II 

118TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 4178 

To establish artificial intelligence standards, metrics, and evaluation tools, 

to support artificial intelligence research, development, and capacity 

building activities, to promote innovation in the artificial intelligence 

industry by ensuring companies of all sizes can succeed and thrive, 

and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

APRIL 18, 2024 

Ms. CANTWELL (for herself, Mr. YOUNG, Mr. HICKENLOOPER, and Mrs. 

BLACKBURN) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation 

A BILL 

To establish artificial intelligence standards, metrics, and 

evaluation tools, to support artificial intelligence research, development, and capacity building activities, to 

promote innovation in the artificial intelligence industry 

by ensuring companies of all sizes can succeed and 

thrive, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

4 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

5 ‘‘Future of Artificial Intelligence Innovation Act of 2024’’. 


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1 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 

2 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Sense of Congress. 

Sec. 3. Definitions. 

TITLE I—VOLUNTARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STANDARDS, 

METRICS, EVALUATION TOOLS, TESTBEDS, AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 

Subtitle A—Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute and Testbeds 

Sec. 101. Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute. 

Sec. 102. Program on artificial intelligence testbeds. 

Sec. 103. National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of 

Energy testbed to identify, test, and synthesize new materials. 

Sec. 104. National Science Foundation and Department of Energy collaboration to make scientific discoveries through the use of artificial 

intelligence. 

Sec. 105. Progress report. 

Subtitle B—International Cooperation 

Sec. 111. International coalition on innovation, development, and harmonization 

of standards with respect to artificial intelligence. 

Sec. 112. Requirement to support bilateral and multilateral artificial intelligence research collaborations. 

Subtitle C—Identifying Regulatory Barriers to Innovation 

Sec. 121. Comptroller General of the United States identification of risks and 

obstacles relating to artificial intelligence and Federal agencies. 

TITLE II—ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH, 

DEVELOPMENT, CAPACITY BUILDING ACTIVITIES 

Sec. 201. Public data for artificial intelligence systems. 

Sec. 202. Federal grand challenges in artificial intelligence. 

3 SEC. 2. SENSE OF CONGRESS. 

4 It is the sense of Congress that policies governing ar5 tificial intelligence should maximize the potential and de6 velopment of artificial intelligence to benefit all private 

7 and public stakeholders. 

8 SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. 

9 In this Act: 


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1 (1) AGENCY.—The term ‘‘agency’’ has the 

2 meaning given such term in section 3502 of title 44, 

3 United States Code, except such term shall include 

4 an independent regulatory agency, as defined in such 

5 section. 

6 (2) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.—The term ‘‘ar7 tificial intelligence’’ has the meaning given such 

8 term in section 5002 of the National Artificial Intel9 ligence Initiative Act of 2020 (15 U.S.C. 9401). 

10 (3) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BLUE11 TEAMING.—The term ‘‘artificial intelligence blue12 teaming’’ means an effort to conduct operational 

13 network vulnerability evaluations and provide miti14 gation techniques to entities who have a need for an 

15 independent technical review of the network security 

16 posture of an artificial intelligence system. 

17 (4) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODEL.—The 

18 term ‘‘artificial intelligence model’’ means a compo19 nent of an artificial intelligence system that is a 

20 model— 

21 (A) derived using mathematical, computa22 tional, statistical, or machine-learning tech23 niques; and 


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1 (B) used as part of an artificial intel2 ligence system to produce outputs from a given 

3 set of inputs. 

4 (5) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RED5 TEAMING.—The term ‘‘artificial intelligence red6 teaming’’ means structured adversarial testing ef7 forts of an artificial intelligence system to identify 

8 risks, flaws, and vulnerabilities of the artificial intel9 ligence system, such as harmful outputs from the 

10 system, unforeseen or undesirable system behaviors, 

11 limitations, or potential risks associated with the 

12 misuse of the system. 

13 (6) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RISK MANAGE14 MENT FRAMEWORK.—The term ‘‘Artificial Intel15 ligence Risk Management Framework’’ means the 

16 most recently updated version of the framework de17 veloped and updated pursuant to section 22A(c) of 

18 the National Institute of Standards and Technology 

19 Act (15 U.S.C. 278h–1(c)). 

20 (7) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM.—The 

21 term ‘‘artificial intelligence system’’ has the meaning 

22 given such term in section 7223 of the Advancing 

23 American AI Act (40 U.S.C. 11301 note). 

24 (8) CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE.—The term 

25 ‘‘critical infrastructure’’ has the meaning given such 


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1 term in section 1016(e) of the Uniting and 

2 Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate 

3 Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism 

4 (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001 (42 U.S.C. 

5 5195c(e)). 

6 (9) FEDERAL LABORATORY.—The term ‘‘Fed7 eral laboratory’’ has the meaning given such term in 

8 section 4 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Inno9 vation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3703). 

10 (10) FOUNDATION MODEL.—The term ‘‘founda11 tion model’’ means an artificial intelligence model 

12 trained on broad data at scale and is adaptable to 

13 a wide range of downstream tasks. 

14 (11) GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTEL15 LIGENCE.—The term ‘‘generative artificial intel16 ligence’’ means the class of artificial intelligence 

17 models that utilize the structure and characteristics 

18 of input data in order to generate outputs in the 

19 form of derived synthetic content. Such derived syn20 thetic content can include images, videos, audio, 

21 text, software, code, and other digital content. 

22 (12) NATIONAL LABORATORY.—The term ‘‘Na23 tional Laboratory’’ has the meaning given such term 

24 in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 

25 U.S.C. 15801). 


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1 (13) SYNTHETIC CONTENT.—The term ‘‘syn2 thetic content’’ means information, such as images, 

3 videos, audio clips, and text, that has been signifi4 cantly modified or generated by algorithms, includ5 ing by artificial intelligence. 

