| The              Library of Congress>>Especially              for Researchers>>Research              Centers   Home >> Country             Studies >> Soviet Union (Former)FindinFederal Research                      Division PagesResearchers                      Web PagesAll Library of Congress PagesA Country Study: Soviet Union (Former)**Library of Congress Call Number DK17                   .S6396 1991**- Soviet                       Union (Former)  ForewordAcknowledgements
- Preface  Table                       A. Chronology of Important EventsCountry                       Profile
Country
- Geography  SocietyPolitics                           and Government
- Economy  Science                           and TechnologyTransportation                           and Communications
- National                           Security    Introduction- Chapter                       1 - Historical Setting: Early History to 1917  (Zenon                       E. Kohut and David M. Goldfrank)                          - Emergence                           of the East Slavs      - The                               Peoples of the East European Plain  The                               East Slavs and the VarangiansThe                               Golden Age of Kiev
- The                               Rise of Regional Centers  The                               Mongol InvasionMuscovy
The                               Rise of Muscovy
- The                               Evolution of Russian Autocracy  Ivan                               IVThe                               Time of Troubles
- The                               Romanovs  Expansion                               and WesternizationEarly                           Imperial Russia
Peter                               the Great and the Formation of the Russian Empire
- Era                               of Palace Revolutions  Imperial                               Expansion and Maturation: Catherine IIRuling                           the Empire
War                               and Peace, 1796-1825
- Period                               of Reaction: Nicholas I, 1825-55   The                           Transformation of Imperial Russia- Economic                               Developments  Reforms                               and Their Limits, 1855-92Foreign                               Affairs after the Crimean War, 1856-93
- The                               Age of Realism in Literature  The                               Rise of Revolutionary Populism and Russian Marxism,                               1855- 90Serge                               Witte and Accelerated Industrialization, 1891-1903
- The                               Development of Radical Political Parties, 1892-1904  Imperialism                               in Asia and the Russo-Japanese War, 1894-1905The                           Last Years of Tsardom
The                               Revolution of 1905 and Counterrevolution, 1905-07
- The                               Tenuous Regimes of Stolypin and Kokovstev, 1907-14  The                               Return to an Active Balkan Policy, 1906-13Russia                               at War, 1914-16
- The                               Strains of the War Effort and the Weakening of Tsarism       - Chapter                       2 - Historical Setting: 1917 to 1982  (Thomas Skallerup)                            - Revolutions                           and Civil War        - The                               February Revolution  The                               Period of Dual PowerThe                               Bolshevik Revolution
- Civil                               War and War Communism   The                           Era of New Economic Policy- Lenin's                               Leadership  Stalin's                               Rise to PowerForeign                               Policy, 1921-28
- Society                               and Culture in the 1920s   Transformation                           and Terror- Industrialization                               and Collectivization  The                               Period of the PurgesMobilization                               of Society
- Foreign                               Policy, 1928-39   War                           Years - Prelude                               to War  The                               Great Patriotic WarReconstruction                           and Cold War
Reconstruction                               Years
- The                               Cold War  Death                               of StalinThe                           Khrushchev Era
Collective                               Leadership and the Rise of Khrushchev
- Foreign                               Policy under Khrushchev  Khrushchev's                               Reforms and FallThe                           Brezhnev Era
Collective                               Leadership and the Rise of Brezhnev
- Foreign                               Policy of a Superpower  The                               EconomyCulture                               and the Arts
- Death                               of Brezhnev       - Chapter                       3 - Physical Environment and Population  (David E. McClave)                            - Physical                           Environment        - Global                               Position and Boundaries  Administrative-Political-Territorial                               DivisionsTopography                               and Drainage
- Climate  Natural                               ResourcesEnvironmental                               Concerns
- Population    - Vital                               Statistics  Age                               and Sex StructureMortality                               and Fertility
- Urbanization  MigrationDistribution                               and Density
- Marriage,                               Divorce, and the Family  Population                               Problems and Policies- Chapter                       4 - Nationalities and Religions  (Ihor Y. Gawdiak)                          - Nationalities                           of the Soviet Union      - Slavic                               Nationalities        - Russians  UkrainiansBelorussians
- Other                                   Slavs   Baltic                               Nationalities- Lithuanians  LatviansEstonians
- Nationalities                               of the Caucasus    - Armenians  GeorgiansAzerbaydzhanis
- Other                                   Nationalities of the Caucasus   Central                               Asian Nationalities- Uzbeks  KazakhsKirgiz
- Tadzhiks  TurkmensOther                               Major Nationalities
Moldavians
- Tatars  JewsChuvash
- Bashkirs  MordvinsGermans
