Advancing Excellence in Health Care • www.ahrq.gov

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

WomenWith

Diabetes:

Quality of Health

Care, 2004-2005
WomenWith

Diabetes:

Quality of Health

Care, 2004-2005

U.S. Department of

Health and Human Services

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

540 Gaither Road

Rockville, MD 20850

AHRQ Publication No. 08-0099

November 2008
ii WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Acknowledgments

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Julie L. Gerberding, M.D., M.P.H., Director

Kathleen E. Toomey, M.D., M.P.H., Director of the Coordinating Center for Health Promotion

Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health

Promotion (NCCDPHP)

Ann Albright, Ph.D., R.D., Director of the Division of Diabetes Translation

Gloria L.A. Beckles, M.D., M.Sc., Medical Epidemiologist

Quanza S. Brooks-Griffin, M.P.A., Public Health Advisor

Michelle D. Owens, Ph.D., Behavioral Scientist

Lauren Williams, B.S., Health Communications Intern

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)

Carolyn Clancy, M.D., Director

William Munier, M.D., Director, Center for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety

Francis Chesley, M.D., Director, Office of Extramural Research, Education, and Priority

Populations

Katherine Crosson, M.P.H., Associate Director, Center for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety

Edward Kelley, Ph.D., Former Director, National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Reports

Jeff Brady, M.D., M.P.H., Former Acting Director, National Healthcare Quality and

Disparities Reports

Additional AHRQ Staff

Doreen Bonnett, M.S.W.

Donna Rae Castillo

Rosaly Correa, M.D., Ph.D.

Elizabeth Dayton, M.A.

Darryl Gray, M.D., Sc.D.

Karen Ho, M.H.S.

Shakeh J. Kaftarian, Ph.D.

Social & Scientific Systems, Inc. (SSS)

Xiuhua Chen, M.S.

Amy Galifianakis, M.P.H.

Paul Gorrell, Ph.D.

Andrew Mosso, M.S
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE iii

Table of Contents

Highlights.............................................................................................................................................1

Access to Care................................................................................................................................1

Preventive Services ........................................................................................................................1

Introduction and Methods ................................................................................................................5

Introduction ....................................................................................................................................5

Methods..........................................................................................................................................5

Comparision Groups......................................................................................................................5

Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Women....................................................11

Size and Growth...........................................................................................................................11

Demographic Profile ...................................................................................................................11

Socioeconomic Profile ................................................................................................................11

Access to Care...................................................................................................................................13

Usual Source of Care...................................................................................................................13

Usual Primary Care Provider ......................................................................................................14

Insurance ......................................................................................................................................15

Emergency Room Visits ..............................................................................................................21

Transportation ..............................................................................................................................22

General Health and Well-Being......................................................................................................23

Activity Limitation.......................................................................................................................23

Diabetes-Specific Preventive Care..................................................................................................25

Measurement of Hemoglobin A1c..............................................................................................25

Annual Dilated Eye Examination ...............................................................................................25

Annual Foot Examination............................................................................................................25

Cardiovascular Disease-Specific Preventive Care........................................................................29

Cholesterol ...................................................................................................................................29

Blood Pressure .............................................................................................................................30

Smoking .......................................................................................................................................31

Cancer-Specific Care .......................................................................................................................33

Colorectal Cancer Screening.......................................................................................................33

Screening for Breast Cancer........................................................................................................34

Screening for Cervical Cancer ....................................................................................................35

Immunization......................................................................................................................................37

Dental Care.........................................................................................................................................39

Appendix A: References ...................................................................................................................41

Appendix B: List of Tables ...............................................................................................................45

Appendix C: List of Abbreviations...................................................................................................91
iv WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
Highlights

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Agency for Healthcare Research

and Quality (AHRQ) are pleased to release this report, Women With Diabetes: Quality of Health

Care, on behalf of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). This report uses

national data sets to show gaps in knowledge about quality of care among women with diagnosed

diabetes. The report examines the quality of health care in the United States for women with and

without diagnosed diabetes, using the most scientifically based measures and national data sources

available. It presents 15 measures of health care quality showing the use of services in several

areas: access to care, general well-being, evidence-based diabetes-specific preventive care,

cardiovascular disease-specific preventive care, cancer-specific care, immunizations, and

dental care.

This Highlights section offers a concise overview of findings from this report. The findings

indicate that among women with and without diagnosed diabetes, disparities exist in access to and

quality of care.

Access to Care

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than women without diabetes

to report having a usual source of care.

• Women under age 65 with diabetes were significantly more likely than those without diabetes

to have only public insurance.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than women without diabetes

to have reported an emergency room visit in the past year.

Preventive Services

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly less likely than women without diabetes to

have had blood pressure less than 130/80 mm Hg.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly less likely than women without diabetes to

have had a dental visit in the past year.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than women without diabetes

to have received an influenza vaccination in the past 12 months, and significantly more likely

to have ever received a pneumococcal vaccination. However, among women younger than age

65, only about 40% have been immunized against influenza and fewer than 40% have ever

received a pneumococcal vaccination.

Measures of access to care and quality of care among women with diagnosed diabetes were

selected from the annual National Healthcare Disparities Report (NHDR) published by AHRQ.

The measures analyzed in this report are not necessarily a comprehensive and balanced set, due to

data availability and other constraining factors for the diabetes population. All the measures used

are evidence-based recommendations to prevent morbidity and mortality among adult women with

and without diagnosed diabetes. The table below summarizes the findings, comparing how the

American health care system provides care to women with diagnosed diabetes with how it provides

care to women without diabetes and men with diagnosed diabetes.

WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 1
For many of the measures presented in this report, adults with diabetes and women with diagnosed

diabetes fared worse than their comparison groups. Even for measures with similar or better care,

there is often room to improve the overall quality of and access to care. Nonetheless, these

measures highlight where the American health care system excels and where the greatest

opportunities for improvement are. This information identifies areas with greater need for

programmatic efforts, policies, research, and services to address specific issues for women with

diagnosed diabetes across the lifespan.

Table 1. Summary of Disparities by Diagnosed Diabetes Status and Gender

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Compared With Women Without Diabetes Compared With Men With Diagnosed

Diabetes

Better 9 measures 1 measure

Access to Care Diabetes-Specific Preventive Care

• Women with a usual source of care • Adults whose hemoglobin A1c level

• Women with a usual primary care provider was >9.0%

• Women with any type of insurance

• Women without insurance all year

• Women without insurance for any period

Cardiovascular Disease-Specific

Preventive Care

• Women who had a cholesterol check in the

past 2 years

• Women who received advice to quit smoking

Immunization

• Women who received an influenza vaccination in

the past 12 months

• Women who ever received a pneumococcal vaccination

Same 3 measures 15 measures

Cancer-Specific Care Access to Care

• Women who reported they had received a colorectal • Adults with a usual source of care

cancer screening • Adults with a usual primary care provider

• Women who reported they had a mammogram • Adults with any type of insurance

• Women who reported they had a Pap smear • Adults without insurance all year

• Adults without insurance for any period

• Adults who reported an emergency room visit

• Adults who usually use public transportation

to get to provider

Diabetes-Specific Preventive Care

• Adults whose hemoglobin A1c level was <7.0%

• Adults who received all three recommended

services for diabetes

2 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
Table 1. Summary of Disparities by Diagnosed diabetes status and Gender (continued)

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Compared With Women Without Diabetes Compared With Men With Diagnosed

Diabetes

Same 15 measures

Cardiovascular Disease-Specific

Preventive Care

• Adults who had a cholesterol check

• Adults with blood pressure less than

130/80 mm Hg

• Adults who received advice to quit smoking

Immunization

• Adults who received an influenza vaccination

in the past 12 months

• Adults who ever received a pneumococcal

vaccination

Dental Care

• Adults who reported a dental visit

Worse 8 measures 5 measures

Access to Care Access to Care

• Women with private insurance • Adults with private insurance

• Women with public insurance (no private insurance) • Adults with public insurance (no private insurance)

• Women with any period of public insurance • Adults with any period of public insurance

• Women who reported an emergency room visit

• Women who usually use public transportation General Health and Well-Being

to get to provider • Adults with activity limitation

General Health and Well-Being Cancer-Specific Care

• Women with activity limitation • Adults who reported they had ever received

a colorectal cancer screening

Cardiovascular Disease-Specific Preventive Care

• Women with blood pressure less than

130/80 mm Hg

Dental Care

• Women who reported a dental visit

WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 3
4 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 5

Introduction and Methods

Introduction

An estimated 24 million people in the United States, or 8% of adults 20 years or older, have

diabetes; of these, almost half are women.1 Projections indicate that women will account for the

majority of cases between 2010 and 2050.2 According to the Public Health Service Task Force on

Women’s Health Issues, diabetes is a women’s health issue because of the unique health concerns

that can arise from diabetes in pregnancy. In addition, women with diabetes face an increased risk

of cardiovascular disease.2-5 Yet, many reports do not stratify by sex, so it is difficult to determine

the quality of care that women with, or are at risk of, diabetes receive.

Chronic illnesses and complications from diseases such as diabetes can affect overall quality of

life. These conditions may place people at risk of disability, comorbid conditions such as

depression and cardiovascular disease, and premature death.6-9 Diabetes treatment strategies to

reduce morbidity and mortality include specific interventions such as strict blood glucose control,

eye and foot examinations, and cholesterol and blood pressure control. Recent national data

suggest that implementation of these recommendations for diabetes care for the total diabetic

population has improved since 1995. However, the quality of care remains suboptimal.10 The

projected increase in the number of women with diagnosed diabetes suggests the need for analyses

of data that examine the level of use of recommended preventive care services for these women.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with the Agency for

Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) to develop this report, which assesses and describes the

quality of care that women with diagnosed diabetes receive in the United States. The information

in this report can be used to identify gaps in public health programs, policies, research, and

services related to women with diagnosed diabetes across the lifespan. Programs specifically

designed to ameliorate barriers to optimal care are needed to reduce the sex disparities in quality

of health care currently delivered to women with diagnosed diabetes.

Methods

This report analyzes a wide array of measures selected by experts at CDC and AHRQ as highly

relevant to an examination of diabetes and women. The report includes measures of access to

health care, general health and well-being, diabetes-specific preventive care, cardiovascular

disease-specific preventive care, cancer-specific preventive care, immunization, and other

complications. The measures analyzed in this report are not necessarily a comprehensive or

balanced set, due to data availability and other constraining factors. Nonetheless, they highlight

where the American health care system excels, and where the greatest gaps are.

Comparison Groups

Throughout the report, the comparison groups are:

• Women with diagnosed diabetes compared with women without diabetes.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes compared with men with diagnosed diabetes.
6 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Women are defined as females age 18 years and older. Only differences with a two-tailed p value

of 0.05 or less are discussed in the findings beneath each chart. However, small sample sizes may

prevent differences that are clinically important, if real, from meeting this criterion. Rarely, some

relatively minor differences may attain statistical significance due to very large sample sizes.

Estimates are suppressed if the relative standard error is greater than 30%.

Data Sources

Data are from three nationally representative sources:

• Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)

• National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

• National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)

Each source is described in detail below. Each measure presented in the report has its data source

and data year reported beneath the figure. Data for the appendix tables are not age adjusted.

However, statistical comparisons reported here are based on age-adjusted data, with the 2000 U.S.

census population as the standard population. Data from MEPS and NHANES are age adjusted

using the age groups 18-44 years, 45-64 years, and 65 years and over. Data from the NHIS are

also age adjusted, but with age groups as follows:

• Mammography: ages 40-64, 65-74, and 75 and over

• Pap tests: ages 18-44, 45-64, and 65 and over

• Colorectal cancer screenings: ages 50-64, 65-74, and 75 and over

• Immunizations: ages 18-44, 45-64, and 65 and over

For diabetes and sex comparisons, estimates were age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. census population.

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

Sponsor

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

(AHRQ); and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Population Targeted

MEPS is a nationally representative survey of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population of

all ages. MEPS uses a sample of NHIS respondents.

Survey Sample Design

The MEPS sampling frame is drawn from respondents to the NHIS, conducted by the National

Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). MEPS augments information in the NHIS by selecting a

sample of NHIS respondents and collecting additional data on their health care expenditures.

MEPS also links these data with additional information from the respondents’ medical providers,

employers, and insurance providers.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 7

Mode of Administration

MEPS has been conducted annually from 1996 to the present. The survey has three components:

Household Component, Medical Provider Component, and Insurance Component. The Household

Component (HC), the core survey, is an interviewer-administered computer-assisted personal

interview. The MEPS-HC collects detailed data on demographic characteristics, health conditions,

health status, use of medical care services, charges and payments, access to care, satisfaction with

care, health insurance coverage, income, and employment. The data for this report were obtained

using the following specific sections of the 2004 MEPS-HC:

1. Demographic characteristics. Demographic characteristics include age, gender, race,

ethnicity, education, industry and occupation, employment status, household composition,

and family income. Racial and ethnic variables and categories were changed in 2002 to

comply with Office of Management and Budget (OMB) standards.

2. Self-Administered Questionnaire. This self-administered paper questionnaire collects a

variety of health and health care quality measures of adults. The health care quality measures

were taken from the health plan version of an AHRQ-sponsored family of survey instruments

designed to measure quality of care from the consumer’s perspective.

3. Diabetes Care Survey. This self-administered paper questionnaire is completed by persons

identified as ever having been told that they had diabetes. Data are collected on diabetes care.

4. Access to Care. The Access to Care section gathers information on five main topic areas:

family members’ origins and preferred languages; family members’ usual source of health

care; characteristics of usual source of health care providers; satisfaction with and access to

the usual source of health care; and access to medical treatment, dental treatment, and

prescription medicines.

5. Preventive Care. For each person, a series of questions were asked primarily about the receipt

of preventive care or screening examinations.

Notes

AHRQ fields a new MEPS panel annually. In this design, two calendar years of information are

collected from each household in a series of five rounds of data collection over a 2.5-year period.

These data are then linked with additional information collected from the respondents’ medical

providers, employers, and insurance providers. This series of data collection activities is repeated

each year on a new sample of households, resulting in overlapping panels of survey data.

Contact Information

Agency home page: http://www.ahrq.gov.

Data system home page: http://www.meps.ahrq.gov.

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Sponsor

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

(AHRQ); and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
8 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Population Targeted

The civilian noninstitutionalized population of all ages residing in the United States.

Survey Sample Design

NHANES uses a stratified multistage probability sample, nationally representative of the U.S.

civilian noninstitutionalized population of all ages. The NHANES 1999–2004 survey was

designed to use an annual sample that was nationally representative. Approximately 5,000 people

are examined at 15 locations each year, with oversampling of African Americans, Mexican

Americans, adolescents, older people, and low-income non-Hispanic Whites.

Mode of Administration

In-person interviews are conducted in the household and in a private setting in the mobile

examination center. Standardized physical examinations and medical tests are conducted in mobile

examination centers.

Primary Survey Content

Primary topics include chronic disease prevalence and conditions (including undiagnosed

conditions), risk factors, diet and nutritional status, immunization status, infectious disease

prevalence, health insurance, and measures of environmental exposures. Other topics include

hearing, vision, mental health, anemia, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, obesity, oral

health, mental health, and physical fitness. Demographic data include age, gender, race and

ethnicity, education, place of birth, income, occupation, and industry of occupation.

Years Collected

From 1960 to 1994, NHANES was administered seven times. Beginning in 1999, the survey has

been conducted continuously. The current NHANES is released in 2-year data sets. For this

report, the NHANES 1999-2000, NHANES 2001-2002, and NHANES 2003-2004 data sets were

combined.

Contact Information

Agency home page: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs.

Data system home page: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.

National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)

Sponsor

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

(AHRQ); and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Population Targeted

Civilian noninstitutionalized population of all ages residing in the United States.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 9

Survey Sample Design

The NHIS uses a stratified multistage probability design that permits a continuous sampling of

358 primary sampling units (PSUs), with oversampling of African Americans and Hispanics. A

typical NHIS sample for the data collection years 1995–2005 consists of approximately 7,000

second-stage units (segments) within a PSU. The expected sample of 43,000 occupied respondent

households yields a probability sample of about 111,000 persons. The survey is designed to make

the weekly sample representative of the target population and additive over time. In 2004, the

survey instrument and data production process were reengineered.

Mode of Administration

The NHIS has been conducted annually since 1957; the current questionnaire design has been

used since 1997. Personal interviews are conducted in households, using computer-assisted

personal interviewing, administered by professional interviewers and conducted in English and

Spanish. The Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) Spanish version was initiated in mid1998). A new instrument, which utilizes Blaise® computer-assisted interviewing software, was

implemented for the 2004 survey year. This report uses data from the 2005 NHIS.

Primary Survey Content

Information is obtained on demographic characteristics, illnesses, injuries, impairments, chronic

conditions, utilization of health resources, health insurance, and other health topics. The core

household interview asks about everyone in the household. Additional questions are asked of one

sample adult and one sample child (under age 18) per family in the household.

The sample adult questionnaire includes chronic health conditions and limitations in activity,

health behaviors, health care access, health care provider contacts, immunizations, and AIDS

knowledge and attitudes. The sample child questionnaire includes questions about chronic health

conditions, limitation of activities, health status, behavior problems, health care access and

utilization, and immunizations. Child data are proxy reported by a parent or other knowledgeable

adult respondent. Adult sample person data are all self-reported.

Special modules are fielded periodically and cover areas such as cancer, prevention, disability, and

use of complementary and alternative medicine. Demographic data include age, gender, race and

ethnicity, education, income, marital status, place of birth, industry, and occupation.

Contact Information

Agency home page: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs.

Data system home page: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm.
10 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 11

Demographic and Socioeconomic

Characteristics of Women

Size and Growth

In 2004, women accounted for 51.4% of the estimated 220.4 million U.S. residents age 18 and

over.11 By 2050, the female population is projected to grow by 70 million.12 This growth will

primarily be due to low birth rates, declining death rates, and net international migration, with

middle-aged and older women contributing the greatest share of the increase.13 The percentage of

women among immigrants has been increasing steadily.14 In 2004, women comprised 54.5% of

legal immigrants and 42% of unauthorized migrants to the United States.15 Growth of the female

population will enlarge the number of women at risk of diabetes. Already, the number of women

diagnosed with diabetes is projected to reach more than 14 million by 2050, nearly 60% of whom

will be age 65 and over.2

Demographic Profile

Age and race/ethnicity are strongly associated with access to care and quality of care.16-18 Older

women are more likely than older men to have reduced access to care and to receive suboptimal

levels of recommended health care services.19 Minority women are more likely than White women

to have similar circumstances. In 2004, 49.2% of women were in the reproductive years (18-44),

32.0% were in the middle years (45-64), and 18.7% were age 65 and over.11 As the population

ages, women increasingly outnumber men such that, by age 75, there are 60% more women than

men and twice as many women as men are age 85 and over.

The female population is also racially and ethnically heterogeneous.12 Of the estimated 146.9

million (98.5%) women reporting a single race in 2004,20 almost 70% were non-Hispanic Whites,

12.8% were non-Hispanic Blacks, 13.4% were Hispanics of any race, 4.2% were Asians, 0.8%

were American Indians or Alaska Natives, and 0.1% were Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific

Islanders. The minority population is expected to double by 2050.13 Diabetes is nearly twice as

common among minority women,21,22 and both the number of minority women and the prevalence

of diabetes in these groups are projected to increase most rapidly.2,13 Recent studies indicate that a

substantial number of women with diabetes receive worse diabetes care than men with diabetes and

that the sex disparity is greater in ethnic minority groups.23,24

Socioeconomic Profile

Socioeconomic position (SEP), as measured by education or income, is strongly related to health,

access to health care, and quality of care. As SEP decreases, people become increasingly

vulnerable to conditions such as diabetes.25,26 They also are less likely to have adequate access to

health care and more likely to receive low levels of recommended evidence-based health care

services.17
12 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Despite increasing percentages of women who attain high levels of education and participate in the

labor force, a substantial proportion of women live in socioeconomically disadvantaged

circumstances.27 Among women age 18 and over in 2004, approximately 15% had not completed

high school and only about one-quarter had completed college or higher; estimates for older

women were 28% and 14%, respectively. Regardless of level of education, women are less likely

than men to be employed. Even when they work full time, their median earnings are threequarters of men’s earnings.27 Consequently, poverty is a major concern for women across the

lifespan.28

In 2004, more than 14 million (13%) women lived in poverty (at or below 100% of the Federal

poverty level), accounting for 3 out of every 5 poor adults age 18 and over. Most poor women

(59%) were in the reproductive years and nearly 20% were age 65 and over. The poverty statistics

for minority women of all ages are especially grave: overall, 1 in 4 Black women and 1 in 5

Hispanic women lived at or below the Federal poverty level and there was little variation with

age.28 Women were also more likely to live in poverty if they were foreign born, were age 65 and

over and lived alone, had not completed high school, worked part time, or lived in single femaleheaded households or central cities.14,28-30 Women with diabetes are more likely than women

without diabetes to have low levels of formal education and to live in low-income households,

independent of marital status, size of household, or employment status. Furthermore, the SEP gap

in prevalence of diabetes has been widening over the past 25 years.

In summary, the demographic and socioeconomic profiles of women have important implications

for the health care of women with, or at risk of, diabetes. First, until the middle of the 21st

century, it is anticipated that women will be the majority of adults with diabetes. Second, barriers

to optimal diabetes care (older age, minority ethnicity, low levels of education, economic

insecurity) are common among women.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 13

Access to Care

Women with diabetes need a consistent source of health care, either a person or a place, to receive

ongoing patient-centered-care, which can delay or prevent the complications of diabetes. Several

factors can impede a woman’s ability to obtain access to care. Race and ethnicity, SEP, age, and

other factors contribute to the lack of ongoing care for women.4

Usual Source of Care

Women reporting a usual source of care, by diagnosed diabetes status (left) and gender (right), 2004

*Estimate for men ages 18-44 did not meet sample size criteria.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 1a and 1b.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than women without diabetes

to report a usual source of care.

• No significant difference in having a usual source of care was found between women and men

with diagnosed diabetes, either for the total population or for any age groups.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Age 65+

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes
14 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Usual Primary Care Provider

Women reporting a usual primary care provider, by diagnosed diabetes status (left) and

gender (right), 2004

*Estimate for men ages 18-44 did not meet sample size criteria.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 2a and 2b.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than women without diabetes

to report that they had a usual primary care provider.