6 (14) TESTBED.—The term ‘‘testbed’’ means a 

7 facility or mechanism equipped for conducting rig8 orous, transparent, and replicable testing of tools 

9 and technologies, including artificial intelligence sys10 tems, to help evaluate the functionality, trust11 worthiness, usability, and performance of those tools 

12 or technologies. 

13 (15) TEVV.—The term ‘‘TEVV’’ means meth14 odologies, metrics, techniques, and tasks for testing, 

15 evaluating, verifying, and validating artificial intel16 ligence systems or components. 

17 (16) WATERMARKING.—The term 

18 ‘‘watermarking’’ means the act of embedding infor19 mation that is intended to be difficult to remove, 

20 into outputs generated by artificial intelligence, in21 cluding outputs such as text, images, audio, videos, 

22 software code, or any other digital content or data, 

23 for the purposes of verifying the authenticity of the 

24 output or the identity or characteristics of its prove25 nance, modifications, or conveyance. 


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1 TITLE I—VOLUNTARY ARTIFI2 CIAL INTELLIGENCE STAND3 ARDS, METRICS, EVALUATION 

4 TOOLS, TESTBEDS, AND 

5 INTERNATIONAL COOPERA6 TION 

7 Subtitle A—Artificial Intelligence 

8 Safety Institute and Testbeds 

9 SEC. 101. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SAFETY INSTITUTE. 

10 (a) ESTABLISHMENT OF INSTITUTE.— 

11 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after 

12 the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under 

13 Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Tech14 nology (in this section referred to as the ‘‘Under 

15 Secretary’’) shall establish an institute on artificial 

16 intelligence. 

17 (2) DESIGNATION.—The institute established 

18 pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be known as the 

19 ‘‘Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute’’ (in this sec20 tion referred to as the ‘‘Institute’’). 

21 (3) MISSION.—The mission of the Institute is 

22 as follows: 

23 (A) To assist the private sector and agen24 cies in developing voluntary best practices for 


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1 the robust assessment of artificial intelligence 

2 systems. 

3 (B) To provide technical assistance for the 

4 adoption and use of artificial intelligence across 

5 the Federal Government to improve the quality 

6 of government services. 

7 (C) To develop guidelines, methodologies, 

8 and best practices to promote— 

9 (i) development and adoption of vol10 untary, consensus-based technical stand11 ards or industry standards; 

12 (ii) long-term advancements in artifi13 cial intelligence technologies; and 

14 (iii) innovation in the artificial intel15 ligence industry by ensuring that compa16 nies of all sizes can succeed and thrive. 

17 (b) DIRECTOR.—The Under Secretary shall appoint 

18 a director of the Institute, who shall be known as the ‘‘Di19 rector of the Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute’’ (in 

20 this section referred to as the ‘‘Director’’) and report di21 rectly to the Under Secretary. 

22 (c) STAFF AND AUTHORITIES.— 

23 (1) STAFF.—The Director may hire such full24 time employees as the Director considers appropriate 


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1 to assist the Director in carrying out the functions 

2 of the Institute. 

3 (2) USE OF AUTHORITY TO HIRE CRITICAL

4 TECHNICAL EXPERTS.—In addition to making ap5 pointments under paragraph (1) of this subsection, 

6 the Director, in coordination with the Secretary of 

7 Commerce, may make appointments of scientific, en8 gineering, and professional personnel, and fix their 

9 basic pay, under subsection (b) of section 6 of the 

10 National Institute of Standards and Technology Act 

11 (15 U.S.C. 275) to hire critical technical experts. 

12 (3) EXPANSION OF AUTHORITY TO HIRE CRIT13 ICAL TECHNICAL EXPERTS.—Such subsection is 

14 amended, in the second sentence, by striking ‘‘15’’ 

15 and inserting ‘‘30’’. 

16 (4) MODIFICATION OF SUNSET.—Subsection (c) 

17 of such section is amended by striking ‘‘the date 

18 that is 5 years after the date of the enactment of 

19 this section’’ and inserting ‘‘December 30, 2035’’. 

20 (5) AGREEMENTS.—The Director may enter 

21 into such agreements, including contracts, grants, 

22 cooperative agreements, and other transactions, as 

23 the Director considers necessary to carry out the 

24 functions of the Institute and on such terms as the 

25 Under Secretary considers appropriate. 


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1 (d) CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION.—In estab2 lishing the Institute, the Under Secretary shall— 

3 (1) coordinate with— 

4 (A) the Secretary of Energy; 

5 (B) the Secretary of Homeland Security; 

6 (C) the Secretary of Defense; 

7 (D) the Director of the National Science 

8 Foundation; and 

9 (E) the Director of the Office of Science 

10 and Technology Policy; and 

11 (2) consult with the heads of such other Fed12 eral agencies as the Under Secretary considers ap13 propriate. 

14 (e) FUNCTIONS.—The functions of the Institute, 

15 which the Institute shall carry out in coordination with 

16 the laboratories of the National Institute of Standards and 

17 Technology, are as follows: 

18 (1) RESEARCH, EVALUATION, TESTING, AND

19 STANDARDS.—The following functions relating to re20 search, evaluation, testing, and standards: 

21 (A) Conducting measurement research into 

22 system and model safety, validity and reli23 ability, security, capabilities and limitations, 

24 explainability, interpretability, and privacy. 


