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          - Representation Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

# Representation Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

The Office of the General Counsel (OGC), through its Regional Offices, conducts elections and investigates and decides representation matters.  Below are FAQs about the Representation process, with a section on the special issues that arise in election petitions.  If you have additional questions, please contact your nearest Regional Office for assistance.

### Filing a Petition

**What is a representation petition?**

Unions, agencies and employees file representation petitions to resolve any matter related to the representation of employees, such as whether employees wish to be represented by a union or which employees will be included in the unit of employees that a union represents.

**Who can file a representation petition?**

Employees, unions, and agencies can each file certain types of petitions.

**What are the different types of petitions?**

The main types of petitions are:
                          - for an election to determine if employees wish to be represented by a union for the purpose of collective bargaining
                          - for an election to determine if employees no longer wish to be represented by a union (called a decertification petition)
                          - to clarify whether certain employees or positions are eligible for inclusion in the bargaining unit that a union represents
                          - to amend an existing recognition or certification (e.g. to change a parties’ name or reflect a union’s change in affiliation)
                          - to consolidate two or more bargaining units, with or without an election
                          - to resolve questions relating to the continued appropriateness of an existing unit due to a substantial change in the character and scope of the unit (e.g. changes in operations due to reorganization, realignment or merger);
                          - to decertify a union when the agency asserts a good faith doubt of a union’s continued majority status
                          - for eligibility for dues allotment (deduction) in a unit without an exclusive representative and for consultation rights
                          - to decertify a union based on a claim that it is subject to corrupt influences
                          - to resolve any other matter relating to representation

For more information about election petitions, see the Election FAQs.  For information about all other types of petitions, including information about which party has standing to file each type of position, see the Representation Case Handling Manual.

**Where do I file a petition?**

File a petition with the Regional Director for the Region in which the employees affected by the petition are located.  If the employees are located in two or more regions, file the petition with the Washington Regional Director.

**What should I do before I file a petition?**

The FLRA strongly encourages parties affected by issues that may be raised in a petition to meet prior to the filing of a petition to discuss their interests and to attempt to narrow and resolve the issues.  If requested by all parties, a representative of the appropriate Regional Office will participate in these meetings.  For example, Regional Office employees have assisted parties in narrowing or resolving issues arising from an agency’s reorganization.

### Investigating a Petition

**How will I be notified about a petition?**

The Regional Director sends a letter to unions or agencies affected by the petition and provides the name and contact information for the agent assigned to the case.  In the opening letter, the Regional Director may also direct an agency to post a notice that a petition was filed.

**What happens after a petition is filed?**

After the representation petition is filed, the Region investigates the petition.  The parties are required, during this investigation, to furnish the Regional Director and the other parties information concerning the issues raised in the petition.  The Regional Director may also require all affected parties to meet to narrow and resolve the issues raised in the petition.  Parties should be prepared to clarify the purpose of the petition and discuss the facts and legal issues in dispute.

**What happens after the investigation?**

In a petition for an election, if the parties agree to the appropriateness of the unit, they may enter into an election agreement and proceed to an election.  See Election FAQs below for more information about election petitions.

In all other circumstances, if after an investigation, there is a material issue of fact or there is reasonable cause to believe a question concerning unit appropriateness exists, the Regional Director may issue a notice of hearing.

**Are there any alternatives to a hearing?**

The parties may enter into a joint stipulation that addresses all the facts necessary to decide the matter.  A Regional Office investigation may also be an appropriate alternative to a hearing in some cases.  In such cases, the Regional Director reviews the record and issues a Decision and Order based on the stipulation or investigation.

### Hearing Procedures

**How will I learn about the hearing?**

The Regional Director will send the parties a notice of hearing that establishes a date for a prehearing conference and a hearing date.

**What happens at the prehearing conference?**

The purpose of a prehearing conference is to fully discuss, narrow and resolve the matters at issue and to prepare for hearing.  All parties must participate in the prehearing conference.