• No significant difference in having a usual primary care provider was found between women

and men with diagnosed diabetes, either overall or within any age group.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Age 65+

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 15

Insurance

Health insurance coverage is an essential component of access to care. Both men and women have

many of the same concerns obtaining and utilizing health insurance, but some of these features are

unique to women. Affordability and employment qualifications, such as full-time employment, are

barriers that women face more often than men in obtaining health insurance.31 These features

influence the type, adequacy, and continuity of insurance coverage.

Women ages 18-64 with any type of insurance coverage during the year, by diagnosed diabetes

status (left) and gender (right)

*Estimate for men ages 18-44 did not meet sample size criteria.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 3a and 3b.

• No significant difference in having any type of insurance was found between women with and

without diagnosed diabetes.

• No significant difference in having any type of insurance was found between women and men

with diagnosed diabetes, either overall or within any age group.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes
16 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Women ages 18-64 with private insurance during the year, by diagnosed diabetes status (left) and

gender (right), 2004

*Estimate for men ages 18-44 did not meet sample size criteria.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 4a and 4b.

• Women under age 65 with diagnosed diabetes were significantly less likely than women

without diabetes to have private insurance.

• For the total population and for those ages 45-64, women with diagnosed diabetes were

significantly less likely than men with diagnosed diabetes to have private insurance.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 17

Women ages 18-64 with public insurance (no private insurance) during the year, by diagnosed

diabetes status (left) and gender (right), 2004

*Estimate for men ages 18-44 did not meet sample size criteria.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 5a and 5b.

• Women under age 65 with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than women

without diabetes to have only public insurance.

• For the total population and for people ages 45-64, women with diagnosed diabetes were

significantly more likely than men with diagnosed diabetes to have only public insurance.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes
18 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Women ages 18-64 with any period of public insurance during the year, by diagnosed diabetes

status (left) and gender (right), 2004

*Estimate for men ages 18-44 did not meet sample size criteria.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 6a and 6b.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than women without diabetes

to have any period of public insurance.

• For the total population and for people ages 45-64, women with diagnosed diabetes were

significantly more likely than men with diagnosed diabetes to have any period of public

insurance.

0

10

20

30

40

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

10

20

30

40

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 19

Women ages 18-64 who were uninsured all year, by diagnosed diabetes status (left) and

gender (right), 2004

*Estimate for men ages 18-44 did not meet sample size criteria.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 7a and 7b.

• No significant difference was found between women with and without diagnosed diabetes

who were uninsured all year.

• Overall and for people ages 45-64, no significant difference was found between women and

men with diagnosed diabetes who were uninsured all year.

0

5

10

15

20

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

5

10

15

20

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes
20 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Women ages 18-64 without insurance for any period during the year, by diagnosed diabetes status

(left) and gender (right), 2004

*Estimate for men ages 18-44 did not meet sample size criteria.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 8a and 8b.

• No significant difference was found between women with diagnosed diabetes and women

without diabetes who had any period without insurance during the year.

• Overall and for people ages 45-64, no significant difference was found between women and

men with diagnosed diabetes who had a period without insurance.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 21

Emergency Room Visits

In 2007, diabetes cost the United States approximately $174 billion in direct (medical) and indirect

(lost productivity) expenditures.32 Of the $116 billion in direct medical expenditures during this

same year, $3.3 million was attributable to emergency room encounters.32 Emergency room visits

are an indication of the lack of continuity of care for some patients with diabetes. These are people

who do not receive the recommended preventive care that is likely to delay or prevent the onset of

complications from diabetes. There is no evidence on the extent to which women use emergency

rooms or the cost associated with the use of emergency care among women.

Women who reported an emergency room visit in the past year, by diagnosed diabetes status (left)

and gender (right), 2004

*Estimate for men ages 18-44 did not meet sample size criteria.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 9a and 9b.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than women without diabetes

to have reported an emergency room visit in the past year.

• Women ages 45-64 with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than men ages 45-

64 with diagnosed diabetes to report an emergency room visit in the past year. No significant

difference was found between women and men age 65 and over with diagnosed diabetes.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes

Age 65+
22 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Transportation

In general, the data on transportation are sparse. However, studies have found that transportation

issues can influence whether an individual uses the health care system. Studies conducted in a

rural community found that travel burden (arranging transportation, time required to travel,

arranging child care, cost of transportation) was an obstacle for people with a chronic condition

who were treated at an urban hospital.33-35 The extent to which transportation acts as a barrier to

health care among women with and without diagnosed diabetes is unknown.

Women who usually use public transportation to get to a health care provider, by diagnosed

diabetes status (left) and gender (right), 2004

*Estimates were not possible for adults with diabetes ages 18-44, for women with diagnosed diabetes ages 18-44, or for

men with diagnosed diabetes ages 18-44 or age 65 and over.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 10a and 10b.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were not significantly more likely than women without

diabetes to usually use public transportation to get to a provider.

• For people ages 45-64, no significant difference was found between women and men with

diagnosed diabetes who usually used public transportation to get to a provider.

0

2

4

6

8

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

2

4

6

8

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes

Age 65+
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 23

General Health and Well-Being

Women with diabetes are more than twice as likely as women without diabetes to have physical

limitations.36 The prevalence of physical limitations is especially marked among older women with

diabetes (age 60 and over). Among this group, it was reported that diabetes is a contributor to

slower walking speed, decreased balance, substandard lower extremity function, and an increased

risk of falling.37,38

Activity Limitation

Women with activity limitation in the past year, by diagnosed diabetes status (left) and gender

(right), 2004

*Estimate for men ages 18-44 did not meet sample size criteria.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 11a and 11b.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than women without diabetes

to report having an activity limitation.

• For the total population and for ages 45-64 and 65 and over, women with diagnosed diabetes

were significantly more likely than men with diagnosed diabetes to report having an activity

limitation.

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes

Age 65+
24 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 25

Diabetes-Specific Preventive Care

Measurement of Hemoglobin A1c

Hemoglobin A1c measures the average level of blood glucose over a 3-month period. The test is

performed to determine whether an individual’s blood glucose is controlled. Good glycemic

control is associated with the delay or prevention of diabetes complications, such as diabetic eye

disease, diabetic kidney disease, and diabetic neurologic disease.39-41

Annual Dilated Eye Examination

Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of new cases of blindness among U.S. adults ages 20-74.1

Previous research has shown that proper screening, referral, and treatment for diabetic retinopathy

would prevent blindness in almost half of those who become blind.42 The ADA recommends that

adults with diabetes receive an annual dilated eye examination.39

Annual Foot Examination

Approximately 50% of all nontraumatic lower extremity amputations occur in people with

diabetes.43 Being an older adult (age 75 and over), male, and African American increases the risk

for diabetes-related lower extremity amputation.43 Appropriate foot care is needed to reduce risk

of morbidity and disability among people with diabetes. The American Diabetes Association

(ADA) recommends that people with diabetes receive a foot exam annually.39
26 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Adults whose hemoglobin A1c level was less than 7.0% (left) or greater than 9.0% (right),

1999-2004

*An estimate was not possible for women ages 18-44.

Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 12 and 13.

• Overall and in each age group, no significant difference was found between women and men

with diagnosed diabetes who had hemoglobin A1c levels less than 7.0%.

• Overall, women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly less likely than men with

diagnosed diabetes to have hemoglobin A1c levels greater than 9.0%.

0

20

40

60

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes

Ages 65+

0

20

40

60

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes

Age 65+
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 27

Adults age 18 and over with diagnosed diabetes who had a hemoglobin A1c measurement (top left),

dilated eye examination (top right), and foot examination (bottom left) in the past year, by gender,

United States, 1999-2004

*Estimates for men ages 18-44 did not meet sample size criteria.

Key: HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 14-17.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women—HbA1c measurement

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Age 65+

Men—HbA1c measurement

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women—Eye examination

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Age 65+

Men—Eye examination

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women—Foot examination

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Age 65+

Men—Foot examination

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women—Receipt of all 3 services

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Age 65+

Men—Receipt of all 3 services
28 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

• Overall and in each age group, similar percentages of women and men with diagnosed

diabetes received a hemoglobin A1c measurement, an eye examination, a foot examination, or

all three services in the past year.

• Less than one-third of the youngest women with diagnosed diabetes, ages 18-44, received all

three services.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 29

Cardiovascular Disease-Specific

Preventive Care

Cholesterol

Managing cholesterol levels (reducing low-density lipoprotein [LDL]) and raising high-density

lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol) has been shown to reduce cardiovascular disease and death among

people with type 2 diabetes.39 The ADA recommends that cholesterol levels be checked in adults

with diabetes at least annually: optimal LDL cholesterol, less than 100 mg/dL; optimal HDL

cholesterol, greater than 40 mg/dL; and optimal triglyceride level, less than 150 mg/dL.39

Women who reported having their cholesterol (lipid profile) checked in the past 2 years, by

diagnosed diabetes status (left) and gender(right), 2004

*Estimate for men ages 18-44 did not meet sample size criteria.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 18a and 18b.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than women without diabetes

to have had a cholesterol check in the past 2 years.

• No significant difference was found between men and women with diagnosed diabetes who

reported that they had a cholesterol check in the past 2 years.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Age 65+

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes
30 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Blood Pressure

High blood pressure is very common in people with diabetes. Hypertension places individuals at

increased risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetic eye disease, and kidney disease.39 The ADA

recommends that blood pressure be checked at every routine diabetes visit.39 In 2004, the

recommended treatment goal was 130 mm Hg/80 mm Hg.39

Women with systolic blood pressure less than 130 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than

80 mm Hg, by diagnosed diabetes status (left) and gender (right) , 1999-2004

Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 19a and 19b.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly less likely than women without diabetes to

have blood pressure less than 130/80 mm Hg.

• No significant difference was found between women and men with diagnosed diabetes who

had blood pressure less than 130/80 mm Hg, either overall or in any age group.

0

20

40

60

80

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

20

40

60

80

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes

Age 65+
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 31

Smoking

Thirteen percent of women with diagnosed diabetes smoke cigarettes, compared with 18.5% of

women in the general population.44,45 People with diabetes who smoke show an increased risk of

complications and death compared with those who do not smoke.39,45 Complications, such as

diabetic nerve damage and kidney disease, are also common among people with diabetes who

smoke.39 The ADA recommends that people with diabetes who smoke receive smoking cessation

counseling.

Women who smoked and received advice to quit smoking in the last 12 months, by diagnosed

diabetes status, 2004

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Table 20.

Note: Estimates were not statistically reliable for adults with diabetes ages 18-44 or age 65 and over, for women with

diagnosed diabetes ages 18-44 or age 65 and over, or for men with diagnosed diabetes ages 18-44 or age 65 and over.

• Among women who smoked, women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely

than those without diabetes to report that they had received advice to quit smoking.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women
32 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 33

Cancer-Specific Care

Colorectal Cancer Screening

Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States.46,47 Diabetes

increases the risk of colorectal cancer among adults.48 Women with type 2 diabetes have higher

rates of colorectal polyps than women without diabetes and increased rates of progression of

polyps to cancer.49 It is recommended that adults age 50 and over be screened for colorectal cancer

regularly.47 Older women (age 65 and over) are less likely than older men to be screened for

colorectal cancer.18

Women age 50 and over who reported they had ever received a colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or

proctoscopy, by diagnosed diabetes status (left) and gender (right), 2005

Source: National Health Interview Survey, 2005.

Appendix table number: Tables 21a and 21b.

• Overall, less than half of women age 50 and over reported that they had ever been screened

for colorectal cancer.

• No significant difference was found between women with and without diagnosed diabetes

who reported ever having been screened for colorectal cancer.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly less likely than men with diagnosed

diabetes to report that they had ever been screened for colorectal cancer by any method, either

overall or at age 75 and over.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 50-64

Ages 65-74

Age 75+

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes
34 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Screening for Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of death in women

in the United States.50 Women with diabetes have a higher risk of developing breast cancer than

women without diabetes.51 The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends mammograms

every one to two years for women age 40 and over; however, previous studies have reported low

rates of mammography use.52 Women with diabetes are less likely to have had a mammogram

than women without diabetes.53 In addition, older women with diabetes are less likely than their

counterparts without diabetes to have recommended preventive services other than for diabetes

care, including mammography, bone density testing, and colorectal cancer screening.54

Women age 40 and over who reported they had a mammogram within the past 2 years, by

diagnosed diabetes status, 2005

Source: National Health Interview Survey, 2005.

Appendix table number: Table 22.

• Overall and in each age group, no significant difference was found between women with and

without diagnosed diabetes who reported having a mammogram within the past 2 years.

• Except for women ages 65-74, the percentages of women who reported having a

mammogram within the past 2 years did not meet the Healthy People 2010 goal of 70%,

most notably among women age 75 and over.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 40-64

Ages 65-74

Age 75+

Women Without Diagnosed Diabetes
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 35

Screening for Cervical Cancer

Between 1970 and 1999, both the incidence of invasive cervical cancer and mortality decreased by

40%.55 This improvement has been attributed to screening using the Pap test. Mortality from

cervical cancer is rare among women of any age who have regular screening. The U.S. Preventive

Services Task Force recommends that all women who are sexually active and have a cervix have a

Pap test.55

Women who reported they had a Pap test within the past 3 years, by diagnosed diabetes status,

2005

Source: National Health Interview Survey, 2005.

Appendix table number: Table 23.

• Overall and in each age group, no significant difference was found between women with and

without diagnosed diabetes who reported that they had a Pap test within the past 3 years.

• Women age 65 and older with and without diagnosed diabetes were significantly less likely

than their younger counterparts to report that they had received a Pap test.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Age 65+

Women Without Diabetes
36 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 37

Immunization

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that almost all people

with diabetes be immunized against influenza annually.56 For pneumococcal vaccination, ACIP

recommends that people be immunized once with a repeat vaccination for people age 65 and over.

People with diabetes are more susceptible to these conditions and their complications than those

without diabetes.56 National surveillance data show that there is no significant sex difference for

coverage of the influenza and pneumoccocal vaccination and that the prevalence of influenza and

pneumococcal vaccination is low among people with diabetes who are younger than age 65.57,58

Women who received an influenza vaccination in the past 12 months, by diagnosed diabetes status

(left) and gender (right), 2005

Source: National Health Interview Survey, 2005.

Appendix table number: Tables 24a and 24b.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than women without diabetes

to have received an influenza vaccination. However, only about half (49.7%) of women with

diagnosed diabetes reported receiving a vaccination.

• At ages 45-64 years, women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than men

with diagnosed diabetes to have received an influenza vaccination. No significant difference

was found between women and men with diagnosed diabetes overall, or in the youngest and

oldest age groups.

• Overall, fewer than 2 out of 5 women and men with diagnosed diabetes younger than age 65

reported receiving an influenza vaccination in the past year.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Age 65+

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes
38 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Women who received a pneumococcal vaccination in the past 12 months, by diagnosed diabetes

status (left) and gender (right), 2005

Source: National Health Interview Survey, 2005.

Appendix table number: Tables 25a and 25b.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than women without diabetes

to have received a pneumococcal vaccination.

• Among adults ages 45-64, women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly more likely than

men with diagnosed diabetes to report having received a pneumococcal vaccination. No

significant differences were found between women and men with diagnosed diabetes in the

age groups 18-44 or 65 and over.

• Overall, fewer than 2 out of 5 women and men with diagnosed diabetes younger than age 65

reported receiving a pneumococcal vaccination.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Age 65+

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 39

Dental Care

Diabetes is an important risk factor for dental complications, such as periodontal disease and tooth

loss.59 Women and men with diagnosed diabetes are less likely than those without diabetes to have

seen a dentist within the preceding 12 months.60 The American Academy of Periodontology

recommends regular dental visits at least once annually for prevention, early detection, and

treatment.61

Women who reported a dental visit in the past year, by diagnosed diabetes status (left) and gender

(right), 2004

*Estimate for men ages 18-44 did not meet sample size criteria.

Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004.

Appendix table number: Tables 26a and 26b.

• Women with diagnosed diabetes were significantly less likely than women without diabetes

to have had a dental visit in the past year.

• No significant difference was found between women and men with diagnosed diabetes who

reported having had a dental visit in the past year, either overall or for adults ages 18-44 or

those age 65 and over. However, among adults ages 45-64, those with diabetes were

significantly less likely than those without diabetes to report a dental visit in the past year

(data not shown).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent

Women With

Diagnosed Diabetes

Women Without Diabetes

All Women

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent

Women With Diagnosed Diabetes

Total

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

Age 65+

Men With Diagnosed Diabetes
40 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 41

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5. The Steering Committee of the National Public Health Initiative on Diabetes and Women’s Health. The evolution of a national public health initiative on diabetes and women’s health: A model process. J Wom Health

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6. Egede LE. Diabetes, major depression, and functional disability among U.S. adults. Diab Care 2004;27:421-8.

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42. Lee PP, Meredith LS, Whitcup SM, et al. A comparison of self-reported utilization of ophthalmic care for diabetes in managed care versus fee-for-service. Retina 1998;18:356-9.

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44 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 45

Appendix B: List of Tables

Table

number Title

Table 1a Adults age 18 and over who have a specific source of ongoing care, by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Table 1b Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who have a specific source of ongoing care, by gender, United States, 2004

Table 2a Adults age 18 and over who have a usual primary care provider, by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Table 2b Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who have a usual primary care provider, by gender, United States, 2004

Table 3a Adults ages 18-64 with any type of insurance during the year, by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Table 3b Adults ages 18-64 with diabetes with any type of insurance during the year, by gender, United States, 2004

Table 4a Adults ages 18-64 with private insurance during the year, by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Table 4b Adults ages 18-64 with diabetes with private insurance during the year, by gender, United States, 2004

Table 5a Adults ages 18-64 with public insurance (no private insurance) during the year, by diagnosed diabetes status,

United States, 2004

Table 5b Adults ages 18-64 with diabetes with public insurance (no private insurance) during the year, by gender,

United States, 2004

Table 6a Adults ages 18-64 with any period of public insurance during the year, by diagnosed diabetes status,

United States, 2004

Table 6b Adults ages 18-64 with diabetes with any period of public insurance during the year, by gender, United States, 2004

Table 7a Adults ages 18-64 uninsured all year, by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Table 7b Adults ages 18-64 with diabetes uninsured all year, by gender, United States, 2004

Table 8a Adults ages 18-64 with any period of uninsurance during the year, by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Table 8b Adults ages 18-64 with diabetes with any period of uninsurance during the year, by gender, United States, 2004

Table 9a Adults age 18 and over who reported an emergency room visit in the past year, by diagnosed diabetes status,

United States, 2004

Table 9b Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who reported an emergency room visit in the past year, by gender,

United States, 2004

Table 10a Adults age 18 and over who usually use public transportation to get to provider, by diagnosed diabetes status,

United States, 2004

Table 10b Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who usually use public transportation to get to provider, by gender,

United States, 2004

Table 11a Adults age 18 and over with activity limitation in the past year, by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Table 11b Adults age 18 and over with diabetes with activity limitation in the past year, by gender, United States, 2004

Table 12 Adults age 18 and over with diabetes whose hemoglobin A1c level was less than 7.0%, by gender,

United States, 1999-2004

Table 13 Adults age 18 and over with diabetes whose hemoglobin A1c level was higher than 9.0%, by gender,

United States, 1999-2004
46 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table

number Title

Table 14 Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who had a hemoglobin A1c measurement in the past year, by gender,

United States, 2004

Table 15 Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who had a dilated eye examination in the past year, by gender,

United States, 2004

Table 16 Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who had a foot examination in the past year, by gender, United States, 2004

Table 17 Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who had a hemoglobin A1c measurement, a dilated eye examination, and a

foot examination in the past year, by gender, United States, 2004

Table 18a Adults age 18 and over who had a lipid profile in the past 2 years, by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Table 18b Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who had a lipid profile in the past 2 years, by gender, United States, 2004

Table 19a Adults age 18 and over with systolic blood pressure less than 130 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than

80 mm Hg, by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 1999-2004

Table 19b Adults age 18 and over with diabetes with systolic blood pressure less than 130 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure

less than 80 mm Hg, by gender, United States, 1999-2004

Table 20 Adults age 18 and over who smoked and received advice to quit smoking in the last 12 months, by diagnosed

diabetes status, United States, 2004

Table 21a Adults age 50 and over who reported they had ever received a colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or proctoscopy, by

diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2005

Table 21b Adults age 50 and over with diabetes who reported they had ever received a colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or

proctoscopy, by gender, United States, 2005

Table 22 Women age 40 and over who reported they had a mammogram within the past 2 years, United States, 2005

Table 23 Women age 18 and over with or without diabetes who reported they had a Pap test within the past 3 years, by

diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2005

Table 24a Adults age 18 and over who received an influenza vaccination in the past 12 months, by diagnosed diabetes status,

United States, 2005

Table 24b Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who received an influenza vaccination in the past 12 months, by gender,

United States, 2005

Table 25a Adults age 18 and over who had ever received a pneumococcal vaccination, by diagnosed diabetes status,

United States, 2005

Table 25b Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who had ever received a pneumococcal vaccination, by gender,

United States, 2005

Table 26a Adults age 18 and over who reported a dental visit in the past year, by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Table 26b Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who reported a dental visit in the past year, by gender, United States, 2004
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 47

Table 1a. Adults age 18 and over who have a specific source of ongoing care,a by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 22,317 214,543 77.1 0.5 1,619 13,807 95.6 0.5 20,698 200,735 75.9 0.5

Age 18-44 11,717 109,822 67.7 0.7 251 2,003 89.4 2.2 11,466 107,819 67.3 0.7

45-64 7,075 69,877 83.6 0.6 728 6,147 95.5 0.8 6,347 63,730 82.5 0.7

65 and over 3,525 34,844 93.9 0.5 640 5,658 97.9 0.6 2,885 29,187 93.1 0.5

Gender Male 10,104 103,302 70.9 0.6 679 6,572 95.3 0.9 9,425 96,729 69.3 0.7

Female 12,213 111,241 82.9 0.5 940 7,235 95.8 0.7 11,273 104,006 82.0 0.5

Race White only 17,544 175,371 78.0 0.5 1,202 10,772 96.0 0.6 16,342 164,599 76.8 0.6

Black only 3,196 24,411 71.5 1.0 315 2,058 94.9 1.3 2,881 22,353 69.3 1.1

Otherc, all races 1,577 14,761 76.2 1.5 102 977 92.7 3.0 1,475 13,784 75.1 1.5

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 16,977 187,427 79.8 0.5 1,252 12,087 96.0 0.6 15,725 175,341 78.7 0.5

Non-Hispanic, 12,414 149,607 81.4 0.5 852 9,135 96.6 0.7 11,562 140,472 80.4 0.6

White

Non-Hispanic, 3,099 23,708 71.7 1.0 308 2,023 95.0 1.3 2,791 21,685 69.5 1.1

Black

Hispanic, all races 5,340 27,116 58.9 1.3 367 1,721 92.7 1.5 4,973 25,395 56.6 1.3