- Others    Religious                           Groups in the Soviet Union- Orthodox    - Russian                                   Orthodox Church  Georgian                                   Orthodox ChurchUkrainian                                   Autocephalous Orthodox Church
- Armenian                               Apostolic  Catholic- Roman                                   Catholic Church  Ukrainian                                   Catholic ChurchProtestant
- Muslim   Policy                           Toward Nationalities and Religions in PracticeManifestations                           of National Assertiveness
Baltic                               Nationalities
- Armenians  UkrainiansCentral                               Asian Nationalities
- Russians  Other                               Nationalities- Chapter                       5 - Social Structure  (Kenneth E. Nyirady)                          - Formation                           of Soviet Society  Stratification                           of Soviety Society- Socio-Occupational                               Groupings    - The                                   Elite  White-Collar                                   WorkersBlue-Collar                                   Workers and Manual Laborers
- Agricultural                                   Workers   Other                               Determinants of Social Position- Education  Party                                   MembershipNationality
- Benefits                               of Social Position    - Monetary                                   Compensation  Noncash                                   Benefits and Access to Goods and ServicesOccupational                                   Prestige
- Urban-Rural                               Cleavage    - Differences                                   in Life-Styles  Structure                                   of Rural SocietyDecreasing                                   Social Differences
- Social                           Mobility  Social                           Organizations - Trade                               Unions  Youth                               OrganizationsSports                               Organizations
- Gender                           and Family Roles    - Role                               of Women  Male-Female                               Relationships- Marriage  Roles                                   in MarriageDivorce
- Sex                                   and Contraception   The                               Soviet Family- Evolution                                   of the Soviet Family  Family                                   SizeFamily                                   and Kinship Structures
- Function                                   of Family        - Chapter                       6 - Education, Health, and Welfare  (Irene M. Steckler)                            - Education        - Philosophy                               and Aims  Control                               and AdministrationPedagogy                               and Planning
- Institutions                               of Learning    - Preschool  Secondary                                   EducationSpecial                                   Education
- Higher                                   Education  Teacher                                   TrainingQuality,                               Reform, and Funding
- Health                           Care     - Provision                               of Medical Care  Declining                               Health Care in the 1970s and 1980sWelfare
Pension                               System
- Workers'                               Compensation  Other                               Assistance- Chapter                       7 - The Communist Party  (Stephen R. Burant)                          - Lenin's                           Conception of the Party      - Theoretical                               Underpinnings  Democratic                               CentralismParty                           Legitimacy 
- Central                           Party Institutions    - Party                               Congress  Party                               ConferenceCentral                               Committee
- Central                               Auditing Commission  Party                               Control CommitteePolitburo
- Secretariat  CommissionsGeneral                               Secretary: Power and Authority
- Intermediate-Level                           Party Organizations    - Republic                               Party Organization  Oblast-Level                               OrganizationDistrict-                               and City-Level Organization
- Primary                           Party Organization  Nomenklatura- The                               Party's Appointment Authority  Patron-Client                               RelationsParty                           Membership 
Selection                               Procedures
- Training   Social                           Composition of the Party- Chapter                       8 - Government Structure and Functions  (Barry A. Zulauf,                       Stephen R. Burant, and James P. Nichol)                          - Constitutional                           Authority of Government      - Early                               Soviet Constitutions        - The                                   1918 Constitution  The                                   1924 ConstitutionThe                                   1936 Constitution
- The                               1977 Constitution    - Amendments                                   to the 1977 Constitution  Amendment                                   ProcessConstitutional                                   Rights
- Role                                   of the Citizen  State                                   SymbolsCentral                           Government 
Administrative                               Organs
Council                                   of Ministers
- Chairman                                   of the Council of Ministers  Council                                   of Ministers PresidiumMinisterial                                   System
- Party                                   Control of the Ministerial Apparatus   Congress                               of People's Deputies- Elections                                   to the Congress of People's Deputies  Deputies                                   and Citizen InvolvementSupreme                               Soviet
Organs                                   of the Supreme Soviet
- Presidium  ChairmanSoviet                                   of the Union and Soviet of Nationalities
- Sessions                                   of the Supreme Soviet  Commissions                                   and CommitteesLegislative                                   Process
