

Sampling Applications in Censuses of Population and Housing (1965)

The International Standard Industrial Classification and the U.S. Standard Industrial Classification (1965)
The X-11 Variant of the Census Method || Seasonal Adjustment Program (1967)

Present Value of Estimated Lifetime Earnings (1967)

Trends in the Income of Families and Persons in the United States: 1947 to 1964 (1967)

Changes Between the 1950 and 1960 Occupation and Industry Classifications With Detailed Adjustments of
1950 Data to the 1960 Classifications (1968)

The Current Population Survey Reinterview Program, January 1961 through December 1966 (1968)
Correlation Between United States and International Standard Industrial Classifications (1969)
Characteristics of America’s Engineers and Scientists: 1960 and 1962 (1969)

Measures of Overlap of Income Distributions of White and Negro Families in the United States (1970)
The Position of United States in World Commodity Exports in 1968 (1970)

The Annual Survey of Manufactures: A Report on Methodology (1971)

Demographic Computer Library (1971)

1970 Occupation and Industry Classification Systems in Terms of Their 1960 Occupation and Industry
Elements (1972)

Sampling Applications of the 1970 Census Publication, Maps, and Public Use Summary Files (1972)
From the Old to the New 1972 Standard Industrial Classifications for Establishments (1972)
Scientific and Technological Development Activities of the Bureau of the Census (1973)

Census County Divisions, Past and Future (1973)

75


Population Schedule (Right)

s SUPERVISOR'S DISTRICT NO. SHEET No.
OPULATION {ewuneraron DistRICT No. | A
., a8 city, village, town, or borough. See instructions. | WaRD OF CITY
DAY OF ee , ENUMERATOR.
OCCUPATION, EDUCATION, JOWNERSHIP OF HOME. | Ba _
Whether [an employee| 252]2 |=
eeseatiomen = | Serena wating | ty | el | GE He] dled |e
account. | oth, | (8 | = | = éflelz |e "le |e
a nn OO a ne oe ee ee 1
2
3
es es eee ie Sere on coe — oon one eee need =f | 4
5
6
a a [eee eee ee en ee ee a
8
9
eee eee es _ pp po
IL
12
Se en (OU I UU (OU OO GO ee oe ns
14
15
ee ee (ee __ tp pe
17
18
a nnn En OE en ee dl on oe 19
20
21
a oe es Ss os Vc Pee Oe a ae on oe 22

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES 1910 CENSUS 21


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This report was prepared by Karen M. Mills, Statistician,
under the direction of Adolfo L. Paez, Chief, Data Requirements
Branch. Overall direction was provided by Patricia A. Berman,
Assistant Division Chief for Content and Data Products, Decen-
nial Management Division (DMD).

For the 1990 census, Adolfo L. Paez and Barry G. Hill, both
of DMD, coordinated the collection of data on overseas Ameri-
cans and prepared the documentation of methods and results.

Important contributions to this report were made by Frederick
G. Bohme and JoAnn Shepherd, Data User Services Division;

Barry G. Hill and Paulette Lichtman-Panzer, both formerly of
DMD; Thomas A. Jones, Program and Policy Development
Office; Mark S. Littman, then Housing and Household Economic
Statistics Division; and Robert C. Speaker, Population Division.

The staff of Administrative and Publications Services Division,
Walter C. Odom, Chief, provided publication planning, design,
composition, editorial review. and printing planning and procure-
ment. Christine O. Langley and Helen M. Curtis provided
publication coordination and editing.


land-based Armed Forces personnel, Federal civilian employ-
ees, and the overseas dependents of these two groups
were self-enumerated on the Overseas Census Report
(Form D-23).

The DOD and Coast Guard (in the Department of
Transportation) distributed and collected census reports
for their land-based overseas personnel for whom counts
were not provided from administrative records. Thus, land-
based Navy and Coast Guard personnel, all military depen-
dents, and DOD civilian employees and their dependents
were enumerated on report forms.

The Department of State handled the enumeration of
other overseas Federal employees and their dependents
abroad through its embassies and other diplomatic and
consular posts. Completed report forms were returned to
the embassies and consulates and shipped to the Jeffer-
sonville, IN, Census Operations Office for processing.

Dependents of Federal employees included the spouse,
children, and other relatives who were living in the house-
hold of an overseas Federal employee (military or civilian)
and were reported on an Overseas Census Report. Spouses
and children were included regardless of citizenship or
previous residence; other relatives were included if they
were U.S. citizens (item 12) or reported a home State (item
10). To avoid double counting, spouses, children, or other
relatives who were themselves Federal employees were
excluded from the count of dependents (but were included
in the count of Federal employees).