Health Any private 12,007 133,932 79.9 0.5 555 5,671 96.2 0.9 11,452 128,261 79.1 0.6

insurance,

age 18-64

Public only 2,622 16,168 79.2 1.2 287 1,637 92.5 2.0 2,335 14,531 77.7 1.3

Uninsured 4,163 29,598 44.0 1.3 137 841 82.1 3.8 4,026 28,757 42.9 1.3

age 65 Medicare only 1,019 10,022 91.1 1.2 160 1,550 98.8 0.7 859 8,472 89.7 1.4

and over

Medicare and 1,840 20,528 95.6 0.6 301 3,069 98.4 0.8 1,539 17,460 95.1 0.7

private

Medicare and 634 4,045 94.3 1.1 169 965 96.7 1.6 465 3,080 93.6 1.3

other public

Family Negative/poor 3,901 23,169 68.3 1.2 367 1,951 91.8 1.8 3,534 21,218 66.1 1.3

incomeb

Near poor/low 4,932 37,352 72.4 0.9 420 3,321 94.3 1.3 4,512 34,030 70.3 1.0

Middle 6,511 67,979 75.9 0.8 440 3,991 96.4 0.9 6,071 63,989 74.6 0.8

High 6,973 86,043 82.6 0.6 392 4,545 97.5 0.8 6,581 81,498 81.7 0.6

Educationc Less than high 6,106 40,354 71.3 0.8 619 4,066 94.7 0.9 5,487 36,289 68.6 0.9

school

High school 7,039 68,978 76.5 0.6 512 4,881 96.0 0.9 6,527 64,097 75.1 0.7

graduate

At least some 8,992 104,007 79.9 0.6 472 4,760 95.9 0.9 8,520 99,247 79.2 0.7

college

Residence Metropolitan- 12,013 116,368 74.5 0.7 750 6,569 94.7 0.8 11,263 109,799 73.3 0.7

location large

Metropolitan- 6,152 60,913 79.9 0.9 506 4,295 96.0 0.9 5,646 56,617 78.7 0.9

small

Micropolitan 2,603 23,807 80.3 1.5 228 1,868 98.2 0.9 2,375 21,939 78.8 1.6

Noncore 1,549 13,456 81.9 1.7 135 1,076 94.9 2.1 1,414 12,380 80.8 1.9

Preferred Other 4,269 23,410 59.1 1.5 253 1,311 90.7 2.2 4,016 22,099 57.2 1.5

language

English 18,045 191,094 79.4 0.5 1,366 12,496 96.1 0.5 16,679 178,598 78.2 0.5

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below Federal poverty line (FPL); near poor/low, > FPL to just below 200% of FPL; middle, 200% to just below 400% of FPL;

and high, 400% of FPL and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
48 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 1b. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who have a specific source of ongoing care,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,619 13,807 95.6 0.5 940 7,235 95.8 0.7 679 6,572 95.3 0.9

Age 18-44 251 2,003 89.4 2.2 156 1,106 88.9 2.8 ** * *

45-64 728 6,147 95.5 0.8 403 3,057 96.0 1.3 325 3,090 95.0 1.3

65 and over 640 5,658 97.9 0.6 381 3,072 98.1 0.7 259 2,585 97.6 1.0

Race White only 1,202 10,772 96.0 0.6 667 5,441 96.2 0.9 535 5,331 95.7 0.9

Black only 315 2,058 94.9 1.3 216 1,290 94.4 1.7 ** * *

Other 102 977 92.7 3.0 * * * ** * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 1,252 12,087 96.0 0.6 715 6,246 96.1 0.8 537 5,841 95.9 0.9

Non-Hispanic,White 852 9,135 96.6 0.7 454 4,512 96.7 1.0 398 4,623 96.5 1.0

Non-Hispanic, Black 308 2,023 95.0 1.3 210 1,259 94.2 1.8 ** * *

Hispanic, all races 367 1,721 92.7 1.5 225 990 94.2 2.1 142 731 90.7 2.5

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 555 5,671 96.2 0.9 273 2,576 96.0 1.4 282 3,095 96.4 1.1

Public only 287 1,637 92.5 2.0 203 1,109 93.2 2.2 ** * *

Uninsured 137 841 82.1 3.8 * * * ** * * *

age 65 and over Medicare only 160 1,550 98.8 0.7 * * * ** * * *

Medicare and private 301 3,069 98.4 0.8 161 1,525 98.9 0.8 140 1,544 97.9 1.3

Medicare and other public 169 965 96.7 1.6 124 641 97.1 1.8 ** * *

Family incomeb Negative/poor 367 1,951 91.8 1.8 255 1,234 92.5 2.1 112 717 90.7 3.2

Near poor/low 420 3,321 94.3 1.3 261 2,012 95.4 1.5 159 1,310 92.6 2.2

Middle 440 3,991 96.4 0.9 246 2,097 97.5 1.0 194 1,894 95.2 1.7

High 392 4,545 97.5 0.8 178 1,893 96.6 1.7 214 2,652 98.1 0.9

Educationc Less than high school 619 4,066 94.7 0.9 376 2,239 95.9 1.1 243 1,826 93.3 1.7

High school graduate 512 4,881 96.0 0.9 310 2,752 96.0 1.2 202 2,129 96.1 1.4

At least some college 472 4,760 95.9 0.9 245 2,177 95.4 1.4 227 2,582 96.3 1.3

Residence location Metropolitan-large 750 6,569 94.7 0.8 443 3,512 94.6 1.2 307 3,057 94.7 1.4

Metropolitan-small 506 4,295 96.0 0.9 315 2,417 97.0 1.0 191 1,878 94.8 1.7

Micropolitan 228 1,868 98.2 0.9 121 858 98.2 1.1 107 1,010 98.2 1.4

Noncore 135 1,076 94.9 2.1 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 253 1,311 90.7 2.2 151 760 92.4 2.8 102 551 88.3 3.5

English 1,366 12,496 96.1 0.5 789 6,475 96.2 0.8 577 6,021 96.0 0.9

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 49

Table 2a. Adults age 18 and over who have a usual primary care provider,a by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 22,273 214,062 73.5 0.5 1,616 13,780 92.5 0.7 20,657 200,282 72.2 0.6

Age 18-44 11,701 109,654 63.8 0.7 250 1,994 84.6 2.7 11,451 107,660 63.4 0.7

45-64 7,052 69,627 80.2 0.7 727 6,135 92.8 1.1 6,325 63,492 79.0 0.7

65 and over 3,520 34,781 90.7 0.7 639 5,651 95.0 1.0 2,881 29,130 89.9 0.8

Gender Male 10,081 103,025 67.6 0.7 678 6,561 93.3 0.9 9,403 96,465 65.9 0.7

Female 12,192 111,037 78.9 0.5 938 7,219 91.8 1.1 11,254 103,817 78.1 0.6

Race White only 17,508 174,948 74.4 0.6 1,199 10,745 92.8 0.9 16,309 164,203 73.2 0.6

Black only 3,191 24,376 68.0 1.1 315 2,058 91.7 1.9 2,876 22,318 65.8 1.2

Other 1,574 14,738 71.6 1.6 102 977 90.7 3.2 1,472 13,761 70.3 1.6

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 16,936 186,982 76.1 0.5 1,249 12,059 93.0 0.8 15,687 174,922 74.9 0.5

Non-Hispanic,White 12,381 149,219 77.7 0.6 849 9,108 93.5 0.9 11,532 140,111 76.7 0.6

Non-Hispanic, Black 3,094 23,673 68.2 1.1 308 2,023 91.7 1.9 2,786 21,650 66.0 1.2

Hispanic, all races 5,337 27,080 55.9 1.3 367 1,721 89.1 2.2 4,970 25,359 53.6 1.3

Health insurance, Any private 11,975 133,579 76.2 0.6 554 5,662 93.7 1.2 11,421 127,917 75.5 0.6

age 18-64 Public only 2,618 16,127 74.1 1.3 286 1,626 87.6 2.7 2,332 14,501 72.6 1.4

Uninsured 4,160 29,575 40.5 1.3 137 841 76.7 4.6 4,023 28,734 39.5 1.3

age 65 and over Medicare only 1,016 9,977 89.0 1.3 159 1,544 95.7 1.9 857 8,433 87.8 1.4

Medicare and private 1,839 20,515 92.2 0.9 301 3,069 95.4 1.4 1,538 17,447 91.6 1.0

Medicare and other public 633 4,040 89.4 1.8 169 965 94.6 2.2 464 3,075 87.8 2.2

Family incomeb Negative/poor 3,895 23,116 63.9 1.2 366 1,945 87.0 2.4 3,529 21,171 61.8 1.3

Near poor/low 4,924 37,248 68.4 1.0 420 3,321 89.7 1.8 4,504 33,927 66.3 1.1

Middle 6,502 67,901 72.5 0.8 440 3,991 95.4 1.0 6,062 63,911 71.0 0.9

High 6,952 85,796 79.1 0.7 390 4,524 94.4 1.4 6,562 81,273 78.3 0.7

Educationc Less than high school 6,100 40,296 67.3 0.9 618 4,056 91.3 1.3 5,482 36,240 64.6 1.0

High school graduate 7,030 68,890 73.3 0.7 511 4,875 94.0 1.2 6,519 64,016 71.7 0.7

At least some college 8,963 103,672 76.1 0.7 471 4,748 92.0 1.7 8,492 98,924 75.4 0.7

Residence location Metropolitan-large 11,991 116,124 70.8 0.7 749 6,559 91.6 1.2 11,242 109,565 69.5 0.8

Metropolitan-small 6,140 60,766 76.2 0.9 505 4,284 93.2 1.4 5,635 56,482 74.9 0.9

Micropolitan 2,596 23,743 77.0 1.5 227 1,862 94.8 1.5 2,369 21,881 75.5 1.6

Noncore 1,546 13,429 78.6 1.9 135 1,076 91.4 2.7 1,411 12,354 77.4 2.1

Preferred language Other 4,264 23,370 56.2 1.5 253 1,311 89.0 2.3 4,011 22,059 54.2 1.6

English 18,006 190,654 75.6 0.5 1,363 12,469 92.9 0.8 16,643 178,185 74.4 0.6

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below Federal poverty line (FPL); near poor/low, > FPL to just below 200% of FPL; middle, 200% to just below 400% of FPL; and high,

400% of FPL and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
50 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 2b. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who have a usual primary care provider,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,616 13,780 92.5 0.7 938 7,219 91.8 1.1 678 6,561 93.3 0.9

Age 18-44 250 1,994 84.6 2.7 155 1,096 83.1 3.8 * * **

45-64 727 6,135 92.8 1.1 403 3,057 92.1 1.5 324 3,078 93.4 1.5

65 and over 639 5,651 95.0 1.0 380 3,066 94.5 1.4 259 2,585 95.7 1.4

Race White only 1,199 10,745 92.8 0.9 665 5,426 92.0 1.2 534 5,319 93.6 1.0

Black only 315 2,058 91.7 1.9 216 1,290 90.4 2.6 * * **

Other 102 977 90.7 3.2 * * * ** * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 1,249 12,059 93.0 0.8 713 6,230 92.0 1.1 536 5,829 94.1 1.0

Non-Hispanic,White 849 9,108 93.5 0.9 452 4,496 92.5 1.3 397 4,611 94.5 1.1

Non-Hispanic, Black 308 2,023 91.7 1.9 210 1,259 90.1 2.6 * * **

Hispanic, all races 367 1,721 89.1 2.2 225 990 90.3 3.0 142 731 87.6 2.8

Health insurance, Any private 554 5,662 93.7 1.2 272 2,567 92.5 1.8 282 3,095 94.8 1.4

age 18-64 Public only 286 1,626 87.6 2.7 203 1,109 88.4 3.2 * * **

Uninsured 137 841 76.7 4.6 * * * ** * * *

age 65 and over Medicare only 159 1,544 95.7 1.9 * * * ** * * *

Medicare and private 301 3,069 95.4 1.4 161 1,525 95.1 1.8 140 1,544 95.8 2.0

Medicare and other public 169 965 94.6 2.2 124 641 95.4 2.4 * * **

Family incomeb Negative/poor 366 1,945 87.0 2.4 254 1,228 86.1 3.2 112 717 88.6 3.6

Near poor/low 420 3,321 89.7 1.8 261 2,012 90.8 2.2 159 1,310 88.1 2.9

Middle 440 3,991 95.4 1.0 246 2,097 96.6 1.1 194 1,894 94.0 1.7

High 390 4,524 94.4 1.4 177 1,883 91.1 2.5 213 2,641 96.8 1.3

Educationc Less than high school 618 4,056 91.3 1.3 375 2,230 92.0 1.8 243 1,826 90.3 1.9

High school graduate 511 4,875 94.0 1.2 309 2,746 93.6 1.5 202 2,129 94.5 1.8

At least some college 471 4,748 92.0 1.7 245 2,177 88.9 2.5 226 2,571 94.6 1.7

Residence location Metropolitan-large 749 6,559 91.6 1.2 442 3,502 91.0 1.7 307 3,057 92.3 1.6

Metropolitan-small 505 4,284 93.2 1.4 315 2,417 92.6 1.8 190 1,867 94.1 1.8

Micropolitan 227 1,862 94.8 1.5 120 852 94.0 2.8 107 1,010 95.4 1.9

Noncore 135 1,076 91.4 2.7 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 253 1,311 89.0 2.3 151 760 90.2 3.1 102 551 87.4 3.5

English 1,363 12,469 92.9 0.8 787 6,460 91.9 1.1 576 6,009 93.9 1.0

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle, 200 percent to just

below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 51

Table 3a. Adults age 18-64 with any type of insurance during the year,a by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 19,181 183,361 83.3 0.5 971 8,088 89.6 1.1 18,210 175,273 83.0 0.5

Age 18-44 11,901 111,437 80.5 0.6 241 1,940 82.0 2.9 11,660 109,497 80.5 0.6

45-64 7,280 71,924 87.5 0.5 730 6,147 92.0 1.1 6,550 65,776 87.0 0.6

Gender Male 8,917 90,530 80.3 0.6 414 3,938 90.8 1.4 8,503 86,591 79.8 0.6

Female 10,264 92,831 86.2 0.5 557 4,150 88.5 1.5 9,707 88,682 86.1 0.5

Race White only 14,898 147,755 83.7 0.5 698 6,158 89.5 1.3 14,200 141,597 83.5 0.5

Black only 2,850 22,229 79.9 1.2 204 1,285 89.0 2.9 2,646 20,944 79.4 1.2

Other 1,433 13,376 83.3 1.5 ** ** 1,364 12,732 82.9 1.5

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 14,181 157,802 86.6 0.5 730 6,971 91.6 1.1 13,451 150,831 86.4 0.5

Non-Hispanic,White 10,097 123,476 88.0 0.5 471 5,108 92.3 1.3 9,626 118,368 87.8 0.5

Non-Hispanic, Black 2,761 21,581 80.3 1.2 199 1,263 88.8 3.0 2,562 20,318 79.8 1.2

Hispanic, all races 5,000 25,559 62.4 1.2 241 1,117 77.4 3.6 4,759 24,442 61.8 1.3

Family incomeb Negative/poor 3,395 20,380 63.2 1.2 231 1,280 80.9 3.8 3,164 19,100 62.0 1.3

Near poor/low 4,099 28,442 68.3 1.1 227 1,540 79.8 3.2 3,872 26,902 67.6 1.2

Middle 5,577 58,432 84.0 0.7 255 2,251 91.5 1.9 5,322 56,181 83.6 0.7

High 6,110 76,107 93.7 0.4 258 3,018 96.9 0.9 5,852 73,090 93.5 0.4

Educationc Less than high school 5,072 32,617 68.2 1.0 340 2,034 82.2 2.4 4,732 30,583 67.2 1.0

High school graduate 6,012 57,784 81.7 0.7 317 3,023 90.1 2.0 5,695 54,761 81.3 0.7

At least some college 7,939 91,922 89.8 0.5 306 2,990 94.2 1.1 7,633 88,932 89.6 0.5

Residence location Metropolitan-large 10,636 102,358 83.0 0.6 450 3,808 90.8 1.4 10,186 98,550 82.7 0.7

Metropolitan-small 5,163 50,908 85.2 0.9 288 2,461 91.6 1.9 4,875 48,447 84.9 0.9

Micropolitan 2,095 19,001 81.8 1.6 132 1,037 84.3 3.5 1,963 17,964 81.7 1.7

Noncore 1,287 11,094 79.2 1.6 101 782 84.4 3.6 1,186 10,312 78.8 1.7

Preferred language Other 3,911 21,279 60.5 1.5 160 782 75.0 4.3 3,751 20,497 60.0 1.5

English 15,148 160,896 86.5 0.5 811 7,306 91.2 1.1 14,337 153,590 86.3 0.5

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
52 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 3b. Adults age 18-64 with diabetes with any type of insurance during the year,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 971 8,088 89.6 1.1 557 4,150 88.5 1.5 414 3,938 90.8 1.4

Age 18-44 241 1,940 82.0 2.9 148 1,055 83.4 3.5 * * **

45-64 730 6,147 92.0 1.1 409 3,095 90.2 1.7 321 3,053 93.8 1.3

Race White only 698 6,158 89.5 1.3 378 3,007 87.2 1.9 320 3,152 91.7 1.6

Black only 204 1,285 89.0 2.9 142 841 91.8 2.6 * * **

Other * * * * * * * ** * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 730 6,971 91.6 1.1 418 3,528 90.2 1.6 312 3,443 92.9 1.4

Non-Hispanic,White 471 5,108 92.3 1.3 248 2,428 89.7 2.1 223 2,679 94.7 1.5

Non-Hispanic, Black 199 1,263 88.8 3.0 138 822 91.6 2.7 * * **

Hispanic, all races 241 1,117 77.4 3.6 139 622 78.7 4.7 102 495 75.8 5.4

Family incomeb Negative/poor 231 1,280 80.9 3.8 155 761 85.9 3.7 * * **

Near poor/low 227 1,540 79.8 3.2 137 884 80.6 4.2 * * **

Middle 255 2,251 91.5 1.9 147 1,228 90.1 2.8 108 1,023 93.2 2.3

High 258 3,018 96.9 0.9 118 1,276 93.9 2.0 140 1,742 99.0 0.5

Educationc Less than high school 340 2,034 82.2 2.4 192 999 81.9 3.7 148 1,035 82.4 3.0

High school graduate 317 3,023 90.1 2.0 191 1,686 90.6 2.6 126 1,337 89.4 3.0

At least some college 306 2,990 94.2 1.1 169 1,437 90.4 2.1 137 1,554 97.7 1.0

Residence location Metropolitan-large 450 3,808 90.8 1.4 258 1,975 89.0 2.0 192 1,833 92.8 1.8

Metropolitan-small 288 2,461 91.6 1.9 182 1,382 90.6 2.5 106 1,078 92.9 2.3

Micropolitan 132 1,037 84.3 3.5 * * * ** * * *

Noncore 101 782 84.4 3.6 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 160 782 75.0 4.3 * * * ** * * *

English 811 7,306 91.2 1.1 465 3,727 89.6 1.5 346 3,579 92.8 1.4

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle, 200 percent to just

below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 53

Table 4a. Adults age 18-64 with private insurance during the year,a by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 19,181 183,361 74.3 0.6 971 8,088 69.6 1.8 18,210 175,273 74.5 0.6

Age 18-44 11,901 111,437 71.2 0.8 241 1,940 63.1 3.8 11,660 109,497 71.4 0.8

45-64 7,280 71,924 78.9 0.7 730 6,147 71.6 2.1 6,550 65,776 79.6 0.7

Gender Male 8,917 90,530 73.4 0.7 414 3,938 77.7 2.1 8,503 86,591 73.2 0.7

Female 10,264 92,831 75.1 0.7 557 4,150 61.9 2.5 9,707 88,682 75.7 0.7

Race White only 14,898 147,755 76.1 0.7 698 6,158 72.7 2.0 14,200 141,597 76.3 0.7

Black only 2,850 22,229 62.6 1.6 204 1,285 56.2 5.2 2,646 20,944 62.9 1.6

Other 1,433 13,376 72.9 1.9 * * ** 1,364 12,732 73.3 1.9

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 14,181 157,802 78.4 0.6 730 6,971 73.3 1.9 13,451 150,831 78.6 0.6

Non-Hispanic,White 10,097 123,476 81.5 0.6 471 5,108 78.4 2.0 9,626 118,368 81.7 0.6

Non-Hispanic, Black 2,761 21,581 63.0 1.6 199 1,263 55.6 5.3 2,562 20,318 63.5 1.6

Hispanic, all races 5,000 25,559 48.8 1.4 241 1,117 46.4 4.0 4,759 24,442 48.9 1.4

Family incomeb Negative/poor 3,395 20,380 24.1 1.1 231 1,280 18.9 4.5 3,164 19,100 24.5 1.1

Near poor/low 4,099 28,442 51.0 1.3 227 1,540 45.1 3.7 3,872 26,902 51.4 1.3

Middle 5,577 58,432 78.7 0.8 255 2,251 81.3 2.5 5,322 56,181 78.6 0.9

High 6,110 76,107 92.9 0.4 258 3,018 94.8 1.3 5,852 73,090 92.8 0.5

Educationc Less than high school 5,072 32,617 46.5 1.1 340 2,034 42.1 3.7 4,732 30,583 46.8 1.2

High school graduate 6,012 57,784 71.3 0.9 317 3,023 73.8 2.7 5,695 54,761 71.1 0.9

At least some college 7,939 91,922 86.2 0.5 306 2,990 84.3 2.0 7,633 88,932 86.2 0.5

Residence location Metropolitan-large 10,636 102,358 74.4 0.8 450 3,808 70.2 2.7 10,186 98,550 74.6 0.8

Metropolitan-small 5,163 50,908 76.6 1.2 288 2,461 72.7 3.0 4,875 48,447 76.8 1.2

Micropolitan 2,095 19,001 71.5 2.2 132 1,037 65.2 5.1 1,963 17,964 71.9 2.2

Noncore 1,287 11,094 66.9 2.3 101 782 62.7 5.0 1,186 10,312 67.2 2.3

Preferred language Other 3,911 21,279 47.1 1.6 160 782 49.4 4.9 3,751 20,497 47.0 1.6

English 15,148 160,896 78.2 0.6 811 7,306 71.7 1.9 14,337 153,590 78.5 0.6

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
54 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 4b. Adults age 18-64 with diabetes with private insurance during the year,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 971 8,088 69.6 1.8 557 4,150 61.9 2.5 414 3,938 77.7 2.1