**What is the purpose of a hearing?**

Unlike many types of litigation, a representation hearing is investigatory, not adversarial.  The sole purpose is to develop a full and complete record of relevant and material facts upon which a Regional Director will rely in issuing a Decision and Order.

**How are hearings conducted?**

Hearings are conducted by a Hearing Officer who is appointed by the Regional Director.  The Hearing Officer's job is to ensure that all relevant and material facts concerning the matters at issue are addressed by the parties on the record.  There is no burden of proof, with the exception of proceedings on objections to elections, and the formal rules of evidence do not apply.

**What rights do parties have at a representation hearing?**

Parties at a hearing have the following rights:
                          - To appear in person or by a representative
                          - To examine and cross-examine witnesses
                          - To introduce into the record relevant evidence
                          - To present oral argument at the close of the hearing
                          - To file a brief with the Regional Director within 30 days from the close of the hearing

**What happens after the hearing?**

The Regional Director resolves the matter in dispute by issuing a Decision and Order.

**Can I appeal the Regional Director’s Decision and Order?**

A party that seeks to appeal the Regional Director's Decision and Order must file an application for review with the Authority within 60 days.  For additional information about applications for review and representation proceedings, see the Authority's discussion of representation matters.

**Where can I find more information about representation matters?**

See the Representation Resources page for links to our representation resources.  Also click here for a link to the Statute and our regulations on representation proceedings (5 CFR Part 2422).

### Special Issues in Election Petitions

**What are the different types of election petitions?**

Unions may petition for an election to determine if employees wish to be represented by a union.

Bargaining unit employees may file a petition for an election to determine if employees in a unit no longer wish to be represented by a union (called a decertification petition).

**Are there any situations that bar an election?**

Yes, the following situations bar an election:
                          - Election Bar  – Elections cannot be conducted if a valid election has been conducted in the unit in the preceding 12 calendar months.
                          - Certification Bar  – Elections cannot be conducted if the FLRA has certified a union as the exclusive representative of employees in the petitioned for unit within the previous 12 calendar months.
                          - Contract Bar  – Elections cannot be held if there is a lawful collective bargaining agreement in effect covering any of the employees in the claimed unit, unless	                             - the collective bargaining agreement has been in effect for more than three years, or
                            - the petition for exclusive recognition is filed not more than 105 and not less than 60 days before the expiration date of the agreement. 

### Filing election petitions

**What do I need to file to petition for an election?**

A petitioner must fill out the FLRA’s petition form and file it with a showing of interest and alphabetized list of names.  The petition is available here, or through the Authority’s eFiling system.

**What is a “showing of interest”?**

To show interest in an election to certify a union as an exclusive representative, a union may file signed and dated authorization cards or petitions from employees authorizing the union to represent them, executed allotment of dues forms, evidence of employees’ membership in a union, or other evidence approved by the Authority.

For elections seeking to decertify an exclusive representative, employees may file signed and dated petitions or cards indicating that employees no longer wish to be represented by their existing union, or other evidence as approved by the Authority.

For both types of petitions, the showing of interest must be from 30% of the employees in the bargaining unit involved.

**What is the purpose of a “showing of interest”?**

A “showing of interest” signifies that employees want to be represented by a union or stop being represented by their existing union.  It serves an administrative purpose to avoid unnecessary expenditure of time and funds when there is little interest in an election.

### Investigating election petitions

**What happens after a party files a petition for election?**

After the Regional Director certifies that the showing of interest is adequate, the Region investigates the petition to determine if the petitioned-for unit is appropriate and to determine whether there are other non-procedural disputes that must be resolved for the election to go forward.  If there are no disputes requiring a hearing or other action, the Regional Director encourages the parties to enter into a voluntary election agreement or directs an election.