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1 (B) Working with the Department of En2 ergy, the National Science Foundation, public3 private partnerships, including the Artificial In4 telligence Safety Institute Consortium estab5 lished under subsection (f), and other private 

6 sector organizations to develop testing environ7 ments and perform regular benchmarking and 

8 capability evaluations, including artificial intel9 ligence red-teaming as the Director considers 

10 appropriate. 

11 (C) Working with consensus-based, open, 

12 and transparent standards development organi13 zations (SDOs) and relevant industry, Federal 

14 laboratories, civil society, and academic institu15 tions to advance development and adoption of 

16 clear, implementable, technically sound, and 

17 technology-neutral voluntary standards and 

18 guidelines that incorporate appropriate vari19 ations in approach depending on the size of the 

20 entity, the potential risks and potential benefits 

21 of the artificial intelligence system, and the role 

22 of the entity (such as developer, deployer, or 

23 user) relating to artificial intelligence systems. 

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1 porate guidelines on generative artificial intel2 ligence systems. 

3 (E) Developing a companion resource to 

4 the Secure Software Development Framework 

5 to incorporate secure development practices for 

6 generative artificial intelligence and for founda7 tion models. 

8 (F) Developing and publishing cybersecu9 rity tools, methodologies, best practices, vol10 untary guidelines, and other supporting infor11 mation to assist persons who maintain systems 

12 used to create or train artificial intelligence 

13 models to discover and mitigate vulnerabilities 

14 and attacks. 

15 (G) Coordinating or developing guidelines, 

16 metrics, benchmarks, and methodologies for 

17 evaluating artificial intelligence systems, includ18 ing the following: 

19 (i) Cataloging existing artificial intel20 ligence metrics, benchmarks, and evalua21 tion methodologies used in industry and 

22 academia. 

23 (ii) Testing and validating the efficacy 

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1 uations, as well as TEVV tools and prod2 ucts. 

3 (iii) Funding and facilitating research 

4 and other activities in a transparent man5 ner, including at institutions of higher edu6 cation and other nonprofit and private sec7 tor partners, to evaluate, develop, or im8 prove TEVV capabilities, with rigorous sci9 entific merit, for artificial intelligence sys10 tems. 

11 (iv) Evaluating foundation models for 

12 their potential effect in downstream sys13 tems, such as when retrained or fine14 tuned. 

15 (H) Coordinating with counterpart institu16 tions of international partners and allies to pro17 mote global interoperability in the development 

18 of research, evaluation, testing, and standards 

19 relating to artificial intelligence. 

20 (I) Developing tools, methodologies, best 

21 practices, and voluntary guidelines for identi22 fying vulnerabilities in foundation models. 

23 (J) Developing tools, methodologies, best 

24 practices, and voluntary guidelines for relevant 


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1 agencies to track incidents resulting in harm 

2 caused by artificial intelligence systems. 

3 (2) IMPLEMENTATION.—The following func4 tions relating to implementation: 

5 (A) Using publicly available and volun6 tarily provided information, conducting evalua7 tions to assess the impacts of artificial intel8 ligence systems, and developing guidelines and 

9 practices for safe development, deployment, and 

10 use of artificial intelligence technology. 

11 (B) Aligning capability evaluation and red12 teaming guidelines and benchmarks, sharing 

13 best practices, and coordinating on building 

14 testbeds and test environments with allies of 

15 the United States and international partners 

16 and allies. 

17 (C) Coordinating vulnerability and incident 

18 data sharing with international partners and al19 lies. 

20 (D) Integrating appropriate testing capa21 bilities and infrastructure for testing of models 

22 and systems. 

23 (E) Establishing blue-teaming capabilities 

24 to develop mitigation approaches and partner 


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1 with industry to address risks and negative im2 pacts. 

3 (F) Developing voluntary guidelines on— 

4 (i) detecting synthetic content, au5 thenticating content and tracking of the 

6 provenance of content, labeling original 

7 and synthetic content, such as by 

8 watermarking, and evaluating software and 

9 systems relating to detection and labeling 

10 of synthetic content; 

11 (ii) ensuring artificial intelligence sys12 tems do not violate privacy rights or other 

13 rights; and 

14 (iii) transparency documentation of 

15 artificial intelligence datasets and artificial 

16 intelligence models. 

17 (G) Coordinating with relevant agencies to 

18 develop or support, as the heads of the agencies 

19 determine appropriate, sector- and application20 specific profiles of the Artificial Intelligence 

21 Risk Management Framework for different use 

22 cases, integrating end-user experience and on23 going development work into a continuously 

24 evolving toolkit. 


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1 (3) OPERATIONS AND ENGAGEMENT.—The fol2 lowing functions relating to operations and engage3 ment: 

4 (A) Managing the work of the Institute, 

5 developing internal processes, and ensuring that 

6 the Institute meets applicable goals and targets. 

7 (B) Engaging with the private sector to 

8 promote innovation and competitiveness. 

9 (C) Engaging with international standards 

10 organizations, multilateral organizations, and 

11 similar institutes among allies and partners. 

12 (f) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SAFETY INSTITUTE

13 CONSORTIUM.— 

14 (1) ESTABLISHMENT.— 

15 (A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 

16 days after the date of the enactment of this 

17 Act, the Under Secretary shall establish a con18 sortium of stakeholders from academic or re19 search communities, Federal laboratories, pri20 vate industry, including companies of all sizes 

21 with different roles in the use of artificial intel22 ligence systems, including developers, deployers, 

23 and users, and civil society with expertise in 

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1 port the Institute in carrying out the functions 

2 set forth under subsection (e). 

3 (B) DESIGNATION.—The consortium es4 tablished pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall be 

5 known as the ‘‘Artificial Intelligence Safety In6 stitute Consortium’’. 

