In the

Court of Appeals

Second Appellate District of Texas

at Fort Worth ___________________________

No. 02-21-00073-CV

___________________________

On Appeal from the 322nd District Court

Tarrant County, Texas

Trial Court No. 322-679090-20

Before Birdwell, Wallach, and Walker, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Birdwell

IN THE INTEREST OF Z.J., A CHILD
2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Mother and Father appeal from an order naming the Texas Department of 

Family and Protective Services as permanent managing conservator of their child and 

denying the parents even possessory conservatorship. The parents contend that the

evidence is insufficient to support such an order. We hold that Father’s persistent

drug use, Mother’s physical abuse, and other detriments shared between them justify

the order from an evidentiary standpoint.

Mother raises other challenges, but they are either inadequately briefed or 

unpreserved. Ergo, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Father is the biological parent of Mother’s youngest child, a baby whom we will 

refer to as Zeke.1

 The Department received a number of troubling reports 

concerning Mother, Father, and their children. Based on those reports, the

Department removed the children and initiated these proceedings to terminate 

Mother’s and Father’s parental rights to Zeke.

At trial, it was established that some of the children were previously sexually

assaulted by Mother’s former husband. There was also evidence that Mother’s 

current paramour, Father, regularly used methamphetamine and thwarted drug tests

by cutting his hair and nails short. Mother also tested positive for trace levels of 

1

To protect the minor’s identity, we refer to the family members using 

pseudonyms. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 109.002(d); In re J.P., 598 S.W.3d 789, 791 

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2020, pets. denied).
3

methamphetamine once during the child welfare case. During a period when Father 

was incarcerated, Mother allowed one of Father’s acquaintances from jail, Cedric, to 

stay in the house and care for the children despite his known anger issues. Witnesses 

testified that during Father’s jail stint, his daughter was taken to the hospital with a 

broken leg, and Cedric called the Department to report that Zeke was injured as well. 

The Department’s investigator testified that when she pressed Mother for an 

explanation at the hospital, Mother confessed to injuring Zeke but claimed it was 

unintentional, though Mother later denied making any such confession and shifted 

blame for the injuries onto Cedric. After Father’s release and the return of the other 

children aside from Zeke, Mother often left Father to care for the children despite his

persistent methamphetamine use.

After hearing this evidence, the trial court denied termination of Mother’s and 

Father’s parental rights to Zeke. However, the trial court found that appointing

Mother and Father as managing conservators would not be in the child’s best interest 

and would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development. 

So, the trial court awarded sole permanent managing conservatorship to the 

Department. Additionally, the trial court denied Mother and Father possessory 

conservatorship, though the court did grant supervised visitation three times a month

conditioned on successful drug testing. Finally, the court ordered Mother and Father 

to pay child support and medical support to the Department. Mother and Father

appealed.
4

II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

In her first two issues, Mother challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to 

support the award of sole managing conservatorship to the Department rather than to

Mother, and Father brings a similar challenge.

2

 In her third issue, Mother contests the 

denial of possessory conservatorship.

A. Applicable Law

Conservatorship determinations made after a bench trial are governed by a 

preponderance-of-the-evidence standard. In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 

2007). The appointment of a conservator is subject to review for abuse of discretion 

and may be reversed only where the decision is arbitrary and unreasonable. Id. Under 

the abuse-of-discretion standard, legal and factual insufficiency are not independent 

grounds for asserting error; they are merely relevant factors in assessing whether a trial 

court abused its discretion. In re S.T., 508 S.W.3d 482, 489 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 

2015, no pet.). An abuse of discretion does not occur for want of evidence when the 

2

In Father’s statement of issues, he also argues, “There was not enough 

evidence to support the trial court’s decision to grant permanent managing 

conservatorship to the Department as Appellant was incarcerated when the child was 

injured.” He continues, “The Department failed to provide drug treatment services to 

Appellant until one week before trial.” However, if Father intended for these 

sentences to serve as issues, he offered no argument or authority to support them, and 

we deem them inadequately briefed. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i) (requiring a clear and 

concise argument with appropriate citations to legal authorities); In re T.T.F., 331 

S.W.3d 461, 477–78 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.). Father’s only adequately 

briefed argument concerns whether naming the Department as managing conservator 

was in Zeke’s best interest.
5

trial court bases its decision on conflicting evidence and some evidence of substantive 

and probative character supports its decision. Id. at 490.

