# EC and BC Measurement during Characterization of Outdoor Wood
- Fired Hydronic Heaters Seung
- Hyun Cho, William Linak, M. Ian Gilmour, Michael Hays, Brian Gullet

### 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

CO2 x Time = 4126 ppm. min



## Cummulative Time (min) 6 AM - 6 PMCO2Trace(%)attheexitoftheBoiler 

## 6 PM - 6 AM CO2 x Time = 4023 ppm. min 

## Similarity in the values, the number of damper openings, and the period of opening.

**Wood is being consumed over time**  **and max. CO**  **2** 

### drops accordingly **. Consumption rate (slope)**  **is about the same day o**  **r night. Similar**  **trend in PM mass emissions also** 

**seen.** 

# CO2 Comparison Between Two Consecutive

12
- hour Periods

# Methane/Non **- Methane HC Concentration Evolution** 

**After Initial Fuel Charge, Diluted** 

3/25/09 9:33 PM

3/26/09 1:04 AM

3/26/09 4:34 AM

3/26/09 8:04 AM 3/26/09 11:35 AM

3/26/09 3:05 PM 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500MethaneandOtherTHCConcentration(ppm)



### Time (EDT) M ethane Non-Methane THC

# CO Concentration **Evolution over Time,** 

**Diluted**

3/25/09 9:33 PM

3/26/09 1:04 AM

3/26/09 4:41 AM

3/26/09 8:11 AM 3/26/09 11:42 AM

3/26/09 3:12 PM 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000COConcentration(ppm)



### Time (EDT) 

## Animal studies conducted at low emission (smoldering) condition Active burning**Boiler Models**  **Classic**

**(CL 5036)**  **E -**  **Classic (2300)**  **Ad vanced**  **Climate Te**  **chnologies, LLC Al**  **ternative Fuel**  **Boilers ( EBW**  **- 200**  **) Fuel ty**  **pe Red Oak**  **Red Oak Wood Pellet**  **Red Oak An**  **aly ses/**  **Sample collection**  **in full combustio**  **n cy cle**  • **PM size distribution**

• **PM mass**

• **EC and OC (Thermal**  **- Optical**  **** **Tr ansmittance)** 

• **SVOCs and VOCs**

• **CO2, CO, CH4, HC, NOx, etc.**  • **PM size distribution**

• **PM mass**

• **EC and OC (Thermal**  **- Optical**  **** **Tr ansmittance)** 

• **SVOCs and VOCs**

• **CO2, CO, CH4, HC, NOx, etc.**  • **PM size distribution**

• **PM mass**

• **EC and OC (Thermal**  **- Optical**  **** **Tr ansmittance)** 

• **SVOCs and VOCs**

• **CO2, CO, CH4, HC, NOx, etc.**  • **PM size distribution**

• **PM mass**

• **EC and OC (Thermal**  **- Optical**  **** **Tr ansmittance)** 

• **SVOCs and VOCs**

• **CO2, CO, CH4, HC, NOx, etc.**  **An imal**  **studies Ap**  **ril 7th**  **- 9th, 2009**  **May 19th**  **- 21st, 2009**  **June 16th -**  **18th, 2009 No**  **An imal Study** 
**An aly**  **ses/ Sample**  **collection during**  **animal studies**  • **PM size and mass**

**(<2mg/m3; PM**   ** filtered; air control)**

• **Black Carbon**  **(A ethalometer)** 

• **EC and OC (Thermal**  **- Optical**  **** **Tr ansmittance)** 

• **Inorganic elements (XRF and**  **AT OF**  **- MS)** 

• **CO, NOx, SO2** • **PM size and mass (<2mg/m3; PM**  **** **filtered; air control)**

• **Black Carbon**  **(A ethalometer)** 

• **EC and OC (Thermal**  **- Optical**  **** **Tr ansmittance)** 

• **Inorganic elements (XRF and**  **AT OF**  **- MS)** 

• **CO, NOx, SO2** • **PM size and mass (<2mg/m3; PM**  **** **filtered; air control)**

• **Black Carbon**  **(A ethalometer)** 

• **EC and OC (Thermal**  **- Optical**  **** **Tr ansmittance)** 

• **Inorganic elements (XRF and**  **AT OF**  **- MS)** 

• **CO, NOx, SO2** • **PM size distribution**

• **Black Carbon**  **(A ethalometer)** 

• **EC and OC (Thermal**  **- Optical**  **** **Tr ansmittance)** 

• **Inorganic elements (XRF)**  

# Comparison **of Hydronic Heaters**

## Wo od smoke draw n from an animal inhalation chamber

.

Smoke divided betw een the Aethalometer (BC) and filter samples (EC).

