Metapolycope}

 a New Genus of

Bathyal Ostracoda from the Atlantic

(Suborder Cladocopina)

LOUIS S. KORNICKER

and

. C. M. VAN MORKHOVEN

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 225
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOG Y • NUMBE R 22 5

Metapolycope, a New Genus of

Bathyal Ostracoda from the Atlantic

(Suborder Cladocopina)

Louis S. Kornicker

and F. P. C. M. van Morkhoven

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1976
ABSTRAC T

Kornicker, Louis S., and F. P. C. M. van Morkhoven. Metapolycopc, a NewGenus of Bathyal Ostracoda from the Atlantic (Suborder Cladocopina). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 225, 29 pages, 24 figures, 1976.—

Metapolycope, a new genus of Ostracoda, in the suborder Cladocopina, is

described from 5 samples collected in the Atlantic Ocean by personnel aboard

the Atlantis II and Ingolf at depths of 587-2191 m. Two new species, M. hartmanni and M. microthrix, are described and illustrated. The ontogeny and

sexual dimorphism of M. hartmanni are discussed, and a key is given for identifying instars. Keys are also given for identifying genera of the Polycopidae,

and species of Metapolycope.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 6158. SERIFS COVER DESIGN:

The coral Montastrea cavernnsn (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Kornicker, Louis S 1919-

Mctapolycopc, a new genus of bathyal Ostracoda from the Atlantic (suborder, Cladocopina;

(Smithsonian contributions to zoologv ; 225)

Bibliography: p.

Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:22?

I. Metapolycope. 2. Metapolycope hartmanni. 3. Metapolycope microthrix. 4. Crustacea—

South Atlantic Ocean. I. van Morkhoven, F. P. C. M., joint author. II. Title. III. Series:

Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 22.r>.

QL1.S54 no. 225 [QL444.0851 591'.08s [595'.33"1
Contents

Page

Introduction 1

Station Data 2

Family POLYCOPIDAE Sars, 1866 2

Subfamily POLYCOPINAE Sars, 1866 2

Key to Genera of the Polycopinae 2

Metapolycope, new genus 2

Key to Species of Metapolycope 3

Metapolycope hartmanni, new species 3

Key to Developmental Stages 18

Metapolycope microthrix, new species 18

Metapolycope species 18

Literature Cited 29

i n

Metapolycope, a New Genus of

Bathyal Ostracoda from the Atlantic

(Suborder Cladocopina)

Louis S. Kornicker

and F. P. C. M. van Morkhoven

Introduction

Collections of deep-sea ostracodes, obtained by

personnel of the Woods Hole Marine Biological

Laboratory while aboard the Atlantis II in 1967

and 1968, and Danish personnel aboard the Ingolf

in 1896, contained a new genus of Cladocopina in

samples from four localities in the South Atlantic

(Figure 1) and one in the North Atlantic near Iceland. Only three genera have been previously described in the suborder Cladocopina. The new genus is particularly interesting because the male 1st

antenna bears a sensory process similar in appearance to processes reported previously only on

specimens in the order Podocopa, and bristles with

discs (sensory or for clasping female?) similar to

those reported previously only on specimens in the

suborder Myodocopina (Family Cypridinidae).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—-We thank personnel of the

Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory and

Ingolf personnel for the samples upon which this

study was based, and Dr. Gerd Hartmann, University of Hamburg, for identifying for us the species

upon which the polycopid muscle scars he had illustrated in a publication (1966:130, fig. 74a-g)

were based. The assistance of Walter R. Brown

and Miss Mary J. Mann, Smithsonian Institution,

Louis S. Kornicker, Department of Invertebrate Zoology,

National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. F. P. C. M. van Morkhoven,

Shell Development Company, Box 481, Houston, Texas 77001.

who operated the scanning-electron microscope is

acknowledged. The specimens, prior to photographing by the SEM, were freeze-dried in the

laboratory of R. Hower, Smithsonian Institution.

Photographs with transmitted light were taken by

V. Kranz, Smithsonian Institution. The manuscript was kindly reviewed by our colleage, Dr.

I. G. Sohn. We thank Mary Frances Bell of the

FICURF. 1.—Locality map of South Atlantic stations and

species (black dot = Metapolycope hartmanni; stars =

Metapolycope microtlirix).
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Smithsonian Institution Press for editing the

manuscript.

Station Data

Research Vessel Atlantis II

(Cruise 31, Dakar, Senegal to Recife, Brazil,

2 February 1967-23 February 1967)

Station 167; 20 February; 07°58'0"S, 34°17'0"W to 07°:>0'0"S, ?

(final longitude not given in cruise report, but presumably close to initial longitude); 943-1007 m.

Metapolycope hartmanni, new species: 5 complete specimens + 1 right valve.

Station 169; 21 February; 08°03'0"S, 34°23'0"W to 08°02'0"S,

34°25'0"W; 587 m.

Metapolycope hartmanni, new species: 9 specimens.

(Cruise 42, Walvis Bay, South West Africa,

to Luanda, Angola, 15 May 1968-23 May 1968)

Station 193; 17 May; 22°56'S, 12°18'E; 2094-2191 m; epibenthic trawl.

Metapolycope microthrix, new species: 1 specimen.

Station 201; 23 May; 9°25'S, 11°35'E to 9°0:>'S, 12°17'E;

1964-2031 m; epibenthic trawl.

Metapolycope microthrix, new species: 1 specimen.