Crews of Military and Merchant Marine Vessels

These components comprised crews of U.S. Navy
vessels deployed to the 6th (Atlantic) or 7th (Pacific) Fieets
on April 1, 1970, and crews of U.S. merchant marine
vessels at sea with a foreign port as their destination or in
a foreign port on April 1, 1970. These persons were
self-enumerated on the Report for Military and Maritime
Personnel (Form D-21). Crews of military vessels were
included in the apportionment population, but crews of
merchant vessels were not. Only persons affiliated with the
Federal Government were included in the apportionment
population.

In the 1960 census and several previous censuses, only
those Navy vessels berthed in a U.S. port on April 1 were
counted in the resident population of the United States.
Vessels in transit from one port to another or in a foreign
port were classified as ‘‘at sea,’ and the crews were
counted in the overseas population. This procedure cre-
ated some assignment difficulties with regard to naval
vessels on brief training cruises or those in transit between
one U.S. port and another.

In view of these ambiguities, the Census Bureau decided
in 1970 to assign Navy vessels on foreign assignment
(“deployed”) to the overseas population and remaining
vessels to their ‘home port” as designated by the Navy
Department. It was believed this procedure would more
likely count naval crews in the jurisdictions in which they
had dependents, owned property, and maintained other
community ties.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES.

Supplies of the Report for Military and Maritime Person-
nel were shipped to the captains of Navy and Coast Guard
vessels in port or at sea, with the cooperation of the DOD
and Coast Guard. Report forms for merchant marine
vessels were shipped to the masters of these vessels
through shipowner/ operators, with the cooperation of the
Maritime Administration. Forms were distributed by ship
captains or masters to the crews of their vessels on April 1,
1970. Completed forms were collected and shipped directly
to the Jeffersonville, IN, Census Operations Office.

Assigning Home State

Several methods were used to assign home State for
those segments of the 1970 overseas population included
in the apportionment population:

e For overseas Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps per-
sonnel, DOD assigned home State on the basis of their
“home of record” from DOD personnel files.

@ For overseas dependents of above Armed Forces per-
sonnel, other overseas land-based Armed Forces per-
sonnel, Federal civilian employees, and the overseas
dependents of the latter two groups, the Census Bureau
assigned home State from responses to item 10 on the
1970 Overseas Census Report (Form D-23).

© For crews of deployed U.S. naval vessels, the Census
Bureau assigned home State from responses to item 2
on the 1970 Report for Military and Maritime Personnel
(Form D-21).

Questions 2 and 10 asked for “home State” and
instructed the respondents to write in their “State of voting
residence, legal residence, or home of record, etc.”

Private U.S. Citizens

This component of the American population abroad
consisted of U.S. citizens living abroad for an extended
period and not affiliated with the Federal Government who
obtained and filled out an Overseas Census Report (Form
D-23). Included in this group were private business per-
sons, contract workers on military installations, employees
of foreign governments and international organizations,
retired persons, missionaries and religious workers, stu-
dents, teachers, expatriates, and their family members
(some of whom may not have been U.S. citizens).

Although this component was included in the published
1970 census overseas population figure (1,737,836), it was
not included in the apportionment population. Only per-
sons affiliated with the Federal Government were included
in the apportionment population.

The State Department coordinated the enumeration of
these persons through its embassies and consular offices.
These offices made forms available for Americans living in
their service areas to pick up, received the completed
forms, and returned them to the Census Bureau for
processing.

1970 CENSUS 45


15-6, Population Schedule (Right)

THE CENSUS Enumeration District No.

STATES: 1930

Enumerated by me on
RNATIVE | CITIZENSHIP, ETC, OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT } VETERANS

Pen i stagaamee® | weet aret | vag
thes ae only. fad i 38 an occuraTion a INDUSTRY cone & [ler working day crullay oF ca
wamns"| 8) 2 | Gatoeaae | VSR BE |e [ve | Mme oe]
B Cc 22 23 24 25 26 D 274 238 29 30 31 32

wees _ ne L2

2

3

ena fe 4

5

6

wee 4 on 2.

