T hi s di s pos i t i on i s notappr opr i a t e f orpubl i c a t i on a nd i s notpr e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by N i nth C i r c ui tR ul e 36- 3. NOT F OR P UB L I CAT I ON UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS FOR T HE NI NTH CI RC UI T TRI SH A N A I R, I N C. ; K ERRY ACQU I SI TI ON S, LL C; KO OSHA RE M C OR P OR AT I ON , P la in tif

f s - C o u n te r - D e f

e n d a n ts - A p p el l an t s, v. DA SS AU LT FALC ON J ET CORP ORATI ON ; DA SS AU LT AV I AT I ON , D efen d an t s - A p p el l ees. N o. 11- 56927 N o . 2 : 0 8 - c v - 0 7 2 9 4 - V BF- CW ME MOR AN DU M *

TR I SHAN AI R, I NC. ; KO OSHA RE M CO RPO RA TI O N ; K ERRY A CQ U I SI TI O N S, LLC, P la in tif

f s - C o u n te r - D e f

e n d a n ts - A p p el l ees, v . DA SS AU LT FALC ON J ET CORP ORATI ON ; DA SS AU LT AV I AT I ON , N o. 11- 56978 N o . 2 : 0 8 - c v - 0 7 2 9 4 - V BF- CW



# FI LED MA Y06 2 013 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS2

D efen d an t s - A p p el l an t s, a nd FL I GH T S AFET Y I NTERNA TI ON AL, I N C ., D e f

e n d a n t- C o u n te r - C la im a n t. A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e C e n tr a l D is tr ic t o f C a lif o rn ia V a l e r i e B . F a i rba nk, D i s tr i c tJ udge , P r e s i di ng A r gue d a nd S ubm i tt e d M a r c h 6, 2013 P a s a d e n a , C a lif

o rn ia B efo re: K O Z IN S K I, C h i ef Ju d g e, an d W A R D L A W an d G O U L D , C i rcu i tJu d g es. In thi s di vers i ty a ct i on brou gh tun der C al i forni a l aw , T ri shan A i r, Inc. , K erry A c q u is itio n s , L L C , a n d K o o s h a r e m C o rp o r a tio n ( “P la in tif f s ” ) s u e d D a s s au lt A vi at i on and i t s s ub si di ary D as saul tF al con JetC orpo ra t i on (“ D as saul t ”) t o rec ov er f o rlo s s e s r e s u ltin g f

r o m th e c r a s h o f

ac o rp o r a te je t th a t D a s s au lt m a n u f a c tu r e d . P l ai nt i ff s r ai se d sever al cl ai m s, i ncl ud i ng st at e- l aw cl ai m s of negl i gence, stri ct prod uct s l i abi l i ty, brea ch of i m pl i ed and exp re ss w arra nt i es , and i nt ent i on al m is c o n d u c t. O n the basi s of the j ury’ s s peci al verdi ct , the di stri ctcourtent er ed j udgm e nti n f

a vorof P l a i nt i f f s on the br e a c h of

e xpr e s s w a rr a nty c l a i m i n the a m ountof

$3. 5 m i l l i on. T hi s a m ountr e pr e s e nt e d a70% r e duc t i on of the a m ountD a s s au lt a ls o c o n te n d s th a t, if P la in tif f s r e c o v e rth e f

u ll ju ry a w a r d , it is 1 ent i t l ed t o (1) a $3 m i l l i on do l l arre du ct i on i n d am ages t o acc ou ntfor the m on ey thatP l ai nt i ff

s r ec ei ved i n a se tt l em entw i th thei r i nsurance brokers and (2) a r e v e r s a l o f

th e d is tr ic t c o u r t’s o r d e ra w a r d in g P la in tif f s p r e ju d g m e n t in te r e s t. B e c a u s e w e a f

f irm , w e d o n o t r e a c h th e s e is s u e s . 3 of da m a ge s t o r e f

l e c tthe j ury ’ s f

i ndi ng tha tP l a i nt i f

f s w e r e 70% a tf

aul tf orthe acci d en t . T h e d i stri ctco u rten t ered j u d g m en ti n fav o r o f D assau l to n P l ai n t i ffs’ s tr i c tpr oduc t s l i abi l i ty a nd ne gl i ge nc e c l a i m s ba s e d on the appl i c a t i on of C al i forni a’ s e cono m i c l oss rul e. P l ai nt i ff s app ea l the re du ct i on i n the aw ar d b as ed o n th eir c o m p ar ativ e f

