1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

____________________________________ ) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ex rel. ISSA CONTEH, ) ) Plaintiff/Relator, )

) v. ) Civil Action No. 12

- 1074 (RBW) ) IKON OFFICE SOLUTIONS, INC., ) ) Defendant. )

___________________________________ _ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION The plaintiff

/relator, Issa Conteh , brings this qui tam action against the defendant, IKON Office Solutions, Inc. (“IKON”), under the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § § 3729 (a)(1)

– (a)(3) ( 2006 )

. See Amended Complaint (“Am. Compl.”) ¶ ¶ 36

– 53. The plaintiff

/relator alleges that
IKON violated the False Claims Act by falsely reporting to the Federal Deposit Insurance Company (“FDIC”) that IKON provides its employees with fringe benefits as mandated by the
Service Contract Act (the “SCA ”) , 41 U.S.C. §§ 35 1

– 58 (2006) , 1 even after being advi sed that it was violating the SCA by not providing these benefits , s ee id. ¶¶ 1, 1 1

– 35. Currently before the
Court is [IKON’s] Motion to Dismiss and Request for Hearing ( “ Mot. ” ) under Federal Rule s of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, and Rule 9(b) for failure to plead fraud with sufficient particularity. Upon careful review of the parties’

1 I n 2011 , t h e SCA w a s r e cod i f ied at 4 1 U

. S. C

. § § 6 7 0 1

– 0 7 , a n d t h e pro v i s i on s r ele v a n t to t h i s lit ig a t i o n w e r e s u b j e c t to s t y l i s tic r e v i s i o n s
. See P u b

. L

. N o
. 11 1

– 350 , c h

. 67 , 12 4 Stat. 3 8 1 1 (2 0 11)

. H o w e v e r , t h i s op i n i o n w ill cite to t he pr e v i o u s v e r s i o n, 41 U.S.C. §§ 351

– 58, a s t h e s e pro v i s i on s a r e cited b y t h e p la i n t i f f /relat o r in h i s amended c o m p lai n t and they have not been changed substantively in the recodified version.2

submissions, 2 the Court concludes for the reasons below that it must grant IKON’s motion to
dismiss the plaintiff

/relator’s False Claims Act claim and deny its motion for a hearing, as a hearing is unnecessary

. I. B ACKGROUND The following facts are alleged by the plaintiff /relator in his amended complaint , to a large degree , based merely “ on information and belief

. ” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 11, 26, 29, 32, 34

– 35,
52

– 53. From September 2007 to November 2010, the plaintiff/relator “was emplo yed by IKON
as a General Clerk II in furtherance of IKON’s cont ract with the FDIC.” Id. ¶ 8 . On or about May 11, 2007, prior to employing the plaintiff/relator, IKON entered into a contract with the FDIC to provide “copying and other document services . . . that required payment of specific wages and benefits [to employees] under the [SCA ] .” 3 Id. ¶ 1

. IKON “failed to provide such wages and fringe benefits, and, after being advis ed of its violation of the SCA and its contract with the FDIC, [it] submitted invoices to the FDIC indi cating compliance with the SCA and its contract with [the] FDIC.” Id. ¶ 1. IK ON “knowingly, . . . and in reckless disregard and/or deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity of the information, submitted to the government, bills, invoices[,] and statements to [the] FDIC and potentially other government agencies, without regard to whether or not the billings were in compliance with the SCA . . . .” Id. ¶ 19.

2 I n a dd ition to t h e f

i l i n g s al r e a d y r e f

e r e n c ed , t h e C o u r t co n si d e r ed t h e f o ll o w i n g f

i li n g s i n r e a c h i n g i t s d e c i s i o n : (1) t h e D e f e n d a n t’s M e m or a n du m o f P o i n ts a n d A u t h or iti e s in S u ppor t o f I ts M o ti o n to Di s m i s s P lai n t i f f’ s C o m p la i n t ( “ M e m .” ) ; (2 ) t h e P lai n tif f ’ s M e m or a n du m o f P o i n t s a n d A u t h or ities i n S u ppor t o f His O ppo s ition to De f e n d a n t ’ s M o ti o n to Di s m i s s C o m

p la i n t ( “ O pp’ n ” ) ; a n d (3 ) t h e De f e n d a n t ’ s R e p l y i n S u ppor t o f I ts M o ti o n to Di s m i s s P lai n tif f ’ s C o m p la i n t ( “ R e p l y ” )