8

9

cea _ a eoeeeef eececeeeefpeneecefeeeeeefee 201

11

12

ENTRIES ARE REQUIRED IN THE

Cols. "8, 9, and 10-For heads of families only. (Col. 8 Coli oo I pesgone 10 years of age and over.
SEVERAL COLUMNS AS FOLLOWS: Is 1nd 10-For heads of families ony. (Co te

“28-For all persons for whom sn occupa
reagiresne entry for s farm farly sorted in Col
Col. 15-For married persons only Col, 30-For 7 ‘males 21 yearn of age and over.

Cols. 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 25-For all per Cols, 21, 22, and 23-For al foreign-born persons.
Gol. 24-4
Gal 13-For all perso 10 years of age and over,

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES 1930 CENSUS 29


60PH-13, Report for Military and Maritime

rsonnel (Front)

‘P30. Lost year (1959), did you work at ll, even for a few days?
Yn Ne.

PST, How many weeks did you work in 1959, either full-time or
parttims?

Court military. servic

nave or weeks worked.

oid vacation, ond poid sick

{HF exoct gure mot known, give best estimate)

13 wees or less.
14 te 26 woeks....
27 to 39 weeks...

32, Hew much did you earn in 1959 in wages, salar, commissions of
fips from al obs (ncloing military service}?

Belore deductions fr tors, bande, doe, or ober items

{Ever amount or deck "Nore." exoe! Agure not keawn,
Gime bow ertinct
$ 00 OR None...

7. Vow much did you sami 1957 prot fos om
Werser ata belive proetsanel para, portent: oe tot

Net income after business expentes. (Enter amount or check

"None." Haxact Agure not known, give bast estimate. if
business or form lost maney, write "Lost ther omaun.)

00 OR None..

94. Last your (1959), did you receive any income from:
Secial security
Pensions
Veteran's payments
Rant (minus expeccer)
{eterest or dividends
Unemployment insurance
‘Welfare payments
‘Any other source not olteody entered.
oO

a No.
What ls the amount you recsived from these. sources
1 19897 (exact gure not known, give beet estimate)

s 00

a i
P35, Have you ever served in the Army, Navy, or other Armed Fortes
of the United States?

Yew Nee

{Check one box
‘on och line)

Wes it during:
Korean Wer (June 1950 t0 Jon, 1955)
World War Il (Sept. 1940 to July 1947).
World War | (Aprib 1917 to Nov. 1918).
Any other time, including peasant service

wlalelery
ioooge

PLEASE FLL QNE OF THE TWO SECTIONS BELOW
Pell you ere om & MLTARY INSTALLATIONTM

© Name of insolation =...
© Location of installation:

City oF town eee

COUR eee cere eteeetetee

Stote [or U.S.
pottestion, ef.)

© On April 1,,1960, wos this vessel berthed In a U.S. pot
(eluding Alaska, Hewail, Puerta Rico, Americon Samoa,
Genel Zone, Guam, and the Virgin Islonde]?

Ne

‘&: Nome of pier
or other
Senignoted

'b. Nome of port

& Gity or town...

1d. State {or U.S.
potsansion, ete.)

(ie for mey be epredcnd Hf adlienel cops or mend.)

Page 6

kk kk

U.S, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
‘BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

1960 POPULATION CENSUS REPORT FOR
MILITARY AND MARITIME PERSONNEL

Dear Fellow Americen:

This report form must be filled for you to
be counted in the 1960 Census of the United
States. As you know, our Nation hos taken a
Population Census every ten years since 1790.
Facts about the numbers of Americans, their
location, ages, education, occupations, etc., are
‘very important to all of us.

Please fill out this form completely and
correctly. It will toke only a few minutes of
your time. The form can be sealed with the
gummed fap so that your answers are confidential.

Return the completed form to the person
who gave it to you, in accordance with the
orrangements on your post or ship, Thank you
for your cooperation,

ly yours,

ey Carve
aig

Robert W. Burgess, Director
‘Poreou of the Cantus

38 1960 CENSUS

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES



D7-686, Military and Naval Population, Etc., Abroad (Center)

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE—BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
FOURTEENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1920—POPULATION

MILITARY AND NAVAL POPULATION, ETC., ABROAD

ENUMERATED BY MEONTHE ss  DAYOF _ 1920.
HE UNITED STATES. PERSONAL DESCRIPTION | CITIZENSHIP. [| EDUCATION. NATIVITY AND MOTHE
? |e = ls Reale |e Prac ebirth af ech per and pret of ch pron numer Wm n thy Une