Age 18-44 241 1,940 63.1 3.8 148 1,055 60.0 4.8 * * **

45-64 730 6,147 71.6 2.1 409 3,095 62.5 2.8 321 3,053 80.8 2.3

Race White only 698 6,158 72.7 2.0 378 3,007 65.4 3.0 320 3,152 79.6 2.3

Black only 204 1,285 56.2 5.2 142 841 50.8 6.2 * * **

Other * * * * * * * ** * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 730 6,971 73.3 1.9 418 3,528 64.8 2.7 312 3,443 82.0 2.1

Non-Hispanic,White 471 5,108 78.4 2.0 248 2,428 70.7 3.2 223 2,679 85.5 2.2

Non-Hispanic, Black 199 1,263 55.6 5.3 138 822 50.0 6.3 * * **

Hispanic, all races 241 1,117 46.4 4.0 139 622 45.4 5.9 102 495 47.8 5.8

Family incomeb Negative/poor 231 1,280 18.9 4.5 * * * ** * * *

Near poor/low 227 1,540 45.1 3.7 137 884 40.3 4.9 * * **

Middle 255 2,251 81.3 2.5 147 1,228 76.1 3.6 108 1,023 87.6 3.1

High 258 3,018 94.8 1.3 118 1,276 91.8 2.4 140 1,742 97.0 1.3

Educationc Less than high school 340 2,034 42.1 3.7 192 999 32.1 4.8 148 1,035 51.6 4.7

High school graduate 317 3,023 73.8 2.7 191 1,686 69.5 3.8 126 1,337 79.3 3.6

At least some college 306 2,990 84.3 2.0 169 1,437 73.9 3.6 137 1,554 93.8 1.7

Residence location Metropolitan-large 450 3,808 70.2 2.7 258 1,975 60.0 3.8 192 1,833 81.1 2.8

Metropolitan-small 288 2,461 72.7 3.0 182 1,382 67.0 4.3 106 1,078 80.0 3.2

Micropolitan 132 1,037 65.2 5.1 * * * ** * * *

Noncore 101 782 62.7 5.0 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 160 782 49.4 4.9 * * * ** * * *

English 811 7,306 71.7 1.9 465 3,727 63.0 2.7 346 3,579 80.8 2.1

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle, 200 percent to just

below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 55

Table 5a. Adults age 18-64 with public insurance (no private insurance) during the year,a by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 19,181 183,361 9.0 0.3 971 8,088 20.0 1.6 18,210 175,273 8.5 0.3

Age 18-44 11,901 111,437 9.3 0.4 241 1,940 18.9 3.2 11,660 109,497 9.1 0.4

45-64 7,280 71,924 8.5 0.4 730 6,147 20.4 1.8 6,550 65,776 7.4 0.4

Gender Male 8,917 90,530 6.8 0.3 414 3,938 13.1 1.7 8,503 86,591 6.6 0.3

Female 10,264 92,831 11.1 0.4 557 4,150 26.6 2.3 9,707 88,682 10.4 0.4

Race White only 14,898 147,755 7.6 0.3 698 6,158 16.8 1.6 14,200 141,597 7.2 0.3

Black only 2,850 22,229 17.4 1.1 204 1,285 32.8 4.7 2,646 20,944 16.5 1.1

Other 1,433 13,376 10.4 1.2 * * ** 1,364 12,732 9.7 1.2

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 14,181 157,802 8.3 0.3 730 6,971 18.3 1.7 13,451 150,831 7.8 0.3

Non-Hispanic,White 10,097 123,476 6.5 0.3 471 5,108 13.8 1.6 9,626 118,368 6.2 0.3

Non-Hispanic, Black 2,761 21,581 17.3 1.2 199 1,263 33.2 4.8 2,562 20,318 16.3 1.2

Hispanic, all races 5,000 25,559 13.6 0.8 241 1,117 31.0 4.0 4,759 24,442 12.8 0.7

Family incomeb Negative/poor 3,395 20,380 39.1 1.2 231 1,280 62.0 4.8 3,164 19,100 37.6 1.2

Near poor/low 4,099 28,442 17.3 0.8 227 1,540 34.7 3.6 3,872 26,902 16.3 0.8

Middle 5,577 58,432 5.2 0.4 255 2,251 10.2 1.8 5,322 56,181 5.0 0.4

High 6,110 76,107 0.8 0.1 * * ** 5,852 73,090 0.7 0.1

Educationc Less than high school 5,072 32,617 21.7 0.9 340 2,034 40.1 3.7 4,732 30,583 20.4 0.8

High school graduate 6,012 57,784 10.4 0.5 317 3,023 16.2 2.1 5,695 54,761 10.1 0.5

At least some college 7,939 91,922 3.6 0.2 306 2,990 9.9 1.7 7,633 88,932 3.4 0.2

Residence location Metropolitan-large 10,636 102,358 8.6 0.4 450 3,808 20.7 2.4 10,186 98,550 8.1 0.4

Metropolitan-small 5,163 50,908 8.7 0.6 288 2,461 18.9 2.7 4,875 48,447 8.1 0.6

Micropolitan 2,095 19,001 10.3 1.1 132 1,037 19.0 3.7 1,963 17,964 9.8 1.1

Noncore 1,287 11,094 12.3 1.4 101 782 21.7 5.3 1,186 10,312 11.6 1.2

Preferred language Other 3,911 21,279 13.5 0.9 160 782 25.7 4.0 3,751 20,497 13.0 0.9

English 15,148 160,896 8.3 0.3 811 7,306 19.4 1.7 14,337 153,590 7.8 0.3

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
56 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 5b. Adults age 18-64 with diabetes with public insurance (no private insurance) during the year,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 971 8,088 20.0 1.6 557 4,150 26.6 2.3 414 3,938 13.1 1.7

Age 18-44 241 1,940 18.9 3.2 148 1,055 23.5 4.0 * * **

45-64 730 6,147 20.4 1.8 409 3,095 27.7 2.6 321 3,053 12.9 1.8

Race White only 698 6,158 16.8 1.6 378 3,007 21.8 2.4 320 3,152 12.1 1.7

Black only 204 1,285 32.8 4.7 142 841 41.0 5.8 * * **

Other * * * ** * * * * * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 730 6,971 18.3 1.7 418 3,528 25.5 2.5 312 3,443 10.9 1.7

Non-Hispanic,White 471 5,108 13.8 1.6 248 2,428 19.0 2.6 223 2,679 9.2 1.7

Non-Hispanic, Black 199 1,263 33.2 4.8 138 822 41.6 5.9 * * **

Hispanic, all races 241 1,117 31.0 4.0 139 622 33.3 5.2 102 495 28.0 6.3

Family incomeb Negative/poor 231 1,280 62.0 4.8 155 761 72.2 5.1 * * **

Near poor/low 227 1,540 34.7 3.6 137 884 40.3 5.1 * * **

Middle 255 2,251 10.2 1.8 147 1,228 14.0 2.9 * * **

High * * * ** * * * * * * *

Educationc Less than high school 340 2,034 40.1 3.7 192 999 49.8 5.1 148 1,035 30.8 4.7

High school graduate 317 3,023 16.2 2.1 191 1,686 21.1 3.1 126 1,337 10.1 2.4

At least some college 306 2,990 9.9 1.7 169 1,437 16.5 3.1 * * **

Residence location Metropolitan-large 450 3,808 20.7 2.4 258 1,975 29.0 3.5 192 1,833 11.7 2.4

Metropolitan-small 288 2,461 18.9 2.7 182 1,382 23.6 3.8 106 1,078 12.9 3.1

Micropolitan 132 1,037 19.0 3.7 * * * ** * * *

Noncore 101 782 21.7 5.3 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 160 782 25.7 4.0 * * * ** * * *

English 811 7,306 19.4 1.7 465 3,727 26.6 2.5 346 3,579 12.0 1.7

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle, 200 percent to just

below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 57

Table 6a. Adults age 18-64 with any period of public insurance during the year,a by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 19,181 183,361 11.4 0.4 971 8,088 24.8 1.8 18,210 175,273 10.8 0.4

Age 18-44 11,901 111,437 11.7 0.5 241 1,940 25.0 3.6 11,660 109,497 11.5 0.5

45-64 7,280 71,924 11.0 0.5 730 6,147 24.8 1.9 6,550 65,776 9.7 0.4

Gender Male 8,917 90,530 8.7 0.4 414 3,938 18.0 2.1 8,503 86,591 8.2 0.4

Female 10,264 92,831 14.1 0.5 557 4,150 31.3 2.4 9,707 88,682 13.3 0.5

Race White only 14,898 147,755 9.7 0.4 698 6,158 21.1 1.9 14,200 141,597 9.2 0.4

Black only 2,850 22,229 21.0 1.2 204 1,285 40.1 4.9 2,646 20,944 19.9 1.1

Other 1,433 13,376 13.8 1.4 * * ** 1,364 12,732 13.0 1.3

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 14,181 157,802 10.8 0.4 730 6,971 23.4 1.9 13,451 150,831 10.2 0.4

Non-Hispanic,White 10,097 123,476 8.7 0.4 471 5,108 18.5 1.9 9,626 118,368 8.3 0.4

Non-Hispanic, Black 2,761 21,581 20.9 1.2 199 1,263 40.2 5.0 2,562 20,318 19.7 1.2

Hispanic, all races 5,000 25,559 15.4 0.8 241 1,117 33.6 4.3 4,759 24,442 14.6 0.8

Family incomeb Negative/poor 3,395 20,380 43.7 1.3 231 1,280 66.8 4.6 3,164 19,100 42.2 1.3

Near poor/low 4,099 28,442 22.0 0.9 227 1,540 45.1 3.9 3,872 26,902 20.6 0.9

Middle 5,577 58,432 7.5 0.5 255 2,251 17.1 2.5 5,322 56,181 7.1 0.5

High 6,110 76,107 1.9 0.2 * * ** 5,852 73,090 1.8 0.2

Educationc Less than high school 5,072 32,617 25.0 0.9 340 2,034 44.0 3.7 4,732 30,583 23.7 0.9

High school graduate 6,012 57,784 13.4 0.6 317 3,023 20.9 2.6 5,695 54,761 13.0 0.6

At least some college 7,939 91,922 5.3 0.3 306 2,990 15.5 2.2 7,633 88,932 5.0 0.3

Residence location Metropolitan-large 10,636 102,358 10.6 0.5 450 3,808 24.6 2.5 10,186 98,550 10.1 0.5

Metropolitan-small 5,163 50,908 11.2 0.8 288 2,461 25.4 3.5 4,875 48,447 10.5 0.7

Micropolitan 2,095 19,001 13.5 1.1 132 1,037 20.8 3.9 1,963 17,964 13.1 1.1

Noncore 1,287 11,094 16.0 1.5 101 782 29.3 5.7 1,186 10,312 15.0 1.5

Preferred language Other 3,911 21,279 15.5 1.0 160 782 28.5 4.5 3,751 20,497 15.0 0.9

English 15,148 160,896 10.8 0.4 811 7,306 24.4 2.0 14,337 153,590 10.1 0.3

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle, 200 percent to just

below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
58 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 6b. Adults age 18-64 with diabetes with any period of public insurance during the year,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 971 8,088 24.8 1.8 557 4,150 31.3 2.4 414 3,938 18.0 2.1

Age 18-44 241 1,940 25.0 3.6 148 1,055 29.7 4.3 * * **

45-64 730 6,147 24.8 1.9 409 3,095 31.8 2.7 321 3,053 17.6 2.2

Race White only 698 6,158 21.1 1.9 378 3,007 25.5 2.5 320 3,152 17.0 2.4

Black only 204 1,285 40.1 4.9 142 841 47.9 6.0 * * **

Other * * * ** * * * * * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 730 6,971 23.4 1.9 418 3,528 30.2 2.6 312 3,443 16.4 2.1

Non-Hispanic,White 471 5,108 18.5 1.9 248 2,428 22.7 2.8 223 2,679 14.7 2.3

Non-Hispanic, Black 199 1,263 40.2 5.0 138 822 48.2 6.1 * * **

Hispanic, all races 241 1,117 33.6 4.3 139 622 37.1 5.4 102 495 29.3 6.4

Family incomeb Negative/poor 231 1,280 66.8 4.6 155 761 76.3 5.0 * * **

Near poor/low 227 1,540 45.1 3.9 137 884 49.0 5.4 * * **

Middle 255 2,251 17.1 2.5 147 1,228 19.9 3.6 108 1,023 13.7 3.6

High * * * ** * * * * * * *

Educationc Less than high school 340 2,034 44.0 3.7 192 999 53.7 5.1 148 1,035 34.7 4.9

High school graduate 317 3,023 20.9 2.6 191 1,686 25.4 3.4 126 1,337 15.3 3.3

At least some college 306 2,990 15.5 2.2 169 1,437 22.0 3.6 137 1,554 9.4 2.3

Residence location Metropolitan-large 450 3,808 24.6 2.5 258 1,975 32.7 3.6 192 1,833 16.0 2.8

Metropolitan-small 288 2,461 25.4 3.5 182 1,382 31.1 4.5 106 1,078 18.1 4.6

Micropolitan 132 1,037 20.8 3.9 * * * ** * * *

Noncore 101 782 29.3 5.7 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 160 782 28.5 4.5 * * * ** * * *

English 811 7,306 24.4 2.0 465 3,727 31.4 2.6 346 3,579 17.2 2.3

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 59

Table 7a. Adults age 18-64 uninsured all year,a by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 19,181 183,361 16.7 0.5 971 8,088 10.4 1.1 18,210 175,273 17.0 0.5

Age 18-44 11,901 111,437 19.5 0.6 241 1,940 18.0 2.9 11,660 109,497 19.5 0.6

45-64 7,280 71,924 12.5 0.5 730 6,147 8.0 1.1 6,550 65,776 13.0 0.6

Gender Male 8,917 90,530 19.7 0.6 414 3,938 9.2 1.4 8,503 86,591 20.2 0.6

Female 10,264 92,831 13.8 0.5 557 4,150 11.5 1.5 9,707 88,682 13.9 0.5

Race White only 14,898 147,755 16.3 0.5 698 6,158 10.5 1.3 14,200 141,597 16.5 0.5

Black only 2,850 22,229 20.1 1.2 204 1,285 11.0 2.9 2,646 20,944 20.6 1.2

Other 1,433 13,376 16.7 1.5 * * ** 1,364 12,732 17.1 1.5

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 14,181 157,802 13.4 0.5 730 6,971 8.4 1.1 13,451 150,831 13.6 0.5

Non-Hispanic,White 10,097 123,476 12.0 0.5 471 5,108 7.7 1.3 9,626 118,368 12.2 0.5

Non-Hispanic, Black 2,761 21,581 19.7 1.2 199 1,263 11.2 3.0 2,562 20,318 20.2 1.2

Hispanic, all races 5,000 25,559 37.6 1.2 241 1,117 22.6 3.6 4,759 24,442 38.2 1.3

Family incomeb Negative/poor 3,395 20,380 36.8 1.2 231 1,280 19.1 3.8 3,164 19,100 38.0 1.3

Near poor/low 4,099 28,442 31.7 1.1 227 1,540 20.2 3.2 3,872 26,902 32.4 1.2

Middle 5,577 58,432 16.0 0.7 255 2,251 8.5 1.9 5,322 56,181 16.4 0.7

High 6,110 76,107 6.3 0.4 258 3,018 3.1 0.9 5,852 73,090 6.5 0.4

Educationc Less than high school 5,072 32,617 31.8 1.0 340 2,034 17.8 2.4 4,732 30,583 32.8 1.0

High school graduate 6,012 57,784 18.3 0.7 317 3,023 9.9 2.0 5,695 54,761 18.7 0.7

At least some college 7,939 91,922 10.2 0.5 306 2,990 5.8 1.1 7,633 88,932 10.4 0.5

Residence location Metropolitan-large 10,636 102,358 17.0 0.6 450 3,808 9.2 1.4 10,186 98,550 17.3 0.7

Metropolitan-small 5,163 50,908 14.8 0.9 288 2,461 8.4 1.9 4,875 48,447 15.1 0.9

Micropolitan 2,095 19,001 18.2 1.6 132 1,037 15.7 3.5 1,963 17,964 18.3 1.7

Noncore 1,287 11,094 20.8 1.6 101 782 15.6 3.6 1,186 10,312 21.2 1.7

Preferred language Other 3,911 21,279 39.5 1.5 160 782 25.0 4.3 3,751 20,497 40.0 1.5

English 15,148 160,896 13.5 0.5 811 7,306 8.8 1.1 14,337 153,590 13.7 0.5

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
60 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 7b. Adults age 18-64 with diabetes uninsured all year,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 971 8,088 10.4 1.1 557 4,150 11.5 1.5 414 3,938 9.2 1.4

Age 18-44 241 1,940 18.0 2.9 148 1,055 16.6 3.5 * * **

45-64 730 6,147 8.0 1.1 409 3,095 9.8 1.7 321 3,053 6.2 1.3

Race White only 698 6,158 10.5 1.3 378 3,007 12.8 1.9 320 3,152 8.3 1.6

Black only 204 1,285 11.0 2.9 * * * ** * * *

Other * * * ** * * * * * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 730 6,971 8.4 1.1 418 3,528 9.8 1.6 312 3,443 7.1 1.4

Non-Hispanic,White 471 5,108 7.7 1.3 248 2,428 10.3 2.1 223 2,679 5.3 1.5

Non-Hispanic, Black 199 1,263 11.2 3.0 * * * ** * * *

Hispanic, all races 241 1,117 22.6 3.6 139 622 21.3 4.7 102 495 24.2 5.4

Family incomeb Negative/poor 231 1,280 19.1 3.8 155 761 14.1 3.7 * * **

Near poor/low 227 1,540 20.2 3.2 137 884 19.4 4.2 * * **

Middle 255 2,251 8.5 1.9 147 1,228 9.9 2.8 * * **

High 258 3,018 3.1 0.9 * * * ** * * *

Educationc Less than high school 340 2,034 17.8 2.4 192 999 18.1 3.7 148 1,035 17.6 3.0

High school graduate 317 3,023 9.9 2.0 191 1,686 9.4 2.6 126 1,337 10.6 3.0

At least some college 306 2,990 5.8 1.1 169 1,437 9.6 2.1 * * **

Residence location Metropolitan-large 450 3,808 9.2 1.4 258 1,975 11.0 2.0 192 1,833 7.2 1.8

Metropolitan-small 288 2,461 8.4 1.9 182 1,382 9.4 2.5 * * **

Micropolitan 132 1,037 15.7 3.5 * * * ** * * *

Noncore 101 782 15.6 3.6 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 160 782 25.0 4.3 * * * ** * * *

English 811 7,306 8.8 1.1 465 3,727 10.4 1.5 346 3,579 7.2 1.4

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 61

Table 8a. Adults age 18-64 with any period of uninsurance during the year,a by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 19,181 183,361 28.8 0.6 971 8,088 19.1 1.4 18,210 175,273 29.2 0.6

Age 18-44 11,901 111,437 34.4 0.7 241 1,940 31.6 3.9 11,660 109,497 34.4 0.7

45-64 7,280 71,924 20.1 0.7 730 6,147 15.1 1.5 6,550 65,776 20.6 0.7

Gender Male 8,917 90,530 31.5 0.7 414 3,938 18.0 2.2 8,503 86,591 32.2 0.7

Female 10,264 92,831 26.1 0.6 557 4,150 20.1 1.8 9,707 88,682 26.4 0.6

Race White only 14,898 147,755 27.7 0.6 698 6,158 19.1 1.7 14,200 141,597 28.1 0.6

Black only 2,850 22,229 35.6 1.4 204 1,285 20.6 3.8 2,646 20,944 36.6 1.5

Other 1,433 13,376 28.8 1.8 * * ** 1,364 12,732 29.4 1.9

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 14,181 157,802 25.1 0.6 730 6,971 16.3 1.6 13,451 150,831 25.5 0.6

Non-Hispanic,White 10,097 123,476 23.1 0.6 471 5,108 15.5 1.8 9,626 118,368 23.4 0.6

Non-Hispanic, Black 2,761 21,581 35.1 1.4 199 1,263 20.3 3.8 2,562 20,318 36.0 1.5

Hispanic, all races 5,000 25,559 51.4 1.4 241 1,117 36.3 3.8 4,759 24,442 52.1 1.4

Family incomeb Negative/poor 3,395 20,380 55.9 1.3 231 1,280 33.4 4.5 3,164 19,100 57.4 1.4

Near poor/low 4,099 28,442 50.2 1.1 227 1,540 33.6 4.0 3,872 26,902 51.1 1.2

Middle 5,577 58,432 29.6 0.9 255 2,251 17.9 2.7 5,322 56,181 30.1 0.9

High 6,110 76,107 12.9 0.6 258 3,018 6.5 1.5 5,852 73,090 13.1 0.6

Educationc Less than high school 5,072 32,617 48.2 1.0 340 2,034 30.2 2.8 4,732 30,583 49.4 1.0

High school graduate 6,012 57,784 31.5 0.9 317 3,023 18.8 2.7 5,695 54,761 32.1 0.9

At least some college 7,939 91,922 20.0 0.6 306 2,990 11.7 1.7 7,633 88,932 20.3 0.6

Residence location Metropolitan-large 10,636 102,358 29.0 0.7 450 3,808 18.5 2.2 10,186 98,550 29.4 0.7

Metropolitan-small 5,163 50,908 27.2 1.1 288 2,461 17.5 2.7 4,875 48,447 27.7 1.1

Micropolitan 2,095 19,001 29.8 1.9 132 1,037 22.5 3.8 1,963 17,964 30.2 2.0

Noncore 1,287 11,094 32.0 2.2 101 782 22.4 3.5 1,186 10,312 32.7 2.3

Preferred language Other 3,911 21,279 53.8 1.5 160 782 36.0 4.7 3,751 20,497 54.5 1.5

English 15,148 160,896 25.3 0.6 811 7,306 17.3 1.5 14,337 153,590 25.7 0.6

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
62 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 8b. Adults age 18-64 with diabetes with any period of uninsurance during the year,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 971 8,088 19.1 1.4 557 4,150 20.1 1.8 414 3,938 18.0 2.2