**What is an "appropriate unit?"**

In elections, as well as in any other type of petition, the Regional Director must determine that the group of employees the union seeks to represent is an “appropriate unit.”  The employees must share a "clear and identifiable community of interest" and the unit must promote effective dealings with, and efficiency of the operations of, the agency involved.  To determine whether employees share a “community of interest” the FLRA looks at factors such as, whether the employees are part of the same component of the agency, support the same mission, and have similar duties or working conditions.  To determine whether the unit would promote “effective dealings” the FLRA looks at whether including other groups of employees would promote more efficient use of resources, the parties’ past collective bargaining experience, and the level at which labor relations policy is set in the agency.  A hearing may be necessary to resolve disputes about the appropriateness of a petitioned-for unit.

**Can the parties agree to the details of the election?**

Yes, the FLRA encourages parties to enter into a voluntary election agreement.

**What happens if the parties cannot agree on the election details?**

If the parties are unable to agree on procedural matters – such as the eligibility period (the payroll period during which an employee must be working for the agency to be eligible to vote), method of election, dates, hours, locations of the election – the Regional Director decides the election procedures and issues a Direction of Election.

### The Election

**How does the FLRA notify employees about the election?**

The Regional Director issues a Notice of Election that the agency posts in the workplace or distributes to employees.  The notice includes a sample ballot and describes the election procedures – the appropriate unit, the eligibility period, dates and hours and locations of the election, and the effect of the vote.

**How do employees vote?**

The Regional Director, through Regional Office agents, conducts all elections by secret ballot.  Depending on the circumstances, elections may be held onsite at the workplace, through mail ballots, or through the internet and telephone.

**Can a party challenge a person’s eligibility to vote?**

Yes.  A party or the Regional Director, for good cause, may challenge the eligibility of any person to participate in the election prior to the employee voting.  In this instance, the individual who is the subject of the challenge may vote a “challenged ballot.”  The Regional Director will resolve the challenged ballots only if the challenged ballots are sufficient to change the outcome of the election.

**What choices appear on the ballot?**

Voters may choose:
                          - which of the unions on the ballot the employees wish to have represent them; or
                          - not to be represented by a union (e.g., "no union" or "neither")

**How does the FLRA decide who wins?**

The choice that receives a majority of the valid ballots cast in the election wins the election.

**What happens if the challenged ballots are sufficient to affect the outcome of the election?**

The Regional Director must resolve the challenged ballots.

**What happens if the election results are inconclusive?**

In an election involves at least three choices and none of the choices receive a majority of the valid votes cast, the FLRA will conduct a runoff election between the two choices receiving the most and second most votes.

**Can I file objections to the election?**

Yes, any party can file objections to the procedural conduct of the election or to conduct that may have improperly affected the results.  The objections must be received by the Regional director within five (5) days after the tally of ballots was served.  The objecting party must file evidence, including signed statements, documents, and other materials supporting the objections, with the Regional Director within ten (10) days after the party files the objections.

### Filing an Application for Review

**What if I disagree with the Regional Director's decision?**

A party who is not satisfied with a decision issued by a Regional Director may appeal that decision to the Authority within 60 days.  The reasons to object to a decision are limited and are set out at § 2422.31 of the Authority's Regulations.  Information concerning the filing of this kind of "Application for Review" is contained in the Authority's Regulations.  Specific questions about appeals can be directed to the Office of Case Intake and Publication.  Information concerning how the Authority has resolved specific questions appealed to it is contained in its decisions.  In most cases, the Authority grants or denies petitions for review within 60 days.

 

Disclaimer:  The FAQs are intended for users’ general information.  You may not cite the FAQs as legal authority.  Particular answers may have unstated exceptions, qualifications, and/or limitations, and changes in the law may render some answers unreliable.  In addition, the information is broad and general, and it is not complete.  The FLRA expressly disclaims any purpose or intent to furnish legal advice.  You may contact your nearest Regional Office and/or an attorney to discuss your specific situation or to learn more about your rights and obligations under the Statute.

### In This Section

              - Representation Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

### Additional Information

                    - Regional Offices
                    - File a Case
                    - Training Programs
                    - Alternative Dispute Resolution 

### Resources

                    - Rep Case Law Outline
                    - Rep Case Handling Manual
                    - Rep Regulations (CFR)
                    - The Statute

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