A child’s best interest is the primary consideration in determining 

conservatorship issues. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.002; Danet v. Bhan, 436 S.W.3d 

793, 796 (Tex. 2014) (per curiam). A best-interest determination is guided by the

nonexclusive Holley factors: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional and physical 

needs of the child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the 

child now and in the future; (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking 

custody; (5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best 

interest of the child; (6) the plans for the child by the individuals or by the agency 

seeking custody; (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement; (8) the acts or 

omissions of the parent which may indicate that the existing parent–child relationship 

is not a proper one; and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. In re 

E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 807 (Tex. 2012) (citing Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–

72 (Tex. 1976)). A court need not have evidence on every element listed to make a 

valid finding as to the child’s best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002); In

re E.S., No. 02-20-00407-CV, 2021 WL 2149627, at *7 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth May 

27, 2021, no pet. h.) (mem. op.). While no one factor is controlling, analysis of a 

single factor may be adequate in a particular situation to support a finding that 

termination is in the best interest of the child. E.S., 2021 WL 2149627, at *7; In re 

R.J., 579 S.W.3d 97, 114 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, pet. denied).
6

There is a presumption that appointment of a parent as managing conservator 

is in the child’s best interest. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.131(a); S.T., 508 S.W.3d at 

491. A nonparent can rebut the presumption by showing that appointment of the

parent would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional 

development. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.131(a); S.T., 508 S.W.3d at 491. To show 

significant impairment, the nonparent must identify specific acts or omissions by the 

parent which demonstrate that an award of custody to the parent would result in

physical or emotional harm to the child. S.T., 508 S.W.3d at 492; In re S.W.H., 72 

S.W.3d 772, 777 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.) (quoting Lewelling v. Lewelling, 

796 S.W.2d 164, 167 (Tex. 1990)). “Acts or omissions that constitute significant 

impairment include, but are not limited to, physical abuse, severe neglect, 

abandonment, drug or alcohol abuse, or immoral behavior by the parent.” S.T., 508 

S.W.3d at 492.

If a managing conservator is appointed, the court may appoint one or more 

possessory conservators. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.006(a); In re B.P., Jr., No. 2-07-

251-CV, 2008 WL 2639264, at *6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 3, 2008, no pet.)

(mem. op.). When a parent is not appointed as a managing conservator, the Family 

Code calls for the parent to be appointed as a possessory conservator unless a court 

finds that the appointment is not in the best interest of the child and that parental 

possession or access would endanger the physical or emotional welfare of the child. 
7

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.191; Brandon v. Rudisel, 586 S.W.3d 94, 106 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, no pet.).

B. Father

Father argues that the evidence was insufficient to show that appointing the

Department as Zeke’s sole managing conservator was in the child’s best interest.

To Father’s credit, there was some evidence of his ability to provide for Zeke. 

Father was a successful mechanic, and he helped provide a three-bedroom house

where he lived with Mother. He testified that he kept his schedule flexible to make 

sure that the children were cared for when Mother was at work, and he spoke

affectionately of Zeke at trial.

However, there was no shortage of evidence concerning Father’s insobriety, 

which included both methamphetamine and cocaine use, for which he spent time in 

jail. On the rare occasion that he actually took a court-ordered drug test, Father 

appeared at the testing facility under the obvious influence of drugs, as the test 

administrator explained:

A. [Father’s] demeanor was completely 180 from the other previous 

four to five times that we had met. He was very anxious. His thought 

process was—was interrupted several times. What—you know, his

inability to make complete sentences, body language, just moving about 

very frequently and rapidly, hand gestures, moving from one topic to 

another, just not a lot of continuity. In addition to—

. . . .

Q. And did you notice any type of odor or aroma about him that caused 

you concern?
8

A. Yes, ma’am.

Q. And—and what was that?

A. I—I could smell an odor of methamphetamine or the residual from 

it as if it were perfused through the skin.