7 (2) CONSULTATION.—The Under Secretary, 

8 acting through the Director, shall consult with the 

9 consortium established under this subsection not less 

10 frequently than quarterly. 

11 (3) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 2 

12 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 

13 Director of the National Institute of Standards and 

14 Technology shall submit to the Committee on Com15 merce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate 

16 and the Committee on Science, Space, and Tech17 nology of the House of Representatives a report 

18 summarizing the contributions of the members of 

19 the consortium established under this subsection in 

20 support the efforts of the Institute. 

21 (g) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM TESTING.— 

22 In carrying out the Institute functions required by sub23 section (a), the Under Secretary shall support and con24 tribute to the development of voluntary, consensus-based 

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1 tem components, including, as the Under Secretary con2 siders appropriate, the following: 

3 (1) Physical infrastructure for training or de4 veloping artificial intelligence models and systems, 

5 including cloud infrastructure. 

6 (2) Physical infrastructure for operating artifi7 cial intelligence systems, including cloud infrastruc8 ture. 

9 (3) Data for training artificial intelligence mod10 els. 

11 (4) Data for evaluating the functionality and 

12 trustworthiness of trained artificial intelligence mod13 els and systems. 

14 (5) Trained or partially trained artificial intel15 ligence models and any resulting software systems or 

16 products. 

17 (h) GIFTS.— 

18 (1) AUTHORITY.—The Director may seek, ac19 cept, hold, administer, and use gifts from public and 

20 private sources whenever the Director determines it 

21 would be in the interest of the United States to do 

22 so. 

23 (2) REGULATIONS.—The Director, in consulta24 tion with the Director of the Office of Government 

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1 section is exercised consistent with all relevant eth2 ical constraints and principles, including— 

3 (A) the avoidance of any prohibited conflict 

4 of interest or appearance of impropriety; and 

5 (B) a prohibition against the acceptance of 

6 a gift from a foreign government or an agent 

7 of a foreign government. 

8 (i) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this sec9 tion shall be construed to provide the Director of the Na10 tional Institute of Standards and Technology any enforce11 ment authority that was not in effect on the day before 

12 the date of the enactment of this Act. 

13 SEC. 102. PROGRAM ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 

14 TESTBEDS. 

15 (a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

16 (1) APPROPRIATE COMMITTEES OF CON17 GRESS.—The term ‘‘appropriate committees of Con18 gress’’ means— 

19 (A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, 

20 and Transportation and the Committee on En21 ergy and Natural Resources of the Senate; and 

22 (B) the Committee on Science, Space, and 

23 Technology of the House of Representatives. 

24 (2) DIRECTOR.—The term ‘‘Director’’ means 

25 the Director of the National Science Foundation. 


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1 (3) INSTITUTE.—The term ‘‘Institute’’ means 

2 the Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute established 

3 by section 101. 

4 (4) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 

5 the Secretary of Energy. 

6 (5) UNDER SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Under 

7 Secretary’’ means the Under Secretary of Commerce 

8 for Standards and Technology. 

9 (b) PROGRAM REQUIRED.—Not later than 180 days 

10 after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under 

11 Secretary shall, in coordination with the Secretary and the 

12 Director, establish and commence carrying out a testbed 

13 program to encourage collaboration and support partner14 ships between the National Laboratories, the National In15 stitute of Standards and Technology, the National Artifi16 cial Intelligence Research Resource pilot program estab17 lished by the Director of the National Science Foundation, 

18 or any successor program, and public and private sector 

19 entities, including companies of all sizes, to conduct re20 search and development, tests, evaluations, and risk as21 sessments of artificial intelligence systems, including 

22 measurement methodologies developed by the Institute. 

23 (c) ACTIVITIES.—In carrying out this program, the 

24 Under Secretary shall, in coordination with the Sec25 retary— 


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1 (1) use the advanced computing resources, 

2 testbeds, and expertise of the National Laboratories, 

3 the Institute, the National Science Foundation, and 

4 private sector entities to run tests and evaluations 

5 on the capabilities and limitations of artificial intel6 ligence systems; 

7 (2) use existing solutions to the maximum ex8 tent practicable; 

9 (3) develop automated and reproducible tests, 

10 evaluations, and risk assessments for artificial intel11 ligence systems to the extent that is practicable; 

12 (4) assess the computational resources nec13 essary to run tests, evaluations, and risk assess14 ments of artificial intelligence systems; 

15 (5) research methods to effectively minimize the 

16 computational resources needed to run tests, evalua17 tions, and risk assessments of artificial intelligence 

18 systems; 

19 (6) consider developing tests, evaluations, and 

20 risk assessments for artificial intelligence systems 

21 that are designed for high-, medium-, and low-com22 putational intensity; and 

23 (7) prioritize identifying and evaluating sce24 narios in which the artificial intelligence systems 

25 tested or evaluated by a testbed could be deployed 


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1 in a way that poses security risks, and either estab2 lishing classified testbeds, or utilizing existing classi3 fied testbeds, at the National Laboratories if nec4 essary, including with respect to— 

5 (A) autonomous offensive cyber capabili6 ties; 

7 (B) cybersecurity vulnerabilities in the ar8 tificial intelligence software ecosystem and be9 yond; 

10 (C) chemical, biological, radiological, nu11 clear, critical infrastructure, and energy-secu12 rity threats or hazards; and 

13 (D) such other capabilities as the Under 

14 Secretary determines necessary. 

15 (d) CONSIDERATION GIVEN.—In carrying out the ac16 tivities required by subsection (c), the Under Secretary 

17 shall, in coordination with the Secretary, take under con18 sideration the applicability of any tests, evaluations, and 

19 risk assessments to artificial intelligence systems trained 

20 using primarily biological sequence data, including those 

21 systems used for gene synthesis. 

