| The              Library of Congress>>Especially              for Researchers>>Research              Centers   Home >> Country             Studies >> LebanonFindinFederal Research                      Division PagesResearchers                      Web PagesAll Library of Congress PagesA Country Study: Lebanon- Lebanon  ForewardAcknowledgements
- Preface  Country                       Profile - Country  GeographySociety
- Economy  Transportation                           and CommunicationsGovernment                           and Politics
- National                           Security    Introduction- Chapter                       1 - Historical Setting    - Ancient                           Times       - The                               Phoenicians  Assyrian                               RuleBabylonian                               Rule and the Persian Empire
- Rule                               of Alexander the Great  The                               Seleucid DynastyThe                           Arab Period
The                               Arab Conquest, 634-36
- The                               Umayyads, 660-750  The                               Abbasids, 750-1258Impact                               of Arab Rule
- The                               Crusades, 1095-1291  The                               Mamluks, 1282-1516Ottoman                           Rule, 1516-1916
The                               Maans, 1120-1697
- The                               Shihabs, 1697-1842  Religious                               ConflictsWorld                           War I and the French Mandate, 1914-41
World                               War I
- The                               Mandate Period  World                               War II and Independence, 1939-41Independent                           Lebanon, 1943-76
The                               Khuri Era, 1943-52
- The                               Shamun Era, 1952-58  The                               Rise of Shihabism, 1958-64The                               Hilu Era, 1964-70
- The                               Franjiyah Era, 1970-76  The                               Civil War, 1975-76The                               Sarkis Administration, 1976-82
Chapter                       2 - The Society and Its Environment
Geography
Land
- Climate  Rivers                               and LakesPopulation
Migration
- The                               War and Displacement in Beirut  The                               Palestinian ElementSectarianism
Lebanese                               Confessional "Societies"
- Sectarian                               and Clan Consciousness   Religion- Tenets                               of Islam  Muslim                               Sects- Sunni  Twelver                                   or Imami ShiasIsmailis
- Alawis  DruzesChristian                               Sects
Maronites
- Greek                                   Catholics  Roman                                   CatholicsGreek                                   Orthodox
- Jacobites  Armenian                                   Orthodox or GregorianAssyrian                                   or Nestorian Church
- Protestants   JewsOthers
- Languages    - Arabic  Other                               LanguagesStructure                           of Society
The                               Family
- Sex                               Roles  MarriageChild-Rearing                               Practices
- Impact                               of War on the Family   Living                           Conditions - Prewar                               Conditions  Wartime                               ConditionsEducation
Primary                               Education
- Intermediate                               Education  Secondary                               EducationTechnical                               and Vocational Education
- Higher                               Education   Health- Chapter                       3 - The Economy    - Recent                           Economic History      - Civil                               War and Partial Recovery, 1974-82  Invasion                               and Trauma, 1982-87The                           Official Economy in the Mid-1980's
Balance                               of Payments
- Government                               Revenues  External                               Debt and Foreign ExchangeInflation
- The                               Budget   Banking                           and Finance- Domestic                               Banking  The                               Central BankInternational                               Banking
- Transportation                           and Communications    - Roads  RailroadsShipping
- Aviation  TelecommunicationsAgriculture
Land                               and Irrigation
- Crop                               Production   Industry- The                               State of Industry  CementElectric                               Power and Petroleum Refining
- Aid                           and Reconstruction    - Reconstruction                               and Hope, 1976-82  Arab                               Reconstruction AidPost-Israeli                               Invasion Reconstruction, 1982-84
- Reconstruction                               and Chaos, 1984-87       - Chapter                       4 - Government and Politics      - The                           Basis of Government        - The                               Constitution  The                               National PactThe                           Practice of Government
Zuama                               Clientelism
- The                               Presidency  The                               Prime Minister and the CabinetThe                               Legislature
- The                               Judiciary  The                               BureaucracyPolitical                           Parties and Groupings
Sectarian                               Groups
Phalange                                   Party
- National                                   Liberal Party  Lebanese                                   ForcesAmal
- Hizballah  Islamic                                   AmalIslamic                                   Grouping
- Union                                   of Muslim Ulama  Independent                                   Nasserite MovementProgressive                                   Socialist Party
- Minority                               Parties    - Armenian                                   Parties  Kurdish                                   PartiesMultisectarian                               Parties
Lebanese                                   Communist Party
- Syrian                                   Socialist Nationalist Party  Organization                                   of Communist ActionForeign                           Relations 
Syria
- Israel  PalestiniansIran
- United                               States  Soviet                               Union- Chapter                       5 - National Security    - The                           Creation of the Army  The                           Lebanese Political-Military Situation: Independence                           to 1975- The                               1948 Arab-Israeli War  The                               Rosewater RevolutionThe                               1958 Civil War
- The                               Cairo Agreement and the Prelude to the 1975 Civil                               War   THE                           1975 CIVIL WAR- The                               Military Cabinet  The                               Early Stages of CombatSyrian                               Intervention
- The                               Riyadh Conference and the Arab Deterrent Force  The                               Red Line ArrangementThe                           Interwar Years
Operation                               Litani
- Operations                               of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon   The                               Ascendancy of Bashir JumayyilThe                               Missile Crisis
- The                               Two-Week War   The                           1982 Isreali Invasion and its Aftermath- Operation                               Peace for Galilee  The                               Siege of BeirutThe                               Multinational Force
- The                               Rise of the Shias  The                               May 17 AgreementThe                               Israeli Defense Forces Withdrawal and the Mountain                               War
- The                               Multinational Force Withdrawal  The                               Bikfayya AccordEvents                               in Southern Lebanon
- Chaos                               in Beirut and Syrian Peacemaking Efforts    - Internecine                                   Battles in the Lebanese Forces  The                                   War of the CampsThe                                   Tripartite Accord
- Pax                                   Syriana    The                           Lebanese Armed Forces in the 1980's- Organization                               and Command Structure    - The                                   New Defense Law  The                                   Supreme Defense CouncilThe                                   Military Council
- Military                                   Intelligence  The                                   Commander in ChiefThe                               Army
The                                   Fourth Brigade
- The                                   Fifth Brigade  The                                   Sixth BrigadeThe                                   Seventh Brigade
- The                                   Eighth Brigade  The                                   Ninth BrigadeThe                                   Tenth Brigade
- The                                   Eleventh Brigade  The                                   Twelfth BrigadeThe                               Air Force and Navy
- Internal                           Security and Terrorism    - Suicide                               Bombings  The                               Hostage Crisis- Appendices    - Appendix A.                           Tables  Appendix B.                           The Opposing Forces in the Lebanese Civil WarBibliography
- Glossary   
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