[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 No. 12-12471

Non-Argument Calendar

 ________________________

 D.C. Docket No. 3:11-cr-00093-RV-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

 versus

TERRANCE JAROME JOHNSON, 

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

 Appeal from the United States District Court

 for the Northern District of Florida

 ________________________

(January 16, 2013)

Before TJOFLAT, HULL and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

After entering a guilty plea, Defendant Terrance Johnson appeals his 97-

month sentence on four counts of selling firearms and ammunition to a convicted

felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(d)(1) and 924(a)(2). After review, we

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affirm.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

In a multi-agency undercover operation, undercover agents and a

confidential source operated a fake secondhand thrift store. Defendant Johnson

was charged with, and pled guilty to, four counts of selling firearms and

ammunition to a convicted felon at the thrift store. 

A. Presentence Investigation Report

According to the Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”), Defendant

Johnson made numerous visits to the thrift store. On many of these occasions,

Johnson sold small amounts of marijuana to undercover agents. On others,

Johnson made legal sales of firearms. 

However, on the four occasions in the indictment, Johnson sold firearms to

the confidential source, who was a convicted felon. These four firearm sales were

the basis for Johnson’s charges. Orlance Sangster, an associate of Johnson,

accompanied Johnson during two of the four charged firearm sales. 

In addition to the four charged sales by Johnson, the PSI attributed eight

other illegal firearm sales made by Sangster as relevant conduct of Johnson. 

Specifically, Sangster alone conducted numerous illegal firearm sales at the thrift

store, but during some of these sales, Sangster said he was there on behalf of

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Johnson. At other times, Sangster visited the thrift store and told undercover

agents about guns Johnson wanted to sell. During two of Sangster’s firearm sales,

Johnson waited outside the thrift store. During two other firearm sales, Sangster

used his cell phone during negotiations. One of the firearms Sangster sold to the

thrift store had the serial number removed. After his arrest, Sangster told agents

that he got all the firearms from Johnson and sold them at Johnson’s direction. 

Based on these facts, the PSI recommended that Johnson receive: (1) a base

offense level of 20, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(B); (2) a four-level

increase under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(1)(B) because Johnson’s offenses involved

between 8 and 24 firearms; (3) a four-level increase under U.S.S.G.

§ 2K2.1(b)(4)(B) because one of the firearms had an obliterated serial number; and

(4) a four-level increase under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) for use or possession of

a firearm in connection with another felony offense, namely one of Johnson’s sales

of marijuana to undercover agents.

In addition, the PSI applied a two-level increase under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 for

obstruction of justice. The PSI stated that, in a recorded telephone conversation

from the jail, Johnson instructed his mother to contact Sangster’s mother and tell

her that Sangster should not cooperate with the government. Johnson told his

mother that if Sangster cooperated he was “DOA.” Sangster’s mother told

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investigators that Johnson’s mother had made repeated calls to her asking her to

tell Sangster not to cooperate with the government and included comments that

were not overt threats, but that Sangster’s mother perceived as threatening. 

The PSI recommended no reduction for acceptance of responsibility under

U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a) because Johnson had not pled guilty until the day of trial. 

Based on a criminal history category of I and a total offense level of 34, the PSI

recommended an advisory guidelines range of 151 to 188 months.

B. Defendant’s Objections

Defendant Johnson objected to, inter alia: (1) the PSI’s factual statement

that the firearms Sangster had sold were provided by Johnson and sold at his

direction; (2) the four-level enhancement based on the number of firearms; and (3)

the four-level enhancement for the obliterated serial number. Johnson contended

that: (1) he did not provide Sangster with those firearms; (2) he was not involved

in those Sangster sales; and (3) he should be held accountable for only the four

firearms charged in his indictment.

Johnson also objected to receiving the four-level enhancement under

U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) for possession or use of a firearm “in connection with”

another felony because he possessed the firearm only to sell it to the thrift store

and had not sold the marijuana until later that day. Johnson also objected to the

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obstruction-of-justice enhancement and to the denial of an acceptance-ofresponsibility reduction.

C. Sentencing Hearing

At the sentencing hearing, the district court sustained Defendant Johnson’s

objections to the four-level firearm possession enhancement under U.S.S.G.

§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) and to the denial of a two-level acceptance-of-responsibility

reduction. This reduced the PSI’s total offense level by six levels, i.e., from 34 to

28. 

The district court, however, overruled Johnson’s objection to the two-level

obstruction-of-justice enhancement, stating that tampering with a witness was

obstruction. The main issue at the sentencing hearing was whether the relevant

conduct of Johnson should include at least four of the firearms Sangster had said

were provided by Johnson and sold by Sangster at Johnson’s direction.