Research Vessel Ingolf

(Danish Ingolf-Expedition, 1895-1896,

North Atlantic)

Station 90; 24 June 1896; 64°45'N, 29°06'W; 1068 m; bottom

temperature 4.4°C; Denmark Strait between Greenland

and Iceland.

Metapolycope species: 1 left valve.

Family POLYCOPIDAE Sars, 1866

Kozur (1974:853) proposed the subfamily Pokornyopsinae Kozur, 1974, in the Polycopidae, for

Thaumatocypris feifeli Triebel, 1941; Thaumatocypris bettenstaedti Bartenstein, 1949; Polycope?

sp., Thaumatocypris? sp. Oertli, 1972; and Polycope? sp., D. Oertli, only figures 37, 38. Kornicker

and Sohn (1976) referred the first two species to

the family Thaumatocyprididae.

The present authors recognize only one subfamily in the Polycopidae—the Polycopinae Sars,

1866.

Subfamily POLYCOPINAE Sars, 1866

This subfamily contains 4 genera: Polycope

Sars, 1866; Polycopsis Sars, 1923; Parapolycope

Klie, 1936, and Metapolycope, new genus.

Metapolycope, new genus

TYPE-SPECIES.—Metapolycope hartmanni, new

species.

ETYMOLOGY.—From the Greek Meta (= near)

-f polycope. Gender: Feminine.

DISTRIBUTION.—Atlantic between depths of 587-

2191 m.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace reticulate with central adductor muscle scars consisting of central ovoid scar

and 7 additional scars forming half of rosette with

convex part of rosette oriented posteriad; an 8th

slender crescentic muscle scar, less visible than

others, present anterior to lowermost scar; hinge

straight, simple without teeth, located along posterodorsal margin.

First antenna: With 5 distinct joints; 1st joint

of male with elongate, lateral, sensory process; 2nd

joint of both sexes with 2 large processes, each

with terminal bristle; 4th joint of adult female

with 1 dorsal and 2 ventral bristles; 4th joint of

adult male with 1 dorsal and 4 ventral bristles (2

bristles of usual type and 2 with 7-8 minute discs).

Key to Genera of the Polycopinae

1. Dorsal margin of 2nd joint of 1st antenna with 1 or 2 large processes, each with terminal

bristle 2

Dorsal margin of 2nd joint of 1st antenna without large processes 3

2. Central adductor muscle scars composed of 3 ovoid individual scars (always?); 1st antenna

with 6 joints Polycopsis Sars, 1923

Central adductor muscle scars composed of 9 individual scars forming one-half of a rosette;

1st antenna with 5 joints Metapolycope, new genus

3. Furca of female with 3 claws on left lamella and 4 on right Parapolycope Klie, 1936

Furca of female with minimum of 4 claws on each lamella Polycope Sars, 1866
NUMBER 225

Mandible: Ventral margin of basale with 4 spinous bristles (always?).

Maxilla: Dorsal margin of basale with large

proximal hump.

Furca: Each lamella with 7 slightly curved claws.

DESCRIPTION.—Carapace reticulate; in lateral

view, anteroventral margin of each valve of M.

hartmanni distinctly serrate; anteroventral margin

of M. microthrix with subdued serrations on left

valve, and almost no serrations on right valve; serrations formed by edges of reticulations; central

adductor muscle scar composed of 8 individual

scars forming half of a rosette around small central

scar.

First antenna: Limb with 5 joints; except for

3rd joint, bristles present on all joints; 1st joint of

adult male with 2 large dorsal processes, each with

terminal bristle; 4th joint of adult male with 2 ventral bristles with 7-8 minute discs.

Second antenna: Endopodite 3-jointed, each

joint with bristles; 3rd joint of adult male with

sclerotized hooklike clasper.

Mandible: Coxale endite with large inner and

outer tooth with several small teeth between them;

basale with 4 spinous ventral bristles; exopodite

with 2 spinous bristles; end joint of endopodite

with spinous ventral bristle and clawlike dorsal

bristle.

Maxilla: Dorsal margin of basale with large

proximal hump to which a stout muscle is attached

internally.

Fifth limb: Typical for family (Figures 4g, \\g,

\9e).

Furca: Each lamella with 7 slightly curved claws

followed by unpaired bristle.

Posterior of body: 5th segment with cluster of

long hairs.

COMPARISONS.—Large processes on the dorsal margin of the 2nd joint of the 1st antenna have been

reported only on Metapolycope, new genus, and

Polycopsis Miiller, 1894. The 1st antenna of Metapolycope bears 5 joints compared to 6 on Polycopsis. Adult males are known for only Polycopsis

compressa (Miiller, 1894) and Metapolycope hartmanni, new species. Unlike Metapolycope, the

adult male of Polycopsis does not have a 1st antenna with a sensory process on the 1st joint and 2

bristles with minute discs on the 4th joint (see

Muller, 1894, pi. 7: figs. 34, 35). The central adductor muscle scars of Metapolycope consist of 8

elongate scars forming half of a rosette around a

small central scar. The muscle scar of Polycopsis

serrata Muller, 1894, consists of 3 ovoid scars

(Muller, 1894, pi. 8: fig. 22). The muscle scar is

not well defined on the specimen of P. compressa

illustrated by Sars (1923, pi. 17: fig. 2), but it seems

to be composed of 3 ovoid scars similar to those of

P. serrata. On the other hand, photographs of

valves of P. compressa illustrated by BarbeitoGonzalez (1971, pi. 44: figs. 1, 2) suggest a rosette

arrangement not unlike that of Metapolycope;

however, the scars in the photographs are not

clearly visible. Through the courtesy of Dr. Gerd

Hartmann, we received from the Hamburg Zoological Museum a dissected specimen of P. compressa (number 37325) from Banyuls. The right

valve was missing from the vial. Unfortunately, the

left valve contained only a remnant of a single adductor muscle; however, markings on the valve

when viewed with transmitted light suggest that

additional muscles may have been attached to form

a rosette pattern. The rosette is convex toward the

ventral margin, not the posterior margin as in

Metapolycope. Additional study is required to determine the number and arrangement of muscle

scars on P. compressa. By study of the 1st antenna

of the specimen from Banyuls we are able to confirm that it lias 6 joints arranged similar to those

of the 1st antenna of P. compressa illustrated by

Sars (1923, pi. 17: fig. 2a).