Steet and number, z lai PERSON FATHER,

5 a fe fe pe Ps ate 6 7 =

- --d--4--4--}--}--b 2p eb eb ebee L_
~-[--------------- --4--4--f--}--}--b--}--}--}--p-----------4---------]------------ -
—-L-------------- ~-4--4--4--}--}--}--}--[--}--p-----------4---------4]------------ -

24 1920 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


Table 3. Data Collection Forms Used to Enumerate Americans Overseas: 1900-30, 1950-70, and 1990

[Source of 1940 overseas count is unclear. Forms were not used to enumerate the overseas population in 1980. Forms are Census Bureau forms.
‘except 1990 DOD survey form]

Census Form number Use in overseas data collection Distribution
1900 7-413, Schedule Listing sheet to enumerate U.S. military and naval Unknown
No. 1, Population— | personnel stationed abroad or at sea on June 1,
Military and Naval 1900 (4-page booklet, 50 person lines on each
Population’ page).
7-224, Schedule Listing sheet to enumerate overseas military depen- Unknown
No. 1, Population— | dents, Federal civilian employees at military and
Civilians, Residents ] naval stations abroad, and their dependents living
of the United with them on June 1, 1900 (2 sides, 50 person lines
States at Military or | on each side).
Naval Stations’
1910 General Population Listing sheet to enumerate U.S. military and naval Unknown
Schedule" personnel stationed abroad or at sea, Federal civil-
lan employees at military and naval stations abroad,
and their dependents living with them on April 15,
1910 (2 sides, 50 person lines on each side).
1920 D7-686, Military Listing sheet to enumerate U.S. military personnel Unknown
and Naval Popula- stationed abroad, persons abroad in the service of
tion, Ete., Abroad the American Red Cross or U.S. consular service,
their dependents living with them, and crews of U.S.
naval vessels abroad or in American waters, but not
on fixed station, on January 1, 1920 (2 sides, 50 per-
son lines on each side).
1930 15-6, General Pop- Listing sheet to enumerate U.S. military personnel Unknown
ulation Schedule’ stationed abroad, persons abroad in the service of
the American Red Cross or U.S. consular service,
their dependents living with them, and crews of U.S.
naval vessels abroad or in American waters, but not
on fixed station, on April 1, 1930 (2 sides, 50 person
lines on each side).
1950 P4, Crews of Ves- Individual form to enumerate crews of U.S. military Shipped to U.S. Navy and Coast Guard vessels and
sels Report’ and merchant marine vessels in foreign ports or at shipowners of private lines. Shipowners mailed forms
sea on April 1, 1950. to all vessels.
P5, Overseas Cen- Household form to enumerate U.S. military personnel | Distributed and collected by DOD for its personnel and
sus Report and Federal civilian employees stationed abroad, dependents abroad and by Department of State for
their dependents living with them, and private U.S. other Americans living abroad.
citizens and their dependents living abroad on
April 1, 1950.
1960 60PH-13, Report Individual form to enumerate crews of U.S. military Shipped to U.S. Navy, Coast Guard, and U.S. mer-
for Mi and and merchant marine vessels in foreign ports or at chant marine vessels, with the cooperation of DOD,
Maritime Person- sea on April 1, 1960. Coast Guard, Maritime Administration, and shipowners.
nel
60PH-15, Overseas | Household form to enumerate U.S. military personne! | Distributed and collected by DOD for its personnel and
Census Report and Federal civilian employees stationed abroad, dependents abroad and by Department of State for
their dependents living with them, and private U.S. other Americans living abroad.
citizens and their dependents living abroad on
April 1, 1960.
1970 D-21, Report for Individual form to enumerate crews of deployed U.S. | Shipped to U.S. Navy, Coast Guard, and U.S. mer-

Military and Mari-
time Personnel’

D-23, Overseas
Census Report

military vessels and merchant marine vessels in for-
eign ports or at sea with a foreign port as their desti-
nation on April 1, 1970.

Household form to enumerate overseas land-based
Navy and Coast Guard personnel, all overseas mili-
tary dependents, Federal civilian employees sta-
tioned abroad, their dependents living with them, and
private U.S. citizens and their dependents living
abroad on April 1, 1970. (DOD provided counts of
Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps personnel abroad
‘on April 1, 1970.)

chant marine vessels, with the cooperation of DOD,
Coast Guard, Maritime Administration, and shipowners.

Distributed and collected by DOD for its personnel and
dependents abroad and by Department of State for
other Americans living abroad.

See footnote at end of table.

