### 1-NITROPYRENE
CASRN: 5522-43-0

F

or other data, click on the Table of Contents



### Human Health Effects:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity: Classification of carcinogenicity: 1) no data availabl e in humans; 2) evidence in animals: sufficient evidence. Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 2B: The agent is

p ossibly carcinogenic to humans. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 345 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Medical Surveillance: PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medica l surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests th at might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 23]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Probable Routes of Human Exposure: Occupational exposure to 1- nitropyrene may occur through inhalation of dust particles contaminated with incomplete combustion products and dermal contact with incomplete combustion products containing 1- nitropyrene (SRC). 1- Nitropyrene was measured at greater than 100 times the typical ambient indoor air concn in a potroom where Soderb erg electrodes were used for aluminum reduction (1). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1- nitropyrene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water(SRC). [(1) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some Nitroarenes. 1-Nitropyrene. Lyon, France: IARC 46: 321-58 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Emergency Medical Treatment:

Emergency Medical Treatment: EMT Copyright Disclaimer: Portions of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) database have been pr ovided here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE OR MEDITEXT(R) DATABASE SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. The use of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases is at your sole risk. The POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases are provided "AS IS" and "as available" for use, Pa g e 1 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchwithout warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. Micromedex makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, usef ulness or completeness of any of the information contained in the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. Micromedex does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the POISINDEX (R) or MEDITEXT(R) databases. Copyright 1974-2009 Thomson MICROMEDEX. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication, "downloading," sale, redistribution or other use for commercial purposes is a violation of Micromedex ' rights and is strictly prohibited.

The following Overview, *** POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. Life Support:

o This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:

0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) In general, PAHs have a low order of acute toxicity in

humans. B) PAHs and other compounds found in COAL TAR can produce a variety of non-cancer effects with chronic exposure. Chronic effects include: 1) EYES - Photosensitivity and irritation. 2) RESPIRATORY - Irritation with cough and bronchitis. 3) MOUTH - Leukoplakia. 4) DERMAL - "Coal tar warts" (precancerous lesions enhanced by UV light exposure), erythema, dermal burns, photosensitivity, acneiform lesions, irritation. 5) HEPATIC/RENAL - Mild hepatotoxicity or mild nephrotoxicity (animals). 6) GENITOURINARY - Hematuria. C) CANCER is the most significant PAH toxicity endpoint. 1) Increased incidences of cancers of the skin, bladder, lung and gastrointestinal tract have been described in PAH-exposed workers.
0.2.6 RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Irritation, chronic cough, bronchitis, and bronchogenic cancer can occur with chronic exposure.
0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Leukoplakia and cancers of the lip and oral cavity can develop with chronic exposure.
0.2.9 HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Mild hepatotoxicity has been reported in PAH-exposed

rats. 0.2.10 GENITOURINARY
0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Hematuria, kidney and bladder cancer are possible effects of chronic exposure. Mild nephrotoxicity has been documented in PAH-exposed rats.
0.2.13 HEMATOLOGIC
0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Agranulocytosis, anemia, leukopenia, and pancytopenia Pa g e 2 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchdeveloped in rats chronically fed PAHs.
0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) PRECANCEROUS LESIONS - "Coal tar warts" (precancerous lesions enhanced by UV light exposure), erythema, dermal burns, acneiform lesions, photosensitization and cancer may develop following chronic exposure.

0.2.19 IMMUNOLOGIC
0.2.19.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) An effect of PAHs on immune function might aid in the development of neoplasms. A number of PAH compounds are immunotoxic, and some suppress selective components of the immune system.
0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS A) In experimental animal studies, PAHs and metabolites cross the placenta. Female offspring of experimental animals exposed to PAHs during pregnancy have a decrease in the number of functional oocytes, sometimes such that they are infertile. B) PAHs are lipophilic and are excreted in breast milk, allowing for secondary exposure of nursing infants, although the potential significance of such exposure has not been determined.
0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY
0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW A) Cancer is the most significant PAH toxicity endpoint. Some, but not all, PAHs are carcinogens. Certain PAH parent compounds are weak carcinogens, only becoming potent carcinogens after undergoing metabolism. Chronic or repeated exposure increases the likelihood of cancer initiation, as well as the potential for metabolism of a PAH procarcinogen to a carcinogen. B) Increased incidences of skin, bladder, lung, and possibly gastrointestinal tract cancers have been described in PAH-exposed workers, particularly associated with coal carbonization, coal gasification,
and coke oven work.
0.2.21.3 ANIMAL OVERVIEW A) Lung tumors were induced in female mice from inhalation of exhausts containing PAHs (Schulte et al, 1994).
0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY A) CYTOGENETIC MARKERS OF HUMAN PAH EXPOSURE - Cells containing high frequencies of chromosomal aberrations were a sensitive marker for exposure to PAHs in coke oven and graphic electrode plant workers, compared with unexposed controls. There was no relation between cytogenetic findings and levels of benzo(a)pyrene-hemoglobin adducts (Buchet et al, 1995). 1) Arylamines derived from carcinogenic PAHs are mutagenically activated through S9-mediated metabolism of the related amine (Fu et al, 1982). 2) Nitro-PAH derivatives are potent bacterial mutagens. The mutagenic activity is dependent on enzymatic reduction of the nitro group and may require oxidative metabolism (Grosovsky et al, 1999; Rosenkranz & Mermelstein, 1985). 3) In cultured human cells, benzo(a)pyrene and 7,12-demethylbenz(a)anthracene only caused a significant increase in T6 guanine-resistant mutations Pa g e 3 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchin the presence of cultured rat hepatocytes (Tong et al, 1981). 4) Nitrated PAHs have caused dose-dependent cell transformations in Syrian hamster embryo cells (DiPaolo et al, 1983). Metabolic reduction of the nitro- group on PAHs may be involved in their mutagenic effects. 5) Persons with a high degree of inducibility of the enzyme, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, may be a high-risk population (ATSDR, 1993). B) A cross-sectional study evaluated the potential for exposure to PAHs to induce oxidative DNA damage in coke-oven workers (n=119), employed at an iron-steel factory. This study could not find clear evidence that PAH exposure induces oxidative DNA damage (Zhang et al, 2003). C) MUTAGENIC INTERMEDIATES - 1) The PAH metabolic intermediates, diol-epoxides, are presumably mutagenic and can react to form DNA adducts, which may affect normal cellular replication (ATSDR, 1993; Ellenhorn & Barceloux, 1988; Pike, 1992; Amin et al, 1993; Ronai et al, 1994). D) LACK OF EFFECT 1) Amongst a small group of Swedish road pavers exposed to asphalt fumes, there were no significant increases in sister chromatic exchanges or micronuclei in peripheral blood/lymphocytes as compared to unexposed controls (Jarvholm et al, 1999). Laboratory:

A) PAHs have been determined in the blood and tissues of experimental animals. Direct biologic measurement of PAHs currently is not clinically useful or cost-effective. Indirect methods of determining exposure are available but have not yet proven clinically useful (ATSDR, 1990). B) Acute respiratory effects in persons at PAH-containing workplaces are typically due to other toxic agents at the worksite (ATSDR, 1990). Arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and other monitoring may be indicated, based on the patient's presentation and the exposure characteristics. C) Chronic effects, particularly cancer, are more common than acute toxicity. Routine monitoring and physical assessments (e.g, complete blood count, hepatic and renal function tests, chest xray and pulmonary function tests, dermal assessments) of individuals with significant exposure is recommended, even in the absence of symptoms (ATSDR, 1990). Treatment Overview:

0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE A) Toxicity from these substances involves chronic exposure, toxicity after acute ingestions is unlikely and gastric decontamination is generally NOT indicated.
0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. Pa g e 4 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search[Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2009; CCIS Volume 141, edition expires Aug, 2009. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds): TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2009; CCIS Volume 141, edition expires Aug, 2009., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

Antidote and Emergency Treatment: /SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suc tion if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the

p atient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 139]**PEER REVIEWED** B) Inhalational exposure to PAHs may be complicated by exposure to other substances which produce acute respiratory and systemic effects. Treat according to clinical presentation and exposure history. 1) If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents. 2) Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary. 3) Monitor arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry, pulmonary function tests, and chest x-ray in patients with significant exposure.

0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE A) DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility.
0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE A) OVERVIEW 1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. 2) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines. 3) Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary. Range of Toxicity:

A) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated. B) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated. Pa g e 5 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the

p atient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use

p roparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 139]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Animal Toxicity Studies:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity: Classification of carcinogenicity: 1) no data availabl e in humans; 2) evidence in animals: sufficient evidence. Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 2B: The agent is

p ossibly carcinogenic to humans. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 345 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts: A group of 36 female weanling CD rats received oral intubations of 10 umol [2.5 mg]/kg bw 1- nitropyrene (purity, >99.9%) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 1.7 umol [0.5 mg]/ml DMSO) 3 times/wk for 4 wk (average total dose, 16 umol [4.7 mg]/rat) & were sacrificed after 76-78 wk or when moribund. A group of 36 females received DMSO only. The number of 1- nitropyrene treated rats with mammary tumor (16/35; five with adenocarcinomas, nine with fibroadenomas) was not different from controls (12/35). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 331 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Groups of 40, 40 & 46 female specific-pathogen-free Fisc her 344/Jcl rats, 6 wk old, received intragastric instillations of 5, 10, & 20 mg/kg bw, respectively, of 1- nitropyrene (impurities: 0.11% 1,3- dinitropyrene, 0.27% 1,6-dinitropyrene & 0.23% 1,8-dinitropyrene) in olive oil twice a wk for 55 wk. A group of 30 vehicle control rats received olive oil alone. Animals were killed when moribund or after 104 wk, at which time the experiment was terminat ed; only rats surviving beyond experimental week 46, when the first tumor was observed, were evalua ted. Mammary adenocarcinomas were induced in a dose-dependent manner in the three treated groups (in 2/36; 12/39 - p<0.001; & 14/45- p<0.001, respectively); no adenocarcinoma was observed in vehicle controls. Clitoral gland tumors, most of which were diagnosed as squamous-cell carcinomas , developed in a dose-depe ndent manner in treated rats, & the numbers of rats with tumors in the hi gh-dose (12/45; 11 with squamous-cell carcinomas) & intermediate-dose (11/39; nine with squamous- cell carcinomas) groups was significantly (p<0.001) greater than that in controls (1 adenoma). In addition, more animals in the treated groups had mononuclear-cell leukemia (high-dose, 27/45; mid-dos e, 22/39; & low-dose, 23/36; p<0.05) than among vehicle controls (9/28). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 331 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 6 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchA group of 20 male Fischer 344/ DuCrj rats, 8 wks old, received subcutaneous injections of 2 mg 1- nitropyrene (purity, >99%) dissolved in 0.2 ml DMSO tw ice/wk for 10 wk. A control group of 20 male rats received injections of 0.2 ml DMSO only. The animals were observed for life; the last rats died on day 377. The first tumor in the treated group was seen after 162 days; 8/17 of the animals surviving beyond this time developed tumors, described as 1 ex traskeletal osteosarcoma & 7 malignant fibrous histiocytomas at the site of injection. Two of the malignant histiocytoma s proved to be serially transplantable into the subcutis of the same stra in over 14 generations. No tumor was observed in controls (p<0.003). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 333 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A group of 31 male & 32 female newborn Sprague Dawl ey derived CD rats received sc injections of 100 Amol [25 mg]/ kg bw 1- nitropyrene (<0.02% dinitropyrenes) dissolved in DMSO once a wk for 8 wk. Another group of 29 males & 31 fe males received injections of 50 umol, (12.5 mg/kg) bw 1- nitropyrene in DMSO. A further group of 28 male & 31 female rats receiving DMSO only served as controls. The experiment was terminated when animal s were 62 wk old. In the group injected with the higher dose of 1- nitropyrene , 10/31 males & 9/32 fema les developed sarcomas , primarily malignant fibrous histiocytomas, at the site of injection. Of the females, 15/32 also had mammary tumors (10 adenocarcinomas, 7 fibroadenomas). In the group given the lower dose, 2/29 males & 3/31 females developed tumors at the site of injection, & mammary tumors were found in 7/31 (3 adenocarcinomas, 5 fibroadenomas) females. No tumor wa s detected at the site of injection in control animals, but mammary tumors were found in 2/31 females. There was a dose response relationship for the induction of tumors at the site of injection, & the incidence of tumors in males (p<0.001) & females (p<0.01) in the group given the higher dose of 1- nitropyrene was significantly different from that in controls. The average

p eriod of induction for tumors at the injection site was shorter in males given the high dose (262 days) than in males given the low dose (312 days); th is response was not observed in females (288 & 285 days). There was a dose related incr in the formation of mammary gland tumors in treated females, & the incidence of mammary tumors in the high dose group was significantly different from that in controls (p<0.001). The numbers of mammary tumo rs (29 & 9), especially adenocarcinomas (16 & four), were also dose related. Although some tumors were observed in other organs, the incidences were not different between treated & control animals. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 334 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Three groups of 15, 15 & 16 male & 14, 14 & 12 female A/ J mice, 6-8 wks old, received 17 ip injections of 1- nitropyrene (purity, >99%, with no dinitropyrenes; total doses, 175, 525 & 1575 mg/kg bw, respectively) in 0.1 ml trioctanoin over a period of 6 wk. A group of 16 males & 16 females received injections of trioctanoin only. Mice were sa crificed 18 wks after termination of the treatment at 24 wks, & their lungs were examined. In the group given the highest dose of 1- nitropyrene , the number of male & female mice with lung tumors (22/28) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in controls (7/32); the mean number of lung tumors/mouse was also significantly increased (1.3 compared with 0.3 lung tumors/ mouse; p<0.001). The combined tumor incidences in the other two groups were not statistically different from that in controls, but the tumor incidence in males receiving the lowest dose was significantly greater (4/10). In each dose group, the numbers of mice with lung tumors & mean numbers of lung tumors/ mouse were larger in males than in females. [The Working Group noted that studies conducted with strain A mice are usually considered to be of a screening nature & not definitive tests for carcinogenicity.] [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Pa g e 7 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 335 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Groups of 90 or 100 male & female newborn CD-1 mice received 3 ip injections of 1- nitropyrene (purity, >99%; total doses, 700 or 2800 nmol [173 or 692,ug]) in 10, 20 & 40 u1 DMSO on days 1, 8 & 15 after birth; a total dose of 560 nmol [140 ug] be nzo[a]pyrene (purity, >99%); or 3 injections of DMSO only. Treatment of a second vehicle contro l group was begun 10 wks after that of the other groups. At 25-27 days, when the mice were w eaned, 34 males & 50 females given 700 nmol 1- nitropyrene , 29 males & 26 females given 2800 nmol 1- nitropyrene , 37 males & 27 females in the

p ositive control group, & 28 & 31 males & 45 & 34 fe males in the 2 vehicle control group were still alive. All remaining mice were killed after 1 yr. Liver cell tumors developed in 5/34 (2 adenomas, 3 carcinomas) males treated with 700 nmol 1- nitropyrene & in 8/29 (3 adenomas, 5 carcinomas) treated with 2800 nmol; the latter incidence was significantly > that in DMSO controls (2/28 & 5/45; p<0.05). 1- Nitropyrene did not induce liver cell tumors in females. The numbers of mice with lung tumors & with malignant lymphomas (1/29, 6/34) were not di fferent from those in control mice. Benzo[a]pyrene induced liver cell tumors in 18/37 males, but not in females. The numbers of benzo[a]pyrene treated mice with lung tumors (males, 13/37; females, 13/27 ) were significantly > that in vehicle controls (P<0.005). Of the vehicle controls, 2/28 & 5/45 males had liver tumors & 1/28 & 4/45 had lung tumors, & 0/31 & 0/34 females had liver tumors & 0/31 & 2/34 had lung tumors. [The Working Group noted the short observation period.] [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 335 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A group of 36 female weanling CD rats receive d ip injections of 10 umol[2.5 mg]/kg bw 1- nitropyrene (purity, >99.9%) in DMSO (1.7 umol[0.4 mg]/ml DMSO) 3 times/wk for 4 wk (total dose, 16 umol (4 mg)/rat); 36 control animals received injections of DMSO only. Animals were sacrificed when moribund or after 76-78 wks. Mammary tumors were found in 25/36 treated animals (14 adenocarcinomas, 19 fibroadenomas) & in 7/31 vehicle controls (P<0.0001). In a second study in the same laboratory, 29 female weanling CD rats receive d 5 weekly ip injections of 100 umol[25 mg]/kg bw 1- nitropyrene (purity, >99.9%) dissolved in DMSO (70 umol[17 mg]/ ml DMSO; total dose, 77 umol [19 mg]/ rat); 30 rats received DMSO alone. Anim als were observed until moribund or up to 88 wks. Mammary adenocarcinomas & fibroadenomas were obs erved in 17/29 treated rats & in 11/30 controls (p<0.08). [The Working Group noted the inconsistent findings & the variations in the incidences of mammary tumors in controls.] [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 336 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

1- Nitropyrene induced DNA damage in Escherichia coli (at 0.5-2 ug/ml) & Salmonella typhimurium (lowest effective dose, 0.02 ug/ml). It preferentia lly inhibited the growth of DNA repair deficient Bacillus subtilis (at 0.2-1.0 ug/ disc). 1- Nitropyrene was mutagenic to E. coli WP2 uvrA pKM101 ((0.125-1 ug/plate); (0.3-33 ug/plate)) & to S. typhimurium TA96, TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, TA104, TA1537, & TA1538. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 340 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Topical application & ip admin of 1- nitropyrene to rats induced cutaneous & hepatic drug & carcinogen metab & nitroreductase activity. Ip injection of 1- nitropyrene (105 umol[26 mg]/kg bw) into female Sprague Dawley rats induced an oncof etal protein. Superoxide radical was generated on incubation of rat lung microsomes with 1- nitropyrene

. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Pa g e 8 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 340 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The urine of male rats receiving 10 mg/kg bw 1- nitropyrene ip was mutagenic to S. typhimurium in the

p resence of bet a -glucuronidase & an exogenous metabolic system from rat liver; the bile of treated rats was mutagenic in the presence & in the absence of an exogenous metabolic system. 1- Nitropyrene induced single strand DNA breaks, as determined by alkaline elution, in primary mouse hepatocytes (at 10-200 uM), in Chinese hamster DON lung fibroblasts (at 0.25-48 ug/ml) & V79 cells (tested at 15 & 30 uM) & in cultured rat hepatoma cells (at 10-50 uM). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. 341]**PEER REVIEWED**

1- Nitropyrene induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured hepatocytes from mice (3.5 X 10^-3 - 3.5 X 10^-2 mg/ ml), rats ((3.5 X 10^-3 - 3.5 X 10^-1 mg/ml); (5 X 10^-1 - 10^-4 M, 97% pure)) & hamsters (5 X 10^-7 - 10^-4 M, 97% pure). It was reported in an abstract to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in human hepatocytes. It also induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in human (10^-4 M) & rat (10-100 uM) tracheal epithelial cells, in human hepa toma derived HepG2 cells & in rabbit lung Clara, but not alveolar type II, cells. 1- Nitropyrene preferentially killed DNA repair deficient human xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts (20% survival at 25 uM). This compound induced the synthesis of viral DNA in polyoma virus transformed rat fibroblasts (at 10-30 ug/ml). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 341 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

1- Nitropyrene (at 33-60 uM) induced mutations at the 6-thioguanine locus of human diploid fibroblasts & human hepatoma derived HepG2 ce lls (at 2-20 uM) & had a marginal mutagenic effect on cultured Chinese hamster CHO cells (at 2-20 ug/ml) & V79 cells ((2-40.5 uM); (only dose tested, 50 uM)), although no effect was observed in other studies with Chinese hamster CHO cells. The marginal effects were increased by the presence of an exogenous metabolic system from rat liver ((20 ug/ml tested); (50 uM tested)). 1- Nitropyrene (purity, 95%) was reported to be mutagenic to mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells at the TK+/- locus in the presence of an exoge nous metabolic system. It did not induce mutation to diphtheria toxin resistance (at up to 20 ug/) or to ouabain resistance (at 1-10 ug/ml) in cultured Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 341 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

1- Nitropyrene (1-30 uM) induced sister chromatid exchange in cultured Chinese hamster CHO cells in the presence & absence of an exogenous metabolic system & was reported in an abstract to induce sister chromatid exchange in V79 cells & in CHO cells in the absence of an exogenous metabolic system (purity, 95%). It induced chromosomal aberrations , including chromosome & chromatid deletions & asymmetrical exchanges, in Chinese hamster DON lung fibroblasts (at 3.8 60 Agl ml) &, as reported in an abstract, in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 342 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

1- Nitropyrene (at 4-41 uM) induced morphological transformation in Syrian hamster embryo cells & transformation (induction of growth in soft agar & invasiveness in chicken embryo skin cultures) in normal human fibroblasts (at 3-33 uM) under anaerobic conditions. In mice, intratracheal instillation of 1- nitropyrene (at 10-100 mg/kg bw) induced damage in lung DNA as determined by alkaline elution. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Pa g e 9 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 342 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Oral admin of 1- nitropyrene (at 0.5-5 g/kg bw) to rats induced a slight incr in the incidence of sister chromatid exchange in bone marrow cells. It was reported in an abstract that increases in sister chromatid exchange & micronucle i frequency occurred in Chinese hamsters receiving 125 & 1000 mg/kg bw 1- nitropyrene respectively. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 342 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ongoing Test Status: The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Gene tic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [ http://ntp

apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseac tion=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=5522

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[Available from: http://ntp

- apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm? fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=5522

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- 0]**QC REVIEWED**



### Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Metabolism/Metabolites: Several strains of bacterial & gut microflora fr om animals & humans have been shown to reduce 1- nitropyrene . In some instances, this metab was accompanied by the formation of a DNA adduct identified as N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-l-aminopyrene. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 340 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Newborn mice metabolized 1- nitropyrene more efficiently than older mice; the predominant metabolites were phenols & dihydrodiols. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 339 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

In isolated perfused & ventilated rat lungs, the major metabolites of [14C]1- nitropyrene were 3-, 6-, & 8- hydroxy l- nitropyrene ; smaller quantities of 1-hydroxy-l- nitropyrene , 1-aminopyrene & N-acetyl-laminopyrene were also detected. Pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene increased the rate of metab ten fold & the extent of radioactivity associated with tissue macromolecules 20 fold. Pretreatment of rats with diesel exhaust (particles, 7.4 Mg/ M3) for 4 wk increased the rate of metab in perfused lung & in nasal tissue two fold & the extent of radioactivity associated with tissue macromolecules in the perfused lung four fold. In isolated perfused rat livers, N- acetyl-l-aminopyrene was the major metabolite of (14)C 1- nitropyrene ; smaller quantities of 1-aminopyrene & hydroxy-l-nitropyrenes were detected. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 339 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chinese hamster ovary cells, Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts, calf thymus cells, rabbit alveolar macrophages, rabbit epithelial cells & human diploid fibroblasts catalysed the reduction of 1- Pa g e 10 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchnitrop y rene to an intermediate which bound to DNA, givi ng an adduct identified as N-(deoxyguanosin8-yl)-l-aminopyrene. Incubation of rabbit lung & tracheal tissues with [14C]1- nitropyrene resulted in association of the radioactivity with cellular DNA. Primary rat hepatocytes, Chinese hamster V79 cells & human hepatoma HepG2 cells catalysed the conversion of 1- nitropyrene into 1-aminopyrene. Oxidized metabolites were also detected with the latter cell line. Cytosolic preparations from the livers of rats, rabbits, & dogs catalysed the reduction of 1- nitropyrene to 1-aminopyrene. Postmitochondrial supernatants of rat liver, lung & nasal tissue & of rabbit & hamster lung & liver catalysed both the oxidation & reduction of 1- nitropyrene . Guinea-pig liver microsomes also catalysed the oxidation of 1- nitropyrene . In some instances, this metab was accompanied by binding to exogenous DNA. Following incubation of [3H]1- nitropyrene with calf thymus DNA, bovine xa nthine oxidase & hypoxanthine at 37 deg C, covalent binding to DNA was shown to be proportional to the amount of reducing enzyme

p resent. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 339 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

DNA binding occurs in rat liver & in mouse lung after the admin of 1- nitropyrene . Less radioactivity was associated with lung macromolec ules in antibiotic treated rats than in controls. N-(Deoxyguanosin8-yl)-l-aminopyrene has been identified in rat ki dney, liver & mammary gland & mouse lung; other unidentified adducts have been re ported. However, in another st udy, DNA was not bound in tissues of rats given 1- nitropyrene ip. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 338 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The kinetics & metabolism of 1- nitropyrene have been reviewed in recent articles on nitropyrenes. The major phase I metabolites identified are /6-hydroxy-1- nitropyrene , 3-hydroxy-1- nitropyrene , 1- hydroxypyrene, 8-hydroxy-1- nitropyrene , 1- nitropyrene , 1-aminopyrene, 1- nitropyrene -4,5-oxide, 1- nitropyrene -9,10-oxide, N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene, 1- nitropyrene -trans-4,5-odihydrodiol, 10-hydroxy1- nitropyrene , & 1- nitropyrene -trans-9,10-dihydrodiol/. /From table/ The principal metabolic

p athways & metabolites in urine, feces & bile have been identified in rats following oral, iv or ip admin of radiolabelled 1- nitropyrene . Most administered 1- nitropyrene is accounted for by biliary excretion. For example, in one study on bile duct cannulated rats , over 60% of the dose was excreted in bile over 24 hr. Most of this material is eventually excreted in the feces, e.g., over 80% within 96 hr. Biliary metabolites have been characterized mainly as glucuronide & glutathione conjugates of oxidized nitropyrene metabolites. Urinary metabolites are excreted in conjugated form, mainly with glucuronic acid. In only one study in rats was excretion greater in urine than in feces. The significance of gut microflora in the metab of 1- nitropyrene in vivo was demonstrated in several studies employing conventional & germ free or antibi otic treated rats. Conventional but not germ free or antibiotic treated rats metabolized 1- nitropyrene to 1-aminopyrene. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 336 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Absorption, Distribution & Excretion: Groups of Fischer 344 rats were exposed to [3H]1- nitropyrene by nose only inhalation, either as a coating (about 6% by mass) on relatively insoluble, ul trafine 67gallium oxide par ticles (6.2 mg/cu m) or as a homogeneous ultrafine aerosol (43 ug/cu m). Rats exposed to 1- nitropyrene on particles excreted the majority of the deposited radioactivity in the feces (75 + or -18%), whereas animals exposed to 1- nitropyrene aerosol excreted a major portion of the radiolabel in the urine (76 + or - 18%). There was no difference in the rates of lung clearance of 1- nitropyrene between the two groups. Most of the Pa g e 11 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchaerosol was cleared from the respiratory tract by direct absorption into the blood, while particle associated nitropyrene was cleared by both blood absorption & mucociliary clearance followed by ingestion & fecal excretion. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 338 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Male Fischer 344 rats were exposed by nose on ly inhalation to various concns of [14C]1- nitropyrene & [14C]1- nitropyrene coated on diesel exhaust particles (50-1100 ug/cu m 1- nitropyrene ; particulate concn, 70-7200 ug/cu m). Over the range of concns tested, the pathways for excretion of [14C]1- nitropyrene in urine & feces were independent of the concn of nitropyrene , whether given alone or associated with diesel exhaust particles. In all cases, fecal excretion was the major route of elimination, about twice as much being excreted by this route as in the urine. The fractional deposition of [14C]1- nitropyrene in the respiratory tract did not appear to be dependent on the concn. Half times for elimination of (14)C in urine & feces were about 15-20 hr. Lungs of rats exposed to [14C]1- nitropyrene coated on diesel exhaust particles contained n early 5 times more (14)C than lungs from rats exposed to (14C)-1- nitropyrene alone within 1 hr after exposure. This difference was increased to 80 fold at 94 hr after exposure. The long term half time for clearance of (14)C in the lungs of rats exposed to coated diesel particles was 36 days, in contrast to two days after exposure to 1- nitropyrene alone. The GI absorption of the same 1- nitropyrene preparations was studied after an oral dose of 10 ug/kg bw. Within 1 hr, >90% of (14)C was found in nitropyrene metabolites. The overall excretion pattern of 14C was similar after intratracheal instillation of male Sprague Dawley rats with [14C]1- nitropyrene (8 nmol [2 ug]) either coated onto diesel particles (dose, 20 mg/kg bw), instilled along with unlabelled diesel particles, or administered alone, & was also similar to that seen after ip injection of (14)C-1- nitropyrene alone. Lung retention was also similar to that following inhalation ... . Protein associated radioactivity has been observed in particle treated lungs, with no detectable level of DNA adducts found up to 24 hr after admin. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 338 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Pharmacology:

Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary: 1- Nitropyrene 's production and use as a research chemical may result in its limited release to the environment through various waste streams. 1- Nitropyrene is predominantly released to the environment as a combustion product, from stationary combustion sources and in vehicle exhausts. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 8.3X10-8 mm Hg at 25 deg C indicates 1- nitropyrene will exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase 1- nitropyrene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. 1- Nitropyrene is susceptible to direct

p hotolysis in the atmosphere although the rate of photolysis is much lower when 1- nitropyrene is adsorbed onto particulates, as would be expe cted in the air. If released to soil, 1- nitropyrene is expected to be immobile based upon an estimated Koc of 13,500. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.5X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. 1- Nitropyrene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its estimated vapor pressure. If released into water, 1- nitropyrene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based u p on the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not ex p ected to be an Pa g e 12 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchimportant fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. The mineralization of 1- nitropyrene in aerobic sediment/water microcosms is slow with only 0.24 to 0.76% mineralization reported after 8 weeks. The microbial reduction of the nitro group, giving 1-aminopyrene, is expected to occur much more rapidly under both aerobic and an aerobic conditions. An estimated BCF of 4,100 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. 1- Nitropyrene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to 1- nitropyrene may occur through the inhalation of dust particles contaminated with incomplete combustion products and dermal contact with incomplete combustion

p roducts containing 1- nitropyrene . Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1- nitropyrene via inhalation of ambient air, inge stion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing 1- nitropyrene . (SRC)

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Probable Routes of Human Exposure: Occupational exposure to 1- nitropyrene may occur through inhalation of dust particles contaminated with incomplete combustion products and dermal contact with incomplete combustion products containing 1- nitropyrene (SRC). 1- Nitropyrene was measured at greater than 100 times the typical ambient indoor air concn in a potroom where Soderb erg electrodes were used for aluminum reduction (1). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1- nitropyrene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water(SRC). [(1) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some Nitroarenes. 1-Nitropyrene. Lyon, France: IARC 46: 321-58 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Artificial Pollution Sources: 1- Nitropyrene 's production and use as a research chemical (1) may result in limited release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 1- Nitropyrene is predominantly released to the environment as a combustion product from stationary combustion sources and in vehicle exhausts(2). [(1) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some Nitroarenes. 1-Nitropyrene. Lyon, France: IARC 46: 321-58 (1989) (2) Verschueren K; Hdbk of Environ Data on Organic Chemicals. 4th ed., NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc p. 1643 (2001)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Fate: TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 13,500(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of 5.06(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1- nitropyrene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1- nitropyrene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.5X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). 1- Nitropyrene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 8.3X10-8 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Data on the biodegradation of 1- nitropyrene in soil environments are not available. Ho wever, in aerobic sediment/water microcosms, 1- nitropyrene was slowly degraded with only 0.24 to 0. 76% mineralization reported after 8 weeks(6). The microbial reduction of the nitro group, giving 1-aminopyrene, is expected to occur much more rapidly under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions(6). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) BioByte; ClogP for Windows Program (v1.0) BioByte Corp, Claremont, CA (1995) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) (4) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991) (5) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Pa g e 13 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchRaton, FL: CRC Press (1985) (6) Heitkamp MA et al; Arch Microbiol 156: 223-30 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 13,500(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of 5.06(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1- nitropyrene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.5X10-8 atm-cu m/mole (SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimat ion method(4). According to a classification scheme (5), an estimated BCF of 4,100(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC). The mineralization of 1- nitropyrene in aerobic sediment/water microcosms is slow with only 0.24 to 0.76% mineralization reported after 8 weeks(7). The microbial reduction of the nitro group, giving 1-aminopyrene, is expected to occur much more rapidly under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions(7). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) BioByte; ClogP for Windows Program (v1.0) BioByte Corp, Claremont, CA (1995) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (4) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991) (5) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (6) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) (7) Heitkamp MA et al; Arch Microbiol 156: 223-30 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1- nitropyrene , which has an estimated vapor pressure of 8.3X10-8 mm Hg at 25 deg C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambien t atmosphere. Particulate-phase 1- nitropyrene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). 1- Nitropyrene is susceptible to direct photolysis in the atmosphere although the rate of photolysis is much lower when 1- nitropyrene is adsorbed onto

p articulates, as would be expected in the air; a half -life of approximately 40 to 50 days was reported for adsorbed 1- nitropyrene exposed to sunlight(3). [(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) (2) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985) (3) Koizumi A et al; Arch Environ Hlth 49: 87-92 (1994)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Environmental Biodegradation: Mineralization of 1- nitropyrene in aerobic sediment/water microcosms was slow; only 0.24, 0.61, and 0.76% mineralization was reported after 8 weeks inc ubation in microcosms cons tructed with sediment and water collected from an oil-contaminated dr ainage pond, a saltwater pool, and from Redfish Bay, respectively, sites proximal to the Harbor Island oil tank farm near Port Aransas, TX(1). Under anaerobic conditions, no carbon dioxide was evolved from any of the microcosms over an 8-week

p eriod; however, 1-aminopyrene was reported as a metabolite in this experiment(1). [(1) Heitkamp MA et al; Arch Microbiol 156: 223-30 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Abiotic Degradation: 1- Nitropyrene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(1). A dark rate constant of 0. 002 ppm/min was reported for the decay of particleassociated 1- nitropyrene (from diesel emissions) with ozone (0.6 to 0.9 ppm ozone)(2). 1- Nitropyrene was deposited on glass and Teflon filters, and on glass and Teflon filters loaded with fly ash, diesel exhaust and ambient particle s and then exposed in the dark to pur e humid air, to air containing 100 ppb each of ozone, SO2, and nitric acid-free NO2 and to particle-free ambient air for 3 hours; no evidence for chemical transformation under any of these conditions was observed(3). Pa g e 14 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search[(1) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990) (2) Fan Z et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 2821-7 (1996) (3) Grosjean D et al; Environ Sci Technol 17: 673-9 (1983)]**PEER

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1- Nitropyrene is susceptible to photolysis. 1- Nitropyrene in cyclohexene was degraded 28% (60- minute exposure in a photoreactor using a mercury lamp, filtered with Pyrex); 1-hydroxypyrene was reported as a degradation product(1). In the presen ce of cosolutes hydroquinone and phenol, 24 and 66% 1- nitropyrene remained, respectively, following 60 minutes of irradiation(1). Glass plates coated with 1- nitropyrene were exposed to sunlight; 72% of the parent compound remained after 4 weeks while no loss of parent was reported in dark controls(2). Loss of the nitro group was reported in the 1- nitropyrene -coated glass plate exposed to sunlight(2). However, 1- nitropyrene sorbed to particulate material is more resistant to photochemical transformation(3,4). 1- Nitropyrene , deposited from the vapor phase onto 45 to 74 um size fraction of a coal fly ash and onto fractions of that ash was exposed to 24 hours of light using a xenon lamp source and rotary quartz cell(3). Loss 1- nitropyrene deposited on various coal ash fractions were as follows: s ilica gel - 41 to 33%; unfractionated fly ash - 0%; ferromagnetic fraction of fly ash - 10 to 12%; mi neral fraction of fly ash - 20 to 21%, and the carbonaceous fraction of fly ash - 0%(3). When 1- nitropyrene in benzene was exposed to sunlight, 52.8% was degraded within 4 hours; when adsorbed onto washed diesel engine soot and exposed to sunlight only 42% of the original 1- nitropyrene was degraded in 40 days (17% in 20 days)(4). In this experiment, the major product of photodegradation, accounting for more than 90% of the degradates, was 9-hydroxy-1- nitropyrene (4). [(1) Feilberg A, Nielsen T; Environ Sci Technol 34: 789-97 (2000) (2) Benson JM et al; Atmos Environ 19: 1169-74 (1985) (3) Holder PS et al; Polycycl Arom Compds 4: 135-9 (1994) (4) Koizumi A et al; Arch Environ Hlth 49: 87-92 (1994)]**PEER

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Environmental Bioconcentration: An estimated BCF of 4,100 was calculated for 1- nitropyrene (SRC), using a measured log Kow of 5.06 (1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the

p otential for bioconcentration in aqua tic organisms is very high(SRC). [(1) BioByte; ClogP for Windows Program (v1.0) BioByte Corp, Claremont, CA (1995) (2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) (3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Soil Adsorption/Mobility: The Koc of 1- nitropyrene is estimated as 13,500(SRC), using a log Kow of 5.06(1) and a regressionderived equation(2). According to a classification sc heme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1- nitropyrene is expected to be immobile in soil. [(1) BioByte; ClogP for Windows Program (v1.0) BioByte Corp, Claremont, CA (1995) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) (3) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Volatilization from Water/Soil: The Henry's Law constant for 1- nitropyrene is estimated as 2.5X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1- nitropyrene is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 1- Nitropyrene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 8.3X10-8 mm Hg (SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3). Pa g e 15 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search[(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (3) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Effluent Concentrations: Emission particulates from diesel (1986 model, 1L) and gasoline (1989 model 2L) engines contained 1- nitropyrene at concns of 170 and 0.73 pmol/mg, respectively(1). The emission rate of 1- nitropyrene from a light-duty (2-L displacement) diesel vehicl e with new and used(9000 km) engine oil was 10 and 16 mg/km, respectively(2). The mean emission rate of particulate-associated 1- nitropyrene from a heavy-duty diesel vehicle, (Scania 143 H with a turbo-charged Scania DSC 1403 diesel engine, swept volume of 14.19 L), during transient driving conditions, was 1.6 ug/km(4). 1- Nitropyrene is emitted from light duty gasoline fueled vehicles (without ex haust after-treatment) at a rate of 0.08 and 0.8 ug/kg at cruising speeds of 70 and 90 km/hr, respectively; vehicles containing a catalyst had emission rates of 0.01 and 0.5, respectively(5). Exhaust emissions of 1- nitropyrene from a heavy-duty diesel passenger bus and a heavy-duty diesel truck were measured for a commercial, standard diesel fuel and a commercial diesel fuel for city buses. 1- Nitropyrene concns from the passenger bus were 1.1 and 0.2 ug/km, respectively, and 1.8 and 0.4 ug/kg, respectively, for the heavy-duty truck(5). Emissions of 1- nitropyrene from well-tuned radiant and maltuned convec tive kerosene space heaters were 0.0006 to 0.001 ng/kJ and below detection (detection limit not reported), respectively(3). [(1) Hayakawa K et al; Anal Chem Acta 266: 251-6 (1992) (2) Jensen TE et al; J Air Pollut Control Assoc 11: 1255-6 (1986) (3) Traynor GW et al; Environ Sci Technol 24: 1265-70 (1990) (4) Westerholm RN et al; Environ Sci Technol 25: 332-8 (1991) (5) Westerholm R, Egeback KE; Environ Health Perspect 102: 13-23 (1994)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