Metapolycope hartmanni, new species

FIGURES 2-14, 20a,b

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 151164, adult female.

Key to Species of Metapolycope

Ventral margin of left valve with 14-16 minute teeth; unpaired bristle posterior to furca about

one-half length of posterior claw of furca M. microthrix, new species

Ventral margin of left valve without teeth; unpaired bristle posterior to furca about same length

as posterior claw of furca M. hartmanni, new species
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 2.—Metapolycope hartmanni, USNM 151164, holotype, adult female, length 1.00 mm,

views of left valve: a, complete valve, anterior to left, X 83; b, anterior view, venter to right,

X 100; c, dorsal view, anterior to right, X 94; d, posterior view, venter to left, X 94; e, ventral

view, anterior to left, X 83; /, detail from a showing slight anterior concavity, X 290. (Micrographs reduced to 76.5% for publication.)
NUMBER 225

FIGURE 3.—Metapolycope hartmanni, USNM 151164, holotype, adult female, length 1.00 mm,

outside views of left valve: a, surface of posterodorsal part of valve, from Figure 2a, X 770;

b, anteroventral margin, from Figure 2a, X 725; c, detail showing pore to right of middle of b,

(note coccolith), X 5000; d, pore in lower left of b, X 10,000; e, anterodorsal margin, from

Figure 2a, X 725; /, pore and double bristle in lower left of e, X 6000; g, surface dorsal to

middle of valve shown in Figure 2a, X 770; h, i, details of pores and bristles in g, X 3085; ;',

detail of open pore in g, X 10,000; k, detail of anteroventral valve margin showing lamellar

prolongation of selvage in Figure 2e; I, detail of anteroventral margin of valve showing fringed

edge of lamellar prolongation, from Figure 2b, X 3400. (Micrographs reduced to 53.5% for

publication.)
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 4.—Metapolycope hartmanni, USNM 151164, holotype, adult female, length 1.00 mm:

a, left valve, inside view showing central adductor muscle scars and some pores; b, 1st antenna;

c, bristles of head region, proximal part of left antenna without bristles (1-3), protopodite

of left 2nd antenna; d, endopodite of 2nd antenna; e, mandible; /, maxilla; g, 5th limb;

h, bristles of head region, anterior to left; i, bristles of head region and anterior of body

showing upper lip; /', furca (only left lamella shown) and posterior showing segmentation.
NUMBER 225

FIGURE 5.—Metapolycope hartmanni, USNM 151164, holotype, adult female, upper lip: a, lateral

view from left, anterior to left, X 625; b, anteroventral corner of lip, from a, X 2700;

c, anterior view, X 625; d, detail of lower part of c, X 2900; e, ventral view, anterior of lip

toward bottom of picture, X 625; /, detail of lower part of e, X 2900. (Micrographs reduced to

76% for publication.)
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 6.—Metapolycope hartmanni, USNM 151163, allotype, adult male, length 0.91 mm,

outside views of left valve: a, complete valve, anterior to left, X 86; b, detail of central muscle

scar area in a, X 340; c, ventral view, anterior to left, X 100; d, anterior view, venter to right,

X 100; e, anteroventral margin, from a, X 200; /, detail from e, X 750. (Micrographs reduced

to 77% for publication.)
NUMBER 225

FIGURE 7.—Metapolycope hartmanni, USNM 152857, paratype, adult male, length 0.94 mm, outside views of right valve: a, complete valve, anterior to right, X 90; b, anteroventral margin,

from a, X 640; c, central muscle scar area, from a, X 260; d, cross section of shell, from broken

edge in a, outside of shell toward top of picture, X 2520. (Micrographs reduced to 81.5% for

publication.)

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Atlantis II, cruise 31, station

167.

ETYMOLOGY.—The species is named for Dr. Gerd

Hartmann, who has done much work on the

Cladocopa.

ALLOTYPE.—USNM 151163, adult male.

PARATYPES.—USNM 152857, 1 adult male;

USNM 152858, 1 A-l male; USNM 152859, 1 adult

female; USNM 152860, 1 adult male; USNM

152861, 1 adult male; USNM 152862, 7 juveniles;

USNM 152864, 1 right valve ($ ?).

LOCALITIES.—USNM 151163, 152859, 152860,

152861; 152864 from type-locality; USNM 152857,

152858, 152862, from Atlantis II, cruise 31, station

169A.

