RECREATIONAL PILOT

AND

PRIVATE PILOT

KNOWLEDGE TEST GUIDE

U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Aviation Administration

FAA-G-8082-17
RECREATIONAL PILOT

AND

PRIVATE PILOT

KNOWLEDGE TEST GUIDE

1999

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

Flight Standards Service
PREFACE

FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, provides information for obtaining

authorization to take the recreational pilot or private pilot knowledge tests. Appendix 1 provides lists of reference

materials and subject matter knowledge codes, and a list of computer testing designees (CTD’s).

Changes to the subject matter knowledge codes will be published in AC 60-25, Reference Materials and Subject

Matter Knowledge Codes for Airman Knowledge Testing.

The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material, questions banks, and subject matter knowledge

codes for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from the Regulatory Support Division, AFS-600, home

page on the Internet.

The Regulatory Support Division’s Internet address is: http://www.mmac.jccbi.gov/afs/afs600

FAA-G-8082-17 supersedes Advisory Circular (AC) 61-117, dated 1995, and can be purchased from the Superintendent

of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9325, or from U.S. Government

Bookstores located in major cities throughout the United States. For an explanation of why the Recreational Pilot and

Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide was taken out of the AC system, refer to AC 60-29, Renumbering of Airman

Training and Testing Publications.

Comments regarding this guide should be sent to the Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards

Branch, AFS-630, Attn: Private Pilot Certification Area Manager, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.

iii
CONTENTS

Preface .................................................................................................................................................. iii

Contents................................................................................................................................................. v

Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 1

Knowledge Test Eligibility Requirements ................................................................................................ 1

Knowledge Areas on the Tests ................................................................................................................ 1

Descriptions of the Tests......................................................................................................................... 1

Process for Taking a Knowledge Test...................................................................................................... 2

Use of Test Aids and Materials .............................................................................................................. 3

Cheating or Other Unauthorized Conduct ............................................................................................... 4

Validity of Airman Test Reports.............................................................................................................. 4

Retesting Procedures ............................................................................................................................. 4

Sample Test Questions and Answers:

Recreational Pilot—Airplane (RPA) ....................................................................................................... 5

Recreational Pilot—Rotorcraft/Helicopter (RPH).................................................................................... 6

Recreational Pilot—Rotorcraft/Gyroplane (RPG) ................................................................................... 7

Private Pilot—Airplane/Recreational Pilot–Transition (PAT)................................................................... 8

Private Pilot—Helicopter/Recreational Pilot–Transition (PHT) ............................................................... 9

Private Pilot—Gyroplane/Recreational Pilot—Transition (PGT) ........................................................... 10

Private Pilot—Airplane (PAR).............................................................................................................. 11

Private Pilot—Rotorcraft/Helicopter (PRH) .......................................................................................... 12

Private Pilot—Rotorcraft/Gyroplane (PRG).......................................................................................... 13

Private Pilot—Glider (PGL) ................................................................................................................. 14

Private Pilot—Balloon–Hot Air (PBH) ................................................................................................. 15

Private Pilot—Balloon–Gas (PBG) ....................................................................................................... 16

Private Pilot—Lighter -Than-Air–Airship (PLA) .................................................................................. 17

APPENDIX 1

List of Reference Materials and Subject Matter Knowledge Codes ....................................................... 1-1

Computer Testing Designees................................................................................................................ 1-5

APPENDIX 2

FIGURE 1.—Time Conversion Table ...................................................................................................... 2-1

FIGURE 2.—Gyroplane Rotor Blade Position ........................................................................................ 2-2

FIGURE 3.—VOR ................................................................................................................................. 2-3

v
INTRODUCTION

What is required to become a skilled and effective

recreational pilot or private pilot? Although some

individuals possess more knowledge and skills than

others, no one is a natural-born pilot. Competent pilots

become so through study, training, and experience.

This knowledge test guide will answer most of your

questions about taking a recreational pilot or private

pilot knowledge test by covering the following areas:

knowledge test eligibility requirements; knowledge areas

on the tests; descriptions of the tests; process for taking

a knowledge test; use of test aids and materials;

cheating or other unauthorized conduct; validity of

Airman Test Reports; and retesting procedures.

This guide will help in preparing you to take one or all

of the following tests.

Q Recreational Pilot—Airplane

Q Recreational Pilot—Rotorcraft/Helicopter

Q Recreational Pilot—Rotorcraft/Gyroplane

Q Private Pilot—Airplane/Recreational

Pilot–Transition

Q Private Pilot—Helicopter/Recreational

Pilot–Transition

Q Private Pilot—Gyroplane/Recreational

Pilot–Transition

Q Private Pilot—Airplane

Q Private Pilot—Rotorcraft/Helicopter

Q Private Pilot—Rotorcraft/Gyroplane

Q Private Pilot—Glider

Q Private Pilot—Balloon–Hot Air

Q Private Pilot—Balloon–Gas

Q Private Pilot—Lighter-Than-Air–Airship

This guide is not offered as an easy way to obtain the

necessary information for passing the knowledge tests.

Rather, the intent of this guide is to define and narrow

the field of study to the required knowledge areas

included in the tests.

KNOWLEDGE TEST ELIGIBILITY

REQUIREMENTS

If you are pursuing a recreational pilot or private pilot

certificate, you should review: Title 14 of the Code of

Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61, section 61.23,

Medical Certificates: Requirements and Duration; 14

CFR section 61.35, Knowledge Test: Prerequisites and

Passing Grades; and 14 CFR section 61.83, Eligibility

Requirements for Student Pilot, for detailed information

pertaining to prerequisites and eligibility.

If you are pursuing a recreational pilot certificate, you

should review 14 CFR section 61.96, Applicability and

Eligibility Requirements: General, for additional

detailed information pertaining to eligibility.