8 OVERVIEW

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S, CENSUSES


1990 CENSUS

The U.S. population abroad reported in the 1990 census
was 925,845. As of April 1, 1990, this figure comprised—
e land-based U.S. military personnel stationed abroad and

their dependents living with them.

® crews of U.S. Navy vessels assigned to the 6th or 7th
Fleets.

e Federal civilian employees stationed abroad and their
dependents living with them.

© crews of vessels in the U.S. merchant marine sailing
from one foreign port to another or docked in a foreign
port.

Using administrative records and the results of a civilian
survey, the Department of Defense (DOD) provided counts
of both its military and civilian employees stationed abroad
and their dependents living with them. Counts of other
overseas Federal employees and their dependents abroad
were provided by the employing agencies, principally from
administrative records. Crews of U.S. merchant marine
vessels were enumerated with the cooperation of the
Maritime Administration and shipowners.

For the 1990 census, “living overseas” was defined as
residing outside the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
Thus, members of the Armed Forces, Federal civilian
employees, and their dependents—who were living in a
U.S. commonwealth or territory (Puerto Rico, American
Samoa, Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of
the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Republic of Palau)
and reported a home State—were included in the over-
seas population.'' In the 1950-80 censuses, persons in
these categories living in a U.S. commonwealth or territory
were not included in the overseas population. In the 1970
census, however, persons in these categories living in a
U.S. commonwealth or territory who reported a home
State were included in the overseas population only for the
purpose of calculating the apportionment.

The Apportionment Population for 1990

As a result of widespread bipartisan support in the
Congress late in the 1980 decade, the Census Bureau
decided in 1989 to include overseas U.S. Armed Forces
and Federal civilian employees, and their dependents
living with them, in the 1990 census population counts for
States for purposes of computing congressional apportion-
ment. Such persons were neither distributed among the
political subdivisions of the State nor included in any other
tabulations. Thus, congressional districts within each State
were drawn using resident population counts, exclusive
of the overseas population.

“'Federally-affiliated personnel (and their dependents living with
them) assigned by stateside departments and agencies to a U.S.
commonwealth or territory were reported by the employing departments
and agencies and included in the counts for the respective U.S. home
States for apportionment purposes. For example, a resident of Maryland
hired by a Federal agency and stationed in the U.S. Virgin Islands was
included in the overseas population. In contrast, a resident of the Virgin
Islands hired by the same Federal agency in the Virgin Islands was not
counted in the overseas population.

60 1990 CENSUS

The overseas military and Federal civilian population
assigned to a home State, and selected dependents living
with them, numbered 922,819'2 on April 1, 1990. Excluding
the 3,009 persons who designated the District of Columbia
as their home jurisdiction, 919,810 persons were added to
the resident population of the 50 States for calculating the
congressional apportionment. This figure represented less
than one-half of 1 percent (.37 percent) of the resident
population.

Table 6 gives the apportionment population based on
the 1990 census.

Armed Forces, Federal Civilian Employees, and
Dependents

The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) identified
40 Federal departments and agencies as having employ-
ees stationed overseas. The Census Bureau asked these
agencies to submit counts of their personnel, by home
State, who were overseas on April 1, 1990. The agencies
were asked to report their counts on Form D-55, “Over-
seas Personnel and Dependents—Counts by State of
Residence,” in accordance with certain guidelines. Partic-
ipation of Federal agencies in the 1990 census overseas
count project is summarized in table 7.

As shown in table 7, 30 of the 40 agencies and
departments listed on the OPM inventory submitted home
State information for their overseas employees. Most
agencies used administrative records to report home State.
Of the 30 participating agencies, 20 included dependents
in their counts, and 10 did not (table 8).

The DOD, accounting for 98 percent of the overseas
total, was able to use administrative records to report
home State for its military personnel overseas (including
crews of U.S. Navy vessels in the 6th or 7th Fleets) but not
its civilian personnel. To count this group, the DOD con-
ducted the 1990 Survey of DOD Overseas Civilian Person-
nel and Dependents, using a short, self-administered ques-
tionnaire. Civilian employees known also to be dependents
of military personnel were excluded from the survey because
they were counted from the administrative records of their
military sponsors.

The DOD counts of overseas Armed Forces, DOD
civilian personnel, and their dependents are shown by
home State in table 9. Before submission to the Census
Bureau, the counts were reviewed and certified within each
branch of the Armed Forces.