Age 18-44 241 1,940 31.6 3.9 148 1,055 30.2 4.5 * * **

45-64 730 6,147 15.1 1.5 409 3,095 16.6 2.1 321 3,053 13.6 2.0

Race White only 698 6,158 19.1 1.7 378 3,007 22.2 2.3 320 3,152 16.2 2.5

Black only 204 1,285 20.6 3.8 142 841 16.9 3.4 * * **

Other * * * ** * * * * * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 730 6,971 16.3 1.6 418 3,528 17.0 2.0 312 3,443 15.6 2.3

Non-Hispanic,White 471 5,108 15.5 1.8 248 2,428 18.1 2.7 223 2,679 13.2 2.6

Non-Hispanic, Black 199 1,263 20.3 3.8 138 822 16.8 3.5 * * **

Hispanic, all races 241 1,117 36.3 3.8 139 622 37.4 5.3 102 495 35.0 5.7

Family incomeb Negative/poor 231 1,280 33.4 4.5 155 761 24.9 4.4 * * **

Near poor/low 227 1,540 33.6 4.0 137 884 35.1 5.1 * * **

Middle 255 2,251 17.9 2.7 147 1,228 18.9 3.6 108 1,023 16.7 4.0

High 258 3,018 6.5 1.5 118 1,276 7.9 2.3 * * **

Educationc Less than high school 340 2,034 30.2 2.8 192 999 30.2 3.9 148 1,035 30.1 4.0

High school graduate 317 3,023 18.8 2.7 191 1,686 17.9 3.2 126 1,337 20.0 4.4

At least some college 306 2,990 11.7 1.7 169 1,437 15.6 2.7 137 1,554 8.1 2.2

Residence location Metropolitan-large 450 3,808 18.5 2.2 258 1,975 20.4 2.6 192 1,833 16.5 3.3

Metropolitan-small 288 2,461 17.5 2.7 182 1,382 17.6 3.1 106 1,078 17.3 4.5

Micropolitan 132 1,037 22.5 3.8 * * * ** * * *

Noncore 101 782 22.4 3.5 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 160 782 36.0 4.7 * * * ** * * *

English 811 7,306 17.3 1.5 465 3,727 19.4 1.9 346 3,579 15.1 2.1

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 63

Table 9a. Adults age 18 and over who reported an emergency room visit in the past year,a by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 22,928 220,403 14.5 0.3 1,620 13,810 23.0 1.3 21,308 206,593 13.9 0.3

Age 18-44 11,901 111,437 13.5 0.4 241 1,940 26.5 3.7 11,660 109,497 13.3 0.4

45-64 7,280 71,924 12.5 0.5 730 6,147 21.1 1.8 6,550 65,776 11.6 0.5

65 and over 3,747 37,042 21.4 0.8 649 5,722 23.9 2.0 3,098 31,320 21.0 0.9

Gender Male 10,441 106,571 13.2 0.5 680 6,575 22.1 2.1 9,761 99,996 12.6 0.4

Female 12,487 113,832 15.7 0.4 940 7,235 23.9 1.6 11,547 106,596 15.2 0.4

Race White only 18,010 179,963 14.3 0.4 1,203 10,775 22.9 1.5 16,807 169,188 13.7 0.4

Black only 3,310 25,367 18.3 0.7 315 2,058 26.4 3.2 2,995 23,309 17.6 0.7

Other 1,608 15,073 10.8 0.9 102 977 17.2 4.1 1,506 14,096 10.3 0.9

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 17,433 192,562 14.9 0.3 1,252 12,087 23.0 1.4 16,181 180,475 14.3 0.3

Non-Hispanic,White 12,726 153,477 14.8 0.4 852 9,135 23.1 1.7 11,874 144,342 14.2 0.4

Non-Hispanic, Black 3,213 24,664 18.2 0.7 308 2,023 25.4 3.2 2,905 22,641 17.6 0.7

Hispanic, all races 5,495 27,841 11.9 0.6 368 1,723 23.6 3.3 5,127 26,118 11.1 0.6

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 12,193 136,146 11.9 0.4 551 5,627 17.7 1.9 11,642 130,519 11.7 0.4

Public only 2,683 16,513 27.1 1.0 283 1,620 38.8 3.5 2,400 14,894 25.8 1.1

Uninsured 4,305 30,702 10.6 0.7 137 841 22.1 4.8 4,168 29,860 10.3 0.7

age 65 and over Medicare only 1,092 10,713 22.9 1.6 162 1,555 22.8 3.7 930 9,157 23.0 1.7

Medicare and private 1,933 21,587 20.1 1.0 305 3,104 24.2 2.9 1,628 18,482 19.4 1.0

Medicare and other public 673 4,354 25.6 2.4 171 977 26.9 4.1 502 3,376 25.2 2.8

Family incomeb Negative/poor 4,053 24,184 22.3 0.9 367 1,951 36.6 3.4 3,686 22,232 21.0 0.9

Near poor/low 5,071 38,398 18.9 0.7 420 3,321 26.1 2.7 4,651 35,077 18.2 0.7

Middle 6,673 69,769 14.2 0.6 441 3,993 21.8 2.2 6,232 65,776 13.7 0.6

High 7,131 88,052 10.7 0.4 392 4,545 16.1 2.1 6,739 83,508 10.4 0.5

Educationc Less than high school 6,397 42,639 19.1 0.7 620 4,068 28.1 2.4 5,777 38,571 18.2 0.7

High school graduate 7,207 70,613 15.5 0.6 512 4,881 22.4 2.1 6,695 65,732 14.9 0.6

At least some college 9,118 105,725 12.0 0.4 472 4,760 19.3 2.2 8,646 100,966 11.6 0.4

Residence location Metropolitan-large 12,370 119,875 13.2 0.4 751 6,571 22.4 1.9 11,619 113,303 12.7 0.4

Metropolitan-small 6,307 62,470 15.0 0.5 506 4,295 23.5 2.6 5,801 58,175 14.4 0.5

Micropolitan 2,659 24,301 16.8 1.0 228 1,868 23.8 2.9 2,431 22,433 16.3 1.1

Noncore 1,592 13,757 19.4 1.3 135 1,076 24.0 4.3 1,457 12,681 19.0 1.2

Preferred language Other 4,356 23,856 9.2 0.6 254 1,314 14.3 2.5 4,102 22,542 8.9 0.6

English 18,321 194,097 14.9 0.3 1,366 12,496 24.0 1.4 16,955 181,601 14.3 0.3

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
64 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 9b. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who reported an emergency room visit in the past year,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,620 13,810 23.0 1.3 940 7,235 23.9 1.6 680 6,575 22.1 2.1

Age 18-44 241 1,940 26.5 3.7 148 1,055 23.1 3.9 * * **

45-64 730 6,147 21.1 1.8 409 3,095 25.6 2.5 321 3,053 16.6 2.4

65 and over 649 5,722 23.9 2.0 383 3,085 22.4 2.4 266 2,637 25.7 3.2

Race White only 1,203 10,775 22.9 1.5 667 5,441 22.9 1.9 536 5,333 23.0 2.4

Black only 315 2,058 26.4 3.2 216 1,290 31.0 4.0 * * **

Other 102 977 17.2 4.1 * * * ** * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 1,252 12,087 23.0 1.4 715 6,246 23.7 1.8 537 5,841 22.1 2.1

Non-Hispanic,White 852 9,135 23.1 1.7 454 4,512 22.9 2.2 398 4,623 23.3 2.4

Non-Hispanic, Black 308 2,023 25.4 3.2 210 1,259 29.4 4.2 * * **

Hispanic, all races 368 1,723 23.6 3.3 225 990 24.7 4.0 143 734 22.0 6.0

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 551 5,627 17.7 1.9 272 2,567 20.0 2.6 279 3,060 15.8 2.7

Public only 283 1,620 38.8 3.5 202 1,106 40.0 4.1 * * **

Uninsured 137 841 22.1 4.8 * * * ** * * *

age 65 and over Medicare only 162 1,555 22.8 3.7 * * * ** * * *

Medicare and private 305 3,104 24.2 2.9 162 1,534 20.5 3.3 143 1,570 27.8 4.6

Medicare and other public 171 977 26.9 4.1 124 641 32.2 5.3 * * **

Family incomeb Negative/poor 367 1,951 36.6 3.4 255 1,234 36.2 3.5 112 717 37.4 7.1

Near poor/low 420 3,321 26.1 2.7 261 2,012 25.8 3.2 159 1,310 26.6 4.4

Middle 441 3,993 21.8 2.2 246 2,097 23.0 3.0 195 1,896 20.4 3.4

High 392 4,545 16.1 2.1 178 1,893 14.8 2.9 214 2,652 17.0 2.7

Educationc Less than high school 620 4,068 28.1 2.4 376 2,239 27.3 2.8 244 1,829 29.1 3.9

High school graduate 512 4,881 22.4 2.1 310 2,752 22.0 2.5 202 2,129 23.0 3.5

At least some college 472 4,760 19.3 2.2 245 2,177 22.4 3.0 227 2,582 16.8 2.8

Residence location Metropolitan-large 751 6,571 22.4 1.9 443 3,512 23.6 2.4 308 3,059 21.0 2.3

Metropolitan-small 506 4,295 23.5 2.6 315 2,417 24.8 2.8 191 1,878 21.8 5.4

Micropolitan 228 1,868 23.8 2.9 121 858 23.9 4.3 107 1,010 23.6 4.2

Noncore 135 1,076 24.0 4.3 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 254 1,314 14.3 2.5 151 760 13.9 3.0 103 554 15.0 4.3

English 1,366 12,496 24.0 1.4 789 6,475 25.1 1.7 577 6,021 22.8 2.3

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 65

Table 10a. Adults age 18 and over who usually use public transportation to get to provider,a by diagnosed diabetes status, United States,

2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 16,630 165,267 3.0 0.2 1,531 13,189 4.7 0.7 15,099 152,078 2.9 0.2

Age 18-44 7,532 74,224 2.9 0.2 * * ** 7,315 72,432 2.9 0.2

45-64 5,800 58,382 2.8 0.3 691 5,865 4.4 0.8 5,109 52,517 2.7 0.3

65 and over 3,298 32,661 3.7 0.4 623 5,533 5.0 1.0 2,675 27,129 3.4 0.4

Gender Male 6,838 73,167 2.3 0.2 636 6,263 3.4 0.8 6,202 66,904 2.2 0.3

Female 9,792 92,100 3.6 0.3 895 6,925 5.8 1.0 8,897 85,175 3.4 0.2

Race White only 13,111 136,601 1.9 0.2 1,139 10,329 2.4 0.4 11,972 126,272 1.9 0.2

Black only 2,320 17,422 10.3 0.9 297 1,954 12.3 2.8 2,023 15,467 10.0 0.9

Other 1,199 11,245 5.6 1.0 * * ** 1,104 10,339 4.9 1.1

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 13,518 149,344 2.6 0.2 1,197 11,598 4.4 0.8 12,321 137,745 2.4 0.2

Non-Hispanic,White 10,140 121,609 1.3 0.1 821 8,819 1.8 0.5 9,319 112,790 1.3 0.2

Non-Hispanic, Black 2,258 16,972 9.9 0.9 291 1,922 12.4 2.9 1,967 15,050 9.6 0.9

Hispanic, all races 3,112 15,923 7.3 0.7 334 1,590 6.9 1.4 2,778 14,333 7.4 0.7

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 9,514 106,835 1.4 0.2 * * ** 8,983 101,377 1.5 0.2

Public only 2,047 12,748 12.6 1.1 266 1,508 15.3 2.9 1,781 11,239 12.2 1.1

Uninsured 1,771 13,023 5.1 0.7 * * ** 1,660 12,332 5.0 0.7

age 65 and over Medicare only 934 9,128 4.3 0.6 * * ** 777 7,595 3.7 0.6

Medicare and private 1,753 19,568 1.6 0.4 * * ** 1,458 16,553 1.9 0.4

Medicare and other public 592 3,811 12.6 1.8 164 933 17.2 4.6 428 2,878 11.2 1.9

Family incomeb Negative/poor 2,611 15,747 11.3 1.0 337 1,786 14.1 2.7 2,274 13,961 10.9 1.1

Near poor/low 3,402 26,983 4.7 0.5 390 3,127 7.1 1.6 3,012 23,856 4.3 0.4

Middle 4,833 51,560 2.2 0.3 * * ** 4,411 47,714 2.2 0.3

High 5,784 70,977 1.2 0.2 * * ** 5,402 66,546 1.2 0.2

Educationc Less than high school 4,138 28,734 6.4 0.5 580 3,846 7.6 1.6 3,558 24,887 6.2 0.5

High school graduate 5,213 52,696 2.6 0.3 487 4,684 4.4 0.9 4,726 48,012 2.4 0.3

At least some college 7,160 83,041 2.1 0.2 * * ** 6,711 78,481 2.1 0.3

Residence location Metropolitan-large 8,580 86,565 4.8 0.4 697 6,219 7.5 1.3 7,883 80,346 4.6 0.4

Metropolitan-small 4,761 48,591 1.3 0.2 * * ** 4,276 44,472 1.2 0.2

Micropolitan 2,037 19,107 1.0 0.3 * * * ** * * *

Noncore * * ** 128 1,021 * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 2,434 13,793 7.9 0.8 227 1,189 12.0 3.5 2,207 12,603 7.5 0.8

English 14,196 151,474 2.6 0.2 1,304 11,999 4.0 0.7 12,892 139,475 2.5 0.2

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
66 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 10b. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who usually use public transportation to get to provider,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,531 13,189 4.7 0.7 895 6,925 5.8 1.0 636 6,263 3.4 0.8

Age 18-44 * * * ** * * * * * * *

45-64 691 5,865 4.4 0.8 387 2,933 5.5 1.2 304 2,931 3.3 1.0

65 and over 623 5,533 5.0 1.0 371 3,008 6.2 1.6 * * **

Race White only 1,139 10,329 2.4 0.4 638 5,229 3.0 0.7 * * **

Black only 297 1,954 12.3 2.8 203 1,218 11.7 2.9 * * **

Other * * * ** * * * * * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 1,197 11,598 4.4 0.8 684 5,995 5.3 1.1 513 5,603 3.4 0.8

Non-Hispanic,White 821 8,819 1.8 0.5 * * * ** * * *

Non-Hispanic, Black 291 1,922 12.4 2.9 197 1,186 11.9 3.0 * * **

Hispanic, all races 334 1,590 6.9 1.4 211 930 9.0 2.0 * * **

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private * * * ** * * * * * * *

Public only 266 1,508 15.3 2.9 190 1,031 16.6 3.3 * * **

Uninsured * * * ** * * * * * * *

age 65 and over Medicare only * * * ** * * * * * * *

Medicare and private * * * ** * * * 137 1,511 * *

Medicare and other public 164 933 17.2 4.6 * * * ** * * *

Family incomeb Negative/poor 337 1,786 14.1 2.7 237 1,139 15.7 3.0 * * **

Near poor/low 390 3,127 7.1 1.6 246 1,914 7.6 2.2 * * **

Middle * * * ** * * * * * * *

High * * * ** * * * * * * *

Educationc Less than high school 580 3,846 7.6 1.6 360 2,146 8.4 2.0 * * **

High school graduate 487 4,684 4.4 0.9 294 2,639 5.0 1.4 * * **

At least some college * * * ** * * * * * * *

Residence location Metropolitan-large 697 6,219 7.5 1.3 414 3,322 9.0 1.8 283 2,896 5.8 1.4

Metropolitan-small * * * ** * * * * * * *

Micropolitan * * * ** * * * * * * *

Noncore 128 1,021 * ** * * * * * * *

Preferred language Other 227 1,189 12.0 3.5 * * * ** * * *

English 1,304 11,999 4.0 0.7 756 6,223 4.6 0.9 548 5,776 3.3 0.8

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 67

Table 11a. Adults age 18 and over with activity limitation in the past year,a by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 22,875 219,945 13.2 0.4 1,620 13,810 38.0 1.6 21,255 206,135 11.5 0.3

Age 18-44 11,899 111,409 5.6 0.3 241 1,940 21.5 3.5 11,658 109,468 5.3 0.3

45-64 7,265 71,800 15.2 0.6 730 6,147 35.6 2.2 6,535 65,652 13.3 0.5

65 and over 3,711 36,737 32.2 0.9 649 5,722 46.1 2.1 3,062 31,015 29.7 0.9

Gender Male 10,413 106,289 11.3 0.4 680 6,575 32.7 2.1 9,733 99,714 9.9 0.4

Female 12,462 113,656 15.0 0.4 940 7,235 42.8 2.2 11,522 106,421 13.1 0.4

Race White only 17,973 179,643 12.9 0.4 1,203 10,775 36.6 1.8 16,770 168,868 11.4 0.3

Black only 3,295 25,236 15.4 1.0 315 2,058 43.5 3.9 2,980 23,178 12.9 0.9

Other 1,607 15,066 12.8 1.1 102 977 41.0 5.9 1,505 14,089 10.8 1.0

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 17,384 192,120 13.9 0.4 1,252 12,087 38.8 1.7 16,132 180,034 12.3 0.4

Non-Hispanic,White 12,693 153,173 13.8 0.4 852 9,135 37.5 2.0 11,841 144,038 12.2 0.4

Non-Hispanic, Black 3,198 24,533 15.5 1.0 308 2,023 43.1 3.9 2,890 22,510 13.1 1.0

Hispanic, all races 5,491 27,825 8.1 0.6 368 1,723 32.3 4.1 5,123 26,101 6.5 0.5

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 12,189 136,096 6.0 0.3 551 5,627 20.9 2.0 11,638 130,469 5.3 0.3

Public only 2,676 16,461 40.1 1.7 283 1,620 73.1 4.0 2,393 14,841 36.5 1.7

Uninsured 4,299 30,652 8.0 0.5 137 841 28.9 4.7 4,162 29,810 7.4 0.5

age 65 and over Medicare only 1,078 10,589 33.3 1.9 162 1,555 41.7 4.4 916 9,034 31.9 1.9

Medicare and private 1,921 21,478 27.4 1.1 305 3,104 42.5 2.9 1,616 18,373 24.9 1.2

Medicare and other public 668 4,327 53.8 2.6 171 977 65.2 5.1 497 3,349 50.5 2.9

Family incomeb Negative/poor 4,027 23,982 28.7 1.1 367 1,951 62.7 3.5 3,660 22,031 25.6 1.1

Near poor/low 5,057 38,276 21.0 0.8 420 3,321 47.5 3.1 4,637 34,955 18.5 0.8

Middle 6,665 69,698 11.6 0.5 441 3,993 35.8 2.8 6,224 65,705 10.1 0.5

High 7,126 87,989 6.9 0.3 392 4,545 22.3 2.3 6,734 83,445 6.1 0.3

Educationc Less than high school 6,376 42,486 21.0 0.8 620 4,068 47.8 2.6 5,756 38,418 18.1 0.8

High school graduate 7,184 70,391 14.8 0.6 512 4,881 37.4 2.7 6,672 65,510 13.2 0.6

At least some college 9,114 105,693 8.9 0.3 472 4,760 29.8 2.3 8,642 100,934 7.9 0.3

Residence location Metropolitan-large 12,344 119,659 11.4 0.5 751 6,571 37.2 2.2 11,593 113,088 9.9 0.5

Metropolitan-small 6,291 62,303 14.1 0.6 506 4,295 39.9 3.0 5,785 58,007 12.2 0.6

Micropolitan 2,652 24,252 16.8 1.0 228 1,868 37.8 3.7 2,424 22,384 15.0 1.1

Noncore 1,588 13,731 18.4 1.1 135 1,076 35.2 5.6 1,453 12,656 16.9 1.0

Preferred language Other 4,356 23,856 7.9 0.7 254 1,314 35.9 4.4 4,102 22,542 6.3 0.6

English 18,321 194,097 13.5 0.4 1,366 12,496 38.2 1.6 16,955 181,601 11.7 0.4

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
68 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 11b. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes with activity limitation in the past year,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,620 13,810 38.0 1.6 940 7,235 42.8 2.2 680 6,575 32.7 2.1

Age 18-44 241 1,940 21.5 3.5 148 1,055 22.2 4.1 * * **

45-64 730 6,147 35.6 2.2 409 3,095 41.4 2.9 321 3,053 29.7 3.1

65 and over 649 5,722 46.1 2.1 383 3,085 51.2 3.1 266 2,637 40.3 3.3

Race White only 1,203 10,775 36.6 1.8 667 5,441 41.2 2.6 536 5,333 32.0 2.4

Black only 315 2,058 43.5 3.9 216 1,290 47.3 4.2 * * **

Other 102 977 41.0 5.9 * * * ** * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 1,252 12,087 38.8 1.7 715 6,246 43.7 2.3 537 5,841 33.6 2.3

Non-Hispanic,White 852 9,135 37.5 2.0 454 4,512 42.1 2.8 398 4,623 33.0 2.6

Non-Hispanic, Black 308 2,023 43.1 3.9 210 1,259 46.5 4.3 * * **

Hispanic, all races 368 1,723 32.3 4.1 225 990 37.2 5.4 143 734 25.8 4.6

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 551 5,627 20.9 2.0 272 2,567 22.1 2.9 279 3,060 19.9 2.7

Public only 283 1,620 73.1 4.0 202 1,106 75.3 4.0 * * **

Uninsured 137 841 28.9 4.7 * * * ** * * *

age 65 and over Medicare only 162 1,555 41.7 4.4 * * * ** * * *

Medicare and private 305 3,104 42.5 2.9 162 1,534 45.1 4.2 143 1,570 40.0 4.2

Medicare and other public 171 977 65.2 5.1 124 641 66.9 5.0 * * **

Family incomeb Negative/poor 367 1,951 62.7 3.5 255 1,234 66.5 3.4 112 717 56.3 5.9

Near poor/low 420 3,321 47.5 3.1 261 2,012 49.8 4.1 159 1,310 44.1 4.8

Middle 441 3,993 35.8 2.8 246 2,097 40.0 4.1 195 1,896 31.2 3.8

High 392 4,545 22.3 2.3 178 1,893 23.0 3.6 214 2,652 21.8 2.7

Educationc Less than high school 620 4,068 47.8 2.6 376 2,239 50.8 3.3 244 1,829 44.2 3.8

High school graduate 512 4,881 37.4 2.7 310 2,752 40.7 3.5 202 2,129 33.1 3.8

At least some college 472 4,760 29.8 2.3 245 2,177 36.6 3.8 227 2,582 24.2 2.8

Residence location Metropolitan-large 751 6,571 37.2 2.2 443 3,512 44.7 2.8 308 3,059 28.6 2.8

Metropolitan-small 506 4,295 39.9 3.0 315 2,417 43.1 4.1 191 1,878 35.8 4.7

Micropolitan 228 1,868 37.8 3.7 121 858 41.5 5.4 107 1,010 34.6 4.7

Noncore 135 1,076 35.2 5.6 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 254 1,314 35.9 4.4 151 760 43.3 6.0 103 554 25.8 5.0