The government called Sangster as a witness. Sangster testified that he had

entered into a plea agreement, pled guilty to a five-count indictment and was

awaiting sentencing. Sangster stated that he had agreed to cooperate with the

government and had met with an agent and the prosecutor at the jail. Sangster

indicated, however, that he had “[j]ust now” changed his mind and was no longer

willing to answer any questions about his involvement and would not tell the court

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how he obtained any firearms.

Sangster was excused, and the government introduced several videotape

recordings of firearm sales at the thrift store. One recording showed the firearm

sale in Johnson’s Count 1, which depicted both Johnson and Sangster participating

in the sale. The second recording showed a sale by Sangster alone, which depicted

Sangster using a cell phone to communicate with someone prior to completing the

sale. The third recording depicted Sangster with Johnson’s half-brother discussing

a refund for a prior firearm sale. The pair also used a cell phone to communicate

with someone prior to completing the refund. 

The government then called Escambia County Sheriff’s Deputy Jason

Gilmore, an undercover agent during the operation, who was involved in firearm

transactions with both Defendant Johnson and Sangster. Deputy Gilmore testified

that on one occasion, Johnson and Sangster arrived at the location together, but

only Sangster entered the thrift store and completed the firearm sale. Deputy

Gilmore stated that he believed Johnson and Sangster were working together

based on “[t]he communication between the two during different sales.” On crossexamination, Deputy Gilmore admitted that he did not know who Sangster was

communicating with during his firearm sales and that he had not obtained

Sangster’s phone records.

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After Deputy Gilmore finished testifying, the prosecutor stated that he had

“[n]o further witnesses.” Johnson’s counsel then argued that the government had

failed to prove that Johnson was involved in Sangster’s illegal firearm sales, and

thus had failed to prove Johnson’s offense involved at least eight firearms or a

firearm with an obliterated serial number. In response, the prosecutor stated that

he had “talked to Mr. Sangster as late as Friday, and he was on board, he was

coming in and going to tell us that the guns that he purchased came from Mr.

Johnson. Obviously, over the weekend he had a change of heart.” 

The following exchange then took place between the district court and the

prosecution about the agents Sangster had talked to about the firearms:

THE COURT: Well, he testified -- well, he didn’t testify here,

but he talked to an agent? Which agent?

[PROSECUTOR]: He talked to Special Agent Saier on another

occasion, and he talked to a Special Agent George Bruno from ATF as

well.

THE COURT: Do you want to bring in an agent? I mean, you’ve

got the right to do that.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, if I -- go ahead.

[PROSECUTOR]: Judge, we can bring in -- we can call the

Resident Agent in Charge, Randy Beach, who also talked to Sangster

about these firearms.

Johnson’s counsel objected “to the Court suggesting that the Government call

another witness,” stating that it seemed “to the Defense that the Court, in doing so,

is no longer a neutral arbiter of the facts.” The district court overruled the

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objection, stating:

[A]ll of this is set out in the Presentence Report as a factual recitation,

including statements from Mr. Sangster, which obviously have a basis

in fact somewhere. The Government is entitled to establish that. And

we’ve got a witness who comes in and who is supposed to come in and

testify and then says he’s not. So the Government is entitled to establish

that by other means, so I’m going to give them an opportunity to do it. 

After a lunch recess, the government called ATF Special Agent George

Bruno, who testified that when he interviewed Sangster, Sangster indicated that

Johnson had provided all the firearms Sangster sold at the thrift store. Agent

Bruno had viewed all the video recordings with Sangster, and Sangster admitted

that each time he was shown bringing a firearm to the thrift store, he was acting as

a middleman for Johnson, who coordinated all the sales, including the price. 

Sangster also stated that when he was shown talking or texting on a cell phone, he

was communicating with Johnson.

The district court overruled Johnson’s objections to the four-level numberof-firearms and the four-level obliterated-serial-number enhancements, finding

that all the firearms Sangster sold to the thrift store were attributable to Johnson as

relevant conduct. As a result of the district court’s various rulings, the district

court calculated a total offense level of 28 and a criminal history category of I,

which yielded an advisory guidelines range of 78 to 97 months. The district court

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imposed a 97-month sentence. Defendant Johnson filed this appeal.

II. DISCUSSION

On appeal, Johnson raises a single issue. Johnson argues that the district

court breached its duty of impartiality at his sentencing hearing and thereby denied

him due process.

A defendant is denied a constitutionally fair trial “[w]hen the judge’s

conduct strays from neutrality,” and the district court “abuses its authority when it

abandons its proper role and assumes that of an advocate.” United States v.