1- Nitropyrene has been detected in coal fly-ash and in flue gases of several coal-fired energy conversion plants, in particles em itted from a wood fireplace (at 0.11 mg/kg) and from a coal-fired boiler(1). Waste-water from gasoline service st ations contained detectable levels of 1- nitropyrene (detection limit not reported)(1). [(1) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some Nitroarenes. 1-Nitropyrene. Lyon, France: IARC 46: 321-58 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sediment/Soil Concentrations: SEDIMENT: Sediment samples collected from the Suimon River (Ogaki City, Japan) contained 1- nitropyrene at 25.2 ug/kg sediment(1). [(1) Sato T et al; Mutat Res 157: 135-43 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Atmospheric Concentrations: URBAN/SUBURBAN: Air samples collected from central Stockholm from December 1986 to August 1987 contained 1- nitropyrene at average concns of 8.6 and 3.8 pg/cu m in central and non-central locations, 20 and 12 pg/cu m in high-diesel and low diesel locations, 14 and 6.8 pg/cu m in high-traffic and low-traffic flow locations, respectively(1). Concns of 1- nitropyrene collected in the day and night were 0.04 and 0.03 ng/cu m, respectively, during a high NOx smog episode in Torrance, CA (Feb 1986) (2). 1- Nitropyrene was measured in air samples from St. Louis, MO, Washington, DC, Aurskog, N orway, Claremont, CA, and Torrance, CA at concns of 0.16, 0.20, 0.15, 0.36, and 0.60 ug/g particles, respectively(3). Air samples collected fr om Barcelona city in 1989 contained 1- nitropyrene at 42, 20, 25, and 15 pg/cu m for samples obtained in the spri ng, summer, fall, and winter, respectively(4). Air Pa g e 16 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchsamples collected from downtown Kanazawa, Japan contained 1- nitrop y rene at mean concns of 598, 476, 932, 871 fmol/cu m in spring, summer, autumn, and winter samples, respectively(5). Maximum and minimum concns of 1- nitropyrene from this location were 4650 (measured from 9 to 11 AM) and 90 (measured from 3 to 5 AM) fmol/cu m, respectively(5). Concns of 1- nitropyrene in air samples collected from Morioka City, Japan, were 0.89 (Oct. 1991), 1.15 (Dec. 1991), and 1.01 (Feb. 1992) ug/g (7). Urban air particulates collected ro adside in Leeds, England contained 1- nitropyrene at concns of 50 to 100 pg/cu m(6). [(1) Bostrom CE et al; Environ Health Perspect 102: 39-47 (1994) (2) Arey J et al; Atmos Environ 21: 1437-44 (1987) (3) Atkinson R et al; Environ Sci Res 36: 291-309 (1987) (4) Bayona JM et al; Chemosphere 29: 441-50 (1994) (5) Hayakawa K et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 928-32 (1995) (6) Lewis AC et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 1977-81 (1995) (7) Koizumi A et al; Arch Environ Hlth 49: 87-92 (1994)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Mean concns of 1- nitropyrene in air samples collected in Augusta city, Italy in spring, summer, autumn, and winter in 1991/1992 were 3.89, 0.27, 4.2, and 7.92 ng/cu m, respectively (1). 1- Nitropyrene was measured in air samples collected in downtown Athens, Greece, in 1996 at concns of 0.18, 0.02, 0.02, and 0.03 ng/cu m in the winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively(2). Air samples from Riverside, CA collected in September 1984, contained 1- nitropyrene at concns from 0.008 to 0.03 ng/cu m(3). 1- Nitropyrene was detected in air samples collected from Deer Park, TX at average concns of 20.2 and 3.94 pg/cu m, sampled on Sept 30, 1990 and Oct 14, 1990, respectively(4). In summer, fall, winter, and spring, average concns of 6.3, 11, 11, and 9.7 pg/cu m were reported for 1- nitropyrene at the Deer Park, TX location, respectively(4). Twenty-four hour samples collected from the Airborne Toxic Elements and Organic Substances (ATEOS), Newark, NJ site from January 1985 to February 1986 contained 1- nitropyrene at concns ranging from below detection (detection limit not reported) to 4600 pg/cu m(5). [(1) Librando V, Fazzino SD; Chemosphere 27: 1649-56 (1993) (2) Marino F et al; Chemosphere 40: 533-7 (2000) (3) Pitts JN Jr et al; Atmos Environ 19: 1601-8 (1985) (4) Wilson NK et al; Atmos Environ 19: 2575-84 (1995) (5) Greenberg A et al; Fate of airborne PAH and nitro-PAH. APCA 80th Annual Mtg, NY, NY, June 21 (1987)]**PEER

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INDOOR: Mean indoor air concns of 1- nitropyrene were 0.04 and 0.004 ng/cu m for homes with gas heating/appliances (n=8) versus el ectric heating/appliances (n=2), respectively(1). Indoor air for two homes with only electric heat and electric applia nces (Columbus, OH; sampled March 1987) contained 1- nitropyrene at concns of 0.019 to 0.83 ng/cu m(2). [(1) Chuang CC et al; Identification and Quantification of Nitropolynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient and Indoor Air Particulate Samples. Columbus, OH: Battelle Columbus Labs USEPA-600/D-85-050. NTIS PB85-176790 (1985) (2) Wilson NK, Chuang JC; pp. 1053-64 in Polynucl Aromat Hydrocarbons: Meas, Means, Metab. Int Symp 11th. Cooke M et al, eds. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press (1991)]**PEER

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RURAL/REMOTE: The mean concns of 1- nitropyrene in air samples collected in 1982 from a remote, marine site in Bermuda with different wind trajectories ranged from 7.9 to 76 pg/cu m(1). Air samples from a site in Delaware close to the Cape Henlope n State Park were collected in August 1982; a mean concn of 10.6 pg/cu m was reported(1). Airborne par ticulate samples collected from a rural location 30 km west of Copenhagen, Denmark in 1982 contained 1- nitropyrene at a mean concn of 0.009 ng/cu m (n=30)(2). [(1) Gibson TL et al; Atmos Environ 20: 1575-78 (1986) (2) Nielsen T et al; Atmos Environ 18: 2159-65 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Food Survey Values: Pa g e 17 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search1- Nitrop y rene was detected in Japanese grilled chicken at concns of 3.8 to 43 ug/kg, depending on the grilling time(1). [(1) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some Nitroarenes. 1-Nitropyrene. Lyon, France: IARC 46: 321-58 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Plant Concentrations: 1- Nitropyrene was measured in azalea leaves growing under various traffic conditions; concns of 0.14 to 2.50 ng/g leaves were reported for different locations(1). [(1) Nakajima D et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 53: 888-94 (1994)]**PEER

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### Environmental Standards & Regulations:

Chemical/Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula: C16-H9-N-O2

**PEER REVIEWED**

Molecular Weight: 247.3 [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 (1989) 321]**PEER REVIEWED**

Color/Form: Yellow needles or prisms from ethanol [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 (1989) 321]**PEER REVIEWED**

Melting Point: 155 deg C [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 (1989) 321]**PEER REVIEWED**

Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: log Kow= 5.06 [BioByte; ClogP for Windows Program (v1.0) BioByte Corp, Claremont, CA (1995)]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Solubilities: Pa g e 18 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchVery soluble in diethyl ether; so luble in ethanol and benzene at 15 deg C; soluble in toluene and tetrahydrofluorenone. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 321 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

In water, 0.0118 mg/l @ 25 deg C [Gang Y, Xiaobai X; Chemosphere 24: 1699-705 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Spectral Properties: Lambda max values were measured at 233, 285, 313, 372-373, 392, and 408 nm in an unspecified solvent. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 (1989) 321]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Chemical Safety & Handling:

Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities: Reacts with ethanolic potassium hydroxide to form 1, 1'-azoxypyrene; also reacts with zinc powder in ethanol in the presence of catal ytic amounts of ammonium chloride or ammonia to form 1,1'- azoxypyrene or, without air, 1-amin opyrene & 1-hydroxylaminopyrene. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 322 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hazardous Decomposition: When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1- 3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2461]**PEER REVIEWED**

Protective Equipment & Clothing: PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear

p rotective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gl oves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protecti on. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl

p rotection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER

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Preventive Measures: Pa g e 19 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchPRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics shoul d be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after co mpletion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to approp riate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure ca n be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipe ttes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers shou ld shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full

p rotection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be remo ved. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extracti on, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Gl ove boxes should be kept under negative air

p ressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provide d that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabine t, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive

p ressure are lea k -tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to b e used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fi xed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9]**PEER

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7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchPRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem lab also apply to microbiological & cell-culture labs ... Special considera tion should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method of administering volatile carcinogen is by in jection of a soln. Admin by topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillati on should be performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept under hood during this period. Inhalati on exposure requires special equipment. ... Unless specifically required, routes of admin other than in th e diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be carried out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exha ust is fitted with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleani ng mixer & hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special protective clothing &, possibly, respirators may be required. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin, animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides & fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning facilities shoul d be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid moving of ... contaminated /cag es/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of carcinogen & efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors & benches, & ... inte rior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres. ... Methods ... should ... where possible, be simple & sensitive. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in whic h obvious contamination has occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personne l engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent equipment. ... Procedur es should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be taken to avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs, procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped wi th high-efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops should be prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Pa g e 21 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchGriesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels. Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or other person who can advise in an emergency & who can inform others (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 11]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Stability/Shelf Life: Photodecomposition to 2-propanol is readily induced by ultra-violet/ visible light. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 322 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Shipment Methods and Regulations: PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shi pped. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a se curely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, un breakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with ab sorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be fille d with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If

p arcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoi d ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13]**PEER Pa g e 22 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchREVIEWED**

Cleanup Methods: PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into

p lastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in

p lastic bags immediately after removal ... The plasti c bag should be sealed im mediately ... The sealed b ag should be labelled properly ... Wast e liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles prop erly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not cont aminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Disposal Methods: SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementin g land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agen cies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

**PEER REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been

p roved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & sp ecific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-c ontaining waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this

p urpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is follow ed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent soluti ons, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroye d in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-effici ency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high

tem p & carcino g enic wastes g enerated b y this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... Pa g e 23 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchLIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Small quanti ties of ... some carcinogens can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can be gi ven. ... As a general technique ... treatment with sodium dichromate in strong sulfuric acid can be us ed. The time necessary for destruction ... is seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally considered sufficient when freshly prepd reagent is used. ... Carcinogens that are easily oxidizable can be destroye d with milder oxidative agents, such as saturated soln of potassium permanganate in acetone, which appears to be a suitable agent for destruction of hydrazines or of compounds containing isolated carbon-carbon double bonds. Concn or 50% aqueous sodium hypochlorite can also be used as an oxidizing agent. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 16]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Carcinogens that are alkylating, arylating or acylating agents per se can be destroyed by reaction with appr opriate nucleophiles, such as water, hydroxyl ions, ammonia, thiols & thiosulfate. The reactivity of vari ous alkylating agents varies greatly ... & is also influenced by sol of agent in the reaction medium. To facilitate the complete reaction, it is suggested that the agents be dissolved in ethanol or similar so lvents. ... No method should be applied ... until it has been thoroughly tested for its effectiveness & safety on material to be inactivated. For example, in case of destruction of alkylating agents, it is possibl e to detect residual compounds by reaction with 4(4- nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 17]**PEER

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### Occupational Exposure Standards:

Manufacturing/Us e Information:

Major Uses: Research chemical [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 (1989) 321]**PEER REVIEWED**

One Japanese company has been reported to use 1- nitropyrene as an intermediate in the production of 1-azidopyrene, which is used in photosensitive printing. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Pa g e 24 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchGeneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 (1989) 321]**PEER REVIEWED**

Methods of Manufacturing: This compound has been synthesized by heating pyrene with nitric acid in acetic acid at 50 deg C (Boit, 1965). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 (1989) 321]**PEER REVIEWED**

General Manufacturing Information: N o evidence was found that 1- nitropyrene has been produced in commercial quantities in the USA. One US company is reported to have processed an unspecified amount of 1- nitropyrene in 1977. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 (1989) 321]**PEER REVIEWED**

Impurities: 1- Nitropyrene is available for research purposes at 97% (Aldrich Chemical Co., 1988) or greater than or equal to 95% purity with less than or equal to 0.1% total dinitropyrenes and pyrene (Chemsyn Science Laboratories, 1988). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 (1989) 321]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Laboratory Methods:

Analytic Laboratory Methods: N itroarenes have been analysed by HPLC, gas chroma tography and mass spectrometry; some thin-layer chromatography methods have also b een described... /Nitroarenes/ [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V46 (1989) 321-58]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Special References:

Special Reports: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services/National Toxi cology Program; Tenth Report on Carcinogens. National Institutes of Environmental H ealth Sciences. The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies a nd discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. 1- Nitropyrene (5522-43-0) was first listed in the Eighth Report on Carcinogens (1998) as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.



### Synonyms and Identifiers: Pa g e 25 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchSynonyms: 3- NITROPYRENE

**PEER REVIEWED**



### Administrative Information:

Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 6980

Last Revision Date: 20030829

Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 5/11/2002

Update History: Complete Update on 2003-08-29, 0 fields added/edited/deleted Complete Update on 08/29/2002, 43 fields added/edited/deleted. Created 20011121 by GCF Pa g e 26 of 26

7/10/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search

### CHRYSENE
CASRN: 218-01-9

F

or other data, click on the Table of Contents



### Human Health Effects:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity: CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: No human data and sufficient data from animal bioasays. Chrysene produced carcinomas and malignant lymphoma in mice after intraperitoneal injection and skin carcinomas in mice following dermal exposure. Chrysene

p roduced chromosomal abnormalities in hamsters and mouse germ cells after gavage exposure, positive responses in bacterial gene mutation assays and transformed mammalian cells exposed in culture. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Chrysene (218-01-9) Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of March 15, 2000]**PEER REVIEWED**

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 21]**QC REVIEWED**

N o data are available in humans. Limited evid ence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifi able as to its carcinogenicity to humans. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. S7 60 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Human Toxicity Excerpts: CHRYSENE HAS BEEN IMPLICATED AS AN ETIOLOGIC DETERMINANT OF CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS. THE ABILITY OF CHRYSENE TO INDUCE ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE IN CULTURED HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES WAS DESCRIBED. A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN ENZYME INDUCTION OCCURRED IN THE CHRYSENE

INDUCED CULTURES COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. [SNODGRASS DR ET AL; CANCER LETT 7 (6): 313 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

IN MITOGEN-ACTIVATED CULTURED LYMPHOCYTES FROM HEALTHY DONORS, CHRYSENE DID NOT INDUCE HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE, SUGGESTING THEREBY SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN THE ENZYME INDUCTION. [GURTOO HL ET AL; CANCER RES 39 (11): 4620 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Medical Surveillance: PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... in relation specifically to cancer hazards, there are at

p resent no health monitoring methods that may ensure the early detection of preneoplastic lesions or lesions which may prelude them. Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when

ex p osure to a carcino g en has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concernin g additional tests that Pa g e 1 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchmight become useful or manditory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 23]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Populations at Special Risk: Pregnant women may be especially susceptible to exposure effects associated with coal tar pitch volatiles. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Persons with existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of /coal tar pitch volatiles/. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Probable Routes of Human Exposure: ANALYSIS OF 9 CUTTING OILS, 5 QUENCHING OILS, AND 5 OIL MISTS FOR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH) WHICH ARE POTENTIAL CARCINOGENS, INDICATED THAT INCREASES IN PAH CONCENTRATIONS DURING USE CAN OCCUR, ESPECIALLY WITH QUENCHING OILS. CHRYSENE IS OF UNCERTAIN CARCINOGENICITY. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANY INCREASES IS THEREFORE UNCERTAIN, PARTICULARLY AS IN MANY CASES IT AND BENZO(A)ANTHRACENE CONTRIBUTE A LARGE PORTION OF THE TOTAL PAH CONTENT. [EYRES AR; INST PET (TECH PAP) IP (IP 81-002): (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

THE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CONTENT IN THE AIR OF 10 FERROUS AND NONFERROUS FOUNDRIES WAS STUDIED. RESULTS INDICATED A SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION OF HIGH PAH LEVELS WITH POOR GENERAL VENTILATION AND THE WINTER SEASON. MAXIMUM LEVELS OF BENZO(A)ANTHRACENE/ CHRYSENE FOUND WERE 9.39 UMOL/CU M (PERSONAL) AND 22.10 UMOL/CU M (AREA). [VERMA DK ET AL; ANN OCCUP HYG 25 (1): 17 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH) CONTENT IN AIR OF 10 FERROUS & N ONFERROUS FOUNDRIES WAS STUDIED. CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS REPORTED TO HAVE A HIGH RISK OF LUNG CANCER, SUCH AS MOLDERS, CASTERS & CRANE MEN, WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF PAH EXPRESSED AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE. THIS RESULT WAS NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. [VERMA DK ET AL; ANN OCCUP HYG 25 (1): 17-26 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

GLASS CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY SHOWED THAT WORKERS IN COKE PLANT WERE EXPOSED TO 5 TO 1000 MG POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH)/CU M AIR (INCL ACENAPHTHYLENE). PARTICULATE MATTER CONTAINS 98% RESPIRABLE PAH. Pa g e 2 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search[BJOERSETH A ET AL; SCAND J WORK, ENVIRON HEALTH 4 (3): 224 (1978)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Workers ... exposed to coal tar, mineral oil, a nd petroleum waxes. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/ [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Draft) p.C-37 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

N IOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 7,117 workers are potentially exposed

to chrysene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to chrysene may occur through inhalation of air contaminated with products of incomplete combusti on and dermal contact with soot, motor oil and coal tar(SRC). Human exposure to chrysene may occur through the smoking of tobacco, inhalation of

p olluted air and by ingestion of food and wate r contaminated by combustion effluents(2). [(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983) (2) IARC; Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data 32: 247-61 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chrysene was quantitated in typical personal samples from the coke oven battery top of a coke plant (sampling time 2 hours) at 72 ug/cu m total; in typical personal samples from the pot-room of a Soderberg aluminum plant (sampling time 2 hours) the total chrysene concn was 7.4 ug/cu m; in typical

p ersonal samples from the handling of creosote-i mpregnated railroad ties (sampling time 60 minutes) the total concn was 0.8 ug/cu m(1). Stationary air samples collected near the ovens of two silicon carbide process plants contained chrysene concns ranging from 131 to 1978 ng/cu m in one plant and 1225 to 2624 ng/cu m in the second plant(2). Chrysene was detected in air samples (taken at breathing height using personal sampling pumps) collected in the furnace area of two silicon carbide process

p lants at concns (ng/cu m) ranging from (Plant A and B): 83 to 303 and 1,206 to 3,040 for the foreman; 37 to 192 and 199 to 10,395 for the crane operator; 364 to 680 and 1,334 to 2,861 for oven workers whose tasks were in close proximity to the oven; and 89 to 259 and 466 to 14,044 for oven workers whose tasks did not involve direct work at the oven site(2). Chrysene has been detected in occupational environments at the following airborne concns (geo metric mean), ug/cu m: coke plant, 14.49; carbon anode plant, 1.403; graphite plant, 2.512; silicon carbi de plant, 0.221; metal recycling plant, 0.071; and a bitumen paving plant, 0.109(3). Chrysene was detected in air samples (taken at breathing height using

p ersonal sampling pumps) of 6 workers in a plant producing carbon anodes for aluminum electrolysis, worksite - concn of chrysene (ug/cu m): forming section - 0.79 to 2.08; paste plant - 2.06 to 5.45; store section (broken green anodes and bur ned anodes) - 0.26 to 0.65; forming section - 1.79 to 3.90; store section (coke) paste plant - 0.18 to 3.16; and all worksites - 0.36 to 10.02(4). Air samples collected above the doors of smoking kilns used in Danish smokehouses contained chrysene in the particulate

p hase(5). Average exposure of workers to chrysene in the aluminum refinery, silicon carbide, and refractory brick industries is approx 25 ug/cu m(6). Air sampled from the breathing zone of chimney sweeps during "dirty work" contained chrysene at unreported concns(7). [(1) Andersson K et Al; Chemosphere 12 (2): 197 (1983) (2) Petry T et al; Ann Occup Hyg 38: 741-52 (1994) (3) Petry T et al; Chemosphere 32: 639-48 (1996) (4) Petry T et al; Ann Occup Hygiene 40: 345-57 (1996) (5) Nordholm L et al; Scand J Work Environ Health 12: 614-18 (1986) (6) Lesage J et al; Am Indust Hyg Assoc J 48: 753- 60 (1987) (7) Knecht U et al; Br J Ind Med 46: 479-82 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Average Daily Intake: WATER INTAKE: Insufficient data. AIR INTAKE: (Ass ume typical concn of 0.60 to 27.9 ng/cu m, the range of urban/suburban concn fo r some US cities)(1,2) 12 to 558 ng. FOOD INTAKE: (Assume typical concn of 1.4 to 395 ug/kg)(3) 2.24 to 632 ug. In 1979 UK total diets, total chrysene dietary load was 0.50 ug/person/day (based on total daily consum ption of 1.46 kg food and beverages)(4). [(1) Santodonato J et al; Health and Ecological Assessment of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Lee SD, Grant L eds. Park Forest South,IL: Pathotox Publ(1981) (2) Pa g e 3 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchBjorseth A, Olufsen BS; pp. 507-24 in Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (1983) (3) IARC; Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data 32: 247-61 (1983) (4) Dennis MJ et al; Food Chem Toxicol 21: 569- 74 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Emergency Medical Treatment:

Emergency Medical Treatment: EMT Copyright Disclaimer: Portions of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) database have been pr ovided here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE OR MEDITEXT(R) DATABASE SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. The use of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases is at your sole risk. The POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases are provided "AS IS" and "as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. Micromedex makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, usef ulness or completeness of any of the information contained in the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. Micromedex does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the POISINDEX (R) or MEDITEXT(R) databases. Copyright 1974-2009 Thomson MICROMEDEX. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication, "downloading," sale, redistribution or other use for commercial purposes is a violation of Micromedex ' rights and is strictly prohibited.

The following Overview, *** POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. Life Support:

o This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:

0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) In general, PAHs have a low order of acute toxicity in
humans. B) PAHs and other compounds found in COAL TAR can produce a variety of non-cancer effects with chronic exposure. Chronic effects include: 1) EYES - Photosensitivity and irritation. 2) RESPIRATORY - Irritation with cough and bronchitis. 3) MOUTH - Leukoplakia. 4) DERMAL - "Coal tar warts" (precancerous lesions enhanced by UV light exposure), erythema, dermal burns, photosensitivity, acneiform lesions, irritation. 5) HEPATIC/RENAL - Mild hepatotoxicity or mild nephrotoxicity (animals). 6) GENITOURINARY - Hematuria. C) CANCER is the most significant PAH toxicity endpoint. 1) Increased incidences of cancers of the skin, bladder, lung and gastrointestinal tract have been described in PAH-exposed workers.
0.2.6 RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE Pa g e 4 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchA) Irritation, chronic cough, bronchitis, and bronchogenic cancer can occur with chronic exposure.

0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Leukoplakia and cancers of the lip and oral cavity can develop with chronic exposure.
0.2.9 HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Mild hepatotoxicity has been reported in PAH-exposed

rats. 0.2.10 GENITOURINARY
0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Hematuria, kidney and bladder cancer are possible effects of chronic exposure. Mild nephrotoxicity has been documented in PAH-exposed rats.
0.2.13 HEMATOLOGIC
0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Agranulocytosis, anemia, leukopenia, and pancytopenia developed in rats chronically fed PAHs.
0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) PRECANCEROUS LESIONS - "Coal tar warts" (precancerous lesions enhanced by UV light exposure), erythema, dermal burns, acneiform lesions, photosensitization and cancer may develop following chronic exposure.
0.2.19 IMMUNOLOGIC
0.2.19.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) An effect of PAHs on immune function might aid in the development of neoplasms. A number of PAH compounds are immunotoxic, and some suppress selective components of the immune system.

0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS A) In experimental animal studies, PAHs and metabolites cross the placenta. Female offspring of experimental animals exposed to PAHs during pregnancy have a decrease in the number of functional oocytes, sometimes such that they are infertile. B) PAHs are lipophilic and are excreted in breast milk, allowing for secondary exposure of nursing infants, although the potential significance of such exposure has not been determined.

0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY
0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW A) Cancer is the most significant PAH toxicity endpoint. Some, but not all, PAHs are carcinogens. Certain PAH parent compounds are weak carcinogens, only becoming potent carcinogens after undergoing metabolism. Chronic or repeated exposure increases the likelihood of cancer initiation, as well as the potential for metabolism of a PAH procarcinogen to a carcinogen. B) Increased incidences of skin, bladder, lung, and possibly gastrointestinal tract cancers have been described in PAH-exposed workers, particularly associated with coal carbonization, coal gasification,
and coke oven work.
0.2.21.3 ANIMAL OVERVIEW A) Lung tumors were induced in female mice from inhalation of exhausts containing PAHs (Schulte et al, 1994).
0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY Pa g e 5 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchA) CYTOGENETIC MARKERS OF HUMAN PAH EXPOSURE - Cells containing high frequencies of chromosomal aberrations were a sensitive marker for exposure to PAHs in coke oven and graphic electrode plant workers, compared with unexposed controls. There was no relation between cytogenetic findings and levels of benzo(a)pyrene-hemoglobin adducts (Buchet et al, 1995). 1) Arylamines derived from carcinogenic PAHs are mutagenically activated through S9-mediated metabolism of the related amine (Fu et al, 1982). 2) Nitro-PAH derivatives are potent bacterial mutagens. The mutagenic activity is dependent on enzymatic reduction of the nitro group and may require oxidative metabolism (Grosovsky et al, 1999; Rosenkranz & Mermelstein, 1985). 3) In cultured human cells, benzo(a)pyrene and 7,12-demethylbenz(a)anthracene only caused a significant increase in T6 guanine-resistant mutations in the presence of cultured rat hepatocytes (Tong et al, 1981). 4) Nitrated PAHs have caused dose-dependent cell transformations in Syrian hamster embryo cells (DiPaolo et al, 1983). Metabolic reduction of the nitro- group on PAHs may be involved in their mutagenic effects. 5) Persons with a high degree of inducibility of the enzyme, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, may be a high-risk population (ATSDR, 1993). B) A cross-sectional study evaluated the potential for exposure to PAHs to induce oxidative DNA damage in coke-oven workers (n=119), employed at an iron-steel factory. This study could not find clear evidence that PAH exposure induces oxidative DNA damage (Zhang et al, 2003). C) MUTAGENIC INTERMEDIATES - 1) The PAH metabolic intermediates, diol-epoxides, are presumably mutagenic and can react to form DNA adducts, which may affect normal cellular replication (ATSDR, 1993; Ellenhorn & Barceloux, 1988; Pike, 1992; Amin et al, 1993; Ronai et al, 1994). D) LACK OF EFFECT 1) Amongst a small group of Swedish road pavers exposed to asphalt fumes, there were no significant increases in sister chromatic exchanges or micronuclei in peripheral blood/lymphocytes as compared to unexposed controls (Jarvholm et al, 1999). Laboratory:

A) PAHs have been determined in the blood and tissues of experimental animals. Direct biologic measurement of PAHs currently is not clinically useful or cost-effective. Indirect methods of determining exposure are available but have not yet proven clinically useful (ATSDR, 1990). B) Acute respiratory effects in persons at PAH-containing workplaces are typically due to other toxic agents at the worksite (ATSDR, 1990). Arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and other monitoring may be indicated, based on the patient's presentation and the exposure characteristics. C) Chronic effects, particularly cancer, are more common than acute toxicity. Routine monitoring and physical Pa g e 6 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search[Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2009; CCIS Volume 141, edition expires Aug, 2009. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds): TOMES(R) assessments (e.g, complete blood count, hepatic and renal function tests, chest xray and pulmonary function tests, dermal assessments) of individuals with significant exposure is recommended, even in the absence of symptoms (ATSDR, 1990). Treatment Overview:

0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE A) Toxicity from these substances involves chronic exposure, toxicity after acute ingestions is unlikely and gastric decontamination is generally NOT indicated.
0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. B) Inhalational exposure to PAHs may be complicated by exposure to other substances which produce acute respiratory and systemic effects. Treat according to clinical presentation and exposure history. 1) If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents. 2) Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary. 3) Monitor arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry, pulmonary function tests, and chest x-ray in patients with significant exposure.
0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE A) DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility.
0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE A) OVERVIEW 1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. 2) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines. 3) Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary. Range of Toxicity:

A) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated. B) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated. Pa g e 7 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchInformation System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2009; CCIS Volume 141, edition expires Aug, 2009., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

Antidote and Emergency Treatment: For immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate d econtamination has been carried out. ... Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing wate r. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean

p atient forward or place on left side (hea d -down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and

p revent aspiration. ... /Naphthalene and related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 240]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Administer activated charcoal ... . /Naphthalene and related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 240]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Animal Toxicity Studies:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity: CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: No human data and sufficient data from animal bioasays. Chrysene produced carcinomas and malignant lymphoma in mice after intraperitoneal injection and skin carcinomas in mice following dermal exposure. Chrysene

p roduced chromosomal abnormalities in hamsters and mouse germ cells after gavage exposure, positive responses in bacterial gene mutation assays and transformed mammalian cells exposed in culture. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Chrysene (218-01-9) Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of March 15, 2000]**PEER REVIEWED**

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 21]**QC REVIEWED**

N o data are available in humans. Limited evid ence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifi able as to its carcinogenicity to humans. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. S7 60 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts: Groups of 20, 50 and 100 mice were pa inted twice weekly with different samples of a 0.3% solution of chrysene in benzene for over 440 days. A sample of chrysene of doubtful purity produced two

p apillomas in 50 mice (30 of which were still alive at six months); another sample produced one

p apilloma and one epithelioma (squamous cell carcinom a) in 100 mice (74 of which were still alive at six months); and a sample of synthetic chrysene (not dissolved in benzene) did not induce tumors in 20 mice (11 of which were still alive at six months). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V3 249 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 8 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search... AMONG 20 FEMALE SWISS MICE PAINTED THRICE WEEKLY WITH 1% SOLN OF CHRYSENE IN ACETONE, PAPILLOMAS APPEARED IN 9 ANIMALS & CARCINOMAS IN 8, THE 1ST TUMOR BEING OBSERVED AFTER 8 MO. THERE WAS AN OBVIOUS SHORTENING OF THE LIFESPAN. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V3 166 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ONE SC INJECTION OF 2 MG PURIFIED CHRYSENE DID NOT PRODUCE SARCOMAS AMONG 50 MICE OBSERVED FOR 45 WK ... SIMILARLY, TWO SC IMPLANTATIONS OF 10 MG EACH TO 30 MICE GAVE NEGATIVE RESULTS ... . [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V3 167 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... /IN AN EXPERIMENT ON C57BL MICE/ 2/20 ANIMALS DEVELOPED TUMORS 60-80 WEEKS AFTER 10 INJECTIONS OF 1 MG CHRYSENE IN ARACHIS OIL (NO TUMORS APPEARED IN CONTROLS GIVEN THE SOLVENT ALONE). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V3 167 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Groups of 10 rats received repeated injections of 2-6 mg chrysene (purity unspecified) in lard, or the solvent only; four tumors were observed in treated animals, and sarcomas were found in two solvent controls. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 251 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

MUTAGENICITY TESTS WERE PERFORMED WITH CHRYSENE IN THE SALMONELLA (TA 98 & 1535) MICROSOME TEST, NMRI-MICE OOCYTES, BONE-MARROW CELLS & SPERMATOGONIA OF CHINESE HAMSTERS. USING THE SALMONELLA MICROSOME TEST, NO MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY WAS FOUND WHEN CHRYSENE ALONE WAS TESTED. CHRYSENE , 450 MG/KG, SUSPENDED IN GUM ARABIC WAS GIVEN TO CHINESE HAMSTERS BY ORAL, GAVAGE, OR INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION SHOWED NO MUTAGENIC EFFECTS. IN OOCYTES OF NMRI-MICE, 8-12 WEEKS OF AGE, A SINGLE APPLICATION OF 450 MG/KG CHRYSENE (SUSPENDED IN GUM ARABIC & GIVEN ORALLY IN THE PREOVULATORY STAGE) RESULTED IN A WEAK BUT SIGNIFICANT CHROMOSOME ABERRATION. IN SPERMATOGONIA OF CHINESE HAMSTERS A LOW BUT N OT SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS, EXCLUDING GAPS, WAS FOUND. [BASLER A ET AL; MUT RES 48: 249 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EVALUATION OF CHRYSENE TOXICITY TO EARLY PASSAGE MIXED CULTURES OF FETAL SYRIAN GOLDEN HAMSTER LUNG CELLS WAS ATTEMPTED BY APPLYING A LINEAR REGRESSION TO THE RELATIVE NUMBER OF SURVIVING COLONIES. CHRYSENE WAS NEITHER STIMULATORY NOR INHIBITORY TO COLONY FORMATION. [EMURA M ET AL; J APPL TOXICOL 2 (3): 167 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

POSITIVE RESULTS FOR CHRYSENE WERE ONLY FOUND IN THE SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM ASSAY. THE CHEMICAL WAS POSITIVE IN THE AMES TEST WITH AROCLOR-INDUCED RAT LIVER S-9 MIX USING STRAINS TA100 AND TA98. Pa g e 9 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search[BROWN MM ET AL; J NATL CANCER INST 62 (4): 841 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

COMPONENTS OF TOBACCO SMOKE WERE ASSAYED FOR MUTAGENICITY IN HISTIDINEREQUIRING MUTANTS OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM TA98, TA100, TA1535 AND TA 1537. ALL WERE TESTED WITH AND WITHOUT METABOLIC ACTIVATION USING S-9 LIVER FRACTION FROM AROCLOR 1254 OR METHYLCHOLANTHRENE INDUCED RATS. CHRYSENE WAS MUTAGENIC TOWARD TA100, WITH 196 REVERTANTS/PLATE VERSUS 0 IN TA98, ALL AFTER S-9 ACTIVATION. [FLORIN I ET AL; TOXICOLOGY 15 (3): 219 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A SINGLE TOPICAL APPLICATION OF COAL TAR SOLUTION (USP) TO NEONATAL RATS CAUSED INDUCTION OF ARYL HY DROCARBON HYDROXYLASE (AHH) AND 7- ETHOXYCOUMARIN O-DEETHYLASE IN SKIN, LIVER, LUNG, KIDNEY AND INTESTINE. A SINGLE TOPICAL APPLICATION OF CHRYSENE , A CONSTITUENT OF COAL TAR SOLUTION, TO NEONATAL RATS AT 1 MG/10 G BODY WEIGHT RESULTED IN STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT INDUCTION OF SKIN AND LIVER ACTIVITY OF BOTH ENZYMES. AHH ACTIVITY WAS INCREASED 251% IN SKIN AND 339% IN LIVER; 7- ETHOXYCOUMARIN DEETHYLASE 133 AND 208%, RESPECTIVELY. [MUKHTAR H ET AL; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 64 (3): 541 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

THE MAJOR DEOXYRIBONUCLEOSIDE-HYDROCARBON ADDUCTS PRESENT IN HYDROLYSATES OF DNA ISOLATED FROM HAMSTER EMBRYO CELLS TREATED WITH CHRYSENE WERE EXAMINED BY CHROMATOGRAPHY. BOTH MAJOR ADDUCTS HAVE CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES IDENTICAL TO THOSE OF ADDUCTS FORMED WHEN R-1,T-2-DIHYDROXY-TERT-3,4-OXY-1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDROCHRYSENE REACTS WITH DNA AND PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF CHRYSENE OCCURS VIA THE FORMATION OF THIS BAY-REGION DIOL-EPOXIDE. ... [HODGSON RM ET AL; CARCINOGENESIS 3 (9): 1051 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Buffalo river sediment extracts contained polynucle ar aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which caused skin darkening, hyperplasia, skin papillomas, mild coar sening and local pigmentations in the brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus). Sixteen PAH were identified in the sediment extract: fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, 2-methylphenanthrene, pyrene, 2-methylanthracene, benzanthracene, chrysene , perylene, benzo(f)fluoranthene, benzo(k) fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h) anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene. [Black JJ; Polynucl Aromat Hydrocarbons Int Symp 7th 99-11 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The tumor-initiating activities of Chrysene & the 3 metabolically possible trans-dihydrodiols at the 1,2-, 3,4-, & 5,6- positions of chrysene were determined on the skin of female CD-1 mice. A single topical application of 0, 0.4, 1.25, or 4.0 umol of ea ch compound was followed 7 da ys later by twice-weekly applications of the tumor promoter 12-0- tetr adecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for 25 wk. The most potent tumor initiator was chrysene 1,2-dihydrodiol, which had approximately twice the tumorigenic activity of the parent hydrocarbon chrysene at all doses tested. Chrysene 3,4- dihydrodiol and chrysene 5,6- dihydrodiol had no significant tumorigenic activity. [Levin W et al; Cancer Res 38 (6): 1831 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The process gas stream of an experimental pres surized McDowell-Wellman stirred-bed low-BTU coal gasifier, and combustion products of the clean gas we re characterized as to their mutagenic properties and chemical composition. Samples of aerosol dr oplets condensed from the gas were obtained at selected positions along the process stream using a c ondenser train. Mutagenicity was assessed using the Ames Salmonella mammalian microsome mutagenicity as say (TA98, with and without rat liver S9). All materials required metabolic activa tion to be mutagenic. Droplets c ondensed from gas had a specific Pa g e 10 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchmutagenicity of 6.7 revertants/mug (50,000 revertants/l raw gas). ... chr y sene and ... /was/ positively identified in a highly mutagenic fraction of raw gas condensate. [Benson JM et al; Environ Res 33 (2): 396-412 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The structure-activity relation of polycyclic ar omatic hydrocarbon-induced immunosuppression was investigated using the antibody-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes. Ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were evaluated following 14 days of subchronic exposure in female B6C3F1 mice. ... Chrysene did not suppress the antibody-forming cell response compared to the corn oil vehicle controls.