The Department caseworker testified that if Father were using drugs in the home, it 

would not be a safe or appropriate environment for a child. Even Mother’s therapist, 

who supported the parents’ bid to retain conservatorship, agreed that if someone were

using drugs in the home, it would not be wise for children to remain there. Father’s 

drug use plays into several of the Holley factors. See In re D.D.M., No. 01-18-01033-

CV, 2019 WL 2939259, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 9, 2019, no pet.)

(mem. op. on reh’g) (concluding that heavy methamphetamine usage, on its own,

justified naming the Department as managing conservator due to its harmful effect on 

a father’s life and ability to parent).

A litany of other problems also reflected poorly on Father’s parental abilities, 

the danger to the child, the stability of the home, and the propriety of Father’s 

custody as shown by his acts or omissions. Father referred Cedric, a recently released 

convict, to live with the children despite Father’s knowledge that Cedric had anger 

issues. Indeed, Mother blamed Zeke’s injuries on Cedric; to the extent that the trial 

court gave any credence to this testimony, the court could have faulted Father for
9

bringing this danger into Zeke’s life.

3

 Father reportedly admitted beating a previous 

girlfriend and was referred to a batterer’s intervention program.4

 Mother also testified

that Father had been diagnosed with several mental disorders.5

 Department witnesses 

testified that Father refused to provide financial statements and did not successfully 

complete his service plan. And Father denied responsibility for his actions.

6 He 

maintained that he cut his hair and nails short (in defiance of a court order) not for 

the purpose of evading drug testing, but to suit the needs of his job as a mechanic. 

Father and Mother jointly contended that their positive drug tests were attributable to 

their innocent use of various medications, though the Department’s witnesses testified 

that Father’s medications could not cause a false positive result. Finally, Father

asserted that the Department’s records concerning his various periods of incarceration 

were incorrect.

3

See E.S., 2021 WL 2149627, at *8 (weighing whether there is domestic violence 

“by the child’s family or others who have access to the child’s home” in the 

conservatorship calculus).

4

See id. at *9 (concluding that domestic violence, even when the child is not the

target, tended to support denying a parent managing conservatorship).

5

See In re R.R., No. 02-13-00464-CV, 2014 WL 3953930, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort 

Worth Aug. 14, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (relying in part on a mother’s “mental 

disorders” in upholding a denial of managing conservatorship).

6

See In re B.O., No. 02-16-00485-CV, 2017 WL 2590571, at *25 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth June 15, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (stating that considerations for 

conservatorship “include parental irresponsibility”).
10

Taking this evidence together and surveying it under our deferential standard of 

review, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by determining that 

naming Father as Zeke’s managing conservator was not in the child’s best interest. See 

M.D. v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., No. 03-20-00531-CV, 2021 WL 1704258, 

at *9, *12–13 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 30, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding that 

evidence of a mother’s methamphetamine use and child mistreatment was insufficient 

to support termination but that it was sufficient, along with other evidence, to support 

naming the Department as sole managing conservator).

We overrule Father’s issues.

C. Mother7

In Mother’s first, second, and third issues, she asserts the evidence is 

insufficient to justify naming the Department as sole managing conservator and to 

deny Mother possessory conservatorship.

In Mother’s favor, there was evidence of her commitment and ability to 

provide for Zeke emotionally and financially. Mother testified that at the time of trial,

7

In what Mother dubs issue 3a, she challenges the admission of her drug test

results into evidence. However, Mother does so with only one sentence of argument,

which reads, “Courts of Appeal have recognized the need to show that drug tests 

results have been properly preserved or generated an [sic] also that they were 

produced by the use of proper procedures and methods.” We hold this argument

inadequately briefed; where, as here, an appellant provides a one-sentence proposition 

of law without any legal analysis, discussion, or argument explaining why the 

complained-of evidence was inadmissible, nothing is presented for our review. See

Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i); Lozada v. Farrall & Blackwell Agency, Inc., 323 S.W.3d 278, 287 

(Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, no pet.).
11

she had a steady job at a warehouse, a house with a separate bedroom for Zeke, and a 

family support system that she could rely on as a resource for childcare and for her 

own therapeutic needs. Mother said that she previously quit a demanding job at a law

firm to be able to comply with her service plan. Aside from one positive drug test, 

Mother otherwise tested negative for drugs, and her counselors believed that Mother 

was not a regular drug user.

