FILED

March 15, 1999

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate C ourt Clerk

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

DECEMBER SESSION, 1998

STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) C.C.A. NO. 02C01-9803-CC-00071

)

Appellee, )

) TIPTON COUNTY

V. ) 

)

JOSEPH LEROY SULLIVAN ) HON. JOSEPH H. WALKER, JUDGE

and VICTORIA ALICIA TERAN, )

)

Appellants. ) (POSSESSION OF COCAINE) 

FOR THE APPELLANTS: FOR THE APPELLEE:

MELANIE E. TAYLOR JOHN KNOX WALKUP 

50 North Front State., Ste. 780 Attorney General & Reporter

Memphis, TN 38103

ELIZABETH T. RYAN

Assistant Attorney General

2nd Floor, Cordell Hull Building

425 Fifth Avenue North

Nashville, TN 37243

ELIZABETH T. RICE 

District Attorney General 

JAMES WALTER FREELAND, JR. 

Assistant District Attorney General

302 Market Street 

Somerville, TN 38068

OPINION FILED ________________________

AFFIRMED 

THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE
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OPINION

The Defendants, Joseph Leroy Sullivan and Victoria Alicia Teran, appeal as

of right their convictions following a jury trial in the Tipton County Circuit Court.

Sullivan was found guilty of possession with intent to deliver .5 grams or more of

cocaine, possession of drug paraphernalia, and possession of a prohibited weapon.

Teran was convicted of possession with intent to deliver .5 grams or more of cocaine

and possession of drug paraphernalia. The jury fined each Defendant $25,000.00

for the possession with intent to deliver more than .5 grams of cocaine and

$2,500.00 for possession of drug paraphernalia. Sullivan was fined an additional

$3,000.00 for the conviction of possession of a prohibited weapon. The trial court

subsequently sentenced Sullivan as Range I Standard Offender to eight (8) years

and six (6) months for the possession with intent to deliver, eleven (11) months,

twenty-nine (29) days for the possession of drug paraphernalia, and one (1) year for

the possession of the prohibited weapon. Teran was sentenced as a Range I

Standard Offender to eight (8) years for the possession with intent to deliver and

eleven (11) months, twenty-nine (29) days for the possession of drug paraphernalia.

Teran was granted suspension of her sentence after serving six (6) months. For

each Defendant, all sentences were ordered to run concurrently. In this appeal,

Defendants argue that the evidence was insufficient to support any of the

convictions. After a careful review of the record, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court.

The facts presented at trial reveal that on March 7, 1997, officers from the

Tipton County Sheriff’s department, along with Detective Tarwater of the Shelby
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County Sheriff’s Department, obtained a search warrant for the residence of Joseph

Leroy Sullivan. Upon entering Sullivan’s mobile home, the officers encountered

Teran coming from the back bedroom. After she had been secured, Sergeant Dan

Jones continued the search of the house for both drugs and Sullivan. Sergeant

Jones went into the master bedroom where he noticed several guns within arms

reach of the bed, including a sawed-off shotgun. The barrel length was later

determined to be eight and one quarter inches. Sergeant Jones also noticed a

Crown Royal bag on the floor with a white powdery substance inside. This white

substance in the bag was later identified as being .7 grams of cocaine. The forensic

scientist who tested the white substance testified that she also found a white plastic

straw in the Crown Royal bag containing the cocaine. Sergeant Jones further found

a “used syringe” in the bathroom. No forensic tests were conducted on the straw or

syringe. Sergeant Jones also located a writing tablet in the living room which he and

the other officers believed contained records of drug transactions and money owed

to Sullivan and/or Teran. As the officer took the tablet and began to read its

contents, Teran tried to grab it, telling the officer not to take it because it contained

her personal notes.

Sullivan was spotted in a soybean field across from the house about an hour

after the search began, and he was then brought back to his home. After being

Mirandized, Sullivan asked narcotics investigator Randall Robbins what the officers

were doing at his home. The officer explained that they were executing a search

warrant, he told Sullivan what they had found, and informed him that he would be

arrested. Sullivan began to question the officer about what would happen to Teran.

When the officer told Sullivan that Teran would likely be arrested too, Sullivan told

the officer that all of the contraband was his and that Teran had nothing to do with
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it. According to Investigator Robbins, neither Defendant indicated that he or she had

any medical problems. 

Sufficiency of the Evidence

When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, the

standard is whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosection, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).

This standard is applicable to findings of guilt predicated upon direct evidence,

circumstantial evidence or a combination of direct and circumstantial evidence.

State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). On appeal, the

State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all inferences

therefrom. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Because a

verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a

presumption of guilt, the accused has the burden in this court of illustrating why the

evidence is insufficient to support the verdict returned by the trier of fact. State v.

Williams, 914 S.W.2d 940, 945 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995) (citing State v. Tuggle, 639

S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982)); State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973).

Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value to

be given the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence, are

resolved by the trier of fact, not this court. State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620, 623

(Tenn. Crim. App.), perm. to appeal denied, id. (Tenn. 1987). Nor may this court

reweigh or reevaluate the evidence. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d at 835. A jury verdict
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approved by the trial judge accredits the State’s witnesses and resolves all conflicts

in favor of the State. Grace, 493 S.W.2d at 476.

First, Sullivan argues that the evidence is insufficient to support a finding that

he is guilty of possession of a prohibited weapon. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-

1302. Sergeant Jones found a sawed-off shotgun within arms reach of Sullivan’s

bed in Sullivan’s home. The barrel on that gun was measured at eight and a quarter

inches long. The prohibited weapons statute states that a barrel of a shotgun must

be at least 18 inches long. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-1301(11). A gun Defendant

possessed in his own home which was almost ten inches shorter than the shortest

length allowed is sufficient evidence to uphold Sullivan’s conviction of possession

of a prohibited weapon. 

