Biological Studies of the

Bermuda Ocean Acre:

Planktonic Ostracoda

Mfe

LOUIS S. KORNICKER, SHELDON WIRSING,

and MAURA McMANUS

I

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 223
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOG Y • NUMBE R 22 3

Biological Studies of the

Bermuda Ocean Acre:

Planktonic Ostracoda

Louis S. Kornicker, Sheldon Wirsing,

and Maura McManus

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1976
ABSTRAC T

Kornicker, Louis S., Sheldon Wirsing, and Maura McManus. Biological Studies

of the Bermuda Ocean Acre: Planktonic Ostracoda. Smithsonian Contributions

to Zoology, number 223, 34 pages, 20 figures, 9 tables, 1976.—Planktonic Ostracoda from depths of surface to 1170 m collected aboard the Research Vessels

Trident, Albatross IV, and USNS Sands during 1967 to 1970 on Ocean Acre

Cruises 1, 7, 9, and 10 are studied with main emphasis on Cypridinacea and on

Cruise 10. The data suggest that the cypridinid species Macrocypridina castanea

and the Halocyprididae migrate upward nightly. The collections indicate that

M. castanea is primarily an inhabitant of the bathypelagic zone, and that G.

muelleri is primarily an inhabitant of the bathypelagic and upper abyssalpelagic

zones. Halocyprids were collected at all depths but occurred in the greatest

frequency in the epipelagic zone. The reported upper temperatures range of

G. muelleri is increased by 10°, to 14.9°C by the distribution of the species in

samples from Cruise 10. The stomach contents of M. castanea indicate that the

species is a predator. Ovigerous females of M. castanea have previously been

reported from collections made during May and July; the present cruises show

that ovigerous females also are present during June, early September, late

October, and early November. Reproduction may be less during winter months.

The phenomenon of the swallowing of the bristles of the 1st antenna by

specimens of M. castanea is studied, and it is suggested that this may take place

during the throes of being captured or killed. Swallowing of bristles of the 2nd

antenna by this species is reported for the first time. SEM studies of M. castanea

and G. muelleri reveal that both species bear lateral glandular fields on the

upper lips in addition to previously reported anteroventral fields, and that the

comb teeth of the 7th limbs bear terminal pores. The shells of both species have

pores and are laminated. The copulatory organ of the adult male M. castanea

has pores in the clawlike spine of the anterior proximal lobe and at the tip of

the 2nd joint of the posterior, distal lobe.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 6164. SERIES COVER DESIGN:

The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Kornicker, Louis S. 1919—

Biological studies of the Bermuda Ocean Acre.

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 223)

Bibliography: p.

Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:223

1. Ostracoda. 2. Marine zooplankton. I. Wirsing, Sheldon, joint author. II. McManus, Maura,

joint author. III. Title. IV. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to

zoology ; no. 223.

QL1.S54 no. 223 [QL444.08] 591'.08s [595'.33] 75-619399
Contents

Page

Introduction 1

Acknowledgments 1

Methods 2

Station Data 2

Diel Migration 5

Relationship between Depth and Frequency of Capture 5

Macrocypridina castanea 5

Gigantocypris muelleri 8

Halocyprididae 8

Relationship between Water Temperature and Salinity and Ostracode

Distribution 8

Food Requirements of Planktonic Ostracodes 8

Reproduction of Macrocypridina castanea 9

Phenomenon of Swallowing Bristles of First Antenna 11

Macrocypridina castanea (Brady, 1897) 13

Gigantocypris muelleri Skogsberg, 1920 16

Literature Cited 34

Biological Studies of the

Bermuda Ocean Acre:

Planktonic Ostracoda

Louis S. Kornicker, Sheldon Wirsing,

and Maura McManus

Introduction

The Project "Ocean Acre" is a group effort of

scientists representing the University of Rhode

Island, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and

the Smithsonian Institution. The object of the

project is to make a comprehensive study of the

biology and oceanography in the upper 1000 m of

water within a one degree square southeast of Bermuda with its center at 32°N, 64°W (Roper et al.,

1970). The present paper is concerned with ostracodes from Cruises 1 and 10, and in a few samples

from Cruises 7 and 9 (see "Station Data").

Our analyses of distribution are based almost

completely on samples collected during Cruise 10

in discrete depth sampling equipment, because

more discrete depth samples were collected during

that cruise. The distribution of ostracodes captured

in samples collected during the other cruises we

studied is consistent with the distributions observed

on Cruise 10.

The samples contained 2 species in the suborder

Myodocopina: Macrocypridina castanea (Brady,

1897) sensu Poulsen (1962:119), and Gigantocypris muelleri Skogsberg, 1920; and many species in

the suborder Halocypridina. The latter were

Louis S. Kornicker and Maura McManus, Department of

Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Sheldon

Wirsing, Wells College, Aurora, New York, 13026.

grouped under the category Halocyprididae in the

present paper, and were not identified further.

The specimens of M. castanea and G. muelleri

provided the opportunity to examine in detail the

morphology of the carapace, upper lip, and 7th

limb of these species using the scanning electron

microscope.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—We thank Mr. Michael J.

Sweeney and Mr. Charles Karnella, Smithsonian

Institution, for their assistance in obtaining station

data and background information concerning the

Ocean Acre Program. The collections were made

with the financial support of the Naval Underwater Systems Center, Contract No. N00140-70-

C-O3O7. We are grateful to Dr. Clyde F. E. Roper

and Dr. Martin V. Angel for reviewing the manuscript. The assistance of Mr. Walter R. Brown and

Miss Mary J. Mann, who operated the scanning

electron microscope is acknowledged. Freeze-drying

of specimens for photography was done in the laboratory of Mr. Rolland Hower, Smithsonian Institution. We also thank the numerous individuals

aboard the R/V Trident, R/V Albatross IV, and

R/V USNS Sands, who collected the specimens

upon which this paper is based. The specimens

were sorted by personnel at the Smithsonian

Oceanographic Sorting Center. We thank Mrs.

Mary Frances Bell of the Smithsonian Institution

Press for editing and preparing the manuscript and

illustrations for publication.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Methods

The attempt was made to take 4 samples during

each trawling period of about 1 hour using a 10-ft.

Isaacs-Kidd Midwater trawl with a cod-end

Discrete-Depth Plankton Sampler. All gates were

left open and no sample was obtained until the desired depth was reached. Then, the rear gate was

closed forming a chamber. After 1 hour, the 2nd

gate was closed isolating the 1st sample, and forming a new collection chamber. This was repeated

for the 3rd chamber. When the final gate was

closed isolating the 3rd chamber, the gear was

raised to the surface providing the 4th sample,

which is called the oblique sample. For details concerning the mechanics and operation of the

discrete-depth sampler see Aron et al. (1964) and

Bourbeau et al. (1966).

The sample collected in the 1st chamber is designated "A," the 2nd chamber "B," the 3rd chamber "C," and the oblique sample "M." Samples labeled with "P" are oblique samples combined with

1 or more discrete-depth samples, due to a malfunction of the instrument. Samples labeled with "N"

are open net samples.

Information concerning methods may be found

in a series of reports to the Naval Underwater Systems Center by Roper et al. (1970), Gibbs et al.

(1971), Brown (1971), and Brown and Brooks

(1974).

For comparison purposes the number of ostracodes per "standard volume" was calculated for

each station.

Number of ostracodes per standard volume =

Number of ostracodes in samples A+B + C 3 knots

L ^

3 ship's speed

(knots)

Most of the ostracodes, especially the halocyprids, escaped through the netting of the Isaac

Kick! trawl and were not captured in the discretedepth sampler. Therefore, it has been necessary to

assume in the distributional calculations herein

that the number captured in the discrete-depth

sampler is representative of the number that

entered the trawl.

Station Data

Research Vessel Trident, Cruise 1, October and November 1967

Station 1-3B; 26 October 1967; 32°16'N, 64°25'W; 320-478 m;

2152-2213 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(second chamber).

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 1-4B; 27 October 1967; 32°18'N, 64°20'W; 125-150 m;

0023-0053 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(second chamber).

Macrocypridina castanea: 2

Station 1-9A; 27-28 October 1967; 32°33'N, 64°21'W; 125 m;

2307-0007 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(first chamber).

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Station 1-9C; 28 October 1967; 32°33'N, 64°21'W; 75 m;

0015-0115 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(third chamber).

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 1-11 A; 28 October 1967; 32°37'N, 64°10'W; 200 m;

0550-0620 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(first chamber).