... [White KL et al; Immunopharmacology 9 (3): 155-64 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... A 7.5% solution of chrysene in liquid paraffin or oleic acid was painted on the skin of mice for 50-85 weeks and induced a few malignant tumors. However, skin application of a 1% solution of chrysene in 90% benzene induced no tumor after nine months. A 0.3% solution in mouse fat or a 7.5% solution in oleic acid produced no tumor in 120 mice. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 249 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A group of 30 female Sencar mice, seven to nine weeks old, received a singl e application of 2 umol chrysene (purity, >95%) in acetone, followed one week later by applications of 2 ug 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate twice weekly. Papillo mas were observed in 21/29 (73%) mice in theexperimental group, whereas only 3/30 (10%) promoter-control animals receiving 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate alone developed such tumors. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 251 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A group of 80 male and fema le newborn Swiss Webster BLU:Ha (ICR) mice received three ip injections of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 umol chrysene (repurified; melting point, 256 degree C) in dimethyl sulfoxide on days 1, 8 and 15 after birth. A total of 56 mice survived until weaning, and 27 males and 11 females were killed at weeks 39-41. Hepatic tumors (not further specified) developed in 6/27 (22%) male mice compared with 0/52 in controls given dimethyl su lfoxide. No increase in the incidence of pulmonary tumors was observed. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 252 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Application of small amounts of chrysene (about 0.1% in 10 ul of petroleum hydrocarbon mixture of relatively low embryotoxicity) to the egg shell of Ma llard ducks resulted in embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in the ducklings. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 252 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chrysene , in dose of 60 mg/kg bw given orally to pre gnant rats on day 19 of gestation, can induce cytochrome p450 enzymes, such as benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, in fetal liver. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 252 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... A group of 30 female Charles River CD-1 mi ce, eight weeks of age, received single topical

a pp lications of 2.5 umol chr y sene (p urit y 98% ) in 200 ul acetone. A g rou p of 30 controls received Pa g e 11 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchacetone alone. One week later, the mice receive twice weekly skin applications of 16 nmol TPA in 200 ul acetone for 26 weeks. In this experiment, 80% of mice developed skin papillomas (2.16 tumors/mouse) compared with 4% in controls (0.04 tumors/mouse). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 251 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A single, topical application of chrysene to neonatal rats at 1 mg/10 g body weight resulted in significantly increased aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in the liver (339%) and skin (251%) compared with control of 7-ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylase (208% and 133%). [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 319]**PEER REVIEWED**

The growth rate of mouse ascites sarcoma cells in culture was slightly (9%) inhibited when chrysene was added at a concentrati on of 1 umol/ml dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 525 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-Human Toxicity Values: TDLo Mouse sc 200 mg/kg [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 319]**PEER REVIEWED**

TDLo Mouse dermal 3600 mg/kg [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 319]**PEER REVIEWED**

LD50 Mouse ip >320 mg/kg bw [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 252 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ecotoxicity Values: LC50 Daphnia magna 1.9 mg/l/2 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 531]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Aedes aegypti (insect) = 1.7 mg/L/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 531]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Rana pipiens (amphibian) >6.7 mg/L/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 531]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Neanthes arenaceodentata (fish) >1 mg/L96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 531]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 12 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search

### Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Metabolism/Metabolites: ... FOUR PHENOLS WERE FORMED BY RAT LIVER HOMOGENATES: THE MAIN PHENOL IS PROBABLY 1-HYDROXY- CHRYSENE , & TWO OF THE DIHYDRO-DIHYDROXYCOMPOUNDS ARE PROBABLY 1,2-DIHYDRO-1,2-DIHYDROXYCHRYSENE & 3,4-DIHYDRO3,4-DIHYDROXYCHRYSENE. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V3 168 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

MICROSOMAL OXIDATION OF CHRYSENE IN RAT LIVER OCCURS AT VARIOUS POSITIONS (1,2-; 3,4-; 5,6-). AFTER VARIOUS RAT PRETREATMENTS WITH INDUCERS OF THE MONOOXYGENASE SYSTEM, THE OXIDATION AT THE 3,4-POSITION PREDOMINATED IN ISOLATED MICROSOMES. 1,2,3-TRIHYDROXY-1,2,3,4- TETRAHYDROCHRYSENE-TRIMETHYLSILYL-ETHER WAS FORMED UNDER WORKUP AND DERIVATIZATION CONDITIONS AFTER PRETREATING RATS WITH PHENOBARBITAL, PCB, 5,6-BENZOFLAVONE, OR OTHER POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. PCB AND BENZOFLAVONE WERE THE MOST POTENT INDUCERS FOR THE FORMATION OF THIS METABOLITE. [JACOB J ET AL; ARCH TOXICOL 51 (3): 255 1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

THE MAJOR DEOXYRIBONUCLEOSIDE-HYDROCARBON ADDUCTS PRESENT IN HYDROLYSATES OF DNA ISOLATED FROM HAMSTER EMBRYO CELLS TREATED WITH CHRYSENE WERE EXAMINED BY CHROMATOGRAPHY. BOTH MAJOR ADDUCTS HAVE CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES IDENTICAL TO THOSE OF ADDUCTS FORMED WHEN R-1,T-2-DIHYDROXY-TERT-3,4-OXY-1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDROCHRYSENE REACTS WITH DNA AND PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF CHRYSENE OCCURS VIA THE FORMATION OF THIS BAY-REGION DIOL-EPOXIDE. (THIS STUDY MAY BE APPLICABLE TO CARCINOGENESIS). [HODGSON RM ET AL; CARCINOGENESIS 3 (9): 1051 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

THE FLUORESCENCE SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF THE MAJOR HYDROCARBONDEOXYRIBONUCLEOSIDE ADDUCT THAT IS FORMED IN HAMSTER EMBRYO CELLS TREATED WITH CHRYSENE ARE PHENANTHRENE-LIKE. THIS IS CONSISTENT WITHMETABOLIC ACTIVATION OCCURRING IN THIS SYSTEM THROUGH A VICINAL DIOLEPOXIDE OF THE BAY-REGION TYPE. THE SPECTRAL RESULTS ARE ALSO CONSISTENT WITH THE IDEA THAT THE METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF CHRYSENE INVOLVES THE 'BAY REGION' 1,2-DIOL 3,4-OXIDE. [VIGNY P ET AL; CARCINOGENESIS 3 (12): 1491 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

THE HYDROXYL GROUPS OF (+ OR -)- CHRYSENE -TRANS-3,4-DIHYDRODIOL WERE METABOLIZED BY LIVER MICROSOMES FROM 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE-PRETREATED RATS TO FORM 1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDROTETROLS AS MAJOR PRODUCTS. IT APPEARS THAT THE DIHYDRODIOL EPOXIDES DERIVED FROM DIHYDRODIOLS CAN BE HYDROLYZED OR HYDRATED ENZYMATICALLY BY THE EPOXIDE HYDROLASE TO FORM THE TETRAHYDROTETROL DERIVATIVES. CHRYSENE TRANS-3,4-DIHYDRODIOL IS A MAJOR METABOLITE OF THE PARENT COMPOUND. IT REMAINS TO BE ESTABLISHED WHETHER VICINAL DIHYDRODIOL EPOXIDES THAT CAN BE DERIVED METABOLICALLY FROM DIHYDRODIOLS ARE INVOLVED IN COVALENT BINDING TO CELLULAR Pa g e 13 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchMACROMOLECULES IN CULTURED CELLS OR IN ANIMALS THAT HAD BEEN EXPOSED TO THE RESPECTIVE PARENT HYDROCARBONS. AXIAL HYDROXYL GROUPS OF CHRYSENE -TRANS-3,4-DIHYDRODIOL DO NOT SHIFT METABOLISM AWAY FROM THEIR VICINAL DOUBLE BOND. [CHOU MW ET AL; PROC NATL ACAD SCI USA 78 (7): 4270 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chrysene is converted by specific cellular enzymes to di hydrodiols and then further metabolized to diol epoxides (including trans dihydrodiols, phenols, bay-re gion diol epoxides, and triol epoxides) which can bind to DNA and form DNA adducts. The bay-region diol epoxides (especially the methylene-bridged bay-region derivatives) are believe d to be responsible for the carcinogenic and mutagenic activity of chrysene

. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 320]**PEER REVIEWED**

In rats, regardless of the route of administration, oxidation of chrysene predominated in the 1,2- or 3,4-

p osition. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 320]**PEER REVIEWED**

Absorption, Distribution & Excretion: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are highly soluble in adipose tissue and lipids. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/ [Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic And Hazardous Chemicals. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1981., p. 564]**PEER REVIEWED**

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), some of which are potent carcinogens, are common environmental pollutants. The transport proces ses for these hydrophobic compounds into cells and between intracellular membranes are diverse and are not well understood. A common mechanism of transport is by spontaneous desorption and transfer through the aqueous phase. From the partitioning

p arameters, ... the rate limiting step involves solvation of the transfer species in the interfacial water at the phospholipid surface. Transfer of 10 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ... out of

p hosphatidylcholine vesicles has been examined. ... Results show that the molecular volume of the

p olynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons is a rate-deter mining factor. Morever, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) data confirm the hypothesis that the rate of transfer is correlated with the size of the molecule and with the partitioning of the molecule between a polar and hydrocarbon phase. The kinetics and characteristics of the spontaneous transf er of carcinogens are likely to have a major impact on the competitive processes of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons metabolism within cell. [Plant AL et al; Chem-biol Interact 44 (3): 237-46 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chrysene is absorbed via the oral and dermal routes; there is no direct evidence available for absorption via the lungs. Absorption through the lungs is inferred by the measurement of chrysene and its metabolites in groups exposed occupationally to PAHs and in cigarette smokers. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 318]**PEER REVIEWED**

After oral administration in rats, chrysene was measured in peak concentrations within the hour in blood and liver. Chrysene has been found to concentrate in the adipose and mammary tissues after oral administration in rats; after oral administration, the majority of the chrysene is eliminated

p redominantly via the feces with up to 41%-79% intact and with complete recovery within 2 days. Pa g e 14 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 320]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chrysene does appear to be absorbed and metabolized in both human and animal skin. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 320]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mechanism of Action: THE MUTAGENIC ACTIVITIES OF THE FOUR OPTICALLY PURE (+)- AND (-)- ENANTIOMERS OF THE TWO DIASTEREOMERIC BAY-REGION CHRYSENE 1,2-DIOL-3,4- EPOXIDES WERE EVALUATED IN HISTIDINE-DEPENDENT STRAINS OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AND IN CULTURED CHINESE HAMSTER V79 CELLS. IN S TYPHIMURIUM TA98, (-)-1 ALPHA, 2 BETA-DIHYDROXY-3-BETA, 4 BETA-EPOXY-1,2,3,4- TETRAHYDROCHRYSENE WAS 5 TO 10 TIMES MORE ACTIVE THAN THE OTHER THREE OPTICAL ISOMERS. HOWEVER, IN TA100 AND IN CHINESE HAMSTER V79 CELLS, (+)-1 BETA, 2 ALPHA-DIHYDROXY-3 ALPHA, 4 ALPHA-EPOXY-1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDROCHRYSENE WAS THE MOST MUTAGENIC DIOL-EPOXIDE AND WAS FROM 5 TO 40 TIMES MORE ACTIVE THAN THE OTHER THREE OPTICAL IS OMERS. THE BAY-REGION (+)- AND (-)-3,4- EPOXY-1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDROCHRYSENE ISOMERS HAD IDENTICAL MUTAGENIC ACTIVITIES IN ALL THREE SYSTEMS. [WOOD AW ET AL; CANCER RES 42 (8): 2972 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

THE ABILITIES OF DIHYDRODIOLS AND DIOL-EPOXIDES OF CHRYSENE TO INITIATE SKIN TUMORS IN MICE WERE DETERMINED USING A 2-STAGE SYSTEM OF TUMORIGENESIS. (+/-)-TRANS-1,2-DIHYDROXY-1,2-DIHYDROCHRYSENE WAS MORE ACTIVE THAN THE PARENT HYDROCARBON WHEN APPLIED TOPICALLY TO SENCARMICE, FOLLOWED BY TWICE-WEEKLY APPLICATIONS OF 12-OTETRADECANOYLPHORBOL-13-ACETATE. TRANS-1,2-DIHYDROXY-ANTI-3,4-EPOXY1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDROCHRYSENE HAD 25% OF THE ACTIVITY OF CHRYSENE . THE DIHYDRODIOLS OF CHRYSENE , THE IMMEDIATE PRECURSORS OF BAY-REGION DIOLEPOXIDES, HAVE A MODERATE-TO-HIGH INITIATING ACTIVITY. THE BAY-REGION DIOLEPOXIDE OF CHRYSENE WAS THE ONLY DIOL-EPOXIDE TESTED THAT HAD SIGNIFICANT ACTIVITY WHEN COMPARED TO THE CORRESPONDING PARENT HYDROCARBON. [SLAGA TJ ET AL; CANCER RES 40 (6): 1981 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

FOLLOWING SINGLE TOPICAL APPLICATIONS OF 0.4 OR 1.2 UMOL ON MOUSE SKIN PLUS 25 WEEKS OF PROMOTION WITH 12-O-TETRADECANOYLPHORBOL 13-ACETATE, (-)- TRANS-1,2-DIHYDROXY-1,2-DIHYDROCHRYSENE (I) HAD APPROXIMATELY TWICE THE TUMOR-INITIATING ACTIVITY OF CHRYSENE WHILE THE (+)-ENANTIOMER HAD NO SIGNIFICANT TUMORIGENIC ACTIVITY. OF THE 4 ISOMERS OF CHRYSENE 1,2-DIOL-3,4- EPOXIDE, ONLY (+)-1BETA,2ALPHA-DIHYDROXY-3ALPHA,4ALPHA-EPOXY-1,2,3,4- TETRAHYDROCHRYSENE (II) HAD SIGNIFICANT TUMORIGENIC ACTIVITY, EQUIVALENT TO THAT OF THE PARENT COMPOUND. IN NEWBORN MICE TREATED WITH IP INJECTIONS, ANIMALS TREATED WITH II, (-)-I, OR RACEMIC I HAD INCREASED INSTANCES OF TUMORS; THE PARENT COMPOUND AND ALL OTHER DERIVATIVES TESTED WERE ESSENTIALLY INACTIVE. THE HIGH TUMORIGENIC ACTIVITY OF (-)-I AND II INDICATE THAT THESE COMPOUNDS ARE, RESPECTIVELY, PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE CARCINOGENIC METABOLITES OF CHRYSENE . II HAS ABSOLUTE Pa g e 15 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchCONFIGURATION SUCH THAT IT IS SUPERIMPOSABLE ON THE (+)-DIOL-EPOXIDE 2 ISOMER OF BENZO(A)PYRENE, THE ULTIMATE CARCINOGENIC METABOLITE OF BENZO (A)PYRENE. [CHANG RL ET AL; CANCER RES 43 (1): 192 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

THE CAPACITY OF COMPOUNDS TO DISPLACE 1,6-(3)H-LABELED TCDD (2,3,7,8- TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN) FROM THE MOUSE LIVER CYTOSOLIC AH RECEPTOR WAS EXAMINED. CHRYSENE GAVE 82% DISPLACEMENT OF (3)H-TCDD. AN EXCELLENT CORRELATION IS SEEN BETWEEN THE CAPACITY TO DISPLACE THE RADIOLIGAND FROM THE AH RECEPTOR AND THE CAPACITY TO INDUCE MONOOXYGENASE ACTIVITIES. [BIGELOW SW, NEBERT DW; TOXICOL LETT 10 (1): 109 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Metabolic activation of pol ycyclic aromatic hydr ocarbons (PAH) consists of an oxidation of the rings of unsubstituted polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. ... These oxidations are carried out by "mixed function" oxidases of the liver, which contai n cytochromes p450 and p448, and require reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and oxygen. In this oxidation, an epoxide intermediate is formed which has been shown to have the requisite chemical reactivity to form covalent complexes with DNA and histones and to serve as the ultimate carcinoge nic form of PAH. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981- 1982., p. 2900]**PEER REVIEWED**

Interactions:ELLAGIC ACID IS A HIGHLY POTENT INHIBITOR OF THE MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF BAYREGION DIOL EPOXIDES OF SOME BENZOPYRENES, BUT HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF ELLAGIC ACID ARE NEEDED TO INHIBIT THE MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF THE CHEMICALLY LESS REACTIVE BAY-REGION DIOL EPOXIDES OF CHRYSENE

. [WOOD AW ET AL; PROC NATL ACAD SCI USA 79 (18): 5513 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

THE ADDITION OF CHRYSENE TO A SYNTHETIC PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON MIXTURE OF KNOWN COMPOSITION AND RELATIVELY LOW EMBRYOTOXICITY RESULTED IN EMBRYOTOXICITY THAT WAS ENHANCED OR EQUAL TO THAT OF CRUDE OIL WHEN 10 UL WAS APPLIED EXTERNALLY TO MALLARD DUCK EGGS AT 72 HOURS OF DEVELOPMENT. MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY SHOWED THE PASSAGE OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS INCLUDING CHRYSENE THROUGH THE SHELL AND SHELL MEMBRANES TO THE DEVELOPING EMBRYOS. [HOFFMAN DJ, GAY ML; J TOXICOL ENVIRON HEALTH 7 (5): 775 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The influence of some compounds belonging to the group of polycyclic aroma tic hydrocarbons (eg, ... chrysene , ... on the pharmacokinetics of theophylli ne in rats is described. ... / Chrysene / significantly accelerated the elimination of the drug. ... [Brandys J, Piekoszewski W; Pharmazie 40 Iss: 566-68 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The potencies of various xenobiotics for induction of monooxygenases and their influence on the rat liver microsomal metabolite profile of the environmentally relevant weak carcinogen, chrysene , was determined. Among the widely distributed chem icals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and

p referentially 3,3,'4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl as well as PAHs and their heterocyclic analogues such as benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]- and -[j]fluoranthene, inde no[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]acridine, benzo[b] naphtho-[2,1-d]thiophene, and 5,6-benzoflavone were found to be potent inducers stimulating the formation of the proximate, and some of them also the ultimate carcinogen of chrysene . Lindane, Pa g e 16 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchcarbaryl, DDT, and pentachlorophenol were found to be inefficient or weak inducers. With theexception of phenobarbital no inducers were found among the pharmaceuticals investigated. Sexdependent metabolism was found for Wistar-rats. No 1,2-oxidation was observed in females, and turnover rates were lower than in males. ...in most cases the same effective xenobiotic induces the bayregion diolepoxide in both chrysene and benz[a]anthracene. [Jacob J et al; Cancer Letter 34 (1): 91-102 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Pharmacology:

Interactions:ELLAGIC ACID IS A HIGHLY POTENT INHIBITOR OF THE MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF BAYREGION DIOL EPOXIDES OF SOME BENZOPYRENES, BUT HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF ELLAGIC ACID ARE NEEDED TO INHIBIT THE MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF THE CHEMICALLY LESS REACTIVE BAY-REGION DIOL EPOXIDES OF CHRYSENE

. [WOOD AW ET AL; PROC NATL ACAD SCI USA 79 (18): 5513 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

THE ADDITION OF CHRYSENE TO A SYNTHETIC PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON MIXTURE OF KNOWN COMPOSITION AND RELATIVELY LOW EMBRYOTOXICITY RESULTED IN EMBRYOTOXICITY THAT WAS ENHANCED OR EQUAL TO THAT OF CRUDE OIL WHEN 10 UL WAS APPLIED EXTERNALLY TO MALLARD DUCK EGGS AT 72 HOURS OF DEVELOPMENT. MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY SHOWED THE PASSAGE OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS INCLUDING CHRYSENE THROUGH THE SHELL AND SHELL MEMBRANES TO THE DEVELOPING EMBRYOS. [HOFFMAN DJ, GAY ML; J TOXICOL ENVIRON HEALTH 7 (5): 775 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The influence of some compounds belonging to the group of polycyclic aroma tic hydrocarbons (eg, ... chrysene , ... on the pharmacokinetics of theophylli ne in rats is described. ... / Chrysene / significantly accelerated the elimination of the drug. ... [Brandys J, Piekoszewski W; Pharmazie 40 Iss: 566-68 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The potencies of various xenobiotics for induction of monooxygenases and their influence on the rat liver microsomal metabolite profile of the environmentally relevant weak carcinogen, chrysene , was determined. Among the widely distributed chem icals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and

p referentially 3,3,'4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl as well as PAHs and their heterocyclic analogues such as benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]- and -[j]fluoranthene, inde no[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]acridine, benzo[b] naphtho-[2,1-d]thiophene, and 5,6-benzoflavone were found to be potent inducers stimulating the formation of the proximate, and some of them also the ultimate carcinogen of chrysene . Lindane, carbaryl, DDT, and pentachlorophenol were found to be inefficient or weak inducers. With theexception of phenobarbital no inducers were found among the pharmaceuticals investigated. Sexdependent metabolism was found for Wistar-rats. No 1,2-oxidation was observed in females, and turnover rates were lower than in males. ...in most cases the same effective xenobiotic induces the bayregion diolepoxide in both chrysene and benz[a]anthracene. [Jacob J et al; Cancer Letter 34 (1): 91-102 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary: Pa g e 17 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchChr y sene occurs in fossil fuels and is released to the environment as a constituent of complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that are formed by the incomplete combustion of organic matter. If released to air, chrysene 's measured vapor pressure of 6.23X10-9 mm Hg at 25 deg C indicates this compound is expected to exist solely in the partic ulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulatep hase chrysene will be physically removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, an estimated Koc value of 3.1X10+4 indicates chrysene is expected to be immobile. Volatilization of chrysene from wet and dry soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based on its estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.9X10-7 atm-cu m/mole and its measured vapor

p ressure, respectively. Biodegradation in soil is expe cted to be a slow fate process based upon half-lives in soil ranging from 77 to 387 days. Adsorption to soil is expected to inhibit biodegradation. If released into water, chrysene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon Koc values ranging from 2.8X10+5 to 5.8X10+5 . Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to occur given this compound's estimated He nry's Law constant. Measured BCFs ranging from 8.2 to 1X10+5 indicate bioconcentra tion in aquatic organisms is low to very high. Marine organisms which lack a metabolic detoxification enzyme system, tend to accumulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important process due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Biodegradation is expected to be a slow fate process in aquatic systems. 9 and 90% biodegradation of chrysene was observed in a wastewater treatment plant and an activated sludge pilot reactor, respectively. Occupational exposure to chrysene may occur through inhalation of air contaminated with products of incomplete combusti on and dermal contact with soot, motor oil and coal tar. The general population may be exposed to chrysene through the smoking of tobacco, inhalation of

p olluted air and by ingestion of food and water contaminated by combustion effluents. (SRC)

**PEER REVIEWED**

Probable Routes of Human Exposure: ANALYSIS OF 9 CUTTING OILS, 5 QUENCHING OILS, AND 5 OIL MISTS FOR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH) WHICH ARE POTENTIAL CARCINOGENS, INDICATED THAT INCREASES IN PAH CONCENTRATIONS DURING USE CAN OCCUR, ESPECIALLY WITH QUENCHING OILS. CHRYSENE IS OF UNCERTAIN CARCINOGENICITY. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANY INCREASES IS THEREFORE UNCERTAIN, PARTICULARLY AS IN MANY CASES IT AND BENZO(A)ANTHRACENE CONTRIBUTE A LARGE PORTION OF THE TOTAL PAH CONTENT. [EYRES AR; INST PET (TECH PAP) IP (IP 81-002): (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

THE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CONTENT IN THE AIR OF 10 FERROUS AND NONFERROUS FOUNDRIES WAS STUDIED. RESULTS INDICATED A SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION OF HIGH PAH LEVELS WITH POOR GENERAL VENTILATION AND THE WINTER SEASON. MAXIMUM LEVELS OF BENZO(A)ANTHRACENE/ CHRYSENE FOUND WERE 9.39 UMOL/CU M (PERSONAL) AND 22.10 UMOL/CU M (AREA). [VERMA DK ET AL; ANN OCCUP HYG 25 (1): 17 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH) CONTENT IN AIR OF 10 FERROUS & N ONFERROUS FOUNDRIES WAS STUDIED. CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS REPORTED TO HAVE A HIGH RISK OF LUNG CANCER, SUCH AS MOLDERS, CASTERS & CRANE MEN, WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF PAH EXPRESSED AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE. THIS RESULT WAS NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. [VERMA DK ET AL; ANN OCCUP HYG 25 (1): 17-26 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

GLASS CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY SHOWED THAT WORKERS IN COKE PLANT WERE EXPOSED TO 5 TO 1000 MG POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH)/CU M Pa g e 18 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchAIR (INCL ACENAPHTHYLENE). PARTICULATE MATTER CONTAINS 98% RESPIRABLE PAH. [BJOERSETH A ET AL; SCAND J WORK, ENVIRON HEALTH 4 (3): 224 (1978)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Workers ... exposed to coal tar, mineral oil, a nd petroleum waxes. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/ [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Draft) p.C-37 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

N IOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 7,117 workers are potentially exposed

to chrysene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to chrysene may occur through inhalation of air contaminated with products of incomplete combusti on and dermal contact with soot, motor oil and coal tar(SRC). Human exposure to chrysene may occur through the smoking of tobacco, inhalation of

p olluted air and by ingestion of food and wate r contaminated by combustion effluents(2). [(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983) (2) IARC; Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data 32: 247-61 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chrysene was quantitated in typical personal samples from the coke oven battery top of a coke plant (sampling time 2 hours) at 72 ug/cu m total; in typical personal samples from the pot-room of a Soderberg aluminum plant (sampling time 2 hours) the total chrysene concn was 7.4 ug/cu m; in typical

p ersonal samples from the handling of creosote-i mpregnated railroad ties (sampling time 60 minutes) the total concn was 0.8 ug/cu m(1). Stationary air samples collected near the ovens of two silicon carbide process plants contained chrysene concns ranging from 131 to 1978 ng/cu m in one plant and 1225 to 2624 ng/cu m in the second plant(2). Chrysene was detected in air samples (taken at breathing height using personal sampling pumps) collected in the furnace area of two silicon carbide process

p lants at concns (ng/cu m) ranging from (Plant A and B): 83 to 303 and 1,206 to 3,040 for the foreman; 37 to 192 and 199 to 10,395 for the crane operator; 364 to 680 and 1,334 to 2,861 for oven workers whose tasks were in close proximity to the oven; and 89 to 259 and 466 to 14,044 for oven workers whose tasks did not involve direct work at the oven site(2). Chrysene has been detected in occupational environments at the following airborne concns (geo metric mean), ug/cu m: coke plant, 14.49; carbon anode plant, 1.403; graphite plant, 2.512; silicon carbi de plant, 0.221; metal recycling plant, 0.071; and a bitumen paving plant, 0.109(3). Chrysene was detected in air samples (taken at breathing height using

p ersonal sampling pumps) of 6 workers in a plant producing carbon anodes for aluminum electrolysis, worksite - concn of chrysene (ug/cu m): forming section - 0.79 to 2.08; paste plant - 2.06 to 5.45; store section (broken green anodes and bur ned anodes) - 0.26 to 0.65; forming section - 1.79 to 3.90; store section (coke) paste plant - 0.18 to 3.16; and all worksites - 0.36 to 10.02(4). Air samples collected above the doors of smoking kilns used in Danish smokehouses contained chrysene in the particulate

p hase(5). Average exposure of workers to chrysene in the aluminum refinery, silicon carbide, and refractory brick industries is approx 25 ug/cu m(6). Air sampled from the breathing zone of chimney sweeps during "dirty work" contained chrysene at unreported concns(7). [(1) Andersson K et Al; Chemosphere 12 (2): 197 (1983) (2) Petry T et al; Ann Occup Hyg 38: 741-52 (1994) (3) Petry T et al; Chemosphere 32: 639-48 (1996) (4) Petry T et al; Ann Occup Hygiene 40: 345-57 (1996) (5) Nordholm L et al; Scand J Work Environ Health 12: 614-18 (1986) (6) Lesage J et al; Am Indust Hyg Assoc J 48: 753- 60 (1987) (7) Knecht U et al; Br J Ind Med 46: 479-82 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Average Daily Intake: WATER INTAKE: Insufficient data. AIR INTAKE: (Ass ume typical concn of 0.60 to 27.9 ng/cu m, the range of urban/suburban concn fo r some US cities)(1,2) 12 to 558 ng. FOOD INTAKE: (Assume typical concn of 1.4 to 395 ug/kg)(3) 2.24 to 632 ug. In 1979 UK total diets, total chrysene dietary load was 0.50 u g / p erson/da y ( based on total dail y consum p tion of 1.46 k g food and bevera g es )( 4 )

. Pa g e 19 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search[(1) Santodonato J et al; Health and Ecological Assessment of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Lee SD, Grant L eds. Park Forest South,IL: Pathotox Publ(1981) (2) Bjorseth A, Olufsen BS; pp. 507-24 in Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (1983) (3) IARC; Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data 32: 247-61 (1983) (4) Dennis MJ et al; Food Chem Toxicol 21: 569- 74 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Natural Pollution Sources: Chrysene occurs in higher concns than most other polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in fossil fuels such as crude oil and lignite(1). [(1) IARC; Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data 32: 247-61 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Artificial Pollution Sources: /IT/ OCCURS IN COAL TAR. IS FORMED DURING DISTILLATION OF COAL, IN VERY SMALL AMT DURING DISTILLATION OR PYROLYSIS OF MANY FATS & OILS. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 378]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Chrysene 's use in organic syntheses(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Chrysene occurs ubiquitously in products of incomplete combustion(2). It has been identified in mainstream cigarette smoke; mainstream smoke of marijuana cigarettes; exhaust emissions from gasoline engines; with triphenylene in exhaust of burnt coals; gasolines; crude oils; charcoal-broiled steaks; broiled and smoked meat; sm oked fish; vegetables; edible oils and fats; and roasted and soluble coffee(2). [(1) Lewis RJ Jr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 12th ed NY,NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co p. 283 (1993) (2) IARC; Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data 32: 247-61 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Fate: TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of3.1X10+4(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of 5.73(2) and a recommended regressionderived equation(3), indicates that chrysene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chrysene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be important(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.9X10-7 atm-cu m/ mole(SRC) from its experimental va lues for vapor pressure, 6.23X10-9 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 1.89X10-3 mg/l(4). Chrysene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on its measured vapor pressure(3). Adsorption to soil is expected to inhibit biodegradation(5). Biodegradation half-liv es of 371 and 387 days were observed for chrysene in Kidman and McLaurin sandy loam soils, respectively(6). A biodegradation half-life of 77 days was measured in a mixture of oil refinery wastes applied to Kidman sandy loam(7). In a 170 day soil column study containing creosote contaminated sandy soil samples, an initial chrysene concn of approximately 225 mg/kg was reduced to about 150 mg/kg(8). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983) (2) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR (consult ed) Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 154 (1995) (3) Hoyer H, Peperle W; Z Elektrochem 62: 61-6 (1958) (4) Yalkowsky SH, Dannenfelser RM; Aquasol Database of Aqueous Solubility. Ver 5. College of Pharmacy, Univ of Ariz - Tucson, AZ. PC Ver (1992) (5) Weissenfels WD et al; Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 36: 689-96 (1992) (6) Park KS et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 9: 187-95 (1990) (7) Keck J et al; Water Res 23: 1467-76 (1989) (8) Breedveld GD, Briseid T; Appl Biotechnol Site Remed, Hinchee Pa g e 20 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchRE at al eds. Ann Arbor, MI: Lewis Publ (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), sediment Koc values ranging from 2.8X10+5 to 5.8X10+5(2,SRC) indicate that chrysene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Chrysene is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.9X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 6.23X10-9 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 1.89X10-3 mg/l(4). According to a classification scheme(5), measured BCFs ranging from 8.2 to 1X10+5(6,7), suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to very high(SRC). Elimination half-lives of 14.2 and 5.0, 3.3, 15.1, and 4.3 days were measured in Mytilus edilus, Macoma balthica, Crassotrea virginica, and Mercenaria mercenaria, respectively(7). Marine organisms which lack a metabolic detoxification enzyme system, tend to accumulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(8). Chrysene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(9). Biodegradation is expected to be a slow fate proces s in aquatic systems(SRC). In shake flask studies, an initial chrysene concn of 2.7 ug/ml was reduced to 1.2 ug/ml following 2 weeks incubation in contaminated groundwater from th e American Creosote Works Superfund site, Pensacola, FL(10). 9% chrysene loss due to biodegradation was observed in a wastewater treatment plant(11); 90% chrysene removal over 36 days in an activated sludge pilot reactor was attributed to biodegradation(12). Halflives for the direct photochemical decomposition of chrysene in freshwater were computed to be: 4.4 hours near the surface of freshwater (simulated lat itude, 40 deg N, mid-day, mid-summer), 13 hours at a depth of 5 m, and 68 hours at a depth of 5 m and partitioned to bottom sediment(13). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983) (2) Gert-Jandemaagd P et al; Polycyclic Aromat Compd 5: 219-24 (1994) (3) Hoyer H, Peperle W; Z Elektrochem 62: 61-6 (1958) (4) Yalkowsky SH, Dannenfelser RM; Aquasol Database of Aqueous Solubility. Ver 5. College of Pharmacy, Univ of Ariz - Tucson, AZ. PC Ver (1992) (5) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (6) Anderson JW et al; Sources, Fates, and Effects of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Alaskan Marine Environment with Recommendations for Monitoring Strategies. NTIS PB86-168-291/AS. Washington,DC: USEPA (1986) (7) Meador JP et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, Vol 143, Springer-Verlag: NY,NY (1995) (8) Malins DC; Ann NY Acad Sci 298: 482-496 (1977) as cited in: Health and Welfare Canada; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons p.37 Report No. 80-EHD-50 (1979) (9) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 5-4, 5-10, 7-4, 7-5, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (10) Mueller JG et al; Appl Environ Microbiol 57: 1277-85 (1991) (11) Petrasek AC et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 55: 1286-96 (1983) (12) Smith JR et al; Water Environ Res 65: 804-18 (1993) (13) Anderson JW et al; Sources, Fates, and Effects of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Alaskan Marine Environment with Recommendations for Monitoring Strategies. NTIS PB86-168-291/AS. Washington,DC: USEPA (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chrysene , which has a measured vapor pressure of 6.23X10-9 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), is expected to exist almost entirely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase chrysene may be physically removed from th e air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). [(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) (2) Hoyer H, Peperle W; Z Elektrochem 62: 61-6 (1958)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Biodegradation: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with 4 or less aromatic rings are degraded by microbes and are readily metabolized by multicellular organisms; biodegradation may be the ultimate fate

p rocess. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ [Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume I. EPA-440/4 79-029a. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1979., p. 97-17]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 21 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchBiodegradation is probably slower in the aquatic sy stem than in the soil, and biodegradation may be much more important in those aquatic sy stems which are chronically affected by contamination. /Polycycli c aromatic hydrocarbons/ [Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume I. EPA-440/4 79-029a. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1979., p. 95-11]**PEER REVIEWED**

Biodegradation half-lives of 371 and 387 days were observed for chrysene in Kidman and McLaurin sandy loam soils, respectively(1). No significant degradation of chrysene was observed in soil obtained from a former tar-oil refinery following 8 weeks of incubation in a percolator(2). However, when sand was contaminated with soil extracts contai ning polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including chrysene

, and inoculated with a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degrading mixed culture, the chrysene concn was reduced from approx. 50 mg/kg soil to approx. 19 mg/kg soil(2). The inhibition of chrysene biodegradation was attributed to binding of chrysene with the soil(2). In a 240 day soil microcosm study, half-lives of 980, 1000, and 730 days at 10, 20, and 30 deg C, respectively, were estimated for chrysene (3). Chrysene at a concn of 5 ppm (values for 10 ppm) was degraded 6% (0%) after 7 days by microbes in wastewater with gradual adaptation, 65%, 53%, and 59%, (30%, 34%, and 38%) degraded 7 days after addition of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th subculture, respectively(4). Chrysene was not degraded after 4 weeks incubation in a suspension containing polluted water from a stream and either naphthalene or

p henanthrene as growth substrates(5). 9% chrysene loss due to biodegradation was observed in a wastewater treatment plant(6). Chrysene , concn 150 ppm, was degraded approx 38 and 50% after 2 and 5 days, respectively, when incubated in liquid re sting-cell experiments with a pre-grown polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degrading culture(7). 90% chrysene removal over 36 days in an activated sludge

p ilot reactor was attributed to biodegradation(8). Mineralization of (14)C- chrysene was 20.46 and 0.15% following 90 days incubation with microbial mats (consisting of a freshwater consortium of bacteria and cyanobacteria) in a series of dark and li ght flasks, respectively(9). In shake flask studies, an initial chrysene concn of 2.7 ug/ml was reduced to 1.2 ug/ml following 2 weeks incubation in contaminated groundwater from th e American Creosote Works Superfund site, Pensacola, FL(10). [(1) Park KS et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 9: 187-95 (1990) (2) Weissenfels WD et al; Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 36: 689-96 (1992) (3) Coover MP, Sims RC; Haz Waste Haz Mat 4: 69-82 (1987) (4) Tabak HH et al; Proc Symp AOAC 94: 267-328 (1981) (5) McKenna AJ; Water Resour Cent 113: 1025 (1976) (6) Petrasek AC et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 55: 1286-96 (1983) (7) Srivastava VJ et al; Proc Ind Waste Conf 44: 49-60 (1990) (8) Smith JR et al; Water Environ Res 65: 804-18 (1993) (9) Phillips R et al; Appl Biotechnol Site Remed, Hinchee RE et al eds., Ann Arbor,MI: Lewis Publ (1994) (10) Mueller JG et al; Appl Environ Microbiol 57: 1277-85 (1991)]

**PEER REVIEWED**

In bench-scale biotreatability studies using a solid- phase bioremediation process (landfarming chambers containing sediment and soil collected from the American Creosote Works Superfund site, Pensacola, FL), the chrysene concn was reduced from 114.0 to 53. 4 mg/landfarming chamber in unamended surface soil; 114.0 to 46.2 mg/landfarming chamber in nutrient-amended surface soil; 1443.6 to 1146.6 mg/landfarming chamber in uname nded sediment; and 1443.6 to 992.4 mg/landfarming chamber in nutrient-amended sediment following 12 weeks in cubation(1). After 16 months incubation in biologically active soils containing 1-phenyldecane as a primary substrate, 84% of chrysene was recovered; 95% of chrysene was recovered from a poisoned cont rol after 16 months incubation(2). Half-lives of 39.2 and 173.7 days were observed for chrysene in wood preserving sludge at an initial chrysene concn of 2000 mg/kg and loading values of 86 and 172 g/kg, respectively(3). Half-lives for chrysene ranged from 1000 days, using a synthetic mixtur e of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons applie d and incubated together in Kidman sandy loam soil, to 77 days in a mixture of oil refinery wastes applied to Kidman sandy loam soil(4). A half-life of 371 days was observed for chrysene when applied and incubated as a sin g le constituent in Kidman sand y loam soil ( 4 )

. ( 14 ) C- Chr y sene added to sediment Pa g e 22 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchfrom the Upper Gulf of Thailand and Chao Phraya River to give a concn of 2.5 ug chr y sene /g sediment had half-lives of 189 and 153 days, respectively, as determined by (14)CO2 evolution(5). After 60 days of batch slurry bioremediation, the initial solid-phase chrysene concn of 81 ug/g was reduced to 32.4 ug/g, a 60% removal(6). In a soil column study containing sandy soil samples from a site contaminated with creosote, an initial chrysene concn of approximately 225 mg/ kg was reduced to about 150 mg/kg following 170 days incubation(7). Following applicati on of sludge to field plots at a rate of 448,144 kg/ha, the chrysene concn after 5 days was 229 ug/kg at a soil depth of 0 to 15.2 cm and 24 ug/kg at a depth of 22.9 to 38.1 cm; after 241 days the chrysene concn was 147 ug/kg at a depth of 0 to 15.2 cm and 0 ug/kg at a depth of 22.9 to 38.1 cm(8). Chrysene was not detected in soil 241 days after sludge application to field plots at a rate of 156,018 kg/ha(8). [(1) Mueller JG et al; Environ Sci Technol 25: 1045-55 (1991) (2) Bossert ID, Bartha R; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 37: 490-5 (1986) (3) Kincannon DF, Lin YS; Proc Ind Waste Conf 40: 607-19 (1985) (4) Keck J et al; Water Res 23: 1467-76 (1989) (5) Hungspreugs M et al; Mar Pollut Bull 15: 213-8 (1984) (6) Castaldi FJ; Appl Biotechnol Site Remed, Hinchee RE et al eds, Lewis Publishers: Ann Arbor, MI (1994) (7) Breedveld GD, Briseid T; Appl Biotechnol Site Remed, Hinchee RE at al eds, Lewis Publ: Ann Arbor, MI (1994) (8) Demirjian YA et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 59: 211-9 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ANAEROBIC: Anaerobic sludge digestion over a period of 32 days was found to have no statistically significant effect on the concn of chrysene (1). [(1) Kirk PWW, Lester JN; Environ Technol 12: 13-20 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Abiotic Degradation: Chrysene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(1). Chrysene deposited on glass-fiber filters has been shown to be inert to nitrogen

p entoxide(2). No change in the appearance of chrysene adsorbed onto silica gel, aluminum oxide, cellulose powder, and 21% acetylated cellulose thin layer chromatography plates was observed following exposure to ultraviolet light(3). Irradiation of chrysene adsorbed onto silica gel, alumina, fly ash, and carbon black, with a mercury vapor lamp yi elded photolysis half-lives of 100, 78, 38, and 690 hours, respectively(4); indicating adsorption may affect photodegradation(4,SRC). Dark-corrected

p hotolysis half-lives for chrysene adsorbed onto fly ash and irradiated with a mercury vapor lamp ranged from 152 to 1000 hours(5). Following 240 minutes irradiation with a mercury vapor lamp, approx. 33 and 81% of chrysene in a liquid mixture of methoxyphenols (commonly found in wood smoke) and hexadecane (representative of aliphatic hydrocarbons found in diesel soot and automobile exhaust) remained, respectively(6). Half-lives of >24 and 0.45 hours were determined for chrysene in chlorinated water at a chlorine concns of 0.6 and 10 mg/l, respectively(7). Half-lives for the direct

p hotochemical decomposition of chrysene in freshwater were computed to be: 4.4 hours near the surface of freshwater (simulated latitude, 40 deg N, mid-day, mid-summer), 13 hours at a depth of 5 m, and 68 hours at a depth of 5 m and partitioned to botto m sediment(8). Half-lives of 200 and 407 days for chrysene in a light loam and a loamy sand soil, respec tively, at 10 deg C decreased to 111 and 230 days, respectively, with an increase in temperature to 20 deg C(9). Chrysene absorbs light in the environmental spectrum(10) indicating a potential for direct photolysis(SRC). [(1) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990) (2) Pitts JN et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1115-21 (1985) (3) Inscoe MN; Anal Chem 36: 2505-6 (1964) (4) Behmyer TD, Hites RA; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1004-6 (1985) (5) Behmyer TD, Hites RA; Environ Sci Technol 22: 1311-9 (1988) (6) McDow SR et al; Environ Sci Technol 28: 2147-53 (1994) (7) Mori Y et al; Chemosphere 22: 495-501 (1991) (8) Anderson JW et al; Sources, Fates, and Effects of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Alaskan Marine Environment with Recommendations for Monitoring Strategies. NTIS PB86-168-291/AS. Washington,DC: USEPA (1986) (9) Maliszewska-Kordybach B; Environ Pollut 79: 15-20 (1993) (10)Mabey WR et al; Aquatic Fate Process Data for Organic Priority Pollutants, USEPAPa g e 23 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search440/4-81-014, Washington,DC: USEPA (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Bioconcentration: MACOMA INQUINATA, A DETRITUS FEEDING CLAM, WAS EXPOSED FOR 60 DAYS TO COARSE-GRAINED, AND ABARENICOLA PACIFICA, A BURROWING POLYCHAETE, TO FINE-GRAINED SEDIMENT. EACH SEDIMENT CONTAINED CHRYSENE . OVER 70% OF THE CHRYSENE REMAINED IN THE COARSE SEDIMENT DURING THE EXPOSURE. ESSENTIALLY ALL REMAINED IN THE FINE SEDIMENT. THE CONCENTRATION OF CHRYSENE IN THE CLAMS ROSE STEADILY, REACHING LEVELS 11.6 TIMES AS HIGH AS THOSE IN SEDIMENT. THE CONCENTRATIONS IN ABARENICOLA TISSUE INCREASED FOR 2 WEEKS TO 4-6 TIMES THE SEDIMENT LEVELS. THE TISSUE CONCENTRATION OF CHRYSENE REMAINED CONSTANT THEREAFTER. [AUGENFELD JM ET AL; MAR ENVIRON RES 7 (1): 31 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

MUSSELS WERE TAKEN FROM TWO SITES, THE FIRST RELATIVELY ISOLATED FROM HUMAN ONSHORE ACTIVITIES AND THE SECOND ALONG THE NEWPORT BAYFRONT OF YAQUINA BAY, WITH POSSIBLE CONTAMINATION FROM CREOSOTED PILINGS, MARINAS, FISHING VESSELS, FISH PROCESSING PLANTS AND OTHER LIGHT INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS. THE FIRST SITE SHOWED NO CHRYSENE IN MUSSELS, WHILE THE SECOND SHOWED AN AVERAGE OF 86.2 UG/KG, WET WEIGHT. [MIX MC, SCHAFFER RL; MAR ENVIRON RES 9 (4): 193 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH) WERE ANALYZED IN SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS AND BENTHIC ORGANISMS IN SOUTHWESTERN LAKE ERIE NEAR A LARGE COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT. SEDIMENTS FROM STATIONS 5 AND 10 KM TO THE NORTH CONTAINED SEVERAL TIMES THE LEVEL OF PAH AS DID THOSE FROM STATIONS DIRECTLY OFFSHORE OR TO THE SOUTH. MIDGES COLLECTED AT 1 KM OFFSHORE EXHIBITED BIOCONCENTRATION OF CHRYSENE . FURTHER OFFSHORE, THE APPARENT BIOCONCENTRATION DISAPPEARED, WITH THE MIDGES AT NEAR EQUILIBRIUM WITH THE SEDIMENTS. A SIMILAR RESULT WAS REPORTED FOR THE MARINE MOLLUSK MYTILUS EDULIS. [EADIE BJ ET AL; CHEMOSPHERE 11 (2): 185 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Some marine organisms have no detectable ar yl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme systems, namely:

p hytoplankton, certain zooplankton, mussels (Mytilus e dulis), scallops (Placopecten sp), and snails (Litternia littorea). ... Those organisms which lack a metabolic detoxification enzyme system, tend to accumulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ [Malins DC; Ann NY Acad Sci 298: 482-496 (1977) as cited in: Health and Welfare Canada; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons p.37 (1979) Report No. 80-EHD-50]**PEER