au ltfo r th e a cc id en t, as w ell as th e d istrict co u rt’s e vi de nt i a ry a nd pr e tr i a l rul i ngs tha tP l a i nt i f f s c l a i m i m pr ope r l y r e s ul t e d i n the ap p lic a tio n o f

th e e c o n o m ic lo s s ru le to b a rr e c o v e ry f o rth e irto r t c la im s . D a s s au lt cro ss-ap p eal s, seek i n g j u d g m en tas a m att er o f l aw o n th e b reach o f ex p ress w a rr a n ty c l a i m. We h a v e j u r i s d i c t i o n p u r s u a n tt o 2 8 U. S . C . § 1 2 9 1 , a n d we 1 a f f i rm. I W e begi n w i th D as saul t ’ s c ross -app ea l because, i f w e gra ntre l i ef , w e nee d notr e a c h the i s s ue of

c om pa r a t i ve f

aul t . D a s s aul tput s f

or th thr e e i nde pe nde nt reaso n s t o b el i ev e th e d i stri ctco u rterred i n d en yi n g i t s m o t i o n s fo r j u d g m en tas a m a tt e ro f l a w o n th e b r e a c h o f

e x p r e s s wa rr a n ty c l a i m . We r e v i e w de no vo the d e n ia l o f am o tio n f

o rju d g m e n t a s am a tte ro f la w . L ake s i de - Sc ot t

v . Mul tnom ah4

Cnt y. , 556 F . 3d 797, 802 ( 9th C i r . 2009) . A nd w e appl y the s a m e s t a nda r d us e d by th e d is tr ic t c o u r t to a s s e s s w h e n ju d g m e n t a s am a tte ro f la w is ap p r o p r ia te : W e w i l l no tup se ta j ury ver di ctso l on g as the verdi cti s s up po rt ed by subst ant i al e v id e n c e . W

al lac e v . C i t

y of San D i ego , 4 7 9 F .3 d 6 1 6 , 6 2 4 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ) . W e v ie w th e e v id e n c e p r e s e n te d in th e lig h t m o s t f a v o r ab le to th e n o n m o v in g p a r ty . Id . We r e v i e w de no vo ad is tr ic t c o u r t’s in te rp r e ta tio n o f s ta te la w . P au l

son v. C i t y of San D i ego , 2 9 4 F .3 d 1 1 2 4 , 1 1 2 8 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 2 ) ( e n b a n c ) . A D a s s aul tf

i r s tc ont e nds tha ti ti s e nt i t l e d t o j udgm e nta s am a tt e rof l a w on the breac h o f e xp re ss w arra nty c l ai m because there w as no pri vi ty of c on tra ct betw ee n the part i es and b ec ause “ no thi ng i n the ai rc ra ftm anual s w as show n t o b e a ‘b a s is o f th e b a r g a in ’ in [ P la in tif f s ’] p u r c h a s e o f

th e u s e d a ir c r a f

t f r o m ap r iv a te th ir d p a r ty .” I t ’ s que s t i onabl e w he the rpr i vi ty of c ontr a c ti s r e qui r e d f

ora c t i ons b a s e d o n b r e a c h o f

e x p r e s s w a rr a n ty . Se e H a u te rv . Zo g a r ts , 14 C a l . 3d 104, 115 n. 8 ( 1975) ( “ P r i vi ty i s notr e qui r e d f ora n a c t i on ba s e d on e xpr e s s w a rr a nty . ” ) . B ut even i f pri vi ty i s r equi re d, the j ury’ s f i nd i ng of pri vi ty i s s up po rt ed by subst ant i al e v id e n c e . P la in tif

f s p r e s e n te d e v id e n c e a t tr ia l s h o w in g th a t th e y b o u g h t a s ubs c r i pt i on s e rvi c e di r e c t l y f r om D a s s aul tf

orthe ope r a t or ’ s m a nua l r e vi s i ons a nd upgr a de s . P l a i nt i f

f s a l s o e l i c i t e d t e s t i m ony r e ga r di ng the i m por t a nc e of the5

m a n u a ls to th is k in d o f

a ir c r a f t. B a s e d o n th is e v id e n c e , th e ju ry c o u ld p r o p e r ly c onc l ude , a s i tdi d i n i t s s pe c i a l ve r di c t , tha t“ D a s s aul t. . . e nga ge [ d] i n ac our s e of c onduc tdi r e c t l y w i th pl a i nt i f f s s uc h tha tD a s s aul t. . . w a s f unc t i ona l l y i n the p o si t i o n o f a d i rectsel l er t o p l ai n t i ffs o f th e m an u al s” a nd tha tthe s e de f e c t i ve m a n u a ls w e r e “a n in te g r a l p a r t o f th e a ir c r a f