.
3 The Act requires that private contractors: “(1) pay a ‘prevailing wage’ to employees who work on federal contracts; (2) contribute a certain amount to pay fringe benefits for covered employees (‘health and welfare’); (3) provide covered employees a minimum number of paid holidays and vacation days; and (4) notify employees of their rights under the statute.” Am. Compl. ¶ 1 (citing 41 U.S.C. §§ 351 (a ) ( 1 )

– ( 4 ) ).3

Furthermore, IKON “received payment from the government in response to those billings.” Id. Thus, IKON “misrepresented to the United States that it was in compliance with t he SCA , when
it was not [;] . . . . [s]pecifically, . . . [IKON] failed to provide [the plaintiff/relator] and other employees any fringe be nefits in violation of the SCA .” Id. ¶ 20.
A. Facts Alleged in Paragraphs Twenty
- Two Thr ough Thirty
- Five of the Amended Complaint “From 2007 through 2010[, the plaintiff/relator] was employed by IKON on its FDIC Contract as a General Clerk II at IKON’s Arlington, Virginia facility.” Id. ¶ 22. As a General Clerk II, he was entitled to “wages at $15.32 per hour, and . . . H ealth & Welfare [fringe benefits] [of] $3.35 p er hour or $134.00 per week or $ 580.66 per month.” Id. ¶ 23 (first alteration in original). Prior to his employment with IKON, t he plaintiff/relator was employed
“on the same FDIC c ontract requirement for fou r . . . other government contractors

. . . and all previous e mployer s paid the required SCA fringe benefits.” Id. ¶ 27

. On several occasions during [the plaintiff/relator’s] employment, [he] notified several IKON officials that IKON was not paying a benefit to which he and other employe es were entitled under the SCA . He initia lly brought the failure to pay [the] SCA[’s] fringe benefits to the attention of a representative in IKON’s Human Resources office. When [the plaintiff/relator’s] concerns were not addressed, he brought the matter to the attention of two . . . other IKON officials/managers: Ted Tuck, the contract Project Manager, and Lyndon Johnson, [the plaintiff/relator’s] immediate supervisor. These individuals we re agents and employees of I KON. On each occasion that [the plaintiff/relator] spoke to the supervisors, [he] advised them that the SCA required [IKON] to provide fringe benefits, and that all prior contractors for whom he had worked, provided fringe benefits for its employees. Acc ordingly, [IKO N] had actual notice of the SCA requirement to provide fringe benefits, or, had a duty to research the issue. On information and belief, [IKON] ignored [the plaintiff/relator’s] inquiries and notices.
Id. ¶ 29. At some unknown time, the plaintiff/relator “discussed IKON’s failure/refusal to pay fringe benefits with several other [unidentified] employees at the Arlington facility. . . . [and they] stated that IKON was not p aying them [the] required SCA fri nge benefits [either].” Id. ¶ 33; see also id. ¶ 28. “Based on these discussions, [the plain tiff/relator] concluded that IKON4

was not paying any of the other twenty

- one . . . employees the required SCA fringe benefits.” Id. ¶ 33. Additionally, at some u nknown time, “Mr. Johnson told [the plaintiff/relator] that he [Johnson] was responsible for collecting the time information from employees for pay purposes, and that he was also responsible for preparing and submitting IKON [’ s] invoices to the government.” Id. ¶ 30 (second alteration in original)

. And, IKON “submitted invoices under the contract on or about every two weeks from September 2007 to at least November 2010.” Id. ¶
38.
B. Procedural Background
Based on a less detailed version of the above factual allegations, 4 the plaintiff/relator filed a complaint under seal on June 29, 2012

. Compl. ¶ 25

. On May 15, 2013, the United States declined to intervene in this case, ECF No. 7, the Court ordered that the case be unsealed, Order,
ECF No. 8 , and subsequently granted IKON ’s first motion to dismiss , dismissing the original complaint without prejudice pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) , and granted the plaintiff/relator leave to amend his complaint

. United States ex rel. Conteh v. IKON Office Solutions, Inc. , 27 F. Supp. 3d 80, 90 (D.D.C. 2014) (Walton, J.). The plaintiff/relator filed his amended complaint on April 18, 2014 , re alleging that IKON violated the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729(a)(1)