REVIEWED**

BCFs in the clam Macoma inquinata were 694 from 7 days exposure to 0.0004 ppm chrysene via the overlying water column and 0.04 from exposur e to oil-contaminated sediments, 8.37 ppm chrysene , for 7 days(1). A BCF of 8.2 was measured in the bivalve Rangia cuneata over a period of 1 day using a chrysene water concn of 0.066 ppm(1). The mean chrysene concn in the amphipod Diporeia following 2 days exposure to sediment-sorbed polycyclic ar omatic hydrocarbons was 136, 53, and 61 nmol/g for sediments aged 3, 60, and 150 days, respectively(2). Uptake clearance, ks, values were 0.180, 0.051, and 0.126 g dry sediment/g h for sediments aged 3, 60, and 150 days, respectively(2). Chrysene was detected in the soft-body tissue of the oyster Crassost rea virginica after 43 days incubation in the water of Pensacola Bay, FL at concns of 4 and 11 ug/ kg(3). Mercenaria mercenaria, exposed to nine

p olycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (including chrysene ) for 48 hours did not significantly eliminate Pa g e 24 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchthem over a 45-day depuration period(4). Bi oaccumulation factors (concentration in muscle/concentration in sediments) ranging from 0.03 to 0.06 were measured in flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, following 4 months e xposure to Hibernia crude oil in sediments(5). A mean BCF of 20,280 was measured in Pontoporeia h oyi(6). Bioconcentration factors (ratio between tissue and sediment concns) of 14. 7 and 6.2 were measured in Polychaete sp. and Capitella capitata(7). Clams, Macoma nasuta, exposed to field-c ontaminated sediments for 28 days contained chrysene at mean concns ranging from 8.1 to 88 ng/g dry weight(8). A BCF of approx 2000 was measured in Daphnia magna, elimination of chrysene was rapid(9). According to a classification scheme(10), these BCFs suggest that bioconcentra tion in aquatic organisms is low to very high(SRC). [(1) Anderson JW et al; Sources, Fates, and Effects of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Alaskan Marine Environment with Recommendations for Monitoring Strategies. NTIS PB86-168-291/AS. Washington, DC: USEPA (1986) (2) Landrum PF et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 11: 1197-1208 (1992) (3) Elder JF, Dresler PV; Environ Pollut 49: 117-32 (1988) (4) Tanacredl JT, Cardenas RR; Environ Sci Technol 25: 1453-61 (1991) (5) Hellou J et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 27: 477-85 (1994) (6) Eadie BJ et al; Chemosphere 11: 847-58 (1982) (7) Bayona JM et al; Chemosphere 23: 313-26 (1991) (8) Ferraro SP et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19: 386-94 (1990) (9) Eastmond DA et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 13: 105-11 (1984) (10) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Soil Adsorption/Mobility: Sorption coefficients for chrysene obtained during 48 hour batch expe riments using two lake sediments with an organic carbon of 1.87 and 2.07%, and a high chemical concn were 5,200 and 12,000, respectively(1). Sorption coefficients obtaine d from 48 hour batch experiments using a low chrysene concn were 6,300 and 9,500 using la ke sediments with 1.87% and 2.07% organic carbon, respectively (1). These values correspond to estimated Koc values of 2.8X10+5, 5.8X10+5, 3.4X10+5, and 4.6X10+5(2,SRC). The Koc of chrysene is estimated as approximately 3.1X10+4(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 5.73(3) and a regression-der ived equation(2,SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(4), these estimated and measured Koc values suggest that chrysene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Sorption removal accounted for >6.2% and >8.5% of the chrysene present in the influent of a high-loaded laboratory scale activ ated sludge reactor and a biological aerated filter reactor, respectively(5). Chrysene was identified as a leachate in laboratory leaching experiments conducted using coal from PA and MD during seve ral leaching events occurring at 10 and 14-day intervals(6). [(1) Gert-Jandemaagd P et al; Polycyclic Aromat Compd 5: 219-24 (1994) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-2, 4-9 (1990) (3) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR (consult ed) Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc p 154 (1995) (4) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983) (5) Clapp LW et al; Water Environ Res 66: 153-60 (1994) (6) Fendinger NA et al; Environ Sci Technol 23: 170-7 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Volatilization from Water/Soil: The Henry's Law constant for chrysene is estimated as 9.9X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 6.23X10- 9 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1.89X10-3 mg/l(2). This value indicates that chrysene is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3,SRC). Chrysene 's Henry's Law constant(1,2,SRC) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Chrysene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based on a measured vapor pressure of 6.23X10-9 mm Hg(1). [(1) Hoyer H, Peperle W; Z Elektrochem 62: 61-6 (1958) (2) Yalkowsky SH, Dannenfelser RM; Aquasol Database of Aqueous Solubility. Version 5. College of Pharmacy, Univ of Ariz - Tucson, AZ. PC Version (1992) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook Pa g e 25 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchof Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Water Concentrations: GROUNDWATER: Groundwater samples from a well de pth of 21 m at a location adjacent to the American Creosote Works in Pensacola, FL in March 1990 were found to contain chrysene at a concn of 2.7 mg/l(1). Chrysene was detected in 13% of groundwater samples from 4 wood treatment sites at an average concn of 249 ppb(2). Chrysene was identified, but not quantified in groundwater from St. Louis Park, a contaminated aquifer(3). [(1) Middaugh DP et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 21: 233-44 (1991) (2) Rosenfeld JK, Plumb RHJR; Ground Water Monit Rev 11: 133-40 (1991) (3) Rostad CE et al; Chemosphere 14: 1023-36 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

DRINKING WATER: Chrysene was detected in samples of Nordic tap water at concns up to 6.7 ng/l (1). Chrysene was detected in drinking water samples collected from 10 different locations in Ahmedabad City, India between 5/87 and 7/87 at co ncns ranging from 19.25 to 998.46 ng/l; mean concn 220.57 ng/l(2). [(1) Kveseth K et Al; Chemosphere 11 (7): 623 (1982) (2) Jani JP et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 47: 381-5 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SURFACE WATER: Chrysene was detected in water samples collected from a perennial freshwater stream that flows through the abandoned American Creosote Works site in Pensacola, FL in March 1990 at a concn of 0.0008 mg/l(1). Chrysene was detected, not quantified, in suspended particulate matter samples collected in the St. Lawrence River and its tributaries in 1990 and 1991; the frequency of detection was as follows: 8/90, 43%; 10/90, 61%; 4/ 91, 76%; 5/91, 70%(2). Water samples collected from Lake Manzala, located at the northeastern e dge of the Nile Delta in Egypt, and three drains contained chrysene at concns ranging from 3.9 to 1600.0 ng/l(3). Chrysene was detected but not quantified in water and su spended sediment samples from Fort Erie, Canada and Niagara-on-the-Lake between 12/84 and 3/86(4). Chrysene was detected in samples collected from the Otonabee River, Ontario, Canada in 1994 at concns ranging from 0. 0503 to 0.2781 ug/ml(5). Seaw ater samples from the Baltic Sea collected in Nov 1993 at depths of 10 to 15 m were found to contain chrysene at concns ranging from 37.28 to 459.09 pg/l, average concn of 116.79 pg/l; concns in samples at depths below 70 m ranged from 10.68 to 91.59 pg/l, average concn of 53.35 pg/l(6). Chrysene was detected in water samples from the Mississippi River at concns of 7, 12, and 10 ng/l for samples collected near the inflow of the Ohio River, 20 miles below Memphis, TN, an d in New Orleans, LA, respectively(7). In the summer of 1987 to 1988, chrysene was detected in uncontaminated seawater samples from the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean at a mean concn of 1.1 ng/l and a maximum concn of 13.8 ng/l(8). A surface snow sample collected at the Summit of the Greenland Ice Sheet in the summer of 1991 at a depth of 160 to 170 cm contained chrysene at a concn of 205 pg/kg(9). Chrysene has been reported in the following Great Lakes Basin ecosystems: Lake On tario (Niagara River), Lake Erie (Union Ship Canal; Buffalo River; Smoke Creek; Grand River, OH ; Cuyahago River; Rocky River), Lake Michigan (St. Joseph River), and Lake Superior (St. L ouis River, western basin)(10). In 1990 and 1992, the

average chrysene concn in surface water (3 m depth) a nd bottom water(2 m above bottom) of the mesohaline Chesapeake Bay was 0.28 and 0.74 ng/l, respectively(11). [(1) Middaugh DP et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 21: 233-44 (1991) (2) Pham T et al; Chemosphere 27: 1137-49 (1993) (3) Badawy MI et al; Environ Contam Toxicol 55: 258-63 (1995) (4) Great Lakes Water Quality Board; Report to the International Joint Commission Vol II, Appendix B (1989) (5) Bennett ER et al; Chemosphere 33: 363-75 (1996) (6) Witt G; Mar Pollut Bull 31: 237-48 (1995) (7) DeLeon IR et al; Chemosphere 15: 795-805 (1986) (8) Cripps GC; Mar Pollut Bull 24: 109-14 (1992) (9) Jaffrezo JL et al; Atmos Environ 28: 1139-45 (1994) (10) Great Lakes Water Quality Board; Report to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board, Windsor, Ontario, Canada Pa g e 26 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search(1983) (11) Ko FC, Baker JE; Mar Chem 49: 171-88 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RAIN/SNOW: Chrysene was detected in the dissolved(and part iculate) phases in snow, winter rain, spring rain, and summer rain samples collected at an urban site in Switzerla nd at mean concns of 56 (89); 18 (16); 9.5 (9.2); and 1.2 (8.9) ng/l, respectively(1). Chrysene was detected in the particulate

p hase of fog samples collected at an urban site in Switzerland at a mean concn of 340 ng/l(1). Samples of rainwater collected from four locations in the Netherlands in 1983 were found to contain chrysene at median concns of 23, 29, 21, and 27 ng/l for Witte veen, de Bilt, Vlissingen, and Biest-houtakker, respectively(2). Chrysene has been detected in rainwater samp les from urban Frankfurt, Germany, suburban Beaverton, OR, and urban Azusa, CA at 80, 2.4, and 1.6 ng/l, respectively(3). Chrysene has been detected in particulate matt er associated with rain in urban Frankfurt, Germany, suburban Beaverton, OR and urban Azusa, CA at concns of 12 0, 4.0, and 5.9 ng/l, respectively(3). Dissolved rain concns of chrysene in Portland, OR in 1984 ranged from 3.3 to 12 ng/l, mean concn 7.9 ng/l(4). A surface snow sample collected at the Summit of the Greenland Ice Sheet in the summer of 1991 at a depth of 160 to 170 cm contained chrysene at a concn of 205 pg/kg(5). [(1) Leuenberger C et al; Atmos Environ 22: 695-705 (1988) (2) Den Hollander H et al; Sci Total Environ 52: 211-9 (1986) (3) Mazurek MA, Simoneit BRT; CRC Critical Review Environ Control Vol 16 pp 16-7 (1986) (4) Ligocki MP et al; Atmos Environ 19: 1609-17 (1985) (5) Great Lakes Water Quality Board; Report to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board, Windsor, Ontario, Canada (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Effluent Concentrations: CHRYSENE WAS DETERMINED IN EFFLUENT FROM BEKKELAGET SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT IN NORWAY AT UP TO 184 NG/L (1980); AT UP TO 50 NG/G IN TRANSPLANTED MUSSELS OUTSIDE THE BEKKELAGET SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT; AT UP TO 6.7 NG/L IN SAMPLES OF NORDIC TAP WATER. [KVESETH K ET AL; CHEMOSPHERE 11 (7): 623 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

24-HOUR COMPOSITE SAMPLES OF WASTEWATERS WERE ANALYZED FROM DISSOLVED AIR FLOATATION (DAF) AND FINAL CLARIFIER (FC) UNITS OF CLASS B REFINERY ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT SYSTEM. CHRYSENE WAS PRESENT IN BOTH SAMPLES. [BURKE SL; ENVIRON INT 7 (4): 271 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Average chrysene concns associated with the solid phase in raw sewage, primary effluent, and secondary effluent from the Hamilton Woodward pl ant, a conventional activated sludge treatment facility, were 10.2, 8.9, and 1.1 ug/g, respectively(1). Chrysene was detected in farmland ditch water at a mean concn of 0.10 ug/l and railway right-of-way d itch water at mean concns of 228 and 0.17 ug/l for ditches with and without utility poles, respectively(2). Chrysene was detected in coke plant exhausts at concns of 3.1 ng/cu m from the coke battery and 2.1 ng/cu m from the topside of the coke oven(3). Flue gases from a large incinerator plant in Italy contained chrysene at a concn of 113 ng/normalized cu m (4). Chrysene was detected in emissions from a cast iron wood stove (sheet iron) burning different types of fuels, mg/cu m: virgin beech wood, 0.045 to 0.06 8 (0.170 to 0.735); briquettes made of wood chips, 0.294 to 0.516 (1.92 to 2.37); scrap wood, 0.427 to 1.18 (1.13 to 1.48); briquettes made os sorted domestic waste, 0.060 to 0.123(0.120 to 0.552); pine wood preserved with pentachlorophenol, 0.577 to 1.02(0.679 to 1.03); and rolled up newspapers, 0.097 to 1.02 (0.097 to 0.187)(5). [(1) Melcer H et al; Wat Environ Res 67: 926-34 (1995) (2) Wan MT; J Environ Qual 23: 1297-1304 (1994) (3) Khesina AY Environ Health Perspect 4: 49-53 (1994) (4) Morselli L et al; Chemosphere 18: 2263-73 (1989) (5) Nielsen PA et al; Chemosphere 24: 1317-30 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

US STORET database, 1,236 sam p les, 3.3% p os, median chr y sene concn <10 pp b ( 1 ) . Estimated Pa g e 27 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchchr y sene emissions from mobile sources in 1979 were 150 metric tons(2). Mean raw wastewater chrysene concn, ppb, in those industries exceeding 100 ppb includes (max wastewater concn, ppb): iron and steel <200 (800), foundries 2400 (13,000), photog raphic 180 (350), nonferrous metals organic chemicals/plastics 390(3). Samples of urba n runoff collected in Madrid contained chrysene at a mean annual concn of 1.4 ug/l(4). [(1) Staples CA et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 4: 131-42 (1985) (2) National Research Council; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Evaluation of Sources and Effects, National Acad Press Washington, DC (1983) (3) USEPA; Treatability Manual; pp 1.10.12-2 to 1.10.12-3 USEPA-600/2-82-001A (1981) (4) Bomboi MT, Hernandez A; Water Res 25: 557-565 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sediment/Soil Concentrations: SOIL: Chrysene was detected in soil samples obtained fr om a former wood impregnation plant and a former tar-oil refinery at concns of 68.4 and 58.1 mg/kg soil, respectively(1). Chrysene was detected in the organic surface layer of soil and the top 10 cm of mineral soil at 10 forest sites near a blast furnace

p lant in the Netherlands; average concns, ng/g dr y weight: in the litter, 594, 235, 159, 182, 115, 126, 100, 44.9, 95.9, and 0, at 0.3, 0.5, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.5, 2.8, 3.4, 4.5, and 6.6 km away from the blast furnace site; in the fragmentation, 332, 373, 231, 260, 176, 163, 189, 170, 35.1, and 102, at 0.3, 0.5, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.5, 2.8, 3.4, 4.5, and 6.6 km away from the blast furnace site; in the humus, 427, 336, 213, 237, 172, 177, 159, 164, 112, and 19.4, at 0.3, 0.5, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.5, 2.8, 3.4, 4.5, and 6.6 km away from the blast furnace site; and in the mineral soil, 179, 200, 73.5, 50.8, 19.8, 47.5, 20.0, 32.4, 5.2, and 26.4, at 0.3, 0.5, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.5, 2.8, 3.4, 4.5, and 6.6 km away from the blast furnace site(2). Chrysene was detected in soil samples from the following locations near Lake Burley Griffin, Australia, ug/kg dry weight: Gininderra falls, 4; Civic, 37; and Queanbean, 83(3). Soil samples collected in the vicinity of a large incineration plant in Italy contained chrysene at concns ranging from 2 to 466 ng/g, average concn of 125.4 ng/g(4). Soil samples collected along an urban roadway system in Brisbane, Australia were found to contain chrysene at an average concn of 39 ng/g dry weight(5). Chrysene was detected in soil samples from an oil refinery in Washington state at concns of 98 (0 to 6 inches deep), 60 (12 to 24); 2 (24 to 36); and 0.6 mg/kg (36 to 54)(6). [(1) Weissenfels WD et al; Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 36: 689-96 (1992) (2) Van Brummelen TC et al; Chemosphere 32: 293-314 (1996) (3) Leeming R; Maher W; Org Geochem 18: 647-55 (1992) (4) Morselli L et al; Chemosphere 18: 2263-73 (1989) (5) Pathirana S et al; Ecotox Toxicol Safety 28: 256-69 (1994) (6) Erickson DC et al; ASTM Spec Tech Publ, STP 1075 (Waste Test Qual Assur; Third Vol) pp 257-65 (1992)]

**PEER REVIEWED**

SOIL: 20 out of 20 soil samples from sites of the Swiss Soil Monitoring Network were found to contain chrysene at concns ranging from 5 to 82 ug/kg dry weight , with a mean concn of 20.5 ug/kg dry weight (1). Chrysene was detected in 60 of 62 soil samples collected from Boston, MA, Springfield, Ma, and Providence, RI in July 1992 at concns ranging from 0.038 to 21.00 mg/kg(2). Chrysene 's concn was monitored in an agricultural soil for a period of 100 years; concn in 1846, 1881, 1893, 1914, 1944, 1956, 1966, 1980 and 1986 were 24, 16, 11, 18, 50, 87, 41, 120 and 78 ng/g, respectively(3). Chrysene was detected in soil samples collected in Birmingham, UK and Lahore, Pakistan at concns of 149 and 62.9 and 5.71 ug/kg, respectively(4). [(1) Berset JD, Holzer R; Int J Environ Anal Chem 59: 145-65 (1995) (2) Bradley LJ et al; J Soil Contam 3: 349-61 (1994) (3) Jones KC et al; Environ Sci Technol 23: 95-101 (1989) (4) Smith DJT et al; Environ Technol 16: 45-53 (1995)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

SEDIMENT: Sediment samples taken from a discha rge stream near a wood-preserving facility in Pensacola, FL in 1984 contained chrysene at an average concn of 8,500 ug/kg; sediment taken from Pensacola Bay was found to contain 100 ug chrysene /kg(1). Chrysene was detected in suspended Pa g e 28 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchsediment samples taken from Suisun Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Chipps Island (areas of San Francisco Bay, CA) in 1991 at average concns of 43.2, 7.8, and 13.5 ng/g, respectively(2). Concns of chrysene in laminated sediments collected from the northern Baltic proper were, ug/g C (sediment layer, mm): 1.2 (0 to 1.8); 1.5 (1.8 to 3.6); 1.2 (3.6 to 5.4); 1.7 (7.2 to 9.0); 1.3 (10.8 to 12.6); 2.2 (16.2 to 18.0); 2.2 (21.6 to 23.4); 2.6 (27.0 to 28.8); 2.9 (32.4 to 34.2) a nd 2.9(37.8 to 39.6)(3). Bed and suspended sediment samples taken from Suisun Bay, CA contained chrysene at concns ranging from 1.7 to 106 ng/g dry weight in the bed sediment and 56 to 151 ng/g dry weight in the suspended sediment(4). Chrysene was detected in sediment samples taken in the vicinity of a chemical factory that processes crude tar and benzene in Czechoslovakia in Aug 1989; concns ra nged from 500 to 2383 ng/g(5). Sediment samples collected from Santa Monica Bay and Palos Verd es Shelf, CA in Sept 1985 contained mean chrysene concns of, ng/g dry weight (depth, cm): in the Bay 7.4 (0 to 2) and 5.9 (4 to 8); and in the Shelf 50 (0 to 2), 41 (8 to 12), 174 (0 to 2), and 249 (8 to 12)(6). Chrysene was detected in ditch sediments adjacent to farmlands and railways at mean concns of 0.08 and 1.05 ug/l(7). It was detected in utility right-of-way ditch sediments at mean concns of, mg/kg wet we ight: 92, at the base of utility poles; 0.11, 4 m upstream from a utility pole; 0.41 , 0.1 to 0.3 m from a utility pole; and 0.17, 4 m downstream from a utility pole(7). Surface and sub-surface sediment samples collected from 7 stations in Hor al-Hammar marsh, Iraq contained chrysene at concns ranging from 0.04 to 0.80 ppb dry weight in the surface sediment and 0.02 to 0.60 ppb dry weight in the sub-surface sediment(8). 28 of 29 superlayer and underlayer deep sea sediment samples from 15 sampling sites in the Gulf of Lion, Mediterranean Sea, France were found to contain chrysene at concns ranging from 0.7 to 72.7 ng/g dry weight; the chrysene concn in a sediment sample from the Grand Rhone River, located downstream from a highly industrialized and urbanized area, was 84.6 ng/g dry sediment(9). Chrysene was detected in sediments from the Danube and Traun rivers in Austria at concns ranging from 33 to 78 ug/kg dry weight and 32 ug/kg dry weight, respectively(10). [(1) Elder JF, Dresler PV; Environ Pollut 49: 117-32 (1988) (2) Domagalski JL, Kuivila KM; Estuaries 16: 416-26 (1993) (3) Broman D et al; Chemosphere 29: 1325-31 (1994) (4) Pereira WE et al; Mar Pollut Bull 24: 103-9 (1992) (5) Holoubek I et al; Toxicol Environ Chem 29: 251-60 (1991) (6) Ferraro SP et al; Arch Environ ContamToxicol 19: 386-94 (1990) (7) Wan MT; J Environ Qual 23: 1297-1304 (1994) (8) AlSaad HT, Al-Hashash H; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 43: 864-9 (1987) (9) Domine D et al; Sci Total Environ 155: 9-24 (1994) (10) Chovanec A et al; Chemosphere 29: 2117- 33 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SEDIMENT: Chrysene was detected in the following Australian marine sediments from urbanized/industrialized catchments, ug/kg: Brisbane River, 190 to 970; Townsville Harbor, 7.3 to 1500; Gladstone Harbor, 11; and the Georges River, 63 to 774(1). It was detected in the following Australian lake sediments from non-urban locations, ug/kg: Hinche nbrook Island, <2.0; Burdikin River, 1.4 to 5.7; Ross River, <1 to 15; John Brewer Reef, <0.02; Heron Island, <0.3 to 2; and Green Island, <0.1 to 0.8 (1). Sediments from Lake Burley Griffin, Australia influent streams were found to contain chrysene at concns ranging from 1 to 83 ug/kg dry weight for Mo longlo river Fyshwick and Ipswich road inflow, respectively(1). Mean surface sediment (upper 2 cm) chrysene concns in samples collected from N ewfoundland near input sources were approx 250 ng /% TOC in St. John's Harbor and approx 45 ng/% TOC in Conception Bay(2). Bed sediments collected along a contamination gradient in the Lauritzen Canal, CA in 1993 contained chrysene at concns ranging from 110 to 1940 ng/g; the highest concn occurring at the head of the canal(3). The concn of chrysene in sediment cores taken near industrial

p lants on the St. Lawrence River in 1992 contained chrysene at concns of 698 and 1.13 ug/g near the Reynolds Aluminum plant and the General Motors plant, respectively(4). The concn of chrysene in sediment cores taken from Arthur Kill, Hackensack River, and the Passaic River ranged from 0.39 to 14.0, 0.49 to 6.60, and 0.18 to 340 ng/kg, respectively(5). 58% of the 31 sediment samples taken from the Detroit River in 1982 were found to contain chrysene at concns ranging from 0.15 to 28.38 mg/kg (6). Chrysene was detected in samples of surficial sedime nts collected in Jan 1989 from the continental shelf of Tabasco state, Mexico at concns rangi ng from 55 to 356 ng/g dry weight(7). Surficial and Pa g e 29 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchsurface water suspended solids sample d from Lake Superior contained chr y sene at mean concns of 123.7 and 61 ng/g, respectively(8). Chrysene was detected in sediments collected from various locations of the Shatt Al-Arab River and the northwest region of the Arabian Gulf between Nov 1979 and April 1980 at concns ranging from 0.01 to 11.30 ng/g(9). Mean chrysene concns in sediments from Arthur Kill, Hackensack River, Kill Van Kull, Passaic River, and Newark Bay, NJ were 1.9, 2.1, 1.0, 7.9, and 2.2 mg/kg dry weight, respectively, between Nov 1991 and March 1993(10). [(1) Leeming R; Maher W; Org Geochem 18: 647-55 (1992) (2) O'Malley VP et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 634-9 (1996) (3) Pereira WE et al; Mar Environ Res 41: 299- 314 (1996) (4) Sokol RC et al; Environ Sci Technol 28: 2054-64 (1994) (5) Huntley SL et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 51: 865-72 (1993) (6) Great Lakes Water Quality Board; Report to the International Joint Commission Vol II, Appendix B (1989) (7) Botello AV et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 47: 565-71 (1991) (8) Baker JE et al; Environ Sci Technol 25: 500-9 (1991) (9) Al-Saad HT; Mar Pollut Bull 18: 248-51 (1987) (10) Huntley SL et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 93- 107 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SEDIMENT: Sediments collected in Tokyo Bay in July and Aug 1973 contained chrysene at concns ranging from 0.006 to 0.274 mg/kg dry matter(1). Chrysene was detected in sediments from Eagle Harbor, Puget Sound, WA and President Point, WA at concns ranging from 300 to 7800 ng/g dry weight in Eagle Harbor and 140 ng/g dry weight in President Point sediment(2). Nearshore surface marine sediments from several locations in Australia contained chrysene at concns of, ug/kg dry weight: 190 to 970, Brisbane River; 7.3 to 1500, Townsville Harbor ; 11, Gladstone Harbor; <2.0, Hinchinbrook Island; 1.4 to 5.7, Burdikin River; <1 to 15, Ross River; <0.02, John Brewer Reef; <0.3 to 2.0, Heron Island; and <0.04 to 0.8, Green Island(3). 95 of 96 grab samples from 19 stations in the Gulf of Maine collected in June and Sept 1983 contained chrysene at concns ranging from 2 to 22 ppb dry weight(4). Sediments from the Venice lagoon, a polluted coastal envi ronment in northeastern Italy, contained chrysene at concns ranging from 1.4X10-2 to 7.9 ug/g dry sediment (5). Sediment samples collected from 5 regions of Casco Bay, Maine in Aug 1991 contained chrysene (concentration range, ppm dry weight): Inner Bay (44 to 766); West Bay (19 to 74); East Bay (47 to 530); Cape Small (1 to 398); and Outer Bay (53 to 192)(6). Surficial sediments collected from St. Mary's River in 1985 contained chrysene at concns ranging from 0.02 to 9.90 mg/kg dry weight(7). Se diment cores collected from 17 locations on the Washington continental sh elf and slope contained chrysene at concns of, ug/g organic carbon: inner shelf, 1.8 and 2.1; midshelf, 2.2 to 3.4; outer shelf, 0.6 and 1.4; slope, 0.4 to 1.6; and 22 to 24 cm (Pleistocene gray clay), 2.9(8). In 1992, chrysene was detected in bed sediments from the San Joaquin River at Vernalis and Patte rson at concns of 1.7 and 0.2 ng/l, respectively(9). Chrysene was also detected in the bed sediments from tributaries of the San Joaquin River at the following concns, ng/l: 0.6, Salt Slough; 0.9 Orestimba Creek; 85, Dry Cree k; 16, Mokelumne River at Woodbridge; and 20, the Turlock Irrigation District lateral 5(9). Concns of chrysene in suspended sediments from the San Joaquin River and its tributaries were, ng/l: 2.8, Salt Slough; 1.7, Orestimba Creek; 480, Dry Creek; and 4.0, San Joaquin River at Patterson(9). [(1) Matsushima H; Agric Biol Chem 46: 1489-94 (1982) (2) Malins DC et al; Carcinogenesis 6: 1463-9 (1985) (3) Maher WA, Aislabie J; Sci Total Environ 112: 143-64 (1992) (4) Larsen PF et al; Mar Environ Res 18: 231-44 (1986) (5) LaRocca C et al; Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 33: 236-45 (1996) (6) Kennicutt MC II et al; Environ Sci Technol 28: 1-15 (1994) (7) Kauss PB, Hamdy YS; Hydrobiologia 219: 37- 62 (1991) (8) Prahl FG, Carpenter R; Est Coast Shelf Sci 18: 703-19 (1984) (9) Pereira WE et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 15: 172-80 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SEDIMENT: US STORET database, 319 samples, 9.0% pos, median chrysene concn <500 ppb(1). Chrysene was detected in estuarine sediment from Buzzards Bay, MA, ppb dry weight (miles from shore), 240 (0.5), 40 (1.3)(2). Tamar Estuary, UK, May 1980: suspended solids, 283 ppb; sediments, 345 ppb(3). River seds in South Wales, site of old coal mine, contained 35.5 ppm chrysene (4). 3 sites in Lake Pontchartrain, LA, ppb dry weight, 54 (8 samples) , 7.3 and not detected (1 sample each)(5). It was Pa g e 30 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchdetected in sediments from remote Adirondack lake s in NY, ppm dry wt (depth, cm): Sagamore Lake, 190 (0 to 8), 77 (8 to 12), 2 to 7 (12 to 85); Woods Lake, 890 (0 to 4), 220 (4 to 8), 4 (8 to 11), 2 to 17 (12 to 84)(6). 27 worldwide stations, 96% pos, not detected to 1500 ppb dry weight, 1 station, 21,000

p pb (Charles River, Boston, MA) (7). Chrysene was detected in sediments from Wilderness Lake, Ontario, Canada, 23 ppb dry wt(8). Hamilton Harb or sediment cores collected in 1989 contained chrysene at concns ranges of, ug/g (depth in cm): 1.5 to 11.2 (0 to 2); 0.0 to 9.5 (2 to 4); and 1.5 to 17.6 (10 to 12)(9). Chrysene concns in sediment cores from Tilbury docks on the River Thames, UK were, ug/g dry sediment (depth below OD, cm): 0.64 (445-455), 1.05 (465-474), 1.10 (484-494), 2.63 (523- 533), 1.75 (543-553), 2.26 (563-572), 1.70 (582-592), 3.64 (602-612), 3.35 (621-631), 2.89 (641-651), 3.05 (661-670), 2.56 (680-690), 2.23 (700-710), 2.60 (719-729), 3.11 (739-749), 1.72 (759-768), 1.29 (778-798), 3.35 (798-808), 3.02 (817-827), and 4.19 (837-847)(10). [(1) Staples CA et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 4: 289-311 (1980) (2) Sims RC, Overcash MR; Res Rev 88: 1-68 (1983) (3) Readman JW et al; Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Sci 14: 369-89 (1982) (4) Carlson RM et al; Implications to the Aquatic Environment ofPolynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Liberated from Northern Great Plains Coal USEPA600/3-79-093 (1979) (5) McFall JA et al; Chemosphere 14: 1561-9 (1985) (6) Tan YL, Heit M; Geochimica 45: 2267-79 (1981) (7) Hites RA et al; Adv Chem Ser 185: 289-311 (1980) (8) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals 2nd ed Von Nostrand Reinhold NY pp 392-4 (1983) (9) Murphy TP et al; Water Pollut Res J Can 26: 1-16 (1991) (10) Taylor PN, Lester JN; Environ Technol 16: 1155-63 (1995)]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Atmospheric Concentrations: DETAILED STUDIES OF AIR POLLUTION IN VARIOUS CITIES ... SHOWED THAT IN GENERAL CONCN DEPENDED ON GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION, PRESENCE OF NEARBY SOURCES OF POLLUTION SUCH AS TRAFFIC HIGHWAYS OR INDUSTRIES, & SEASON ... GREATER IN WINTER THAN IN SUMMER. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V3 161 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... 12 UG CHRYSENE /WAS ISOLATED/ FROM AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS AFTER 1-MIN RUN & 175 MG/KG OF EXHAUST TAR FROM GASOLINE ENGINE EXHAUST. TWO-CYCLE DIESEL ENGINES UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS PRODUCED 3.6-17 UG/CU M OF EXHAUST. ... [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V3 161 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Ambient airborne concns of chrysene at suburban sites 11 to 17 km from an urban center are approximately simila r inside and outside detached residential houses(1). At all sites, monitored chrysene appears in highest concn in the range of 4 to 7 ng/cu m(1). This background is roughly equivalent to the exposure to this chemical experienced by the lung when 1 cigarette is smoked

p er day(1). Suspended particulates collected at four sites in Athens, Greece between 2/84 to 1/85 and 2/85 to 1/86 contained chrysene at mean concns ranging from 3.6 to 5.6 ng/cu m and 3.0 to 5.0 ng/cu m, respectively(2). 24-hour samples of airborne particulat es sampled from two sites, site 1 was located at the center of the city and site 2 was located in the industrial zone of the city, in Thessaloniki, Greece during a one year period starting in 7/87 were found to contain chrysene at mean concns of 3.4 and 4.1 ng/cu m, respectively(3). Atmospheric samples collected at locations around Birmingham, UK in the winter and summer contained chrysene at a total concn (particulate) of 6.49 (2.21) and 0.61 (0.21) ng/cu m, respectively; the total concn (particulate) at a rural site in the summer was 0.15 (0.07) ng/cu m(4). Chrysene was detected in air samples collected alo ng Exhibition Road, London between 1/91 and 7/92 Pa g e 31 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchat concns ranging from 0.20 to 15.25 ng/cu m, average concn 5.67 ng/cu m(5). Airborne particulate samples collected from the Upper Silesia region of Poland, in the winter of 1988-89 and the summer of 1989, were found to contain chrysene (number of times detected, concn range in ng/cu m): winter (9, 4.4 to 78.7) and summer (9, 2.2 to 30.0)(6). Chrysene was detected in air samples from South Kensington, UK collected between Oct 1985 and Dec 1987 at mean concns of 1.18, 1.22, and 0.40 ng/cu m for

p articulates collected between 1985 to 1986, for particulates collected in 1987, and for gas phase chrysene collected in 1987, respectively(7). [(1) Butler JD, Crossley P; Sci Total Environ 11: 53 (1979) (2) Viras LG, Siskos PA; Polycyclic Aromat Compd 3: 89-100 (1993) (3) Viras LG et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 999-1007 (1991) (4) Smith DJT, Harrison RM; Atmos Environ 30: 2513-25 (1996) (5) Brown JR et al; Sci Total Environ 177: 73-84 (1996) (6) Bodzek D et al; Atmos Environ 27A: 759-64 (1993) (7) Baek SO et al; Sci Total Environ 111: 169-99 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Chrysene was detected in (the particulate and vapor phases) air samples collected from Kosnica, Croatia in Feb and Aug of 1990 at mean concns of 6.80 and 7.5 ng/cu m, respectively(1). Winter average concns for chrysene in Kosnica in the particulate and vapor phases were 4.5 to 14.3 ng/cu m and 1.05 to 2.0 ng/cu m, respectively; summer average concns for chrysene in Kosnica in the particulate and vapor phases were 8.5 to 12.5 ng/cu m and 3.5 to 5.3 ng/cu m, respectively(1). Chrysene was detected in ambient air samples collected from various areas in Stockholm from June 1980 to Dec 1983 at mean concns ranging from 0.1 to 7.3 ng/cu m(2). Particulate matter collected from the air of La Plata, Argentina between 1983 and 1984, and 1985 and 1986 contained chrysene at concns ranging from, ng/cu m: 0.85 between 6/84 and 9/84; 0.16 between 9/84 and 12/84; 0.60 between 1/85 and 4/85; 1.36 betwee n 4/85 to 8/85; 0.29 between 8/85 and 12/85; 0.34 between 12/85 and 1/86; and 0.06 between 3/86 and 6/86(3). Mean chrysene concns in urban air samples collected in the UK between 1/91 and 12/ 92 were, ng/cu m: 3.05, London 1991; 1.48, London 1992; 2.08, Stevenage 1991; 1.67, Stevenage 1992; 3.00, Manchester 1991; 1.35, Manchester 1992; 2.48, Cardiff 1991; and 1.69, Cardiff 1992(4). Geometric mean concns of chrysene at four sites in New Jersey in the winter of 1982 were, ng/cu m: 4.94, Newark; 5.33, Elizabeth; 2.66, Camden; and 1.32, Ringwood(5). Geometric mean concns of chrysene at four sites in New Jersey during the summer of 1982 were, ng/cu m: 0.52, Newark; 0.31, Elizabeth; 0.22, Camden; and 0.12, Ringwood(5). Geometric mean concns of chrysene at four sites in New Jersey in the winter of 1983 were, ng/cu m: 2.42, Newark; 1.01, Elizabeth; 0.62, Camden; and 0.29, Ringwood(5). Chrysene was detected in air particulate matter from Augusta City, Italy during 10/91 to 7/92 at co ncns ranging from 1.39 in the autumn ton the winter (6). The mean particulate phase chrysene concn in urban Lahore, Pakistan was 8.64 ng/cu m(7). [(1) Eskinja I et al; Indian J Anal Chem 63: 251-68 (1996) (2) Colmsjo AL et al; Chemosphere 15: 169-82 (1986) (3) Catoggio JA et al; Sci Total Environ 79: 43-58 (1989) (4) Halsall CJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 28: 2380-6 (1994) (5) Greenberg A et al; Atmos Environ 19: 1325-39 (1985) (6) Librando V, Fazzino SD; Chemosphere 27: 1649-56 (1993) (7) Smith DJT et al; Atmos Environ 30: 4031-40 (1996)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Detroit, 3 sites, 1.3 to 11.6 ng/cu m; College Park, MD, 4.8 ng/cu m; Los Angeles, CA, 0.60 ng/cu m; Rome, 3.4 to 15.0 ng/cu m; Budapest, 7.15 ng/cu m; Sidney, Australia, 12 samples, 0.2 to 6.65 ng/cu m; Rome, 19 samples, 0.4 to 39.0 ng/cu m; Toronto, particulate, winter, 17.5

p pm(1). Greater Birmingham, AL, Birmingham, 4 sites, 4.4 to 27.9 ng/cu m, 6 other surrounding sites, 2.0 to 13.1 ng/cu m, overall avg, 9.6 ng/cu m(2). Budapest, 1973, summer/winter, heavy traffic area, 78.3/121.2, low traffic area, 56.1/30.4 ng/cu m; The Netherlands, 1968 to 1971, 5 cities, 2 summer data

p oints each, 1 to 5 ng/cu m, 4 winter data points each, 4 to 38 ng/cu m(3). Suburban houses, inside, 3.98 ng/cu m, outside, 4.56 ng/cu m(3). [(1) Santodonato J et al; Health and Ecological Assessment of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Lee SD, Grant L eds Pathotox Publ Park Forest South IL (1981) (2) Bjorseth A, Olufsen BS; pp. 507-24 in Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Pa g e 32 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search(1983) (3) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals 2nd ed NY,NY: Von Nostrand Reinhold p. 392-4 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

