IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 19-1376

Filed July 21, 2021

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

ANTHONY BRIAN NICHOLSON,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Nancy S. Tabor, 

Thomas Reidel, and Mark R. Fowler, Judges.

Defendant appeals his convictions in three criminal cases. AFFIRMED.

Thomas Hurd of Law Office of Thomas Hurd LLP, Des Moines, for 

appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Bridget A. Chambers, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee.

Considered by Bower, C.J., May, J., and Danilson, S.J.* Tabor, J., takes 

no part.

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 

(2021).
2

DANILSON, Senior Judge.

Anthony Nicholson appeals his convictions in three criminal cases. We find 

there is substantial evidence to support Nicholson’s convictions of possession of 

marijuana, failure to appear, and third-degree arson. We affirm his convictions in 

each of the three cases.

I. FECR387876

On October 7, 2017, Officer Benjamin Blaser of the Davenport Police 

Department received a report of a suspicious vehicle parked in a backyard. He 

found Nicholson sleeping or slumped over in the driver’s seat of the vehicle, which 

had the headlights on. Officer Blaser knocked on the window, and Nicholson woke 

up. He was sweating and had bloodshot, watery eyes. Officer Blaser testified that 

it is common for a person who smoked marijuana to have red, bloodshot eyes. He 

stated that people can sweat when they ingest drugs.

Nicholson admitted smoking marijuana within the vehicle. Officer Blaser 

observed a marijuana blunt or roach on the center console of the vehicle.1 He also 

smelled raw marijuana. Three small plastic bags containing a green, leafy 

substance were found within the center console. Nicholson was not the owner of 

the vehicle.

Nicholson was charged with possession of methamphetamine, third or 

subsequent offence, in violation of Iowa Code section 124.401(5) (2017), a class 

 

1 The marijuana roach was the small end of a marijuana blunt after it had been 

smoked. Officer Blaser testified it was very small. It was not collected by the 

officers.
3

“D” felony,

2 and possession of marijuana, third or subsequent offense, in violation 

of section 124.401(5), a class “D” felony. A jury found him guilty of both charges. 

Nicholson stipulated to the prior offenses in violation of Iowa Code section 

124.401(5) and to the sentencing enhancement as a habitual offender pursuant to 

Iowa Code section 902.8 and 902.9. Accordingly, he was sentenced as an habitual 

offender to a term of imprisonment not to exceed fifteen years on each count, to 

be served concurrently, but consecutively to charges in other cases. Nicholson 

appeals only his conviction of possession of marijuana.

Nicholson claims the district court should have granted his motion for 

judgment of acquittal on the charge of possession of marijuana because there was 

insufficient evidence to show he was in possession of marijuana. He states the 

evidence does not show he had constructive possession of the three small plastic 

bags of marijuana found inside the center console of the vehicle. Nicholson points 

out that he was not the owner of the vehicle.

The district court’s ruling on a motion for judgment of acquittal will be 

affirmed if there is substantial evidence in the record to support the defendant’s 

conviction. State v. Shorter, 893 N.W.2d 65, 70 (Iowa 2017). “We view the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the State, ‘including legitimate inferences 

and presumptions that may fairly and reasonably be deduced from the record 

evidence.’” State v. Donahue, 957 N.W.2d 1, 7 (Iowa 2021) (citation omitted). 

Evidence is substantial when it “would convince a rational fact finder the defendant 

 

2 A small plastic bag of methamphetamine was found in Nicholson’s pocket. The 

methamphetamine charge is not challenged on appeal.
4

is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Kelso-Christy, 911 N.W.2d 663, 666 

(Iowa 2018).

The State may show a defendant has actual or constructive possession of 

a controlled substance. State v. Thomas, 847 N.W.2d 438, 442 (Iowa 2014). 

Rather than focus on the issue of whether Nicholson had constructive possession 

of the three small plastic bags of marijuana found in the center console of the 

vehicle, we proceed to look at the issue of whether he had actual possession of 

the marijuana roach found on the center console. 