If you are pursuing a private pilot certificate, you should

review 14 CFR section 61.103, Eligibility

Requirements: General, for additional detailed

information pertaining to eligibility.

KNOWLEDGE AREAS ON THE TESTS

Recreational pilot and private pilot tests are

comprehensive because they must test your knowledge

in many subject areas.

If you are pursuing a recreational pilot certificate or

added rating, you should review 14 CFR section 61.97,

Aeronautical Knowledge, for the knowledge areas on

the tests.

If you are pursuing a private pilot certificate or added

rating, you should review 14 CFR section 61.105,

Aeronautical Knowledge, for the knowledge areas on

the tests.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TESTS

All test questions are the objective, multiple-choice type.

Each question can be answered by the selection of a

single response. Each test question is independent of

other questions; therefore, a correct response to one

does not depend upon, or influence, the correct response

to another.

RECREATIONAL PILOT AND PRIVATE PILOT

KNOWLEDGE TEST GUIDE

1
The following tests each contain 50 questions, and you

are allowed 2 hours to complete each test.

Q Recreational Pilot—Airplane

Q Recreational Pilot—Rotorcraft/Helicopter

Q Recreational Pilot—Rotorcraft/Gyroplane

The following tests each contain 30 questions, and you

are allowed 1.5 hours to complete each test.

Q Private Pilot—Airplane/Recreational

Pilot–Transition

Q Private Pilot—Helicopter/Recreational

Pilot–Transition

Q Private Pilot—Gyroplane/Recreational

Pilot–Transition

The following tests each contain 60 questions, and you

are allowed 2.5 hours to complete each test.

Q Private Pilot—Airplane

Q Private Pilot—Rotorcraft/Helicopter

Q Private Pilot—Rotorcraft/Gyroplane

Q Private Pilot—Glider

Q Private Pilot—Balloon–Hot Air

Q Private Pilot—Balloon–Gas

Q Private Pilot—Lighter-Than-Air–Airship

Communication between individuals through the use

of words is a complicated process. In addition to being

an exercise in the application and use of aeronautical

knowledge, a knowledge test is also an exercise in

communication since it involves the use of the written

language. Since the tests involve written rather than

spoken words, communication between the test writer

and the person being tested may become a difficult

matter if care is not exercised by both parties.

Consequently, considerable effort is expended to write

each question in a clear, precise manner. Make sure

you carefully read the instructions given with each test,

as well as the statements in each test item.

When taking a test, keep the following points in mind:

• Answer each question in accordance with the latest

regulations and guidance publications.

• Read each question carefully before looking at the

possible answers. You should clearly understand the

problem before attempting to solve it.

• After formulating an answer, determine which

choice corresponds with that answer. The answer chosen

should completely resolve the problem.

• From the answers given, it may appear that there

is more than one possible answer; however, there is

only one answer that is correct and complete. The other

answers are either incomplete, erroneous, or represent

common misconceptions.

• If a certain question is difficult for you, it is best to

mark it for review and proceed to the next question.

After you answer the less difficult questions, return to

those which you marked for review and answer them.

The review marking procedure will be explained to you

prior to starting the test. Although the computer should

alert you to unanswered questions, make sure every

question has an answer recorded. This procedure will

enable you to use the available time to maximum

advantage.

• When solving a calculation problem, select the

answer closest to your solution. The problem has been

checked with various types of calculators; therefore, if

you have solved it correctly, your answer will be closer

to the correct answer than any of the other choices.

PROCESS FOR TAKING A KNOWLEDGE

TEST

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has

available hundreds of computer testing centers

worldwide. These testing centers offer the full range of

airman knowledge tests including military competence,

instrument foreign pilot, and pilot examiner

predesignated tests. Refer to appendix 1 of this guide

for a list of computer testing designees (CTD’s).

The first step in taking a knowledge test is the

registration process. You may either call the central

1-800 numbers (refer to appendix 1 for 1-800 numbers)

or simply use the walk-in basis. If you choose to use

the 1-800 number to register, you will need to select a

testing center, schedule a test date, and make financial

arrangements for test payment. You may register for

tests several weeks in advance, and you may cancel

your appointment according to the CTD’s cancellation

policy. If you do not follow the CTD’s cancellation

policies, you could be subject to a cancellation fee.

2
The next step in taking a knowledge test is providing

proper identification. You should determine what

knowledge test prerequisites are necessary before going

to the computer testing center. Your instructor or local

Flight Standards District Office (FSDO) can assist you

with what documentation to take to the testing facility.

Testing center personnel will not begin the test until

your identification is verified. A limited number of tests

do not require authorization.

Acceptable forms of authorization:

• A certificate of graduation or a statement of

accomplishment certifying the satisfactory completion

of the ground school portion of a course from an FAAcertificated pilot school.

• A certificate of graduation or a statement of

accomplishment certifying the satisfactory completion

of the ground school portion of a course from an agency

such as a high school, college, adult education program,

U.S. Armed Force, ROTC Flight Training School, or

Civil Air Patrol.

• A written statement or logbook endorsement from

an authorized instructor certifying that you have

accomplished a ground training or home study course

required for the rating sought and you are prepared for

the knowledge test.

• Failed Airman Test Report, passing Airman Test

Report, or expired Airman Test Report (pass or fail),

provided that you still have the original Airman Test

Report in your possession.

Before you take the actual test, you will have the option

to take a sample test. The actual test is time limited;

however, you should have sufficient time to complete

and review your test.

Upon completion of the knowledge test, you will receive

your Airman Test Report, with the testing center’s

embossed seal, which reflects your score.

The Airman Test Report lists the subject matter

knowledge codes for questions answered incorrectly.