INDOOR: Chrysene was detected in the air of homes in Columbus, OH with different emission sources at average concns of, ng/cu m: 1.55, for homes with gas utilities; 5.5, for homes with gas utilities and smokers; 1.3, for homes with gas utilities and a fire place; 3.29, for homes with gas utilities, smokers, and a fireplace; and 0.70, for homes with electrical utilities; the outdoor air concn was 2.36 ng/cu m(1). Indoor air samples collected from homes in communes in Xuan Wei, China which burn smokey coal, smokeless coal, and wood for fuel contained chrysene at concns ranging from 7.7 to 34, 0.95 to 18, and 1.4 to 3.8 ug/cu m, respectively(2). [(1) Mitra S, Wilson NK; Environ Int 18: 477-87 (1992) (2) Chuang JC et al; Atmos Environ 26A: 2193-201 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOURCE DOMINATED: Chrysene was detected in the ambient air, gas phase and particle-bound, of a

p etrochemical complex in southern Taiwan between 10/93 and 7/94; concns ranged from less than 25 ng/cu m in the gas phase to approx 75 ug/g associated with particles(1). Ambient air samples collected over a three-month period in the fall of 1982 near a Horizontal Stud Soderberg plant in Jonquiere, Quebec contained chrysene at geometric mean concns of (range), ng/cu m: 106.8 (3.9 to 667); 172.5 (4.8 to 1155); and 212.7 (2.8 to 1913)(2). Total mean airborne chrysene concns in samples of air collected in the Queensway road tunnel, UK were 25.8 ng/cu m; the concn of chrysene associated with

p articulates was 18.5 ng/cu m(3). Particulate phase chrysene was identified during the burning of intense savanna fires carried out at Lamto in the Ivory Coast during January 1991 at concns ranging from 11 to 75 pg/cu m; atmospheric background ranged from 0.19 to 0.24 pg/cu m(4). Chrysene was detected in air particulate matter colleted in Bahrai n from 7/31/91 to 8/4/91 (during the burning of the oil fields in Kuwait) at concns ranging from 0.08 to 0.29 ng/cu m(5). Chrysene was detected in the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel at a concn of 106 ng/cu m(6). The mean particulate phase chrysene concn in an industrial area of Lahore, Pakistan was 6.67 ng/cu m(7). [(1) Tsai JH et al; Environ Intern 21: 47-56 (1995) (2) Roussel R et al; J Air Waste Manag Assoc 42: 1609-13 (1992) (3) Smith DJT, Harrison RM; Atmos Environ 30: 2513-25 (1996) (4) Masclet P et al; J Atmos Chem 22: 41-54 (1995) (5) Madany IM, Raveendran E; Sci Total Environ 116: 281-9 (1992) (6) Santodonato J et al; Health and Ecological Assessment of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Lee SD, Grant L eds Pathotox Publ Park Forest South IL (1981) (7) Smith DJT et al; Atmos Environ 30: 4031-40 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RURAL/REMOTE: Chrysene was detected in air samples collected from two rural sites, Folkstone and Ashford, UK, during April to May 1986 at concns ranging from 0.13 to 0.19 ng/cu m(1). Chrysene was detected in air samples collected at Ellesmere Island in the Arctic during 1992 at mean (maximum) concentrations of 0.4 (1.4) pg/cu m from May to Sept and 61.6 (252) pg/cu m from Oct to April(2). Chrysene was detected in (the particulate and vapor phase s) air samples collected from Zavizan, Croatia in Feb and Aug of 1990 at mean concns of 1.33 and 0.81 ng/cu m, respectively(3). Winter average concns for chrysene in Zavizan in the particulate and vapor phases were 2.3 to 2.6 ng/cu m and 0.15 to 0.25 ng/cu m, respectively; summer average concns for chrysene in Zavizan in the particulate and vapor

p hases were 1.15 to 1.8 ng/cu m and 0.15 to 0.2 ng/cu m, respectively(3). Wet and dry deposition fluxes of chrysene to the Chesapeake Bay in 1991 were 2 and 10 ug/sq m yr for the Southern Bay and 5 and 12 ug/sq m yr for the Northern Bay, respectively (4). The average partic le-associated concn of chrysene in the atmosphere of the lower Chesapeake Bay Region during 1991 was 0.147, 0.036, and 0.018 ng/cu m for the fall/winter, spring, and summer, respectively(5). Airborne particulate matter collected during 1990 to 1991 from the Antarctic Station Terra Nova Bay contained chrysene at concns ranging from 4.4 to 96.5 pg/cu m(6). Airborne particulate matter collected during 1991 to 1992 and 1992 to 1993 from the Antarctic Station Terra Nova Bay contained chrysene at average concns of 21 and 5.2 pg/cu m, respectively; concn range: 1.6 to 124.0 pg/cu m and <1 .0 to 18.0 pg/cu m, respectively(7). Atmospheric samples collected on the Greenland Ice Sheet during the winter-spring 1989 and spring-summer 1989 Pa g e 33 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchcontained chr y sene at concns ranging from <0.3 to 7.8 pg/cu m in the particulate fraction(8). Chr y sene was detected in particulate and gaseous air samples collected from a remote site of the Mediterranean Sea situated in Corsica, France during March to April 1986 at concns ranging from 0 to 0.21 ng/cu m and 0 to 0.07 ng/cu m, respectively(9). The mean particulate phase chrysene concn in a township 20 km north of Lahore, Pakistan was 8.50 ng/cu m(7). [(1) Baek SO et al; Sci Total Environ 111: 169-99 (1992) (2) Fellin PA et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 15: 253-61 (1996) (3) Eskinja I et al; Indian J Anal Chem 63: 251-68 (1996) (4) Dickhut RM, Gustafson KE; Mar Pollut Bull 30: 385-96 (1995) (5) Dickhut RM, Gustafson KE; Environ Sci Technol 29: 1518-25 (1995) (6) Chiavarini S et al; Intern J Environ Chem 55: 331-40 (1994) (7) Caricchia AM et al; Environ Pollut 87: 345-56 (1995) (8) Jaffrezo JL et al; Atmos Environ Part A: 27: 2781-5 (1993) (9) Masclet P et al; Atmos Environ 22: 639-50 (1988) (10) Smith DJT et al; Atmos Environ 30: 4031-40 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Food Survey Values: Occurrence reported in cooked meat and fish, vegetabl es, cereals, refined vegetable oils, coffee, peas and whiskey. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V3 164 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chrysene was detected in the following foods obtained from supermarkets in Milan, Italy, ug/kg: cauliflower, 0.236; beet greens, 3.657; squash, 1.648; lettuce, 0.836; tomatoes, 0.126; citrus fruits, 1.477; bread, 1.875; pasta, 1.875; rice, corn, 0.515; trout, 0.909; rabbit, 1.179; barbecued beef, 24.66; barbecued pork, 5.364; olive oil, 0.382; and pizza baked in a wood-burning oven, 3.011(1). Chrysene has been detected in, ppb: Kippered cod, 1.4; smoked and broiled Japanese fish at concns ranging from 42 to 173 ppb in Katsuobushi, 36 ppb in Sababushi, 10 ppb in Urumebushi, and 0.4 to 4.3 ppb in smoked horse mackerel; charcoal-broiled steaks, 0.6; barbecued ribs, 2.2; charcoal-broiled hamburger, 1.7; charcoal-broiled pork chops, 6.3; charcoal-broiled chicken, 2.2; charcoal-broiled sirloin steak, 9.3; charcoal-broiled T-bone steak, 25.4; flame-broiled T-bone steak, 2.0; ham, 0.5 to 2.6; barbecued beef, 9.6; hot sausage, 1.0; coffee soots, 530 to 670; and cod liver oil, 80(2). The following smoked meat

p roducts from Germany and Yugos lavia were found to contain chrysene , ppb: cold smoked sausage with casing, 9.2, with casing removed, 2.4; hot smok ed sausage with casing, 4.4, with casing removed, 2.8; hot smoked salami with casing removed, 1.2; hot smoked mortadella with casing removed, 3.4; light smoked ham, 0 to 3; and heavily smoked ham, 12 to 66(2). Chrysene was detected in the following fruit and plant products, ppb: spinach, 28; salad, 5.7 to 26.5; kale, 58 to 395; tomatoes, 0.5; dried yeast, 42 to 203; whiskey, 0.04 to 0.06; cereals, 0.8 to 14; t ea extracts, 4.6 to 6; and roast peanuts 0.01 to 0.7 (2). In 1979 UK total diets, total chrysene dietary load was 0.50 ug/person/day (based on total daily consumption of 1.46 kg food and beverages); chrysene was detected in the following food classes, ug/kg, range (avg); cereals, not detected (nd) to 2.30 (0.77), meat, nd to 0.34 (0.15), oils and fats, nd to 4.18 (1.18), fruit and sugar, nd to 1.29 (0.23), root vegetables, nd to 0.55 (0. 23), and other vegetables, 0.16 to 1.65 (0.93)(3). Chrysene was detected in the following smoked meat products, ppb: Kochwurst, 0.3; frankfurters, 2.8; Frankisch black smoked ham, 16.8; and ham blac k smoked in smoke from smoldering, 12.0(4). [(1) Lodovici M et al; Food Addit Contam 12: 703-13 (1995) (2) Lo M, Sandi E; Res Rev 69: 35-86 (1978) (3) Dennis MJ et al; Food Chem Toxicol 21: 569-74 (1983) (4) Fretheim K; J Agric Food Chem 24: 976-9 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**

22 out of 34 samples of shell-free fresh-frozen and precooked-frozen mussels, Perna canaliculus, bought from markets throughout the island of Tenerife, Ca nary Islands, between Sept 1992 and May 1993 were found to contain chrysene at concns ranging from 5 to 54 ng/g dry weight(1). Chrysene was detected in 38 samples of margarine at a mean concn of 1.3 ug/kg , range 0.06 to 9.9(2). Samples of fish and shrimp Pa g e 34 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchp urchased from local fish markets in Kuwait during May 1993 were found to contain chr y sene at an average concn of 4.96 ug/kg dry weight(3). Chrysene was detected in the following South Indian foods, ug/g: pyrolyzed pepper, 0.106; pyrolyzed cumin seeds, 0.020; pyrolyzed aniseeds, 0.120; pyrolyzed Chappatti, 0.938; pyrolyzed bread toast, 0.282; oil-frie d, salted and sun-dried chilles, 1.995; oil-fried, salted and sun-dried cluster beans, 0.965; oil-fried, salted and sun-dried whitebait fish, 4.280; oil-fried, salted and sun-dried ribbon fish, 18.570; oil-fried, salt ed and sun-dried seer fish, 3.570; pepper, 0.057; cumin seeds, 0.011; aniseeds, 0.020, mustard, 0.035; ginger, 0.072; fried mustard, 0.070; and the

p yrolyzed portion of Uppuma, 2.650(4). Chrysene has been identified in charcoal-broiled steaks (1.4 ug/kg), broiled and smoked meat (up to 25.4 ug/kg), smoked fish (10 to 173 ug/kg), vegetables (up to 395 ug/kg), edible oils and fats (up to 200 ug/kg), and roasted and soluble coffee (3.0 to 19.1 ug/kg)(5). [(1) Hernandez JE et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 55: 461-8 (1995) (2) Vaessen HAMG et al; Toxicol Environ Chem 16: 281-94 (1988) (3) Saeed T et al; Environ Int 21: 255-63 (1995) (4) Sivaswamy SN et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 47: 251-60 (1991) (5) IARC; Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data 32: 247-61 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Plant Concentrations: Chrysene was detected in samples of needles taken from Pinus silvestris in the vicinity of a chemical factory that processes crude tar and benzene in C zechoslovakia in Sept 1989; concns ranged from 53.2 to 287.2 ng/g(1). Chrysene was detected in aquatic moss sample s collected from the Danube and Traun rivers in Austria at concns ranging from 18 to 26 ug /kg dry weight and 12 ug/kg dry weight, respectively (2). Chrysene was detected in leaves of the bay evergreen tree, Laurus nobilis, taken from 15 different sites in the Valley of Florence, Italy in 1990; concns in the winter ranged from not detected to 356.8 ug/kg dry weight(3). Chrysene was detected in pine needle samples collected throughout the UK in 1994 at concns ranging from 2.2 to 135 ng/g dry weight(4). [(1) Holoubek I et al; Toxicol Environ Chem 29: 251-60 (1991) (2) Chovanec A et al; Chemosphere 29: 2117-33 (1994) (3) Lodovici M et al; Sci Total Environ 153: 61-8 (1994) (4) Tremolada P et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 3570-7 (1996)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Fish/Seafood Concentrations: LOBSTERS WHICH HAD BEEN KEPT IN A COMMERCIAL TIDAL POND CONSTRUCTED OF CREOSOTED TIMBER CONTAINED HIGHLY ELEVATED LEVELS OF CARCINOGENIC HYDROCARBONS INCLUDING CHRYSENE

. CHRYSENE LEVELS IN THE TAIL MEAT OF LOBSTERS BEFORE AND AFTER IMPOUNDMENT WERE 2.2 AND 303 NG/G WET WEIGHT, RESPECTIVELY. [DUNN BP, FEE J; J FISH RES BOARD CAN 36 (12): 1469 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Asian clams, Potamocorbula amurensis, collected from Suisun Bay, CA contained chrysene at concn ranging from 33 to 87 ng/g dry weight(1). Blue crabs collected from the industrialized Elizabeth River, VA near a creosote-impacted site during June 1989 were found to contain chrysene at unreported concns(2). Chrysene was detected in clams collected from a number of sites in the Great Barrier Reef Region, Australia at concns ranging from <0.06 to 1.4 ug/kg wet weight(3). Chrysene was detected in shellfish collected from the Gulf of Naples betw een March and Dec 1988 at the following concns, ug/kg wet weight: 13, common mussel; 40, edible cockle; 13, razor fish; 6, shortnecked clam; and 17, wart venus(4). Samples of fish collected from the Gulf of Naples between March and Dec 1988 were found to contain chrysene at the following concns, ug/kg wet weight: 86, anchovy; 32, brill; 12 cleaver wrasse; 2, common sole; 9, cuckoo wrasse; 2, horse mackerel; 7, pandora; 2, piper; 10 rock goby; and 22, scorpion fish(5). Chrysene was detected in Baltic clams and clam worms collected from Chesapeake Ba y habitats at concns ran g in g from 2.72 to 24 and 1.31 to 45.3 u g / g p er fraction li p id, res p ectivel y( 5 )

. Pa g e 35 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchAverage chr y sene concns in benthic macroinvertebrates, crayfish, redbreast sunfish, and central stonerollers collected from East Fork Poplar Creek in Oak Ridge, TN were 4.50, 13.86, 2.78, and 20.50 ug/kg, respectively(6). [(1) Pereira WE et al; Mar Pollut Bull 24: 103-9 (1992) (2) Mothershead RF et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1341-9 (1991) (3) Bagg J, Smith JD; ACS Natl Meet 28: 328- 30 (1988) (4) Cocchieri RA et al; Mar Pollut Bull 21: 15-8 (1990) (5) Foster GD, Wright DA; Mar Pollut Bull 19: 459-65 (1988) (6) Rao VR et al; Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 33: 44-54 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chrysene was detected in composites of stomach organisms from juvenile chinook salmon captured from the Duwamish Waterway, WA in 6/86 and the Ni squally River, WA in 6/87 at average concns of 2.9 and <0.07 ug/g dry weight, respectively(1). Chrysene was detected in the stomach contents of white croaker from various areas in Los Angeles, ng/g dry weight: 1000, Queensway Bay; 4200, Cerritos Channel; 560, Reservation Point; 160, White Point; and 76, Hyperion(2). Composites of stomach organisms of English sole collected from Eagle Harbor and President Point, WA contained chrysene at an average concn of 8750 and 15 ng/g dry weight; a composite of six livers of English sole from Eagle Harbor contained <7.3 ng chrysene /g dry weight; and a composite of muscle samples from five English sole from Eagle Harbor contained <2.7 ng chrysene /g dry weight(3). Corbicula samples collected from the San Joaquin River and its tributaries in 1992 contained chrysene at the following concns, ng/g: <0.5, Orestimba Creek; 3.3, Dry Creek; <0.5, Mokelumne River; and <0.5, Stanislaus River(4). [(1) McCain BB et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19: 10-6 (1990) (2) Malins DC et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 765-70 (1987) (3) Malins DC et al; Carcinogenesis 6: 1463-9 (1985) (4) Pereira WE et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 15: 172-80 (1996)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Animal Concentrations: Chrysene was detected in two populations of sea lions, one from Mar del Plata and the second from Punta Bermeja, Argentina in the fur at 60.15 and 0. 760 ng/g fresh weight, respectively; in the blood at average concns of 2.870 and 6.080 ng/g dry weight, respec tively; and in the liver at an average concn of 18.1 ng/g fresh weight(1). [(1) Marsili L et al; Chemosphere 34: 759-70 (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Milk Concentrations: UK total diets, 1979, milk, not detected(1). [(1) Dennis MJ et al; Fd Chem Toxicol 21: 569-74 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Other Environmental Concentrations: Chrysene was detected in South Louisiana crude oil, Kuwait crude oil, No. 2 Fuel oil, and Bunker C Residual oil at 17.56, 6.9, 2.2, and 196 mg/kg, respectively(1). Chrysene was detected in final product and run-of-mine coal, mined from the Kittaning seam in PA and an unspecified rider seam in western MD, at concns of 0.72 and 1.17 ug/g in the final pro duct coal, 0.25 and 0.55 ug/g in the run-of-mine coal from PA, and 0.46 ug/g in the run-of-mine coal from MD(2). 12 ug chrysene was isolated from automobile exhaust after a 1-minute run(3). Chrysene was detected in waste crankcase oil at a mean

p olycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon percent distribution of 21.4%(4). Sludge from the Muskegon County Wastewater Management Treatment System, MI was found to contain chrysene at a concn of 278 ug/kg (5). Chrysene was detected in samples of street dust collected from various streets and highways in Germany throughout 1990 at concns ranging from 19 to 15,000 ng/g(6). Treated wood utility poles and railway ties were found to contain chrysene at a concn of 1,093 and 383 mg/kg wet weight, respectively (7). Concns of chrysene associated with particulates emitted fr om a spark-ignited engine and a diesel engine were 228 and 49 ug/g particulates, respectively(8). Average chrysene concns in the emissions of Pa g e 36 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchcoke ovens, diesel engines, highway tunnels, gaso line engines, and wood combustion in the Chicago metropolitan during 1990 to 1992 were 0.0147, 0.143, 0.0779, 0.0283, and 0.0328 ug/cu m, respectively (9). Soot extracts from GTD-5 and D-54A diesel engines were found to contain chrysene at mean concns of 14.5 and 2.4 ug/g, respectively(10). [(1) Anderson JW et al; Sources, Fates, and Effects of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Alaskan Marine Environment with Recommendations for Monitoring Strategies. NTIS PB86-168-291/AS. Washington,DC: USEPA (1986) (2) Fendinger NA et al; Environ Sci Technol 23: 170-7 (1989) (3) IARC; Certain Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Compounds 3: 150-77 (1973) (4) Tanacredl JT, Cardenas RR; Environ Sci Technol 25: 1453-61 (1991) (5) Demirjian YA et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 59: 211-9 (1986) (6) Yang Y, Baumann W; Analyst 120: 243-8 (1995) (7) Wan MT; J Environ Qual 23: 1297-1304 (1994) (8) Van Donkelaar P; Sci Total Environ 92: 165-79 (1990) (9) Khalili NR et al; Atmos Environ 29: 533-42 (1995) (10) Khesina AY Environ Health Perspect 4: 49-53 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ashes from the electrostatic precipitator, which re moves fume particulate, and slags of a large incineration plant in Italy contained chrysene at average concns of 66.5 and 321.5 ng/g, respectively(1). Chrysene was detected in solvent-refined coal heavy dist illate, coal tar and carbon black at concns of 3.6 mg/g, 8.6 mg/g, and 20 ug/g, respectively(2). Chrysene was identified in crankcase oil, fire soot and car soot at mean concns of 1.58, 5.27, and 1.49 ug/g(3). The mean concn of chrysene in two unused lubricating oils was 0.31 ppm; mean concns in used l ubricating oils from gasoline, M15, diesel and gas fueled vehicles was 34, 48, 0.8, and 11 ppm, respectively(4). Chrysene was detected in leaf litter collected along an urban roadway system in Brisbane, Australia at an average concn of 103 mg/g wet weight(5). Chrysene was detected in 25% of samples in a nationwide survey of raw sludge, at concns ranging from 9 to 1,500 mg/kg(6). Average chrysene emission factors for the burning of almond, walnut, fir and pine were 206, 78, 217, and 100 ug/kg , respectively(7). Emissions generated during the

p ouring, cooling, and shakeout of castings made wi th the evaporative pattern casting process contained chrysene at concns of 9 and 7 ug/kg for aluminum and iron castings, respectively(8). Chrysene was detected in airborne particulate matter from the burning of wood and other vegetation (concentration in ug/g): Australian native wood (63.4); Australian nati ve plants (32.3); cooking meat using Australian native plants as fuel (75.6); large-scale backyard burn of native Australian and introduced species and cardboard products (64.3); large-scale bush fire (125); leaves from Australian native vegetation (6.0); wood from Australian native vegetation (13.0); comm ercial incinerator burning paper and cardboard

p roducts (40.0); cigarette mainstream and sidestream smoke (28.0); cigarette sidestream smoke (66.7) (9). [(1) Morselli L et al; Chemosphere 18: 2263-73 (1989) (2) Nishioka M et al; Environ Sci Technol 20: 1023-7 (1986) (3) O'Malley VP et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 634-9 (1996) (4) Ostman CE et al; Polynucl Aromat Hydro: Chem Charact Carcin 9th: 729-44 (1986) (5) Pathirana S et al; Ecotox Toxicol Safety 28: 256-69 (1994) (6) Stonerook H et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 56: 1093-8 (1984) (7) Jenkins BM et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 2462-2469 (1996) (8) Gressel MG et al; Appl Ind Hyg 3: 11-17 (1988) (9) Freeman DJ, Cattell FCR; Environ Sci Technol 24: 1581-5 (1990)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Chrysene was identified as a particulate organic emitted during the open burning of scrap rubber tires (1). Chrysene was detected in pig and cattle slurry taken from pits on farms located at Swiss Soil Monitoring Network sites at mean concns of 13.6 and 15.2 ug/kg dry weight, respectively(2). Samples of compost from 3 different compost piles in Switzerland were found to contain chrysene at concns ranging from 129 to 309 ug/kg dry weight, mean concn 243.0 ug/kg dry weight(2). Chrysene was identified as a compound present in the black limes tone weathering crusts taken from the Sevilla cathedral in southwestern Spain and the Me chelen cathedral, in northern Belgium(3). Chrysene was detected in oil collected from four Kuwait oil la kes in Sept 1992, concn tended to increase with weathering time: initial concns ra nged from 5.74 to 270.9 mg/kg, after 21 months concns ranged from 8.72 to 380.4 mg/kg(4). Chrysene was detected in surface road dusts collected in various locations Pa g e 37 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchthroughout Birmingham, UK and Lahore, Pakistan at concns ranging from 11.4 to 5940 ug/kg(5). [(1) DeMarini DM et al; Environ Sci Technol 28: 136-41 (1994) (2) Berset JD, Holzer R; Int J Environ Anal Chem 59: 145-65 (1995) (3) Fobe BO et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 1691-701 (1995) (4) Saeed T et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 29: 45-51 (1995) (5) Smith DJT et al; Environ Technol 16: 45-53 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Environmental Standards & Regulations:

CERCLA Reportable Quantities: Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are re quired to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424- 8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). [40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Requirements: U050; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when chrysene , as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting fro m the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste ma y qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5). [40 CFR 261.33 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Clean Water Act Requirements: For the maximum protection of human health from th e potential carcinogenic effects due to exposure of

p olynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons through ingestion of contaminated water a nd contaminated aquatic organisms, ... therefore, the levels which may result in incremental increase of cancer risk over the lifetime are estimated at 1x10-5, 1x10-6, and 1x10-7. The corresponding ambient water criteria are 28.0 ng/l, 2.8 ng/l, and 0.28 ng/l, respectively. If the a bove estimates are made for consumption of aquatic organisms only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are 311.0 ng/l, 31.1 ng/l, and 3.11 ng/l respectively. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons based on benzo(a)pyrene as the model PAH/ [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Draft) p.C-121 (1980)]**QC REVIEWED**

The attempt to develop a drinking water criteri on for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as a class is hindered by several gaps in the scientific da ta base: (1) The PAH class is composed of numerous compounds having diverse biological effects and varying carcinogenic potential. A "representative" PAH mixture, has not been defined. (2) The common practice of using data derived from studies with benzo(a)pyrene to make generalizations concerni ng the effects of environmental PAH may not be scientifically sound. (3) No chronic animal toxic ity studies involving oral exposure to PAH mixtures exist. (4) No direct human data concerning th e effects of exposure to defined PAH mixtures exist. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/ [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Draft) p.C-118 (1980)]**QC REVIEWED** Pa g e 38 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchToxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a) (1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/ [40 CFR 401.15 (7/1/87)]**QC REVIEWED**

State Drinking Water Guidelines: (WI) WISCONSIN 0.2 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC REVIEWED**

(FL) FLORIDA 5 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC REVIEWED**



### Chemical/Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula: C18-H12

**PEER REVIEWED**

Molecular Weight: 228.29 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 378]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Color/Form: RED BLUE FLUORESCENT RHOMBIC PLATES FROM BENZENE, ACETIC ACID [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 67th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1986-87., p. C-209]**PEER REVIEWED**

ORTHORHOMBIC BIPYRAMIDAL PLATES FROM BENZENE [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 378]**PEER

REVIEWED**

COLORLESS PLATELETS WITH BLUE FLUORESCENCE [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V33 247]**PEER REVIEWED**

Boiling Point: 448 DEG C [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 3-114]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 39 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchMeltin g Point: 258.2 DEG C [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 3-114]**PEER REVIEWED**

Density/Specific Gravity: 1.274 @ 20 DEG C/4 DEG C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 378]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: log Kow = 5.73 [Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 154]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Solubilities: Slightly soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, and acetone. [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 3-114]**PEER REVIEWED**

Slightly soluble in alcohol, ether, carbon bisulfide, a nd glacial acetic acid. At 25 deg C, 1 g/1300 ml abs alcohol, 480 ml toluene; About 5% is soluble in to luene at 100 deg C. Moderately soluble in boiling benzene. Generally only slightly soluble in cold orga nic solvents, but fairly soluble in these solvents when hot, including glacial acetic acid. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 378]**PEER

REVIEWED**

SOLUBILITY IN WATER AT 25 DEG C: 0.0020 + OR - 0.0002 MG/L [MACKAY D, SHIN WY; J CHEM ENG DATA 22: 399 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**

In water, 1.89X10-3 mg/l at 25 deg C. [Yalkowsky SH, Dannenfelser RM; Aquasol Database of Aqueous Solubility. Version 5. College of Pharmacy, Univ of Ariz - Tucson, AZ. PC Version (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Spectral Properties: MAX ABSORPTION (ALCOHOL): 222 NM (LOG E= 4.55); 258 NM (LOG E= 4.96); 268 NM (LOG E= 5.20); 295 NM (LOG E= 4.08); 353 NM (LOG E= 2.57); 361 NM (LOG E= 2.80); 344 NM (LOG E= 2.81); 320 NM (LOG E= 4.12) [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 67th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1986-87., p. C-209]**PEER REVIEWED**

SADTLER REFERENCE NUMBER: 1188 (IR, PRISM); 221 (IR, GRATING) [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-247]**PEER REVIEWED**

Intense mass spectral peaks: 228 m/z (100%), 226 m/z (21%), 229 m/z (20%), 114 m/z (15%) [Hites, R.A. Handbook of Mass Spectra of Environmental Contaminants. Boca Raton, Pa g e 40 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchFL: CRC Press Inc., 1985., p. 57]**PEER REVIEWED**

IR: 2610 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V1 431]**PEER REVIEWED**

UV: 351 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V1 431]**PEER REVIEWED**

MASS: 1622 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V1 431]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vapor Pressure: 6.23X10-9 mm Hg at 25 deg C [Hoyer H, Peperle W; Z Elektrochem 62: 61-6 (1958)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Other Chemical/Physical Properties: STRONG FLUORESCENCE UNDER ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 378]**PEER

REVIEWED**

SUBLIMES EASILY UNDER A VACUUM [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 283]**PEER REVIEWED**

CHRYSENE FORMS CRYSTALLINE COMPLEXES WITH PICRIC ACID (ORANGE-RED N EEDLES FROM BENZENE, MELTING-POINT 174-175 DEG C CORRECTED), STRINITROBENZENE (188.5-189.5 DEG C CORRECTED) & 2,4,7-TRINITROFLUORENONE (YELLOW NEEDLES FROM ALCOHOL, MELTING POINT 247.8-249 DEG C) [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V3 160 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vapor pressure: 6.3X10-7 mm Hg [Sims RC, Overcash MR; Res Rev 88: 1-68 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Chemical Safety & Handling:

Hazardous Decomposition: When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1- 3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 860]**PEER REVIEWED**

Protective Equipment & Clothing: PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent ... Safety pipettes ... for all

p ipetting. ... In animal laboratory ... protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at Pa g e 41 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be as sumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators ... when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons ... gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color ... /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Contaminated protective clothing s hould be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct

p ersonal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures s hould be implemented befo re the decontaminated

p rotective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.
[SRP]**PEER REVIEWED**

Preventive Measures: PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics shoul d be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after co mpletion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to approp riate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure ca n be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipe ttes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers shou ld shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full

p rotection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be remo ved. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extracti on, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Gl ove boxes should be kept under negative air

p ressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Pa g e 42 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search[Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provide d that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabine t, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive

p ressure are lea k -tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to b e used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fi xed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem lab also apply to microbiological & cell-culture labs ... Special considera tion should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method of admin volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin by topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should be performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept under hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires special equipment. ... unless specifically required, routes of admin other than in th e diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be carried out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exha ust is fitted with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleani ng mixer & hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special protective clothing &, possibly, respirators may be required. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin, animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides & fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning facilities shoul d be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid moving of ... contaminated /cag es/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of carcinogen & efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors & benches, & ... inte rior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleanin g -u p of s p illa g e. Sensitive methods are re q uired when testin g lab Pa g e 43 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchatmospheres for chem such as nitrosamines. Methods ... should ... where possible, be simple & sensitive. ... /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in whic h obvious contamination has occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personne l engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent equipment. ... Procedur es should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed ... Particular care should be taken to avoi d contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs, procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops should be prohibited. ... contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-use d ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to laundry, but ... decontamin ated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry

p ersonnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels. Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or other person who can advise in an emergency & who can inform others (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 11]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Storage Conditions: PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quant ities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bear s appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was ac quired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Cleanup Methods: PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods,

g love boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housin g that is desi g ned so that used filters can be transferred into Pa g e 44 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchp lastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in

p lastic bags immediately after removal ... The plasti c bag should be sealed im mediately ... The sealed b ag should be labelled properly ... Wast e liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles prop erly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not cont aminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15]**PEER

REVIEWED**

... In surface, waters, one-third of the total PAH is bound to larger suspended particles, a third is bound to finely dispersed particles, and the last third is present in dissolved form. The particle- b ound portion of

p olycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be removed by sedimentation, flocculation, and filtration

p rocesses. The remaining one-third dissolve d PAH usually requires oxidation for partial removal/transformation. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/ [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Draft) p.C-4 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Disposal Methods: Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U050, must conform with USEPA regula tions in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. [40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a te mperature range of 820 to 1,600 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. [USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.3-12 (1981) EPA 68- 03-3025]**PEER REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been

p roved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & sp ecific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-c ontaining waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Total destruction ... by incineration may be only feasable method for disposal of contaminated laborator y waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable. ... Most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic- solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be de stroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Pa g e 45 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchGriesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-effici ency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatme nt conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... small quantities of ... some carcinogens can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can be gi ven. ... As a general technique ... treatment with sodium dichromate in strong sulfuric acid can be us ed. The time necessary for destruction ... is seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally considered sufficient when freshly prepd reagent is used. ... Carcinogens that are easily oxidizable can be destroyed with milder oxidative agents, such as sat soln of

p otassium permanganate in acetone, which appears to be a suitable ag ent for destruction of hydrazines or of compounds containing isolated carbon-car bon double bonds. Concn or 50% aqueous sodium hypochlorite can also be used as an oxidizing agent. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 16]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Carcinogens that are alkylating, arylating or acylating agents per se can be destroyed by reaction with appr opriate nucleophiles, such as water, hydroxyl ions, ammonia, thiols & thiosulfate. The reactivity of vari ous alkylating agents varies greatly ... & is also influenced by sol of agent in the reaction medium. To facilitate the complete reaction, it is suggested that the agents be dissolved in ethanol or similar so lvents. ... No method should be applied ... until it has been thoroughly tested for its effectiveness & safety on material to be inactivated. For example, in case of destruction of alkylating agents, it is possibl e to detect residual compounds by reaction with 4(4- nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 17]**PEER

REVIEWED**

IARC describes laboratory decontamination & destruction methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in this publication (number 49). When d ealing with compounds other than those listed, the efficiency of the method should first be verified. [Castegnaro, M., G. Grimmer, O. Hutzinger, W. Karcher, H. Kunte, M. LaFontaine, E.B. Sansone, G. Telling, and S.P. Tucker (eds.). Laboratory Decontamination and Destruction of Carcinogens in Laboratory Wastes: Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. IARC Publications No. 49. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1983., p. 1]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 46 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search

### Occupational Exposure Standards:

OSHA Standards: Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.2 mg/cu m. [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**

Threshold Limit Values: Exposure by all routes should be carefully controlled to levels as low as possible. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 21]**QC REVIEWED**

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: 1-Hydroxypyrene (-HP) in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek. Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 107]**QC REVIEWED**

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 21]**QC REVIEWED**



### Manufacturing/Us e Information:

Major Uses: ORGANIC SYNTHESIS [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 283]**PEER REVIEWED**

RESEARCH CHEMICAL

**PEER REVIEWED**

Manufacturers: Eastman Kodak Co, Laboratory & Research Products, 343 State St, Rochester, NY 14650 (716) 458- 7591 [OPD CHEMICAL BUYERS DIRECTORY 1987 p.235]**PEER REVIEWED**

Jonas Chemical Corp, Specialty Chemicals Div, 5 Beekman St, NY, NY 10038 (212) 732-1818 [OPD CHEMICAL BUYERS DIRECTORY 1987 p.235]**PEER REVIEWED**

Methods of Manufacturing: /IT IS PREPARED/ FROM CHOLESTEROL ON HEATING WITH PALLADIUM CHARCOAL OR ACTIVATED CHARCOAL. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Pa g e 47 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchBiologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 387]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Synthesis by heating H2 and acetylene to 800 deg. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 387]**PEER

REVIEWED**

When benzofuran is passed through a hot tube together with naphthalene, chrysene is produced [CONSIDINE. CHEMICAL AND PROCESS TECHNOL ENCYC 1974 p.543]**PEER REVIEWED**

Distillation of coal tar. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 283]**PEER REVIEWED**

General Manufacturing Information: Coal tar pitch volatiles are products of the disti llation of bituminous coal and contain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. /Coa l tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2]

**PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. Production: (1978) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA

**PEER REVIEWED**

(1982) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA

**PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. Imports: (1982) 9.4X10+4 G

**PEER REVIEWED**

7.92X10+7 g [BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL IMPORTS 1985 p.1- 546]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Laboratory Methods:

Clinical Laboratory Methods: HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (REVERSE PHASE) ANALYSIS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SKIN LIPIDS. /POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS/ [WOLFF MS ET AL; CHEMOSPHERE 11 (6): 595 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Determination of exposure to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by analysis of urine samples. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/ [Becher G; Banbury Report, 23 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 48 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ... chrysene , were analyzed in blood serum and skin oil collected from roofing workers. Although a range of 0.05-36 ng was observed in skin oil samples, none was detected in serum, at detection limits of 1-175 pg/ml. [Wolff MS et al; Chemosphere 11 (6): 595-600 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Analytic Laboratory Methods: USE OF HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TO STUDY PARTICULATES IN AIR. [SMILLIE RD ET AL; J ENVIRON SCI HEALTH PART A ENVIRON SCI ENG 13 (1): 47 (1978)]

**PEER REVIEWED**

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH COMPRISING A COMBINATION OF GLASS CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, MASS SPECTROMETRY, LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRY WAS USED FOR IDENTIFICATION OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (INCLUDING CHRYSENE ) IN AIRBORNE PARTICULATES. [CHOUDHURY DR, BUSH B; ANAL CHEM 53 (9): 1351 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ANALYZED BY CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OR CAPILLARY GC/MASS SPECTROMETRY. [ROMANOWSKI T ET AL; ANAL CHEM 54 (8): 1285 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (INCLUDING CHRYSENE ) IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY GC/MS/COMPUTER SYSTEMS. [LAO RC ET AL; PERGAMON SER ENVIRON SCI 7 (TECH ENVIRON CHEM 2): 107 (1982)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

EPA Method 610: A high performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of chrysene in municipal and industrial discharges, consists of a stainless steel column, 25 cm x 2.6 mm ID, with reverse phase HC-ODS Sil-X, 5 micr on size. with a fluorescence or UV detector. Isocratic elution is done for 5 min using acetonitrile/water (4:6), then linear gradient elution to 100% acetonitrile over 25 min at 0.5 ml/min flow rate. Inject 5 to 25 ul of the sample extract or stnd into the HPLC using a high

p ressure syringe or a constant volume sample inject ion loop. This method has a detection limit of 0.15 ug/l and an overall precision of 0.66 times the averag e recovery - 0.22, over a working range of 0.1 to 425 ug/l. [40 CFR 136 (7/1/86)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 625: A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the analysis of chrysene in municipal and industrial discharges, consists of a glass column, 1.8 m x 2 mm ID, packed with Supelcoport (100/120 mesh) coated with 3% SP-22 50, with the detection performed by the mass spectrometer, and helium as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 30 ml/min. A sample injection volume of 2 to 5 ul is suggested, the column temperature is he ld isothermal at 50 deg C for 4 minutes and then

p rogrammed immediately at 8 deg/min to a final temp erature of 270 deg C. This method has a detection limit of 2.5 ug/l and an overall precision of 0.33 times the average recovery - 0.09, over a working range of 5 to 1300 ug/l. [40 CFR 136 (7/1/86)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 1625: An isotope dilution gas chroma tography/ mass spectrometry method for the determination of semivolatile organic compounds in m unicipal and industrial discharges is described. This method is designed to meet the survey requirements of Effluent Guidelines Division (EGD) and the N ational Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPD ES). Under the prescribed conditions, unlabeled chrysene has a minimum level of 10 ug/l and a mean retention time of 2083 sec. The labeled compound Pa g e 49 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchhas a minimum level of 10 ug/l, a mean retention time of 2081 sec, and a characteristic primary m/z of 228/240. This method has an initial precision of 51 ug/l and an accuracy of 59-186 ug/l for the unlabeled compound, while the labeled compound has an initial precison of 69 ug/l, an accuracy of 33-219 ug/l, and a labeled compound recovery of 13-312%. [40 CFR 136 (7/1/86)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 8100: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons : Extracted samples are analyzed using GC with flame ionization detector. Under the prescribed conditions, chrysene has a retention time of 24.7 min and an overall precision of 0.66 times the averag e recovery - 0.22 ug/l, over a working range of 0.1- 425 ug/l. [USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods SW846 Methods (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 8250: GC/MS for Semivolatile Organics: Packed Column Technique: Extracted samples are analyzed using GC coupled with mass spectrometry. Under the prescribed conditions, chrysene has a detection limit of 2.5 ug/l, a retention time of 31.5 min, and an overall precision of 0.33 times the average recovery - 0.09 ug/l, over a working range of 5-1300 ug/l. [USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods SW846 Methods (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 8270: GC/MS for Semivolatile Organi cs: Capillary Column Technique: Extracted samples are analyzed using GC coupled with mass spectrometry. Under the prescribed conditions, chrysene has a retention time of 27.97 min and an overall precision of 0.33 times the average recovery - 0.09 ug/l, over a working range of 5-1300 ug/l. [USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods SW846 Methods (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 8310: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons : Extracted samples are analyzed using HPLC with a fluorescence detector. Under the prescribed conditions, chrysene has a detection limit of 0.15 ug/l, a retention time of 29.3 min, and an overall precision of 0.66 times the average recovery - 0.22 ug/l, over a working range of 0.1-425 ug/l. [USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods SW846 Methods (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

AN ANALYTICAL METHOD INVOLVING A SINGLE TLC SEPARATION OF THE CYCLOHEXANE-SOLUBLE FRACTION OF AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER INTO 3 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON FR ACTIONS & 1 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON FRACTION SUITABLE FOR GLC ANALYSIS IS DEVELOPED & APPLIED. THE METHOD IS SIMPLE, RAPID & SUITABLE FOR ROUTINE ANALYSIS OF THESE COMPOUNDS IN AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER. /POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS/ [DAISEY JM, LEYKO MA; ANAL CHEM 51 (1): 24-6 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A TLC/HPLC (HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY) PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH) OCCURRING IN ASPHALT FUMES (ADSORBED ON A PARTICULAR MATTER) IS DESCRIBED. THE METHODIS BASED ON THE EXTRACTION OF ASPHALT FUME PARTICLES, COLLECTED ON GLASSFIBER FILTERS, USING CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. A CLEAN UP STEP IS AIDED BY A TLC PROCEDURE ON ALUMINUM TRIOXIDE THINLAYER PLATES, USING A MIXTURE OF CYCLOHEXANE/ACETONE/ETHER AS THE MOBILE PHASE. UNDER UV-LIGHT, THE PAH ARE INDICATED AS FLUORESCENT SPOTS. SEPARATION OF THE COLLECTED PAH INTO INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS & THEIR IDENTIFICATION IS PERFORMED BY THE AID OF A HPLC PROCEDURE. [RIETZ EB; ANAL LETT 12 (12): 143-54 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 50 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchA 4-STEP METHOD FOR THE REPRODUCIBLE ANALYSIS OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH) IN SMALL QUANTITIES OF CIGARETTE SMOKE CONDENSATE (CSC) IS PRESENTED. PAH WERE ISOLATED FROM AS LITTLE AS 1 G OF CSC BY SOLVENT PARTITION, COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY, & ANALYSIS GEL FILTRATION (GF). THE GF ISOLATE WAS ANALYZED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. /POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS/ [SEVERSON RF ET AL; ANAL CHEM 48 (13): 1866 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The separation of monohydroxylated derivatives of ... chrysene was studied by reversed-phase highp erformance liquid chromatography using a monomeric Zorbax ODS column and polymeric Vydac C18 column. The Vydac C18 column resolved the phenols of each hydrocarbon with a wide range of retention times than the Zorbax ODS column. ... [Mushtag M et al; J Chromatogr 385: 293-8 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

OSW Method 8275A. Semivolatile Organic Compounds (PAHs and PCBs) in Soils/Sludges and Solid Wastes Using Thermal Extraction/Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (TE/GC/MS), soil/waste, TEGCMS. [USEPA; EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 2.0 NTIS PB-95-502415 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

OSW Method 8270B. Determination Semivolatile Or ganic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS): Capillary Column Technique, soil/waste, estimated quantitation limit 660 ug/kg; water, estimated quantitation limit 10 ug/l. [USEPA; EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 2.0 NTIS PB-95-502415 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EMSLC Method 625. Protocol for the Base/Neutral and Acid Extractable (BNA) Organic Priority Pollutants in Industrial and Municipal Wastewater, wastewater, GCMS, method detection limit, 2.5 ug/l.