There was also evidence that Mother had made significant changes to better 

herself and her relationship with the children. She explained that before the children 

were removed, she was overwhelmed by the burden of raising five children on her 

own. Mother believed that her circumstances had changed for the better, though,

because she had gained a coparent in Father, supportive friends, and new techniques 

that she learned in therapy for dealing with stressors. Mother’s therapist testified that 

Mother made improvement over the course of their counseling sessions, especially in 

that she took more responsibility for the children’s problems. Finally, Mother had 

cared for Zeke’s siblings without incident since the Department had agreed to their

monitored return.

But the Department’s caseworker testified that Zeke was different from the 

other children because, as a baby, he was incapable of protecting himself from abuse. 

And there was evidence that Mother did in fact severely abuse Zeke.

8

 A Department 

investigator testified she received a call from Cedric reporting that Zeke was injured. 

8

See S.T., 508 S.W.3d at 492.
12

The investigator met Cedric in a parking lot and took Zeke to the hospital, where 

Father’s daughter was being treated for a broken leg, the source of which was never 

explained at trial.

9

 Photos taken at the hospital depicted a baby with heavy bruising 

across both sides of his head, including the entire left side of his face, as well as welts

and scratches on his chest and neck. The investigator testified that when she 

confronted Mother with the photos at the hospital, Mother confessed to injuring the

child:

[Mother] denied the injuries at first. And after I showed her the pictures 

of the extensive bruising to his entire face, she admitted to, like, pushing 

him down in a bathtub because she was upset that he was trying to crawl 

out of the bathtub. So she admitted to, like, pushing him kind of down 

into the bathtub.

At trial, Mother denied making any such confession and instead blamed the injuries 

on Cedric.

10

This abuse (and denial of responsibility for the abuse) stood alongside several

other failings that further supported findings against Mother on endangerment,

significant impairment, and best interest. While Father was incarcerated, Mother 

allowed a recently released convict with anger issues to stay in the home and care for 

9

When the Department filed its petition to remove the children, it submitted an

affidavit that relayed one of the children’s account of how the broken leg had 

occurred: during a babysitting session, mother’s eldest son had jumped on the child’s

leg and intentionally broken it out of frustration with Mother’s constant absence from 

the squalid family home, but Mother did not immediately seek medical care for the 

child because Mother viewed her as a “lying[,] thieving bitch” and thought that the 

child was malingering.

10See B.O., 2017 WL 2590571, at *25.
13

the children on his own.

11 After Father’s release, Mother often left Father—a regular 

methamphetamine user—in charge of the children.

12 Mother also tested positive for 

methamphetamine. Mother’s own therapist agreed it would not be wise for the 

children to remain in an environment of drug use. Moreover, Mother refused to 

allow the Department access to the home to verify its condition, refused to provide

account statements to verify her financial situation, and refused to provide a list of her

medications even though she professed that her and Father’s positive drug tests were

caused by use of medications. And as to the Holley factor concerning programs 

available to assist the parents, Mother testified that she would not seek any further 

counseling unless it was required for Zeke’s return.

Viewed together, these acts and omissions justified the trial court’s finding that 

awarding managing conservatorship to Mother would significantly impair Zeke’s 

health and development and would not be in his best interest, and that the child’s 

interests would be best served by appointing the Department as sole managing 

conservator. See S.T., 508 S.W.3d at 491–92. Furthermore, the trial court could have 

fairly found that the appointment of Mother as possessory conservator would not be 

in Zeke’s best interest and would endanger his welfare.

13 See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

11See E.S., 2021 WL 2149627, at *8.

12See M.D., 2021 WL 1704258, at *9, *12–13; D.D.M., 2019 WL 2939259, at *9.

13While the trial court declined to appoint Mother as possessory conservator

and made findings concerning other issues in the case, the trial court did not make the 
14

§ 153.191; Brandon, 586 S.W.3d at 106. The trial court therefore did not abuse its 

discretion in naming the Department as Zeke’s sole managing conservator and 

denying Mother even possessory conservatorship.

We overrule Mother’s first three issues.