The total number of subject matter knowledge codes

shown on the Airman Test Report is not necessarily an

indication of the total number of questions answered

incorrectly. Appendix 1 contains a list of subject matter

knowledge codes that refer to the knowledge areas.

Study these knowledge areas to improve your

understanding of the subject matter.

Your instructor is required to provide instruction on

each of the knowledge areas listed on your Airman Test

3

Report and to complete an endorsement of this

instruction. The Airman Test Report must be presented

to the examiner prior to taking the practical test. During

the oral portion of the practical test, the examiner is

required to evaluate the noted areas of deficiency.

Should you require a duplicate Airman Test Report due

to loss or destruction of the original, send a signed

request accompanied by a check or money order for $1

payable to the FAA. Your request should be sent to the

Federal Aviation Administration, Airmen Certification

Branch, AFS-760, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City,

OK 73125.

USE OF TEST AIDS AND MATERIALS

Airman knowledge tests require applicants to analyze

the relationship between variables needed to solve

aviation problems, in addition to testing for accuracy of

a mathematical calculation. The intent is that all

applicants are tested on concepts rather than rote

calculation ability. It is permissible to use certain

calculating devices when taking airman knowledge tests,

provided they are used within the following guidelines.

The term “calculating devices” is interchangeable with

such items as calculators, computers, or any similar

devices designed for aviation-related activities.

1. Guidelines for use of test aids and materials.

The applicant may use test aids and materials within

the guidelines listed below, if actual test questions or

answers are not revealed.

a. Applicants may use test aids, such as

scales, straightedges, protractors, plotters, navigation

computers, log sheets, and all models of aviationoriented calculating devices that are directly related to

the test. In addition, applicants may use any test

materials provided with the test.

b. Manufacturer’s permanently inscribed

instructions on the front and back of such aids listed in

1(a), e.g., formulas, conversions, regulations, signals,

weather data, holding pattern diagrams, frequencies,

weight and balance formulas, and air traffic control

procedures are permissible.

c. The test proctor may provide calculating

devices to applicants and deny them use of their

personal calculating devices if the applicant’s device

does not have a screen that indicates all memory has

been erased. The test proctor must be able to determine
4

the calculating device’s erasure capability. The use of

calculating devices incorporating permanent or

continuous type memory circuits without erasure

capability are prohibited.

d. The use of magnetic cards, magnetic tapes,

modules, computer chips, or any other device upon

which prewritten programs or information related to

the test can be stored and retrieved are prohibited.

Printouts of data will be surrendered at the completion

of the test if the calculating device used incorporates

this design feature.

e. The use of any booklet or manual

containing instructions related to the use of the

applicant’s calculating device is not permitted.

f. Dictionaries are not allowed in the testing

area.

g. The test proctor makes the final

determination relating to test materials and personal

possessions that the applicant may take into the testing

area.

2. Guidelines for dyslexic applicant’s use of test

aids and materials. A dyslexic applicant may request

approval from the local Flight Standards District Office

(FSDO) to take an airman knowledge test using one of

the three options listed in preferential order:

a. Option One. Use current testing facilities

and procedures whenever possible.

b. Option Two. Applicants may use Franklin

Speaking Wordmaster to facilitate the testing process.

The Wordmaster is a self-contained electronic

thesaurus that audibly pronounces typed in words and

presents them on a display screen. It has a built-in

headphone jack for private listening. The headphone

feature will be used during testing to avoid disturbing

others.

c. Option Three. Applicants who do not

choose to use the first or second option may request a

test proctor to assist in reading specific words or terms

from the test questions and supplement material. In

the interest of preventing compromise of the testing

process, the test proctor should be someone who is

non-aviation oriented. The test proctor will provide

reading assistance only, with no explanation of words

or terms. The Airman Testing Standards Branch,

AFS-630, will assist in the selection of a test site and

test proctor.

CHEATING OR OTHER UNAUTHORIZED

CONDUCT

Computer testing centers must follow strict security

procedures to avoid test compromise. These procedures

are established by the FAA and are covered in FAA

Order 8080.6, Conduct of Airman Knowledge Tests.

The FAA has directed testing centers to terminate a

test at any time a test proctor suspects a cheating

incident has occurred. An FAA investigation will then

be conducted. If the investigation determines that

cheating or unauthorized conduct has occurred, then

any airman certificate or rating that you hold may be

revoked, and you will be prohibited for 1 year from

applying for or taking any test for a certificate or rating

under 14 CFR part 61.

VALIDITY OF AIRMAN TEST REPORTS

Airman Test Reports are valid for the 24-calendar month

period preceding the month you complete the practical

test. If the Airman Test Report expires before

completion of the practical test, you must retake the

knowledge test.

RETESTING PROCEDURES

If you receive a grade lower than a 70 percent and

wish to retest, you must present the following to testing

center personnel.

• failed Airman Test Report; and

• a written endorsement from an authorized instructor

certifying that additional instruction has been given,

and the instructor finds you competent to pass the test.

If you decide to retake the test in anticipation of a better

score, you may retake the test after 30 days from the

date your last test was taken. The FAA will not allow

you to retake a passed test before the 30-day period

has lapsed. Prior to retesting, you must give your current

Airman Test Report to the test proctor. The last test

taken will reflect the official score.
1. A recreational pilot acting as pilot in command

must have in his/her personal possession while

aboard the aircraft

A—a current logbook endorsement to show that a flight

review has been satisfactorily accomplished.

B—the current and appropriate pilot and medical

certificates.

C—the pilot logbook to show recent experience

requirements to serve as pilot in command have

been met.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: A29.

2. One of the main functions of flaps during

approach and landing is to

A—decrease the angle of descent without increasing

the airspeed.