“[A]ctual possession requires the contraband to be found on the defendant’s 

person.” Id. “Elsewhere, we have said that an individual has actual possession

when the contraband is found on his or her person or when substantial evidence 

supports a finding it was on his or her person ‘at one time.’” Id. (citation omitted). 

In other words, “[a]ctual possession may be shown by direct or circumstantial 

evidence.” Id. (citing State v. Vance, 790 N.W.2d 775, 784 (Iowa 2010)).

Nicholson confessed he smoked marijuana in the vehicle.3 “[A] confession 

standing alone will not warrant a criminal conviction unless other proof shows the 

defendant committed the crime.” Polly, 657 N.W.2d at 466. Here, Nicholson’s 

confession was supported by the marijuana roach found in the center console of 

the vehicle. The jury could find Officer Blaser was credible in his testimony there 

was a marijuana roach, although the roach was not taken into evidence. As noted, 

Officer Blaser explained the marijuana roach is the burned part or residue of the 

marijuana that had been smoked. Also, there was evidence Nicholson’s 

 

3

In general, confessions and admissions are treated the same. Polly, 657 N.W.2d 

at 466 n.1.
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bloodshot, watery eyes and the fact he was sweating could have been caused by 

smoking marijuana. Additionally, there was an odor of fresh marijuana coming 

from the vehicle. The fact three small plastic bags of marijuana were found in the 

vehicle supports a finding that the roach observed by the officer contained 

marijuana. Nicholson could not have smoked marijuana in the vehicle if he did not 

possess it. See State v. Hayer, No. 17-1951, 2019 WL 1056745, at *4 (Iowa Ct. 

App. Mar. 6, 2019).

We conclude Nicholson’s conviction of possession of marijuana is 

supported by substantial evidence. We affirm his conviction of possession of 

marijuana.

II. FECR399771

In the proceedings for FECR387876 discussed above, the order on initial 

appearance entered by the court on October 8, 2017, ordered Nicholson to be 

released upon posting $5000 cash or surety. The order stated that further 

proceedings were scheduled for October 10, 2017, and stated that if Nicholson 

was not in custody, he must appear. Nicholson posted bond and was released 

prior to trial. 

The pretrial release report gave an address on South Michigan Avenue for 

Nicholson. Nicholson’s financial affidavit gave a different address. The written 

arraignment again listed the South Michigan Avenue address. Nicholson signed 

the written arraignment under penalty of perjury. 

An order for pretrial conference, filed on November 16, 2017, informed 

Nicholson he was required to be present for all future appearances and a failure 

to appear could result in the issuance of a warrant for his arrest and modification 
6

of the conditions of his release. Nicholson was present for this pretrial conference. 

Another pretrial conference was scheduled for December 8, and trial was 

scheduled for December 18. 

Nicholson appeared for the pretrial conference on December 8. An order 

filed that day scheduled a final pretrial conference on March 7, 2018, and trial on 

March 12. The order stated Nicholson “shall appear at that time” for the pretrial 

conference and trial. Nicholson signed a record of pretrial conference, which 

stated the trial date.

Nicholson’s attorney sent him a letter on December 12, 2017, informing him 

of upcoming court dates. The letter stated, “You will need to be personally present 

on all of these dates.” The letter was sent to the South Michigan Avenue address. 

The letter was never returned to the attorney. The attorney talked to Nicholson at 

a status hearing on January 2, 2018.

Nicholson did not appear for the final pretrial conference on March 7. A 

bench warrant was issued for his arrest. Nicholson was arrested almost a year 

later on February 25, 2019. In FECR399771, Nicholson was charged with failure 

to appear, in violation of Iowa Code section 811.2(8) (2018). The State alleged he 

was a habitual offender.

Detective Patrick Sievert of the Davenport Police Department testified the 

South Michigan Avenue address was associated with Nicholson. A jury found 

Nicholson guilty of failure to appear. He stipulated he was a habitual offender. 