– (a)(3), Am. Compl. ¶¶ 36

– 53, and seeking “[j]ud gment against . . . IKON for triple the damages sustained by the United States , ” plus civil penalties and payment of costs

4 The substance of the plaintiff/relator’s origin al complaint was identical

— IKON’s failure to pay its employees fringe benefits. However, the a mended c omplaint includes the additional allegation that “Mr. Johnson told [the plaintiff/relator] that he [Johnson] was . . . responsible for preparing and submitting IKON invoices to the government,” Am. Compl. ¶ 30 (second alteration in original) , whereas the original complaint only stated that “IKON by, and through its officers, knowingly submitted, caused to be submitted[,] or facilitated the submission of false and fraudulent docu ments to the FDIC over a period of several years,” Compl. ¶ 11. Additionally, where the a mended c omplaint necessarily pleads a lack of access to necessary information, Am. Compl. ¶¶ 17, 34, the original c omplaint do es not include any such allegations , see Un ited States ex rel. Conteh v. IKON Office Solutions, Inc. , 27 F. Supp. 3d 80, 89 (“The current iteration of the complaint fails to allege anything about lack of access . . . .”).5

and attorney’s fees, i d. ¶¶ A

– B (Prayer for Relief). IKON has not moved to dismiss the amended complaint again under Federal Rules of Ci vil Procedure 12(b)(6) and 9(b)

. II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW A Rule 12(b)(6) motion tests whether the amended complaint “state[s] a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “To survive a motion to dismis s [under Rule 12(b)(6)], a n amended complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal , 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly , 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). In making this assessment, a plaintiff /relator receives the “benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.”
Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. FDIC , 642 F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). But raising a “sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully” fails to satisfy the facial plausibility requirement. Iqbal , 556 U.S. at 678. Rather, a claim is facially plausible “when the plaintiff [/relator] pleads factual content that allows the court to draw [a] reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly , 550 U.S. at 556). While the Court must “assu me [the] veracity” of any “well

- pleaded factual allegations” in the amended complaint, conclusory allegations “are not entitled to the assumption of truth.” Id. at 679. Fraud claims, however, are also subject to the heightened pleading requirement of Ru le 9(b), which provides that “[i]n alleging fraud . . . , a party must state with particularity the
circumstanc es constituting fraud . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). “Rule 9 ( b ) is not an antithesis of Rule 8(a)’s ‘short and plain statement’ requirement, bu t rather a supplement to it.” Baker v.
Gurfein , 744 F. Supp. 2d 311, 315 (D.D.C. 2010) (Walton, J.) (quoting United States ex rel.
Williams v. Martin

- Baker Aircraft Co. , 389 F.3d 1251, 1256 (D.C. Cir. 2004)). To satisfy Rule6

9(b)’s heightened standard, “ ‘the pleader [must] . . . state the time, place and content of the false misrepresentations, the fact misrepresented . . . [,] what was retained or given up as a consequence of the fraud,’” and “identify individuals allegedly involved in the fraud.” Willi ams , 389 F.3d at 1256 (first alteration in original) (citations omitted). “Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirement serves several purposes,” including ensuring that “‘all defendants [have] sufficient information to allow for preparation of a response.’” Id

. (citation omitted). Accordingly, in order to withstand a motion to dismiss for failure to plead a False Claims Act claim with the degree of particularity required by Rule 9(b), a n “ [amended] complaint must

. . . provide a
defendant with notice of the wh o, what, when, where, and how with respect to the circumstances
of the fraud.” Stevens v. InPhonic, Inc. , 662 F. Supp. 2d 105, 114 (D.D.C. 2009) (Walton, J.) ( quoting Anderson v. USAA Cas. Ins. Co. , 221 F.R.D. 250, 253 (D.D.C. 2004 ) (quoting DiLeo v. Ernst & Young , 901 F.2d 624, 627 (7th Cir. 1990), cert. den’d , 498 U.S. 941 (1990) ) )

. III. LEGAL ANALYSIS The plaintiff

/relator ’s amended complaint alleges three violations of the False Claims Act, which necessarily implicates the heightened pleading requirement of Rule 9(b). United
States ex rel. Totten v. Bombardier Corp. , 286 F.3d 542, 551

– 52 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (“[T]he False
Claims Act is self