[USEPA; EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 2.0 NTIS PB-95-502415 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EMSLC Method 550.1. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Drinking Water by Liquid-Solid Extraction and HPLC with Coupled U ltraviolet and Fluorescence Detection, drinking water, HPLCFL, method de tection limit 0.16 ug/l. [USEPA; EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 2.0 NTIS PB-95-502415 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

AREAL Method IP-7-B. Determination of Benzo-a-Py rene [B(a)P] and Other Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Air by High Performance Liqui d Chromatography, indoor air, HPLC, detection limit 50 pg/cu m. [USEPA; EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 2.0 NTIS PB-95-502415 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sampling Procedures: EPA Method 610: Grab samples of water in industrial and municipal discharges must be collected in glass containers, 1 l or 1 qt amber glass, fitted with a screw cap lined with Teflon, except that the bottles must not be prerinsed with sample before collection. Fill the sample bottles, and if residual chlorine is

p resent, add 80 mg of sodium thiosulfate per liter of sample and mix well. All samples must be iced or refrigerated from the time of collection until analysis. All samples must be extracted within 7 days of collection and com p letel y anal y zed within 40 da y s of extraction. Extraction is p erformed b y addin g 60 Pa g e 51 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchml of methylene chloride to the sample in a separatory funnel and shaking. The combined extract is then concentrated using a Kuderna-Danish apparatus. [40 CFR 136 (7/1/87)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 625: Grab samples of water in municipal and industrial discharges must be collected in glass containers, amber, 1 l or 1 qt, fitted with a screw cap lined with Teflon, except that the bottles must not be prerinsed with sample before collection. Fill the sample bottles, and if residual chlorine is present, add 80 mg of sodium thiosulfate per liter of samp le and mix well. All samples must be iced or refrigerated from the time of collection until analysis. All samples must be extracted within 7 days of collection and completely analyzed within 40 days of extraction. Extraction is performed by adding 60 ml of methylene chloride to the sample in a separatory funnel and shaking. The combined extract is then concentrated using a Kuderna-Danish apparatus. [40 CFR 136 (7/1/87)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 1625: Collect water samples in municipal and industrial discharges in glass containers, amber, 1.1 l minimum with threaded caps lined with Teflon. Maintain samples at 0-4 deg C from the time of collection until extraction. If residual chlorine is present, add 80 mg sodium thiosulfate per liter of water. Extraction is performe d by adding methylene chloride to the samples in a continuous liquidliquid extractor and concentrated with a Kuderna-Da nish apparatus. Begin sample extraction within seven days of collection, and analyze all extracts within 40 days of extraction. [40 CFR 136 (7/1/87)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 3510: Separatory Funnel Liquid-Liquid Ex traction: A measured volume of sample isserially extracted with methylene chloride. The sample is then dried and concentrated using a KudernaDanish apparatus. This method is applicable to th e extraction and concentration of water-insoluble and slightly water-soluble organics from aqueous samples. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluation Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 3520: Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction: A measured volume of sample is extractedwith methylene chloride. After distillation, the sample is then dried and concentrated using a KudernaDanish apparatus. This method is applicable to th e extraction and concentration of water-insoluble and slightly water-soluble organics from aqueous samples. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluation Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 3540: Soxhlet Extraction: A solid sample is mixed with anhydrous sodium sulfate and extracted using an appropriate solvent in a Soxhlet ex tractor. The sample is then dried and concentrated using a Kuderna-Danish apparatus. This is a procedure for extracting nonvolatile and semivolatile organic compounds from solids such as soils, sludges, and waste. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluation Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 3550: Sonication Extraction: A solid samp le is mixed with anhydrous sodium sulfate to form a free-flowing powder. This is solvent extracted three times using a horn-type sonicator. The sample is then dried and concentrated using a Kudern a-Danish apparatus. This method is applicable to the extraction of nonvolatile and semivolatile organic compounds from solids such as soils, sludges, and

waste. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluation Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Measurements to determine employee exposure are best taken so that average eight-hour exposure is based on a single eight-hour sample or on two four-hour samples. Several short- time interval samples (up to 30 minutes) may also be used to determine the average exposure level. Air samples should be taken in the employee's breathing zone (air that would mostly nearly represent that inhaled by the employee). /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ Pa g e 52 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3]

**PEER REVIEWED**



### Special References:

Special Reports: LEHR RE ET A; CARCINOG COMPR SURV 3: 231 (1978). A REVIEW OF THE BAY-REGION THEORY OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON-INDUCED CARCINOGENICITY.

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Poly nuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Draft) (1980)

Health & Welfare Canada; Polycyclic Aroma tic Hydrocarbons (1979) Report No. 80-EHD-50

USEPA; Health Assessment Document: Poly cyclic Organic Matter (1979) EPA-600/9-79-008

Hodgson RM et al; Polynucl Aromat Hydrocarbons: 551-60 (1985). A review with 20 references on the metabolism and activation of chrysene in hamster embryo cells and mouse skin. Simple, vicinal diol epoxides of the bay region type are not the only reactive species involved in chrysene activation in mouse skin.

Vyaz KP et al; Polynucl Aromat Hydrocarbons: 859- 71 (1982). A review with 25 references on the stereoselectivity in the metabolism, mutagenicity, and tumorigenicity of chrysene

.
Report; Iss Order No. PB84-162841 (1983). Feasibility of assessment of health risks from vapor-phase organic chemicals in gasoline and diesel exhaust.

DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chrysene (1990) ATSDR/TP-88/11

U.S. Dept Health & Human Servic es/Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Update) (1995) NTIS# PB/95/264370



### Synonyms and Identifiers:

Synonyms: BENZO(A)PHENANTHRENE

**PEER REVIEWED**

1,2-BENZOPHENANTHRENE

**PEER REVIEWED**

BENZ(A)PHENANTHRENE

**PEER REVIEWED**

1,2-BENZPHENANTHRENE

**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 53 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search1,2,5,6-DIBENZONAPHTHALENE

**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Hazardous Waste Number: U050; A toxic waste when a discarded commercia l chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate.



### Administrative Information:

Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 2810

Last Revision Date: 20050623

Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 1/31/1998

Update History: Field Update on 2009-04-16, 2 fields added/edited/deleted Complete Update on 2005-06-23, 2 fields added/edited/deleted Field Update on 2005-01-29, 2 fields added/edited/deleted Complete Update on 07/22/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/30/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/09/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/17/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/01/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/18/1998, 57 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 02/27/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/15/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/06/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/11/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/03/1996, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/29/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/25/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/24/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/21/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/27/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/18/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 12/28/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/08/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 07/20/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Pa g e 54 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchComplete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/01/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field update on 12/27/1992, 1 fi eld added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/28/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 07/11/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 07/09/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/16/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/06/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field update on 03/06/1990, 1 fi eld added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 12/19/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/10/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/27/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/21/1988, 59 fields added/edited/deleted. Created 19840416 b y DS Pa g e 55 of 55

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search

### PYRENE
CASRN: 129-00-0

F

or other data, click on the Table of Contents



### Human Health Effects:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity: CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on no human data and inad equate data from animal bioassays. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Pyrene (129-00-0) Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of March 15, 2000]**PEER REVIEWED**

N o data are available in humans. Inadequate ev idence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifi able as to its carcinogenicity to humans. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. S7 71 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Human Toxicity Excerpts: Mortality studies have demonstrated that exposure to coke oven emissions, which contain a variety of PAHs, caused increased incidences of lung and geni tourinary cancer mortality in coke oven workers ... . /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ [DHHS/NIEHS; Seventh Annual Rpt on Carcinogens Summary p. 330 (1994)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Workers exposed to creosote containing numerous PAHs developed skin tumors ... . /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ [DHHS/NIEHS; Seventh Annual Rpt on Carcinogens Summary p. 330 (1994)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Exposures to other chemical mixtures that contain PAHs, such as cigarette smoke, coal tar, coal tar

p itch, and bitumens, have been associated with increased incidences of lung cancer in humans. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ [DHHS/NIEHS; Seventh Annual Rpt on Carcinogens Summary p. 330 (1994)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Dermal exposure to coal tar and shale oils containing PAHs have been associated with increased incidences of skin tumors in humans ... . /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ [DHHS/NIEHS; Seventh Annual Rpt on Carcinogens Summary p. 330 (1994)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations: A skin irritant. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1- 3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2830]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 1 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchMedical Surveillance: Recommended medical surveillance: The following me dical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to coal tar pitch vol atiles at potentially hazardous levels: Initial Medical Examination: A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employe e at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the oral cavity, respiratory tract, bladder, and kidneys should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders, for premalignant and malignant lesions, and evidence of hyperpigmentation or photos ensitivity. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Initial Medical Examination: Urinalysis: Coal tar pitch volatiles are associated with an excess of kidney and bladder cancer. A urinalysis should be obtained to include at a minimum: specific gravity, albumin, glucose, and a microscopic /examination/ on centrif uged sediment, as well as a test for red blood cells. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Initial Medical Examination: Urinary cytology: Coal ta r pitch volatiles are associated with an excess of kidney and bladder cancer. Employees having 5 or more years of exposure or who are 45 years of age or older should have a urinary cytology ex amination. /Coal ta r pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Initial Medical Examination: Sputum cytology: Coal ta r pitch volatiles are associated with an excess of lung cancer. Employees having 10 or more years of e xposure or who are 45 years of age or older should have a sputum cytology examinati on. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Initial Medical Examination: 14" x 17" chest roentge nogram: Coal tar pitch volatiles are associated with an excess of lung cancer. Surveillance of the lungs is indicated. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Initial Medical Examination: FVC and FEV (1 sec): Coal tar pitch volatiles are reported to cause an excess of bronchitis. Periodic surveillance is indicated. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Initial Medical Examination: A complete blood count: Due to the possibility of benzene exposure associated with coal tar pitch volatiles, a complete blood count is considered necessary to search for Pa g e 2 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchleukemia and aplastic anemia. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Initial Medical Examination: Skin disease: Coal tar pitch volatiles are defatting agents and can cause dermatitis on prolonged exposure. Persons with existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of these agents. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementioned medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis, and semi-annually for employees 45 years of age or older or with 10 or more years' exposure to coal tar pitch volatil es. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Populations at Special Risk: Persons with existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of /coal tar pitch volatiles/. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Probable Routes of Human Exposure: ... Finished waters from various treatment sites are transported to consumers through a variety of

p ipelines. PAH's /polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/ leach from the tar or asphalt linings of these

p ipes ... resulting in increased concn of these cmpds in water reaching the consumers. ... Cement-lined

p ipes produce lower PAH concn, possibly because PAHs are adsorbed from water. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health, Volume 4. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981., p. 256]**PEER REVIEWED**

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH) CONTENT IN AIR OF 10 FERROUS & N ONFERROUS FOUNDRIES WAS STUDIED. CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS REPORTED TO HAVE A HIGH RISK OF LUNG CANCER, SUCH AS MOLDERS, CASTERS & CRANE MEN, WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF PAH EXPRESSED AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE. THIS RESULT WAS NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. /POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON/ [VERMA DK ET AL; ANN OCCUP HYG 25 (1): 17-26 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

GLASS CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY SHOWED THAT WORKERS IN COKE PLANT WERE EXPOSED TO 5 TO 1000 MG POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH)/CU M AIR (INCL ACENAPHTHYLENE). PARTICULATE MATTER CONTAINS 98% RESPIRABLE PAH. [BJOERSETH A ET AL; SCAND J WORK, ENVIRON HEALTH 4 (3): 224 (1978)]**PEER

REVIEWED** Pa g e 3 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchOccupational exposure may occur through inhalation of ambient ai r and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where petr oleum and coal tar are used or combustion processes are common such as coke plants, iron foundries and aluminum fact ories. Exposure may also occur in industries where

pyrene is produced or used as an optical brightener or during the manufacture of dyes. The average concentration of pyrene in 2 air filter samples were 32.7 ug/cu m and 26.2 ug/cu m at a Norwegian plant using smelting furnaces(1). The mean concentration of pyrene in breathing zones of a needle coke plant was 1.71 ug/cu m(2). The average exposure to work ers in aluminum refinaries, silicon carbide and refractory brick industries has been estimated as less than 1 ug/cu m (vapor-phase) and about 7 ug/cu m (particulate-phase)(3). Pyrene was detected at average concentrati ons in the breathing zones of a coke

p lant (28.8 ug/cu m), anode plant (2.274 ug/cu m), gr aphite plant 0.055 (ug/cu m), silicon carbide plant (0.055 ug/cu m), metal plant (0.152 ug/cu m) and a paving operation 0.433 (ug/cu m)(4). The mean concentration of pyrene was 1.1 ug/cu m in the breathing zones of workers employed in a wood

p reservative operation(5). The average pyrene concentration in 7 personal air samples of workers employed in a needle coke plant was 0.1 ug/cu m(6). The average concentrations of pyrene in the

p ersonal air samples of workers employed in a c oke factory were between 2 and 4 ug/cu m(7). [(1) Bjorseth A, Lunde G; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 38: 224-228 (1977) (2) Boogard PJ, Vansittert NJ; Occup Environ Med 51: 250-59 (1994) (3) Lesage J et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48: 753-59 (1987) (4) Petry T et al; Chemosphere 32: 639-48 (1996) (5) Heikkila PR et al; Scand J Work Environ Health 13: 431-37 (1987) (6) Boogard PJ, Vansittert NJ; Occup Environ Med 51: 250-59 (1994) (7) Yrjanheikki E et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 56: 782-87 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The general population will be exposed to pyrene largely via smoking, dermal contact and inhalation of ambient air, particularly in areas with heavy traffic or near industrial sources. Exposure may also arise from consuming contaminated food and drinking water. (SRC)

**PEER REVIEWED**

Average Daily Intake: The average daily intake of pyrene for women in Japan has been estimated as 0.98 ug/day(1). [(1) Tamakawa K et al; Eisei Kagaku 33: 66-70 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Emergency Medical Treatment:

Emergency Medical Treatment: EMT Copyright Disclaimer:

Portions of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) database have been pr ovided here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE OR MEDITEXT(R) DATABASE SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. The use of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases is at your sole risk. The POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases are provided "AS IS" and "as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. Micromedex makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, usef ulness or completeness of any of the information contained in the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. Micromedex does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the POISINDEX (R) or MEDITEXT(R) databases. Copyright 1974-2009 Thomson MICROMEDEX. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication, "downloading," sale, redistribution or other use for commercial Pa g e 4 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchpurposes is a violation of Micromedex ' rights and is strictly prohibited.

The following Overview, *** PYRENE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. Life Support:

o This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted. Clinical Effects:

0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) **Pyrene** is irritating to exposed skin and eyes. No other acute toxic effects in humans were mentioned in available literature at the time of this review. Exposed experimental animals have developed excitation and muscle spasticity. **Pyrene** is an experimental mutagen and an equivocal experimental animal tumorigen. However, the IARC has listed **pyrene** as having no evidence for animal carcinogenesis and it was negative or inconclusive in all EPA GENETOX Program (1986)

assays. B) Some unspecified teratogenic effects were noted in workers. Human exposures to polyaromatic hydrocarbons in general are approximately 99 percent from dietary sources. Although there may be reasonably high concentrations of **pyrene** in foods, there is little data to indicate that any serious health effects occur from its ingestion in dietary sources.

0.2.4 HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Eye, nose and throat irritation have been noted.

0.2.6 RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Irritation may be predicted.
0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Excitation and muscle spasticity were noted in animal studies.
0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Irritation or burns of the esophagus or gastrointestinal tract may be predicted.
0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Irritation has been noted.
0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS A) Teratogenicity has been noted.
0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY
0.2.21.1 IARC CATEGORY A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS129-00-0 (IARC, 2004): 1) IARC Classification a) Listed as: **Pyrene** b) Carcinogen Rating: 3 1) The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans Pa g e 5 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchand inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.
0.2.21.3 ANIMAL OVERVIEW A) Tumorigenic effects were found in animal studies.
0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY A) Mixed results have been obtained in short-term genetic

assays. 0.2.23 OTHER
0.2.23.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Significant exposure can occur through the skin. Laboratory:

A) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count, urinalysis, and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant

exposure. B) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Treatment Overview:

0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE A) DILUTION: Immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to 240 mL) of water or milk (not to exceed 4 ounces/120 mL in a child). B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old. C) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury. D) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids.
0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. B) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE Pa g e 6 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search[Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2009; CCIS Volume 141, edition expires Aug, 2009. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds): TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2009; CCIS Volume 141, edition expires Aug, 2009., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

Antidote and Emergency Treatment: For immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate dec ontamination has been carried out. If victim is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vom iting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep victim quiet and maintain norma l body temperature. Obtain medical a ttention. /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 181]**PEER REVIEWED**

For basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary . Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes im mediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use em etics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the pa tient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 181]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Animal Toxicity Studies:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity: CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on no human data and inad equate data from animal bioassays. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Pyrene (129-00-0) Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of March 15, 2000]**PEER REVIEWED** A) DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility.
0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE A) OVERVIEW 1) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines. 2) **Pyrene** can be absorbed through intact skin. Range of Toxicity:

A) Minimum lethal human exposure is unknown. Pa g e 7 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchN o data are available in humans. Inadequate ev idence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifi able as to its carcinogenicity to humans. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. S7 71 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts: ... Rats at oral doses near LD50 succumbed in 2-5 days, & at inhalation LC50 in 1-2 days, although a dose of 10 g/kg on mouse skin was of low toxicity . ... Inhalation also caus ed hepatic, pulmonary, & intragastric pathologic changes. The number of ne utrophils, leukocytes, & erythrocytes decreased. Cutaneous applications for 10 days caused hyperemia, wt loss, & hematopoietic changes; applications for 30 days produced dermatitis; & chronic effects cons isted of leukocytosis & lengthened chromaxia of the leg muscle flexors. Some teratogenic, but no blastomogenic or carcinogeni c effects were noted ... except for an occasional papilloma. The low carcinogenic potential agreed with the calculated K-region bond localization energy. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 1389]**PEER REVIEWED**

SEVEN AROMATIC POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS (INCL PYRENE ) WERE INVESTIGATED FOR THEIR TOXIC EFFECTS ON RESP MUCOSA. THE CHEM WERE TESTED OVER AN 8 WK PERIOD. HETEROTOPIC TRACHEAL TRANSPLANTS WERE CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED & HISTOPATHOLOGIC EFFECTS INDUCED WERE PERIODICALLY ASSESSED SEMIQUANTITATIVELY. ALL EXHIBITED VARYING DEGREES OF TOXICITY FOR RESP EPITHELIUM & SUBMUCOSA. BENZO(E) PYRENE SHOWED LEAST TOXICITY FOLLOWED BY PYRENE

. [TOPPING DC ET AL; AM J PATHOL 93 (2): 311-24 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**

N ONMUTAGENS/NONCARCINOGENS: PYRENE RESULTED IN NO INCR OF SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE FREQUENCY IN CHINESE HAMSTER CELLS. [SIRIANNI SR, HUANG CC; PROC SOC EXP BIOL MED 158 (2): 269 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**

STANDARDIZED PROCEDURES WERE DEVELOPED TO COMPARE QUANTITATIVELY THE TOXIC & TRANSFORMING EFFECTS OF 10 ENVIRONMENT-RELATED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS USING EARLY PASSAGE MIXED CULTURES OF FETAL SYRIAN GOLDEN HAMSTER LUNG CELLS. EVALUATION OF TOXICITY WAS ATTEMPTED BY APPLYING A LINEAR REGRESSION TO RELATIVE NUMBER OF SURVIVING COLONIES. TRANSFORMING DATA WERE FITTED SATISFACTORILY TO THE 1-HIT MODEL. PYRENE WAS NEITHER STIMULATORY NOR INHIBITORY TO COLONY FORMATION. [EMURA M ET AL; J APPL TOXICOL 2 (3): 167-71 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

PYRENE WAS NONMUTAGENIC IN DROSOPHILA SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE LETHAL TEST. [VALENCIA R, HOUTCHENS K; PROG MUTAT RES 1 (EVAL SHORT-TERM TESTS CARCINOG: REP INT COLLAB PROGRAM): 651-9 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EIGHT COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN CRUDE COAL TAR WERE TESTED FOR PHOTOTOXICITY ON GUINEA PIG SKIN. FOUR CONCENTRATIONS (5 MILLIMICRO MOLAR TO 5 MILLIMOLAR) OF EACH CMPD IN ETHANOL WERE APPLIED TO DORSAL SURFACE OF 6 ANIMALS. EACH ANIMAL RECEIVED 1.0X10+5 J/SQUARE METER OF UVA RADIATION. THE ERYTHEMATOUS (PHOTOTOXIC) RESPONSE WAS EVALUATED AFTER 20 HR. PYRENE WAS STRONGLY PHOTOTOXIC. [KOCHEVAR IE ET AL; PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL 36 (1): 65-9 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 8 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchBuffalo river sediment extracts contained polynucle ar aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which caused skin darkening, hyperplasia, skin papillomas, mild coar sening and local pigmentations in the brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus). Sixteen PAH were identified in the sediment extract: fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, 2-methylphenanthrene, pyrene , 2-methylanthracene, benzanthracene, chrysene, perylene, benzo(f)fluoranth ene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a) pyrene , dibenz(a,h) anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and indeno(1,2,3-c,d) pyrene . /Concentration data not specified/ [Black JJ; Polynucl Aromat Hydrocarbons Int Symp 7th 99-11 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

PYRENE INDUCES /RAT LIVER/ ARYLAMIDE N-HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY & MODIFIES THE ENZYME BY INCR ITS APPARENT KM. [RAZZOUK C ET AL; MOL PHARMACOL 21 (2): 449-57 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Rats and mice were exposed to combustion gase s of coal-burning furnace enriched with benzo(a) pyrene (50-90 ug/cu m) and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 16 hr/day, 5 days/wk. After approx 22 months exposure, the incidence of lung neoplas ms was approx ten-fold above controls. The significance of the results is discussed in relati on to occupational exposure to combustion gases from coke-manufacturing plants with approx 30 m ug/m3. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ [Heinrich U et al; Exp Pathol 29 (1): 29-34 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A 0.3% solution of pyrene obtained by synthesis was applied in be nzene twice weekly on the back skin of 40 mice (strain, age and sex unspecified). The longest observation time was 680 days. No skin lesion was reported. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 433 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A 5% solution of pyrene (purity unspecified; solvent not indicated) was applied three times weekly for one year to mouse skin (strain, age and sex unspecified). No skin tumor was observed. A 5% solution of

pyrene was also applied for one year on mouse skin previously treated with a tumor initiating dose of benzo(a) pyrene . No skin tumor was observed. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 233 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pyrene (purity unspecified) was tested for initiating activity on 20 'S' strain mice by 10 thrice-weekly applications of 8.3% pyrene solution in acetone (total dose, 0.25 g). Starting 25 days after the last treatment, the animals received 18 weekly applications of 0.17% croton oil in acetone (0.3 ml). At the end of the treatment with croton oil, nine papillomas were present on 6/20 surviving animals compared with four papillomas on 4/19 survivors in the croton oil control group. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 434 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A group of 30 male and female Jacks on A strain mice, three to four months old, received a sc injection of 10 mg pyrene crystals moistened with glycerol in the le ft flank. The injection was repeated four months later. There were 23 mice alive at the end of one year and nine at 18 months. No sc tumor was

p roduced. The average number of pulmonary adenom as in the mice at 18 months was only 1.6. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 434 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Goblet-cell hyperplasia and cases of so-called 'transitional hyperplasia' were observed when pyrene was Pa g e 9 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchimplanted (in a beeswax pellet) into isogenically transplanted rat tracheas. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 436 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

When pyrene , 4 mg/mouse was injected in sunflower oil im daily during the last week of gestation (into BALB/c, C3H/a, C57BI x CBA F hybrids), increased su rvival and hyperplastic changes were seen in explants of embryonic mouse kidney in organ culture, compared with controls. The effects were similar but less marked than those produced by benzo(a) pyrene . Administration of two sc injections of 6 mg

pyrene on days 18 and 19 of pregnancy to strain A mi ce did not induce an increased in tumor incidence in the offspring in studies in which benzo(a) pyrene injections did have that effect. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 436 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOLUBILIZATION AS WELL AS SPECTRAL STUDIES OF PYRENE IN NATURAL DNA & SYNTHETIC DEOXYPOLYNUCLEOTIDE SOLUTIONS AT NEUTRAL PH REVEAL AT LEAST 2 BINDING MODES. SITES I ARE PREDOMINANT IN NATIVE DNA & IN POLY(DA-DT):POLY (DA-DT) WHEREAS SITES II ARE FOUND WITH DENATURED DNA & OTHER POLYNUCLEOTIDES SUCH AS POLY(DA):POLY(DT) & 3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GUANINE CONTAINING COPOLYMERS WHICH SOLUBILIZE PYRENE TO LESSER EXTENT. [CHEN FM; NUCLEIC ACIDS RES 11 (20): 231-50 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The induction of DNA adducts and adenomas in the l ungs of strain A/J mice has been investigated following the single ip administration of each of th e following polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH):

pyrene , dibenz[a,h)anthracene, benzo[a] pyrene , benzo[b]fluoranthene, 5-methylchrysene, and cyclopenta[c,d] pyrene . DNA adducts were measured by 32P-pos tlabeling at times between 1 and 21 days following injection, while adenomas we re counted at 240 days after treatment. Pyrene did not induce either DNA adducts or lung adenomas at any of the doses examined. Each of the remaining

p olycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induced both ad enomas and DNA adducts in a dose-dependent manner, with dibenz[a,h]anthracene > 5-methylchrysene > cyclopenta[c,d] pyrene > benzo[a] pyrene > benzo[b]fluoranthene. DNA adducts reached maximal levels between 3 and 9 days after injection, followed by a gradual decrease. The time-integrat ed DNA adduct level (TIDAL) was calculated by numerically integrating the areas under the adduct pers istence curves extrapolated to 240 days for each PAH at each dose level. This value represents the effective total molecular dose of PAH that was delivered to the lung DNA over the entire course of tumorigenesis. A strong correlation of lung adenoma induction with the time-integrated DNA adduc t level values was observed for each polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The slopes of the tumors versus time-integrated DNA adduct level value relationships were essentially identical for 5-methylchrysene, cyclopenta[c,d] pyrene , benzo[a] pyrene , and benzo[b]fluoranthene. The slope of this rela tionship for dibenz[a,h]anthracene was markedly greater. The essentially identical induction of aden omas as a function of time-integrated DNA adduct level values for these polycyclic ar omatic hydrocarbons suggests that the formation and persistence of DNA adducts determines their carcinogenic potency. [Ross JA et al; Cancer Res 55 (5): 1039-44 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Detection of micronuclei (MN) in skin cells from mi ce treated with chemical or physical agents may

p rovide a useful technique for investigating possible cancer-initiating substances and for distinguishing between these and noncarcinogens. In the present st udy, micronuclei induction and cell survival were estimated in cytokinesis-blocked ke ratinocytes, cultured for 4d in vitro, after a single topical dose of various organic compounds. Dose-dependent increa ses in micronuclei were observed with 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, benzo(a) pyrene , catechol, chrysene and urethane. These chemicals resulted in increased numbers of micronucleated keratinocytes , down to the lowest doses administered in the Pa g e 10 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchp resent study (0.128, 0.5, 2, 50 and 50 ug, respectively). Although reduced keratinocyte recovery occurred following exposure of mice to acetone, pyrene and other chemicals, there was no evidence that these cytotoxic effects contri buted to micronuclei scored in keratinocytes. Moreover, pyrene failed to induce micronuclei at doses from 2.5 ug to 2.5 mg/mouse. The available data suggest that micronuclei induction may prove a sensitive parallel i ndicator of cancer initiation in the skin. [Baker RS, He S; Teratology 42 (3): 329-30 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Benzo(a) pyrene (B(a)P) is able to inhibit the mutagenicity of l-nitropyrene (l-NP) through the reduction of nitroreductase activity and form ation of adducts with DNA. The relationships between the chemical structure of 9 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and antagonistic effects on the l-nitropyreneinduced mutation were evaluated by the binary mixtures of l-nitropyrene and PAHs with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the absence of S9 mix. Remarkab ly different antagonistic effects of 9 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the mutageni city of l-nitropyrene were obser ved. Among the tested polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, coronene demonstrates the most antagonistic potentia l followed by benzo(g,h,i)

p erylene (B(g,h,i)P), benzo(e) pyrene (B(e)P), dibenzo(a,h) pyrene (DB(a,h)P), benzo(a) pyrene benzo (a) pyrene and pyrene . Naphthalene, anthracene, and chrysene had only minor inhibitory activity on the l-nitropyrene mutagenicity. The modifying effe cts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the nitroreductase activity of TA98 strains in the presence of l-nitropyrene were further examined from the

p roduction of l-AP. The statistical analytical data showed that the inhibitory effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the mutagenic ity of l-nitropyrene significantly correlated with their effects on the nitroreductase activity (r = - 0.69, p < 0.05). In addition, the formation of l-nitropyrene-DNA adducts of the binary mixtures of l-nitropyrene and polycyc lic aromatic hydrocarbon was determined by the 32Pp ostlabeling method. The results indicated that the modulatory effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the formation of l-nitropyrene- DNA adducts were correlated well with their antagonistic activity (r= -0.91, P < 0.011. From the a bove results, the relationships between the chemical structure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons a nd the antagonistic effects on the l-nitropyrene mutagenicity were revealed by the surface area and electronic parameters of PAHs. The planar molecular area of PAHs was more convicingly correlated with the antagonistic effect on the mutagenicity of l-nitropyrene (r= - 0.81, p < 0.01) than that with the difference in energy, DELTAE, between EHOMO and ELUMO (r = 0.69, p < 0.05). According to the above, two possible mechanisms are involved in the interactive effect of the binary mixtures: (1) a higher binding affinity with nitroreductase for PAHs having a large planar surfac e area; and (2) a high energy of interaction between l-nitropyrene and polycyclic ar omatic hydrocarbons with a low DELTAE might decrease the nitroreductive capability. [Cherng S-H et al; Mutation Research 367 (4): 177-85 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ecotoxicity Values: TLm (Median threshold limit) Mosquito fish 0.0026 mg/l/96 hr at 24-27 deg C in a static bioassay [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 1034]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Metabolism/Metabolites: YIELDS TRANS-4,5-DIHYDRO-4,5-DIHYDROXYPYRENE, S-(4,5-DIHYDRO-4- HYDROXYPYREN-5-YL)GLUTATHIONE, 1,6-DIHYDROXYPYRENE, 1,8- DIHYDROXYPYRENE & 1-HYDROXYPYRENE IN RATS & RABBITS. [Goodwin, B.L. Handbook of Intermediary Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds. New York: Wiley, 1976., p. 44]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 11 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchFOR K-REGION OF PYRENE (4,5 BOND), NO EVIDENCE OF PHENOL FORMATION IS FOUND, 4,5-DIHYDRODIOL IS DETECTED IN RELATIVELY SMALL AMT, & NO 4,5- DIHYDROXYPYRENE DERIVATIVES ARE FOUND. MAJOR METABOLITE APPEARS TO BE MERCAPTURIC ACID, N-ACETYL-S-(4,5-DIHYDRO-4-HYDROXY-5-PYRENYL)L-CYSTEINE. [Searle, C. E. (ed.). Chemical Carcinogens. ACS Monograph 173. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1976., p. 287]**PEER REVIEWED**

PYRENE WAS METABOLIZED BY LIVER MICROSOMES FROM UNTREATED RATS TO 1- HYDROXYPYRENE, 4,5-DIHYDROXY-4,5-DIHYDROPYRENE, 2 DIFFERENT DIPHENOLS, & A K-REGION TRIOL, TENTATIVELY IDENTIFIED AS 1,4,5-TRIHYDROXY-4,5- DIHYDROPYRENE. PRETEATMENT WITH PHENOBARBITAL OR POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS FAVORED OXIDN AT K-REGION, WHEREAS CYTOCHROME P-448 INDUCERS STIMULATED OXIDN AT NON-K REGION OF PYRENE . HYDROXYPYRENE DID NOT INHIBIT PYRENE OXIDN. PYRENE DIPHENOLS WERE FORMED BY SECONDARY OXIDN OF 1-HYDROXYPYRENE. TRIOLS WERE FORMED FROM DIHYDRODIOLS BY SECONDARY OXIDN. [JACOB J ET AL; XENOBIOTICA 12 (1): 45-53 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

/SRP: 1,6-PYRENEQUINONE & 1,8-PYRENEQUINONE WERE ISOLATED & IDENTIFIED IN THE METABOLITES OF PYRENE BY LIVER MICROSOMAL FRACTION FROM POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL-PRETREATED RATS/. [OKAMOTO H, YOSHIDA D; CANCER LETT 11 (3): 215-20 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The 1-hydroxy, 1,6, 1,8-dihydroxy, and the 4,5-dihydrodiol have been identified as metabolites of

pyrene in rats and rabbits. In addition, two trihydroxy derivatives were isolated following incubation of

pyrene with rat-liver preparations. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 436 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Aspergillus niger, isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated soil, was examined for its potential to degrade phenanthrene and pyrene . Two novel metabolites, l-methoxyphenanthrene and lmethoxypyrene, were identified by conventional chemi cal techniques. Minor metabolites identified were 1- and 2-phenanthrol and l-pyrenol. No 14CO2 evolu tion was observed in either (14C)phenanthrene or (14C) pyrene cultures. [Sack U et al; Appl and Environ Microbiol 63 (7): 2906-9 (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Absorption, Distribution & Excretion: THE MECHANISM OF TRANSPORT BY POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH) INTO CELLS & BETWEEN INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES IS DISCUSSED. FROM THE PARTITIONING PARAMETERS, THE RATE LIMITING STEP INVOLVES SOLVATION OF TRANSFER SPECIES IN THE INTERFACIAL WATER AT PHOSPHOLIPID SURFACE. TRANSFER OF PYRENE OUT OF THE PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE VESICLES WAS EXAMINED. [PLANT AL ET AL; CHEM-BIOL INTERACT 44 (3): 237-46 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

TWELVE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, ONE OF WHICH WAS PYRENE

, WERE DETECTED IN SKIN OIL OF ROOFING WORKERS./SRP: IN 9 CASES, MEDIAN PYRENE CONCN WAS 1.3 (RANGE, 0.2-10.6) NG/MG SKIN LIPID. NO PYRENE WAS DETECTED IN SERUM/. Pa g e 12 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search[WOLFF MS ET AL; CHEMOSPHERE 11 (6): 595-600 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are highly soluble in adipose tissue and lipids. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/ [Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic And Hazardous Chemicals. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1981., p. 564]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mechanism of Action: SOLUBILIZATION AS WELL AS SPECTRAL STUDIES OF PYRENE IN NATURAL DNA & SYNTHETIC DEOXYPOLYNUCLEOTIDE SOLUTIONS AT NEUTRAL PH REVEAL AT LEAST 2 BINDING MODES. SITES I ARE PREDOMINANT IN NATIVE DNA & IN POLY(DA-DT):POLY (DA-DT) WHEREAS SITES II ARE FOUND WITH DENATURED DNA & OTHER POLYNUCLEOTIDES SUCH AS POLY(DA):POLY(DT) & 3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GUANINE CONTAINING COPOLYMERS WHICH SOLUBILIZE PYRENE TO LESSER EXTENT. [CHEN FM; NUCLEIC ACIDS RES 11 (20): 231-50 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Metabolic activation of pol ycyclic aromatic hydr ocarbons (PAH) consists of an oxidation of the rings of unsubstituted PAH, for example ... dibenzanthracene. ... These oxidations are carried out by "mixed function" oxidases of the liver, which contai n cytochromes p450 and p448, and require reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and oxygen. In this oxidation, an epoxide intermediate is formed which has been shown to have the requisite chemical reactivity to form covalent complexes with DNA and histones and to serve as the ultimate carcinoge nic form of PAH. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981- 1982., p. 2900]**PEER REVIEWED**

PYRENE INDUCES /RAT LIVER/ ARYLAMIDE N-HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY & MODIFIES THE ENZYME BY INCR ITS APPARENT KM. [RAZZOUK C ET AL; MOL PHARMACOL 21 (2): 449-57 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Interactions: COCARCINOGENIC STUDIES ON MOUSE SKIN (50 FEMALE ICR/HA MICE PER GROUP) WERE CONDUCTED. SIMULTANEOUS DERMAL APPLICATION OF 5 UG BENZO(A) PYRENE IN SAME SOLN WITH PYRENE (0.004 & 0.012 MG) 3 TIMES WEEKLY IN 0.1 ML ACETONE PER APPLICATION RESULTED IN 6/50 & 20/50 MICE WITH SQUAMOUS CARCINOMAS, RESPECTIVELY. NO NEOPLASMS WERE OBSERVED IN MICE TREATED WITH PYRENE ALONE. /FROM TABLE/ [Searle, C. E. (ed.). Chemical Carcinogens. ACS Monograph 173. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1976., p. 35]**PEER REVIEWED**

Benzo(a) pyrene (B(a)P) is able to inhibit the mutagenicity of l-nitropyrene (l-NP) through the reduction of nitroreductase activity and form ation of adducts with DNA. The relationships between the chemical structure of 9 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and antagonistic effects on the l-nitropyreneinduced mutation were evaluated by the binary mixtures of l-nitropyrene and PAHs with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the absence of S9 mix. Remarkab ly different antagonistic effects of 9 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the mutageni city of l-nitropyrene were obser ved. Among the tested polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, coronene demonstrates the most antagonistic potentia l followed by benzo(g,h,i)

p erylene (B(g,h,i)P), benzo(e) pyrene (B(e)P), dibenzo(a,h) pyrene (DB(a,h)P), benzo(a) pyrene benzo (a) pyrene and pyrene . Naphthalene, anthracene, and chrysene had only minor inhibitory activity on the l-nitro py rene muta g enicit y . The modif y in g effects of p ol y c y clic aromatic h y drocarbons on the Pa g e 13 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchnitroreductase activity of TA98 strains in the presence of l-nitropyrene were further examined from the

p roduction of l-AP. The statistical analytical data showed that the inhibitory effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the mutagenic ity of l-nitropyrene significantly correlated with their effects on the nitroreductase activity (r = - 0.69, p < 0.05). In addition, the formation of l-nitropyrene-DNA adducts of the binary mixtures of l-nitropyrene and polycyc lic aromatic hydrocarbon was determined by the 32Pp ostlabeling method. The results indicated that the modulatory effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the formation of l-nitropyrene- DNA adducts were correlated well with their antagonistic activity (r= -0.91, P < 0.011. From the a bove results, the relationships between the chemical structure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons a nd the antagonistic effects on the l-nitropyrene mutagenicity were revealed by the surface area and electronic parameters of PAHs. The planar molecular area of PAHs was more convicingly correlated with the antagonistic effect on the mutagenicity of l-nitropyrene (r= - 0.81, p < 0.01) than that with the difference in energy, DELTAE, between EHOMO and ELUMO (r = 0.69, p < 0.05). According to the above, two possible mechanisms are involved in the interactive effect of the binary mixtures: (1) a higher binding affinity with nitroreductase for PAHs having a large planar surfac e area; and (2) a high energy of interaction between l-nitropyrene and polycyclic ar omatic hydrocarbons with a low DELTAE might decrease the nitroreductive capability. [Cherng S-H et al; Mutation Research 367 (4): 177-85 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Pharmacology:

Interactions: COCARCINOGENIC STUDIES ON MOUSE SKIN (50 FEMALE ICR/HA MICE PER GROUP) WERE CONDUCTED. SIMULTANEOUS DERMAL APPLICATION OF 5 UG BENZO(A) PYRENE IN SAME SOLN WITH PYRENE (0.004 & 0.012 MG) 3 TIMES WEEKLY IN 0.1 ML ACETONE PER APPLICATION RESULTED IN 6/50 & 20/50 MICE WITH SQUAMOUS CARCINOMAS, RESPECTIVELY. NO NEOPLASMS WERE OBSERVED IN MICE TREATED WITH PYRENE ALONE. /FROM TABLE/ [Searle, C. E. (ed.). Chemical Carcinogens. ACS Monograph 173. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1976., p. 35]**PEER REVIEWED**