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
received no response to its survey of three overseas
employees (and an unknown number of dependents) and
reported a count of zero. The Peace Corps reported that its
records did not contain home State information and declined
to participate.13

"2Ditfers from the figure of 925,845 by the exclusion of crews (3,026)
of U.S. merchant marine vessels sailing from one foreign port to another
or in a foreign port.

13The OPM estimated that the Peace Corps had 483 overseas
employees, and the Peace Corps Public Information Office reported by
telephone that the agency had approximately 6,300 overseas volunteers.
These unofficial estimates were not included in the overseas population.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

No.
No.
No.
No.

No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

76

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
a

42
43
44
45
46

47

49
50

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
6t
62

TECHNICAL PAPERS—Continued

Consistency of Reporting of Ethnic Origin in the Current Population Survey (1974)

Standards for Discussion and Presentation of Errors in Data (1974)

Characteristics of Persons in Engineering and Scientific Occupations: 1972 (1974)

Indexes to Survey Methodology Literature (1974)

Family (Money) Income: 1947 to 1971: Summarizing Twenty-Five Years of a Summary Statistic (1974)
Census Bureau Programs to Measure Consumer Purchase Expectations: 1959-1973 (1974)

The Census Bureau: A Numerator and Denominator for Measuring Change (1975)

Comparison of Persons of Spanish Surname and Persons of Spanish Origin in the United States (1975)
Guide for Local Area Population Projections (1977)

The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology (1978)

An Evaluation of 1970 Census Occupational Classification: The Postcensal Manpower Survey—Census Match
Study (1978)

1976 Survey of Institutionalized Persons: Methods and Procedures (1978)
Graphic Presentation of Statistical Information (1978)

The Standard Statistical Establishment List Program (1979)

The 1972-73 U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey: A Preliminary Evaluation (1978)

Reevaluation of the 1972-73 U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey: A Further Examination Based on Revised
Estimates of Personal Consumer Expenditures (1979)

Raw Materials in the United States Economy: 1900-1977 (1980)
Topological Principles in Cartography (1979)
Proceedings of the First General Conference on Social Graphics (1980)

Alternative Methods for Valuing Selected In-Kind Transfer Benefits and Measuring Their Effect on Poverty
(1981)

Estimates of Poverty Including the Value of Noncash Benefits: 1979 to 1982 (1984)
Estimates of Poverty Including the Value of Noncash Benefits: 1983 (1984)

(Rev. No. 17) Trends in the Income...

Income Nonresponses: March 1983 CPS (1985)

Estimates of Poverty Including the Value of Noncash Benefits: 1984 (1985)
Estimates of Poverty Including the Value of Noncash Benefits: 1985 (1986)
Estimates of Poverty Including the Value of Noncash Benefits: 1986 (1987)
Estimates of Poverty Including the Value of Noncash Benefits: 1987 (1988)
Relationship Between 1970 and 1980 Industry and Occupation Classification Systems (1989)
From Homogeneity to Heterogeneity: An Index of Diversification (1989)

Estimates of Median Four-Person Family Income, by State: 1974-89 (1992)
Americans Overseas in U.S. Censuses (1993)

*U.S. G.P.0.:1993-300-573:82088


The Census Bureau launched an intensive effort in 1970
to publicize the enumeration of this civilian population
overseas. It contacted such groups as the U.S. Chamber of
Commerce, religious institutions with missionaries abroad,
newspapers and other media with foreign bureaus, busi-
nesses and corporations with overseas field offices, and
universities with overseas branches and study abroad
programs and requested that they notify their U.S. person-
nel abroad of the census undertaking and encourage their
participation. A special flyer (70-82-2) was circulated over-
seas and displayed in places where it would receive
maximum exposure (office bulletin boards, American clubs,
English language movie theaters, etc.) to announce the
1970 census enumeration of U.S. citizens abroad.

For several reasons, the count of private U.S. citizens
living abroad was not complete. Many Americans abroad,
especially those living in remote areas, may not have been
aware that a census was being taken or, if aware, may not
have been able to get to a U.S. embassy or consulate to
obtain an Overseas Census Report. In addition, this cate-
gory included persons legally having dual citizenship—a
combination of U.S. and second-nation citizenship—who
might have been uncertain or ambivalent about being
included in the U.S. census. Still others may have elected
not to participate, as the census for these persons neces-
sarily had to be done on a voluntary basis. Embassy and
consulate lists of Americans living in their jurisdictions
generally were outdated and incomplete, since there was
no requirement that U.S. citizens register with them upon
entering or leaving the country. Thus, these offices had no
way of distributing census reports except when Americans
came there voluntarily to obtain a form. There also was
wide variation among U.S. embassies in the levels of
commitment and effort devoted to obtaining an accurate
count. Some ran elaborate ads, mailed census reports,
along with franked return envelopes, to persons registered

46 1970 CENSUS

with them, and so forth, while others did virtually nothing.
Also, involvement of the embassies was voluntary, with no
funding support from either the State Department or the
Census Bureau. More than likely, the understatement
differed substantially from one geographic area to another
and from one type of private American citizen living abroad
to another.

