| The              Library of Congress>>Especially              for Researchers>>Research              Centers   Home >> Country             Studies >> RussiaFindinFederal Research                      Division PagesResearchers                      Web PagesAll Library of Congress PagesA Country Study: Russia**Library of Congress Call Number DK510.23                   .R883 1998**- Russia  ForewordAcknowledgments
- Preface  Table                       A. Chronology of Important EventsCountry                       Profile
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- Geography  SocietyEconomy
- Transportation                           and Telecommunications  Government                           and PoliticsNational                           Security
Introduction
- Chapter                       1 - Historical Setting: Early History to 1917  (Zenon                       E. Kohut and David M. Goldfrank)                          - Early                           History      - The                               Inhabitants of the East European Plain  The                               East Slavs and the VarangiansThe                               Golden Age of Kiev
- The                               Rise of Regional Centers  The                               Mongol InvasionMuscovy
The                               Rise of Muscovy
- The                               Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy  Ivan                               IVThe                               Time of Troubles
- The                               Romanovs  Expansion                               and WesternizationEarly                           Imperial Russia
Peter                               the Great and the Russian Empire
- The                               Era of Palace Revolutions  Imperial                               Expansion and Maturation: Catherine IIRuling                           the Empire
War                               and Peace, 1796-1825
- Reaction                               under Nicholas I   Transformation                           of Russia in the Nineteenth Century- Economic                               Developments  Reforms                               and Their Limits, 1855-92Foreign                               Affairs after the Crimean War
- The                               Rise of Revolutionary Movements  Witte                               and Accelerated IndustrializationRadical                               Political Parties Develop
- Imperialism                               in Asia and the Russo-Japanese War   The                           Last Years of the Autocracy- Revolution                               and Counterrevolution, 1905-07  The                               Stolypin and Kokovtsov GovernmentsActive                               Balkan Policy, 1906-13
- Russia                               at War, 1914-16  The                               Fatal Weakening of Tsarism- Chapter                       2- Historical Setting: 1917 to 1991  (Thomas Skallerup                       and James P. Nichol)                          - Revolutions                           and Civil War      - The                               February Revolution  The                               Period of Dual PowerThe                               Bolshevik Revolution
- Civil                               War and War Communism   The                           Era of the New Economic Policy- Lenin's                               Leadership  Stalin's                               Rise to PowerForeign                               Policy, 1921-28
- Society                               and Culture in the 1920s   Transformation                           and Terror- Industrialization                               and Collectivization  The                               PurgesMobilization                               of Society
- Foreign                               Policy, 1928-39   The                           War Years- Prelude                               to War  The                               Great Patriotic WarReconstruction                           and Cold War
Reconstruction                               Years
- Onset                               of the Cold War  The                               Death of StalinThe                           Khrushchev Era
Collective                               Leadership and the Rise of Khrushchev
- Foreign                               Policy under Khrushchev  Khrushchev's                               Reforms and FallThe                           Brezhnev Era
Collective                               Leadership and the Rise of Brezhnev
- Foreign                               Policy of a Superpower  The                               Economy under BrezhnevCulture                               and the Arts in the 1960s and 1970s
- The                               Death of Brezhnev   The                           Leadership Transition Period- The                               Andropov Interregnum  The                               Chernenko InterregnumThe                           Gorbachev Era
Gorbachev's                               First Year
- New                               Thinking: Foreign Policy under Gorbachev    - Perestroika  GlasnostDemokratizatsiya
- Gorbachev's                               Reform Dilemma  Nationality                               FermentThe                               August Coup and Its Aftermath
Chapter                       3 - Physical Environment and Population
 (Glenn E. Curtis                       and David McClave)                       
Physical                           Environment
Global                               Position and Boundaries
- Administrative                               and Territorial Divisions   Topography                               and Drainage- Topography  DrainageClimate
- Environmental                           Problems    - Environmental                               Conditions      - Major                                   Crises  Air                                   QualityWater                                   Quality
- Soil                                   and Forests  Radioactive                                   ContaminationThe                               Response to Environmental Problems
- Population    - Demographic                               Conditions      - Fertility  AbortionMortality
-                                Migration    - Issues                                   and Procedures  Migration                                   PatternsFuture                           Prospects