Benzo(a) pyrene (B(a)P) is able to inhibit the mutagenicity of l-nitropyrene (l-NP) through the reduction of nitroreductase activity and form ation of adducts with DNA. The relationships between the chemical structure of 9 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and antagonistic effects on the l-nitropyreneinduced mutation were evaluated by the binary mixtures of l-nitropyrene and PAHs with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the absence of S9 mix. Remarkab ly different antagonistic effects of 9 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the mutageni city of l-nitropyrene were obser ved. Among the tested polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, coronene demonstrates the most antagonistic potentia l followed by benzo(g,h,i)

p erylene (B(g,h,i)P), benzo(e) pyrene (B(e)P), dibenzo(a,h) pyrene (DB(a,h)P), benzo(a) pyrene benzo (a) pyrene and pyrene . Naphthalene, anthracene, and chrysene had only minor inhibitory activity on the l-nitropyrene mutagenicity. The modifying effe cts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the nitroreductase activity of TA98 strains in the presence of l-nitropyrene were further examined from the

p roduction of l-AP. The statistical analytical data showed that the inhibitory effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the mutagenic ity of l-nitropyrene significantly correlated with their effects on the nitroreductase activity (r = - 0.69, p < 0.05). In addition, the formation of l-nitropyrene-DNA adducts of the binary mixtures of l-nitropyrene and polycyc lic aromatic hydrocarbon was determined by the 32Pp ostlabeling method. The results indicated that the modulatory effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the formation of l-nitropyrene- DNA adducts were correlated well with their

anta g onistic activit y ( r= -0.91, P < 0.011. From the above results, the relationshi p s between the chemical Pa g e 14 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchstructure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons a nd the antagonistic effects on the l-nitropyrene mutagenicity were revealed by the surface area and electronic parameters of PAHs. The planar molecular area of PAHs was more convicingly correlated with the antagonistic effect on the mutagenicity of l-nitropyrene (r= - 0.81, p < 0.01) than that with the difference in energy, DELTAE, between EHOMO and ELUMO (r = 0.69, p < 0.05). According to the above, two possible mechanisms are involved in the interactive effect of the binary mixtures: (1) a higher binding affinity with nitroreductase for PAHs having a large planar surfac e area; and (2) a high energy of interaction between l-nitropyrene and polycyclic ar omatic hydrocarbons with a low DELTAE might decrease the nitroreductive capability. [Cherng S-H et al; Mutation Research 367 (4): 177-85 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary: Pyrene is released to the environment as a ubiquitous product of incomplete combustion, occurring in exhaust from motor vehicles, emissions from cigare tte smoke, coal-, oil-, and wood-burning stoves and furnaces. Its production and use as a starting material in the manufacture of dyes and optical brighteners, may also account for this compound's presence in the environment. Based upon a measured vapor

p ressure of 8.9X10-5 mm Hg at 25 deg C, pyrene is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulatep hase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pyrene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with

p hotochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals; the half-life for the hydroxyl radical reaction in air is estimated to be about 8 hours. The atmospheric lifetime of pyrene due to reaction with nitrate radicals has been estimated as about 30 days. Particulate-phase pyrene may be physically removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. Direct photolysis by natural sunlight is also expected to be an important environmental fate process for pyrene based on photolysis studies performed on a variety of substrates. Pyrene is expected to be immobile in soil based upon an average Koc value of 65,300 determined from measurements with freshwater sediment samples. Volatilization of pyrene from dry soil surfaces is not expected based upon the me asured vapor pressure. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based on the measured Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-5 atm-cu m/mole, but this

p rocess may be considerably attenuated due to adsorption. Biodegradation is expected to occur slowly, with estimated half-lives ranging from several weeks to years. In water, pyrene is expected to adsorb strongly to sediment or particulate matter based on its measured Koc values. This compound is expected to volatilize from water surfaces given its experimental Henry's Law constant, but adsorption may severely attenuate this process. Estimated half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 and 37 days respectively when neglecting adsorption. The volatil ization half-life in a model pond is approximately 34 years when adsorption is considered. The potenti al for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high based on experimental BCF values in the range of 72-970, measured in various species of fish. Occupational exposure may oc cur through inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where petr oleum and coal tar are used or combustion processes are common such as coke plants, iron foundries and aluminum fact ories. Exposure may also occur in industries where

pyrene is produced or used as an optical brightener or during the manufacture of dyes. The general

p opulation will be exposed to pyrene largely via smoking, dermal contact and inhalation of ambient air,

p articularly in areas with heavy traffic or near industrial sources. Exposure may also arise from consuming contaminated food and drinking water. (SRC)

**PEER REVIEWED**

Probable Routes of Human Exposure: ... Finished waters from various treatment sites are transported to consumers through a variety of Pa g e 15 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchp ipelines. PAH's /polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/ leach from the tar or asphalt linings of these

p ipes ... resulting in increased concn of these cmpds in water reaching the consumers. ... Cement-lined

p ipes produce lower PAH concn, possibly because PAHs are adsorbed from water. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health, Volume 4. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981., p. 256]**PEER REVIEWED**

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH) CONTENT IN AIR OF 10 FERROUS & N ONFERROUS FOUNDRIES WAS STUDIED. CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS REPORTED TO HAVE A HIGH RISK OF LUNG CANCER, SUCH AS MOLDERS, CASTERS & CRANE MEN, WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF PAH EXPRESSED AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE. THIS RESULT WAS NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. /POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON/ [VERMA DK ET AL; ANN OCCUP HYG 25 (1): 17-26 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

GLASS CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY SHOWED THAT WORKERS IN COKE PLANT WERE EXPOSED TO 5 TO 1000 MG POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH)/CU M AIR (INCL ACENAPHTHYLENE). PARTICULATE MATTER CONTAINS 98% RESPIRABLE PAH. [BJOERSETH A ET AL; SCAND J WORK, ENVIRON HEALTH 4 (3): 224 (1978)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation of ambient ai r and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where petr oleum and coal tar are used or combustion processes are common such as coke plants, iron foundries and aluminum fact ories. Exposure may also occur in industries where

pyrene is produced or used as an optical brightener or during the manufacture of dyes. The average concentration of pyrene in 2 air filter samples were 32.7 ug/cu m and 26.2 ug/cu m at a Norwegian plant using smelting furnaces(1). The mean concentration of pyrene in breathing zones of a needle coke plant was 1.71 ug/cu m(2). The average exposure to work ers in aluminum refinaries, silicon carbide and refractory brick industries has been estimated as less than 1 ug/cu m (vapor-phase) and about 7 ug/cu m (particulate-phase)(3). Pyrene was detected at average concentrati ons in the breathing zones of a coke

p lant (28.8 ug/cu m), anode plant (2.274 ug/cu m), gr aphite plant 0.055 (ug/cu m), silicon carbide plant (0.055 ug/cu m), metal plant (0.152 ug/cu m) and a paving operation 0.433 (ug/cu m)(4). The mean concentration of pyrene was 1.1 ug/cu m in the breathing zones of workers employed in a wood

p reservative operation(5). The average pyrene concentration in 7 personal air samples of workers employed in a needle coke plant was 0.1 ug/cu m(6). The average concentrations of pyrene in the

p ersonal air samples of workers employed in a c oke factory were between 2 and 4 ug/cu m(7). [(1) Bjorseth A, Lunde G; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 38: 224-228 (1977) (2) Boogard PJ, Vansittert NJ; Occup Environ Med 51: 250-59 (1994) (3) Lesage J et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48: 753-59 (1987) (4) Petry T et al; Chemosphere 32: 639-48 (1996) (5) Heikkila PR et al; Scand J Work Environ Health 13: 431-37 (1987) (6) Boogard PJ, Vansittert NJ; Occup Environ Med 51: 250-59 (1994) (7) Yrjanheikki E et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 56: 782-87 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The general population will be exposed to pyrene largely via smoking, dermal contact and inhalation of ambient air, particularly in areas with heavy traffic or near industrial sources. Exposure may also arise from consuming contaminated food and drinking water. (SRC)

**PEER REVIEWED**

Average Daily Intake: The average daily intake of pyrene for women in Japan has been estimated as 0.98 ug/day(1). [(1) Tamakawa K et al; Eisei Kagaku 33: 66-70 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 16 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchNatural Pollution Sources: /Found in the following natural sources:/ Kuwait Crude oil, 4.5 ppm; South Louisiana crude oil, 3.5 ppm

[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 1031]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pyrene has been isolated in coal tar and fossil fuels(1). [(1) IARC; Monograph on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans 32: 432-45 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Artificial Pollution Sources: Pyrene 's production and use as a starting material in th e manufacture of dyes and optical brighteners(1), may lead to its release to the environment thr ough various waste streams(SRC). It is a ubiquitous

p roduct of incomplete combustion, occurring in exha ust from motor vehicles and other gasoline or diesel engines, emissions from cigarette smoke, coal -, oil-, and wood-burning stoves and furnaces(2). [(1) Griesbaum K et al; Ullmann's Encycl Indust Chem 5th ed Vol A13 pp. 271-272 Deerfield,FL: VCH Publ (1989) (2) IARC; Monograph on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. 32: 432-45 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Fate: TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1) and Koc values of 61,936 and 90,000(2) obtained with soil samples from Flint, MI and Bordone, Canada pyrene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is not expected based on the experimental vapor pressure of 8.9X10-5 mm Hg at 25 deg C(3). A screening model used to predict volatilization from dry soil surfaces estimated that the volatilization half-life of pyrene was about 500 days(4). Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based on the measured Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(5), but this process may be considerably attenuated due to adsorption(SRC). Biodegradation is expected to occur slowly in so ils, with estimated half-lives ranging from several weeks to years(6,7). Photolytic degradation of pyrene is expected to occur on soil surfaces as indicated by numerous photolysis studies performed on a variety of substrates(8-11). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983) (2) Abdul AS, Gibson TL; Haz Waste Haz Mat 4: 211-22 (1987) (3) Piatt JJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 751-60 (1996) (4) Jury WA et al; Wat Resources Res 26: 13-20 (1990) (5) Shiu WY, Mackay D; J Chem Eng Dat 42: 27-30 (1997) (6) Cerniglia CE; Biodegradation 3: 351-68 (1992) (7) Wild SR et al; pp. 457-62 in Agricultural Soils Amended With Sewage Sludges. Arendt F, Hinsenveld M, Vanderbrink WJ Eds. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publ (1990) (8) Behymer TD, Hites RA; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1004-06 (1985) (9)Behymer TD, Hites RA; Environ Sci Technol 22: 1311-19 (1988) (10) National Research Council; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Evaluation of Sources and Effects, Washington,DC: National Acad Press (1983) (11) Korfmacher WA et al; Environ Sci Technol 14: 1094-9 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1) and an average Koc value of 65,300 determined from measurements on 5 sediment samples obtained from a freshwater lake in Louisiana(2), pyrene is expected to adsorb strongly to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Pyrene is expected to volatilize from water surface s(3,SRC) based on an experimental Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4); however , adsorption to suspended solids and sediment is expected to severely attenuate this process(SRC). Es timated half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 and 37 days, respectively when adsorption is neglected(3,SRC). The volatilization half-life in a model pond is approximately 34 years when adsorption is considered(5). Photolysis of pyrene near the surface of aquatic ecosystems is expected to be sign ificant(6,7,SRC). The near surface half-life for direct Pa g e 17 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchp hotolysis of p y rene in water by sunlight was measured as 0.68 hours(6) and 0.85 hours(7). Biodegradation is expected to occur slowly, with estimated half-lives ranging from several weeks to years(8,9). According to a classification scheme(10), experimentally measured BCF values in the range of 72-970(11-13) measured in fish, indicate that bioconcentration is moderate to high in aquatic organisms(SRC). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983) (2)Means JC; Mar Chem 51: 3-16 (1995) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 5-4, 5-10, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (4) Shiu WY, Mackay D; J Chem Eng Dat 42: 27-30 (1997) (5) USEPA; EXAMS II Computer Simulation (1987) (6) Zepp RG, Schlotzhauer PF; pp. 141-58 in Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Ann Arbor,MI: Ann Arbor Science (1979) (7) Picel KC et al; in Polynucl Aromat Hydrocarbons. Cooke, Dennis Eds. Battelle Press 8: 1013-28 (1985) (8) Cerniglia CE; Biodegradation 3: 351-68 (1992) (9) Wild SR et al; pp. 457-62 in Agricultural Soils Amended With Sewage Sludges. Arendt F, Hinsenveld M, Vanderbrink WJ Eds. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publ (1990) (10) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (11) Spehar RL et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 52: 1703-74 (1980) (12) Ogata M et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 33: 561-7 (1984) (13) Carlson RM et al; Implications to the Aquatic Environment of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Liberated from Northern Great Plains Coal USEPA-600/2-79-093 (1979)]

**PEER REVIEWED**

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), pyrene , which has a measured vapor pressure of 8.9X10-5 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2,SRC), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pyrene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemicallyp roduced hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals(SRC); the half-life for the hydroxyl radical reaction in air is estimated to be about 8 hours(3,SRC). The atmospheric lifetime of vapor-phase pyrene due to reaction with nitrate radicals has been calculate d as approximately 30 days (4). Particulate-phase pyrene may be physically removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). [(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) (2)Piatt JJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 751-60 (1996) (3) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data (1989) (4) Atkinson R, Arey J; Environ Health Per 102: 117-26 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Biodegradation: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with 4 or less aromatic rings are degraded by microbes and are readily metabolized by multicellular organisms; biodegradation may be the ultimate fate

p rocess. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ [Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume I. EPA-440/4 79-029a. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1979., p. 97-17]**PEER REVIEWED**

Bacteria isolated from Colgate Creek, Chesapeake Ba y, and cultured in bay water degraded 19.6-22.4%

pyrene present over an unspecified time period; Eastern Bay bacteria similarly cultured resulted in 2.0- 8.2% degradation(1). Pyrene at 5 ppm was 71% degraded with rapid adaptation after 7 days by microbes in settled domestic wastewater, 100% degraded 7 days after addition of the second subculture. At 10 ppm only 13% degradation was observed after 28 total days and the addition of three subcultures (2). In natural water from a polluted stream in Urbana, IL, pyrene was cometabolized 63.3% (naphthalene as growth substrate) and 53.8% (phenanthrene growth substrate) in 4 weeks(3). Pyrene in contact with organics undergoing a high rate of composting was degraded 0 and 31% in 30-day duplicate tests and the rate of degrad ation was higher over the last 23 days than it was the first 7 days(4). Pyrene has been shown to be bioconverted via oxidati on by isolated soil bacteria without any growth substrate present(5). [(1) Walker JD, Colwell RR; pp. 783-90 in International Conference on Water Pa g e 18 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchPollution Research Vol 7 (1974) (2) Tabak HH et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 53: 1503-18 (1981) (3) McKenna EJ; Biodegradation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pollutants by Soil and Water Microorganisms Water Resources Center 113: 1-25 (1976) (4) Snell Environmental Group Inc; Rate of Biodegradation of Toxic Compounds While in Contact with Organics which are Actively Composting Lansing, MI NTIS PB 84- 193150 (1982) (5) Sims RC, Overcash MR; Res Rev 88: 1-68 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The aerobic biodegradation half-life of pyrene in sediment/freshwater ecosystems has been estimated as 34 to 90 weeks, resulting in the formation of 1-hydroxypyrene, 1,6-pyrenequinone and 1,8-

p yrenequinone as common metabolites(1,2). An enriched microbial culture obtained from sediment and seawater from a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon po lluted waterway in British Columbia, Canada completely degraded 1.6 ug/ml of pyrene in 10 ml of mineral salt growth medium over a 5 day incubation period(3). Activated soil samples from 3 coal gasification facilities in Illinois, resulted in 10- 48% biodegradation of pyrene over a 65 day incubation period(4). Reintroducing pyrene -degrading bacterium isolated and grown in pure culture enha nced the rate of degradation significantly in comparison to the indigenous population(4). Soil samples obtained from an abandoned coal tar refinery in Ohio resulted in 25-75% biodegradation of pyrene over an 85 day incubation period(5). Pyrene in an enriched phenanthracene-degrading microbial culture was degraded 46%, 83% and 88% over 5, 8 and 14 day incubation periods respectively(6). Microorga nisms enriched with seawater and sediment samples from British Columbia, Canada were shown to degrade pyrene in a synthetic seawater environment, with cis-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydropyrene as the main degradation product(7). Enriched microbial cultures isolated from seawater and sediment samples from British Columbia, Canada, completely degraded 10 ug of pyrene in a 10 ml salt medium during a 5 day incubation period(8). The

p rimary metabolite in this study was identified as cis-dihydrodiol pyrene (8). [(1) Cerniglia CE; Biodegradation 3: 351-68 (1992) (2) Heitkamp MA, Cerniglia CE; Environ Toxicol Chem 6: 535-546 (1987) (3) Cullen WR et al; Sci Tot Environ 156: 27-37 (1994) (4) Grosser RJ et al; Appl Environ Microbiol 57: 3462-3469 (1991) (5) Grosser RJ et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 14: 375-382 (1995) (6) Mueller JG et al; Appl Environ Microbiol 55: 3085-90 (1989) (7) Li XF et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 1115-19 (1996) (8) Li XF et al; Sci Tot Environ 177: 17-29 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A long term field study in which polyaromatic hydrocarbon contaminated sludge was applied to agricultural plots in England resulted in measured biodegradation half-lives of 3.1 and 8.5 years for

pyrene (1). Microcosms constructed using aquifer se diment and groundwater from a reservoir in Arkansas produced no mineralization of pyrene over a 28 day incubation period(2). When similar microcosms where inoculated with enriched culture s isolated from petroleum-contaminated soils, 40% mineralization was observed over a 28 day incubation period(2). [(1) Wild SR et al; pp. 457-62 in Agricultural Soils Amended With Sewage Sludges. Arendt F, Hinsenveld M, Vanderbrink WJ Eds. Kluwer Academic Publisher: Netherlands (1990) (2) Heitkamp MA, Ceringlia CE; Appl Environ Microbiol 55: 1968-73 (1989)]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Abiotic Degradation: The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of pyrene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 5.0X10-11 cu cm/m olecule-sec at 25 deg C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 8 hours at an atmo spheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm (1). The atmospheric lifetime of vapor-phase pyrene due to reaction with nitrate radicals has been calculated as approximately 30 days(2). Pyrene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to a lack of functional groups which hydrolyze(SRC). [(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data (1989) (2) Atkinson R, Arey J; Environ Health Per 102: 117-26 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Photolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process for pyrene (SRC). The photolytic Pa g e 19 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchhalf-life of p y rene adsorbed to silica, alumina and fly ash substrates were measured as 21, 31 and 46 hours, respectively, following irradiation with a 450 watt mercury lamp(1). The irradiation of pyrene adsorbed to 16 different substrates with a 450 watt mercury lamp yielded photolytic half-lives ranging from 22.5 hours to 1,000 hours(2). Pyrene adsorbed on a variety of solids (fly ash, silica gel, alumina) has been shown to react with nitrate radicals and ozone to give nitropyrenes and quinones, respectively (3). Approximately 6 percent photol ytic degradation occurred when pyrene was adsorbed to a fly ash substrate and exposed to natural sunlight for 5 hours(4). Approximately 40 percent photodegradation was observed when a solution of pyrene in DMSO was irradiated with light at wavelengths greater than 310 nm for 3 days(5). Photolysis of pyrene near the surface of aquatic ecosystems is expected to occur (6,7,SRC). The near surface half-life for direct photolysis of pyrene in water by sunlight was measured as 0.68 hours(6) and 0.85 hours(7). Particulate-phase pyrene collected on a glass fiber filter and extracted with cyclohexane had a measured photochemical half-life of 65 minutes(8). [(1) Behymer TD, Hites RA; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1004-06 (1985) (2) Behymer TD, Hites RA; Environ Sci Technol 22: 1311-19 (1988) (3) National Research Council; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Evaluation of Sources and Effects, National Acad Press Washington DC (1983) (4) Korfmacher WA et al; Environ Sci Technol 14: 1094-9 (1980) (5) Holloway MP et al; Mut Res 187: 199-207 (1987) (6) Zepp RG, Schlotzhauer PF; p 141-58 in Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Ann Arbor Science Ann Arbor MI (1979) (7) Picel KC et al; in Polynucl Aromat Hydrocarbons 8: 1013-28 Cooke and Dennis Eds. Battelle Press (1985) (8) Valerio F, Lazzarotto A; Int J Eniviron Anal Chem 23: 135-51 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Bioconcentration: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH) WERE ANALYZED IN SURFACIAL SEDIMENTS & BENTHIC ORGANISMS IN SOUTHEASTERN LAKE ERIE, NEAR A LARGE COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT. SEDIMENT CONCN (530-770 PPB PAH) WERE RELATIVELY HOMOGENOUS THROUGHOUT MOST OF THE 150 SQUARE KM AREA, ALTHOUGH RIVER & NEARSHORE CONCENTRATIONS REACHED 4 PPM. OLIGOCHAETE WORMS DID NOT BIOCONCENTRATE (ON WET WT BASIS) ANY OF THE PAH. CHIRONOMIDE MIDGES COLLECTED 1 KM OFFSHORE EXHIBITED BIOCONCENTRATION OF 5 PAH ONE OF WHICH WAS PYRENE . FURTHER OFFSHORE, THESE APPARENT BIOCONCENTRATIONS DISAPPEARED, WITH MIDGES AT NEAR EQUILIBRIUM WITH SEDIMENTS. [EADIE BJ ET AL; CHEMOSPHERE 11 (2): 185-92 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Some marine organisms have no detectable ar yl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme systems, namely:

p hytoplankton, certain zooplankton, mussels (Mytilus e dulis), scallops (Placopecten sp), and snails (Litternia littorea). ... Those organisms which lack a metabolic detoxification enzyme system, tend to accumulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ [Malins DC; Ann NY Acad Sci 298: 482-496 (1977) as cited in: Health and Welfare Canada; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons p.37 (1979) Report No. 80-EHD-50]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Bioaccumulation, especially in vertebrate organisms, is considered to be short-term, and is not considered an important fate proces s. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ [Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume I. EPA-440/4 79-029a. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1979., p. 95-9]**PEER REVIEWED**

Experimental BCF values of 72(1), 457(2), and 600-970(3) have been reported in rainbow trout, goldfish and fathead minnow respectively. According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC). Pyrene was shown to b ioaccumulate in worms exposed to contaminated se diment over a 4 week incubation period, reaching a Pa g e 20 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchmaximum concn of 60.9 ng/g and an uptake rate constant of 0.0256 hr-1(5). [(1) Spehar RL et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 52: 1703-74 (1980) (2) Ogata M et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 33: 561-7 (1984) (3) Carlson RM et al; Implications to the Aquatic Environment of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Liberated from Northern Great Plains Coal USEPA-600/2-79-093 (1979) (4) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (5) Harkey GA et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 14: 1551- 60 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

BCF (bioconcentration factor) Prionospio cirrifera a nd Spiochaetpoterus costarum (polychaete worms) = 5.2 /ratio of polychaeta dry wt to sediment dry wt/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1599]**PEER REVIEWED**

BCF (bioconcentration factor) Capitella capitata (polyc haete worm) = 13.3 /ratio of polychaeta dry wt to sediment dry wt/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1599]**PEER REVIEWED**

Soil Adsorption/Mobility: Several experimental Koc values for pyrene have been reported depe nding upon the pH and organic carbon content of the soil(1-8). Experimental Koc valu es determined with 5 sediment samples obtained from a freshwater lake in Louisiana were 64,954, 63,372, 73,127, 65,380 and 59,675(1). The Koc values of pyrene obtained with soil samples from Flint, MI and Bordone, Canada were 61,936 and 90,000 respectively(2). Measured Koc values of 160,000, 153,000, 98,700 and 169,000 were obtained for

pyrene with suspended solids and sediment from the Boston Harbor, MA(3). An experimental Koc value of 76,000 was reported for pyrene with soil obtained from a water treatment facility in Sweden(4). Experimentally determined log Koc values between 4.9 and 5.4 were reported for pyrene with sediment obtained from Lake Michigan(5) and a log Koc value of 5.5 was reported with sediment obtained from the Boston Harbor, MA(6). Reported log Koc values of 4.83(7) and 5.13(8) were obtained from HPLC retention factors using an immobilized humic aci d packing material. According to a recommended classification scheme(9), these reported Koc values suggest that pyrene is essentially immobile in soil (SRC). [(1) Means JC; Mar Chem 51: 3-16 (1995) (2) Abdul AS, Gibson TL; Haz Waste Haz Mat 4: 211-22 (1987) (3) Chin YP, Gschwend PM; Enviorn Sci Technol 26: 1621-26 (1992) (4) Enfield CG et al; Enviorn Sci Technol 23: 1278-86 (1989) (5) Harkey GA et al; Chemosphere 28: 583-96 (1994) (6) McGroddy SE et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 172-77 (1996) (7) Szabo G et al; Chemosphere 21: 729-39 (1990) (8) Szabo G et al; Chemosphere 21: 495-505 (1990) (9) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Volatilization from Water/Soil: The Henry's Law constant for pyrene has been measured as 1.2X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(1). This value indicates that pyrene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2,SRC); however, adsorption to suspended solids and sediment is expected to consid erably attenuate this process(SRC). Based on this Henry's Law constant and ignoring adsorption, the vola tilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 5 days(2,SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 37 days(2,SRC). The en vironmental volatilization half-life in a model pond (2 m deep) is approximately 34 years when adsorption is considered(3). Pyrene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on a measured vapor pressure of 8.9X10-5 mm Hg(4,SRC). A screenin g model used to p redict volatilization from dr y soil surfaces estimated that the volatilization Pa g e 21 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchhalf-life of p y rene was about 500 days(5). [(1) Shiu WY, Mackay D; J Chem Eng Dat 42: 27-30 (1997) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (3) US EPA; EXAMS II Computer Simulation (1987) (4) Piatt JJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 751-60 (1996) (5) Jury WA et al; Wat Resources Res 26: 13-20 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Water Concentrations: PYRENE WAS ONE OF THE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH) DETERMINED IN SAMPLES FROM BEKKELAGET SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT IN OSLO RECEIVING INDUST WASTE WATER & HOUSEHOLD SEWAGE: DURING DRY PERIOD IN 1979 (189 NG/L); AFTER RAINFALL 1979 (168 NG/L); DRY PERIOD (SPRING) 1980 (248 NG/L); AFTER RAINFALL (SUMMER) 1980 (110 NG/L). STATIONARY MUSSELS OUTSIDE TREATMENT PLANT CONTAINED 90 NG/G DEC 8; 99 NG/G DEC 11; 82 NG/G DEC 15; 101 N G/G DEC 22; 132 NG/G JAN 6; & 80 NG/G APRIL 28; TRANSPLANTED MUSSELS OUTSIDE BEKKELAGET SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 16 NG/G DEC 11; 51 NG/G DEC 22; 40 NG/G JAN 6; 50 NG/G APRIL 28. FROM THE PAH-PROFILES OBSERVED IN MUSSELS NEAR THE DISCHARGE-POINT, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT IS MAJOR PAH-SOURCE IN THE AREA. FIVE SAMPLES OF NORDIC TAP WATER WERE ANALYZED FOR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. CONCENTRATIONS OF PYRENE FOUND WERE 12 NG/L, 8.5 NG/L, 0.31 NG/L, LESS THAN 0.30 NG/L, & LESS THAN 0.72 NG/L, RESPECTIVELY. [KVESETH K ET AL; CHEMOSPHERE 11 (7): 623-39 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

DRINKING WATER: Pyrene was detected at a concn 1.1 parts per trillion in the drinking water supply of Norway(1). Pyrene was detected in the drinking water of Ea stern Ontario, Canada, at average concns of 0.6 and 1 ppb(2). Pyrene was detected in 12 drinking water supplies located in the Great Lakes area at concns of 1.3-72.0 parts per trillion (winter) and 0-31.0 parts per trillion (summer)(3). The mean concn of pyrene detected in the drinking water in Ahmeda bad, India was reported as 911.49 ng/l(4). [(1) IARC; Monograph on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals toHumans 32: 432-45 (1983) (2) Santodonato J et al; Hazard Profiles on PAH p. 53 TR81-633 (1981) (3) Williams DT et al; Chemosphere 3: 263-76 (1982) Jani JP et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 47: 381-85 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

GROUNDWATER: The average concn of pyrene in the groundwater near 5 wood treatment facilities sampled in the US was 666 ug/l(1). Pyrene has been detected in groundwater at concns of 1.6-2.5 parts

p er trillion from undisclosed locations in the US(2). Pyrene was detected at concns of 10-100 ng/l in 3 out of 4 groundwater supplies sampled in Zagreb, Croatia(3). Pyrene was detected at a concn of 10.4 mg/l in groundwater near an abandoned wood preservative manufacturing plant in Florida(4). [(1) Rosenfeld JK, Plumb RH; Ground Water Environ Rev 11: 133-40 (1991) (2) IARC; Monograph on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. 32: 432-45 (1983) (3) Ahel M; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 47: 586-93 (1991) (4) Middaugh DP et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 21: 233-44 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SURFACE WATER: Pyrene was detected in the Mississippi river at concns of 1-15 ng/l(1) and in eastern Ontario waters at concns of 0.2-1.7 parts per trillion(2). Pyrene was detected at an average concn of 0.28 ng/l in Lake Superior(3). Pyrene was identified, not quantifie d in Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Michigan(4). Pyrene was detected in Lake Manzala, Egypt at concns of 3.1- 67.0 ng/l(5). [(1) Deleon IR et al; Chemosphere 15: 795-805 (1986) (2) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals 2nd ed p. 1033 NY,NY: Von Nostrand Reinhold (1983) (3) Ko FC, Baker JE; Mar Chem 49: 171-88 (1995) (4) Great Lakes Water Quality Board; Volume 1 Report to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board Windsor, Pa g e 22 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchCanada (1983) (5) Badawy MI et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 55: 258-63 (1995)]

**PEER REVIEWED**

SEAWATER: Pyrene was detected at concns of 115.91 pg/l to 991.59 pg/l in the Baltic sea(1). Pyrene was detected, not quantified in the Beafort and Barent seas(2). Pyrene was detected at an average concn of 0.71 ng/l (surface water) and 0.97 ng/l (bottom wa ter) in the Chesapeake Bay(3). The average concn of pyrene in the Antarctic ocean was reported as 3.3 ng/l(4). [(1) Witt G; Mar Pollut Bull 31: 237-48 (1995) (2) Yunker MB et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 1310-20 (1996) (3) Ko FC, Baker JE; Mar Chem 49: 171-88 (1995) (4) Cripps GC; Mar Pollut Bul 24: 109-114 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RAIN/FOG/SNOW: The mean concn of pyrene for 2 rainfalls in Portland, OR was reported as 39 ng/l (1). Concns of pyrene in ice samples in Greenland were in the range of 111-595 pg/kg(2). The average concn of pyrene measured in the fog of Zurich, Switzerland was 2.5 ng/ml, with concns ranging from 0.02 to 7.1 ng/ml(3). Pyrene has been detected in rainfall at concns of 5.8-27.8 parts per trillion at undisclosed locations(4). [(1) Ligocki MP et al; Atmos Environ 19:1619-26 (1985) (2) Jaffrezo JL et al; Atmos Environ 27: 2781 (1994) (3) Capel PD et al; Atmos Environ 28: 1139-45 (1994) (4) IARC; Monograph on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. 32: 432-45 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Effluent Concentrations: DATA ON EMISSION LEVELS OF WASTEWATERS & SOLID RESIDUALS FROM PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY ARE SUMMARIZED. TYPES OF WASTE WATER & RESIDUAL SAMPLES FOR WHICH DATA ARE PRESENTED INCL RAW WASTE LOADINGS FROM CLASS A THROUGH E REFINERIES, LOADING OF VARIOUS POLLUTANTS ACROSS SEVERAL PROCESS UNITS SUCH AS DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION, ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS, CARBON COLUMNS (POWDERED & GRANULAR), & CLARIFIERS, & OILY SOLIDS (TANK BOTTOMS, CRUDE OIL, BUNKER C, & WAXY PRODUCT). PYRENE CONCN RANGES FOUND IN REFINERY CATEGORY B, C, E, & AN UNDESIGNATED CATEGORY (BIOTREATMENT EFFLUENT < 0.1 TO 30 UG/L, 3 UG/L, 0.7 TO 16 UG/L, & 5.4 UG/L: FINAL EFFLUENT < 1 TO 7 UG/L, < 0.5 UG/L, < 1 UG/L, & < 0.1 UG/L) RESPECTIVELY. [SNIDER EH, MANNING FS; ENVIRON INT 7 (4): 237-58 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pyrene was detected in the wastewater effluent of an Aluminum plant in Norway at concns of 400 ug/l and 963 ug/l(1). Pyrene was detected in the effluent from 19 percent of the industrial sites sampled across the US, with a maximum concn of 102 ug/l(2). Pyrene was detected, not quantified, in the leachate of a landfill located in Florida(3). Pyrene was detected at concns of 0.071 ug/l in potable water supplies in New York originating from storage tanks that had been treated with coal tar as a corrosion inhibitor(4). Pyrene was detected at an average concn of 10 ppb in the wastewater stream of a tire manufacturing plant(5). Stormwater runoff in suburban Alabama contained pyrene at 28 ug/l (roofs), 40 ug/L (parking areas), 8 ug/L (storage areas), 1 ug/l (street runoff), 44 ug/l (vehicle service stations), 100 ug/l (urban creeks) and 31 ug/l (detection ponds)(6). Pyrene was detected, not quantified, in the leachate of materials treated with wood preservatives(7). Pyrene was detected in the effluent of a coke plant at a concn of 4 ug/L(8). [(1) Naes K et al; Sci Tot Environ 163: 93-106 (1995) (2) Pitt R et al; USEPA/600/SR-94/1051 pp. 1-7 (1994) (3) Chen CS, Zoltek JJR; Chemosphere 28:1385- 1400 (1994) (4) Alben K; Environ Sci Technol 14: 468-70 (1980) (5) Jungclaus GA et al; Anal Chem 48: 1894-6 (1976) (6) Pitt R et al; Water Environ Res 67: 260-75 (1995) (7) Wendt PH et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 31: 24-37 (1996) (8) Griest WH; pp. 173-83 in Hydrocarbon Halo Hydrocarbon Aquatic Environ Afghan BK, Mackay D eds. NY, NY: Plenum Press (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 23 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchPyrene was detected in the emissions of automobiles in Sweden at an average concn of 35.1 ng/cu m (diesel) and 19.2 ng/cu m (non-diesel)(1). Particulate-phase pyrene was detected in automobile emissions in California at a concn of 1.85 ug/kg(2). Average emission rates of pyrene for diesel

p owered automobiles in Sweden were measured as 4.6 ug/km (particulate-phase) and 17 ug/km (vaporp hase), while the average emissions for unleaded gasoline powered automobiles were 11 ug/km (particulate-phase) and 2.1 ug/km (va por-phase)(3). The emission rate of pyrene from a commercially manufactured boiler was measured in the range of 0.0 to 0.148 lb/1X10+12 BTU and was dependent upon the type of fuel that powered the boiler(4). Particulate-phase pyrene was detected in the effluent of a diesel engine at a concn of 43.6 ug/g(5). The emission rate of pyrene for automobiles equipped with a catalytic converter was 2.5 ug/km, while autos lack ing a catalytic converter had emission rates of 31 ug/km and diesel trucks had emission rates of 22.6 ug/km(6). [(1) Strandell M et al; Environ Health Per 4: 85-92 (1994) (2) Venkataraman C, Friedlander SK; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 44: 1103-08 (1994) (3) Westerholm R, Egeback KE; Environ Health Per 4: 13-23 (1994) (4) Miller CA et al; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 46: 742-48 (1996) (5) Hoekman SK, Ingham MC; Proc APCA Annu Meet 1: 22 (1987) (6) Rogge WF et al; Environ Sci Technol 27: 636-51 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pyrene was detected in the emissions of automobiles in Sweden at an average concn of 35.1 ng/cu m (diesel) and 19.2 ng/cu m (non-diesel)(1). Particulate-phase pyrene was detected in automobile emissions in California at a concn of 1.85 ug/kg(2). Average emission rates of pyrene for diesel

p owered automobiles in Sweden were measured as 4.6 ug/km (particulate-phase) and 17 ug/km (vaporp hase), while the average emissions for unleaded gasoline powered automobiles were 11 ug/km (particulate-phase) and 2.1 ug/km (va por-phase)(3). The emission rate of pyrene from a commercially manufactured boiler was measured in the range of 0.0 to 0.148 lb/1X10+12 BTU and was dependent upon the type of fuel that powered the boiler(4). Particulate-phase pyrene was detected in the effluent of a diesel engine at a concn of 43.6 ug/g(5). The emission rate of pyrene for automobiles equipped with a catalytic converter was 2.5 ug/km, while autos lack ing a catalytic converter had emission rates of 31 ug/km and diesel trucks had emission rates of 22.6 ug/km(6). [(1) Strandell M et al; Environ Health Per 4: 85-92 (1994) (2) Venkataraman C, Friedlander SK; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 44: 1103-08 (1994) (3) Westerholm R, Egeback KE; Environ Health Per 4: 13-23 (1994) (4) Miller CA et al; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 46: 742-48 (1996) (5) Hoekman SK, Ingham MC; Proc APCA Annu Meet 1: 22 (1987) (6) Rogge WF et al; Environ Sci Technol 27: 636-51 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sediment/Soil Concentrations: Pyrene was detected in the sediment of Lake Superior at concns of 1.76 ug/g(1) and 13-266 ng/g(2) and Lake Ontario at concns of 1.2-72.7 ug/g(3). Pyrene was detected in sediment from the Gulf of Lion at concns of 0.0-84.6 ng/g(4). Pyrene was detected in sediment from the Chesapeake Bay at concns of 0.0- 57.6 ug/g(5). Sediment samples in the Thames River contained 11.1 ug/g of pyrene (6). Sediment collected at 5 locations in Lake Michigan contained pyrene at concns of 399.87, 296.93, 346.72, 343.98 and 103.40 ng/g(7). Sediment from the Passaic River, NJ contained pyrene at concns between 0 and 100,000 ug/kg(8). Sediment obtained from the St. Lawrence River had pyrene concns of 775 ug/g near the Reynolds aluminum manufacturing plant and 0. 25 ug/g near the General Motors automobile manufacturing facility(9). Sediment from Lake Ladoga, Russia contained pyrene at concns of 1.7-290.0 ng/g(10). [(1) Bahnick DA, Markee TP; J Great Lakes Res 11: 143-55 (1985) (2) Baker JE et al; Environ Sci Technol 25: 500-509 (1991) (3) Murphy TP et al; Water Pollut Res J Can 26: 1-16 (1991) (4) Domine D et al; Sci Tot Environ 155: 9-24 (1994) (5) Foster GD, Wright DA; Marine Pollut Bull 19: 459-65 (1988) (6) Taylor PN, Lester JN; Environ Technol 16: 1155-63 (1995) (7) Simick MF et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 3039-46 (1996) (8) Wenning RJ et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 27: 64-81 (1994) (9) Sokol Pa g e 24 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchRC et al; Environ Sci Technol 28: 2054-64 (1994) (10) Ristula T et al; Chemosphere 32: 1179-92 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pyrene was measured in the soil at an urban roadside in Australia at a concn of 214 ng/g(1). Pyrene was detected in the soil at Birmingham UK (254 ug/kg), Brishane UK (214 ug/kg), Wales UK (63 ug/kg) and Herts UK (131 ug/kg)(2). Pyrene was identified, not quantified in soil samples from German forests(3). The average concn of pyrene detected in soil samples from 3 northeastern US cities was 2.4 mg/kg(4). [(1) Yang SYN et al; Sci Tot Environ 102: 229-40 (1991) (2) Smith DJT et al; Environ Technol 16: 45-53 (1995) Pichler M et al; Environ Sci Pollut Res 3: 24-31 (1996) (4) Bradley LJ et al; J Soil Contam 3: 349-61 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Atmospheric Concentrations: POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN URBAN ATMOSPHERES: PYRENE : TRACE-35 UG/1000 CU M IN 12 USA CITIES (1958). 1.3-19.3 UG/1000 CU M IN DETROIT (1962- 63). /FROM TABLE/ [Searle, C. E. (ed.). Chemical Carcinogens. ACS Monograph 173. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1976., p. 341]**PEER REVIEWED**

RURAL/REMOTE: Pyrene was detected in Antarctic air at concns of 4.2-24.8 pg/cu m(1) and 5.5-50.9

p g/cu m(2). Air monitoring data fr om the Arctic region detected pyrene at mean concns of 6.7 pg/cu m for the months of May-September and 111 pg/cu m for the months of October-April(3). Pyrene was detected in measurements from Fairbanks Alaska (400-39,800 pg/cu m), Narwahl Alaska(150 pg/cu m), Alert Canada (1.9-50 pg/cu m) and Barrow Canada (50-540 pg/cu m)(4). Pyrene was detected in Mediterranean Sea air at concns of 0.05-0.68 ng/cu m(5). The average pyrene concn in Folkstone and Ashford UK was 0.21 ng/cu m(6). Pyrene was detected at a concn of 0.114 ng/cu m in Quabin Summit, MA(7). [(1) Caricchia AM et al; Water Sci Technol 27: 235-43 (1993) (2) Intern J Environ chem 55: 331-40 (1994) (3) Fellin P et al; Environ toxicol chem 15: 253-61(1996) (4) Gregor DJ; In Pollut Arct Atmos pp 217-54, Sturges WT Ed. Elsevier London, (1991) (5) Masclet P et al; Atmos Environ 22: 639-50 (1988) (6) Baek SO et al; Sci Tot Environ 11: 169-99 (1992) (7) Allen JO et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 1023-31 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