t.” B P l a i nt i f f s a l s o of f e r e d e vi de nc e tha tac ha r tr e l a t i ng the pl a ne ’ s c e nt e rof gravi ty ( “ C . G . ”) t o the approp ri at e s t abi l i ze r pi t ch tri m se tt i ng , w hi ch w as i ncl ud ed i n D a s s a ul t ’ s U . K . m a nua l s butnoti n i t s U . S . m a nua l s , w oul d ha ve he l pe d the p ilo ts a v o id th e a c c id e n t. H o w e v e r , D a s s au lt c o n te n d s th a t P la in tif f s ’ p ilo ts d id n o trel y o n th e D assau l tm an u al s an d p ro ced u res, so an y b reach o f ex p ress w a rr a nty by di ntof

om i tt i ng the c ha r tw a s notas ubs t a nt i a l f a c t ori n c aus i ng the a c c id e n t. T hi s a r gum e ntc e nt e r s on the pi l ot s ’ a dm i s s i ons tha tthe y di d not ca l cul at e the pl ane’ s C . G . on the cr as h d at e. P l ai n t i ffs o ffered ev i d en ce th atth e o m i ssi o n o f th e U . K . ch artw as a s ubs t a nt i a l f

a c t ori n c aus i ng the a c c i de nt , de s pi t e the f a c ttha tthe pi l ot s di d not c a lc u la te th e p la n e ’s e x a c t C .G . o n th e d a y o f th e c r a s h . T h e p ilo t, C ap ta in S c o tt M i ch ael , t est i fi ed th ath e an d o th er T ri sh an p i l o t s “ rel [i ed ] u p o n [th e m an u al s] he a vi l y f ora l l ourne e ds . ” H e c l a i m e d tha t , ha d the c ha r tbe e n i nc l ude d i n theC apt a i n M i c ha e l t e s t i f i e d: 2 Q : I f y o u h a d [ th e U .K . c h a r t], w o u ld y o u h a v e u s e d it? A : A b so l u t el y. Q : W h y? A : W e l l , i t ’ s – i f

I c oul d r e f

e r e nc e i tm a y be t o as c hool z one , a s y ou go throu gh a s choo l zone, you see the cr ossw al k si gn and al l of a sudd en l i tt l e, ye l l ow fl as hy l i gh t s s t artgo i ng . Itst art s outas som ethi ng thatyou say , oh , oh , m y goo dn es s. It ’ s t i m e – the ki ds ar e a r ound. I ha ve t o be ve ry , ve ry c a r e f ul . A nd y ou t a ke a c t i ons appr opr i a t e l y s o tha ty ou pr ot e c tthe s a f e ty of the c hi l dr e n. A nd ha d I had thi s c hart , the path thatI w ou l d h ave t aken w ou l d h ave been m uch d i fferen t . Y o u w o u l d n ’ tb e l i st en i n g t o m e t o d ay. 6 m a n u a l, h e “[ a ]b s o lu te ly ” w o u ld h a v e u s e d it. H e a ls o s ta te d th a t “h a d I h a d th is ch ar t, th e p ath I w o u ldh av e tak en w o u ldh av e b ee n m u ch d iffe re n t. Y o u w o u ld n ’t b e lis te n in g to m e to d a y .” C apt a i n M i c ha e l a l s o r e f ut e d the c ont e nt i on tha tthe 2 c ha r tw oul d ha ve done no good w i thoutas pe c i f i c C . G . c a l c ul a t i on. H e s t at ed that

“ j ustyour general kn ow l edge of ho w the C . G . m ov es w ou l d al l ow you t o . . . se t m o r e s p e c if

ic tr im s e ttin g s .” B e c aus e C apt a i n M i c ha e l “ kne w tha t[ he ] ha d a f o rw a r d C .G .,” a n d h a d p r e v io u s ly c a lc u la te d th e C .G . f o rth e s c e n a r io h e w a s in o n th e d a y o f

th e c r a s h , w h e r e th e r e w a s “m a x im u m w e ig h t f o rw a r d . . . f

u ll f u e l,” h is te s tim o n y s u p p o r ts th e in f e r e n c e th a t h e k n e w th e ap p r o x im a te C .G . a n d c o u ld have used the chartw i th thatkn ow l edge. A f orm e rT r i s ha n pi l otw ho w a s noti nvol ve d i n the c r a s h, C apt a i n J ohn G ova t os , e xpl a i ne d tha ts e tt i ng the tr i m i n the gr e e n ba nd w oul d notobvi a t e the7

ne e d f orthe c ha r tbe c aus e “ the a i r c r a f tw i l l notgi ve y ou at a ke of f w a rni ng i f