Chapter                       4 - Ethnic, Religious, and Cultural Setting
 (Glenn E.                       Curtis and Marian Leighton)                       
Ethnic                           Composition
The                               Russians
- Minority                               Peoples and Their Territories    - The                                   North Caucasus  The                                   Northern RepublicsThe                                   Volga and Ural Republics
- The                                   Republics of Siberia   Other                               Ethnic Groups- Germans  KoreansRoma
- Movements                               Toward Sovereignty    - The                                   Chechnya Dilemma  The                                   Caucasus Region in the FederationResponses                                   and Prospects
- Religion    - The                               Russian Orthodox Church      - Beliefs                                   and Ritual  Church                                   HistoryOther                               Religions
Non-Orthodox                                   Christian Religions
- Islam  JudaismReligion                               and Foreign Policy
- The                           Russian Language  Literature                           and the Arts- Literature    - The                                   Beginnings  Peter                                   and CatherineThe                                   Nineteenth Century
- The                                   Soviet Period and After   MusicBallet
- Architecture                               and Painting   Outlook- Chapter                       5 - The Society and Its Environment  (Glenn E. Curtis                       and Marian Leighton)                          - Social                           Structure      - Social                               Stratification  Wages                               and WorkRural                               Life
- Social                               Organizations  The                               FamilyThe                               Role of Women
- Sexual                               Attitudes   Education- The                               Soviet Heritage  The                               Post-Soviet Education Structure- Infrastructure  TeachersCurriculum
- Grade                                   Structure  Private                                   SchoolsEducational                                   Achievement
- Higher                               Education  Education                               and SocietyHealth
Health                               Conditions
Maternity,                                   Infant Care, and Birth Control
- Alcohol,                                   Narcotics, and Tobacco  Acquired                                   Immune Deficiency SyndromeThe                               Health System
- Housing    - The                               Soviet Era  Post-Soviet                               ConditionsLand                               Reform and Private Enterprise
- Social                           Welfare    - Pensions  Worker                               Protection and BenefitsThe                               Homeless
Chapter                       6 - The Economy
 (William Cooper)                       
Historical                           Background
The                               Eras of Lenin and Stalin
- The                               Postwar Growth Period  Reform                               and ResistanceThe                               Perestroika Program
- Unforeseen                               Results of Reform   Economic                           Reform in the 1990s- The                               Yeltsin Economic Program    - Macroeconomic                                   Stabilization Measures  Economic                                   Restructuring MeasuresMonetary                               and Fiscal Policies
Inflation
- Exchange                                   Rates   PrivatizationEconomic                               Conditions in Mid-1996
- Natural                           Resources  Agriculture- Crops  Agricultural                               Policy- Soviet                                   Policy  The                                   Gorbachev ReformsYeltsin's                                   Agricultural Policies
- Agricultural                               Production   Energy- Exploitation                               and Consumption  OilNatural                               Gas
- Coal  Nuclear                               EnergyConventional                               Power Generation
- Foreign                               Investment in Oil and Gas   Banking                           and Finance- The                               Soviet Financial System  The                               Financial Sector in the 1990s- Reform                                   of the Banking System  Commercial                                   BanksOther                                   Financial Institutions
- Taxation   The                           Labor Force- Unemployment  WagesManufacturing
Ferrous                               Metallurgy
- Nonferrous                               Metallurgy  The                               Automotive IndustryMachine                               Building
- Light                               Industry  ChemicalsTransportation                           and Telecommunications
Transportation
Roads
- Railroads  Air                                   TransportationWater                                   Transportation
- Pipelines  Public                                   TransportationTransportation                                   Reform
- Telecommunications    - The                                   Soviet Period  Telecommunications                                   in the 1990sForeign                           Economic Relations
Foreign                               Trade
- Foreign                               Investment  Foreign                               DebtThe                           Economic Outlook
Chapter                       7 - Government and Politics
 (James P. Nichol)                       
Historical                           Background