22 (e) METRICS.—The Under Secretary, in collaboration 

23 with the Secretary, shall develop metrics— 


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1 (1) to assess the effectiveness of the program in 

2 encouraging collaboration and supporting partner3 ships as described in subsection (b); and 

4 (2) to assess the impact of the program on pub5 lic and private sector integration and use of artificial 

6 intelligence systems. 

7 (f) USE OF EXISTING PROGRAM.—In carrying out 

8 the program required by subsection (a), the Under Sec9 retary may, in collaboration with the Secretary and the 

10 Director, use a program that was in effect on the day be11 fore the date of the enactment of this Act. 

12 (g) EVALUATION AND FINDINGS.—Not later than 3 

13 years after the start of this program, the Under Secretary 

14 shall, in collaboration with the Secretary— 

15 (1) evaluate the success of the program in en16 couraging collaboration and supporting partnerships 

17 as described in subsection (b), using the metrics de18 veloped pursuant to subsection (e); 

19 (2) evaluate the success of the program in en20 couraging public and private sector integration and 

21 use of artificial intelligence systems by using the 

22 metrics developed pursuant to subsection (e); and 

23 (3) submit to the appropriate committees of 

24 Congress the evaluation supported pursuant to para25 graph (1) and the findings of the Under Secretary, 


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1 the Secretary, and the Director with respect to the 

2 testbed program. 

3 (h) CONSULTATION.—In carrying out subsection (b), 

4 the Under Secretary shall consult, as the Under Secretary 

5 considers appropriate, with the following: 

6 (1) Industry, including private artificial intel7 ligence laboratories, companies of all sizes, and rep8 resentatives from the United States financial sector. 

9 (2) Academia and institutions of higher edu10 cation. 

11 (3) Civil society. 

12 (4) Third-party evaluators. 

13 (i) ESTABLISHMENT OF FOUNDATION MODELS TEST

14 PROGRAM.—In carrying out the program under subsection 

15 (b), the Under Secretary shall, acting through the Direc16 tor of the Institute and in coordination with the Secretary 

17 of Energy, carry out a test program to provide vendors 

18 of foundation models the opportunity to voluntarily test 

19 foundation models across a range of modalities, such as 

20 models that ingest and output text, images, audio, video, 

21 software code, and mixed modalities, relative to the Artifi22 cial Intelligence Risk Management Framework, by— 

23 (1) conducting research and regular testing to 

24 improve and benchmark the accuracy, efficacy, and 

25 bias of foundation models; 


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1 (2) conducting research to identify key capabili2 ties, limitations, and unexpected behaviors of foun3 dation models; 

4 (3) identifying and evaluating scenarios in 

5 which these models could pose risks; 

6 (4) establishing reference use cases for founda7 tion models and performance criteria for assessing 

8 each use case, including accuracy, efficacy, and bias 

9 metrics; 

10 (5) enabling developers and deployers of foun11 dation models to evaluate such systems for risks, in12 cidents, and vulnerabilities if deployed in such use 

13 cases; 

14 (6) coordinating public evaluations, which may 

15 include prizes and challenges, to evaluate foundation 

16 models; and 

17 (7) as the Under Secretary and the Secretary 

18 consider appropriate, producing public-facing reports 

19 of the findings from such testing for a general audi20 ence. 

21 (j) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this sec22 tion shall be construed to require a person to disclose any 

23 information, including information— 

24 (1) relating to a trade secret or other protected 

25 intellectual property right; 


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1 (2) that is confidential business information; or 

2 (3) that is privileged. 

3 SEC. 103. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECH4 NOLOGY AND DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

5 TESTBED TO IDENTIFY, TEST, AND SYN6 THESIZE NEW MATERIALS. 

7 (a) TESTBED AUTHORIZED.—The Secretary of Com8 merce, acting through the Director of the National Insti9 tute of Standards and Technology, and the Secretary of 

10 Energy shall jointly establish a testbed to identify, test, 

11 and synthesize new materials to advance materials science 

12 and to support advanced manufacturing for the benefit of 

13 the United States economy through the use of artificial 

14 intelligence, autonomous laboratories, and artificial intel15 ligence integrated with emerging technologies, such as 

16 quantum hybrid computing and robotics. 

17 (b) SUPPORT FOR ACCELERATED TECHNOLOGIES.— 

18 The Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Energy 

19 shall ensure that technologies accelerated using the 

20 testbed established pursuant to subsection (a) are sup21 ported by advanced algorithms and models, uncertainty 

22 quantification, and software and workforce development 

23 tools to produce benchmark data, model comparison tools, 

24 and best practices guides. 


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1 (c) PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS.—In carrying 

2 out subsection (a), the Secretary of Commerce and the 

3 Secretary of Energy shall, in consultation with industry, 

4 civil society, and academia, enter into such public-private 

5 partnerships as the Secretaries jointly determine appro6 priate. 

7 (d) RESOURCES.—In carrying out subsection (a), the 

8 Secretaries may use resources from National Laboratories 

9 and the private sector. 

10 SEC. 104. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION AND DEPART11 MENT OF ENERGY COLLABORATION TO MAKE 

12 SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES THROUGH THE 

13 USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. 

14 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National 

15 Science Foundation (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Di16 rector’’) and the Secretary of Energy (referred to in this 

17 section as the ‘‘Secretary’’) shall collaborate to support 

18 new translational scientific discoveries and advancements 

19 for the benefit of the economy of the United States 

20 through the use of artificial intelligence, including artifi21 cial intelligence integrated with emerging technologies, 

22 such as quantum hybrid computing and robotics. 