Second, Sullivan and Teran contend that the evidence is not sufficient to

support their convictions for possession of cocaine with intent to deliver. Tennessee

Code Annotated section 39-17-417(a)(4) provides that it is an offense to “possess

a controlled substance with intent to manufacture, deliver or sell such controlled

substance.” The statute also provides that where the substance is cocaine in an

amount equal to or greater than .5 grams, the offense is a Class B felony. Tenn.

Code Ann. § 39-17-417(c)(1). Defendants were charged with and convicted of the

possession of more than .5 grams of cocaine with intent to deliver. Tests revealed

that the actual amount of cocaine found in the Crown Royal bag was .7 grams.

Tennessee law allows a jury to infer from the amount of a controlled

substance or substances possessed by an offender, along with other relevant facts

surrounding the arrest, that the controlled substance or substances were possessed

for the purpose of selling or otherwise dispensing the drug. Tenn. Code Ann. §
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39-17-419. In State v. Larry G. Hart, C.C.A. No. 02C01-9406-CC-00111, Hardin

County (Tenn. Crim. App., Jackson, June 28, 1995) (no Rule 11 application filed),

the defendant had only one gram of cocaine in his possession, but when that fact

was viewed in light of all the circumstances, this Court found that amount to be

sufficient to sustain a guilty verdict of possession with intent to deliver or sell.

Furthermore, this Court has held that the possession of a beeper and $239.00 in

cash, though not criminal offenses in and of themselves, when coupled with the

possession of 1.1 gram of cocaine, was sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude

that a defendant was guilty of possession of cocaine with the intent to deliver. See

State v. Ronald Mitchell, C.C.A. No. 02C01-9702-CC-00070, Lauderdale County

(Tenn. Crim. App., Jackson, Sept. 15, 1997) (Rule 11 application denied April 27,

1998). In the instant case, the proof in the record establishes that Defendants had

.7 grams of cocaine in their possession. A “used syringe” was found in the bathroom

and a plastic straw was found in the Crown Royal bag containing the cocaine. W hile

this evidence might infer that the drug was possessed by Defendants for their own

use and not with intent to deliver, the writing tablet that Teran admitted belonged to

her was also admitted into evidence. Investigator Robbins testified that he believed

the tablet contained descriptions of drugs sold, to whom they were sold, and how

much was paid or owed. A rational trier of fact could have concluded that

Defendants possessed the cocaine with the intent to deliver. 

Although not specifically raised as an issue at trial or on appeal, we should

note that we also find sufficient evidence that both Defendants were in possession

of the cocaine. Possession of a controlled substance may be actual or constructive.

State v. Brown, 915 S.W.2d 3, 7 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); State v. Brown, 823

S.W.2d 576, 579 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991); State v. Cooper, 736 S.W.2d 125, 129
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(Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). To constructively possess a drug, that person must have

the power and intention at a given time to exercise dominion and control over the

drugs either directly or through others. Cooper, 736 S.W.2d at 129 (citation om itted).

Constructive possession is the ability to reduce an object to actual possession.

Brown, 915 S.W .2d at 7; Brown, 823 S.W.2d at 579 (citation om itted). Moreover,

possession may be actual or constructive, either alone or jointly with others. State

v. Copeland, 677 S.W.2d 471, 476 (Tenn. Crim. App.), perm. to appeal denied

(Tenn. 1984). Having possession of the premises where contraband is found

creates an inference that the possessor had possession of the contraband.

Armstrong v. State, 548 S.W.2d 334, 336 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1976). A person’s mere

presence in the area where drugs are discovered does not show possession, and

neither will association with the one who is in control of drugs. Cooper, 736 S.W.2d

at 129. However, the facts of this case reveal more than mere presence by both

Defendants. First, Sullivan was the owner of the trailer from which the contraband

was confiscated which creates an inference he possessed the contraband. Sullivan

offered no evidence to rebut this inference. In fact, after one of the officers

described to him what had been confiscated, he said, “Well, it’s mine. . . . What you

found is mine.” This is certainly enough evidence to show possession by Sullivan.

Second, Teran was apprehended coming out of the back bedroom where the

cocaine was found. One officer testified that he saw women’s clothing strewn about

the trailer. Also, Teran admitted to the officers that the writing tablet containing drug

transactions belonged to her. This is sufficient to show constructive possession on

Teran’s behalf. The question of ownership of drugs is a question of fact for the jury.

Based on all the foregoing facts, a rational trier of fact could have reached the

conclusion that both Defendants were in the possession of at least 0.5 grams of

cocaine with the intent to deliver.
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Third, Defendants argue that the evidence does not support their convictions

for possession of drug paraphernalia. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-425. They

contend that the straw and the syringe were never tested to see if they were actually

used to introduce the controlled substance into the body. However, the statute does

not require that the paraphernalia to have actually been used. Tennessee Code

Annotated section 39-17-402(12) provides that “‘[d]rug paraphernalia’ means all

equipment, products and materials of any kind which are used, intended for use, or

designed for use in . . . injecting, ingesting, inhaling or otherwise introducing into the

human body, a controlled substance.” (emphasis added). A straw found in the

same Crown Royal bag as the cocaine and a syringe found in the adjoining

bathroom are sufficient evidence for a rational trier of fact to find both Defendants

guilty of possession of drug paraphernalia pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated

section 39-17-425. We also note that the same possession analysis above applies

here as well.

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

____________________________________

THOMAS T. W OODALL, Judge

CONCUR:

___________________________________

GARY R. WADE, Presiding Judge

___________________________________

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, Judge
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