Wright, 392 F.3d 1269, 1274 (11th Cir. 2004) (quotation marks and brackets

omitted). In the context of a jury trial, the judge “must be above even the

appearance of being partial to the prosecution.” Id. (quoting Moore v. United

States, 598 F.2d 439, 442 (5th Cir. 1979)). This is so “because juries are

extremely sensitive to every word and intimation given by the judge.” United

States v. Harriston, 329 F.3d 779, 790 (11th Cir. 2003) (quotation marks and

brackets omitted).

We note that the judicial conduct in question here occurred in the

sentencing context, and not before a jury. Many of the concerns about judicial

intervention or inappropriate remarks are greatly diminished or even eliminated

when the judicial conduct occurs outside a jury’s presence. See United States v.

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Hill, 643 F.3d 807, 849 (11th Cir. 2011) (concluding that district court’s

comments when ruling on evidentiary objections were not prejudicial and “could

not have had any effect on the jury because they were made outside its presence),

cert. denied, 132 S. Ct. 1988 (2012); United States v. Palma, 511 F.3d 1311, 1317

(11th Cir. 2008) (concluding that district court’s negative remarks to defense

counsel outside jury’s presence did not warrant new trial “[b]ecause a clear effect

on the jury is required to reverse for comment by the trial judge” (quotation marks

omitted)); United States v. Stewart, 820 F.2d 370, 374 (11th Cir. 1987)

(concluding that defendant’s due process rights were not violated by trial judge’s

questioning of defense witnesses because it “occurred while the jury was excused;

thus, even if the judge strayed from neutrality while questioning these witnesses,

such error was harmless”). 

Further, under the Federal Rules of Evidence, the district court may not only

question witnesses called by the parties, but also may call its own witnesses. See

Fed. R. Evid. 614. This Court has recognized that it may be appropriate at times

for a judge to do such things as comment on the evidence, question witnesses and

elicit facts not yet adduced or clarify those facts already presented. See, e.g.,

United States v. Day, 405 F.3d 1293, 1297 (11th Cir. 2005); Wright, 392 F.3d at

1275. In Wright, for example, we rejected the argument that district court had

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“discarded its neutral role” by pointing out that the government’s witness had

failed to identify the defendant in court and directing the prosecutor to ask the

witness to describe the defendant’s hand gesture. Wright, 392 F.3d at 1275. In

Day, we found no abuse of discretion when the district court “suggested to the

government the manner in which [a witness’s confusing testimony] might be

clarified.” Day, 405 F.3d at 1297. We have said that “[t]he trial court abuses its

discretion only when the judge’s conduct strays from neutrality, and even then

only when its remarks demonstrate pervasive bias and unfairness that actually

prejudice a party.” Hill, 643 F.3d at 845-46 (citations and quotation marks

omitted).

Here, Defendant Johnson put the government to its burden by objecting to

the two firearms enhancements and the facts supporting them set forth in the PSI. 

See United States v. Lawrence, 47 F.3d 1559, 1566 (11th Cir. 1995) (“When a

defendant challenges one of the factual bases of his sentence as set forth in the

PSR, the Government has the burden of establishing the disputed fact by a

preponderance of the evidence.”). By objecting, Johnson also triggered the district

court’s obligation to resolve the factual dispute as to whether Johnson was

involved in Sangster’s illegal firearm sales. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(B)

(requiring district court to either rule on disputed portions of the PSI or determine

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that a ruling is unnecessary); United States v. Owen, 858 F.2d 1514, 1517 (11th

Cir. 1988) (explaining that the trial judge’s obligation under Rule 32 to make a

fact finding is triggered by the defendant’s objection to the PSI). In an attempt to

carry its burden, the government called Sangster as a witness, but Sangster

unexpectedly refused to testify.

Given that the district court has the ability to bring out needed facts,

including to call its own witnesses if necessary, we cannot say the district court

abused its discretion or crossed into improper advocacy merely by asking the

prosecutor whether, in light of Sangster’s last-minute refusal to testify, he wished

to call one of the agents who had interviewed Sangster. The district court’s

question did not indicate that it had pre-judged the sentencing issues it was called

upon to resolve or was predisposed to rule in favor of the government. Indeed, the

fact that the district court sustained two of Johnson’s other sentencing objections

indicates that the district court remained able to render a fair judgment and that

Johnson was not deprived of a fair sentencing hearing. At most, the district

court’s question to the prosecutor here is similar to the district court’s prompting

in Wright, where the government had failed to elicit a statement from a witness

that was necessary to its case. See Wright, 392 F.3d at 1272. In short, the district

court’s question to the prosecutor was within its discretion and did not

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demonstrate the kind of “pervasive bias” needed to show reversible error. 

AFFIRMED.

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