DISTRIBUTION.—Western part of South Atlantic

at depths of 587-1007 m.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE (Figures 2-5,

20a).—Except for slight anterior concavity, carapace round in lateral view (Figures 2a,f, 4a); each

valve more-or-less evenly rounded in anterior view

(Figure 2b), posterior view (Figure 2d), dorsal

view (Figure 2c), and in ventral view (Figure 2e);

carapace widest in middle.
10

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 8.—Metapolycope hartmanni, USNM 152857, paratype, adult male, length 0.94 mm,

ventral views of left valve: a, complete valve, anterior to left, X 105; b, anterior end, from a,

X 320; c, middle of ventral margin, from a, X 320; d, detail of c, X 655; e, detail of noded pore

in d, X 6550; /, detail of pore without node in d, X 9100. (Micrographs reduced to 76.5%

for publication.)
NUMBER 225 11

FIGURE 9.—Metapolycope hartmanni, USNM 152857, paratype, adult male, length 0.94 mm,

lateral views of left valve: a, complete valve, anterior to left, X 85; b, anteroventral margin,

from a, X 350; c, detail of reticulations in b, X 940; d, noded pore near valve margin, from b,

X 5200; e, detail of anteroventral margin, from a (lower part of b), X 940; /, pore near valve

edge, from e, X 9375; g, lamellar prolongation of selvage, from e, X 5250; h, posteroventral

margin, from a, X 940; i, under side of piece of shell that peeled off dorsal part of valve shown

in a, X 10,500. (Micrographs reduced to 55% for publication.)

Ornamentation: Carapace reticulate except in

middle part of valve, in area of central adductor

muscle scars (Figure 2a); 3 or 4 continuous moreor-less straight ridges present just within valve

edge on anterodorsal margin; in vicinity of anterior concavity the ridges become discontinuous

forming short segments (Figures 2a,b,e,f, 5b,j);

lower end of each segment with oblique or vertical

ridge forming reticulations along anteroventral

margin and giving valve serrate appearance in

lateral view (Figures 2a, 5b); reticulations absent

along concavity in anterior margin, and the anterodorsal and posterior margins (Figures 2b-d,

U 3*).

Pores: 2 types of pores present: small open

pores without bristles (Figure 5c-e,g,j), and noded

open pores containing 1 or 2 bristles (Figure 5a,

e-i).
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 10.—Metapolycope hartmanni, USNM 152857, paratype, adult male, length 0.94 mm,

inside views of left valve: a, complete valve, anterior to right, X 87; b, posterodorsal margin

showing straight hinge line, X 185; c, detail of hinge area shown in b (triangular markings

could be an artifact resulting from freeze-drying operation), X 1850; d, anteroventral margin,

X 175; e, detail from bottom of d showing lamellar prolongation of selvage, X 825; /, detail

from e, X 2540; g, edge of lamellar prolongation of selvage, from /, X 10,000; h, lamellar

prolongation of selvage on anterior margin just below middle, from a, X 5500; i, attached ends

of some central adductor muscles, from a, X 460. (Micrographs reduced to 54.5% for

publication.)

Selvage: Outer edge of lamellar prolongation of

selvage along ventral margin of valve fringed (Figure $k, I).

Central adductor muscle scar (Figure 4a): Consisting of central ovoid scar and 7 additional scars

forming half of a rosette with convex part of

rosette oriented posteriad; an 8th slender crescentic

muscle scar, less visible than others, present anterior to lowermost scar.

Infold: Wide infold present except along hinge

area.

Hinge: Short, straight; position of soft parts suggests that hinge has posterodorsal position when

living animal swims.
NUMBER 225 13

FIGURE 11.—Metapolycope hartmanni, USNM 151163, allotype, adult male, length 0.91 mm:

a, outline of left valve from outside showing central adductor muscle scars, anterior to left;

b, left 1st antenna, lateral view; c, protopodite and exopodite of 2nd antenna; d, endopodite of

2nd antenna; e, mandible; /, maxilla; g, 5th limb; h, furca, only right lamella shown; i, furca

(only left lamella shown) and copulatory apparatus; ;', tip of copulatory organ shown in i.

USNM 152857, paratype, adult male: k, furca (only right lamella shown) and posterior showing

segmentation; /, spinous bristles of head region, anterior to right.
14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Size: USNM 151164, length 1.00 mm, height

0.96 mm; USNM 152859, length 1.07 mm, height

1.00 mm.

First antenna (Figure 4a,b): Limb with 5 distinct joints; 1st joint short spinous, with long dorsal bristle with long proximal and short distal

spines; 2nd joint long, spinous, with distal spinous

ventral bristle, and 2 dorsal processes, each with

spinous bristle; 3rd joint very short, bare; 4th joint

elongate with 3 short distal bristles, 2 ventral, 1

dorsal; 5th joint short with 5 long bristles having

rings and long spines proximally.

Second antenna: Protopodite triangular (Figure 4c) with cluster of long hairs distal to middle

of dorsal margin and extending onto medial and

lateral sides; medial surface of protopodite with

closely spaced spines forming 2 rows proximal to

endopodite. Exopodite 9-jointed; 1st joint with

spines along ventral margin; joints 1-8 with long

bristles having rings on proximal part; ringed

section with proximal spines and distal natatory

hairs; 9th joint with 3 bristles: 1 long similar to

bristles on other joints, 1 medium with proximal

spines but no natatory hairs, and 1 short with short

marginal spines; joints 2-8 with short spines forming row along distal margin. Endopodite 3-jointed

(Figure Ad): 1st joint long with 1 spinous terminal bristle on ventral margin; 2nd joint with 1

ventral bristle with long proximal and short distal

spines, and 5 long terminal bristles with proximal

rings and spines; 3rd joint with 4 long bristles

with proximal widely spaced spines; bristles of

endopodite without closely spaced long natatory

hairs present on exopodite; suture between 2nd

and 3rd joints not well denned.