B—permit a touchdown at a higher indicated airspeed.

C—increase the angle of descent without increasing the

airspeed.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H305.

3. A temperature inversion would most likely result

in which weather condition?

A—Clouds with extensive vertical development above

an inversion aloft.

B—Good visibility in the lower levels of the atmosphere

and poor visibility above an inversion aloft.

C—An increase in temperature as altitude is increased.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I21.

4. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for

preflight weather information, pilots should

A—identify themselves as pilots.

B—tell the number of hours they have flown within the

preceding 90 days.

C—state the number of occupants on board and the

color of the aircraft.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H320.

5. What action can a pilot take to aid in cooling an

engine that is overheating during a climb?

A—Reduce rate of climb and increase airspeed.

B—Reduce climb speed and increase RPM.

C—Increase climb speed and increase RPM.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H307.

SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

RECREATIONAL PILOT—AIRPLANE (RPA)

5
1. What exception, if any, permits a recreational

pilot to act as pilot in command of an aircraft

carrying a passenger for hire?

A—If the passenger pays no more than the operating

expenses.

B—If a donation is made to a charitable organization

for the flight.

C—There is no exception.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: A29.

2. The lift differential that exists between the

advancing main rotor blade and the retreating main

rotor blade is known as

A—transverse flow effect.

B—dissymmetry of lift.

C—hunting tendency.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H71.

3. The amount of water vapor which air can hold

depends on the

A—dewpoint.

B—air temperature.

C—stability of the air.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I24.

4. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for

preflight weather information, pilots should state the

A—full name and address of the pilot in command.

B—intended route, destination, and type of aircraft.

C—radio frequencies to be used.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H320.

5. What action should the pilot take if engine failure

occurs at altitude?

A—Open the throttle as the collective pitch is raised.

B—Reduce cyclic back stick pressure during turns.

C—Lower the collective pitch control, as necessary, to

maintain rotor RPM.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H80.

SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

RECREATIONAL PILOT—ROTORCRAFT/HELICOPTER (RPH)

6
1. A recreational pilot may fly as sole occupant of

an aircraft at night while under the supervision of a

flight instructor provided the flight or surface

visibility is at least

A—3 miles.

B—4 miles.

C—5 miles.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: A29.

2. What precaution should be taken while taxiing

a gyroplane?

A—The cyclic stick should be held in the neutral

position at all times.

B—Avoid abrupt control movements when blades are

turning.

C—The cyclic stick should be held slightly aft of neutral

at all times.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H702.

3. What are characteristics of unstable air?

A—Turbulence and good surface visibility.

B—Turbulence and poor surface visibility.

C—Nimbostratus clouds and good surface visibility.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I25.

4. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for

preflight weather information, pilots should state

A—the full name and address of the formation

commander.

B—that they possess a current pilot certificate.

C—whether they intend to fly VFR only.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H320.

5. A below glide slope indication from a tri-color

VASI is a

A—red light signal.

B—pink light signal.

C—green light signal.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: J03.

SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

RECREATIONAL PILOT—ROTORCRAFT/GYROPLANE (RPG)

7
1. In addition to other preflight actions for a VFR

flight away from the vicinity of the departure airport,

regulations specifically require the pilot in command

to

A—review traffic control light signal procedures.

B—check the accuracy of the navigation equipment and

the emergency locator transmitter (ELT).

C—determine runway lengths at airports of intended

use and the aircraft’s takeoff and landing distance

data.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B07.

2. While cruising at 9,500 feet MSL, the fuel/air

mixture is properly adjusted. What will occur if a

descent to 4,500 feet MSL is made without

readjusting the mixture?

A—The fuel/air mixture may become excessively lean.

B—There will be more fuel in the cylinders than is

needed for normal combustion, and the excess fuel

will absorb heat and cool the engine.

C—The excessively rich mixture will create higher

cylinder head temperatures and may cause

detonation.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H307.

3. If a flight is made from an area of low pressure

into an area of high pressure without the altimeter

setting being adjusted, the altimeter will indicate

A—the actual altitude above sea level.

B—higher than the actual altitude above sea level.

C—lower than the actual altitude above sea level.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I22.

4. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 1.) An aircraft

departs an airport in the eastern daylight time zone

at 0945 EDT for a 2-hour flight to an airport located

in the centeral daylight time zone. The landing should

be at what coordinated universal time?

A—1345Z.

B—1445Z.

C—1545Z.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H340.

5. How is engine operation controlled on an engine

equipped with a constant-speed propeller?

A—The throttle controls power output as registered on

the manifold pressure gauge and the propeller

control regulates engine RPM.

B—The throttle controls power output as registered on

the manifold pressure gauge and the propeller

control regulates a constant blade angle.

C—The throttle controls engine RPM as registered on

the tachometer and the mixture control regulates

the power output.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H308.

SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—AIRPLANE/RECREATIONAL PILOT–TRANSITION (PAT)

8
SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—HELICOPTER/RECREATIONAL PILOT–TRANSITION

(PHT)

1. Under what conditions, if any, may a private pilot

operate a helicopter under special VFR at night

within Class D airspace?

A—The helicopter must be fully instrument equipped

 and the pilot must be instrument rated.

B—The flight visibility must be at least 1 mile.

C—There are no conditions; regulations permit this.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B09.

2. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 2.) During flight, if

cyclic control pressure is applied which results in a

maximum increase in pitch angle of the rotor blade

at position A, the rotor disc will tilt

A—forward.

B—aft.

C—left.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H71.

3. One weather phenomenon which will always

occur when flying across a front is a change in the

A—wind direction.

B—type of precipitation.

C—stability of the air mass.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I27.

4. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 1.) An aircraft

departs an airport in the central standard time zone

at 0845 CST for a 2-hour flight to an airport located

in the mountain standard time zone. The landing

should be at what coordinated universal time?

A—1345Z.

B—1445Z.

C—1645Z.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H340.

5. Which initial action should a pilot take prior to

entering Class C airspace?

A—Contact approach control on the appropriate

 frequency.

B—Contact the tower and request permission to enter.

C—Contact the FSS for traffic advisories.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: J11.

9
1. Except in Alaska, during what time period

should lighted position lights be displayed on an

aircraft?

A—End of evening civil twilight to the beginning of

morning civil twilight.

B—1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise.

C—Sunset to sunrise.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B11.

2. If the pilot experiences ground resonance during

rotor spin-up, what action should the pilot take?

A—Taxi to a smooth area.

B—Close the throttle and slowly raise the spin-up lever.

C—Make a normal takeoff immediately.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H709.

3. Individual forecasts for specific routes of flight

can be obtained from which weather source?

A—Transcribed Weather Broadcasts (TWEB’s).

B—Terminal Forecasts.

C—Area Forecasts.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I40.

SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—GYROPLANE/RECREATIONAL PILOT–TRANSITION (PGT)

4. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 1.) An aircraft

departs an airport in the Pacific standard time zone

at 1030 PST for a 4-hour flight to an airport located

in the central standard time zone. The landing should

be at what coordinated universal time?

A—2030Z.

B—2130Z.

C—2230Z.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H340.

5. When taking off or landing at an airport where

heavy aircraft are operating, one should be

particularly alert to the hazards of wingtip vortices

because this turbulence tends to

A—rise from a crossing runway into the takeoff or

landing path.

B—rise into the traffic pattern area surrounding the

airport.

C—sink into the flightpath of aircraft operating below

the aircraft generating the turbulence.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: J27.

10
1. The three takeoffs and landings that are required

to act as pilot in command at night must be done

during the time period from

A—sunset to sunrise.

B—1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise.

C—the end of evening civil twilight to the beginning of

morning civil twilight.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: A20.

2. In what flight condition is torque effect the

greatest in a single-engine airplane?

A—Low airspeed, high power, high angle of attack.

B—Low airspeed, low power, low angle of attack.

C—High airspeed, high power, high angle of attack.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H300.

3. The wind at 5,000 feet AGL is southwesterly

while the surface wind is southerly. This difference

in direction is primarily due to

A—stronger pressure gradient at higher altitudes.

B—friction between the wind and the surface.

C—stronger Coriolis force at the surface.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I23.

4. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 3, illustration 1.)

The VOR receiver has the indications shown. What

is the aircraft’s position relative to the station?

A—North.

B—East.

C—South.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H348.

5. The most effective method of scanning for other

aircraft for collision avoidance during nighttime

hours is to use

A—regularly spaced concentration on the 3-, 9-, and

12-o’clock positions.

B—a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements

to search each 30-degree sector.

C—peripheral vision by scanning small sectors and

utilizing offcenter viewing.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H63.

SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—AIRPLANE (PAR)

11
1. No person may begin a flight in a rotorcraft

under VFR unless there is enough fuel to fly to the

first point of intended landing and, assuming normal

cruising speed, to fly thereafter for at least

A—20 minutes.

B—30 minutes.

C—1 hour.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B09.

2. During forward cruising flight at constant

airspeed and altitude, the individual rotor blades,

when compared to each other, are operating

A—with increased lift on the retreating blade.

B—with a decreasing angle of attack on the advancing

blade.

C—at unequal airspeed, unequal angles of attack, and

equal lift moment.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H71.

3. Which conditions result in the formation of frost?

A—The temperature of the collecting surface is at or

below freezing when small droplets of moisture fall

on the surface.

B—The temperature of the collecting surface is at or

below the dewpoint of the adjacent air and the

dewpoint is below freezing.

C—The temperature of the surrounding air is at or

below freezing when small drops of moisture fall

on the collecting surface.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I24.

4. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 3, illustration 3.)

The VOR receiver has the indications shown. What

is the aircraft’s position relative to the station?

A—East.

B—Southeast.

C—West.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H348.

5. Under what condition, if any, may pilots fly

through a restricted area?

A—When flying on airways with an ATC clearance.

B—With the controlling agency’s authorization.

C—Regulations do not allow this.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: J09.

SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—ROTORCRAFT/HELICOPTER (PRH)

12
1. A special VFR clearance authorizes the pilot of

an aircraft to operate VFR while within Class D

airspace when the visibility is

A—less than 1 mile and the ceiling is less than 1,000

feet.

B—at least 1 mile and the aircraft can remain clear of

clouds.

C—at least 3 miles and the aircraft can remain clear of

clouds.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B09.

2. High airspeeds, particularly in turbulent air,

should be avoided primarily because of the possibility

of

A—an abrupt pitchup.

B—retreating blade stall.

C—a low-frequency vibration developing.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H78.

3. What measurement can be used to determine the

stability of the atmosphere?

A—Atmospheric pressure.

B—Actual lapse rate.

C—Surface temperature.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I25.

SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—ROTORCRAFT/GYROPLANE (PRG)

4. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 3, illustration

8.) The VOR receiver has the indications

shown. What radial is the aircraft crossing?

A—030.

B—210.

C—300.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H348.

5. VFR approaches to land at night should be

accomplished

A—at a higher airspeed.

B—with a steeper descent.

C—the same as during daytime.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H63.

13
1. The minimum allowable strength of a towline

used for an aerotow of a glider having a certificated

gross weight of 700 pounds is

A—560 pounds.

B—700 pounds.

C—1,000 pounds.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B12.