23 (b) PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS.—In carrying 

24 out subsection (a), the Director and the Secretary shall 


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1 enter into such public-private partnerships as the Director 

2 and the Secretary jointly determine appropriate. 

3 (c) RESOURCES.—In carrying out subsection (a), the 

4 Director and the Secretary may accept and use resources 

5 from the National Laboratories, resources from the pri6 vate sector, and academic resources. 

7 SEC. 105. PROGRESS REPORT. 

8 Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment 

9 of this Act, the Director of the Artificial Intelligence Safe10 ty Institute shall, in coordination with the Secretary of 

11 Commerce and the Secretary of Energy, submit to Con12 gress a report on the implementation of this subtitle. 

13 Subtitle B—International 

14 Cooperation 

15 SEC. 111. INTERNATIONAL COALITION ON INNOVATION, DE16 VELOPMENT, AND HARMONIZATION OF 

17 STANDARDS WITH RESPECT TO ARTIFICIAL 

18 INTELLIGENCE. 

19 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Commerce, the 

20 Secretary of State, and the Director of the Office of 

21 Science and Technology Policy (in this section referred to 

22 as the ‘‘Director’’), in consultation with the heads of rel23 evant agencies, shall jointly seek to form an alliance or 

24 coalition with like-minded governments of foreign coun25 tries— 


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1 (1) to cooperate on approaches to innovation 

2 and advancements in artificial intelligence and eco3 systems for artificial intelligence; 

4 (2) to coordinate on development and use of 

5 interoperable international standards or harmoni6 zation of standards with respect to artificial intel7 ligence; 

8 (3) to promote adoption of common artificial in9 telligence standards; 

10 (4) to develop the government-to-government 

11 infrastructure needed to facilitate coordination of co12 herent global application of artificial intelligence 

13 safety standards, including, where appropriate, put14 ting in place agreements for information sharing be15 tween governments; and 

16 (5) to involve private-sector stakeholders from 

17 partner countries to help inform coalition partners 

18 on recent developments in artificial intelligence and 

19 associated standards development. 

20 (b) CRITERIA FOR PARTICIPATION.—In forming an 

21 alliance or coalition of like-minded governments of foreign 

22 countries under subsection (a), the Secretary of Com23 merce, the Secretary of State, and the Director, in con24 sultation with the heads of relevant agencies, shall jointly 

25 establish technology trust criteria— 


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1 (1) to ensure all participating countries that 

2 have a high level of scientific and technological ad3 vancement; 

4 (2) to ensure all participating countries commit 

5 to using open international standards; and 

6 (3) to support the governance principles for 

7 international standards as detailed in the World 

8 Trade Organization Agreement on Technical Bar9 riers to Trade, done at Geneva April 12, 1979, on 

10 international standards, such as transparency, open11 ness, and consensus-based decision-making. 

12 (c) CONSULTATION ON INNOVATION AND ADVANCE13 MENTS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.—In forming an al14 liance or coalition under subsection (a), the Director, the 

15 Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of State shall 

16 consult with the Secretary of Energy and the Director of 

17 the National Science Foundation on approaches to innova18 tion and advancements in artificial intelligence. 

19 (d) SECURITY AND PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL

20 PROPERTY.—The Director, the Secretary of Commerce, 

21 and the Secretary of State shall jointly ensure that an alli22 ance or coalition formed under subsection (a) is only 

23 formed with countries that— 

24 (1) have in place sufficient intellectual property 

25 protections, safety standards, and risk management 


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1 approaches relevant to innovation and artificial intel2 ligence; and 

3 (2) develop and coordinate research security 

4 measures, export controls, and intellectual property 

5 protections relevant to innovation, development, and 

6 standard-setting relating to artificial intelligence. 

7 (e) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this sec8 tion shall be construed to prohibit anyone from partici9 pating in other international standards bodies. 

10 SEC. 112. REQUIREMENT TO SUPPORT BILATERAL AND 

11 MULTILATERAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 

12 RESEARCH COLLABORATIONS. 

13 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National 

14 Science Foundation shall support bilateral and multilat15 eral collaborations to facilitate innovation in research and 

16 development of artificial intelligence. 

17 (b) ALIGNMENT WITH PRIORITIES.—The Director 

18 shall ensure that collaborations supported under sub19 section (a) align with the priorities of the Foundation and 

20 United States research community and have the potential 

21 to benefit United States prosperity, security, health, and 

22 well-being. 

23 (c) REQUIREMENTS.—The Director shall ensure that 

24 collaborations supported under subsection (a)— 


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1 (1) support innovation and advancement in re2 search on the development and use of artificial intel3 ligence; 

4 (2) facilitate international collaboration on in5 novation and advancement in artificial intelligence 

6 research and development, including data sharing, 

7 expertise, and resources; and 

8 (3) leverage existing National Science Founda9 tion programs, such as the National Science Foun10 dation-supported National Artificial Intelligence Re11 search Institutes and Global Centers programs. 

12 (d) COORDINATION OF SECURITY MEASURES AND

13 EXPORT CONTROLS.—When entering into agreements in 

14 order to support collaborations pursuant to subsection (a), 

15 the Director shall ensure that participating countries have 

16 developed and coordinated security measures and export 

17 controls to protect intellectual property and research and 

18 development. 


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1 Subtitle C—Identifying Regulatory 

2 Barriers to Innovation 

3 SEC. 121. COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED 

4 STATES IDENTIFICATION OF RISKS AND OB5 STACLES RELATING TO ARTIFICIAL INTEL6 LIGENCE AND FEDERAL AGENCIES. 

7 (a) REPORT REQUIRED.—Not later than 1 year after 

8 the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller 

9 General of the United States shall submit to Congress a 

10 report on regulatory impediments to innovation in artifi11 cial intelligence systems. 