A post-1970 census comparison of data from the 1970
overseas census with country of birth/ citizenship data
from individual foreign censuses indicated that the census
counts for private U.S. citizens represented a substantial
undercount, particularly in Canada and Mexico, where the
underenumeration probably exceeded 90 percent.

Residence Rules

Entries relating to the overseas population in the table
of residence rules contained in the 1970 Questionnaire
Reference Book for stateside enumeration were the fol-
lowing:

Type of Person Resident of —
Member of the Armed Forces:

Assigned to a military vessel. The vessel
Officer or crew member of The vessel

merchant vessel engaged in...
foreign transportation.

American citizen abroad:

This is a special

Employed by U.S. Government
case. DO NOT LIST

with place of duty abroad or
member of the family of such
person living with him.

Any other American working or = DO NOT LIST
living abroad for extended

period of time.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


D-21, Report for Military and Maritime
Personnel (Pages 3 and 4)

130. Where were you born? |f born in hospitol, pive State or 20. Since Febrogry 1.1970, have you ottended regular
country where mother lived, not location of hospital, school or college at any time?
If born in the VU,

S., print name of State. Count scnoonee which leads to an elementary school

If born outside the United States, print name of country, certificate, high schoo! diploma, or college degree.

Include correspondence courses taken through USAFI

U.S. possession, etc. Use international boundaries as corres

now recognized by the United States. Distinguish or a university

Northern |reland from Ireland (Eire). oO No Oves, parochial
(7 Yes, public (Yes, other private

“(Name of State or foreign country; or Puerto Rico, Guam, ofc.

21, What is the highest grade (or year) of regular schoo!

13b. 1s your origin or descent -~ (Check one box) you have ever attended?
Col mexican [1 Central or South American Check one box. If now attending, check grade you are in,
Co] Puerto Rican (J other Spanish (Never attended school — Skip to 24
Co) cuban CINo, none of these C) Nursery scheot
[Kindergarten
14. What country was your father born in? Elementary through high school (grade or year)
1 United States O' O03 Os O7 OF oO

C2 O4 Oe Os Ow OR
College (academic year)

15. What country wos your mother born in? Oo? os 4 5
oO 6 or more
{CJ United States Os oO
OR —

(Ne

22. Did you finish the highest grade (or year) you attended?
Now attending this grade (or year)
[2 Finished this grade (or year)
[2 Did nor finish this grade (or year)

16. If born in o foreign country ——
|. Are you naturalized?

C1 Yes, naturalized [J Born abroad of
Oo No, alien American parents

24a. If you have ever been morried ——
Have you been married more than once?

b. When did you come to the United States to stey? Clonee More th
7
(J 1965 t0 70 | (]1950 to 54 | (1925 to 34 Co] More than once
[7] 1960 to 64 | [] 1945 to 49 | (J 1915 to 24
(7) 1955 to 59 | ([] 1935 to 44 | [[] Before 1915 b. When did you When did you get married
get married? for tho firet time?

17. Whot language, other than English, was spoken in
your home when you were o child? Check one box.

Spanish J Other —

French Specify -------------- ef 2 o-oo nnn = 25 == --
a German Cl none, English only (Month) (Year) (Month) (Year)
- - = «. If married more than once —~ Did the first marriage end
18. Men aid vou move onto this post or ship? because of the death of your husband (or wife)?
eck date o move.
1969 or 70 | (7) 1965 oF 66 | (1949 oF earlier Dives C1Ne
C1968 | [7] 1960 to 64} [7] Always lived here 25. Ifa girl or a women ——
© 1967 | C1950 to 59 | How mony babies have yeu ever had, not counting stillbirths 4

Do not count stepchildren or children have adopted,
1Be: Did you tive on this pono ship on April, 1965? ifn college ° epee or caesar vow have oasptes

Forces in April 1965, report place of residence there. oO Cs Ca7 Oo (None
‘Loves, ae post or ship. C2 os cle ou
CJNo, different ship ++... f Skip 1020 C33) fs) C19) LD) izormere
ro No, somewhere else %. romano
b. Where did you live on April 1, 1965? a Hove yew ever served in the Army, Navy, of other

Forces of the Unit

(1) State, foreign country,
U.S. possession, etc. pore

b. Was it during ~- (Check the box for each period of service.)
Vietnam Conflict (Since Aug. 1964).+
Korean War (June 1950 fo Jan, 1955).