[ the c o n tr o l] is s e t w ith in th e g r e e n b a n d ; y e t, th e a ir c r a f t w ill n o t p e r f

o rm c o rr e c tly if

it is n o t s e t w ith in th e p r o p e rp la c e in th e g r e e n b a n [ d ].” H e s ta te d th a t T r is h a n p ilo ts

“ u se th e D assau l tp ro ced u res” i n th e m an u al s, bu tthatthe m anual s “ sa i d [t o] se t [ the tr i m ] i n a c c or da nc e w i th the C . G . , a nd the gr e e n ba nd c orr e s ponde d w i th a f orw a r d C . G . ” T he m a nua l t e xts a i d: T ake- off T ri m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S et B r i ng the t a i l pl a ne ba c k i nt o the gr e e n t a ke - of f ba nd by us i ng the control on the control w heel t o the approp ri at e posi t i on , w hi ch de pe nds of

[ s i c ] the a i rpl a ne C G pos i t i on: e . g. , F W D i f the a i rpl a ne h a s af o rwa r d l o c a t e d C G. N o w h e r e d o e s th e m a n u a l s a y th a t th e C .G . m u s t b e s p e c if ic a lly c a lc u la te d . Y e ta nothe rpi l ot , C apt a i n C ha r l e s T a tum , t e s t i f i e d tha tthe c ha r tw oul d be

“ veryval uabl e” because i t“ m arri es the C . G . bo tt om nu m bers w i th a tri m se tt i ng . ”C apt a i n T a tum t e s t i f i e d: 3 Q : A nd i s thi s – w el l , i n thi s c as e, I bel i eve thatthe tri m se tt i ng that w a s f ound a tthe e nd of

the – i n the c oc kpi tw a s appr oxi m a t e l y 5. 6 or s o . D o e s th a t s e ttin g c o m p o r t w ith w h a t [ th e U .K . C h a r t] w o u ld te ll y o u to d o u n d e rth e a c tu a l w e ig h t a n d C .G . c o n d itio n s o f th e a ir c r a f

t? A : N o , it d o e s n o t. Q : If thi s c hartw as avai l abl e t o C apt ai n M i chae l , base d u po n w hat y o u u n d e r s ta n d h is k n o w le d g e a n d e x p e r ie n c e in th e a ir c r a f t w o u ld be , w he r e w oul d the C . G . ha ve – c orr e c t i on – w he r e w oul d the st ab i l i zer p i t ch tri m h av e b een set , ap p ro x i m at el y? A : L ooki ng on the l e f

t - ha nd s i de , a tthe bott om , be tw e e n s e ve n a nd 7- 30 , w hi ch i s 7. 5. It ’ s s even degrees , 30 m i nu t es . R i gh tthere betw ee n 1 4 a n d 1 5 , s o m e w h e r e a r o u n d in th e r e . 8 H e a l s o s ugge s t e d tha tC apt a i n M i c ha e l w oul d ha ve s e tthe tr i m a tadi f f e r e nt s e ttin g if h e h a d a c c e s s to th e c h a r t. 3 W e have hel d that“ [w ] hether or notthe evi dence i n the re cord es t abl i shes l i abi l i ty on the partof the defendant s depends on the re sol ut i on of di sput ed que s t i ons of

f a c ta nd de t e rm i na t i ons of c r e di bi l i ty , a s w e l l a s on the dr a w i ng of i nfer ence s, al l of w hi ch ar e m ani fe st l y the prov i nce of a j ury. ” Sa nt os v. G at es , 2 8 7 F .3 d 8 4 6 , 8 5 2 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 2 ) . B o th p a r tie s o f f e r e d e v id e n c e to s u p p o r t th e ir pos i t i ons on c aus a t i on. U pon r e vi e w of thi s e vi de nc e the j ury c onc l ude d i n a s pe c i a l ve r di c tf