- Party                                   Controls   Control                               Organs- Court                                   System  ProcuracyCommittees                                   of People's Control
- Law    Territorial                           Administration - Republic                               Level    - Legal                                   Status  GovernmentProvincial                               and District Levels
- Elections      - Chapter                       9 - Mass Media and the Arts  (Joshua Spero)                            - Politicization                           of the Mass Media and the Arts        - Leninist                               Principles  Socialist                               RealismAdministration                           of the Mass Media and the Arts
The                               Party Role
- The                               Government Role   The                           Mass Media- Newspapers  Magazines                               and JournalsRadio
- Television                               and Video Cassette Recorders  ComputersThe                           Arts 
Literature
- Cinema  TheaterMusic
- Painting,                               Sculpture, and the Graphic Arts       - Chapter                       10 - Foreign Policy  (James P. Nichol)                            - Ideology                           and Objectives  Foreign                           Policy Making and Execution- The                               Foreign Policy Makers  Departments                               of the Central CommitteeHigher                               State and Government Organizations
- The                               Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet  The                               Council of Ministers and Its PresidiumThe                               Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Instruments                           of Influence    - Diplomatic                               Relations  Party                               and State Visits AbroadFriendship                               and Cooperation Treaties
- Communist                               Parties Abroad   Soviet-United                           States RelationsSoviet-West                           European Relations
France
- West                               Germany  BritainSpain                               and Portugal
- Scandinavia   Soviet-East                           European RelationsSino-Soviet                           Relations
- Soviet-Japanese                           Relations  The                           Soviet Union and the Third World- The                               Middle East and North Africa    - Turkey  Iran                                   and IraqOther                                   Middle Eastern States
- Asia    - Afghanistan  IndiaSoutheast                                   Asia
- Sub-Saharan                               Africa    - Angola  EthiopiaMozambique
- Central                               and South America   The                           Soviet Union and the Nuclear Arms ControlThe                           Soviet Union and the United Nations
Chapter                       11 - Economic Structure and policy
 (Becky Gates)                       
Economic                           Structure 
Nature                               of the National Economy
- Labor  Retail                               and Wholesale Distribution SystemFinancial                               System
- Economic                           Planning and Control    - Planning                               Process  Reforming                               the Planning SystemTools                               of Control
- Economic                           Policy     - Past                               Priorities  The                               Twelfth Five-Year Plan, 1986-90- Chapter                       12 - Industry  (Glenn E. Curtis)                          - Development                           of Soviet Industry  Industrial                           Resources - Raw                               Materials  Geographic                               Location FactorsThe                               Territorial Production Complexes and Geographic                               Expansion
- The                               Labor Force and Perestroika   Industrial                           Organization- The                               Complexes and the Ministries  The                               Industrial Planning SystemStructural                               Reform of Industry
- The                               Military-Industrial Complex  Industrial                               Research and DesignMachine                           Building and Metal Working
The                               Structure and Status of the Machine-Building and                               Metal- Working Complex
- The                               Planning and Investment Process of the Machine-Building                               and Metal-Working Complex  The                               Location of the Machine-Building IndustryThe                               Automotive Industry
- The                               Electronics Industry   Metallurgy- Role                               of Metallurgy  Metallurgy                               Planning and ProblemsMetallurgical                               Combine Locations and Major Producers
- Nonferrous                               Metals   Chemicals- Plastics  PetrochemicalsOther                               Branches of the Chemical Industry
- Chemical                               Planning Goals   Fuels- Fuel                               Resource Base  OilNatural                               Gas
- Coal  UraniumPower                           Engineering 
Energy                               Planning Goals
- The                               Balance among Energy Sources  Obstacles                               to Power SupplyHeat                               and Cogeneration
- The                           Consumer Industry    - Consumer                               Supply in the 1980s  The                               Logic and Goals of Consumer ProductionTextiles                               and Wood Pulp
Chapter                       13 - Agriculture
 (Ronald D. Bachman)                       
Policy                           and Administration
Stalin's                               Legacy
- Evolution                               of an Integrated Food Policy   Land                           Use Production
Grain
- Technical                               Crops  Forage                               CropsPotatoes                               and Vegetables