- evid ently an anti

- fraud statute, [thus,] complaints brought under it must comply with Rule 9(b).”). Rule 9(b), among several other purposes, “safeguard[s] potential defendants from frivolous accusations of moral turpitude.” United States ex rel. Head v. Kane
Co. , 798 F. Supp. 2d 186, 193 (D.D.C. 2011); see Shields v. Wash. Bancorporation , 90

– CV

– 1101(RCL), 1992 WL 88004, at *4 (D.D.C. Apr. 7, 1992) (“The purposes of 9(b) are threefold: to provide fair notice to the defendants of the claims against them, to prevent attacks on defendants’ reputations when the claim for fraud is unsubstantiated, and to prevent plaintiffs7

from bringing . . . suits purely for their settlement value.”). IKON argues that the amended complaint yet again fails to satisfy the particularity requirements of Rule 9(b) because it fails to identify: (1) “a single false claim or statement” ; (2) “a . . . date and location” for when the plaintiff /relator allegedly told his supervisor of IKON’s violation of the Act; (3) a “link to [IKON’s employees] billing process”; (4) when IKON “caused to be submitted, or facilitated the
submission of false an d fraudulent documents” beyond the vague timeframe of “several years”; and (5) any “factual allegations concerning the alleged conspiracy other than that it is between IKON and unnamed employees.” Mem. at 2

– 3, 9, 12, 14. In response, the plaintiff/rel ator argues that the allegations in his amended complaint are sufficient because he has “alleged that the relevant documents are within the control of [IKON],” Opp’n at 8, (citing Am. Compl. ¶ ¶ 17,
3 4 ), and therefore he has sufficiently satisfied the requirements of Rule 9 because, as drafted, his “allegations are sufficient to put [IKON] on notice of its alleged fraud,” id. However, even construing all of the facts alleged in the amended complaint as t rue, including the facts the plaintiff/relator has alleged based on “information and belief,” the Court concurs for the following reasons with IKON that the plaintiff/relator has failed to “ plead factual content that allows the [C]ourt to draw a reasonable inference that [IKON] is liable” for violating the SCA and thus, as pleaded, he has failed to plausibly allege a violation of the FCA. Iqbal , 556 U.S. at
678.
A. IKON’s Alleged Violations of the SCA It is not the alleged underlying violation of the SCA that implicates the False Claims Act , but rather IKON’s purported : (1) knowing present ment of false or fraudulent claim s reporting compliance with the SCA for payment or approval by the FDIC and other un known agencies , 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1) (emphasis added); and (2) mak ing , us ing , or caus ing to be made or used,
false record s or statement s showing its compliance with the SCA to get false or fraudulent claim s8

paid or approved by the FDIC and other unknown agencies , id. § 3729(a)(2) ( emphasis added).
However , the plaintiff/relator ’ s claims can survive the motion to dismiss only if he plausibly pleads that IKON violated the SCA by failing to provided its employees with the fringe benefits mandated by the SCA

. S ee Head , 798 F. Supp. 2d. at 195 (“It is axiomatic that a plaintiff [/relator] bringing an action for fraud under the [False Claims Act] must, first and foremost, allege that an actual ‘false claim’ was presented to the [g]overnment.” (citing U.S. ex

re l. Totten v. Bombardier Corp. , 286 F.3d 542, 551 (D.C. Cir. 2002)) )

. Pursuant to the SCA, private contractors must: “(1) pay a ‘prevailing wage’ to employees who work on federal contracts; (2) contribute a certain amount to pay fringe benefits
for covere d employees (‘health and welfare’); (3) provide covered employees a minimum number of paid holidays and vacation days; and (4) notify employees of their rights under the statute.” 41 U.S.C. §§ 351(a)(1)

– (4); 5 see also Am. Compl . ¶ 1. Pursuant to IKON’s contract with the government, employees holding the position of “General Clerk II” are entitled to “wages at $ 15.32 per hour, and . . . Health & Welfare [fringe benefits] [of] $ 3.35 per hour[,] or $ 134.00 per week[,] or $580. 66 per month.” Am. Compl ¶ 23 (citing Am. Compl., Ex hibit (“Ex

. ”) 2 ( “ 2009 SCA Wages ” ). However, a contractor’s obligati on to provide its employees fringe benefits “may be discharged by furnishing any equivalent combination s of fringe benefits or by maki ng equivalent or differential payments in cas h under regulations established by the
Secretar y [of Labor].” 41 U.S.C. § 351 (2) ; 6 see also Am. Compl., Ex. 2 (2009 SCA Wages).