## CL 5036 (1 st 

## boiler)



## UV (organic) > BC High CO **Black Carbon Measurement (A**  **ethalometer)**

**During Full Cycle Study**
**Ae th**  **al om**  **et er**  **Ma r2**  **5, 2009**  **(R ed**  **Oa k)** 

0. 0E +0 0 2. 0E +0 5 4. 0E +0 5 6. 0E +0 5 8. 0E +0 5 1. 0E +0 6 1. 2E +0 6 1. 4E +0 6 1. 6E +0 6 1. 8E +0 6

9: 09 9: 29 9: 49 10: 09 10: 29 10: 49 11: 09 11: 29 11: 49 12: 09 12: 42 13: 02 13: 22 13: 42 14: 02 14: 22 14: 42 15: 02 15: 22 15: 42 16: 02 16: 22 16: 42 17: 02**n g** **/ m** **3** BC ( ng/ m3 ) UV d at a (ng/ m3 )

## Ae **th al**  **omet er**  **Ma y**  **12, 2009**  **(R ed**  **Oak)**

0.0E +00 2.0E +05 4.0E +05 6.0E +05 8.0E +05 1.0E +06 1.2E +06 1.4E +06 1.6E +06 1.8E +06

17:55 18:15 18:55 19:15 19:35 19:55 20:15 20:35 20:55 21:15ng/m3 BC ( ng/m 3)

UV data (ng/m 3) 

## E
- classic 2300 (2 nd 

## boiler)



## UV (organic) > BC **Black Carbon Measurement (A**  **ethalometer)**

**During Full Cycle Study**

### Ae **th al**  **om eter Jun**  **11, 2009**  **(Wo od**  **Pel le**  **t; n or**  **ma l**  **oper at**  **io n-**  **no ani**  **ma l)** 

0. 0E+ 00 2. 0E+ 05 4. 0E+ 05 6. 0E+ 05 8. 0E+ 05 1. 0E+ 06 1. 2E+ 06 1. 4E+ 06 1. 6E+ 06 1. 8E+ 06

11: 27 11: 47 12: 07 12: 27 12: 47 13: 07 13: 27 13: 47 14: 07 14: 27**n g** **/ m** **3** BC ( ng/ m3 ) UV d at a (ng/ m3 ) 

## ACT Pellet (3 rd 

## boiler)



## UV (organic) 

# ≤ BC Frequent changes in combustion condition for temperature maintenance

**Black Carbon Measurement (A**  **ethalometer)**

**During Full Cycle Study**

## Smoke E **C/TC**

0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1

CL 5 036 (A pr 09)

Bo iler #1 E- classic 2300 (M ay 09) Bo ile r #2 ACT P elle t (J un 09) Bo ile r #3 

## Ratio of Elemental Carbon to T **otal Carbon During**  **Animal Studies (Thermal**  **- Optical**  **- Tr**  **ansmittance; NIOSH 5040 method)**

### HH **5036 (R**  **ed Oa**  **k; 0**  **4/ 07-**  **04/ 09)** 

y = 0.879x

- 2.1605 R 2 = 0 .6014

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 **EC (ug/**  **m3 )** **B C** **( u** **g /** **m 3** **)** Sm oke ch Fi lt er ch Ai r ch smoke chamber BC and EC correlation

0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5

0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 

## CL 5036 (1 st 

## boiler) **Comparison betw een**  **Black Carbon and Elemental Carbon**

**During Animal Study** 

### HH **E2 300 (**  **Re d O**  **ak; 5**  **/13-5/21)**

y = 1 .1 215x + 1 3. 688 R 2 = 0 .8 515

0. 0 20. 0 40. 0 60. 0 80. 0 100. 0 120. 0

0. 0 20. 0 40. 0 60. 0 80. 0 100. 0 120. 0 **EC (**  **ug/m 3)** **B C** **( u** **g /** **m 3** **)** Sm ok e ch Filte r ch Ai r ch **sm ok**  **e cha**  **mb er** 

**B C**  **an d**  **EC c**  **orre la**  **ti on** 

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 

## E
- Classic 2300 (2 nd 

## boiler) **Comparison betw een**  **Black Carbon and Elemental Carbon**

**During Animal Study** 

### HH **900 ( Wo**  **od Pe lle**  **t; 6/09-**  **6/ 18)** 

y = 0 .9 354x + 4 0. 691 R 2 = 0 .8 606

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 **EC (**  **ug/ m3**  **) B** **C (** **u g** **/ m** **3 )**  sm ok e c h Filt er c h Ai r ch Li near ( sm

ok e c h) **sm oke**  **c ha**  **mb er** 

**B C**  **an d**  **EC c**  **orre lat**  **io n** 

0 1 2 3 4 5

0 1 2 3 4 5 

## ACT Pellet (3 rd 

## boiler) **Comparison betw een**  **Black Carbon and Elemental Carbon**

**During Animal Study** 

Wi thout one sample R 2 =0.26

# Summary  **During Full Combustion Cycle**

• Emission of carbonaceous gas components (CO, CO2, CH4, and non
- methane total hydrocarbons) as well as PM reduced as wood being consumed.

• For CL5036 and E
- classic 2300, above emissions were notably reduced during damper closing.

• Improvement of boiler (CL5036 to E
- classic 2300) slightly reduced the ratio of organics to black carbon emission. 

##  **During Smoldering Condition (Animal study)** 

• The specific animal exposure condition and EC sample loading issue limited EC and BC data not being normally distributed.

• Red oak emitted much more organic carbon than elemental carbon as compared to wood pellet that emitted comparable level of elemental and organic carbon.

• Improvement of boiler (CL5036 to E
- classic 2300) did not change the ratio of elemental carbon to total carbon at smoldering combustion condition.

• Comparison between elemental carbon and black carbon showed reasonable agreement for two boiler fueled by Red Oak (R2=0.60 and 0.85).

• EC and BC emission varied at a larger degree for wood pellet boiler during the animal exposure as compared to CL5036 and E
- classic 2300 because of frequent changes in combustion condition.