2. A sailplane has a best glide ratio of 23:1. How

many feet will the glider lose in 8 nautical miles?

A—1,840 feet.

B—2,100 feet.

C—2,750 feet.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: N27.

3. What cloud types would indicate convective

turbulence?

A—Cirrus clouds.

B—Nimbostratus clouds.

C—Towering cumulus clouds.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I26.

SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—GLIDER (PGL)

4. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for

preflight weather information, pilots should

A—identify themselves as pilots.

B—tell the number of hours they have flown within the

preceding 90 days.

C—state the number of occupants on board and the

color of the aircraft.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H526.

5. What minimum upward current must a glider

encounter to maintain altitude?

A—At least 2 feet per second.

B—The same as the glider’s sink rate.

C—The same as the adjacent down currents.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I35.

14
1. Prior to becoming certified as a private pilot with

a balloon rating, the pilot must have at least

A—passed a third-class medical exam.

B—obtained a statement from a designated medical

examiner.

C—made a statement certifying that he/she has no

known medical deficiency that would make

him/her unable to act as pilot.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: A23.

2. If ample propane is available, within which

temperature range will propane vaporize sufficiently

to provide enough pressure for burner operation

during flight?

A—0 to 30 °F.

B—10 to 30 °F.

C—30 to 90 °F.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: O220.

3. The conditions necessary for the formation of

cumulonimbus clouds are a lifting action and

A—unstable air containing an excess of condensation

nuclei.

B—unstable, moist air.

C—either stable or unstable air.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I30.

SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—BALLOON–HOT AIR (PBH)

4. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for

preflight weather information, pilots should state the

A—full name and address of the pilot in command.

B—intended route, destination, and type of aircraft.

C—radio frequencies to be used.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H320.

5. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for

preflight weather information, pilots should state

A—the full name and address of the formation

commander.

B—that they possess a current pilot certificate.

C—whether they intend to fly VFR only.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H05.

15
1. The person directly responsible for the

pre-launch briefing of passengers for a flight is the

A—safety officer.

B—pilot in command.

C—ground crewmember.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B07.

2. What is the relationship of false lift with the

wind?

A—False lift increases as the wind accelerates the

balloon.

B—False lift does not exist if the surface winds are

calm.

C—False lift decreases as the wind accelerates the

balloon.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: O30.

3. What conditions are necessary for the formation

of thunderstorms?

A—High humidity, lifting force, and unstable

conditions.

B—High humidity, high temperature, and cumulus

clouds.

C—Lifting force, moist air, and extensive cloud cover.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I30.

SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—BALLOON–GAS (PBG)

4. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for

preflight weather information, pilots should state

A—the full name and address of the formation

commander.

B—that they possess a current pilot certificate.

C—whether they intend to fly VFR only.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H320.

5. The minimum size a launch site should be is at

least

A—twice the height of the balloon.

B—100 feet for every 1 knot of wind.

C—500 feet on the downwind side.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: O30.

16
17

1. An aircraft’s annual inspection was performed

on July 12, this year. The next annual inspection

will be due no later than

A—July 1, next year.

B—July 13, next year.

C—July 31, next year.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B13.

2. Under which condition will an airship float in

the air?

A—When buoyant force equals horizontal equilibrium

existing between propeller thrust and airship drag.

B—When buoyant force is less than the difference

between airship weight and the weight of the air

volume being displaced.

C—When buoyant force equals the difference between

airship weight and the weight of the air volume

being displaced.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: P01.

3. Ceiling is defined as the height above the Earth’s

surface of the

A—lowest reported obscuration and the highest layer

of clouds reported as overcast.

B—lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena

reported as broken, overcast, and not classified as

thin or partial.

C—lowest layer of clouds reported as scattered, broken,

or thin.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I41.

4. When the course deviation indicator (CDI)

needle is centered during an omnireceiver check

using a VOR test signal (VOT), the omnibearing

selector (OBS) and the TO/FROM indicator should

read

A—180° FROM, only if the pilot is due north of the

VOT.

B—0° TO or 180° FROM, regardless of the pilot’s

position from the VOT.

C—0° FROM or 180° TO, regardless of the pilot’s

position from the VOT.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: J01.

5. Which takeoff procedure is considered to be most

hazardous for an airship?

A—Maintaining only 50 percent of the maximum

permissible positive angle of inclination.

B—Failing to apply full engine power properly on all

takeoffs, regardless of wind.

C—Maintaining a negative angle of inclination during

takeoff after elevator response is adequate for

controllability.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: P11.

SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—LIGHTER-THAN-AIR–AIRSHIP (PLA)
APPENDIX 1
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations

(14 CFR) part 1—Definitions and Abbreviations

A01 General Definitions

A02 Abbreviations and Symbols

14 CFR part 43—Maintenance, Preventive

Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration

A15 General

A16 Appendixes

14 CFR part 61—Certification: Pilots, Flight

Instructors, and Ground Instructors

A20 General

A21 Aircraft Ratings and Pilot Authorizations

A22 Student Pilots

A23 Private Pilots

14 CFR part 71—Designation of Class A, Class B,

Class C, Class D, and Class E Airspace Areas;

Airways; Routes; and Reporting Points

A60 General—Class A Airspace

14 CFR part 91—General Operating and Flight

Rules

B07 General

B08 Flight Rules—General

B09 Visual Flight Rules

B11 Equipment, Instrument, and Certification

Requirements

B12 Special Flight Operations

B13 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and

Alterations

NTSB 830—Rules Pertaining to the Notification and

Reporting of Aircraft Accidents or Incidents and

Overdue Aircraft, and Preservation of Aircraft

Wreckage, Mail, Cargo, and Records

G10 General

G11 Initial Notification of Aircraft Accidents,

Incidents, and Overdue Aircraft

G12 Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail,

Cargo, and Records

G13 Reporting of Aircraft Accidents, Incidents, and

Overdue Aircraft

AC 61-23—Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical

Knowledge

H300 Forces Acting on the Airplane in Flight

H301 Turning Tendency (Torque Effect)