URBAN: The pyrene concn at a roadside in Australia was measured as 1.03 ng/cu m(1). Pyrene was detected in the air of west Los Angeles (0.12 ng/ cu m), downtown Los Angeles(0.26 ng/cu m), Pasadena (0.17 ng/cu m) and Rabidoux (0.14 ng/cu m)(2). The atmospheric concn of pyrene in Catania, Sicily was 8.8 ng/cu m (spring), 0.32 ng/cu m(summer), 2.27 ng/cu m(fall) and 11.64 ng/cu m(winter)(3). Pyrene was detected at 4 urban sites in the UK at concns of 4.44-72.30 ng/cu m(4). Pyrene was detected at concns of 1.22 and 0.85 ng/cu m in 2 urban sites in Croatia(5). The average pyrene concn in London during a 23 week sampling period was 16.42 ng/cu m(6). Particulate-phase pyrene was detected at concns of 0.06-0.71 ng/cu m in Stockholm, Swed en and vapor-phase concns were 0.11-0.66 ng/cu m (7). Pyrene was detected at concns of 40.6-281.1 ng/cu m (winter) and 2.4-31.7 ng/cu m (summer) in 9 cities located in Poland(8). The average atmospheric concn of pyrene in London was measured as 1.90 ng/cu m (winter) and 0.43 ng/cu m (summer)(9). The average pyrene concn in South Kensington UK was 1.17 ng/cu m(10). Pyrene was detected in Los Angeles, California and urban sites in New Jersey at concns of 0.3-1.7 ng/cu m and 0.1-2.8 ng/cu m, respectively(11). Pyrene was detected at a concn of 8.07 ng/cu m in Boston MA(12). The average pyrene concn in Birmingham, UK was 38.04 ng/cu m in the winter months and 3.33 ng/cu m during the summer months(13). [(1) Yang SYN et al; Sci Tot Environ 102: 229-40 (1991) (2) Rogge WF et al; Atmos Environ 27A: 1309-30 (1993) (3) Librando V, Fazzino SD; Chemosphere 27: 1649-56 (1993) (4) Halsall CJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 28: 2380-86 (1994) (5) Eskinja I et al; Indian J anal Chem 63: 251-68 (1996) (6) Brown JR et al; Sci Tot Environ 177: 73-84 (1996) (7) Broman D et al; Environ Sci Technol 25: 1841-50 (1991) (8) Pa g e 25 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchBodzek D et al; Atmos Environ 27A: 759-64 (1993) (9) Baek SO et al; Chemosphere 22: 503-20 (1991) (10) Baek SO et al; Sci Tot Environ 11: 169-99 (1992) (11) Baek SO et al; Water Air Soil Pollut 60: 279-300 (1991) (12) Allen JO et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 1023-31 (1996) (13) Harrison RM et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 825-32 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOURCE DOMINATED: Pyrene was detected in Bahrain at concns of less than 0.05 ng/cu m to 0.11 ng/cu m, during the oil fires in Kuwait following the Persian Gulf war(1). Pyrene was detected at a concn of 2.33 ng/cu m in an industrialized area of Lahore, Pakistan(2). [(1) Madany IM, Raveendran E; Sci Tot Environ 116: 281-89 (1992) (2) Smith DJT et al; Atmos Environ 30: 4031-40 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

INDOOR AIR: Pyrene was detected in a gas heated home occupi ed by smokers at concns of 11 ng/cu m (kitchen) and 17 ng/cu m (living room), while pyrene concns of an electrically heated home occupied by non-smokers was 3.6 ng/cu m (kitchen) and 5.6 ng/cu m (living room)(1). Pyrene was detected at a concn of 1.4 ng/cu m (particulate- phase) and 12 ng/cu m (vapor-phase) in a house heated with kerosene fuel(2). Pyrene was detected in the air of homes in China at concns of 0.04-14 ug/cu m(3). [(1) Wilson NK, Chuang JC; pp. 1053-64 in Polynucl Aromat Hydrocarbons. Cooke M et al. Eds. Columbus,OH: Battelle Press (1991) (2) Mumford JL et al; Environ Sci Technol 25: 1732-38 (1991) (3) Chuang JC et al; Atmos Environ 26A: 2193-99 (1992)]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Food Survey Values: Pyrene was detected in smoked ham (0.2-11.2 ppb), por k roll (2.5 ppb), frankfurters (3.8 ppb), gouda cheese (2.6 ppb), hot sausage (1.5 ppb), barbecued beef (3.2 ppb), mutton (8 ppb), salami (5.2 ppb), mortadella (15 ppb), heavily smoked bacon (27 ppb), and heavily smoked ham (35-161 ppb)(1). Pyrene was detected in milled wheat and cereals at conc ns of 1.5-28.0 ppb and 2.2-21.0 ppb respectively(2). Pyrene was detected in freeze dried carrots at a concn of 0.82 ug/kg(3). Pyrene was detected in wheat flour (5.5 ug/kg), rye flour (2.6 ug/kg), rolled oats (5.4 ug/kg), milled oats (1.6 ug/kg), milled wheat (1.6 ug/kg) and bran (47 ug/kg)(4). Pyrene was detected in beet greens (0.692 ug/kg), lettuce (0.433 ug/kg), tomatoes (0.395 ug/kg), potatoes (0.417 ug/kg), apples (3.461 ug/kg), beef (1.269 ug/kg), pork (5.288 ug/kg), butter (1.769 ug/kg) and pizza (0.584 ug/kg)(5). Pyrene was detected in bread (0.5 ug/kg) and margarine (4.5 and 4.7 ug/kg) produced in the Netherlands(6). Pyrene was detected in olive oil (9 ug/kg), sunflower seeds (2.2 ug/kg), Sesame oil (1.2 ug/kg), linseed oil (6.3 ug/kg) and wheat germ oil 13.2 ug/kg)(7). [(1) Santodonato J et al; J Environ Pathol Toxicol 5: 1-364 (1981) (2) Lawrence JF, Weber DF; J Agric Food Chem 32: 794-7 (1984) (3) Wild SR, Jones KC; J Environ Qual 21: 217-25 (1992) (4) Tuominen JP et al; J Agric Food Chem 36: 118-20 (1988) (5) Lodovici M et al; Food Add Contam 12: 703-13 (1995) (6) Vaessen HAMG et al; Toxicol Environ Chem 16: 281-94 (1988) (7) Speer K et al; J High Res Chromatog 13: 104-111 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Plant Concentrations: Pyrene was detected in poison oak leaves and little bluestem leaves at concns of 40 ppb and 30 ppb respectively(1). Pyrene was identified, not quantified in the leaves of the Bay Evergreen tree(2). Pyrene was detected in pine needles in England at concns of less than 3 ng/g to 233 ng/g(3). [(1) Sims RC, Overcash MR; Res Rev 88: 1-68 (1983) (2) Lodovici M et al; Sci Tot Environ 153: 61-68 (1994) (3) Tremolda P et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 3570-77 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fish/Seafood Concentrations: Pa g e 26 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchSAMPLES OF WINTER FLOUNDER, WINDOWPANE, RED HAKE, ROCK CRAB, LOBSTER, & SEA SCALLOPS WERE COLLECTED FROM 25 SITES IN NEW YORK BIGHT & LONG ISLAND SOUND REGION & ANALYZED BY HPLC FOR PRESENCE OF 15 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH). RESULTS SHOW THAT THE NEW YORK BIGHT AREA IS A SITE OF MEASURABLE & SIGNIFICANT PAH CONTAMINATION. [HUMASON AW, GADBOIS DF; BULL ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL 29 (6): 645-50 (1982)]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Pyrene was detected in edible fish from the Elbe river, Germany at concns of 0.1-10.3 ug/kg(1). Pyrene was detected in lobsters obtained from the coast of Australia at concns ranging from 10 to 18,500 ug/kg (2). The average concn of pyrene in edible fish obtained from the Persian Gulf was 79.25 ug/kg(3). Pyrene was detected in mussels at a concn of 0.5- 66.0 ug/kg(4). Commercial lobsters from Canada contained pyrene at concns of 17.5 and 537 ug/kg(5). Pyrene was detected in whitefish (0.5 ppb), kippered cod (0.6 ppb), smoked herring (2.2 ppb), smoked salmon (2 ppb), smoked sturgeon (4.4 ppb), non-smoked herring (1 ppb) and non-smoked salmon (1.4 ppb)(6). Pyrene was detected in freshwater mussels at concns of 1-563 ug/kg and mari ne mussels at concns of 4-200 ug/kg(7). Pyrene was identified in chinook salmon obtained from fresh water ri vers in Washington at concns of less than 0.5 ug/g to 10 ug/kg(8). Pyrene was detected in crayfish and sunfish from a creek in Tennessee at concns of 15.14 ug/kg and 2.49 ug/kg, respectively(9). [(1) Speer K et al; J High Res Chromatog 13: 104-111 (1990) (2) Uthe JF, Musial CJ; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 37: 730-38 (1986) (3) Al-Yakoob S et al; Mar Pollut Bull 27: 297-301 (1993) (4) Vaessen HAMG et al; Toxicol Environ Chem 16: 281-94 (1988) (5) Dunn BP, Fee J; J Fish Res Board Can 36: 1469-76 (1979) (6) Lo M, Sandi E; Res Rev 69: 35-86 (1978) (Kauss PB, Hamdy YS; Hydrobiologia 219: 37-62 (1991) (8) McCain BB et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19: 10-16 (1990) (9) Rao VR et al; Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 33: 44-54 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Animal Concentrations: Pyrene was detected in sea lions off the coast of Ar gentina at average concns of 156.6 and 23.06 ng/g (skin), 82.93 and 107.98 ng/g (blood samples) and 14.2 and 11.33 ng/g (liver)(1). [(1) Marsili L et al; Chemosphere 34: 759-70 (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Milk Concentrations: Pyrene was detected in dried milk at a concn of 2.1 ppb(1). Pyrene was detected at an average concn of 0.04 ppb in UK milk products(2). [(1) Lawrence JF, Weber DF; J Agric Fd Chem 32: 794-7 (1984) (2) Dennis MJ et al; Fd Chem Toxicol 21: 569-74 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Other Environmental Concentrations: /Found in the following man-made sources:/ gasoline - 1.55 mg/l; 4.7 mg/l, 17 mg/kg; bitumen - 0.17- 0.80 ppm; Coal tar- 46.5 mg/g of sample, 19,000 ppm; wood preservative sludge - 24.2 g/l of raw sludge; fresh motor-oil - 0.29 mg/kg; used motor-oil, 10.7-743 mg/kg [VERSCHUEREN. HDBK ENVIRON DATA ORG CHEM 1983 p.1031]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mainstream cigarette smoke, 1.7-14 ug/100 cigarettes; one reported value of 27 ug/cigarette; sidestream cigarette smoke, 101-390 ug/cigarette; smoke-filled rooms, 8.0 parts per trillion; cigar smoke, 17.6 ug/100 g tobacco consumed; pipe smoke, 75.5 ug/100 g tobacco; mainstream marijuana smoke, 6.6 ug/100 cigarettes(1). [(1) IARC; Monograph on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans 32: 432-45 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 27 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search

### Environmental Standards & Regulations:

TSCA Requirements: Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgate d a model Health and Safe ty Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Pyrene is included on this list. [40 CFR 716.120 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

CERCLA Reportable Quantities: Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are re quired to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424- 8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). [40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subj ect to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Pyrene is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 1,000/10,000 lbs. [40 CFR 355 (7/1/97)]**QC REVIEWED**

Clean Water Act Requirements: For the maximum protection of human health from th e potential carcinogenic effects due to exposure of

p olynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons through ingestion of contaminated water a nd contaminated aquatic organisms, ... therefore, the levels which may result in incremental increase of cancer risk over the lifetime are estimated at 1x10-5, 1x10-6, and 1x10-7. The corresponding ambient water criteria are 28.0 ng/l, 2.8 ng/l, and 0.28 ng/l, rspectively. If the a bove estimates are made for consumption of aquatic organisms only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are 311.0 ng/l, 31.1 ng/l, and 3.11 ng/l respectively. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons based on benzo(a) pyrene as the model PAH/ [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Draft) p.C-121 (1980)]**QC REVIEWED**

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a) (1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/ [40 CFR 401.15 (7/1/87)]**QC REVIEWED**

The attempt to develop a drinking water criteri on for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as a class is hindered by several gaps in the scientific da ta base: (1) The PAH class is composed of numerous compounds having diverse biological effects and varying carcinogenic potential. A "representative" PAH mixture, has not been defined. (2) The common practice of using data derived from studies with benzo(a) pyrene to make generalizations concerning the effects of environmental PAH may not be scientifically sound. (3) No chronic animal toxic ity studies involving oral exposure to PAH mixtures exist. (4) No direct human data concerning th e effects of exposure to defined PAH mixtures exist. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/ [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Pa g e 28 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search(Draft) p.C-118 (1980)]**QC REVIEWED**

State Drinking Water Guidelines: (FL) FLORIDA 210 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC REVIEWED**

(MN) MINNESOTA 200 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC REVIEWED**

(WI) WISCONSIN 250 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC REVIEWED**



### Chemical/Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula: C16-H10

**PEER REVIEWED**

Molecular Weight: 202.26 [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 3-297]**PEER REVIEWED**

Color/Form: MONOCLINIC PRISMATIC TABLETS FROM ALCOHOL OR BY SUBLIMATION; PURE PYRENE IS COLORLESS [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1368]**PEER

REVIEWED**

PALE YELLOW PLATES (WHEN RECRYSTALLIZED FROM TOLUENE) [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 67th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1986-87., p. C-461]**PEER REVIEWED**

Colorless solid (tetracene impuritites give yellow color) [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 979]**PEER REVIEWED**

Boiling Point: 404 deg C at 760 mm Hg [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 3-297]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 29 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchMelting Point: 151.2 deg C [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 3-297]**PEER REVIEWED**

Density/Specific Gravity: 1.271 AT 23 DEG C [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 3-297]**PEER REVIEWED**

Heat of Combustion: 3.98X10+7 J/kg [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA13 271]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Heat of Vaporization: 3.21X10+5 J/kg [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA13 271]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: Log Kow= 4.88 [Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 137]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Solubilities: 0.135 MG/L (+ or - 0.005 MG/L) IN WATER AT 25 DEG C [MACKAY D, SHIU WY; J CHEM ENG DATA 22: 399-402 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOL IN CARBON DISULFIDE, & TOLUENE [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-471]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOL IN ALC, ETHER, BENZENE, & PETROLEUM ETHER [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 3-297]**PEER REVIEWED**

Spectral Properties: MAX ABSORPTION (CYCLOHEXANE): 273 NM (LOG E= 4.77), 306 NM (LOG E= 5.07), 320 NM (LOG E= 4.51), 335 (LOG E= 4.78) [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-471]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 30 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchSadtler reference number: 870 (IR, Prism); 173 (IR, Grating) [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-471]**PEER REVIEWED**

Intense mass spectral peaks: 202 m/z (100%), 203 m/z (26%), 200 m/z (21%), 101 m/z (21%) [Hites, R.A. Handbook of Mass Spectra of Environmental Contaminants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1985., p. 49]**PEER REVIEWED**

IR: 6032 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V2 199]**PEER REVIEWED**

UV: 269 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V2 199]**PEER REVIEWED**

N MR: 64 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V2 199]**PEER REVIEWED**

MASS: 1425 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V2 199]**PEER REVIEWED**

Vapor Pressure: 8.92X10-5 mm Hg at 25 deg C [Piat JJ; Environ Sci Technol 30: 751-60 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Other Chemical/Physical Properties: ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT FOR THERMAL ELECTRONS: 6.0; IONIZATION POTENTIAL: 7.58; COEFFICIENT OF HIGHEST FILLED OR LOWEST EMPTY MOLECULAR ORBITAL: 0.445; K-REGION: BOND= 4,5, BOND ORDER= 1.777, (CLE) MIN CARBON LOCALIZATION ENERGY PLUS (BLE) BOND LOCALIZATION ENERGY= 3.33 [Searle, C. E. (ed.). Chemical Carcinogens. ACS Monograph 173. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1976., p. 279]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOLID & SOLN HAVE SLIGHT BLUE FLUORESCENCE [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1369]**PEER

REVIEWED**



### Chemical Safety & Handling:

Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations: A skin irritant. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1- 3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2830]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fire Fi g htin g Procedures: Pa g e 31 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchFire Fighting: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 6]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Extinguishant: Foam, dry chemical, and car bon dioxide /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Hazardous Decomposition: When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke & irritating fumes. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1- 3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2830]**PEER REVIEWED**

Protective Equipment & Clothing: Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face-shields (eightinch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent any possibility of skincontact with coal tar pitch volatiles. Employees should be provided with and required to use splashp roof goggles where there is any possibility of liquid coal tar volatiles contacting the eyes. /Coal tar

p itch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Respirator Selection: Greater than any detectable concn: Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode; or any supplied-air respirator with a full face piece and operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other

p ositive pressure mode. Escape: Any air-purifying full facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style or front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister ha ving a high-efficiency particulate filter, or any appropriate escape-type self-contained breathing apparatus. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [NIOSH. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. 5th Printing/Revision. DHHS (NIOSH) Publ. No. 85-114. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, NIOSH/Supt. of Documents, GPO, Sept. 1985., p. 85]**PEER REVIEWED**

Preventive Measures: SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depe nd not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye

p rotection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses . However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

**PEER REVIEWED**

Areas in which exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles may occur should be identified by signs or other Pa g e 32 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchappropriate means, and access to these areas should be limited to authorized persons. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 4]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Workers subject to skin contact with coal tar pitch vo latiles should wash with soap or mild detergent and water any areas of the body which may have contacted coal tar pitch volatiles at the end of each work day. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 4]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Employees who handle coal tar pitch volatiles should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 4]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Clothing contaminated with coal ta r pitch volatiles should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of coal tar pitch volatiles from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwis e cleaned to remove the coal tar pitch volatiles, the

p erson performing the operation should be informed of coal tar pitch volatiles' hazardous properties. N on-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with coal tar pitch volatiles should be removed immediately and not reworn until the coal tar pitch volatiles are removed from the clothing. /Coal tar

p itch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3]

**PEER REVIEWED**

If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3]

**PEER REVIEWED**

In addition to respirator selection, a complete re spiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with /coal tar pitch volatiles/. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 4]

**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 33 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchWash hands before eating or smoking and at the close of a work shift. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 4]

**PEER REVIEWED**

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregat ed in such a manner so that there is no direct

p ersonal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures s hould be implemented befo re the decontaminated

p rotective clothing is returned for reuse by the wo rkers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

**PEER REVIEWED**

Cleanup Methods: ... In surface waters, one-third of the total polyc yclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is bound to larger suspended particles, one-third is bound to finely disp ersed particles, and the last third is present in disolved form. The particle-bound portion of PAH can be removed by sedimentation, flocculation, and filtration processes. The remaining one-third dissolved PAH usually requires oxidation for partial removal/transformation. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/ [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Draft) p.C-4 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Disposal Methods: SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementin g land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agen cies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

**PEER REVIEWED**

Incineration: Liquids should be atomized in an in cinerator and combustion may be improved by mixing with a more flammable solvent (acetone). Solids should be combined with paper or other flammable material. An alternate procedure is to dissolve the solid in a flammable solvent and spray the solutions into the fire chamber. [United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals (IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985., p. 273]**PEER REVIEWED**

IARC describes laboratory decontamination & destruction methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in this publication (number 49). When d ealing with compounds other than those listed, the efficiency of the method should first be verified. Pyrene is not listed, but the method may be applicable to its destruction. /Polyc yclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ [Castegnaro, M., G. Grimmer, O. Hutzinger, W. Karcher, H. Kunte, M. LaFontaine, E.B. Sansone, G. Telling, and S.P. Tucker (eds.). Laboratory Decontamination and Destruction of Carcinogens in Laboratory Wastes: Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. IARC Publications No. 49. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1983., p. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemical Treatability of Pyrene ; Concentration Process: Chemical Precipitation; Chemical Classification: Polynuclear Aromatic s; Scale of Study: Literature Review; Type of Wastewater Used: Unknown; Results of Study: Separable by gravity or sand filtration. [USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p.E-79 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 34 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchChemical Treatability of P y rene ; Concentration Process: Activated Carbon; Chemical Classification: Polynuclear Aromatics; Scale of Study: Batch Flow/L aboratory Scale Type of Wastewater Used: Pure Compound; Results of Study: 80% reduction; 5% de sorbed from carbon by elutriation with solvent (Calgon FS-300 used. Solvent included pentane-acetone , diethyl ether, methylene chloride-acetone, chloroform-acetone and acetone). [USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p.E-181 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemical Treatability of Pyrene ; Concentration Process: Resin Adsorption; Chemical Classification: Polynuclear Aromatics; Scale of Study: Batch Flow/L aboratory Scale Type of Wastewater Used: Pure Compound; Influent Concentration: 100 ppb; Result s of Study: 100% reduction; 63% desorbed from resin by elutriation with solvent (Amberlite XAD-2 used. Solvents included pentane-acetone, diethyl ether, methylene chloride-acetone, chloroform-acetone and acetone). [USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p.E-181 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chlorination: 6 mg/L chlorine for 6 hr: Initial c oncn 27 ug/L: 24% reduction. /Waste water treatment methods/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1598]**PEER REVIEWED**

Double percolating filter: Influent: 1.0 ug/L, 64% removal. Overloaded single percolating filter: Influent: 1.5 ug/L, 3% removal; Influent: 0.43 ug/L, 46-65% removal. /Waste water treatment methods/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1599]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ozonation: After 1 min contact w ith ozone: residual amount: 15%. /Was te water treatment methods/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1598]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Occupational Exposure Standards:

Manufacturing/Us e Information:

Major Uses: Biochemical research [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 979]**PEER REVIEWED**

Used as a starting material in the produc tion of optical brighteners and dyes. [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA13 271-272]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Pyrene from coal-tar has been used as a star ting material for the synthesis of benzo(a) pyrene

. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 432 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 35 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchManufacturers: Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc, Hq, 580 Walnut St, Cincinnati, OH 45202, (513) 721-7010; Specialty Materials Division; Production site: Chemsyn Sc ience Lab, 13605 West 96th Terrace, Lenexa, KS 66215-1297 [SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989., p. 930]**QC REVIEWED**

Methods of Manufacturing: ... SYNTHESIS FROM O,O'-DITOLYL. FROM PERI-TRIMETHYLENENAPHTHALENE &MALONYL CHLORIDE WITH ALCL3 /ALUMINUM TRICHLORIDE/. FROM ALPHATETRALONE. FROM 4-KETO-1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDROPHENANTHRENE BY REFORMATSKY REACTION. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1368]**PEER

REVIEWED**

General Manufacturing Information: Isolation /from coal tar/: Kruber, Ber 64: 84 (1931) . Also obtained by the destructive hydrogenation of hard coal: Farben IG, German patents 639,240; 640,580; 654,201. Purification by chromatography: Winterstein et al, Z Physiol Chem 230: 162 (1934). [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1368]**PEER

REVIEWED**

Coal tar pitch volatiles are products of the disti llation of bituminous coal and contain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. /Coa l tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Impurities: ... The usual contaminant which gives it a yellow color is tetracene. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1368]**PEER

REVIEWED**

U. S. Production: (1978) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA

**PEER REVIEWED**

(1982) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA

**PEER REVIEWED**

(1983) Not produced commercially in USA [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V32 432 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 36 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchU. S. Imports: (1978) 8.69X10+7 G

**PEER REVIEWED**

(1982) 7.88X10+7 G

**PEER REVIEWED**

(1985) 5.74X10+7 g [BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL IMPORTS 1985 p.1- 546]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Laboratory Methods:

Clinical Laboratory Methods: HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (REVERSE PHASE) ANALYSIS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SKIN LIPIDS. /POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS/ [WOLFF MS ET AL; CHEMOSPHERE 11 (6): 595 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Analytic Laboratory Methods: N IOSH Method 184: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds are filtered from air with a glass fiber filter & collected on a silver membrane filter. The samples collected on the membrane filter are extracted with benzene. They are separated on an alumina column with n-pentane-diethyl ether mixtures as eluting solvents. The collected fractions are analyzed by a Recording UV Spectrophotometer, Cary Model 14, Varian Associates , or equivalent. The method is sensitive & capable of measuring several (PAH) in a single filter. Any substance that hinders the chromatographic separation or that absorbs at the same wavelength as the sample compound may interfere. Pyrene elutes 1st among 9 specific PAHs. Its wavelength of maximum absorption is 334 NM. It has a baseline or background wavelength of 330, 340 NM. A normal sample size corresponds to 2 to 3 mg of benzene-soluble material. Precision is not determined. [U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V1 184-1]**PEER REVIEWED**

N IOSH Method 183: Polynuclear aromatic compounds are collected from air on a membrane filter & extracted with benzene. After addition of an internal standard, the extract is concentrated by evaporation & a portion of the concentrate is injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a hydrogen flame ionization detector & a 10:1 effluent splitter. Th e polynuclear aromatic compounds & the internal standard are trapped individually as they elute from the GC column. The amount of each cmpd in the collected fraction is determined by UV spectrophot ometry. Appropriate corrections are applied as determined by the recovery of the internal standard. Pyrene maximum detection is at 336 NM. It has a b aseline or background wavelength of 327, 345 NM. Its re tention time is 17.1 min. The detection limit is 0.5 ug/0.5 cu m sample of air. Precision is not determined. [U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V1 183-1]**PEER REVIEWED**

AN ANALYTICAL METHOD INVOLVING A SINGLE TLC SEPARATION OF THE Pa g e 37 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchCYCLOHEXANE-SOLUBLE FRACTION OF AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER INTO 3 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON FR ACTIONS & 1 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON FRACTION SUITABLE FOR GLC ANALYSIS IS DEVELOPED & APPLIED. THE METHOD IS SIMPLE, RAPID & SUITABLE FOR ROUTINE ANALYSIS OF THESE COMPOUNDS IN AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER. /POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS/ [DAISEY JM, LEYKO MA; ANAL CHEM 51 (1): 24-6 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A TLC/HPLC (HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY) PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH) OCCURRING IN ASPHALT FUMES (ADSORBED ON PARTICULATE MATTER) IS DESCRIBED. THE METHODIS BASED ON THE EXTRACTION OF ASPHALT FUME PARTICLES, COLLECTED ON GLASSFIBER FILTERS, USING CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. A CLEAN UP STEP IS AIDED BY A TLC PROCEDURE ON ALUMINUM TRIOXIDE THINLAYER PLATES, USING A MIXTURE OF CYCLOHEXANE/ACETONE/ETHER AS THE MOBILE PHASE. UNDER UV-LIGHT, THE PAH ARE INDICATED AS FLUORESCENT SPOTS. SEPARATION OF THE COLLECTED PAH INTO INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS & THEIR IDENTIFICATION IS PERFORMED BY THE AID OF A HPLC PROCEDURE. /POLYCYCLI C AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS/ [RIETZ EB; ANAL LETT 12 (12): 143-54 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

GLASS CAPILLARY CHROMATOGRAPHY COMBINED WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY WAS USED FOR THE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE COAL TAR. A SIMPLE METHOD FOR MAKING THERMALLY STABLE WALL-COATED OPEN TUBULAR (WCOT) COLUMNS COATED WITH THE STATIONARY PHASE SE-54 IS DESCRIBED. MORE THAN 140 COMPONENTS WITH BOILING POINTS UP TO 870 DEG C COULD BE SEPARATED & IDENTIFIED OR CHARACTERIZED. COMPARISON OF THE RETENTION TIMES OF MORE THAN 40 STANDARD COMPOUNDS CONTAINED IN A SINGLE TEST MIXTURE ENABLED MOST OF THE MAJOR CONSTITUENTS TO BE ASSIGNED. /HIGH TEMPERATURE COAL TAR/ [BORWITZKY H, SCHOBURG G; J CHROMATOGR 170 (1): 99-124 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH COMPRISING A COMBINATION OF GLASS CAPILLARY GC, MASS SPECTROMETRY, LIQ CHROMATOGRAPHY & UV SPECTROMETRY WAS USED FOR UNAMBIGUOUS IDENTIFICATION OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH) IN AIRBORNE PARTICULATES. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ON-LINE UV SPECTRAL SCANNING WAS VALUABLE FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF ISOMERIC & COELUTING PAH. THE ADVANTAGES OF THIS APPROACH OVER GC/MS ALONE WERE ILLUSTRATED. PARENT PAH CONTAINING 3-7 RINGS WERE FOUND IN MOST SAMPLES EXAMINED; SOME ALKYL- & ALKOXY-PAH WERE ALSO DETECTED. A SIMPLE, 1-STEP PROCEDURE FOR ISOLATION OF PAH BY PREPARATIVE TLC IS ALSO REPORTED. /POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS/ [CHOUDHURY DR, BUSH B; ANAL CHEM 53 (9): 1351-6 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SAMPLING SYSTEM FOR COLLECTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN AIR IS DESCRIBED. PAH ARE COLLECTED ON GLASS FIBER FILTERS & PLUGS OF POLYURETHANE (PUR) FOAM BY HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLING. ANALYSIS IS CARRIED OUT BY HIGH-RESOLUTION GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. /POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS/ [THRANE KE, MIKALSEN A; ATOS ENVIRON 15 (6): 909-18 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

HPLC & HIGH-PERFORMANCE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WERE USED FOR DETERMINATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN POLLUTED MARINE ORGANISMS SUCH AS MUSSELS & OYSTERS, & RESULTS WERE COMPARED TO THOSE OBTAINED BY Pa g e 38 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchUV FLUOROMETRY. /AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS/ [FRIOCOURT MP ET AL; ANALYSIS 9 (10): 468-76 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

AN XAD-2 EXTRACT OF AIR SAMPLES COLLECTED AT AN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT WERE ANALYZED BY USING 2 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS PERFORMED AT AMBIENT TEMP, SYNCHRONOUS LUMINESCENCE AND ROOM TEMP PHOSPHORESCENCE TECHNIQUES. RESULTS FOR 13 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, INCL PYRENE , WERE REPORTED. [VO-DINH T ET AL; ANAL CHEM 53 (2): 253-8 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 610: A high performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of pyrene in municipal and industrial discharges, consists of a stainless steel column, 25 cm x 2.6 mm ID, with reverse phase HC-ODS Sil-X, 5 micr on size. with a fluorescence or UV detector. Isocratic elution is done for 5 min using acetonitrile/water (4:6), then linear gradient elution to 100% acetonitrile over 25 min at 0.5 ml/min flow rate. Inject 5 to 25 ul of the sample extract or stnd into the HPLC using a high

p ressure syringe or a constant volume sample inject ion loop. This method has a detection limit of 0.27 ug/l and an overall precision of 0.42 times the averag e recovery, over a working range of 0.1 to 425 ug/l.

[40 CFR 136 (7/1/87]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 625: A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the analysis of pyrene in municipal and industrial discharges, consists of a glass column, 1.8 m x 2 mm ID, packed with Supelcoport (100/120 mesh) coated with 3% SP-2250, with detection by the mass spectrometer, and helium as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 30 m l/min. A sample injection volume of 2 to 5 ul is suggested, the column temperature is held isotherm al at 50 deg C for 4 minutes and then programmed immediately at 8 deg/min to a final temperature of 270 deg C. This method has a detection limit of 1.9 ug/l and an overall precision of 0.15 times the averag e recovery + 0.31, over a working range of 5 to 1300 ug/l. [40 CFR 136 (7/1/87)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 1625: An isotope dilution gas chroma tography/ mass spectrometry method for the determination of semivolatile organic compounds in m unicipal and industrial discharges is described. This method is designed to meet the survey requirements of Effluent Guidelines Division (EGD) and the N ational Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPD ES). Under the prescribed conditions, unlabeled

pyrene has a minimum level of 10 ug/l and a mean retention time of 1852 sec. The labeled compound has a minimum level of 10 ug/l, a mean retention time of 1844 sec, and a characteristic primary m/z of 202/212. This method has an initial precision of 19 ug/l and an accuracy of 76-152 ug/l for the unlabeled compound, while the labeled compound has an initial precison of 29 ug/l, an accuracy of 32-176 ug/l, and a labeled compound recovery of 18-303%. [40 CFR 136 (7/1/87)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 8100: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons : Extracted samples are analyzed using GC with flame ionization detector. Under the prescribed conditions, pyrene has a retention time of 20.6 min and an overall precision of 0.42 times the average recovery - 0.00 ug/l, over a working range of 0.1-425 ug/l. [USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods SW846 Methods (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 8250: GC/MS for Semivolatile Organics: Packed Column Technique: Extracted samples are analyzed using GC coupled with mass spectrometry. Under the prescribed conditions, pyrene has a detection limit of 1.9 ug/l, a retention time of 27. 3 min, and an overall precision of 0.15 times the average recovery + 0.31 ug/l, over a working range of 5-1300 ug/l. Pa g e 39 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search[USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods SW846 Methods (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 8270: GC/MS for Semivolatile Organi cs: Capillary Column Technique: Extracted samples are analyzed using GC coupled with mass spectrometry. Under the prescribed conditions,

pyrene has a retention time of 24.02 min and an overall precision of 0.15 times the average recovery + 0.31 ug/l, over a working range of 5-1300 ug/l. [USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods SW846 Methods (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 8310: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons : Extracted samples are analyzed using HPLC with a fluorescence detector. Under the prescribed conditions, pyrene has a detection limit of 0.27 ug/l, a retention time of 25.4 min, and an overall precision of 0.42 times the average recovery - 0.00 ug/l, over a working range of 0.1-425 ug/l. [USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods SW846 Methods (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) of a concentrate in n-heptane of the neutral fraction isolated from by-products of coal combustion and c onversion, and from shale and fuel oils was utilized to obtain profiles of their PAH content. Component s which should be unequivocally identified include benzo(a)anthracene, BaP, benzo(e) pyrene , benzo(ghi)perylene, pyrene , benzo(k)fluoranthene, and

coronene. [Fassel VA et al; Analytical Chem 52 (1): 159-64 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

This paper describes a procedure for fractiona ting polynuclear aromatic compounds (PNAs) from complex matrices according to number of aromatic rings. The procedure uses cartridges packed with amino polar bonded phase backing materials to ac hieve chromatographic separation of polynuclear aromatic compounds. Data are provide d demonstrating tha applicability of the approach for isolating PNAs from complex matrices. This procedure scheme for the isolation of PNAs. Finally, the utility of the approach is further demonstrated by applying th e mehtod to an extract of air particulate sample acquired from an oil refinery in the Lake Charles, LA (USA) area. / Pyrene / [Karlesky DL et al; Anal Chem 58 (6): 1187-92 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

N ine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAs) containe d in air samples collected on quartz fiber filters inside an urban tunnel and in a nearby mixed commerical residential area in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were exposed to scrubbed air (to measure desorption loss) and the particle-free ambient air (to measure chemical reaction losses in the absence of desorption). The exposures were conducted for 5.5 to 9 hour periods at ambient temperature (22-26 degree s C) at face velocities typical of high volume sampling. Under prevailing atmospheric conditions all nine PAHs experienced filter losses which (for most of them) followed first order kinetics. For th e ambient samples, in a 6 hour exposure period, the following five PAHs showed filter losses (% in para ntheses) attributed exclusively to chemical reaction: benzo(b)fluoranthene (43), benzo(k)fluoranthene (39), benzo(a) pyrene (70), benzo(ghi)perylene (44), and indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene (41). The other four showed the following unassigned losses: pyrene (100), fluoranthene (65), crysene (72), and benzo(a)anthracene (71). The results are discussed in the light of possible filter artifacts in PAH sampli ng and the use of PAH profile signatures for source identification of atmospheric particulate matter in receptor modeling. / Pyrene / [Miguel AH et al; Int J Environ Anal Chem 26 (3-4): 265-78 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Method IP-7A Determination of Benzo(a) Pyrene and Other Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Indoor Air. GCMS apparatus, pg/cu m detection limit. [USEPA/Atmospheric Research & Exposure Assessment Laboratory (AREAL); Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air, Engineering Science, One Harrison Park, Suite 305, 401 Harrison Oaks Blvd, Cary, NC 27513 as cited in Pa g e 40 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchUSEPA; EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 2.0. NTIS PB-95-502415 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Method IP-7B Determination of Benzo(a) Pyrene and Other Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Indoor Air. HPLC apparatus, no detection limit given. [USEPA/Atmospheric Research & Exposure Assessment Laboratory (AREAL); Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air, Engineering Science, One Harrison Park, Suite 305, 401 Harrison Oaks Blvd, Cary, NC 27513 as cited in USEPA; EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 2.0. NTIS PB-95-502415 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sampling Procedures: Measurements to determine employee exposure are best taken so that average eight-hour exposure is based on a single eight-hour sample or on two four-hour samples. Several short- time interval samples (up to 30 minutes) may also be used to determine the average exposure level. Air samples should be taken in the employee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly represents that inhaled by the employee). /Coal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3]

**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 610: Grab samples of water in industrial and municipal discharges must be collected in glass containers, 1 l or 1 qt amber glass, fitted with a screw cap lined with Teflon, except that the bottles must not be prerinsed with sample before collection. Fill the sample bottles, and if residual chlorine is

p resent, add 80 mg of sodium thiosulfate per liter of sample and mix well. All samples must be iced or refrigerated from the time of collection until analysis. All samples must be extracted within 7 days of collection and completely analyzed within 40 days of extraction. Extraction is performed by adding 60 ml of methylene chloride to the sample in a separatory funnel and shaking. The combined extract is then concentrated using a Kuderna-Danish apparatus. [40 CFR 136 (7/1/87)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method 1625: Collect water samples in municipal and industrial discharges in glass containers, amber, 1 l minimum with threaded caps lined with Teflon. Maintain samples at 0-4 deg C from the time of collection until extraction. If residual chlorine is present, add 80 mg sodium thiosulfate per liter of water. Extraction is performed by a dding methylene chloride to the samples in a continuous liquid-liquid extractor and concentrated with a Kuderna-Danish a pparatus. Begin sample extraction within seven days of collection, and analyze all extracts within 40 days of extraction. [40 CFR 136 (7/1/87)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 3510: Separatory Funnel Liquid-Liquid Ex traction: A measured volume of sample isserially extracted with methylene chloride. The sample is then dried and concentrated using a KudernaDanish apparatus. This method is applicable to th e extraction and concentration of water-insoluble and slightly water-soluble organics from aqueous samples. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluation Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 3520: Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction: A measured volume of sample is extractedwith methylene chloride. After distillation, the sample is then dried and concentrated using a KudernaDanish apparatus. This method is applicable to th e extraction and concentration of water-insoluble and slightly water-soluble organics from aqueous samples. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluation Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED** Pa g e 41 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchRCRA Method 3540: Soxhlet Extraction: A solid sample is mixed with anhydrous sodium sulfate and extracted using an appropriate solvent in a Soxhlet ex tractor. The sample is then dried and concentrated using a Kuderna-Danish apparatus. This is a procedure for extracting nonvolatile and semivolatile organic compounds from solids such as soils, sludges, and waste. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluation Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA Method 3550: Sonication Extraction: A solid samp le is mixed with anhydrous sodium sulfate to form a free-flowing powder. This is solvent extracted three times using a horn-type sonicator. The sample is then dried and concentrated using a Kudern a-Danish apparatus. This method is applicable to the extraction of nonvolatile and semivolatile organic compounds from solids such as soils, sludges, and

waste. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluation Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Coal tar products may be sampled by collection on a glass fiber filter with subsequent ultrasonic extraction and weighing. /C oal tar pitch volatiles/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1]

**PEER REVIEWED**

Recovery with open polyurethane (OH/NCO = 2.2): 89-100%, depending upon load-quantitative evolution with methanol. [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1599]**PEER REVIEWED**



### Special References:

Special Reports: BURKS SL; ENVIRON INT 7 (4): 271-84 (1982). A REVIEW OF POLLUTANTS IN PETROLEUM REFINERY WASTEWATERS & THEIR EFFECTS UPON AQUATIC ORGANISMS IS PRESENTED.

Health & Welfare Canada; Polycyclic Aroma tic Hydrocarbons (1979) Report No. 80-EHD-50

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Poly nuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Draft) (1980)

Pyrene is found in an EPA document entitled Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program: Interim Guidance (Nov, 1985). This voluntary program provides two goals: to increase community awareness of chemical hazards and to develop state and local em ergency response plans for dealing with chemical accidents. [Roytech/SOCMA Suspect Chemicals Source Book. 4th ed. Burlingame, CA: Roytech Publications, 1985., p. IV-234]

USEPA; Health Assessment Document: Poly cyclic Organic Matter (1979) EPA-600/9-79-008

U.S. Dept Health & Human Servic es/Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Update) (1995) NTIS# PB/95/264370



### Synonyms and Identifiers: Pa g e 42 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchRelated HSDB Records: Benzo(a) pyrene

Synonyms: BENZO(DEF)PHENANTHRENE

**PEER REVIEWED**

BENZO(D,E,F)PHENANTHRENE

**PEER REVIEWED**

BETA- PYRENE

**PEER REVIEWED**



### Administrative Information:

Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 4023

Last Revision Date: 20021108

Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 1/31/1998

Update History: Complete Update on 11/08/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/06/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/30/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/23/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/01/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/20/1998, 3 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/18/1998, 65 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 03/08/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 10/31/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 08/13/1997, 5 fi elds added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/18/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/13/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/29/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/27/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/09/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Com p lete U p date on 12/30/1994, 1 fiel d added/edited/deleted. Pa g e 43 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/searchComplete Update on 11/18/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field update on 12/31/1992, 1 fi eld added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/28/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 07/09/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/22/1990, 5 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 05/14/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 03/06/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 03/01/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/18/1988, 82 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/04/1985 Pa g e 44 of 44

7/14/2009 htt p ://toxnet.nlm.nih. g ov/c g i- b in/sis/search