12 (b) CONTENTS.—The report submitted pursuant to 

13 subsection (a) shall include the following: 

14 (1) Significant examples of Federal statutes 

15 and regulations that directly affect the innovation of 

16 artificial intelligence systems, including the ability of 

17 companies of all sizes to compete in artificial intel18 ligence, which should also account for the effect of 

19 voluntary standards and best practices developed by 

20 the Federal Government. 

21 (2) An assessment of challenges that Federal 

22 agencies face in the enforcement of provisions of law 

23 identified pursuant to paragraph (1). 

24 (3) An evaluation of the progress in government 

25 adoption of artificial intelligence and use of artificial 


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1 intelligence to improve the quality of government 

2 services. 

3 (4) Based on the findings of the Comptroller 

4 General with respect to paragraphs (1) through (4), 

5 such recommendations as the Comptroller General 

6 may have for legislative or administrative action to 

7 increase the rate of innovation in artificial intel8 ligence systems. 

9 TITLE II—ARTIFICIAL INTEL10 LIGENCE RESEARCH, DEVEL11 OPMENT, CAPACITY BUILD12 ING ACTIVITIES 

13 SEC. 201. PUBLIC DATA FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 

14 SYSTEMS. 

15 (a) LIST OF PRIORITIES.— 

16 (1) IN GENERAL.—To expedite the development 

17 of artificial intelligence systems in the United 

18 States, the Director of the Office of Science and 

19 Technology Policy shall, acting through the National 

20 Science and Technology Council and the Interagency 

21 Committee established or designated pursuant to 

22 section 5103 of the National Artificial Intelligence 

23 Initiative Act of 2020 (15 U.S.C. 9413), develop a 

24 list of priorities for Federal investment in creating 

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1 ernment data for training and evaluating artificial 

2 intelligence systems. 

3 (2) REQUIREMENTS.— 

4 (A) IN GENERAL.—The list developed pur5 suant to paragraph (1) shall— 

6 (i) prioritize data that will advance 

7 novel artificial intelligence systems in the 

8 public interest; and 

9 (ii) prioritize datasets unlikely to inde10 pendently receive sufficient private sector 

11 support to enable their creation, absent 

12 Federal funding. 

13 (B) DATASETS IDENTIFIED.—In carrying 

14 out subparagraph (A)(ii), the Director shall 

15 identify 20 datasets to be prioritized. 

16 (3) CONSIDERATIONS.—In developing the list 

17 under paragraph (1), the Director shall consider the 

18 following: 

19 (A) Applicability to the initial list of soci20 etal, national, and geostrategic challenges set 

21 forth by subsection (b) of section 10387 of the 

22 Research and Development, Competition, and 

23 Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19107), or any suc24 cessor list. 


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1 (B) Applicability to the initial list of key 

2 technology focus areas set forth by subsection 

3 (c) of such section, or any successor list. 

4 (C) Applicability to other major United 

5 States economic sectors, such as agriculture, 

6 health care, transportation, manufacturing, 

7 communications, weather services, and positive 

8 utility to small and medium United States busi9 nesses. 

10 (D) Opportunities to improve datasets in 

11 effect before the date of the enactment of this 

12 Act. 

13 (E) Inclusion of data representative of the 

14 entire population of the United States. 

15 (F) Potential national security threats to 

16 releasing datasets, consistent with the United 

17 States Government approach to data flows. 

18 (G) Requirements of laws in effect. 

19 (H) Applicability to the priorities listed in 

20 the National Artificial Intelligence Research 

21 and Development Strategic Plan of the Na22 tional Science and Technology Council, dated 

23 October 2016. 

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1 search Resource Pilot program or any successor 

2 program. 

3 (4) PUBLIC INPUT.—Before finalizing the list 

4 required by paragraph (1), the Director shall imple5 ment public comment procedures for receiving input 

6 and comment from private industry, academia, civil 

7 society, and other relevant stakeholders. 

8 (b) NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL

9 AGENCIES.—The head of each agency with a representa10 tive included in the Interagency Committee pursuant to 

11 section 5103(c) of the National Artificial Intelligence Ini12 tiative Act of 2020 (15 U.S.C. 9413(c)) or the heads of 

13 multiple agencies with a representative included in the 

14 Interagency Committee working cooperatively, consistent 

15 with the missions or responsibilities of each Executive 

16 agency— 

17 (1) subject to the availability of appropriations, 

18 shall award grants or otherwise establish incentives, 

19 through new or existing programs, for the creation 

20 or improvement of curated datasets identified in the 

21 list developed pursuant to subsection (a)(1), includ22 ing methods for addressing data scarcity; 

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1 courage private sector cost-sharing in the creation or 

2 improvement of such datasets; 

3 (3) may apply the priorities set forth in the list 

4 developed pursuant to subsection (a)(1) to the enact5 ment of Federal public access and open government 

6 data policies; 

7 (4) in carrying out this subsection, shall ensure 

8 consistency with Federal provisions of law relating 

9 to privacy, including the technology and privacy 

10 standards applied to the National Secure Data Serv11 ice under section 10375(f) of the Research and De12 velopment, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 

13 U.S.C. 19085(f)); and 

14 (5) in carrying out this subsection, shall ensure 

15 data sharing is limited with any country that the 

16 Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the 

17 Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of State, and 

18 the Director of National Intelligence, determines to 

19 be engaged in conduct that is detrimental to the na20 tional security or foreign policy of the United States. 