H302 Airplane Stability

H303 Loads and Load Factors

H304 Airplane Structure

H305 Flight Control Systems

H306 Electrical System

H307 Engine Operation

H308 Propeller

H309 Starting the Engine

H310 Exhaust Gas Temperature Gauge

H311 Aircraft Documents, Maintenance, and

Inspections

H312 The Pitot-Static System and Associated

Instruments

H313 Gyroscopic Flight Instruments

H314 Magnetic Compass

H315 Weight Control

H316 Balance, Stability, and Center of Gravity

H317 Airplane Performance

LIST OF REFERENCE MATERIALS

AND SUBJECT MATTER KNOWLEDGE CODES

The publications listed in the following pages contain study material you need to be familiar with when preparing for

recreational pilot and private pilot knowledge tests. All of these publications can be purchased through U.S. Government

Bookstores, commercial aviation supply houses, or industry organizations. The latest revision of the listed references

should be requested. Additional study material is also available through these sources that may be helpful in preparing

for recreational pilot and private pilot knowledge tests.

The subject matter knowledge codes refer to the specific reference for the knowledge standard. When reviewing

results of your knowledge test, you should compare the subject matter knowledge code(s) on your Airman Test Report

to the ones found below. This will be helpful for both review and preparation for the practical test. 

1-1

Appendix 1
H318 Observations

H319 Service Outlets

H320 Weather Briefings

H321 Nature of the Atmosphere

H322 The Cause of Atmospheric Circulation

H323 Moisture and Temperature

H324 Air Masses and Fronts

H325 Aviation Weather Reports, Forecasts, and

Weather Charts

H326 Types of Airports

H327 Sources for Airport Data

H328 Airport Markings and Signs

H329 Airport Lighting

H330 Wind Direction Indicators

H331 Radio Communications

H332 Air Traffic Services

H333 Wake Turbulence

H334 Collision Avoidance

H335 Controlled Airspace

H336 Uncontrolled Airspace

H337 Special Use Airspace

H338 Other Airspace Areas

H339 Aeronautical Charts

H340 Latitude and Longitude

H341 Effect of Wind

H342 Basic Calculations

H343 Pilotage

H344 Dead Reckoning

H345 Flight Planning

H346 Charting the Course

H347 Filing a VFR Flight Plan

H348 Radio Navigation

H349 Obtaining a Medical Certificate

H350 Health Factors Affecting Pilot Performance

H351 Environmental Factors which Affect Pilot

Performance

AC 61-21—Flight Training Handbook

H50 Introduction to Flight Training

H52 Introduction to the Basics of Flight

H54 Ground Operations

H58 Landing Approaches and Landings

H60 Proficiency Flight Maneuvers

H63 Night Flying

H66 Principles of Flight and Performance

Characteristics

AC 61-13—Basic Helicopter Handbook

H70 General Aerodynamics

H71 Aerodynamics of Flight

H73 Function of the Controls

H74 Other Helicopter Components and Their

Functions

H76 Weight and Balance

H78 Some Hazards of Helicopter Flight

H79 Precautionary Measures and Critical

Conditions

H80 Helicopter Flight Maneuvers

H81 Confined Area, Pinnacle, and Ridgeline

Operations

Gyroplane Training Manual—Graves Publishing

Co.

H95 General

Understanding the Gyroplane—The Abbott Co.

H650 Magic of Rotor Blades

H651 Behind the Power Curve

H652 Beating P.I.O.

Gyroplane Flight Training Manual—Jean-Pierre

Harrison

H701 General Aerodynamics

H702 Aerodynamics of Flight

H704 Function of the Controls

H709 Some Hazards of Gyroplane Flight

H710 Precautionary Measures and Critical

Conditions

H711 Gyroplane Flight Maneuvers

AC 00-6—Aviation Weather

I21 Temperature

I22 Atmospheric Pressure and Altimetry

I23 Wind

I24 Moisture, Cloud Formation, and Precipitation

I25 Stable and Unstable Air

I26 Clouds

I27 Air Masses and Fronts

I28 Turbulence

I29 Icing

I30 Thunderstorms

I31 Common IFR Producers

I33 Arctic Weather

I35 Soaring Weather

I36 Glossary of Weather Terms

AC 00-45—Aviation Weather Services

I40 The Aviation Weather Service Program

I41 Surface Aviation Weather Reports

I42 Pilot and Radar Reports and Satellite Pictures

I43 Aviation Weather Forecasts

I44 Surface Analysis Chart

I45 Weather Depiction Chart

I46 Radar Summary Chart

I47 Significant Weather Prognostics

1-2

Appendix 1
AIM —Aeronautical Information Manual

J01 Air Navigation Radio Aids

J03 Airport Lighting Aids

J05 Airport Marking Aids and Signs

J08 Controlled Airspace

J09 Special Use Airspace

J10 Other Airspace Areas

J11 Service Available to Pilots

J12 Radio Communications Phraseology and

Techniques

J13 Airport Operations

J14 ATC Clearance/Separations

J15 Preflight

J22 Emergency Services Available to Pilots

J25 Meteorology

J27 Wake Turbulence

J31 Fitness for Flight

J33 Pilot Controller Glossary

Other Documents

J34 Airport/Facility Directory

J37 Sectional Chart

AC 67-2—Medical Handbook for Pilots

J52 Hypoxia

J53 Hyperventilation

J58 Carbon Monoxide

J60 Night Flight

J61 Cockpit Lighting

J62 Disorientation (Vertigo)

Additional Advisory Circulars

M52 AC 00-2, Advisory Circular Checklist

Soaring Flight Manual—Jeppesen-Sanderson, Inc.