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Station 1-15A; 28 October 1967; 32°46'N, 64°00'W; 420-

700 m; 2003-2103 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth

sampler (first chamber).

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Station 1-15M; 28 October 1967; 32°46'N, 64°00'W; 0-283 m;

2232-2308 EST; whole sample; oblique sampler from

depth to surface (last chamber).

Macrocypridina castanea: 2

Station 1-16A; 29 October 1967; 32°44'N, 63°42'W; 275-

300 m; 0337-0437 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth

sampler (first chamber).

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Station 1-16B; 29 October 1967; 32°44'N, 63°42'W; 150-

275 m; 0437-0458 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth

sampler (second chamber).

Macrocypridina castanea: 3

Station 1-16C; 29 October 1967; 32°44'N, 63°42' W; 175 m;

0458-0558 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(third chamber).

Macrocypridina castanea: 3

Station 1-18B; 30 October 1967; 32°10'N, 63°48'W; 130 m;

0035-0135 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(second chamber).

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Station 1-18C; 30 October 1967; 32°10'N, 63°48'W; 100 m;

0145-0245 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(third chamber).

Macrocypridina castanea: 2

Station 1-18M; 30 October 1967; 32°10'N, 63°48'W; 0-100 m;

0245-0255 EST; whole sample; oblique sampler from

depth to surface (last chamber).

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Station 1-19A; 30 October 1967; 32°09'N, 63°59'W; 130-

175 m; 0338-0438 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth

sampler (first chamber).

Macrocypridina castanea: 2

Station 1-31N; 1-2 November 1967; 32814'N, 63°26'W;

0-1500 m; 0030-0230 EST; whole sample; open net

sampler.

Macrocypridina castanea: 3
NUMBER 223

Research Vessel Albatross IV, Cruise 7, September 1969

Station 7-15N; 8 September 1969; 32°21'N, 63°29'W; 0-450 m;

2108-2309 EST; part sample; open net sampler.

Macrocypridina castanea: 2

Station 7-19N; 9 September 1969; 32°42'N, 63°49'W; 0-750 m;

0746-0946 EST; part sample; open net sampler.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Research Vessel USNS Sands, Cruise 9, March 1970

Station 9-12N; 19 March 1970; 32°00'N, 64°00'W; 0-55 m;

0452-0632 EST; part sample; open net sampler.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 9-21N; 20 March 1970; 31°46'N, 63°47'W; 0-950 m;

0035-0345 EST; part sample; open net sampler.

Gigantocypris muelleri: 1

Station 9-28N; 22 March 1970; 32°07'N, 63°32'W; 0-700 m;

1320-1635 EST; part sample; open net sampler.

Halocyprididae: 1

Research Vessel USNS Sands, Cruise 10, June 1970

Station 10-1N; 1 June 1970; 32°OO'N, 64°29'W; 0-925 m;

1530-1830 EST; one-fourth sample; open net sampler;

ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 7 (3 ovigerous $)

Halocyprididae: 153

Station 10-2B; 1 June 1970; 32°13'N, 64°23'W; 100 m;

2105-2205 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(second chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1 juvenile (lost)

Halocyprididae: 3

Station 10-3C; 2 June 1970; 32°14'N, 64°13'W; 200 m;

0615-0715 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(third chamber); ship speed 4 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-4A; 2 June 1970; 32°18'N, 64°12'W; 800 m;

1455-1555 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(first chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Station 10-4B; 2 June 1970; 32°18'N, 64°12'W; 800 m;

1555-1655 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(second chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Halocyprididae: 2

Station 10-4C; 2 June 1970; 32°18'N, 64°12'W; 800 m;

1655-1755 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(third chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 3 (one ovigerous female)

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-5A; 2 June 1970; 32°33'N, 64°04'W; 600 m;

2030-2130 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(first chamber); ship speed, 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 2

Station 10-5B; 2 June 1970; 32°33'N, 64°04'W; 600 m;

2130-2330 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(second chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 8

Station 10-5M; 2 June 1970; 32°33'N, 64°04'W; 0-600 m;

2330-0030 EST; whole sample; oblique sampler from

depth to surface (last chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 3

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-6B; 3 June 1970; 32°22'N, 64°14'W; 290 m;

0400-0500 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(second chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Station 10-7A; 3 June 1970; 32°16'N, 64°21'W; 1000-1120 m;

0725-0825 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(first chamber); ship speed 2 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 5 (2 ovigerous)

Station 10-7B; 3 June 1970; 32°16'N, 64°21'W; 970-1060 m;

0825-0925 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(second chamber); ship speed 2 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 2 ovigerous $

Station 10-7M; 3 June 1970; 32°16'N, 64°21'W; 0-970 m;

0925-1037 EST; whole sample; oblique sampler from

depth to surface (last chamber); ship speed 2 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1 ovigerous female

Halocyprididae: 6

Station 10-8A; 3 June 1970; 32°02'N, 64°25'W; 90 m; 1305-

1405 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler (first

chamber); ship speed 2 knots.

Halocyprididae: 3

Station 10-8B; 3 June 1970; 32°02'N, 64°25'W; 90 m; 1405-

1505 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler (second

chamber); ship speed 2 knots.

Halocyprididae: 3

Station 10-9A; 3 June 1970; 31°56'N, 64°25'W; 55 m; 1550-

1650 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler (first

chamber); ship speed 2 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-lOB; 3 June 1970; 31°5rN, 64°19/W; 825 m; 2325-

0025 EST; whole sample; discrete depth sampler (second

chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Gigantocypris muelleri: 1

Station 10-10M; 3 June 1970; 31°51'N, 64°19'W; 0-825 m;

0025-0125 EST; whole sample; oblique sampler from

depth to surface (last chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-11 A; 4 June 1970; 32°00'N, 64°16'W; 150 m;

0200-0300 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(first chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 2

Station 10-11B; 4 June 1970; 32°00'N, 64°16'W; 150 m;

0300-0400 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(second chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 2

Station 10-11M; 4 June 1970; 32°00'N, 64°16'W; 0-150 m;

0400-0420 EST; whole sample; oblique sampler from

depth to surface (last chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-13B; 5 June 1970; 31°23'N, 64°46'W; 400 m;

0850-1050 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(second chamber); ship speed 4 knots.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-14M; 5 June 1970; 31°09'N, 64°42'W; 0-200 m;

1615-1640; whole sample; oblique sampler from depth

to surface (last chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-15B; 5 June 1970; 31°24'N, 64°46'W; 210 m;

1926-2020 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(second chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-15C; 5 June 1970; 31°24'N, 64°46'W; 210 m;

2020-2120 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(third chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-15M; 5 June 1970; 31°24'N, 64°46'W; 0-210 m;

2120-2137; one-half sample; oblique sampler from depth

to surface (last chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-16A; 5 June 1970; 31°29'N, 64°49^V; 205 m;

2215-2315 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(first chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Station 10-16C; 5 June 1970; 31°29'N, 64°49'W; 205 m;

0015-0115 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(third chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 2

Station 10-17A; 6 June 1970; 31°44'N, 64°57'W; 50 m;

0200-0300 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(first chamber); ship speed 4 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-17B; 6 June 1970; 31°44'N, 64°57'W; 50 m;

0300-0400 EST; one-half sample; discrete-depth sampler

(second chamber); ship speed 4 knots.

Halocyprididae: 3

Station 10-17M; 6 June 1970; 31°44'N, 64°57'W; 0-50 m;

0500-0525 EST; one-half sample; oblique sampler from

depth to surface (last chamber); ship speed 4 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-18A; 6 June 1970; 31°34'N, 64-55^; 100 m;

0555-0620 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(first chamber); ship speed 4 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-19C; 6 June 1970; 31°25'N, 64°54'W; 1160-

1170 m; 1215-1315 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth

sampler (third chamber); ship speed 4 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Station 10-19M; 6 June 1970; 31°25'N, 65°54'W; 0-1170 m;

1315-1405 EST; one-fourth sample; oblique sampler from

depth to surface (last chamber); ship speed 4 knots.