Mandible (Figure Ae): Coxale endite with large

weak inner tooth with fringed margins and large

strong outer tooth with smooth margins; 2 short

teeth and 1 short spine present between inner and

outer teeth; distal half of posterior margin of endite knurled. Basale with 4 spinous ventral bristles

and 1 short, spinous, distal, dorsal bristle. Exopodite with 2 spinous bristles. Endopodite 2-jointed:

medial surface of 1st joint hirsute; ventral margin

with 3 spinous bristles, 2 proximal, 1 distal; dorsal

margin with 3 spinous bristles, 1 proximal, 2 distal; end joint with 2 bristles with long proximal

and short distal spines; dorsal bristle of end joint

clawlike.

Maxilla (Figure 4/): Suture separating precoxale and coxale not well defined; both joints with

total of 10 or more bristles. Basale: ventral margin

with 3 spinous bristles; dorsal margin with large

proximal hump to which is attached internally a

muscle extending into exopodite. Exopodite 1-

jointed with 9 bristles, most with spines near middle. Endopodite 3-jointed: 1st joint with 2 long

spinous bristles; 2nd joint with 4 terminal ventral

bristles and 1 dorsal bristle (dorsal bristle missing

on both limbs of USNM 151164 but represented by

hole); end joint with 4 bristles.

Fifth limb (Figure 4g): Epipodial appendage

with 16 hirsute bristles; coxale hirsute, with 10

bristles; basale with 9 bristles (3 medial bristles

not shown in Figure 4g); exopodite without hairs,

with 4 terminal bristles; endopodite larger than

exopodite, hirsute, with 6 terminal bristles. (Interpretation of which distal lobe is the exopodite and

which the endopodite is based on the description

of Poly cope setifera Skogsberg, 1920, in which he

stated (p. 769) that the exopodite of the fifth limb

is bare and the endopodite hirsute; additional study

is necessary to verify this interpretation.)

Fnrca (Figure 4/): Each lamella with 7 slightly

curved claws; claws decreasing in length proximally along lamella; each claw with minute spines

on lateral surface proximal to long spines along

posterior margin, and few short hairs along anterior margin; posterior spines longer on shorter

claws and decrease in length distally along claw;

except between claws 6 and 7, a triangular process

present anterior to claw 1, between all claws, and

following claw 7; processes bear short terminal

spines; lateral side of each lamella with short

spines forming 4 rows near anterior margin; each

row of spines parallel to ventral margin of lamella;

unpaired bristle with short spines along anterior

margin present posterior to claw 7 and about same

length as claw.

Upper lip: Helmet shaped, spinous, with indication of glandular openings in anteroventral corner (Figures 4i, 5).

Head region: 2 spinous bristles present in head

region posterior to attachment of 1st antennae

(Figure 4c,i,h); long hairs forming cluster present

posterior to bristles.

Posterior of body (Figure 4;): With 7-8 (only 5

distinct) transverse segments with short spines

forming row near distal margin of each segment;

5th segment from furca with cluster of very long
NUMBER 225 15

FIGURE 12.—Metapolycope hartmanni, USNM 152858, paratype, A-l male, length 0.93 mm,

outside views of right valve: a, complete valve, anterior to right, X 86; b, anterior view, venter

to left, X 105; c, ventral view, anterior to right, X 105; d, adductor muscle scar area, from

middle of a, X 200; e, anteroventral margin, from a, X 200; /, detail of e showing pores, X 750.

(Micrographs reduced to 77% for publication.)
16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

hairs or spines on posterior corner. (Posterior segments appear to be surface features similar to those

on thaumatocyprids, and are not true segments

such as those on platycopids.)

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT MALE (Figures 6-11, 14b,

20b).—Reticulations of carapace more evident

than on female, especially in vicinity of central adductor muscle scar, which appears slightly raised

in SEM photographs (Figure 66); carapace otherwise similar to that of female (Figures 6-10, lla).

Size: Slightly smaller than female; USNM

151163, length 0.91 mm, height 0.92 mm; USNM

152860, length 0.92 mm, height 0.87 mm; USNM

152861, length 0.97 mm, height 0.95 mm; USNM

152857, length 0.94 mm, height 0.89 mm.

First antenna (Figure lib): Lateral side of 1st

joint with elongate sensory process; proximal edge

of tip of process folded over proximal part giving

appearance that sensory process is 2-jointed; except

for sensory process, 1st joint, and also 2nd and 3rd

joints, similar to those of female; 4th joint with 1

spinous dorsal bristle and 4 ventral bristles, 2 with

marginal spines and 2 with 7-8 minute discs; end

joint with 4 long bristles with rings and widely

spaced spines proximally. (The end joint could be

interpreted as consisting of 2 minute joints, each

with 2 bristles.)

Second antenna: Protopodite and exopodite

similar to those of female (Figure lib). Endopodite 3-jointed (Figure lid): 1st joint with short

spines along ventral margin and 2 distal bristles

(inner of these with bulbous base); 2nd joint with

I long and 2 short bristles near ventral margin and

6 dorsal and terminal bristles with widely spaced

spines proximally; 3rd joint with sclerotized hookshaped clasping organ and about 4 bristles with

widely spaced spines proximally.

Mandible: Similar to that of female (Figure

We).

Maxilla (Figure 11/): Precoxale and coxale with

total of 16-17 bristles. Basale, exopodite, and endopodite similar to those on female maxilla.