English 1,366 12,496 38.2 1.6 789 6,475 42.7 2.2 577 6,021 33.3 2.2

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 69

Table 12. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes whose hemoglobin A1c level was less than 7.0%, by gender, United States, 1999-2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population groupa size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,342 13,425 48.9 2.3 667 6,814 50.9 2.7 675 6,611 46.9 2.8

Age 18-44 156 2,164 41.4 5.6 84 963 37.3 7.1 72 1,201 44.8 7.6

45-64 516 5,985 45.7 3.2 255 2,921 48.8 3.8 261 3,064 42.8 4.3

65 and over 670 5,275 55.7 2.6 328 2,929 57.5 3.2 342 2,346 53.3 4.2

Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic,White 530 8,806 54.7 2.9 241 4,231 57.7 3.9 289 4,575 51.8 3.5

Non-Hispanic, Black 317 1,991 39.3 2.7 170 1,203 40.1 3.7 147 788 38.0 3.5

Mexican American 390 965 35.3 2.4 200 514 35.1 3.7 190 452 35.6 3.5

Family incomeb Negative/poor 293 2,146 42.3 4.1 173 1,332 48.8 4.9 120 814 31.7 6.1

Near poor 404 3,350 50.7 4.1 201 1,813 53.4 4.5 203 1,537 47.4 5.8

Middle 315 3,694 51.0 3.3 151 1,890 52.9 5.1 164 1,804 48.9 4.9

High 204 2,891 50.5 4.6 73 1,015 50.5 7.0 131 1,876 50.5 6.1

Education Less than high school 656 4,560 41.4 2.9 341 2,497 44.7 3.0 315 2,064 37.4 4.1

High school graduate 271 3,328 52.7 3.2 145 1,848 56.3 5.2 126 1,480 48.2 5.0

At least some college 414 5,530 52.9 3.2 180 2,463 53.2 5.2 234 3,067 52.7 3.3

a Adults with DIQ010=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
70 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 13. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes whose hemoglobin A1c level was higher than 9.0%, by gender, United States, 1999-2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population groupa size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,342 13,425 16.0 1.6 667 6,814 14.0 1.5 675 6,611 18.0 2.5

Age 18-44 156 2,164 26.4 5.2 84 963 * * 72 1,201 34.4 6.5

45-64 516 5,985 19.3 2.2 255 2,921 19.1 2.7 261 3,064 19.5 3.7

65 and over 670 5,275 7.9 1.4 328 2,929 8.1 2.0 342 2,346 7.6 1.9

Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic,White 530 8,806 11.4 1.7 241 4,231 9.3 1.8 289 4,575 13.4 2.9

Non-Hispanic, Black 317 1,991 23.1 2.3 170 1,203 20.4 3.8 147 788 27.2 3.5

Mexican American 390 965 24.9 2.7 200 514 25.6 3.8 190 452 24.1 3.9

Family incomeb Negative/poor 293 2,146 21.9 2.7 173 1,332 19.1 3.9 120 814 26.5 5.4

Near poor 404 3,350 12.5 2.8 201 1,813 9.9 2.8 203 1,537 15.6 3.4

Middle 315 3,694 14.9 2.3 151 1,890 11.4 2.7 164 1,804 18.5 4.2

High 204 2,891 14.6 2.9 73 1,015 * * 131 1,876 14.0 3.9

Education Less than high school 656 4,560 19.4 2.6 341 2,497 17.3 2.6 315 2,064 21.8 4.0

High school graduate 271 3,328 14.2 2.8 145 1,848 9.8 2.5 126 1,480 19.7 4.7

At least some college 414 5,530 14.3 2.3 180 2,463 13.9 3.2 234 3,067 14.6 2.8

a Adults with DIQ010=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 71

Table 14. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who had a hemoglobin A1c measurement in the past year,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,276 12,720 91.5 0.9 740 6,756 91.8 1.1 536 5,964 91.2 1.4

Age 18-44 198 1,819 85.7 2.9 127 1,045 83.9 4.2 * * **

45-64 588 6,076 92.1 1.2 326 3,090 91.3 1.8 262 2,986 92.9 1.6

65 and over 490 4,825 93.0 1.2 287 2,621 95.5 1.2 203 2,205 90.0 2.2

Race White only 972 10,059 91.9 0.9 547 5,265 91.5 1.3 425 4,794 92.4 1.4

Black only 226 1,793 87.6 2.7 150 1,057 91.9 2.4 * * **

Other * * * ** * * * * * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 976 10,992 92.5 1.0 557 5,808 92.5 1.2 419 5,184 92.5 1.4

Non-Hispanic,White 686 8,415 93.3 1.0 374 4,374 92.4 1.5 312 4,041 94.3 1.3

Non-Hispanic, Black 220 1,754 87.4 2.8 145 1,023 91.9 2.4 * * **

Hispanic, all races 300 1,728 85.5 2.4 183 948 87.7 2.7 117 780 82.9 4.4

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 472 5,686 92.3 1.2 236 2,705 91.5 1.9 236 2,981 93.0 1.8

Public only 198 1,331 91.6 2.0 143 932 92.1 2.0 * * **

Uninsured 116 877 78.1 4.4 * * * ** * * *

age 65 and over Medicare only 123 1,363 92.7 2.2 * * * ** * * *

Medicare and private 238 2,684 92.4 1.8 128 1,354 95.4 1.7 110 1,330 89.3 3.2

Medicare and other public 121 708 96.5 1.4 * * * ** * * *

Family incomeb Negative/poor 266 1,599 87.1 2.7 182 1,003 88.1 3.1 * * **

Near poor/low 312 2,856 90.6 1.7 194 1,732 92.2 1.9 118 1,125 88.3 3.1

Middle 362 3,739 91.9 1.6 206 2,042 90.9 2.1 156 1,697 93.1 2.2

High 336 4,525 93.3 1.5 158 1,980 94.2 2.2 178 2,546 92.6 2.1

Educationc Less than high school 456 3,469 87.8 1.7 273 1,859 86.9 2.5 183 1,610 88.9 2.5

High school graduate 404 4,515 92.4 1.6 251 2,637 93.2 1.9 153 1,877 91.3 2.7

At least some college 405 4,653 93.4 1.4 212 2,217 94.0 1.8 193 2,436 92.8 1.9

Residence location Metropolitan-large 583 6,107 91.6 1.1 342 3,193 90.5 1.7 241 2,914 92.8 1.7

Metropolitan-small 407 3,994 90.1 1.7 249 2,291 93.1 1.7 158 1,703 86.2 3.2

Micropolitan 173 1,602 93.1 2.3 * * * ** * * *

Noncore 113 1,016 93.9 2.2 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 207 1,212 92.0 2.2 127 696 92.1 2.8 * * **

English 1,069 11,508 91.5 0.9 613 6,060 91.7 1.2 456 5,448 91.1 1.5

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
72 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 15. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who had a retinal eye examination in the past year,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,595 15,568 67.4 1.5 925 8,155 67.0 1.9 670 7,414 67.9 2.2

Age 18-44 237 2,185 46.9 4.0 144 1,188 47.4 5.1 * * **

45-64 720 7,166 66.3 2.2 404 3,577 66.2 3.0 316 3,589 66.3 3.0

65 and over 638 6,217 76.0 1.8 377 3,390 74.6 2.6 261 2,827 77.6 3.1

Race White only 1,187 12,123 67.8 1.7 658 6,147 66.4 2.4 529 5,976 69.2 2.3

Black only 308 2,358 67.1 3.3 210 1,422 69.4 3.4 * * **

Other 100 1,087 64.4 4.9 * * * ** * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 1,230 13,474 68.4 1.6 702 6,999 67.8 2.1 528 6,475 69.2 2.3

Non-Hispanic,White 839 10,131 69.1 1.9 447 5,060 67.6 2.8 392 5,070 70.6 2.4

Non-Hispanic, Black 301 2,314 67.0 3.4 204 1,383 69.0 3.4 * * **

Hispanic, all races 365 2,094 60.9 3.3 223 1,155 62.1 4.0 142 939 59.3 5.1

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 546 6,519 65.5 2.3 268 2,967 63.6 3.4 278 3,553 67.1 3.0

Public only 276 1,833 61.2 3.5 198 1,254 65.1 4.1 * * **

Uninsured 135 999 38.3 5.0 * * * ** * * *

age 65 and over Medicare only 158 1,687 77.3 3.3 * * * ** * * *

Medicare and private 300 3,366 76.0 2.8 160 1,688 72.9 4.0 140 1,678 79.1 3.9

Medicare and other public 169 1,062 74.1 4.1 122 707 71.3 4.8 * * **

Family incomeb Negative/poor 360 2,204 62.3 3.3 250 1,373 63.0 4.0 110 831 61.3 5.2

Near poor/low 413 3,679 60.9 3.0 257 2,229 62.5 3.6 156 1,450 58.5 4.8

Middle 433 4,479 66.8 2.8 241 2,355 67.4 3.6 192 2,124 66.1 3.9

High 389 5,206 74.8 2.1 177 2,197 73.6 3.3 212 3,009 75.6 2.9

Educationc Less than high school 612 4,579 62.2 2.4 372 2,488 64.4 2.9 240 2,092 59.6 4.0

High school graduate 505 5,554 68.5 2.5 304 3,116 70.0 3.2 201 2,438 66.5 3.7

At least some college 462 5,309 70.7 2.5 240 2,466 65.7 3.6 222 2,843 75.1 3.3

Residence location Metropolitan-large 737 7,429 68.6 2.1 434 3,921 67.1 2.7 303 3,508 70.3 3.0

Metropolitan-small 501 4,864 68.4 2.8 311 2,761 70.6 3.4 190 2,103 65.5 4.5

Micropolitan 223 2,054 64.9 3.5 119 957 57.2 5.4 104 1,096 71.6 4.8

Noncore 134 1,222 60.6 5.4 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 252 1,551 55.5 3.9 151 877 57.5 5.1 101 674 52.8 5.6

English 1,343 14,018 68.7 1.6 774 7,278 68.1 2.0 569 6,740 69.4 2.3

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 73

Table 16. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who had a foot examination in the past year,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,556 15,173 70.6 1.4 900 7,954 70.1 2.0 656 7,220 71.2 1.9

Age 18-44 236 2,124 62.6 3.8 144 1,166 60.7 5.1 * * **

45-64 702 7,045 72.6 2.3 390 3,498 73.8 3.0 312 3,547 71.5 3.3

65 and over 618 6,005 71.1 2.1 366 3,290 69.4 2.9 252 2,715 73.1 2.7

Race White only 1,161 11,794 71.1 1.6 643 6,002 69.7 2.3 518 5,792 72.4 2.2

Black only 295 2,288 72.8 3.1 201 1,372 77.4 3.9 * * **

Other 100 1,092 61.6 6.1 * * * ** * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 1,200 13,135 70.9 1.5 681 6,810 69.8 2.2 519 6,325 72.1 2.1

Non-Hispanic,White 822 9,858 71.4 1.8 436 4,927 69.1 2.7 386 4,930 73.8 2.5

Non-Hispanic, Black 288 2,244 73.5 3.2 195 1,333 78.9 3.9 * * **

Hispanic, all races 356 2,038 68.9 3.4 219 1,144 71.6 3.7 137 895 65.4 5.3

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 537 6,383 71.8 2.7 264 2,910 73.1 3.5 273 3,472 70.7 3.7

Public only 265 1,773 72.2 3.7 187 1,196 70.8 4.2 * * **

Uninsured 136 1,013 58.0 4.9 * * * ** * * *

age 65 and over Medicare only 159 1,714 67.2 4.0 * * * ** * * *

Medicare and private 287 3,183 73.1 2.9 153 1,597 73.3 4.2 134 1,586 73.0 3.8

Medicare and other public 161 1,006 72.1 4.7 118 687 66.0 5.7 * * **

Family incomeb Negative/poor 346 2,095 71.2 3.2 241 1,323 74.8 3.4 105 772 65.0 6.3

Near poor/low 399 3,549 64.3 2.7 247 2,150 63.9 3.6 152 1,398 65.0 4.1

Middle 428 4,401 69.9 2.4 238 2,317 67.2 3.3 190 2,084 73.0 3.4

High 383 5,129 75.4 2.6 174 2,163 76.4 4.1 209 2,966 74.6 3.4

Educationc Less than high school 586 4,387 66.7 2.4 352 2,362 64.4 3.3 234 2,024 69.5 3.3

High school graduate 492 5,360 69.8 2.4 298 3,032 72.4 3.2 194 2,328 66.3 3.4

At least some college 464 5,306 74.9 2.4 242 2,477 72.5 3.8 222 2,829 76.9 3.1

Residence location Metropolitan-large 724 7,313 73.1 1.9 427 3,874 71.7 2.8 297 3,439 74.6 2.7

Metropolitan-small 480 4,614 69.5 2.3 299 2,644 70.6 3.3 181 1,970 68.2 3.5

Micropolitan 220 2,037 68.8 3.3 115 932 65.6 5.1 105 1,104 71.5 5.1

Noncore 132 1,209 63.1 5.4 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 246 1,522 65.2 4.3 148 861 69.2 5.3 * * **

English 1,310 13,651 71.2 1.5 752 7,093 70.2 2.1 558 6,559 72.4 2.1

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle, 200 percent to just

below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
74 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 17. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who had a hemoglobin A1c measurement, a retinal eye examination, and a foot

examination in the past year,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,430 14,052 45.4 1.7 830 7,436 45.2 2.1 600 6,617 45.7 2.3

Age 18-44 226 2,043 30.2 3.8 136 1,115 30.5 4.4 * * **

45-64 649 6,569 46.9 2.5 363 3,320 48.7 3.3 286 3,250 44.9 3.3

65 and over 555 5,441 49.5 2.4 331 3,001 46.7 3.3 224 2,439 52.9 3.6

Race White only 1,081 11,038 46.6 1.9 605 5,714 45.4 2.5 476 5,324 47.9 2.5

Black only 257 2,000 43.4 3.8 175 1,199 49.5 4.3 * * **

Other * * * ** * * * * * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 1,098 12,152 46.4 1.9 625 6,377 45.9 2.4 473 5,776 46.9 2.6

Non-Hispanic,White 764 9,227 47.8 2.2 410 4,711 46.1 2.9 354 4,516 49.6 2.8

Non-Hispanic, Black 251 1,961 44.2 3.8 170 1,165 50.9 4.2 * * **

Hispanic, all races 332 1,900 39.5 3.2 205 1,059 41.0 4.2 127 841 37.6 3.9

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 510 6,078 46.7 2.6 254 2,845 48.1 3.6 256 3,233 45.5 3.6

Public only 232 1,547 38.1 4.0 165 1,058 40.7 4.7 * * **

Uninsured 133 986 26.8 4.6 * * * ** * * *

age 65 and over Medicare only 142 1,571 47.3 4.5 * * * ** * * *

Medicare and private 263 2,936 51.7 3.2 141 1,481 49.8 4.4 122 1,455 53.7 4.5

Medicare and other public 140 845 44.9 5.4 103 580 36.7 5.6 * * **

Family incomeb Negative/poor 308 1,852 36.8 3.7 211 1,146 38.2 4.6 * * **

Near poor/low 363 3,282 37.3 3.2 223 1,974 39.0 3.8 140 1,309 34.7 5.1

Middle 399 4,089 44.0 2.8 228 2,220 43.4 3.3 171 1,869 44.8 4.1

High 360 4,829 55.5 2.9 168 2,096 56.7 4.3 192 2,733 54.5 3.7

Educationc Less than high school 536 4,036 35.6 2.6 320 2,154 32.3 3.4 216 1,882 39.4 3.7

High school graduate 453 4,977 46.4 3.1 278 2,866 50.6 4.0 175 2,112 40.6 4.1

At least some college 428 4,933 52.5 2.8 225 2,349 50.0 3.8 203 2,584 54.8 4.0

Residence location Metropolitan-large 654 6,675 47.0 2.5 385 3,502 44.2 3.4 269 3,174 50.2 3.4

Metropolitan-small 449 4,377 46.0 2.9 280 2,537 49.4 3.3 169 1,840 41.2 4.2

Micropolitan 200 1,845 40.6 4.8 107 893 38.2 4.8 * * **

Noncore 127 1,155 41.9 5.5 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 231 1,414 34.9 3.6 140 796 34.4 4.9 * * **

English 1,199 12,639 46.6 1.8 690 6,640 46.5 2.2 509 5,999 46.8 2.5

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 75

Table 18a. Adults age 18 and over who had a lipid profile in the past 2 years,a by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 21,201 203,723 66.5 0.5 1,581 13,472 95.3 0.6 19,620 190,251 64.4 0.5

Age 18-44 10,920 102,053 49.2 0.8 232 1,899 81.8 2.9 10,688 100,154 48.6 0.8

45-64 6,876 67,949 80.0 0.6 719 6,044 96.5 0.8 6,157 61,904 78.4 0.7

65 and over 3,405 33,722 91.7 0.6 630 5,529 98.7 0.4 2,775 28,193 90.3 0.7

Gender Male 9,564 97,692 61.7 0.7 662 6,374 94.6 1.0 8,902 91,319 59.4 0.7

Female 11,637 106,031 71.0 0.6 919 7,098 96.0 0.7 10,718 98,933 69.2 0.6

Race White only 16,720 166,890 66.2 0.6 1,176 10,522 94.7 0.7 15,544 156,369 64.3 0.6

Black only 3,002 22,934 69.4 1.3 305 2,000 97.8 0.7 2,697 20,934 66.7 1.4

Other 1,479 13,898 65.1 1.4 100 949 97.3 1.4 1,379 12,949 62.7 1.5

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 16,091 177,898 68.0 0.5 1,223 11,785 96.3 0.6 14,868 166,113 66.0 0.6

Non-Hispanic,White 11,808 142,350 67.9 0.6 833 8,913 95.8 0.7 10,975 133,436 66.0 0.7

Non-Hispanic, Black 2,911 22,260 69.6 1.3 300 1,971 97.8 0.7 2,611 20,289 66.9 1.4

Hispanic, all races 5,110 25,825 56.4 1.3 358 1,686 88.8 2.3 4,752 24,138 54.1 1.4

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 11,365 126,994 66.9 0.6 539 5,542 95.3 0.9 10,826 121,452 65.6 0.6

Public only 2,497 15,122 60.5 1.3 279 1,575 93.3 1.8 2,218 13,546 56.7 1.4

Uninsured 3,951 28,072 37.6 1.1 135 839 77.4 4.4 3,816 27,233 36.4 1.1

age 65 and over Medicare only 974 9,551 89.4 1.3 158 1,521 98.4 0.9 816 8,030 87.7 1.5

Medicare and private 1,787 19,921 93.3 0.7 297 2,995 99.2 0.6 1,490 16,926 92.2 0.8

Medicare and other public 588 3,763 91.3 1.5 162 915 98.0 0.9 426 2,848 89.2 1.9

Family incomeb Negative/poor 3,718 21,972 54.4 1.3 358 1,895 91.5 2.0 3,360 20,077 50.9 1.3

Near poor/low 4,665 35,173 61.0 1.1 402 3,192 94.7 1.1 4,263 31,981 57.7 1.1

Middle 6,142 64,117 63.1 0.8 433 3,899 96.3 1.1 5,709 60,218 61.0 0.8

High 6,676 82,461 74.6 0.7 388 4,486 96.6 1.0 6,288 77,975 73.4 0.7

Educationc Less than high school 5,893 38,864 56.6 1.0 601 3,929 94.1 1.2 5,292 34,935 52.4 1.1

High school graduate 6,621 64,806 65.8 0.8 502 4,816 96.0 0.8 6,119 59,990 63.4 0.9

At least some college 8,531 98,998 70.9 0.6 462 4,625 95.7 1.1 8,069 94,373 69.7 0.6

Residence location Metropolitan-large 11,394 110,318 68.6 0.6 736 6,455 96.6 0.7 10,658 103,863 66.8 0.7

Metropolitan-small 5,856 57,869 65.3 0.9 492 4,155 95.1 1.1 5,364 53,714 63.0 1.0

Micropolitan 2,477 22,748 62.2 1.8 219 1,791 92.3 2.1 2,258 20,957 59.7 1.9

Noncore 1,474 12,788 61.6 1.8 134 1,071 93.7 2.2 1,340 11,717 58.7 1.8

Preferred language Other 4,033 21,944 55.8 1.3 248 1,276 92.6 2.1 3,785 20,668 53.5 1.3

English 17,128 181,462 67.8 0.5 1,333 12,196 95.6 0.6 15,795 169,266 65.8 0.6

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
76 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 18b. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who had a lipid profile in the past 2 years,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,581 13,472 95.3 0.6 919 7,098 96.0 0.7 662 6,374 94.6 1.0

Age 18-44 232 1,899 81.8 2.9 142 1,025 84.1 3.4 * * **

45-64 719 6,044 96.5 0.8 404 3,079 97.2 1.1 315 2,965 95.9 1.2

65 and over 630 5,529 98.7 0.4 373 2,994 98.9 0.5 257 2,535 98.3 0.8

Race White only 1,176 10,522 94.7 0.7 650 5,316 95.4 0.9 526 5,206 94.0 1.1

Black only 305 2,000 97.8 0.7 213 1,284 97.9 0.7 * * **

Other 100 949 97.3 1.4 * * * ** * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 1,223 11,785 96.3 0.6 700 6,135 96.5 0.8 523 5,650 96.0 0.9

Non-Hispanic,White 833 8,913 95.8 0.7 442 4,411 95.8 1.1 391 4,502 95.7 1.1

Non-Hispanic, Black 300 1,971 97.8 0.7 208 1,255 97.9 0.7 * * **

Hispanic, all races 358 1,686 88.8 2.3 219 963 92.8 2.3 139 723 83.4 4.0

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 539 5,542 95.3 0.9 267 2,548 95.6 1.2 272 2,994 95.1 1.4

Public only 279 1,575 93.3 1.8 200 1,095 96.3 1.1 * * **

Uninsured 135 839 77.4 4.4 * * * ** * * *

age 65 and over Medicare only 158 1,521 98.4 0.9 * * * ** * * *

Medicare and private 297 2,995 99.2 0.6 158 1,493 100.0 0.0 139 1,502 98.4 1.2

Medicare and other public 162 915 98.0 0.9 117 583 98.4 1.0 * * **

Family incomeb Negative/poor 358 1,895 91.5 2.0 248 1,186 95.5 1.1 110 709 84.7 5.1