Halocyprididae: 2

Macrocypridina castanea: 2

Station 10-20C; 6 June 1970; 31°14'N, 64°52'W; 520 m;

1800-1900 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(third chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Halocyprididae: 2

Station 10-21N; 6 June 1970; 31°27'N, 64°49'W; 0-880 m;

2I3O-OO3O EST; one-half sample; open net sampler; ship

speed 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 8

Station 1O-23A; 7 June 1970; 31°45'N, 64°51'W; 630 m;

1322-1422 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(first chamber); ship speed 2 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 1O-24A; 7 June 1970; 31°26'N, 64°50^V; 950-1080 m;

1855-1955 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(first chamber); ship speed 2 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Station 10-24B; 7 June 1970; 31°26'N, 64°50'W; 1080 m;

1955-2055 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(second chamber); ship speed 2 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-24C; 7 June 1970; 31°26'N, 64°50'W; 1080 m;

2055-2155 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(third chamber); ship speed 2 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 2 ovigerous females

Gigantocypris muelleri: 1

Station 1O-24M; 7 June 1970; 31°26'N, 64°50'W; 0-1080 m;

2155-2320 EST; whole sample; oblique sampler from

depth to surface (last chamber); ship speed 2 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 2 (1 ovigerous female)

Halocyprididae: 3

Station 10-26P; 8 June 1970; 31°41'N, 64°50'W; 0-170 m;

1125-1325 EST; whole sample; oblique sampler from

depth to surface plus discrete-depth sampler; ship speed

3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 4

Station 1O-27B; 8 June 1970; 31°30'N, 64°53'W; 110 m;

1910-1930 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

second chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-28N; 8 June 1970; 31°30'N, 64°53'W; 0-580 m;

2100-0000 EST; one-half sample; open net sampler; ship

speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-29M; 9 June 1970; 31°10'N, 64°57'W; 0-430 m;

0415-0443 EST; whole sample; oblique sampler from

depth to surface (last chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 2

Station 10-31 A; 9 June 1970; 31°17'N, 64°55'W; 300 m;

0730-0830 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(first chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Station 10-34C; 9 June 1970; 31°33'N, 64°46'W; 520 m;

2305-0005 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(third chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 1

Station 1O-35A; 10 June 1970; 31°24'N, 64°48'W; 360 m;

0215-0315 EST; whole sample; discrete-depth sampler

(first chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 2

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 10-36A; 10 June 1970; 31°14'N, 64°52'W; 630-700 m;

0710-1010 EST; one-fourth sample; discrete-depth sampler (first chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 4

Station 10-36M; 10 June 1970; 3I°14'N, 64°52'W; 0-700 m;

1010-1055 EST; whole sample; oblique sampler from
NUMBER 223

depth to surface (last chamber); ship speed 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 1

Station 1O-37N; 10 June 1970; 31°30'N, 64°53'W; 0-480 m;

1500-1800 EST; one-half sample; open net sampler;

ship speed 3 knots.

Halocyprididae: 2

Station 1O-38N; 10 June 1970; 31°45'N, 64°48'W; 0-300 m;

2140-0040 EST; whole sample; open net sampler; ship

speed 3 knots.

Macrocypridina castanea: 4 (1 ovigerous female)

Halocyprididae: 3

Diel Migration

The literature concerning the diel migration of

ostracodes has been reviewed by Angel (1969:515,

516; 1972:217), who also reported occurrences of

migration in some species of Conchoecia, and lack

of migration, or reversal, in others. The distribution of ostracodes arranged according to increasing

depth, and adjusted to a standard volume of water

filtered by the discrete sampler, is given in Table 1.

Only 67% of the samples collected on Cruise 10

during daylight hours contained ostracodes compared to 91% during the night (Table 2). This suggests that the depths sampled, 50-1170 m, recruited

ostracodes from greater depths during the night.

This is less apparent for the halocyprids, which

only increased from 44% to 55%, than for Macrocypridina castanea, which increased from 33% to

73%. No specimens of Gigantocypris muelleri were

collected during the day, but because specimens

were collected at only 2 samples during the night,

the distribution could be the result of sample error.

The night and day distribution of ostracodes at

depths of 50-520 m and 600-1170 m are compared

in Table 3. In the upper water layer the percentage of samples with ostracodes increased from 60

during daylight hours to 87.5 during the night,

indicating that ostracodes were recruited from below during the night. At the same time, the percentage of samples with ostracodes at depths of

600-1170 m increased from 75 during the day to

100 during the night, indicating that ostracodes

were also recruited from below. Whether the ostracodes recruited in the upper layer were those that

lived in the lower layer during the day or came

from deeper water is not known.

The percentage of samples in the upper layer

containing halocyprids did not change from day to

night, but in the lower layer, the percentage increased from 37.5 during the day to 67 during the

night (Table 3). The percentage of samples with

M. castanea increased in both layers during the

night (Table 3). No specimens of G. muelleri were

collected in the upper layer, and the species was

collected during the night only in 2 samples in the

lower layer (Table 3).

Relationship between Depth and

Frequency of Capture

Ostracodes were captured at all depths sampled.

The frequency of capture varied from 42% in the

epipelagic zone (50-200 m) to 86% in the bathypelagic zone (1001-2000 m) (Table 4). In the

mesopelagic zone (201-1000 m) the frequency of

capture was 46%.

Macrocypridina castanea.—Poulsen (1962:135)

concluded from the frequency of Macrocypridina

castanea collected in open nets in the Atlantic

Ocean that the species is rare in the upper 100 m,

gradually increases in frequency between 100 and

1000 m, and reaches its greatest frequency between

1000 and 3500 m. He (p. 136) suggested that the

main habitat of the species may be between depths

of 1500 m and 3000 m. The shallowest depth at

which the species was captured in the collections

reported on by Poulsen (p. 135) was about 35 m.

A few larvae were reported by Deevey (1968:18)

in samples collected at depths of 300—500 m in the

Sargasso Sea off Bermuda. Most of her collections

were from depths of 500 m to the surface. Angel

(1969:540), who collected planktonic ostracodes at

50-m intervals to a depth of 950 m off the Canary

Islands, captured most specimens of M. castanea in

a day haul from 300 m, with a few individuals

being caught in samples down to depths of 800 m.

During the night the species was most abundant at

depths of 220-250 m, and its range was 150-500 m.

He concluded that his data suggested that Poulsen

(1962) overestimated the depths at which M. castanea occurs. Deevey and Brooks (1971:938) collected plankton in the upper 2000 m in Sargasso

Sea off Bermuda, and reported Macrocypridina

within the upper 1000 m.

The frequency of capture of Af. castanea in the

present collections is compared with that reported

by Poulsen (1962:135) in Table 5. The frequency

of capture increased more rapidly from 50 m to

1000 m in our collections than it did in the collec-
TABLE 1.—Distribution of ostracodes (number per standard volume) arranged according to

increasing depth (night = 2019-0410 hours; dawn = 0410-0610; day = 0610-1819; dusk = 1819-

2019; standard volume water passing in one hour through a single net (one-third of 3-part

sampler) of discrete sampler at a speed of 3 knots; partly picked samples extrapolated to

whole = •)

Station

number

10-17M

*10-17A,B

10-9

10-8

*10-2

10-18

10-27

10-11

10-32

10-3

10-14

10-16

10-15

10-6

10-31

*10-33A

10-33B

10-33C

10-35

10-35C

10-13

10-29

10-20A

10-20

10-34

10-5

10-23

*10-36A

10-4

10-10

10-19A

10-24A

10-7B

10-7A

10-19B

10-24

10-19C

Ship's speed

(knots)

4

4

2

2

3

4

3

3

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

3

3

3

3

3

2

3

3

3

4

2

2

2

4

2

4

Date

(1970)

6 Jun

6 Jun

3 Jun

3 Jun

1 Jun

6 Jun

8 Jun

4 Jun

9 Jun

2 Jun

5 Jun

5 Jun

5 Jun

3 Jun

9 Jun

9 Jun

9 Jun

9 Jun

10 Jun

10 Jun

5 Jun

9 Jun

6 Jun

6 Jun

9 Jun

2 Jun

7 Jun

10 Jun

2 Jun

3 Jun

6 Jun

7 Jun

3 Jun

3 Jun

6 Jun

7 Jun

6 Jun

Time period

(hours)

night, 0500-0525

night, 0200-0400

day, 1550-1750

day, 1305-1505

night, 2205-0005

day, 0555-0645

dusk, 1910-1950

night, 0200-0400

day, 1315-1615

dawn, 0415-0715

day, 1315-1615

night, 2215-0115

dusk, 1820-2120

night, 0300-0500

day, 0730-1030

day, 1715-1800

dusk, 1800-1845

dusk, 1845-1930

night, 0215-0415

dawn, 0415-0515

day, 0750-1050

night, 0115-0215

day, 1600-1700

day, 1700-1900

night, 2105-0005

night, 2030-2330

day, 1322-1622

day, 0710-1010

day, 1455-1755

night, 2225-0025

day, 1015-1115

dusk, 1855-1955

day, 0825-0925

day, 0725-0825

day, 1115-1215

night, 1955-2155

day, 1215-1315

Number of

samples

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

2

3

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

2

3

2

3

1

3

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

Depth

(m)