orm tha t“ pl a i nt i f

f s r e l [ i e d] on D a s s aul tA vi a t i on/ D a s s aul tF a l c on J e t ’ s s t a t e m e ntof

f a c ti n de c i di ng t o pur c ha s e /us e the a i r c r a f ta nd/ orm a nua l s ” a nd that“ the ai rc ra ftand/ or m anual s f ai l [e d] t o p er form or have the sa m e qual i ty a s9

r e pr e s e nt e d, ” w hi c h “ r e pr e s e nt e d as ubs t a nt i a l f a c t ori n c aus i ng the a c c i de nt . ” T he ju ry w a s f

r e e to ta k e th e p ilo t a t h is w o r d a n d r e je c t e v id e n c e o f

f e r e d b y D a s s au lt. Se e i d. a t852 . B ec ause the j ury’ s f i nd i ng w as supp ort ed by subst ant i al evi dence, a nd the e vi de nc e doe s notpe rm i tonl y one r e a s onabl e c onc l us i on, w e m a y not u p s e t th e v e r d ic t. See W al lace , 479 F . 3d a t624. S t a t e d a nothe rw a y , thi s i s s ue w as w i thi n the j ury’ s provi nce t o d ec i de, and i tcr edi t ed C apt ai n M i chae l and o ther s u p p o r tiv e e v id e n c e a n d d e c id e d f o rP la in tif

f s . C F i nal l y, D as saul tcont ends thati ti s e nt i t l ed t o j ud gm entas a m att erof l aw because, un der John son v. A m er i can S tan da rd, Inc. , 179 P . 3d 905 , 9 1 0

– 1 7 ( C a l. 2008) , the j ury ’ s f

i ndi ng tha tP l a i nt i f

f s w e r e “ s ophi s t i c a t e d us e r s ” ba r s the m f r om r e c ove r i ng on abr e a c h of e xpr e s s w a rr a nty the ory . W e di s a gr e e . T ha tc a s e di d not in v o lv e ab r e a c h o f

e x p r e s s w a rr a n ty c la im , s e e id. a t909, a nd i tde s c r i be d the so p h isti ca ted u se r d ef

en se in li m it ed term s a s a n ex ce p ti o n th at “n eg ate[ s] a m anufacturer ’ s duty t o w arn o f aprod uct ’ s pot ent i al dang erw hen the pl ai nt i ff has (or s ho ul d h ave) advance kno w l edge of the prod uct ’ s i nh er enthaza rds, ” id. a t 9 0 7 . W e d o n o tb el i ev e th atth e C al i fo rn i a S u p rem e C o u rtw o u l d ap p l y th i s p o l i cyb a s e d d e f

e n s e to th is c o n te x t w h e r e D a s s au lt e x p r e s s ly w a rr a n te d th a t th e m a n u a ls co n t ai n ed su ffi ci en ti n fo rm at i o n t o fl y th e ai rcraft safel y.10 II T urni ng t o P l ai nt i ff

s’ appeal , w e nextconsi der w hether the di stri ctcourt e rr e d i n r e duc i ng P l a i nt i f f s ’ a w a r d on the br e a c h of e xpr e s s w a rr a nty c l a i m by the a m o u n to f

P l a i n t i f f s ’ c o m p a r a t i v e f

au l tf o rth e c r a s h . Wh e n i n t e rp r e t i n g s t a t e l a w, w e f ol l ow deci si on s of the st at e’ s hi gh es tcourtun l es s the st at e’ s hi gh es tcourthas n o t sp o k en o n th e iss u e, in w h ich ca se w e “d eter m in e w h at re su ltth e [ state’s hi ghe s t ] c our tw oul d r e a c h ba s e d on s t a t e appe l l a t e c our topi ni ons , s t a tut e s a nd tre at i se s. ” H

ew i t t v. Joyner , 94 0 F . 2d 15 61 , 15 65 (9th C i r. 19 91 ). T he C al i forni a S up re m e C ou rthas notexpres sl y dec i ded w hether com para t i ve faul tappl i es t o b re ac h o f e xp re ss w arra nty c l ai m s s uch as the on e a t i ss ue here. C al i forni a S up re m e C ou rtdeci si on s c an be rea d t o sup po rtbo th si des o f th e a r g u m e n t. C om

par e Kr ans c o v . A m . E m pi r e Sur plus L i ne s I

ns . C o. , 2 P . 3d 1, 10 ( C a l . 2000) ( not i ng tha t“ c ontr a c tua l br e a c he s a r e ge ne r a l l y e xc l ude d f r om c o m p a r a tiv e f