Fifth limb (Figure llg): Epipodial appendage

with about 15 hirsute bristles; coxale hirsute with

I1 bristles; basale with 9 bristles (3 medial bristles

not shown in Figure llg); exopodite and endopodite similar to those on female 5th limb.

Furra (Figure \\h,i,k), upper lip, head region

(Figure 11/), posterior of body (Figure UK): Similar to those of female.

Copulatory organ: Consisting of inner setigerous, elongate, pointed, bristlelike process and

outer elongate, curved process with sclerotized

pointed process at tip (Figure 111,;).

DESCRIPTION OF A-l MALE (Figures 12, 13, 14a).

—Carapace similar to that of adult male. Size:

USNM 152858, length 0.93 mm, height 0.89 mm.

First antenna: Similar to that of adult male except 4th joint with 2 sausage-shaped bristles in

place of bristles with discs (Figures 13a, 14a), and

5th joint with 5 long bristles.

Second antenna: Protopodite (Figure 13a) and

exopodite similar to those of adult male; endopodite 3-jointed: 1st joint with few hairs along ventral margin and 2 spinous terminal, ventral bristles; 2nd joint with 1 spinous, terminal, ventral

bristle and 6 terminal dorsal bristles; 3rd joint

with 4 terminal bristles.

Mandible, maxilla, 5th limb, upper lip, head

region, posterior of body: Similar to those of adult

male and female.

Furca: Similar to that of adult male except with

only 6 claws.

FIGURE l$.—Metapolycope hartmanni, USNM 152858, paratype, A-l male: a, bristles of head region (/), right 1st

antenna (2), protopodite of right 2nd antenna (3); b, furta

(only right lamella shown) and posterior showing segmentation.
NUMBER 225 17

Copulatory organ: None present.

Note concerning sex: USNM 152858 is considered to be an A-1 male because of the 2 sausageshaped bristles on the 4th joint of the 1st antenna,

which are interpreted to be the forerunner of bristles with discs that appear on the adult male. Because USNM 152858 is about the same size as the

adult males, and because not even a vestigal copulatory organ was observed on the specimen, the

interpretation of the specimen as a male is considered tentative.

DESCRIPTION OF A-2 FEMALE.—Carapace similar

to that of adult female except smaller. Size: USNM

152862A, length 0.86 mm, height 0.79 mm; USNM

152862B, length 0.85 mm, height 0.81 mm.

First and 2nd antennae: Similar to those of

adult female and with same number of bristles on

each joint.

Mandible, maxilla, 5th limb, upper lip, head region, posterior of body: Not examined in detail,

but similar to those of adult female.

Furca: Each lamella with only 5 claws, otherwise

similar to lamellae of adult female.

DESCRIPTION OF A-2 MALE.—Carapace similar to

that of A-1 male except smaller. Size: USNM

152862C, length 0.84 mm, height 0.81 mm; USNM

152862D, length 0.83 mm, height 0.81 mm.

First antenna: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 5th joints similar to those of A-1 male; 4th joint with 1 spinous

dorsal bristle and 3 short ventral bristles.

Mandible, maxilla, 5th limb, upper lip, head

region, posterior of body: Not examined in detail

but similar to those of A-1 male.

Furca: Each lamella with only 5 claws, otherwise similar to lamellae of A-1 male.

Copulatory organ: Not observed.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.—The carapace of the male

is slightly smaller than that of the female, and the

ornamentation is more distinct, especially in the

central part of each valve, near the central adductor muscle attachments. The 4th joint of the 1st

antenna of the male bears more bristles than on

the female, as follows:

Developmental stage

A-2

A-1

Adult

Female

2

no data

2

Male

3

4

4

(2

(2

sausageshaped)

with

discs)

The 5th joint of the 1st antenna bears 5 bristles

FIGURE 14.—Ontogenetic development of sensory bristles on

4th joint of 1st antennae of males, Metapolycope hartmanni:

a, USNM 152858, paratype, A-1 male; b, USNM 151163,

allotype, adult male.

on the adult female but only 4 on the adult male.

The same number of bristles (5) is present on the

5th joint of the A-2 instar of both sexes.

The 1st joint of the endopodite of the 2nd antenna of the adult male bears short spines along

the ventral margin; the female has hairs in this

location. Also, the female has only 1 bristle on the

1st joint, whereas, the male has 2. The 2nd joint

of the adult male bears 3 ventral and 6 terminal

bristles, whereas, this joint of the adult female

bears only 1 ventral and 5 terminal bristles. The

3rd joint of the adult male bears a sclerotized,

hooklike clasper that is absent on the female.

ONTOGENY.—All appendages are present on the

A-2 instar, which is the youngest stage in the collection. The mandible, maxilla, and 5th limb, although not examined in detail at each stage, ap-
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

pear just as well developed in the A-2 instar as in

the adult for both sexes. The number of furcal

claws increases by one at each stage of development, from 5 on the A-2 instar to 7 on the adult.

The female 1st and 2nd antennae are as fully developed in the A-2 instar as in the adult. The 1st

antenna of the A-2 male bears 3 short ventral

bristles on the 4th joint. The number increases to

4 on the A-l instar, and 2 of these are sausage

shaped. The 2 sausage-shaped bristles develop

into bristles with small discs on the adult. The 5th

joint of the 1st antenna of the A-2 male instar

bears 5 long bristles. The number decreases to 4

on the A-l male and on the adult male. The male

copulatory organ was observed only on the adult.