0-50

50

55

90

100

100

110

150

170

200

200

205

210

290

300

300-340

340

340-350

360

360-550

400

430

490-520

520

520

600

630

630-700

800

825

880-1050

950-1080

970-1060

1000-1120

1050-1160

1080

1160-1170

Macrocypridina

castanea

0

0

0

0

0.50

0

0

0

0

0

0

1.00

0

0.50

0.33

0

0

0

1.00

0

0

0

0

0.50

0.33

4.00

0

0

1.66

0.50

0

1.50

3.00

7.50

0

1.50

0.75

Gigantocypris

muelleri

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.50

0

0

0

0

0

0.75

0

Halocyprididea

0.75

2.63

0.75

4.50

1.50

0.38

0.50

2.00

0

0.24

0

0

0.66

0

0

0

0

0

0.50

0

0.38

0

0

1.00

0

1.00

0.50

16.00

1.00

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.75

0
NUMBER 223

TABLE 2.—Comparison of night and day distribution of ostracodes from Cruise 10 (samples

collected at dusk and dawn not included; discrete samples collected at same station and depth

are grouped together and considered to be 1 sample, as in Table 1)

Comparison

Day

Samples without specimens

% of samples with specimens

Night

Samples without specimens

% of samples with specimens

Halocyprididae

8

10

44

6

5

55

Macrocypridina

castanea

6

12

33

8

3

73

Gigantocypris

muelleri

0

18

0

2

9

18

Ostracoda

12

6

67

10

1

91

TABLE 3.—Comparison of night and day distribution of ostracodes from Cruise 10 at depths of

50-520 m and 600-1170 m (samples collected at dusk and dawn not included; discrete samples

collected at same station and depth are grouped together and considered to be 1 sample, as in

Table 1)

Comparison

Depth: 50-520 m

Day

Samples without specimens

% of samples with specimens

Night

Samples without specimens

% of samples with specimens

Depth: 600-1170 m

Day

Samples without specimens

% of samples with specimens

Night

Samples without specimens

% of samples with specimens

Halocyprididae

5

5

50

4

4

50

3

5

37.5

2

1

67

Macrocypridina

castanea

2

8

20

5

3

62.5

4

4

50

3

0

100

Gigantocypris

muelleri

o

10

0

o

8

0

0

8

0

2

1

67

Ostracoda

6

4

60

7

1

87.5

6

2

75

3

0

100
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABL E 4.—Frequency distribution (percent

Depth zone

Epipelagic zone

(50-200 m)

Mesopelagic zone

(201-1000 m)

Bathypelagic zone

(1001-2000 m;

1170 m maximum

depth sampled

on Cruise 10)

Number of

samples

26

39

7

of samples) of ostracodes in depth zones

Macrocypridina Gigantocypris Halocypridcastanea muelleri idae Ostracoda

4

31

71

0

3

14

42

26

14

42

46

86

tions of Poulsen. Because our samples were not

collected below 1170 m, it is not possible to determine whether or not the species is more abundant

at greater depths. The shallowest depth at which

M. castanea was found in our collections is 100 m.

Our collections suggest that M. castanea is primarily an inhabitant of the bathypelagic zone (Table

4)-

Gigantocypris muelleri.—Poulsen (1962:83) reported this species from depths of 400 m to 3000 m

in the Atlantic Ocean. He concluded that his data

indicated that the species is found closer to the surface in the northern boreal parts of the Atlantic

than in the tropical and subtropical parts, and that

mature specimens are generally restricted to deeper

water than are the juveniles. Skogsberg (1920:218)

reported the species at a depth of 150 m. In the

present collections, G. muelleri was collected only

in night samples on Cruise 10, at depths of 825 m

and 1080 m. Only 2 specimens were captured, an

instar IV female at 1080 m, and an adult female at

825 m. This species would appear to be primarily

an inhabitant of the bathypelagic and upper abyssal pelagic zones (Table 4).

HALOCYPRIDIDAE.—Halocyprids were collected at

all depths sampled but occurred in the greatest

frequency in the epipelagic zone (Table 4).

Relationship between Water Temperature and

Salinity and Ostracode Distribution

The temperatures and salinities obtained at 3

stations on Cruise 10 are given in Table 6. The

temperatures and salinities are probably close to

those at the sample stations at which ostracodes

were collected. The temperature decreased in the

depth range of discrete samples from about 20°C

at 50 m to about 6°C at 1104 m. The salinity between

the same depth limits decreased from 36.42 parts

per thousand to 35.01 parts per thousand. Halocyprids were collected at all temperatures and salinites. Specimens of M. castanea were collected

between temperatures of about 18.5°C and 5.9°C,

and salinities of about 36.5—35.0 parts per thousand. Specimens of G. muelleri were collected between temperatures of about 10°C and 7°C, and

salinites of about 35.4-35.03 parts per thousand.

Poulsen (1962:136) reported the temperature

range of M. castanea to be 3.0°-18.9°C based on

observations made simultaneous to hauls. Deevey

(1968:18) reported 2 larvae collected at 300-400

m at a maximum temperature of 17.6°C. The occurrences of M. castanea in the collections from

Cruise 10 support the observations of Poulsen and

Deevey.

Poulsen (1962:84) reported the temperature

range of G. muelleri to be 2.6°-4.9°C and the salinity range to be 34.7-35.4 parts per thousand.

The upper temperature range is increased to 10°C

by the distribution of the species in samples from

Cruise 10. The salinities in Cruise 10 fall within

the range reported by Poulsen.

Food Requirements of Planktonic Ostracodes

Angel (1970:734) observed that halocyprids feed

on damaged specimens of any group in net hauls

prior to preservation. The gut content of 15 species

of Conchoecia was tabulated by Angel (1972:220).

The guts contained crustacean parts, tintinnids,

chaetognaths, radiolarians, coccolithophores, foraminifera, silicoflagellates, diatoms, as well as unidentifiable detritus. Lochhead (1968), who observed specimens in captivity, found them to feed
NUMBER 223

TABLE 5.—Distribution (percent of samples) of Macrocypridina castanea, at increasing depths,

from Dana collections with open net (Poulsen, 1962:135) compared with Cruise 10 collections

with discrete-depth sampler (depths are approximately those used by Poulsen)

Depth

(m)

35.

35 - 99.

100 -199.

200 -349.

350 -999,

1000-1499.

1500-1999

2000-2499

2500-2999

3000-3500

Dana Collections Cruise 10 Collections

Number of

samples

Percent with

M. castanea

Number of

samples

Percent with

M. castanea

288

517

378

275

181

57

57

46

25

14

0.0

0.4

2.9

6.5

9.9

15.8

21.3

13.0

20.0

14.3

1 *

7

11

20

24

7

0

0

0

0

0

0

9.1

20.0

33.3

85.7

no data

no data

no data

no data

• Sample 10-17M, 0-50 m.

predominantly on dead animals. In general, the

halocyprids appear to feed on phytoplankton and

zooplankton.

Cannon (1933:739) reported parts of a mysid in

the gut of a specimen of M. castanea. We examined the gut content of 7 specimens of M. castanea,

3 adult females, 3 adult males, and 1 A-l ?female

(Table 7). Similar material was found in the stomachs of the juvenile and the adult males and females. The large size and whole condition of an

adult male of the copepod Temora sp. and an adult

male of the copepod Euchaeta sp. in the ostracode

stomachs indicate that M. castanea is a predator.

The length of the specimen of Euchaeta sp. is 4.5

mm; however, because the specimen was folded,

the maximum length in the ostracode stomach

was 2.7 mm. Two specimens of M. castanea had

within their stomachs a fish scale, one measuring

1.26 mm by 1.16 mm, the other 2.47 mm by 1.56

mm. The presence of the scales suggests that the

ostracodes ingest debris in the water. The size of

the scales indicates that the fish from which they

came would be too large to have been eaten whole

by the ostracode. It is possible that the stomach

contents are the result of ingestion that took place

in the net during capture.

Cannon (1940:193) reported that Gigantocypris

feeds on active prey and recorded the gut contents

of several specimens as follows: Sagitta, somites of

Brachyuran zoaea, the Copepods Pleuromamma

robusta Dahl, Pleuromamma sp., and Heterorhabdus, and the half-digested remains of a small fish.