21 (c) AVAILABILITY OF DATASETS.—Datasets that are 

22 created or improved by Federal agencies may be made 

23 available to the National Artificial Intelligence Research 

24 Resource pilot program established by the Director of the 

25 National Science Foundation in accordance with Executive 


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1 Order 14110 (88 Fed. Reg. 75191; relating to safe, se2 cure, and trustworthy development and use of artificial in3 telligence), or any successor program. 

4 (d) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this sub5 section shall be construed to require the Federal Govern6 ment or other contributors to disclose any information— 

7 (1) relating to a trade secret or other protected 

8 intellectual property right; 

9 (2) that is confidential business information; or 

10 (3) that is privileged. 

11 SEC. 202. FEDERAL GRAND CHALLENGES IN ARTIFICIAL IN12 TELLIGENCE. 

13 (a) LIST OF PRIORITIES FOR FEDERAL GRAND

14 CHALLENGES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.— 

15 (1) LIST REQUIRED.—Not later than 1 year 

16 after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Di17 rector of the Office of Science and Technology Policy 

18 shall, acting through the National Science and Tech19 nology Council and the Interagency Committee es20 tablished or designated pursuant to section 5103 of 

21 the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 

22 2020 (15 U.S.C. 9413), in consultation with indus23 try, civil society, and academia, establish a list of 

24 priorities for Federal grand challenges in artificial 

25 intelligence that seek— 


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1 (A) to expedite the development of artifi2 cial intelligence systems in the United States; 

3 and 

4 (B) to stimulate artificial intelligence re5 search, development, and commercialization 

6 that solves or advances specific, well-defined, 

7 and measurable challenges. 

8 (2) CONTENTS.—The list established pursuant 

9 to paragraph (1) may include the following prior10 ities: 

11 (A) To overcome challenges with engineer12 ing of and applied research on microelectronics, 

13 including through integration of artificial intel14 ligence with emerging technologies, such as ma15 chine learning and quantum computing, or with 

16 respect to the physical limits on transistors, 

17 electrical interconnects, and memory elements. 

18 (B) To promote transformational or long19 term advancements in computing and artificial 

20 intelligence technologies through— 

21 (i) next-generation algorithm design; 

22 (ii) next-generation compute capa23 bility; 

24 (iii) generative and adaptive artificial 

25 intelligence for design applications; 


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1 (iv) photonics-based microprocessors 

2 and optical communication networks, in3 cluding electrophotonics; 

4 (v) the chemistry and physics of new 

5 materials; 

6 (vi) energy use or energy efficiency; 

7 (vii) techniques to establish cryp8 tographically secure content provenance in9 formation; or 

10 (viii) safety and controls for artificial 

11 intelligence applications. 

12 (C) To develop artificial intelligence solu13 tions, including through integration among 

14 emerging technologies such as quantum com15 puting and machine learning, to overcome bar16 riers relating to innovations in advanced manu17 facturing in the United States, including areas 

18 such as— 

19 (i) materials, nanomaterials, and com20 posites; 

21 (ii) rapid, complex design; 

22 (iii) sustainability and environmental 

23 impact of manufacturing operations; 

24 (iv) predictive maintenance of machin25 ery; 


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1 (v) improved part quality; 

2 (vi) process inspections; 

3 (vii) worker safety; and 

4 (viii) robotics. 

5 (D) To develop artificial intelligence solu6 tions in sectors of the economy, such as expand7 ing the use of artificial intelligence in maritime 

8 vessels, including in navigation and in the de9 sign of propulsion systems and fuels. 

10 (E) To develop artificial intelligence solu11 tions to improve border security, including solu12 tions relevant to the detection of fentanyl, illicit 

13 contraband, and other illegal activities. 

14 (3) PERIODIC UPDATES.—The Director shall 

15 update the list established pursuant to paragraph 

16 (1) periodically as the Director determines nec17 essary. 

18 (b) FEDERAL INVESTMENT INITIATIVES RE19 QUIRED.—Subject to the availability of appropriations, the 

20 head of each agency with a representative on the Inter21 agency Committee pursuant to section 5103(c) of the Na22 tional Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020 (15 

23 U.S.C. 9413(c)) or the heads of multiple agencies with a 

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1 sibilities of each agency, establish 1 or more prize competi2 tions under section 24 of the Stevenson-Wydler Tech3 nology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3719), chal4 lenge-based acquisitions, or other research and develop5 ment investments that each agency head deems appro6 priate consistent with the list of priorities established pur7 suant to subsection (a)(1). 

8 (c) TIMING AND ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FEDERAL IN9 VESTMENT INITIATIVES.—The President, acting through 

10 the Director, shall ensure that, not later than 1 year after 

11 the date on which the Director establishes the list required 

12 by subsection (a)(1), at least 3 prize competitions, chal13 lenge-based acquisitions, or other research and develop14 ment investments are announced by heads of Federal 

15 agencies under subsection (b). 

16 (d) REQUIREMENTS.—Each head of an agency car17 rying out an investment initiative under subsection (b) 

18 shall ensure that— 

19 (1) for each prize competition or investment ini20 tiative carried out by the agency under such sub21 section, there is— 

22 (A) a positive impact on the economic com23 petitiveness of the United States; 

24 (B) a benefit to United States industry; 


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1 (C) to the extent possible, leveraging of the 

2 resources and expertise of industry and philan3 thropic partners in shaping the investments; 

4 and 

5 (D) in a case involving development and 

6 manufacturing, use of advanced manufacturing 

7 in the United States; and 

8 (2) all research conducted for purposes of the 

9 investment initiative is conducted in the United 

10 States. 

Æ 


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