- Other                               Crops  Animal                               HusbandryForestry
- Fishing  The                               Twelfth Five-Year Plan, 1986-90- Chapter                       14 - Transportation and Communications  (Boris Hlynsky)                          - Railroads      - Historical                               Background, 1913-39  World                               War IIThe                               Postwar Period, 1946-60
- Organization                               and Equipment of the Railroads  Passenger                               OperationsThe                               Baykal-Amur Main Line
- Other                               New Construction  Metropolitan                               RailwaysAutomotive                           Transport 
Development                               of Automotive Transport
- Freight                               Transportation by Trucks  Passenger                               TransportationInland                           Waterways 
Development                               of Waterways
- The                               Waterway System  River                               Ports and FacilitiesPassenger                               Transportation
- Merchant                           Marine     - Initial                               Developments  Fleet                               OperationsCivil                           Aviation 
Postwar                               Evolution of the Air Fleet
- Aeroflot                               Operations   PipelinesCommunications
Chapter                       15 - Foreign Trade
 (Malinda K. Goodrich)                       
Development                           of the State Monopoly on Foreign Trade
- Structure                           of the Foreign Trade Bureaucracy    - Administration  OperationStructural                               Reforms, 1986 to Mid-1988
- Trade                           with Socialist Countries    - The                               Council for Mutual Economic Assistance  YugoslaviaChina
- Cambodia,                               Laos, and North Korea   Trade                           with Western Industrialized Countries- The                               United States  Western                               EuropeJapan
- Finland   Trade                           with Third World Countries- Balance                               of Trade  Composition                               of TradeAfrica,                               Asia, and Latin America
- Countries                               of Socialist Orientation  Trade                               with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesGorbachev's                           Economic Reforms
Chapter                       16. Science and Techology
 (Cathleen A. Campbell)                       
Early                           Development 
- The                           Administration of Science and Technology    - Policy                               Making  PlanningFinancing
- Science                           and Ideology  Research,                           Development and Production OrganizationsSoviet                           Innovation: Problems and Solutions
- Technology                           and Information Transfer  Military                           Research and DevelopmentTraining
Chapter                       17 - Military Doctrine and Strategic Concerns
 (Eugenia                       V. Osgood)                       
Marxist-Leninist                           Theory of War
War                               as a Continuation of Politics
- Laws                               of War   The                           Party and Military Doctrine and Policy- Evolution                               of Military Doctrine  Military                               Doctrine in the Late 1980sDoctrine                               and Weapons Programs
- Military                               Policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union   Military                           Science - Laws                               of Armed Conflict  Principles                               of Military ArtMilitary                               Art
Military                                   Strategy
- Nuclear                                   Strategy in the 1950s  The                                   Sokolovskii Era, l962-68New                                   Strategic Options, l968-89
- Operational                                   Art   Tactics                                   Strategic                           Missions of the Armed Forces
Threat                               Assessments and Force Requirements
- Offensive                               and Defensive Strategic Missions  Strategic                               Offense- Strategic                                   Operation in a Theater of Military Operations  Strategic                                   DefenseGlobal                           Strategic Concerns
Force                               Projection on the Periphery
- Military                               Presence in the Third World   Arms                           Control and Military Objectives- Strategic                               Arms Control    - Averting                                   a World War  Retaining                                   a Capability to Fight and to WinObjectives                               in Space
Negotiations
- Soviet                                   Space Weapons Development   Intermediate-Range                               Nuclear Forces Arms Control- Threat                                   Reduction  Denuclearization                                   of EuropeConventional                               Arms Control
Chapter                       18. Armed Forces and Defense Organization
 (Karl Wheeler                       Soper)                       
Organizational                           Development and Combat Experience
- Strategic                           Leadership of the Armed Forces    - Defense                               Council  Main                               Military CouncilMinistry                               of Defense
- General                               Staff   The                           Armed Services- Strategic                               Rocket Forces  Ground                               Forces- Motorized                                   Rifle Troops and Tank Troops  Rocket                                   Troops and ArtilleryAir                                   Defense of Ground Forces