5 Currently codified at 41 U.S.C. § 6703.

6 Currently codified at 41 U.S.C. § 6703 (2)

.9

For the reasons di scussed below, the Court agree s that the plaintiff/relator has failed to adequately plead, based on “information and belief” or otherwise, a violation of the SCA , and thus, has failed to adequately plead a violation of the False Claims Act.

1. Pleadings Based on “Information and Belief” Here, the plaintiff/relator’s amended complaint is largely devoid of any factual support , and instead , he asserts he must plead the necessary facts to demonstrate IKON’s SCA
violation

— “the name of each employee[,] the correct work classification, wage rate and fringe benefits provided, and [the] number of daily and weekly hours worked by each employee subject to the SCA, [(“paystubs”) 7 ], ” Am. Compl. ¶ 17

— based on information and belief because this
relevant information is solely “within the possession and control of IKON and not available to the [p]laintiff[/relator],” id. (emph asis omitted). To be sure, “t he Twombly plausibility standard . . . does not prevent a plaintiff [/relator] from ‘pleading facts alleged upon information and belief’
where the facts are peculiarly within the possession and control of the defendant, or where the belief is based on factual information that makes the inference of culpability plausible.” Arista Records, LLC v. Doe 3 , 604 F.3d 110, 120 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal citations o mitted); see also
Wi lliams , 389 F.3d at 1258 (“ [ T ] his circuit provides an avenue for plaintiffs unable to meet the particularity standard because [the] defendant[] control[s] the relevant documents

— plaintiff [ /relator s ] in such straits may allege lack of access in the complaint.”)

. But this exception must be “construed consistent with the purpose of Rule 9(b),” so that “the filing of a complaint [is not] a pretext [used to] discover[] unknown wrongs.” Kowal v. MCI Comm c’ns

7 Because the plaintiff/relator refers to this information collectively in his opposition as the “paystubs,” see Pl.’s Opp’n at 7, and since the paystubs that he has attached to his amended complaint include “the name of [the] employee[,] . . . , wage and fringe benefits provided, and [the] number of daily and weekly hours worked by each employee,” see Am. Compl., Exhibit (“Ex.”) 4 (“IKON Paystubs”), the Court will follow the plaintiff/relator’s lead and refer to this information collectively as the “paystubs.”10

Corp. , 16 F.3d 1271, 1279 n.3 (D.C. Cir. 1994). Thus , t he exception is available to a plaintiff /relator only when the information needed to make factual allegations is “ peculiarly
within the knowledge of the opposing party. ” Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns Co rp. , No. 90

- CV

- 2862 (JGP) , 1992 WL 121378, at *6 (D.D.C. May 20, 1992) (emphasis added)

. A nd to invoke the exception, the plaintiff

/relator is required to make “an allegation that the necessary information lies within the defendant’s control, and . . . su ch allegations must also be accompanied by a statement of the facts upon which the allegations are based

. ” Kowal , 16 F.3d at 1279 n.3.
Neither of these conditions are satisfied here. 8 The plaintiff/relator’s assertion that he must plead the facts specific to his un derlying
violation of the SCA because he lacks access to the “paystubs . . . [since ] they are solely within [IKON’s] possession and control,” Opp’n at 7; see also Am. Compl. ¶¶ 17, 34, is disingenuous given that he has attache d his own pa ystubs

— some of the very document s he claims are available only to the defendant , see Am. Compl., Ex. 4 ( “ IKON Paystubs ” ). The plaintiff/relator simply cannot credibly assert , as he has in his amended complaint the claim , that the paystubs are solely within the possession and control of IKON as pretext for his necessity to plead his case
based on “information and belief , ” while also attaching several of them to the very same amended complaint. And while perhaps the plaint iff/relator does not have immediate access to the paystubs of the twenty

- one other IKON employees whom he also alleg es “IKON was not

8 Notably, the plaintiff/relator does n o t allege lack of access to the documents crucial to his claim that IKON submitted or created false claims that were submitted to the government

— the allegedly false documents and submissions. See Totten , 286 F.3d at 551 (holding that the False Claims Act “attaches liability . . . not to [the] underlying fraudulent activity, but to the claim for payment .”) (emphasis added) (citation and internal quotations omitted).11

p aying

. . . the required SCA fringe benefits, ” 9 Am. Compl. ¶ 33; see also id. ¶ 26 , he has not
p rovided a “statement of fact s upon which his allegations” that the paystubs of those other unidentified employees lay peculiarly “ within [IKON’s] control , ” as opposed to with those other unknown employees, Kowal , 16 F.3d at 1279 n.3

.