Nicholson was sentenced to a term of imprisonment not to exceed fifteen years, to 

be served consecutively to the sentence in FECR387876 but concurrent to his 

sentence on a charge of arson in FECR397014. Nicholson appeals his conviction.
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Nicholson claims there is not sufficient evidence in the record to show he 

willfully failed to appear for the final pretrial conference on March 7, 2018. He 

states he was never advised that a failure to appear would trigger the penalties set 

out in section 811.2(8).

Section 811.2(5) provides:

A magistrate authorizing the release of a defendant under this 

section shall issue a written order containing a statement of the 

conditions imposed if any, shall inform the defendant of the penalties 

applicable to violation of the conditions of release and shall advise 

the defendant that a warrant for the defendant’s arrest will be issued 

immediately upon such violation.

Also, the relevant part of section 811.2(8) provides:

Any person who, having been released pursuant to this 

section, willfully fails to appear before any court or magistrate as 

required shall, in addition to the forfeiture of any security given or 

pledged for the person’s release, if the person was released in 

connection with a charge which constitutes a felony, or while awaiting 

sentence or pending appeal after conviction of any public offense, be 

guilty of a class “D” felony.

“A person who willfully fails to appear before a court is guilty of a class “D” 

felony if the underlying crime is a felony.” State v. Bartlett, No. 02-2064, 2003 WL 

21543874, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. July 10, 2003). The State must show the 

defendant’s conduct is willful. State v. Murillo, No. 16-1044, 2018 WL 1433716, at 

*1 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 21, 2018). “To establish willfulness, there has to be 

evidence that [the defendant] was sent a copy of the order requiring his 

appearance or was otherwise informed or had knowledge of the order’s contents.” 

Id. at *2. Evidence that an attorney had a habit or routine to send such notices to 

clients is sufficient to show a defendant was notified of court dates. See State v. 

Williams, 445 N.W.2d 408, 411 (Iowa Ct. App. 1989).
8

Nicholson has not presented any legal authority to support his claim that a 

defendant must be informed of the penalties for failure to appear in order to be 

convicted of failure to appear. The term “willfully” “means a voluntary and 

intentional violation of a known legal duty.” State v. Azneer, 526 N.W.2d 298, 300 

(Iowa 1995). This definition does not encompass knowing the penalties for 

violating a known legal duty. Also, while section 811.2(5) imposes a duty upon the 

court to “inform the defendant of the penalties applicable to violation of the 

conditions of release,” the statute does not provide a defendant a defense if the 

defendant is not informed of the penalties in accordance with section 811.2(5).4 

Thus, we believe evidence of the defendant’s knowledge of the penalties may only 

aid in establishing willfulness and is not mandatory to support a conviction for 

failure to appear in violation of section 811.2(8). 

The State established willfulness by showing Nicholson “was sent a copy of 

the order requiring his appearance or was otherwise informed or had knowledge 

 

4 The record does not show what Nicholson was told by the court at the time of his 

pretrial release. Nicholson’s attorney was not present at the time of the release,

and Nicholson did not testify. Therefore, the record does not show if Nicholson 

was informed of the penalties for failure to appear at the time he was released.

However, there is no affirmative showing that the magistrate did not perform the 

duty and without such a showing, we presume the magistrate did perform the duty. 

See State v. Bruns, 232 N.W. 684, 688 (Iowa 1930) (concluding a magistrate must 

have concluded there was probable cause to issue a warrant). Also, in Battani v. 

Grund, the Iowa Supreme Court stated:

We will not presume that the issuing magistrate failed to respect 

constitutional and statutory provisions. On the contrary, we 

recognize the presumption that sworn public officials in the 

performance of their duties have legally acted in the absence of 

evidence to the contrary. The law presumes the regularity of official 

acts, . . . .