KEY TO DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

Each lamella with 5 claws A-2 instar

Each lamella with 6 claws A-l instar

Each lamella with 7 claws Adult

Metapolycope microthrix, new species

FIGURES 15-19, 20c,d

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 150291, 1 adult female.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Atlantis II, cruise 42, station

193.

ETYMOLOGY.—The specific name from the Greek

mikros (= small, little) and thrix (= hair), in

reference to the length of the unpaired bristle posterior to the furca of this species.

PARATYPE.—USNM 152863, 1 adult female, from

Atlantis II, cruise 42, station 201.

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern part of the South Atlantic at depths of 1964-2191 m.

DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE (Figures 15-19,

20c,d).—Carapace round in lateral view; anterior

margin straight, not concave as in M. hartmanni

(Figures 15a, 18a,b); each valve evenly rounded in

anterior (Figure 176), posterior, dorsal, and ventral

views (Figure 17c). Left valve with 14-16 minute

teeth along ventral margin outside of lamellar prolongation of selvage (Figure \8c,d); teeth absent

on right valve; carapace widest in middle.

ORNAMENTATION.—Carapace reticulate except in

middle part of valve, in area of central adductor

muscle scars (Figure 15a); reticulations more elongate than those on valves of M. hartmanni, and

bordered by narrow, raised ridge (Figures 15, 16);

serrations along anteroventral margin more subdued than on M. hartmanni, and better defined on

left valve than on right.

Pores (Figures 16e,/, 17a), selvage, central adductor muscle scar (Figures 18a,b \9a,b), infold,

hinge: Similar to those of M. hartmanni.

Size: USNM 150291, length 0.86 mm, height

0.83 mm; USNM 152863, length 0.95 mm, height

0.89 mm.

First antenna (Figures I8e,f, 19c,g), 2nd antenna (Figures 18g, \9d), mandible (Figures \Sh,

\9e), maxilla (Figures 18t, 19/), 5th limb (Figures

18/, \9h), furca (Figure \8k) upper lip (Figure

18m), head region (Figure 18/), posterior (Figure

\8k): Similar to those of M. hartmanni.

Unpaired bristle posterior to furca: Length of

bristle about half length of posterior claw of furca

(Figures 18*, 20c,d).

COMPARISONS.—The carapace of M. microthrix

differs from that of M. hartmanni in lacking a

concavity on the anterior margin, in reticulations

being elongate, in having reticulations bordered by

a narrow raised ridge, and in having 14-16 minute

teeth along the ventral margin of the left valve.

The unpaired bristle posterior to the furca of M.

hartmanni is about the same length as the posterior furcal claw, whereas, on M. microthrix, it is

about one-half the length of the posterior furcal

claw (Figure 20).

Metapolycope species

FIGURES 21-24

MATERIAL.—A single left valve from a small bag

of washed residue collected by the Danish Ingolf

expedition, station 90. Unfortunately, the specimen was lost after completion of this paper.

Associated organisms: The sample of washed

residue from which the single left valve of Metapolycope species was obtained consisted of about

95% Recent pelagic foraminifers plus some podoFICURE 15.—Metapolycope microthrix, USNM 150291, holotype, adult female, length 0.86 mm, lateral views of right

valve: a, complete valve, anterior to right, X 85; b, anteroventral margin, from a, X 500; c, anterior margin, from a,

X 500; d, anterodorsal margin, from a, X 350; e, ventral

margin, from a, X 500; /, posterior margin, from a X 500.

(Micrographs reduced to 88% for publication.)
NUMBER 225 19
20

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 16.—Metapolycope microthrix, USNM 150291, holotype, adult female, length 0.86 mm,

lateral views of right valve: a, dorsal margin from Figure 15a, X 500; b, detail from right of a

showing pores and ridges, X 1000; c, detail of anteroventral margin from Figure 15b, X 1000;

d, detail of anterior margin from Figure 15c, X 1000; e, noded pore with double bristle, from b,

X 4000; /, detail of open pore and valve surface near middle of b, X 4000. (Micrographs

reduced to 75% for publication.)
NUMBER 225

FIGURE 17.—Metapolycope microthrix, USNM 150291, holotype, length 0.86 mm, outside view

of right valve: a, open pore from Figure 16/, X 8700; b, anterior view, venter to left, X 100;

c, ventral view, anterior to right, X 100; d, anteroventral margin, from c, X 210; e, detail of

anterior margin, from middle of b, X 500; /, detail of anteroventral margin, from d, X 1000.

(Micrographs reduced to 76% for publication.)
22

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 18.—Metapolycope microthrix, USNM 150291, holotype, adult female, length 0.86 mm:

a, right valve, inside view showing central adductor muscle scars and some pores; b, left valve,

inside view showing central adductor muscle scars and dorsal muscle scars with fragments of

attached muscle; c, ventral margin of left valve, inside view; d, segment of ventral margin of

left valve, inside view; e, 1st antenna and anterior of body showing upper lip; /, other 1st

antenna; g, 2nd antenna; h, mandible; i, maxilla; ;, 5th limb; k, furca (only left lamella

shown), posterior of body showing segmentation, and small eggs within posterior part of body;

/, spinous bristles of head region, anterior to left; m, upper lip, anterior to right.
NUMBER 225

FIGURE 19.—Metapolycope mkrothrix, USNM 150291, holotype, length 0.86 mm, photographs

with transmitted light of right valve and appendages: a, complete valve; b, central adductor

muscle attachment scars, from a; c, 1st antenna; d, 2nd antenna; e; mandible, /, maxilla;

g, 1st antenna; h, epipodial appendage of 5th limb.

copid ostracod valves without soft-parts of genera

including Krithe, Bairdia, Argilloecia, Echinocythereis, and Henry hoivella.