(2) County

(3) Inside the fimits of a city, town, village, etc.?

Cores (Ne World War I! (Sept. 1940 to July 1947). oO
(4) If “"Yes,"" name of World War | (April 1917 to Nov. 1918) « o
city, town, village, ete. Any other time... +. .e05 seeeen es
Page 3 Page 4

48 1970 CENSUS AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES


1900 CENSUS

The U.S. population abroad reported in the 1900 census
was 91,219. As of June 1, 1900, this figure comprised—

e U.S. military personnel at military and naval stations
abroad and their dependents, including officers’ ser-
vants, living with them.

e Federal civilian employees at military and naval stations
abroad and their dependents living with them.

e U.S. naval personnel and Federal civilian employees on
naval vessels abroad or at sea and officers’ servants.

These persons were not allocated to any region or State
or included in the population for purposes of calculating
congressional apportionment.

Americans abroad or at sea were enumerated on regu-
lar population schedules used stateside. That is, overseas
military and naval personnel were enumerated on Sched-
ule No. 1, Population—‘Military and Naval Population.”
This form was a 4-page booklet, with 50 person lines on
each page. Overseas military dependents, Federal civilian
employees attached to military units abroad, and their
overseas dependents were listed on Schedule No. 1,
Population, ‘Civilians, Residents of the United States at
Military or Naval Stations.” This form was a listing sheet
printed on both sides with 50 person lines on each side.

Americans abroad were enumerated through the coop-
eration of the War and Navy Departments. Generally, a
military member on the naval vessel or attached to each
unit on the overseas military or naval station served as
enumerator and filled in the forms.

The geographic distribution of the 1900 overseas pop-
ulation is given in table 4. As this table shows, the
Philippines were the principal location of Americans abroad.
The rationale for including Americans abroad was stated in
the census volume as

..except for conditions arising out of the Spanish-American
War, they would have been found residing largely within the
limits of the United States proper, and they are, therefore,
included properly in the total for 1900 for purposes of
comparison with the population returned at preceding
censuses.

No formal definition of “living abroad” was included in
the 1900 census reports; however, living abroad can be
inferred as residing in the countries listed in table 4 or on
naval vessels.

AMERICANS OVERSEAS IN U.S. CENSUSES

Enumerator Instructions
References relating to the overseas population in the
enumerator instructions for the principal stateside popula-

Table 4. Americans Overseas at Military and Naval
Stations: 1900

Officers

and Civilian
enlisted |employees,
Total men etc.’

Location of station

91 219 87 538 3 681

Naval vessels 14 701 14 305 396
Cuba. - 11 048 9 666 1 382
Guam . 147 147 -
Philippines . 62 095] 60 883 1 212
Puerto Rico 3 201 2 537 664
Tutuila [American Samoa] . 27 = 27

Source: Twelfth Census of the United States: 1900, Volume |, Part 1,
Population, table I.

‘As the text in the 1900 report noted, the 396 civilians on naval
vessels included boys and other persons (not officers or enlisted men) on
vessels loaned to certain States for use as school ships, and on vessels
under the control of other departments of the U.S. Government but
operated by officers and enlisted men detailed by the Navy Department.
The other 3,285 persons in this column included not only civilian
employees of the U.S. Government but family members of certain
Officers, enlisted men, and civilian empioyees; and officers’ servants.

tion schedule were the following:

If a soldier, sailor, or marine (officer or enlisted man), or
civilian employee in the service of the United States at a
station at home or abroad, is a member of a family living in
your district, he should be enumerated as a member of that
family, even though he may be absent on duty at the time
of the enumeration.

There was no documentation in the 1900 census reports
that clarified whether overseas persons counted at their
stateside residence, in accordance with the enumerator
instructions above, were included in the overseas count
(91,219) reported in this census. Thus, the possibility exists
that some Americans overseas may have been counted
twice: once in the overseas count and again at the
stateside home.

1900 CENSUS 11