N20 Sailplane Aerodynamics

N21 Performance Considerations

N22 Flight Instruments

N23 Weather for Soaring

N24 Medical Factors

N25 Flight Publications and Airspace

N26 Aeronautical Charts and Navigation

N27 Computations for Soaring

N28 Personal Equipment

N29 Preflight and Ground Operations

N30 Aerotow Launch Procedures

N31 Ground Launch Procedures

N32 Basic Flight Maneuvers and Traffic

N33 Soaring Techniques

N34 Cross-Country Soaring

1-3

Flight Instructor Manual—Balloon Federation of

America

O10 Flight Instruction Aids

O11 Human Behavior and Pilot Proficiency

O12 The Flight Check and the Designated Examiner

Balloon Digest—Balloon Federation of America

O150 Balloon—Theory and Practice

O155 Structure of the Modern Balloon

O160 Lift-off to Landing

O165 Weather for the Balloonist

O170 Propane and Fuel Management

O171 Chemical and Physical Properties

O172 Tanks

O173 Burners

O174 Hoses

O175 Refueling

O176 Fuel Contamination

O177 Heat Tapes (Coils)

O178 Nitrogen Pressurization

O179 Repairs and Maintenance

Powerline Excerpts—Balloon Federation of

America

O30 Excerpts

Balloon Ground School—Balloon Publishing Co.

O220 Balloon Operations

How To Fly A Balloon—Balloon Publishing Co.

O250 Basic Terminology

O251 History

O252 Physics

O253 Equipment

O254 Checklists

O255 Flight Planning

O256 Preflight Operations

O257 The Standard Burn

O258 Inflation

O259 Launch

O260 Level Flight

O261 Ascents and Descents

O262 Contour Flying

O263 Maneuvering

O264 Approach to Landing

O265 Landings

Appendix 1
1-4

Appendix 1

O266 Deflation

O267 The Chase

O268 Landowners Relations

O269 Recovery and Pack-up

O270 Propane: Management and Fueling

O271 Tethering

O272 Emergency Procedures

O273 Skill Development

O274 Crew

O275 What is a Good Instructor

O276 Regulations

O277 Maintenance

O278 Earning a Pilot Certificate

O279 Radio Communications

O280 Appendix 1: Glossary

Goodyear Airship Operations Manual

P01 Buoyancy

P03 Free Ballooning

P04 Aerostatics

FAA Accident Prevention Program Bulletins

V01 FAA-P-8740-2, Density Altitude

V02 FAA-P-8740-5, Weight and Balance

V03 FAA-P-8740-12, Thunderstorms

V04 FAA-P-8740-19, Flying Light Twins Safely

V05 FAA-P-8740-23, Planning Your Takeoff

V06 FAA-P-8740-24, Tips on Winter Flying

V07 FAA-P-8740-25, Always Leave Yourself an

Out

V08 FAA-P-8740-30, How to Obtain a Good

Weather Briefing

V09 FAA-P-8740-40, Wind Shear

V10 FAA-P-8740-41, Medical Facts For Pilots

V11 FAA-P-8740-44, Impossible Turns

V12 FAA-P-8740-48, On Landings, Part I

V13 FAA-P-8740-49, On Landings, Part II

V14 FAA-P-8740-50, On Landings, Part III

V15 FAA-P-8740-51, How to Avoid a Midair

Collision

V16 FAA-P-8740-52, The Silent Emergency

NOTE: AC 00-2, Advisory Circular Checklist,

transmits the status of all FAA advisory circulars

(AC’s), as well as FAA internal publications and

miscellaneous flight information, such as Aeronautical

Information Manual, Airport/Facility Directory,

practical test standards, knowledge test guides, and other

material directly related to a certificate or rating. AC

00-2 is accessible through the Internet at http://

www.faa.gov/abc/ac-chklst/actoc.htm, or you may

obtain a free copy from:

U.S. Department of Transportation

Subsequent Distribution Office, SVC-121.23

Ardmore East Business Center

3341 Q 75 Ave.

Landover, MD 20785
COMPUTER TESTING DESIGNEES

The following is a list of the computer testing designees authorized to give FAA airman knowledge tests. This list

should be helpful in case you choose to register for a test or simply want more information.

Computer Assisted Testing Service (CATS)

1849 Old Bayshore Highway

Burlingame, CA 94010

Applicant inquiry and test registration: 1-800-947-4228

From outside the U.S. (650) 259-8550

Sylvan Prometric

1000 Lancaster Street

Baltimore, MD 21202

Applicant inquiry and test registration: 1-800-274-1900, 1-800-967-1100, or 1-800-359-3278

From outside the U.S. registrants should contact the appropriate Regional Service Center (RSC):

London, England RSC 44-181-607-9090

Paris, France RSC 33-1-4289-3122

Dusseldorf, Germany RSC 49-2159-9233-50

Tokyo, Japan RSC 813-3269-9620

Latin America RSC (612) 820-5200

 LaserGrade Computer Testing

16209 S.E. McGillivray, Suite L

Vancouver, WA 98683

Applicant inquiry and test registration: 1-800-211-2753 or 1-800-211-2754

From outside the U.S. (360) 896-9111

Appendix 1

1-5
APPENDIX 2
FIGURE 1.—Time Conversion Table.

2-1

Appendix 2
FIGURE 2.—Gyroplane Rotor Blade Position.

2-2

Appendix 2
FIGURE 3.—VOR.

2-3

Appendix 2