- The                           Constitution and Government Structure    - The                               Executive Branch      - Presidential                                   Powers  Informal                                   Powers and Power CentersPresidential                                   Elections
- The                                   Government (Cabinet)   The                               Parliament- Structure                                   of the Federal Assembly  Legislative                                   PowersThe                                   Legislative Process
- Clashes                                   of Power, 1993-96   The                               Judiciary- Judicial                                   Reform  Structure                                   of the JudiciaryLocal                           and Regional Government
The                               Federation Treaty and Regional Power
Local                                   Jurisdictions under the Constitution
- Power                                   Sharing  Presidential                                   Power in the RegionsThe                               Separatism Question
- Political                           Parties and Legislative Elections    - The                               Elections of 1993  The                               Elections of 1995Civil                           Rights
General                               Civil Rights Guarantees
- Criminal                               Justice Protections   The                           Media- The                               Print Media  The                               Broadcast MediaThe                           Political Outlook
Chapter                       8 - Foreign Relations
 (James P. Nichol)                       
The                           Emergence of Russian Foreign Policy
The                               Search for Objectives
- The                               State of the Federation Speeches   The                           Foreign Policy Mechanism- The                               President  The                               Security CouncilThe                               Parliament
- The                               Government (Cabinet)    - The                                   Ministry of Foreign Affairs  The                                   Ministry of DefenseRegional                           Policies
The                               Near Abroad
Moldova
- Georgia  Central                                   AsiaOther                                   Former Soviet Republics
- The                               United States    - The                                   Yeltsin-Bush Summits  The                                   Yeltsin-Clinton SummitsWestern                               Europe
- NATO  Central                               Europe- The                                   NATO Issue  Russia's                                   Role in the Former YugoslaviaChina
- Japan  Other                               Asian StatesThe                               Third World
- The                               Middle East  Latin                               AmericaForeign                           Policy Prospects
Chapter                       9 - The Armed Forces
 (William Baxter)                       
Historical                           Background
- Military                           Doctrine    - Soviet                               Doctrine  The                               Doctrine of 1993- Political                                   Principles  Military                                   PrinciplesMilitary-Technical                                   and Economic Principles
- The                                   Doctrine of the Future    The                           Geopolitical Context- Chechnya  The                               Commonwealth of Independent States- Georgia  ArmeniaAzerbaijan
- Moldova  Central                                   AsiaKaliningrad
- China  The                               NATO IssueNuclear                               Arms Issues
- The                           Defense Industry    - Structure                               and Conditions  The                               Defense BudgetNew                               Weaponry Acquisitions
- Foreign                               Arms Sales  Prospects                               for the Defense IndustryForce                           Structure
Command                               Structure
- Ground                               Forces  Naval                               ForcesAir                               Forces
- Air                               Defense Forces  Strategic                               Rocket ForcesAirborne                               Troops
- Performance    - Troop                               Support Elements  Crime                               in the MilitaryTraining
Military                                   Schools
- Field                                   Training   Reform                               PlansProspects                           for the Military
Chapter                       10 - Internal Security
 (Amy W. Knight)                       
Internal                           Security Before 1991
- Successor                           Agencies to the KGB    - Ministry                               of Security (MB)  Federal                               Counterintelligence Service (FSK)Federal                               Security Service (FSB)
- Federal                               Agency for Government Communications and Information                               (FAPSI)  Main                               Guard Directorate (GUO)Federal                               Border Service and Border Security
Border                                   Security Agencies
- Post-Soviet                                   Border Policy    Security                           Operations in ChechnyaCrime
Crime                               in the Soviet Era
- The                               Crime Wave of the 1990s    - Crime                                   Statistics  Organized                                   CrimeNuclear                                   Security
- Terrorism  NarcoticsThe                           Criminal Justice System
Ministry                               of Internal Affairs (MVD)
- The                               Procuracy  Criminal                               Law Reform in the 1990sSecrecy                               Laws
- How                               the System Works   PrisonsOutlook
Appendix. Tables
- Bibliography  Glossary
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