The adult female and instar IV female of G. Muelleri collected on Cruise 10 were practically

empty, and the small amount of material present

was unrecognizable. An instar IV female from

Cruise 9 had a full gut (Figure 20d), but the contents were not identified.

Reproduction of Macrocypridina castanea

Skogsberg (1920:296) reported ovigerous females

in samples collected during May and July. In the

present study ovigerous females were collected in

early June (Cruise 10), early September (Cruise

7), and late October to early November (Cruise 1).

Specimens of M. castanea were not present in collections from Cruise 9 made in March, but as only

3 samples were examined, one of which was too

shallow to expect specimens of M. castanea, their

absence could be due to sample error. Thus, ovigerous females are present from May through early

November. Whether or not ovigerous females are

present in December through April is not known.

The samples collected in late October and early

November contained only 13 percent ovigerous fe-
10

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 6.—Changes of temperatures (°C) and salinities (%c) with increasing depth at three

localities of Cruise 10 (data from Brown, 1971, Table 4)

Depth

(m)

0. .

9..

10..

18..

20..

28..

30..

44..

46..

50..

69..

75..

89..

93..

100..

140..

150..

178..

187..

200..

284-•

300-.

359--

400-•

540--

632--

724--

912--

1104-•

32O17.2'N, 64°09.5'W 32°15'N, 64°19'W 31°45'N, 64°50'W

Temperature Salinity Temperature Salinity Temperature Salinity

21.62 36.60

21.62 36.59

21.62 36.58

21.60 36.54

19.96

19.07

18.78

18.31

18.01

17.63

22.35 36.44 23.52 36.74

36.53

36.35

36.33

36.25

36.30

36.32

21.48

21.27

18.19

17.96

17.71

17.36

36.48

36.43

21.20 36.42

20.02

18.87 36.40

18.55 36.39

36.35

36.32

36.32

36.24

20.26 36.60

18.69 36.58

18.30

17.67

36.50

36.47

16.55

14.94

12.93

8.25

5.88

36.27

35.92

35.64

35.08

35.01

males compared to 23 percent in June suggesting amined contained 46-71 eggs, mean 60. The largest

that reproduction may be less during winter and smallest egg from a subsample of 4 eggs was

months. measured in the 4 specimens (Table 8). Eggs withSkogsberg (1920:294) reported brood sizes of out lateral eyes were in 3 specimens; the eggs

50-75 eggs for M. castanea. Four specimens we ex- ranged in diameter from 0.42 to 0.62 mm. Eggs
NUMBER 223 11

TABLE 7.—Stomach contents of Macrocypridina castanea

Specimen and sample number Stomach Contents

151165, adult <f (10-IN).

151578A, adult 9 (10-38N).

151578B, a-1 ?? (10-38N).

151578C, adult 9 (10-38N)..

135755A, adult ? (10-7A).

135755B, adult 2 (10-7A).

151175, adult cC (10-19C).

Crustacean appendages: euphausiid pleopods,

copepod maxilla; Temora sp. cf (calanoid

copepod); abundant red-brown material.

Crustacean appendages: euphausiid pleopod,

euphausiid thoracic leg, calanoid copepod

1st & 2nd antennae, calanoid copepod

mandible; fish scale (teleost) 1.26 xl.16

mm; halocyprid ostracodes; spines and

setae.

Copepod parts: mandible, head region and

apical spine of swimming legs, other

unrecognizable parts; fish scale

1.56x2.47 mm.

Copepod Euchaeta - adult (whole) cf, 4.5 mm

(maximum length in stomach 2.7);

crustacean eye.

Calanoid copepod parts; swimming legs,

mandible, maxilliped?; euphausiid parts:

pleopod, leg; unidentified setae and

appendages.

Euphausiid pleopod; calanoid copepod parts:

mandible, other mouthparts; unidentified

claws and teeth.

Calanoid copepod parts: antennae, maxilla

and mouthparts.

TABLE 8.—Brood sizes and egg diameters of Macrocypridina castanea

Specimen (carapace length and height in mm)

135755A (7.1,' 5.0)

135755B (6.5, 4.0)

151179 (6.5, 4.4)

151578C (7.0, 4.9)

Range of

diameter of

Number of eggs 4 eggs (mm) Comments

58

46

71

63

0.42-0.59

0.39-0.50

0.55-0.62

0.60-0.75

no eyes

no eyes

no eye8

lateral

eyes

present

with lateral eyes were in 1 specimen; the eggs

ranged in size from 0.60 to 0.75 mm. Small eggs

tend to be flattened on either side, and adhere to

each other and to the body of the ostracode. Larger

eggs are spherical, and tend to float away from

each other and from the body of the ostracode.

Phenomenon of Swallowing Bristles of

First Antenna

Skogsberg (1920:296) has been the only investigator to remark on the peculiar behavior of M.

castanea in placing bristles of the 1st antenna into

its mouth and stomach. He believed that the long

bristles of the 1st antenna might be used for food

collecting.

Skogsberg reported the swallowing phenomenon

to take place in the majority of specimens he investigated, both males and females. We found it to

take place in 7 of 16 specimens examined (Table

9). When they were not swallowed the 1st antennae assumed several positions: 1, folded back and

completely inside the carapace; 2, folded back inside the carapace, but with posterior ends of antennae extending out the posterior gape of the

carapace; 3, extending anteriorly out the anterior

gape of incisur of the carapace.

Our studies indicate that males swallow their 1st
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 9.—Frequency of swallowing bristles on 1st and 2nd antennae of Macrocypridina castanea

(+ in mouth, — not in mouth)

USNM

number

151165

151167A

151167B

151173

151175

151576

135755A

135755B

151179

151578A

151578C

151169

151174A

151174B

151176

151578B

Sample

number

10-IN

10-5B

10-5B

10-10M

10-19C

10-35A

10-7A

10-7A

10-24C

10-38N

10-38N

10-6B

10-16C

10-16C

10-20C

10-38N

Length

(mm)

6.9

7.0

7.0

6.9

7.0

6.4

7.1

6.5

6.5

7.0

7.0

2.6

4.5

3.9

2.7

6.0

Height

(mm)

4.60

3.75

4.50

4.30

4.50

4.50

5.00

4.40

4.00

4.50

4.90

1.90

3.10

3.00

2.00

4.30

Sex

<f

d

d"

a

cf

9

9

9

9

9

juvenile

juvenile

juvenile

juvenile

A-l 9?

1st antennae 2nd antennae

+

+

+

-

+

+ +

+ +

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

antennae more than either females or juveniles,

as shown below (from Table 9).

Num ber of specimens Specimens swallowing

examined antennae (%)

Males 6 83

Females 5 20

Juveniles 5 20

In order to ascertain the position of the bristles

in the stomach, an adult male was carefully dissected without disturbing the bristles inside the

stomach. The bristles were curled as shown in Figure 1. In some specimens just the tips of bristles

were inside the mouth, in others they were almost

completely inserted. Usually, the bristles of both

antennae were inserted, but on a few specimens, the

bristles of only 1 limb were swallowed. On some

specimens, the bristles were intimately entwined in

the food.

On 2 specimens, an adult male and an adult female, a previously unreported phenomenon was

observed. The specimens had swallowed the bristles

of the exopodites of the 2nd antennae along with

the bristles of the 1st antennae (Figure la,b). On

1st Antenna

I mm

FIGURE 1.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151167B, adult

male, shell length 7.0 mm: camera lucida drawing showing

position in gut of a bristle of the 1st antenna.

all 16 specimens examined, the 2nd antennae had

been withdrawn inside the carapace.

We examined bristles of the first antennae under

the scanning electron microscope and could detect
NUMBER 223 13

no differences between segments that had been inside and outside the stomach.

The reason for bristles of the 1st antenna being

inside the stomach is not clear. We suggest that the

ostracodes might swallow the bristles in the throes

of being captured or killed. The few cases of the

bristles of the 2nd antennae also being swallowed

tend to support this contention, because without

these the ostracode could not swim. The phenomenon has not been reported in any other species,

indicating that this peculiar behavioral trait during capture might be rare.

Macrocypridina castanea (Brady, 1897)

FIGURES 1-14

Cypridina castanea Brady, 1897:88, pi. 16: figs. 1-4.—Muller,

1906:130, pi. 5: figs. 1,2, pi. 33: figs. 11-16, pi. 34: figs.

10-13; 1906a: 13.—Fowler, 1909:220, 257, 279, 296, pi. 26:

figs. 279-281.—Muller, 1912:14 [part].