- Chemical                                   Troops, Engineer Troops, and Signal Troops   Air                               Forces- Strategic                                   Air Armies  Frontal                                   AviationMilitary                                   Transport Aviation
- Air                               Defense Forces    - Antiaircraft                                   Rocket Troops and Air Defense Aviation  Missile                                   and Space DefensesNaval                               Forces
Submarine                                   Forces
- Surface                                   Forces  Naval                                   AviationNaval                                   Infantry
- Coastal                                   Defense Forces   Airborne                               Troops and Special-Purpose ForcesRear                               Services
- Civil                               Defense  Specialized                               and Paramilitary Forces- Internal                                   Troops  Border                                   TroopsTerritorial                           Organization of the Armed Forces
Military                               Districts
- Fleets,                               Flotillas, and Squadrons  Groups                               of Forces Stationed AbroadThe                           Party and the Armed Forces
Political-Military                               Relations
- Military                               Representation in the Party  Party                               Control in the Armed ForcesMilitary                           Economics
Defense                               Spending
- Military                               Industries and Production  Military                               TechnologyUniforms                           and Rank Insignia
- Military                           Manpower     - Premilitary                               Training  Conscripts- Life                                   in the Soviet Armed Forces  Noncommissioned                                   OfficersNational                                   Minorities in the Armed Forces
- Women                                   in the Armed Forces   OfficersReserves                               and Wartime Mobilization
Chapter                       19 - Internal Security
 (Amy W. Knight)                       
Predecessors                           of the Committee for State Security and the Ministry                           Internal Affairs
The                               Tsarist Period
- Soviet                               Predecessor Organizations, 1917-54   The                           Security Apparatus and Kremlin Politics- Khrushchev                               Period  After                               KhrushchevGorbachev                               Era
- Organization                           of the Committee for State Security    - Structure  Functions                               and Internal OrganizationParty                               Control
- Personnel   Domestic                           Security and the Committee for State Security- Legal                               Prerogatives  PolicySpecial                               Departments in the Armed Forces
- The                           Foreign Intelligence Role of the Committee for State                           Security    - Organization  Intelligence                               and CounterintelligenceActive                               Measures
- Influence                               on Foreign Policy   The                           Ministry of Internal Affairs- Functions                               and Organization  LeadershipControl                               by the Party
- The                           Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Judicial Organs, and                           Non-Political Crime    - Socialist                               Legality  The                               ProcuracyMilitary                               Justice
- The                               Judiciary and the Legal Profession  Legal                               Codes and Abuses of the SystemNonpolitical                               Crime and Punishment
- Internal                           Security Troops    - Border                               Troops of the Committee for State Security  Security                               Troops of the Committee for State SecurityInternal                               Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
Appendices
Appendix                           B. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
 (Malinda                           K. Goodrich)                         
- Appendix                           C. The Warsaw Pact  (Karl Wheeler Soper)                        BibliographyGlossary

Search                                 by Continent

Search                                 Database
**Choose                                     a Country Study**AfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAngolaArmeniaAustriaAzerbaijanBahrainBangladeshBelarusBelizeBhutanBoliviaBrazilBulgariaCambodiaChadChileChinaColombiaCaribbean IslandsComorosCyprusCzechoslovakia                                         (Former)Dominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEstoniaEthiopiaFinlandGeorgiaGermanyGermany (East)GhanaGuyanaHaitiHondurasHungaryIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIsraelIvory Coast                                         (Cote d'IvoireJapanJordanKazakhstanKuwaitKyrgyzstanLatviaLaosLebanonLibyaLithuaniaMacauMadagascarMaldivesMauritaniaMauritiusMexicoMoldovaMongoliaNepalNicaraguaNigeriaNorth KoreaOmanPakistanPanamaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalQatarRomaniaRussiaSaudi ArabiaSeychellesSingaporeSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth KoreaSoviet                                         Union (Former)SpainSri LankaSudanSyriaTajikistanThailandTurkmenistanTurkeyUgandaUnited Arab                                         EmiratesUruguayUzbekistanVenezuelaVietnamYugoslavia                                         (Former)Zaire (Former)**Search                                           Soviet Union (Former)**                                            Include word variants .                                            Use only words as entered. Top              of Page   Home >> Country             Studies >> Soviet Union (Former)FindinFederal Research                      Division PagesFederal Research Division                      PagesResearchers                      Web PagesAll Library of Congress Pages  The                    Library of Congress>>Especially                    for Researchers>>Research                    Centers                   November 9, 2005Contact                    Us   |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|