III. CONDITIONS OF CONSERVATORSHIP

In her fourth, fifth, and sixth issues, Mother contests the terms of the trial 

court’s conservatorship order. Specifically, Mother protests the order’s requirement

that she pay $113 per month to the Department in order to defray the cost of 

supporting Zeke. Mother also objects to the trial court’s failure to set specific 

guidelines for her possession of and access to Zeke, as well as a provision that, 

findings that are required for denial of possessory conservatorship: that the 

appointment was not in the best interest of the child and that parental possession or 

access would endanger the physical or emotional welfare of the child. See Tex. Fam. 

Code Ann. § 153.191. “The judgment may not be supported upon appeal by a 

presumed finding upon any ground of recovery or defense, no element of which has 

been included in the findings of fact . . . .” Luna v. Pickel, No. 02-19-00371-CV, 2020 

WL 5949927, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 8, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(quoting Tex. R. Civ. P. 299).

However, on appeal, Mother does not assign error or brief any challenge

concerning the absence of these findings. See Pike v. Tex. EMC Mgmt., LLC, 610 

S.W.3d 763, 782 (Tex. 2020). “A court of appeals may not reverse a trial court 

judgment on a ground not raised.” Id. “Our adversary system of justice generally 

depends ‘on the parties to frame the issues for decision and assigns to courts the role 

of neutral arbiter of matters the parties present.’” Id. (cleaned up) (quoting Greenlaw v. 

United States, 554 U.S. 237, 243, 128 S. Ct. 2559, 2564 (2008)). “The rule that points 

not argued will not be considered is more than just a prudential rule of convenience; 

its observance, at least in the vast majority of cases, distinguishes our adversary system 

of justice from the inquisitorial one.” Id. (quoting United States v. Burke, 504 U.S. 229, 

246, 112 S. Ct. 1867, 1877 (1992) (Scalia, J., concurring)). The absence of these 

findings therefore may not serve as a basis for reversal.
15

according to Mother, empowers the Department to set ambiguous conditions on her

possession and access.

The Department responds that because Mother never raised these arguments in 

the trial court, they are not preserved. We agree with the Department.

“To preserve a complaint for appellate review, a party must have presented to 

the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion that states the specific grounds 

for the desired ruling, if they are not apparent from the context of the request, 

objection, or motion.” In re C.H., 412 S.W.3d 67, 78 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2013, 

pet. denied). “If a party fails to do this, error is not preserved.” In re J.C., 594 S.W.3d 

466, 473 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2019, no pet.). This rule conserves judicial 

resources by giving trial courts an opportunity to correct an error before an appeal 

proceeds, promotes fairness among litigants by prohibiting them from surprising their 

opponents on appeal, and furthers the goal of accuracy in judicial decision-making by 

allowing the parties to develop and refine their arguments and allowing the trial court 

to analyze the questions at issue. USAA Tex. Lloyds Co. v. Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d 479, 

510 (Tex. 2018) (op. on reh’g). An appellate court generally cannot reverse based on a 

complaint not raised in the trial court. C.H., 412 S.W.3d at 78–79.

“An exception to the preservation-of-error requirement applies when the

alleged error is ‘fundamental.’” Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d at 510. But Mother has not 

argued that any of the complained-of provisions constitute fundamental error, and we 

find no authority suggesting that they are. See Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d
16

572, 577 (Tex. 2006) (collecting cases where the fundamental-error doctrine applies, 

but not including the complaints at issue here); In re B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d 340, 350 

(Tex. 2003) (same).

Ergo, because Mother never raised these complaints in the trial court, we

overrule her remaining issues. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); see, e.g., In re H.E.W.M., No. 

04-19-00202-CV, 2020 WL 1866466, at *4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 15, 2020, 

pet. denied) (mem. op.) (rejecting an argument against medical support obligations 

because the father “did not specifically request a modification of the medical support 

obligation in his counter-petition, at the hearing, or in his post-hearing motions, and 

he did not present an objection to the trial court that the cumulative amount of his 

medical support obligations exceeds nine percent of his resources”).

IV. CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

/s/ Wade Birdwell

Wade Birdwell

Justice

Delivered: August 5, 2021