Cypridina (Macrocypridina) castanea.—Skogsberg, 1920:281,

figs. 47-51.

Macrocypridina castanea, sensu stricto.—Poulsen, 1962:120,

figs. 61-67— Hanai, 1974:118.

MATERIAL.—USNM 135751, 1 specimen from sample 10--4A;

USNM 135752, 1 specimen from sample 10-4B; USNM

135753, 3 specimens from sample 10-4C; USNM 135754,

1 specimen from sample 10-5M; USNM 135755, 5 specimens

including 2 ovigerous females from sample 10-7A; USNM

135756, 2 specimens from sample 10-7B; USNM 135758,

1 specimen from sample 10-16A; USNM 135759, 12 specimens from sample 10-19M; USNM 135760, 1 specimen from

sample 10-36A; USNM 151165, 1 adult male from sample

10-1N; USNM 151166, 6 specimens from sample 10-1N;

USNM 151167, 2 adult males from sample 10-5B; USNM

151168, 6 specimens from sample 10-5B; USNM 151169, 1

juvenile from sample 10-6B; USNM 151170, 2 specimens

from sample 10-5M, USNM 151171, 1 female from sample

10-7M; USNM 151172, 1 specimen from sample 10-10B;

USNM 151173, 1 adult male from sample 10-10M; USNM

151174, 2 juveniles from sample 10-16C; USNM 151175,

1 adult male from sample 10-19C; USNM 151176, 1 juvenile

from sample 10-20C; USNM 151177, 1 specimen from sample

10-24A; USNM 151178, 1 female from sample 10-24C;

USNM 151179, 1 female from sample 10-24C; USNM 151570,

1 female from sample 10-24M; USNM 151571, 1 adult male

from sample 10-24M; USNM 151572, 1 juvenile from sample

1O-28N; USNM 151573, 1 juvenile from sample 10-31A;

USNM 151574, 1 specimen from sample 10-34C; USNM

151575, 1 specimen from sample 1O-35A; USNM 151576,

1 adult male from sample 1O-35A; USNM 151577, 1 specimen from sample 1O-38N; USNM 151578, 2 females and

1 juvenile from sample IO-38N; USNM 135749, 2 females

including 1 ovigerous from sample 7-15N; USNM 135750,

1 ovigerous female from sample 7-19N; USNM 151928, 2

specimens from sample 1-4B; USNM 151929, 1 specimen

from sample 1-9A; USNM 151930, 1 specimen from sample

1-11 A; USNM 151931, 1 ovigerous female from sample

1-15A; USNM 151932, 2 specimens from sample 1-15M;

USNM 151933, 1 ovigerous female from sample 1-16A;

USNM 151934, 3 specimens from sample 1-16B; USNM

151935, 3 specimens from sample 1-16C; USNM 151936, 2

specimens from sample 1-18C; USNM 151937, 1 specimen

from sample 1-18B; USNM 151938, 1 specimen from sample

1-18M; USNM 151939, 2 specimens from sample 1-19A;

USNM 151940, 3 specimens from sample 1-31N.

SUPPLEMENTARY DESCRIPTION OF ADULT.—Surface

of carapace smooth (Figure 2a), brown except for

clear oval area in vicinity of lateral eye; faint crescents that may be edges of ovals or polygons visible

on some specimens (Figure 2b); small open pores

(Figure 2c) scattered over valve surface (see arrows in Figure 2b).

Shell structure (Figure 2d): Formed of 3 layers:

outer thin layer granular; middle layer less well

laminated than inner layer, which makes up about

half of shell. No differences were observed between

shell structure in clear part in vicinity of lateral

eye and surrounding brown part.

Infold: Posterior list with minute pores or processes (Figure 2e,f). Rostrum with bare bristles

forming row along list dorsal to incisur; 1 stout

bristle present posterior to bare bristles (Figure

Sa,b); 1 slender bristle present posterior and ventral to stout bristle and near incisur (Figure Sa-c)

2 bare bristles near inner end of incisur (Figure

3d)-

Lamellar prolongation of selvage: Prolongation

along lower margin of incisur with perpendicular

ridges forming serrated outer edge; prolongation

along anterior margin of rostrum with smooth inner surface and outer edge (Figure Sa,d); prolongation on lower margin of incisur and on anteroventral margin ventral to incisur with ridges

on inner side forming serrate outer edge (Figure

3d,e), and with smooth outer side (Figure 3/)

(gives appearance of bristles connected by

webbing).

First antenna of adult male: In natural position,

pointing anteriorly and then ventrally (Figure

6a); b-bristle with short proximal branch containing disc (Figure 6a,6) and 2 filaments with smaller

discs forming row (Figure 6d-f); edge of small

discs beaded (Figure 6/); short filaments on long

bristles of 7th and 8th joints with process at tip

(Figure 6c).
14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 2.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151167B, adult male, length 7.0 mm: a, left valve,

outside view, anterior to left, X 17; b, surface near middle of shell shown in "a" in vicinity

of adductor muscle scars (arrows point to pores), X 550; c, pore shown in "b," X 13,650;

d, cross section of carapace in vicinity of lateral eye, outer surface of shell toward top, X 5350;

e, posterior of left valve, inside view, X 120; /, detail of "e" showing small processes on posterior

list (arrows) X 2370. (Photos reduced for publication to 75 percent.)
NUMBER 223 15

FIGURE 3.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151167B, adult male, length 7.0 mm: a, indsur and

bristles of rostrum, medial view, X 190; b, detail of "a" showing stout bristle of rostrum

(arrow), X 460; c, lamellar prolongation of selvage along upper margin of incisur, from "a,"

X 900; d, incisur and bristles, medial view, X 190; e, lamellar prolongation of selvage below

incisur, from "d," medial view, X 1135; /, outside view of lamellar prolongation of selvage

shown in "e", X 1135. (Photos reduced for publication to 74 percent.)
16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Second antenna of adult male: Protopodite massive (Figure la); basal spines of exopodial joints

small, absent on 9th joint (Figure 7c); distal margins of exopodial joints without spines (Figure

7c).

Mandible of adult male: 2nd endopodial joint

with numerous medial spines (Figure 7b); some of

these with fine marginal hairs proximally and

longer spines distally, and with triaenid tip (Figure

Id).

Sixth limb of adult male: Limb small with posterior edge seeming to conform to anterior edge of

copulatory organ (Figure 1a,e).

Seventh limb (Figures 4,5) of A-l female?: Ends

of bells oblique to stem and with long fringes (Figure be); fringe on tip of bristles slightly shorter

than those on bells (Figure 4c); bristles proximal

to bells with scattered spines similar to those forming fringe at tip of bristle (Figure 4c). Comb consisting of pointed teeth in middle part and flattipped teeth on each end (Figure 56-/); flat-tipped

teeth with rods along outer side, the middle of

these bending into, and may be attached to, end of

flat-tipped teeth (Figure 5d-f); flat-tipped teeth

with pore at tip (Figure 5e-f). Antler-like processes opposite comb (Figures 4b,d;6b) consisting

of a central toothlike process with alar projections

on either side near its base; margin of alar projections with 4-7 finger-like digitations (Figure 4b,d).

Simple conelike peg present between comb and

antler-like process (Figures Ab,d; 5b,c).

Furca of adult male: Claws with scattered short

spines on anterior margin and lateral and medial

row of teeth along dorsal margin (Figure 7a,/).

Upper lip of adult male (Figures 8—11): In natural position, main glandular field oriented anteriorly (Figure 9a); main glandular field with

about 70 glandular openings (Figure 9b,d); a pair

of glandular processes present on each side ventral and posterior to main glandular field (Figures

9b,d.f; Ha); proximal of these processes conelike

with single terminal glandular opening (Figures

]Qb,d,e; lla); distal process with 3-4 cones; posterior of these with 2 glandular openings; anterior

1-2 cones with single glandular openings (Figure

]\b,d-f); small lateral field with about 44 glandular openings present posterior and proximal to

main field; glandular openings on paired glandular processes (Figures 9/; 10/; lla,&); similar to

those of main field (Figures 10/; lld,e) but larger

than those in lateral fields (Figures 9c; 10d,e; lie);

ventral end of upper lip, when in natural position,

bearing shallow flat-bottomed groove (Figures

9b,d; \0a,b); groove terminating abruptly before

reaching mouth (Figure 10&); short spines forming rows present between end of groove and

mouth, spines point toward mouth (Figure 10c).