56 N.W.2d 166, 171 (Iowa 1952) (quoting Burtch v. Zeuch, 202 N.W. 542, 544 

(Iowa 1925)).
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of the order’s contents.” See Murillo, 2018 WL 1433716, at *2. He was also fully 

aware of the felony criminal court proceedings and absented himself for nearly a 

year before he was apprehended. We conclude there is sufficient evidence in the 

record to support Nicholson’s conviction for failure to appear under section 

811.2(8).

Moreover, the jury instructions did not include any requirement that 

Nicholson had to know the penalties as an element of the offense, and Nicholson 

did not object to the instructions. Accordingly, the instructions became the law of 

the case for purposes of our review of sufficiency of the evidence. State v. Canal, 

773 N.W.2d 528, 530 (Iowa 2009).

We conclude Nicholson’s conviction of failure to appear is supported by 

substantial evidence. We affirm his conviction of failure to appear.

III. FECR397014

On November 1, 2018, a woman called 911 and reported Nicholson had 

tried to start a fire outside her residence on South Michigan Avenue. The home 

was owned by T.F.’s parents, L.W. and R.W., and T.F. lived there with her children. 

T.F. stated Nicholson was upset because she was moving out of the home. 

Officers found a towel with burn marks in the yard. They believed Nicholson was 

driving away when they arrived. One officer tried to follow the vehicle but lost it.

The next day, November 2, officers received another report of a fire at the 

residence on South Michigan Avenue. When officers arrived, there was a pile of 

goods smoking and smoldering. L.W. was using a garden hose to put out the fire. 

The pile of items on fire included items of clothing belonging to T.F. The fire 
10

marshal found the fire was intentionally set. No one saw Nicholson starting the fire 

on November 2.

The trial information alleged Nicholson committed arson in the third degree, 

in violation of section 712.4, on November 2, 2018.5 The jury found Nicholson 

guilty of third-degree arson. He was sentenced to a term of imprisonment not to 

exceed two years, to be served concurrently with his sentence on the charge of 

failure to appear but consecutively to his sentence on the charge of possession of 

marijuana. Nicholson appeals his conviction of third-degree arson.

Nicholson claims the State did not present sufficient evidence to support his 

conviction of arson. He asserts there is insufficient evidence to show he was the 

person who started the fire on November 2. He states there is no evidence linking 

him to the scene of the fire.

The offense of arson is defined as

Causing a fire or explosion, or placing any burning or 

combustible material, or any incendiary or explosive device or 

material, in or near any property with the intent to destroy or damage 

such property, or with the knowledge that such property will probably 

be destroyed or damaged, is arson, whether or not any such property 

is actually destroyed or damaged.

Iowa Code § 712.1(1).

Direct and circumstantial evidence are equally probative. State v. Ernst, 

954 N.W.2d 50, 57 (Iowa 2021). The jury could find Nicholson was the person 

who caused a fire at T.F.’s residence on November 2 based on circumstantial 

evidence. T.F. observed Nicholson setting a fire at the residence a day earlier, on 

 

5 Nicholson was also charged with possession of an incendiary or explosive device 

with intent, in violation of section 712.6(1). The district court granted the 

defendant’s motion for directed verdict on this charge.
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November 1. When officers arrived on that day, they found a towel with burn marks 

in the yard. T.F. told Sonny Alvarez, a lieutenant fire marshal, that Nicholson was 

upset because she was moving out of the home. The items burned on November 2 

included T.F.’s clothing. L.W., who owned the home, stated she believed 

Nicholson started the fire. Nicholson later told Lieutenant Alvarez he was at the 

home on November 2 but denied starting the fire. Nicholson also stated he had a 

history of starting fires.

We conclude there is substantial evidence in the record to support 

Nicholson’s conviction of third-degree arson. Although there was no eyewitness 

testimony to show Nicholson was the person who started the fire on November 2, 

there was sufficient circumstantial evidence to support his conviction. We affirm 

Nicholson’s conviction for third-degree arson.

AFFIRMED.