au lt a llo c a tio n s ” ) , w i th D al y v . G e n. Motors C or

p. , 575 P . 2d 1162, 1 1 6 5

– 6 9 ( Ca l . 1 9 7 8 ) ( ap p l y i n g c o mp a r a t i v e f au l tt o s tr i c tp r o d u c t s l i ab i l i ty c l a i ms a n d f r a m in g th e d o c tr in e ’s g o a ls in b r o a d te rm s ) , a n d Kn ig h t v . J

e w e tt , 834 P . 2d 696, 707 ( C a l . 1992) ( s t a t i ng tha taj ury m a y us e c om pa r a t i ve f aul tt o a c hi e ve “e q u itab le ap p o rtio n m e n t” b a s e d o n r e la tiv e r e s p o n s ib ility “w h e th e r. . . re spon si bi l i ty f

or the i nj ury r es t s on n egl i gence, stri ctl i abi l i ty, or othe rthe or i e s of11

r e s p o n s ib ility ” ( e m pha s i s a dde d) ) . C a l i f orni aC our tof

A ppe a l de c i s i ons a l s o poi nt in d if f e r e n t d ir e c tio n s . C om

par e Shaf

f e rv . D e bbas , 2 1 C a l. R p tr . 2 d 1 1 0 , 1 1 4 ( C a l. C t . A pp. 1993) ( s t a t i ng tha t“ c om pa r a t i ve ne gl i ge nc e i s notade f e ns e t o abr e a c h of e x p r e s s w a rr a n ty a c tio n ” ) , w i th Mi lw a u kee E lec. T o o l C o rp . v. Su

p eri o r C o u rt , 19 C a l. R p tr . 2 d 2 4 , 2 9 , 3 2

– 3 7 ( C a l. C t. A p p . 1 9 9 3 ) ( s u p p o r tin g th e o p p o s ite c o n c lu s io n ) . R e g a r d le s s o f

w h e th e rth e C a lif

o rn iaS u p r e m e C o u r t w o u ld ap p ly com para t i ve faul ti n al l ca se s of bre ac h o f e xp re ss w arra nty, w e c on cl ud e that b e c a u s e th e c o n tr a c t- b a s e d c la im a t is s u e h e r e is e s s e n tia lly a n e q u iv a le n t, al t ern at i v e m eth o d o f p l ead i n g th e sam e b asi c th eo ry o f l i ab i l i ty as th e t o rtcl ai m s, th e C a lif o rn iaS u p r e m e C o u r t w o u ld h a v e ap p lie d c o m p a r a tiv e f au lt in th is c a s e . See B ro w n v. Su

p eri o r C o u rt , 751 P . 2d 470, 484 ( C a l . 1988) ( c ons i de r i ng the o v erl ap b etw een cl ai m s an d h o l d i n g th ati f stri ctl i ab i l i ty d o es n o tp erm i treco v ery, im p lie d a n d e x p r e s s w a rr a n ty c la im s a r e a ls o b a rr e d ) ; se e al so Mi lw au ke e E lec . T ool C or p. , 19 C a l . R ptr . 2d a t29 ( not i ng tha ttw o s e pa r a t e c aus e s of a c t i on, f or s tr i c tpr oduc t s l i abi l i ty a nd br e a c h of e xpr e s s a nd i m pl i e d w a rr a nt i e s , c oul d be tr e a t e d a s “ e qui va l e nt , a l t e rna t i ve m e thods of pl e a di ng the s a m e ba s i c the ory of l i abi l i ty” un der the ci rc um st ance s) .12

B e c aus e w e a f

f i rm the r e duc e d j ury a w a r d, w e do nota ddr e s s w he the rthe di stri ctcourtm ade e rr ors thatre sul t ed i n the ec on om i c l oss rul e’ s barri ng re covery on P l ai nt i ff

s’ t ortcl ai m s. E ven i f P l ai nt i ff s had succ ee ded o n the t ortcl ai m s, they w o u l d st i l l b e u n ab l e t o reco v er m o re th an 3 0 % o f th e t o t al d am ag es aw ard b ecau se c o m p a r a tiv e f

au lt ap p lie s to to r t c la im s . Se e D a ly , 57 5 P . 2d at11 72 –7 3. P l ai nt i ff s a lr e a d y r e c o v e r e d th is a m o u n t. A F F I R M E D .