DISTRIBUTION.—West of Iceland at depth of

1068 m.

DESCRIPTION OF LEFT VALVE.—Round in lateral

view (Figures 2la,22a); in end view valve widest

just above midheight (Figure 22d,e), in ventral

and dorsal views valve widest near midlength (Figure 22b,c); anterior edge of specimen broken (Figure 22e) so that presence or absence of anterior

concavity not known.

Ornamentation: Reticulate with walls of reticulations having less relief near valve middle; 2 or 3

ribs without cross-ridges that form reticulations

present just within anterodorsal and dorsal margins (Figure 22a,c,e,f); cross-ridges between outer

2 ribs along anteroventral margin slightly oblique

giving valve slightly serrate appearance in lateral

view (Figures 22a, 25a,b,f).

Pores: 2 types of pores present: small open

pores (Figure 23d) and noded open pores (Figures

23d, 24rf).

Central adductor muscle scar (Figures 21, 22a):

Consisting of central ovoid scar and 7 additional

scars forming half of a rosette with convex part of
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

rosette oriented posteriad; an 8th slender cresentic

muscle scar present anterior to lowermost scar;

8th scar not visible in transmitted light photoFIGURE 20.—Caudal lamella showing posterior claw and

unpaired bristle, Metapolycope hartmanni: a, USNM 151164,

holotype, adult female, left lamella, lateral view; b, USNM

151163, allotype, adult male, left lamella, lateral view.

Metapolycope microthrix: c, USNM 150291, holotype, adult

female, left lamella, lateral view; d, USNM 152863, paratype,

adult female, right lamella, lateral view.

graphs (Figure 2la-c), but visible in SEM micrograph (Figure 2Id).

Hinge: Edge broken in hinge area.

Size: Length 0.57 mm, height 0.54 mm.

COMPARISONS.—The single left valve of Metapolycope species in the present collection is smaller

than adults of M. microthrix and M. hartmanni,

but the valve could be from a juvenile. The reticulations on the valve are of the type present on M.

hartmanni, not like those on M. microthrix; the

reticulations on M. hartmanni form about 35 moreor-less concentric rows compared to only about 24

on the left valve of Metapolycope species.
NUMBER 225

FIGURE 21.—Metapolycope species, left valve, length 0.57 mm, outside views: a, complete valve,

anterior to left, transmitted light photograph; b, detail of central adductor muscle scar pattern

shown in a; c, same as b but photographed with dark field condenser; d, scanning-electron

microscope picture of muscle scar (debris partly covers upper part of scar), X 735. (Micrographs

reduced to 82% for publication.)
26

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 22.—Metapolycope species, left valve, outside views, SEM pictures: a, complete valve,

anterior to left, X 140; b, ventral view, X 175; c, dorsal view, X 175; d, posterior view, venter to

left, X 190; e, anterior view, venter to right, X 190; /, anterior margin of valve, from a, X 500.

(Micrographs reduced to 78% for publication.)
NUMBER 225 27

FIGURE 23.—Metapolycope species, left valve, outside views: a, anteroventral margin, from Figure

22a, X ")00; h, anteroventral and part of ventral margin posterior to a, from Figure 22a, X ">00;

r, posterodorsal margin, from Figure 22a, X r>00; d, posterior margin, from Figure 22a, X .

r

>00;

e, anterior margin showing simple and noded pores, from Figure 22/, X 1700; /, serrate valve

edge from b, X 1950. (Micrographs reduced to 77% for publication.)
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 24.—Metapolycope species, left valve, outside views: a, ventral view of margin near

anterior end, from Figure 22b X 500; b, anterior view of ventral end of valve, from Figure 22f,

X 500; c, reticulations on ventral margin near anterior of valve, from a, X 1000; d, noded pore

from Figure 23e, X 5000. (Micrographs reduced to 82% for publication.)
Literature Cited

Barbeito-Gonzalez, P. J.

1971. Die Ostracoden des Kiistcnbereiches von Naxos

(Griechenland) und ihre Libensbereiche. Mitteilungen Hamburgischen Zoologschen Museum und

Institut, 67:255-326, figures 1-47.

Brady, G. S., and D. Robertson

1869. Notes of a Week's Dredging in the West of Ireland.

The Annals and Magazine of Natural History,

3 (4):353-374, plates 18-22.

Hartmann, Gerd

1966. Ostracoda. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs,

2 (IV), part 1:1-216, figures 1-121.

Kornicker, L. S., and I. G. Sohn

1976. Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and Morphology of Living

and Fossil Thaumatocyprididae (Myodocopa, Ostracoda). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 219,

93 figures.

Kozur, Heinz

1974. Eine neue Gattung der Familie Polycopidae (Cladocopida, Ostracoda). Zoologische Geologische Wissenshaften, Berlin, 2 (7):853-855.

Miiller, G. W.

1894. Die Ostracoden des Golfes von Xeapel und der

Angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. Volume 21 of

Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel. viii + 404

pages, 40 plates. Berlin: Verlag von R. Friedlander

& Sohn.

1912. Ostracoda. Volume 31 in Das Tierreich. xxxii +

434 pages, 92 figures. Berlin: Verlag R. Friedlander

& Sohn.

Sars, G. O.

1923. An Account of the Crustacea of Norway with Short

Descriptions and Figures of All the Species. Ostracoda, 9 (3-4):33-72, plates 17-32.

i 17



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