(the lateral glandular fields and ventral

flat-bottomed groove have not been reported

previously.)

Male copulatory organ (Figures la-e; 12-14):

When viewed laterally and in place on animal, intricate structure of copulatory organ not visible

(Figure 7a,e). 2 lobes, anterior to base of the organ each with 2 spinous terminal bristles, are considered brush-organs (see Poulsen, 1962:126); copulatory organ with anterior proximal lobe with

about 5 tubelike bristles, with terminal pore on

distal outer corner and clawlike terminal process;

clawlike process with small open pores and minute

teeth proximally; pustules and small teeth form

rows on terminal end of proximal lobe near clawlike process; 2-jointed main lobe present posterior

to proximal lobe; 2nd joint formed by finger-like

terminal process; tip of finger-like process with few

minute pustules and many open pores; distal inner

corner of 1st joint of main lobe near base of fingerlike process with anterior triangular process (see

arrow in Figure 12&); distal inner corner of 1st

joint of main lobe with about 13 posterior bristles.

Poulsen (1962:125, Figure 63a,c-g) stated that

the inner lobe had its base posterior to the main

lobe, not anterior as illustrated herein (Figure

13&). He described about 10 proximal bristles on

the inner edge of the main lobe, and 5 bare bristles

on the anterior side of the distal end of the 1st

joint of the main lobe near the triangular process.

These do not appear in our photographs; however,

about 5 bare tubelike bristles are present in our

photographs on the anterior side of the inner distal corner of the proximal lobe, and about 13 bristles appear on the distal end of the 1st joint of the

main lobe on the posterior side. These were not

mentioned by Poulsen.

Gigantocypris muelleri Skogsberg, 1920

FIGURES 15-20

Gigantocypris agassizi [part].—Muller, 1906:135-136.

Gigantocypris pellucida.—Fowler, 1909:257,296.—Scott, 1912:5.
NUMBER 223 17

FIGURE 4.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151578B, A-l female?, 7th limb: a, complete limb,

X 50; b, end view of end of limb showing terminal antler-like process, X 750; c, middle part

of marginal bristle showing spines, X 2700; d, stereo pair of antler-like terminal process, lateral

view (to be viewed from right), X 5500; e, tip of marginal bristle, X 2200. (Photos reduced for

publication to 79 percent.)
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 5.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151578B, A-l female?, 7th limb (continued): a,

terminal end of limb, from Figure 4a, X 250; b, comb and processes, from "a," X 1025;

c, distal comb teeth, from "b," X 5500; d, flat-tipped, proximal comb teeth, from "b," X 5500;

e, tip of proximal comb tooth, not terminal pore (2nd from right comb tooth shown in "b,"

X 1100; /, tip of right proximal comb tooth in "d" showing indication of terminal pore

(arrow), X 2200. (Photos reduced for publication to 74 percent.)
NUMBER 223 19

FIGURE 6.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151177, adult male, right 1st antenna: a, tip of

antenna, medial view, from Figure 9a, X 200; b, detail of concave disc on b-bristle, from "a"

(arrow in "a"), X 2200; c, tip of one of the short sensorial filaments on a long bristle, X 12,000.

USNM 151576, adult male, left 1st antenna: d, tip of antenna, lateral view, X 180; e, proximal

filament on b-bristle shown in "d" (arrow in "A"), X 1250; /, detail of discs shown in "e," note

beaded margin of discs, X 2500. (Photos reduced for publication to 74 percent.)
20

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 7.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151576, adult male, length 6.4 mm., specimen with

left mandible, left maxilla, and most of left valve removed: a, whole specimen, X 20; b, detail

of "a" showing bristles of left 1st and 2nd antennae entering mouth (arrow) 1 X 60; c, distal

joints of exopodite of left 2nd antenna, note small basal spines, from "a," lateral view, X 250;

d, detail of cleaning bristles of 2nd endopodial joint of right mandible, from "b," medial view,

X 1250; e, left 6th limb and anterior part of copulatory organ (arrow), from "a," lateral view,

X 115; /, teeth on 4th furcal claw, from "a," lateral view X 1150. (Photos reduced for publication to 72.5 percent.)
NUMBER 223 21

Gigantocypris Mulleri.—Skogsberg, 1920:202-219, figs. 26-29.

Gigantocypris miilleri.—Cannon, 1940:319-321, figs. 1,2a.—

Poulsen, 1962:57-84, figs. 26-41.—Tibbs, 1965:481.

MATERIAL.—USNM 151581, 1 adult female from sample

10-10b; USNM 151582, 1 instar IV female from sample

10-24C; USNM 151983, 1 instar IV female from sample

9-21N.

SUPPLEMENTARY DESCRIPTION O F ADULT FEMALE.

—Size: USNM 151581, length 16.4 mm, height

15.1 mm.

Second antenna: 1st endopodial joint with 5

short bristles, 2nd joint with 1 short subterminal

bristle, 3rd joint with 1 long terminal bristle.

Seventh limb: Each limb with 232 bristles, 113-

119 on each side; the number of bells on each

bristle ranges from 5 to 10; 52 teeth in comb.

Furca: Each lamella with 11 claws.

Genitalia: Well developed.

SUPPLEMENTARY DESCRIPTION OF INSTAR IV FEMALE.—Surface of carapace smooth, but with faint

RIGHT POSTERIOR GLANDULAR PROCESS

RIGHT ANTERIOR GLANDULAR PROCESS

FIGURE 8.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151177, adult

male, upper lip: labeled diagram showing glandular fields

and processes.

polygons visible at high magnification (X 150) (Figure 15a); noded pores with bristles very sparse on

valve surface (Figure \bb-d); shell in cross section

laminated (Figure 15/); numerous struts present

between shell and vestment (Figure 15e).

Size: USNM 151582, length 9.8 mm, height 8.9

mm; USNM 151983, length 9.9 mm, height 9.0

mm.

Second antenna: 1st endopodial joint with three

short bristles, 2nd joint with one short subterminal

bristle, 3rd joint with one long terminal bristle.

Seventh limb (Figures 16, 17): Each limb with

79-90 bristles, 37-48 on each side; bells of bristles

with fringed distal margin forming oblique angle

with stem (Figure 16&); oblique tip of bristle with

fringe shorter than that of bells (Figure 16e,/); surface of stem of each bell formed of about 25 longitudinal rods (Figure \6c,d), each rod about onethird diameter of fringe of bells; tip of limb with

comb and single peg opposite comb (Figure

17a-c); only 7 teeth in comb of juvenile specimen;

teeth with squarish tips and marginal spines (Figure 17&); tips of teeth with minute pore (Figure

17c-d); smooth peg situated dose to comb (Figure

17c).

Furca: Each lamella with 9 claws.

Lips (Figures 18, 19, 20a-c): In natural position, main glandular field oriented anteriorly (Figure 18a); main field with about 175 closely packed

glandular openings (Figure 18d); 2 lateral fields

present (Figure 18a-c); upper (dorsal) lateral

field with about 38 glandular openings; lower

(ventral) lateral field adjacent to upper field, and

with about 95 glandular openings; long hairs

border anterior, ventral, and posterior margins of

lower lateral field, and posterior border of upper

lateral field (Figure 186,c); glandular openings of

main field similar in size to those of lateral fields,

also similar in construction, all bear outer rim

(Figures 19c-/; 20a-c); string of material emerging

from glandular opening shown in Figure \9d,e

may be debris, but bubble emerging from glandular opening in Figure 20c could be glandular discharge; ventral margin of upper lip with flat Ushaped surface bearing groups of short spines with

tips oriented toward mouth (Figure \Se,f); surface

of upper lip near mouth with densely spaced hairs

forming rows (Figure 19a); tips of bristles oriented

toward "mouth; similar bristles also present on

lower lip near mouth (Figure 19&).