Near poor/low 402 3,192 94.7 1.1 252 1,957 95.9 1.3 150 1,235 92.8 1.9

Middle 433 3,899 96.3 1.1 242 2,068 96.3 1.4 191 1,831 96.3 1.5

High 388 4,486 96.6 1.0 177 1,887 96.2 1.7 211 2,599 96.8 1.4

Educationc Less than high school 601 3,929 94.1 1.2 366 2,175 96.3 1.2 235 1,755 91.3 2.2

High school graduate 502 4,816 96.0 0.8 304 2,714 96.5 0.9 198 2,102 95.3 1.5

At least some college 462 4,625 95.7 1.1 240 2,143 95.2 1.7 222 2,482 96.2 1.5

Residence location Metropolitan-large 736 6,455 96.6 0.7 434 3,460 96.4 1.0 302 2,995 96.9 0.9

Metropolitan-small 492 4,155 95.1 1.1 308 2,360 96.9 1.1 184 1,794 92.7 1.9

Micropolitan 219 1,791 92.3 2.1 117 834 94.6 2.0 102 957 90.3 3.4

Noncore 134 1,071 93.7 2.2 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 248 1,276 92.6 2.1 147 727 95.9 1.9 101 549 88.2 3.6

English 1,333 12,196 95.6 0.6 772 6,371 96.0 0.8 561 5,825 95.2 1.0

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 77

Table 19a. Adults age 18 and over with systolic blood pressure less than 130 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than 80 mm Hg,

by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 1999-2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population groupa size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 15,037 198,895 59.9 0.8 1,328 13,158 42.4 2.3 13,709 185,738 61.1 0.7

Age 18-44 7,568 104,551 75.0 0.8 156 2,141 53.9 5.6 7,412 102,410 75.4 0.8

45-64 3,886 62,123 48.4 1.2 508 5,764 48.1 3.4 3,378 56,359 48.4 1.2

65 and over 3,583 32,221 33.2 1.5 664 5,253 31.4 2.9 2,919 26,968 33.6 1.4

Gender Male 10,851 116,394 62.5 0.8 664 6,539 44.7 2.5 6,565 89,810 56.5 0.9

Female 11,414 121,749 69.0 0.8 664 6,619 40.0 3.3 7,144 95,928 65.5 0.8

Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic,White 9,159 167,739 64.8 0.8 515 8,529 44.5 3.2 6,759 135,060 60.5 0.9

Non-Hispanic, Black 5,439 27,654 62.7 1.1 320 2,021 36.4 2.8 2,722 19,525 55.1 1.2

Mexican American 6,086 19,179 77.2 1.0 387 959 47.9 3.1 3,229 13,685 72.8 1.3

Family incomeb Negative/poor 2,804 26,353 64.2 1.4 283 2,031 42.1 3.6 2,521 24,322 66.0 1.4

Near poor 3,633 38,562 58.5 1.5 406 3,380 37.5 3.5 3,227 35,182 60.5 1.5

Middle 3,741 54,521 59.9 1.3 313 3,672 39.8 4.8 3,428 50,849 61.4 1.2

High 3,513 64,199 59.6 1.0 193 2,711 52.2 4.7 3,320 61,488 59.9 1.0

Education Less than high school 12,305 81,084 75.0 0.7 650 4,482 36.7 2.7 4,483 37,636 57.9 1.0

High school graduate 3,728 52,761 58.1 1.4 271 3,320 42.3 3.9 3,412 49,215 59.0 1.5

At least some college 6,200 104,014 62.6 0.9 405 5,345 47.2 3.9 5,788 98,623 63.5 0.9

a Adults with DIQ010=1 are defined as with diabetes. Non-diabetes population includes borderline diabetes and records with missing diagnosed diabetes status.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
78 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 19b. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes with systolic blood pressure less than 130 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than

80 mm Hg, by gender, United States, 1999-2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population groupa size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,328 13,158 42.4 2.3 664 6,619 40.0 3.3 664 6,539 44.7 2.5

Age 18-44 156 2,141 53.9 5.6 87 972 64.4 6.5 69 1,169 45.2 7.4

45-64 508 5,764 48.1 3.4 250 2,766 45.6 5.2 258 2,998 50.4 3.8

65 and over 664 5,253 31.4 2.9 327 2,881 26.5 4.4 337 2,372 37.3 3.4

Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic,White 515 8,529 44.5 3.2 230 4,007 41.9 4.9 285 4,522 46.8 3.3

Non-Hispanic, Black 320 2,021 36.4 2.8 177 1,246 34.4 4.6 143 775 39.7 3.6

Mexican American 387 959 47.9 3.1 200 516 53.4 4.2 187 443 41.5 4.1

Other race/Multi-racial 41 726 * * 22 418 * * 19 308 * *

Other Hispanic 65 923 39.1 7.3 35 432 * * 30 491 * *

Family incomeb Negative/poor 283 2,031 42.1 3.6 167 1,251 36.7 4.4 116 780 50.7 6.8

Near poor 406 3,380 37.5 3.5 206 1,845 37.5 5.5 200 1,535 37.5 4.1

Middle 313 3,672 39.8 4.8 155 1,899 36.2 6.6 158 1,773 43.7 4.9

High 193 2,711 52.2 4.7 65 863 59.2 8.1 128 1,848 48.9 5.1

Education Less than high school 650 4,482 36.7 2.7 338 2,440 34.3 4.1 312 2,042 39.5 3.7

High school graduate 271 3,320 42.3 3.9 150 1,885 41.8 4.9 121 1,435 42.9 6.4

At least some college 405 5,345 47.2 3.9 175 2,289 44.6 5.2 230 3,056 49.1 4.6

a Adults with DIQ010=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Note: The National Health Interview Survey estimates in the NHQR and NHDR are not the same as Health, US estimates due to differences in how missing values are reconciled in the

analysis.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 79

Table 20. Adults age 18 and over who smoked and received advice to quit smoking in the last 12 months,a by diagnosed diabetes status,

United States, 2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,979 20,469 63.7 1.2 210 1,877 84.4 2.9 1,769 18,592 61.6 1.3

Age 18-44 922 9,613 58.5 2.0 ** ** 880 9,244 57.6 2.0

45-64 817 8,465 68.5 1.7 125 1,099 83.5 4.0 692 7,366 66.2 1.8

65 and over 240 2,391 67.9 3.3   197 1,982 63.3 3.8

Gender Male 844 9,578 60.5 2.0 **  ** 751 8,632 57.9 2.2

Female 1,135 10,891 66.6 1.6 117 931 84.6 4.0 1,018 9,960 64.9 1.8

Race White only 1,490 16,412 63.8 1.4 146 1,401 84.4 3.5 1,344 15,012 61.9 1.6

Black only 381 3,043 63.5 3.0 ** ** 329 2,672 60.6 3.2

Other 108 1,013 63.2 5.1 * * * ** * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 1,738 19,044 64.4 1.3 183 1,742 83.8 3.1 1,555 17,302 62.4 1.4

Non-Hispanic,White 1,270 15,172 64.8 1.5 121 1,281 83.4 3.8 1,149 13,891 63.1 1.6

Non-Hispanic, Black 369 2,919 62.5 3.1 ** ** 318 2,552 59.2 3.2

Hispanic, all races 241 1,425 55.2 3.7   214 1,290 51.3 4.0

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 1,029 12,463 65.0 1.7 **  ** 947 11,528 63.5 1.7

Public only 452 3,280 68.5 2.9   390 2,906 66.6 3.2

Uninsured 258 2,335 45.8 4.2 **  ** 235 2,177 43.7 4.3

age 65 and over Medicare only * * * ** * * * * * * *

Medicare and private 112 1,332 65.7 4.3 * * * ** * * *

Medicare and other public * * * ** * * * * * * *

Family incomeb Negative/poor 474 3,493 62.5 2.9 ** ** 409 3,090 59.0 3.0

Near poor/low 456 3,738 65.1 2.7   408 3,365 63.4 2.8

Middle 553 6,526 60.7 2.4 **  ** 498 5,953 58.8 2.6

High 496 6,712 66.6 2.3   454 6,185 64.8 2.4

Educationc Less than high school 597 4,705 64.7 2.7 **  ** 505 4,018 60.9 3.0

High school graduate 737 8,069 63.4 1.9   670 7,376 62.3 2.0

At least some college 633 7,604 63.6 2.2 **  ** 583 7,119 61.5 2.3

Residence location Metropolitan-large 935 10,266 64.1 1.7 105 952 82.1 4.8 830 9,314 62.2 1.9

Metropolitan-small 605 6,233 64.7 2.4   545 5,700 62.4 2.6

Micropolitan 281 2,606 63.5 3.0 **  ** 258 2,373 61.8 3.3

Noncore 158 1,364 57.4 5.4   136 1,205 53.5 5.6

Preferred language Other 147 938 51.6 4.7 **  ** 135 878 48.7 4.8

English 1,832 19,531 64.3 1.3 198 1,818 84.1 3.0 1,634 17,713 62.3 1.4

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
80 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 21a. Adults age 50 and over who reported they had ever received a colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or proctoscopy,

by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2005a

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 12,325 78,263 49.1 0.6 1,852 11,107 51.3 1.3 10,473 67,155 48.7 0.7

Age 50-64 6,821 46,456 43.4 0.7 892 5,734 45.6 1.9 5,929 40,721 43.1 0.8

65-74 2,817 16,970 58.1 1.1 544 3,165 57.8 2.5 2,273 13,805 58.1 1.3

75 and over 2,687 14,837 56.5 1.2 416 2,208 56.7 2.8 2,271 12,629 56.4 1.3

Gender Male 5,253 36,294 49.8 0.8 821 5,374 54.2 2.0 4,432 30,919 49.1 0.9

Female 7,072 41,969 48.4 0.8 1,031 5,733 48.5 1.8 6,041 36,236 48.4 0.8

Race White only 10,321 67,559 50.6 0.6 1,424 8,954 52.4 1.5 8,897 58,604 50.3 0.7

Black only 1,523 7,346 41.6 1.6 343 1,635 49.2 2.7 1,180 5,711 39.4 1.8

Other 481 3,358 35.4 2.6 85 518 38.5 6.2 396 2,840 34.9 2.8

Ethnicity Hispanic, all races 1,306 5,765 30.8 1.6 279 1,167 37.8 3.3 1,027 4,597 29.0 1.7

Non-Hispanic, all races 11,019 72,498 50.5 0.6 1,573 9,940 52.9 1.4 9,446 62,558 50.2 0.7

Non-Hispanic,White 9,128 62,427 52.3 0.7 1,171 7,915 54.5 1.6 7,957 54,512 52.0 0.7

Non-Hispanic, Black 1,523 7,321 41.5 1.5 344 1,631 48.9 2.7 1,179 5,690 39.4 1.8

Non-Hispanic, other 368 2,750 33.3 2.9 58 394 37.7 7.7 310 2,356 32.6 3.0

Health insurance,

ages 50-64 Private 4,880 35,320 47.5 0.8 534 3,718 50.2 2.4 4,346 31,602 47.1 0.9

Public 947 5,276 41.9 1.7 239 1,269 44.5 3.8 708 4,006 41.0 2.0

Uninsured 994 5,860 20.7 1.5 119 747 25.1 5.1 875 5,113 20.0 1.7

age 65 and over Medicare and private 3,143 19,115 62.7 1.0 504 3,033 60.9 2.5 2,639 16,083 63.0 1.1

Medicare and public 795 3,926 52.9 2.2 195 930 52.5 4.3 600 2,997 53.1 2.4

Medicare only 1,566 8,765 47.6 1.6 261 1,411 52.8 3.8 1,305 7,355 46.6 1.7

Family incomeb Negative/poor 1,475 6,789 36.0 1.5 302 1,281 44.0 3.3 1,173 5,508 34.1 1.7

Near poor/low 2,741 15,095 43.2 1.2 550 2,895 46.3 2.5 2,191 12,200 42.4 1.3

Middle 3,825 24,651 48.1 1.0 571 3,671 49.8 2.5 3,254 20,980 47.8 1.0

High 4,284 31,727 55.5 0.9 429 3,261 60.4 2.7 3,855 28,466 54.9 1.0

Educationc Less than high school 2,595 14,213 39.7 1.2 562 2,970 41.4 2.5 2,033 11,244 39.2 1.4

High school graduate 3,763 24,674 45.9 1.1 569 3,583 48.4 2.6 3,194 21,091 45.5 1.2

At least some college 5,847 38,571 54.8 0.7 711 4,497 60.4 2.1 5,136 34,074 54.1 0.8

a Adults with DIBEV=1 are defined as with diabetes. Without diabetes includes all other adults.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 81

Table 21b. Adults age 50 and over with diabetes who reported they had ever received a colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or proctoscopy,

by gender, United States, 2005a

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,852 11,107 51.3 1.3 1,031 5,733 48.5 1.8 821 5,374 54.2 2.0

Age 50-64 892 5,734 45.6 1.9 487 2,898 45.1 2.8 405 2,837 46.2 2.8

65-74 544 3,165 57.8 2.5 292 1,597 53.8 3.5 252 1,568 61.9 3.5

75 and over 416 2,208 56.7 2.8 252 1,239 49.9 3.8 164 970 65.3 4.0

Race White only 1,424 8,954 52.4 1.5 777 4,510 48.3 2.2 647 4,444 56.6 2.2

Black only 343 1,635 49.2 2.7 210 992 50.1 3.7 133 643 47.9 5.2

Other 85 518 38.5 6.2 * * * ** * * *

Ethnicity Hispanic, all races 279 1,167 37.8 3.3 171 661 35.6 5.4 108 506 40.7 5.7

Non-Hispanic, all races 1,573 9,940 52.9 1.4 860 5,072 50.2 1.9 713 4,868 55.7 2.1

Non-Hispanic,White 1,171 7,915 54.5 1.6 618 3,896 50.5 2.4 553 4,019 58.3 2.3

Non-Hispanic, Black 344 1,631 48.9 2.7 212 999 50.0 3.7 132 633 47.1 5.3

Non-Hispanic, other 58 394 37.7 7.7 * * * ** * * *

Health insurance,

ages 50-64 Private 534 3,718 50.2 2.4 275 1,770 53.1 3.6 259 1,948 47.5 3.5

Public 239 1,269 44.5 3.8 137 685 39.5 4.9 102 584 50.4 5.3

Uninsured 119 747 25.1 5.1 75 443 21.7 5.5 * * **

age 65 and over Medicare and private 504 3,033 60.9 2.5 268 1,476 53.1 3.5 236 1,557 68.3 3.4

Medicare and public 195 930 52.5 4.3 116 522 49.4 5.6 79 408 56.4 6.7

Medicare only 261 1,411 52.8 3.8 160 838 52.0 5.2 101 573 54.0 5.6

Family incomeb Negative/poor 302 1,281 44.0 3.3 213 870 44.3 4.2 89 410 43.4 5.9

Near poor/low 550 2,895 46.3 2.5 348 1,767 42.1 2.8 202 1,127 52.8 4.0

Middle 571 3,671 49.8 2.5 287 1,758 49.1 3.3 284 1,913 50.4 3.4

High 429 3,261 60.4 2.7 183 1,338 59.1 4.2 246 1,923 61.2 3.7

Educationc Less than high school 562 2,970 41.4 2.5 351 1,736 39.3 2.9 211 1,234 44.3 4.2

High school graduate 569 3,583 48.4 2.6 325 1,961 45.3 3.5 244 1,622 52.1 3.7

At least some college 711 4,497 60.4 2.1 351 2,019 60.0 3.0 360 2,477 60.8 2.8

a Adults with DIBEV=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle, 200 percent to just

below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
82 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 22. Women age 40 and over who reported they had a mammogram within the past 2 years, United States, 2005a

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total Total 10,084 62,530 66.8 0.6 1,197 6,829 66.5 1.5 8,887 55,701 66.8 0.6

Age 40-64 6,821 44,917 68.0 0.7 656 4,010 68.2 2.2 6,165 40,907 67.9 0.7

65-74 1,582 9,017 72.5 1.3 290 1,586 71.2 2.9 1,292 7,431 72.8 1.5

75 and over 1,681 8,596 54.7 1.5 251 1,233 54.6 3.7 1,430 7,363 54.7 1.6

Race White only 8,275 52,954 67.5 0.7 891 5,347 67.0 1.8 7,384 47,607 67.5 0.7

Black only 1,392 6,793 64.9 1.6 252 1,192 63.6 3.4 1,140 5,601 65.2 1.7

Other 417 2,783 59.0 2.9 54 290 68.0 6.6 363 2,493 57.9 3.0

Ethnicity Hispanic, all races 1,267 5,438 58.8 1.9 201 835 63.1 4.4 1,066 4,603 58.1 2.1

Non-Hispanic, all races 8,817 57,092 67.6 0.6 996 5,994 66.9 1.6 7,821 51,098 67.6 0.7

Non-Hispanic,White 7,117 48,047 68.4 0.7 708 4,580 67.9 1.9 6,409 43,467 68.4 0.7

Non-Hispanic, Black 1,390 6,795 65.2 1.6 254 1,201 63.1 3.4 1,136 5,594 65.6 1.7

Non-Hispanic, other 310 2,249 57.8 3.4 ** ** 276 2,037 56.6 3.5

Health insurance,

ages 40-64 Private 4,833 34,021 74.6 0.7 368 2,444 77.2 2.4 4,465 31,577 74.4 0.7

Public 917 4,822 58.4 2.1 181 907 59.3 4.0 736 3,915 58.2 2.3

Uninsured 1,071 6,074 38.5 1.8 107 659 47.3 6.3 964 5,415 37.4 1.7

age 65 and over Medicare and private 1,891 10,599 67.0 1.3 265 1,448 70.1 3.0 1,626 9,151 66.5 1.4

Medicare and public 436 2,012 58.9 2.8 113 502 52.3 5.2 323 1,510 61.1 3.3

Medicare only 936 5,003 59.2 2.1 163 869 60.4 5.0 773 4,133 58.9 2.2

Family incomeb Negative/poor 1,396 6,283 48.8 1.6 253 1,049 56.3 3.5 1,143 5,234 47.3 1.8

Near poor/low 2,235 12,025 55.3 1.3 372 1,899 60.6 2.9 1,863 10,125 54.3 1.4

Middle 3,097 19,440 67.5 1.0 342 2,145 67.8 3.1 2,755 17,295 67.4 1.0

High 3,356 24,782 76.4 0.8 230 1,735 77.4 2.9 3,126 23,047 76.4 0.8

Educationc Less than high school 1,933 10,242 52.8 1.4 380 1,898 55.8 3.0 1,553 8,345 52.1 1.6

High school graduate 3,088 19,713 65.0 1.0 366 2,226 66.3 2.8 2,722 17,486 64.8 1.1

At least some college 4,991 32,137 72.8 0.7 446 2,673 74.2 2.1 4,545 29,464 72.6 0.8

a Adults with DIBEV=1 are defined as with diabetes. Without diabetes includes all other adults.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle, 200 percent to just

below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 83

Table 23. Women age 18 and over with or without diabetes who reported they had a Pap test within the past 3 years,

by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2005a

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 16,303 104,266 78.2 0.4 1,336 7,732 71.0 1.5 14,967 96,534 78.7 0.4

Age 18-44 7,656 51,700 83.5 0.6 198 1,346 87.5 2.7 7,458 50,354 83.4 0.6

45-64 5,320 34,552 81.5 0.6 587 3,506 79.0 1.8 4,733 31,046 81.7 0.6

65 and over 3,327 18,014 56.7 1.1 551 2,879 53.5 2.5 2,776 15,134 57.3 1.2

Race White only 13,065 86,195 78.2 0.5 983 6,000 70.4 1.7 12,082 80,195 78.8 0.5

Black only 2,447 12,463 81.7 1.0 288 1,364 73.0 3.3 2,159 11,098 82.7 1.0

Other 791 5,608 69.8 2.0 65 367 73.7 6.3 726 5,241 69.6 2.1

Ethnicity Hispanic, all races 2,806 12,328 76.0 1.1 228 914 76.9 3.4 2,578 11,414 75.9 1.1

Non-Hispanic, all races 13,497 91,937 78.5 0.4 1,108 6,817 70.2 1.6 12,389 85,120 79.1 0.5

Non-Hispanic,White 10,506 75,052 78.6 0.5 781 5,193 69.5 1.9 9,725 69,859 79.3 0.5

Non-Hispanic, Black 2,434 12,454 82.0 1.0 290 1,371 72.4 3.3 2,144 11,083 83.1 1.0

Non-Hispanic, other 557 4,430 66.0 2.4 * 253 * * 520 4,177 65.6 2.5

Health insurance,

ages 18-64 Private 8,397 60,097 86.1 0.4 429 2,876 85.3 1.9 7,968 57,220 86.1 0.5

Public 2,028 10,878 80.8 1.1 224 1,151 77.5 3.1 1,804 9,726 81.2 1.2

Uninsured 2,551 15,277 70.4 1.2 132 824 72.9 4.7 2,419 14,453 70.2 1.2

age 65 and over Medicare and private 1,932 10,833 58.6 1.3 269 1,464 54.7 3.7 1,663 9,369 59.3 1.5

Medicare and public 439 2,052 58.4 2.7 114 514 55.5 5.5 325 1,538 59.3 3.2

Medicare only 956 5,129 51.8 1.9 168 901 50.5 4.3 788 4,227 52.1 2.1

Family incomeb Negative/poor 2,847 13,501 70.5 1.1 301 1,283 68.8 3.2 2,546 12,218 70.7 1.2

Near poor/low 3,660 20,676 69.5 0.9 415 2,180 62.8 2.8 3,245 18,496 70.2 1.0

Middle 4,897 32,615 78.8 0.7 366 2,314 72.4 2.4 4,531 30,301 79.3 0.7

High 4,899 37,474 85.2 0.6 254 1,955 79.9 2.9 4,645 35,519 85.5 0.6

Educationc Less than high school 3,009 16,318 66.4 1.1 415 2,079 57.9 3.0 2,594 14,239 67.7 1.1

High school graduate 4,656 30,515 74.5 0.8 411 2,547 71.0 2.8 4,245 27,968 74.8 0.8

At least some college 8,512 56,609 83.8 0.5 503 3,064 79.9 2.0 8,009 53,545 84.1 0.5

a Adults with DIBEV=1 are defined as with diabetes. Without diabetes includes all other adults.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey.

Note: The National Health Interview Survey estimates in the NHQR and NHDR are not the same as Health, US estimates due to differences in how missing values are reconciled

in the analysis.
84 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 24a. Adults age 18 and over who received an influenza vaccination in the past 12 months, by diagnosed diabetes status,

United States, 2005a

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 30,844 214,029 21.2 0.3 2,554 15,960 46.8 1.1 28,290 198,068 19.1 0.3

Age 18-44 14,661 108,652 9.7 0.3 350 2,632 29.7 3.3 14,311 106,021 9.3 0.3

45-64 10,243 71,125 20.0 0.5 1,157 7,492 38.0 1.6 9,086 63,633 17.9 0.5

65 and over 5,940 34,252 59.6 0.8 1,047 5,837 65.9 1.7 4,893 28,415 58.4 0.9

Gender Male 13,499 103,023 18.1 0.4 1,128 7,782 43.8 1.6 12,371 95,241 16.0 0.3

Female 17,345 111,006 24.0 0.4 1,426 8,179 49.7 1.6 15,919 102,827 21.9 0.4

Race White only 24,966 177,582 22.3 0.3 1,932 12,716 49.5 1.3 23,034 164,866 20.2 0.3

Black only 4,296 24,275 15.4 0.7 497 2,464 33.1 2.7 3,799 21,811 13.4 0.7

Other 1,582 12,171 16.5 1.1 125 780 47.2 5.4 1,457 11,391 14.4 1.1

Ethnicity Hispanic, all races 5,407 27,315 11.6 0.5 420 1,872 34.7 2.7 4,987 25,443 9.9 0.5

Non-Hispanic, all races 25,437 186,713 22.5 0.3 2,134 14,088 48.4 1.2 23,303 172,625 20.4 0.3

Non-Hispanic,White 20,020 152,887 24.0 0.3 1,557 11,056 51.8 1.5 18,463 141,831 21.8 0.3

Non-Hispanic, Black 4,260 24,097 15.4 0.7 497 2,457 33.2 2.7 3,763 21,640 13.4 0.7

Non-Hispanic, other 1,157 9,729 17.2 1.3 80 575 48.9 6.6 1,077 9,154 15.3 1.3

Health insurance,

ages 18-64 Private 16,267 124,901 15.1 0.3 884 6,433 37.1 2.0 15,383 118,469 14.0 0.3

Public 3,226 18,915 19.7 0.8 381 2,070 42.6 2.9 2,845 16,845 16.9 0.8

Uninsured 5,411 35,961 6.1 0.4 242 1,621 22.0 3.5 5,169 34,340 5.4 0.4

age 65 and over Medicare and private 3,380 20,522 63.4 1.0 544 3,274 69.6 2.2 2,836 17,249 62.2 1.1

Medicare and public 870 4,306 58.2 1.9 216 1,024 66.3 3.6 654 3,281 55.7 2.2

Medicare only 1,690 9,423 52.2 1.4 287 1,539 57.7 3.4 1,403 7,884 51.1 1.5

Family incomeb Negative/poor 4,727 25,235 16.5 0.6 471 2,108 39.4 2.6 4,256 23,127 14.4 0.6

Near poor/low 6,428 39,492 21.9 0.6 706 3,914 47.5 2.0 5,722 35,578 19.1 0.6

Middle 9,382 66,477 22.7 0.5 757 5,054 47.9 2.0 8,625 61,423 20.6 0.5

High 10,307 82,825 21.0 0.4 620 4,885 48.3 2.3 9,687 77,941 19.3 0.4

Educationc Less than high school 5,684 34,426 22.5 0.7 729 3,920 47.4 2.1 4,955 30,506 19.3 0.7

High school graduate 8,767 62,744 21.0 0.5 765 5,018 46.1 2.0 8,002 57,726 18.8 0.5

At least some college 16,101 114,809 20.8 0.4 1,038 6,872 46.8 1.7 15,063 107,937 19.2 0.4

a Adults with DIBEV=1 are defined as with diabetes. Without diabetes includes all other adults.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 85

Table 24b. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who received an influenza vaccination in the past 12 months, by gender, United States,

2005a

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 2,554 15,960 46.8 1.1 1,426 8,179 49.7 1.6 1,128 7,782 43.8 1.6

Age 18-44 350 2,632 29.7 3.3 205 1,381 33.3 4.2 145 1,251 25.7 4.6

45-64 1,157 7,492 38.0 1.6 618 3,645 42.8 2.5 539 3,847 33.4 2.3

65 and over 1,047 5,837 65.9 1.7 603 3,153 64.8 2.3 444 2,684 67.1 2.5

Race White only 1,932 12,716 49.5 1.3 1,051 6,369 52.8 1.8 881 6,347 46.0 1.8

Black only 497 2,464 33.1 2.7 302 1,398 35.9 3.8 195 1,066 29.6 3.6

Other 125 780 47.2 5.4 73 412 47.8 7.2 52 368 46.4 8.2

Ethnicity Hispanic, all races 420 1,872 34.7 2.7 250 1,014 38.8 3.6 170 858 29.8 4.1

Non-Hispanic, all races 2,134 14,088 48.4 1.2 1,176 7,165 51.2 1.8 958 6,923 45.5 1.8

Non-Hispanic,White 1,557 11,056 51.8 1.5 827 5,462 55.3 2.0 730 5,594 48.4 2.0

Non-Hispanic, Black 497 2,457 33.2 2.7 304 1,404 35.9 3.7 193 1,053 29.7 3.6

Non-Hispanic, other 80 575 48.9 6.6 * 298 * ** 277 * *

Health insurance,

ages 18-64 Private 884 6,433 37.1 2.0 447 2,977 46.5 3.1 437 3,455 29.1 2.5

Public 381 2,070 42.6 2.9 236 1,191 37.0 3.7 145 878 50.2 4.9

Uninsured 242 1,621 22.0 3.5 140 857 22.8 4.3 102 764 21.2 5.4

age 65 and over Medicare and private 544 3,274 69.6 2.2 294 1,635 68.2 3.2 250 1,638 71.0 3.0

Medicare and public 216 1,024 66.3 3.6 132 588 65.1 5.0 84 436 67.9 5.5

Medicare only 287 1,539 57.7 3.4 177 930 58.8 4.1 110 609 56.0 5.8

Family incomeb Negative/poor 471 2,108 39.4 2.6 324 1,344 41.6 3.3 147 764 35.6 4.6

Near poor/low 706 3,914 47.5 2.0 445 2,317 48.6 2.9 261 1,597 46.0 3.4

Middle 757 5,054 47.9 2.0 384 2,435 50.3 2.7 373 2,619 45.7 2.8

High 620 4,885 48.3 2.3 273 2,084 55.4 3.5 347 2,801 43.1 3.1

Educationc Less than high school 729 3,920 47.4 2.1 449 2,221 49.7 2.8 280 1,698 44.4 3.4

High school graduate 765 5,018 46.1 2.0 434 2,666 48.5 2.6 331 2,353 43.4 3.2

At least some college 1,038 6,872 46.8 1.7 530 3,207 50.6 2.7 508 3,665 43.5 2.4

a Adults with DIBEV=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle, 200 percent to just

below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
86 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 25a. Adults age 18 and over who had ever received a pneumococcal vaccination, by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2005a

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 30,338 210,421 16.5 0.3 2,512 15,741 43.0 1.2 27,826 194,680 14.3 0.2

Age 18-44 14,386 106,484 5.3 0.2 340 2,564 23.2 2.9 14,046 103,920 4.9 0.2

45-64 10,108 70,235 14.3 0.4 1,140 7,410 33.9 1.7 8,968 62,825 12.0 0.4

65 and over 5,844 33,702 56.2 0.7 1,032 5,767 63.4 1.7 4,812 27,935 54.7 0.8

Gender Male 13,219 100,914 14.8 0.4 1,100 7,611 39.1 1.7 12,119 93,304 12.8 0.3

Female 17,119 109,507 18.0 0.3 1,412 8,130 46.7 1.6 15,707 101,377 15.7 0.3

Race White only 24,547 174,501 17.4 0.3 1,903 12,542 45.4 1.4 22,644 161,959 15.2 0.3

Black only 4,248 24,039 12.6 0.6 488 2,444 32.6 2.7 3,760 21,595 10.3 0.5

Other 1,543 11,881 10.7 1.0 121 755 36.1 4.6 1,422 11,127 8.9 1.0

Ethnicity Hispanic, all races 5,340 27,004 6.5 0.4 411 1,829 22.2 2.4 4,929 25,175 5.4 0.4

Non-Hispanic, all races 24,998 183,417 17.9 0.3 2,101 13,912 45.7 1.3 22,897 169,506 15.6 0.3

Non-Hispanic,White 19,659 150,069 19.3 0.3 1,536 10,922 49.2 1.6 18,123 139,147 16.9 0.3

Non-Hispanic, Black 4,212 23,857 12.8 0.6 488 2,437 32.7 2.8 3,724 21,420 10.5 0.6

Non-Hispanic, other 1,127 9,491 9.9 1.1 77 552 34.0 5.9 1,050 8,939 8.4 1.1

Health insurance,

ages 18-64 Private 16,008 122,819 8.6 0.3 869 6,327 31.8 2.1 15,139 116,492 7.3 0.3

Public 3,154 18,535 16.6 0.9 372 2,032 38.3 2.9 2,782 16,503 14.0 0.9

Uninsured 5,332 35,365 5.9 0.4 239 1,615 19.5 3.4 5,093 33,750 5.2 0.4

age 65 and over Medicare and private 3,321 20,167 62.2 0.9 537 3,225 71.1 2.3 2,784 16,942 60.6 1.0

Medicare and public 854 4,230 53.0 2.1 208 997 60.1 4.0 646 3,233 50.8 2.4

Medicare only 1,669 9,305 44.7 1.4 287 1,545 49.5 3.5 1,382 7,760 43.7 1.6

Family incomeb Negative/poor 4,635 24,723 14.2 0.7 462 2,096 34.2 2.6 4,173 22,627 12.3 0.7

Near poor/low 6,313 38,693 20.2 0.6 690 3,830 44.9 2.2 5,623 34,863 17.5 0.6

Middle 9,237 65,520 18.3 0.4 752 5,021 45.3 2.0 8,485 60,500 16.1 0.4

High 10,153 81,485 13.9 0.4 608 4,794 42.8 2.3 9,545 76,691 12.1 0.4

Educationc Less than high school 5,615 33,987 18.8 0.6 714 3,878 41.3 2.0 4,901 30,109 15.9 0.6

High school graduate 8,620 61,634 17.6 0.5 754 4,933 42.8 2.4 7,866 56,701 15.4 0.5

At least some college 15,826 112,867 15.2 0.3 1,022 6,784 44.3 1.7 14,804 106,083 13.3 0.3

a Adults with DIBEV=1 are defined as with diabetes. Without diabetes includes all other adults.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 87

Table 25b. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who had ever received a pneumococcal vaccination, by gender, United States, 2005a

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 2,512 15,741 43.0 1.2 1,412 8,130 46.7 1.6 1,100 7,611 39.1 1.7

Age 18-44 340 2,564 23.2 2.9 203 1,375 21.4 3.3 137 1,189 25.2 4.9

45-64 1,140 7,410 33.9 1.7 612 3,629 40.3 2.4 528 3,781 27.8 2.1

65 and over 1,032 5,767 63.4 1.7 597 3,126 65.1 2.2 435 2,641 61.4 2.6

Race White only 1,903 12,542 45.4 1.4 1,041 6,321 49.7 1.9 862 6,221 41.0 1.9

Black only 488 2,444 32.6 2.7 299 1,403 34.7 3.2 189 1,042 29.9 4.3

Other 121 755 36.1 4.6 72 407 40.5 6.5 * 348 * *

Ethnicity Hispanic, all races 411 1,829 22.2 2.4 244 996 26.8 3.7 167 833 16.8 2.9

Non-Hispanic, all races 2,101 13,912 45.7 1.3 1,168 7,134 49.4 1.7 933 6,777 41.8 1.9

Non-Hispanic,White 1,536 10,922 49.2 1.6 823 5,432 53.7 2.2 713 5,490 44.8 2.1

Non-Hispanic, Black 488 2,437 32.7 2.8 301 1,409 34.6 3.2 187 1,028 30.1 4.4

Non-Hispanic, other 77 552 34.0 5.9 * 293 * ** 259 * *

Health insurance,

ages 18-64 Private 869 6,327 31.8 2.1 443 2,954 39.0 3.0 426 3,373 25.6 2.5

Public 372 2,032 38.3 2.9 231 1,174 35.4 3.5 141 858 42.3 5.0

Uninsured 239 1,615 19.5 3.4 141 875 21.7 4.1 * 739 * *

age 65 and over Medicare and private 537 3,225 71.1 2.3 290 1,609 74.1 2.8 247 1,616 68.2 3.3

Medicare and public 208 997 60.1 4.0 128 578 61.9 5.0 80 419 57.7 6.1

Medicare only 287 1,545 49.5 3.5 179 939 51.9 4.3 108 606 45.9 5.8

Family incomeb Negative/poor 462 2,096 34.2 2.6 321 1,353 38.0 3.2 141 743 27.5 4.2

Near poor/low 690 3,830 44.9 2.2 438 2,284 47.4 2.7 252 1,546 41.3 3.8

Middle 752 5,021 45.3 2.0 385 2,437 48.5 3.0 367 2,584 42.3 3.0

High 608 4,794 42.8 2.3 268 2,056 49.4 3.4 340 2,738 37.9 3.1

Educationc Less than high school 714 3,878 41.3 2.0 441 2,210 46.1 2.6 273 1,668 35.0 3.1

High school graduate 754 4,933 42.8 2.4 433 2,654 46.3 3.2 321 2,279 38.7 3.4

At least some college 1,022 6,784 44.3 1.7 525 3,186 48.0 2.5 497 3,598 41.1 2.5

a Adults with DIBEV=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle,

200 percent to just below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
88 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

Table 26a. Adults age 18 and over who reported a dental visit in the past year,a by diagnosed diabetes status, United States, 2004

Total With diabetes Without diabetes

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 22,928 220,403 42.7 0.6 1,620 13,810 39.7 1.5 21,308 206,593 42.9 0.6

Age 18-44 11,901 111,437 38.7 0.7 241 1,940 39.9 4.2 11,660 109,497 38.7 0.7

45-64 7,280 71,924 48.6 0.8 730 6,147 39.3 2.4 6,550 65,776 49.5 0.8

65 and over 3,747 37,042 43.0 1.2 649 5,722 40.1 2.7 3,098 31,320 43.5 1.2

Gender Male 10,441 106,571 38.2 0.7 680 6,575 41.4 2.4 9,761 99,996 38.0 0.7

Female 12,487 113,832 46.9 0.7 940 7,235 38.2 2.0 11,547 106,596 47.5 0.7

Race White only 18,010 179,963 45.0 0.6 1,203 10,775 42.2 1.8 16,807 169,188 45.2 0.6

Black only 3,310 25,367 28.0 1.0 315 2,058 27.4 2.6 2,995 23,309 28.1 1.1

Other 1,608 15,073 39.7 1.8 102 977 39.1 6.3 1,506 14,096 39.7 1.9

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 17,433 192,562 45.1 0.6 1,252 12,087 41.6 1.7 16,181 180,475 45.3 0.6

Non-Hispanic,White 12,726 153,477 48.3 0.7 852 9,135 45.0 2.1 11,874 144,342 48.6 0.7

Non-Hispanic, Black 3,213 24,664 27.7 1.1 308 2,023 27.1 2.6 2,905 22,641 27.8 1.1

Hispanic, all races 5,495 27,841 26.2 1.1 368 1,723 26.8 3.0 5,127 26,118 26.1 1.1

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 12,193 136,146 50.3 0.7 551 5,627 46.9 2.6 11,642 130,519 50.5 0.7

Public only 2,683 16,513 26.1 1.2 283 1,620 23.9 2.9 2,400 14,894 26.3 1.3

Uninsured 4,305 30,702 17.5 0.8 137 841 20.1 4.3 4,168 29,860 17.4 0.8

age 65 and over Medicare only 1,092 10,713 34.4 1.8 162 1,555 37.7 4.7 930 9,157 33.9 2.0

Medicare and private 1,933 21,587 51.2 1.5 305 3,104 46.4 3.5 1,628 18,482 52.0 1.5

Medicare and other public 673 4,354 25.0 3.1 171 977 26.1 5.9 502 3,376 24.7 3.3

Family incomeb Negative/poor 4,053 24,184 23.4 0.9 367 1,951 27.1 3.1 3,686 22,232 23.1 1.0

Near poor/low 5,071 38,398 27.8 0.9 420 3,321 27.3 2.7 4,651 35,077 27.8 1.0

Middle 6,673 69,769 39.8 0.9 441 3,993 40.9 2.7 6,232 65,776 39.8 0.9

High 7,131 88,052 56.7 0.8 392 4,545 53.2 3.0 6,739 83,508 56.9 0.9

Educationc Less than high school 6,397 42,639 23.8 0.8 620 4,068 24.4 2.2 5,777 38,571 23.7 0.9

High school graduate 7,207 70,613 37.2 0.9 512 4,881 37.1 2.6 6,695 65,732 37.2 0.9

At least some college 9,118 105,725 54.4 0.7 472 4,760 56.1 2.6 8,646 100,966 54.3 0.7

Residence location Metropolitan-large 12,370 119,875 42.8 0.7 751 6,571 39.3 2.3 11,619 113,303 43.1 0.7

Metropolitan-small 6,307 62,470 45.7 1.3 506 4,295 41.7 2.6 5,801 58,175 46.0 1.3

Micropolitan 2,659 24,301 37.3 1.9 228 1,868 37.1 4.6 2,431 22,433 37.3 1.9

Noncore 1,592 13,757 37.2 2.5 135 1,076 39.3 5.7 1,457 12,681 37.0 2.4

Preferred language Other 4,356 23,856 24.8 1.3 254 1,314 26.6 3.6 4,102 22,542 24.6 1.3

English 18,321 194,097 45.3 0.6 1,366 12,496 41.1 1.7 16,955 181,601 45.6 0.6

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes, DSDIA53=-1 as without diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle, 200 percent to just

below 400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 89

Table 26b. Adults age 18 and over with diabetes who reported a dental visit in the past year,a by gender, United States, 2004

Total Women Men

Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE Sample Weighted size Percent SE

Population group size (in thousands) size (in thousands) size (in thousands)

Total 1,620 13,810 39.7 1.5 940 7,235 38.2 2.0 680 6,575 41.4 2.4

Age 18-44 241 1,940 39.9 4.2 148 1,055 43.0 5.5 * * **

45-64 730 6,147 39.3 2.4 409 3,095 39.8 3.0 321 3,053 38.9 3.6

65 and over 649 5,722 40.1 2.7 383 3,085 35.0 3.1 266 2,637 46.1 3.8

Race White only 1,203 10,775 42.2 1.8 667 5,441 41.1 2.4 536 5,333 43.3 2.6

Black only 315 2,058 27.4 2.6 216 1,290 29.5 3.7 * * **

Other 102 977 39.1 6.3 * * * ** * * *

Ethnicity Non-Hispanic, all races 1,252 12,087 41.6 1.7 715 6,246 40.3 2.3 537 5,841 43.0 2.7

Non-Hispanic,White 852 9,135 45.0 2.1 454 4,512 44.5 2.8 398 4,623 45.4 3.0

Non-Hispanic, Black 308 2,023 27.1 2.6 210 1,259 29.4 3.8 * * **

Hispanic, all races 368 1,723 26.8 3.0 225 990 25.2 3.5 143 734 28.9 5.2

Health insurance,

age 18-64 Any private 551 5,627 46.9 2.6 272 2,567 48.1 3.4 279 3,060 45.9 3.6

Public only 283 1,620 23.9 2.9 202 1,106 27.5 3.7 * * **

Uninsured 137 841 20.1 4.3 * * * ** * * *

age 65 and over Medicare only 162 1,555 37.7 4.7 * * * ** * * *

Medicare and private 305 3,104 46.4 3.5 162 1,534 40.6 4.1 143 1,570 52.0 5.1

Medicare and other public 171 977 26.1 5.9 124 641 18.1 4.1 * * **

Family incomeb Negative/poor 367 1,951 27.1 3.1 255 1,234 30.1 3.6 112 717 21.8 6.1

Near poor/low 420 3,321 27.3 2.7 261 2,012 26.4 3.4 159 1,310 28.7 4.3

Middle 441 3,993 40.9 2.7 246 2,097 42.3 3.5 195 1,896 39.4 4.2

High 392 4,545 53.2 3.0 178 1,893 51.5 3.7 214 2,652 54.4 4.2

Educationc Less than high school 620 4,068 24.4 2.2 376 2,239 24.9 3.1 244 1,829 23.8 3.2

High school graduate 512 4,881 37.1 2.6 310 2,752 39.2 3.5 202 2,129 34.3 3.8

At least some college 472 4,760 56.1 2.6 245 2,177 51.5 3.1 227 2,582 59.9 3.9

Residence location Metropolitan-large 751 6,571 39.3 2.3 443 3,512 36.5 3.0 308 3,059 42.5 3.8

Metropolitan-small 506 4,295 41.7 2.6 315 2,417 39.7 3.4 191 1,878 44.3 4.3

Micropolitan 228 1,868 37.1 4.6 121 858 35.9 5.3 107 1,010 38.2 6.2

Noncore 135 1,076 39.3 5.7 * * * ** * * *

Preferred language Other 254 1,314 26.6 3.6 151 760 27.9 4.4 103 554 25.0 5.2

English 1,366 12,496 41.1 1.7 789 6,475 39.4 2.2 577 6,021 42.9 2.6

a Adults with DSDIA53=1 are defined as with diabetes.

b Negative/poor refers to household incomes below the Federal poverty line; near poor/low, over the poverty line to just below 200 percent of the poverty line; middle, 200 percent to just below

400 percent of the poverty line; and high, 400 percent of the poverty line and over.

c Less than high school refers to fewer than 12 years of education; high school graduate, 12 years of education; and at least some college, more than 12 years of education.

* Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or confidentiality.

Key: SE: standard error.

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
90 WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
WOMEN WITH DIABETES: QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE 91

Appendix C: List of Abbreviations

ADA American Diabetes Association

AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

BRFSS Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

CAPI Computer-Assisted Personal Interview

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

DHHS Department of Health and Human Services

HC Household Component

HDL high-density lipoprotein

LDL low-density lipoprotein

MEPS Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

MEPS–HC Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - Household Component

NCCDPHP National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

NCHS National Center for Health Statistics

NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

NHIS National Health Interview Survey

OMB Office of Management and Budget

PSUs primary sampling units

AHRQ Publication No. 08(09)-0099

November 2008

U.S. Department of

Health and Human Services

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

540 Gaither Road

Rockville, MD 20850