Stomach wall: The stomach wall bears a papillate surface (microvilli?) (Figure 20d-/).
22

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 9.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151177, adult male: a, Specimen with most appendages of left side removed to expose upper lip, X 25. Upper lip: b, lateral view, from "a,"

X 75; c, left lateral glandular field shown in "b" (arrow in "b"), X 300; d, anterior view of

lip shown in "b," dorsal margin to left, X 91; e, left glandular processes, from "b," X 300;

/, end view of left anterior glandular process, from "d," X 525. (Photos reduced for publication

to 74.5 percent.)
NUMBER 223 23

FIGURE 10.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151177, adult male, upper lip: a, groove in posterior

of lip, from Figure 9d, X 525; b, posteroventral view, mouth to right of photograph, X 91;

c, spines on lip near mouth, from "b," X 1800; d, e, glandular openings from left lateral field

shown in Figure 9c, X 6700; /, glandular opening from left anterior glandular process shown

in Figure 9/. (Photos reduced for publication to 76 percent.)
24

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 11.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151175, adult male, upper lip: a, right posterior

glandular process, X 1400; b, glandular opening in "a," X 5200; c, glandular opening from

right lateral field, X 5200; d, e, glandular opening from main field, X 4000; /, glandular

opening from left anterior glandular process, X 4000. (Photos reduced for publication to

76.5 percent.)
NUMBER 223 25

FIGURE 12.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151176A, adult male, copulatory organ: a, ventral

view with anterior toward top, X 90; b, detail of 2 upper lobes in "a," X 290; c, daw of right

lobe in "c," X 725; d, base of claw in "c," X 1200; e, pore in claw shown in "d" (arrow in

"d"), X 24,000; /, claw of left lobe in "b," X 725. (Photos reduced for publication to 77

percent.)
26

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 13.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151176A, adult male, copulatory organ and brush

organ: a, pores in claw shown in Figure 12/, X 7250; b, anterior view of copulatory organ,

X 115; c, tips of brush organs, from "b," X 725; d, proximal lobe on left of "b," X 725;

e, proximal part of daw in "d," X 2270; /, tube bristles on distal left corner of lobe in "d,"

X 2900. (Photos reduced for publication to 74 percent.)
NUMBER 223 27

FIGURE 14.—Macrocypridina castanea, USNM 151176A, adult male, copulatory organ: a, tip of

tube bristle in Figure 13/ reoriented to show terminal pore, X 15,000; b, posterior view of

copulatory organ, X 100; c, bristles on inner distal end of 1st joint of left distal lobe, from

"b," X 860; d, tip of 2nd joint of right distal lobe in "b," X 1735; e, tip of 2nd joint of left

distal lobe in "b," X 1435; /, detail of pores in "e," X 2250'. (Photos reduced for publication to

74 percent.)
28

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 15.—Gigantocypris muelleri, USNM 151983, instar IV female carapace, length 9.9 mm:

a, outer surface of shell, note faint reticulations (arcuate lines crossing photograph are artifacts

caused by creases in shell), X 150; b, noded pore with bristle on outer surface of shell, X 2300;

c, noded pore in "b," X 8000; d, noded pore with broken bristle, X 8000; e, cross section through

shell (top) and vestment (bottom) showing numerous struts, X 250; /, section through shell

showing laminations (outer surface of shell towards top; smoothness of inner layer probably

caused by smearing during slicing process), X 7600. (Photos reduced for publication to 72

percent.)
NUMBER 223 29

FIGURE 16.—Gigantocypris muelleri, USNM 151582, instar IV female 7th limb: a, complete

limb, X 85; b, tip of marginal bristle, X 1800; c, detail of 3rd bell in "b," X 9100; d, detail of

bell stem in "c," X 17,900; e, tip and end bell of a marginal bristle, X 1700; /, proximal part

of tip in "e," X 10,500. (Photos reduced for publication to 77.5 percent.)
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 17.—Gigantocypris muelleri, USNM 151582, instar IV female 7th limb: a, tip of limb,

from Figure 16a, X 240; b, terminal comb, from "a," X 2000; c, end view of comb and opposing

peg, X 1450; d, tip of upper tooth in "c" showing terminal pore, X 16,500. (Photos reduced

for publication to 81 percent.)
NUMBER 223 31

FIGURE 18.—Gigantocypris muelleri, USNM 151983, instar IV female lips: a, left lateral view of

anterior half of body with appendages removed to show upper lip (arrow), the anterior half

of the lower lip is to the right of the upper lip, X 22; b, upper lip in "a," X 91; c, left lateral

glandular fields, from "b," X 160; d, anterior view of upper lip showing main glandular field,

X 106; e, ventral view of upper lip (on left) and lower lip (on right), dark area between lips

is mouth (arrow points toward anterior), X 80; /, spines on midventral U-shaped area of upper

lip in "e," X 800. (Photos reduced for publication to 70 percent.)
32

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 19.—Gigantocypris muelleri, USNM 151983, instar IV female lips: a, bristles on upper

lip near mouth, from Figure ISe, mouth is to right, X 5600; b, bristles on lower lip near mouth,

from Figure 18e, mouth is to left, X 8000; c, glandular openings near middle of left, distal,

lateral glandular field shown in Figure 18c, X 3200; d, same from near top of field, from

Figure 18c, (streamer from upper left glandular opening is probably debris), X 3000; e, upper

left glandular opening in "d," X 7500; /, upper right glandular opening in "d," X 8250. (Photos

reduced for publication to 74 percent.)
NUMBER 223 33

FIGURE 20.—Gigantocypris muelleri, USNM 151983, instar IV female upper lip and stomach:

a, glandular opening from near upper middle of left, distal, lateral glandular field in Figure 18c,

X 6350; b, glandular opening from lower part of left, proximal lateral glandular field in

Figure 18c; c, glandular openings from near middle of main glandular field, from Figure 18d,

X 3000; d, cut through stomach filled with food, from right end of Figure 18a (arrow points

to stomach wall), X 54; e, pappilatc inner surface of stomach wall near arrow in "d," X 550;

/, same, X 1100. (Photos reduced for publication to 74 percent.)
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Copy must be typewritten, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper, with

W'i" top and left margins, submitted in ribbon copy with a carbon or duplicate, and accompanied by the original artwork. Duplicate copies of all material, including illustrations, should be

retained by the author. There may be several paragraphs to a page, but each page should begin

with a new paragraph. Number consecutively all pages, including title page, abstract, text, literature cited, legends, and tables. The minimum length is 30 pages, including typescript and illustrations.

The title should be complete and clear for easy indexing by abstracting services. Taxonomic

titles will carry a final line indicating the higher categories to which the taxon is referable:

"(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)." Include an abstract as an introductory part of the text. Identify

the author on the first page of text with an unnumbered footnote that includes his professional

mailing address. A table of contents is optional. An index, if required, may be supplied by the

author when he returns page proof.

Two headings are used: (1) text heads (boldface in print) for major sections and chapters and (2) paragraph sideheads (caps and small caps in print) for subdivisions. Further

headings may be worked out with the editor.

In taxonomic keys, number only the first item of each couplet; if there is only one couplet,

omit the number. For easy reference, number also the taxa and their corresponding headings

throughout the text; do not incorporate page references in the key.

In synonymy, use the short form (taxon, author, date:page) with a full reference at the

end of the paper under "Literature Cited." Begin each taxon at the left margin with subsequent lines indented about three spaces. Within an entry, use a period-dash (.—) to separate

each reference. Enclose with square brackets any annotation in, or at the end of, the entry.

For references within the text, use the author-date system: "(Jones, 1910)" and "Jones

(1910)." If the reference is expanded, abbreviate the data: "Jones (1910:122, pi. 20: fig. 1)."

Simple tabulations in the text (e.g., columns of data) may carry headings or not, but they

should not contain rules. Formal tables must be submitted as pages separate from the text, and

each table, no matter how large, should be pasted up as a single sheet of copy.

Use the metric system instead of, or in addition to, the English system.

Illustrations (line drawings, maps, photographs, shaded drawings) can be intermixed

throughout the printed text. They will be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively; however, if a group of figures is treated as a single figure, the components should be

indicated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration, in the legend, and in text references:

"Figure 9b." If illustrations (usually tone photographs) are printed separately from the text as

full pages on a different stock of paper, they will be termed Plates, and individual components

should be lettered (Plate 96) but may be numbered (Plate 9: figure 2). Never combine the

numbering system of text illustrations with that of plate illustrations. Submit all legends on

pages separate from the text and not attached to the artwork. An instruction booklet for the

preparation of illustrations is available from the Press on request.

In the bibliography (usually called "Literature Cited"), spell out book, journal, and

article titles, using initial caps with all words except minor terms such as "and, of, the." For

capitalization of titles in foreign languages, follow the national practice of each language.

Underscore (for italics) book and journal titles. Use the colon-parentheses system for volume,

number, and page citations: "10(2) :5-9." Spell out such words as "figures," "plates," "pages."

For free copies of his own paper, a Smithsonian author should indicate his requirements

on "Form 36" (submitted to the Press with the manuscript). A non-Smithsonian author will

receive 50 free copies; order forms for quantities above this amount with instructions for payment will be supplied when page proof is forwarded.
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