2. The Exhibits Attached to the Plaintiff/Relator’s A mended Complaint
In addition to the plaintiff/relator’s failures to adequately plead lack of access to necessary documents “that would show whether the required benefits were paid, ” Am. Compl. ¶ 17, his amended c omplaint also fail s because his allegations are directly contradict ed by his own exhibits

. As pleaded, the plaintiff/relator alleges that during the relevant time period, the Department of Labor’s Wage Determination “set forth the [General Clerk II] employees’ wages at $ 15 .32 per hour . . . ,” 10 Am. Compl. ¶ 23; Am. Compl., Ex. 2 ( “ 2009 SCA Wages ” ) , and he further alleges that “[a]n employer may discharge its [SCA] obligations to furnish fringe benefits by furnishing any equivalent combination of ‘bona fide’ fringe benefits or by making equivalent or differential payments in cash ,” Am. Compl. ¶ 15 (citing 29 C.F.R. § 4.177(a)); see also 41
U.S. C. § 351(a)(2); 11 29 C.F.R. § 4.177(a) (2012). The plaintiff/relator’s paystubs therefore
demonstrate that IKON was providing him with everything he alleged he was entitled to receive

. H e was provided health and welfare fr inge benefits in the form of both vacation and sick leave,

9 The plaintiff/relator bases this claim on nonspecific discussions he purportedly ha d with various unidentified IKON employees on unspecified dates

. Am. Compl. ¶ 33. Such vague assertions fail to comply with the specif icity requirements of Rule 9 (b)

.
10 The Court notes that the pay

- rate for a General Clerk II increased from $ 15.32 to $ 16.24 between 2009 and 2010. Compare Am. Compl., Ex. 2 (2009 SCA Wages), with id. , Ex. 3 (2010 SCA Wages). However, because the onl y pay
- rate the plaintiff/relator contends he was entitled to receive in his amended complaint is $15.32 per hour, and because he does not allege that during any part of the relevant time period IKON failed to pay him an appropriate pay
- rate, and the attached wage determinations do not have an “effective date,” only a “revision date,” see generally Am. Compl., Ex. 2 (2009 SCA Wages); id. , Ex. 3 (2010 SCA Wages), the Court assumes, based on his pl eadings, that at all relevant times, the plaintiff/relator was entitled to a pay

- rate of only $15.32 per

- hour, Am. Compl ¶ 23.

11 Currently codified at 41 U.S.C. § 6703 (2).12

see Am. Compl., Ex. 4 ( IKON Pay s tub) at 1 (showing that as of August 29, 2010, he had accrued
12.95 hours of sick leave a nd 120 hours of vacation leave); id. at 2 (showing that as of October 24, 2010, he had accrued 20.35 hours of sick leave and 120 hour of vacation leave), in addition

to receiving a differential ca sh payment of betw een $ 0.64 and $ 0.95 per hour, c ompare Am. Compl. ¶ 23 (“[T]he Contract . . . set forth the [plaintiff/relator’s] wages at $15.32 per hour . . . .”), Am. Compl., Ex. 2 ( 2009 SCA Wages ) ( General Clerk II pay
- rate of $15.32 per hour), wit h Am. Compl., Ex. 4 (IKON Paystubs) ( showing receipt of between $16.00 and $16.31 per hour)

. Although at this stage of the proceedings the Court must generally assume the truth of the plaintiff/relator ’s allegations that IKON was not providing its employees with fringe benefits in
violation of the SCA , it “ need not ‘accept as true the complaint’s factual allegations insofar as they contradict exhibits to the complaint ’ . . . .” Klay v. Panette , 758 F.3d 369, 377 (D. C. Cir. 2014) (citation omitted)

. Therefore, b ecause the plaintiff/relator’s SCA allegations a s pleaded

are contradicted by his own exhibits, IKON’s motion to dismiss both Counts One 12 and T wo must be granted.

12 The plaintiff/relator’s first claim also fails regardless of the Court’s determin ation that the plaintiff/relator has not plausibly pleaded an underlying violation of the SCA , because interestingly, the plaintiff/relator limits the scope of his first fraud claim to the first twenty

- one and the thirty

- sixth through forty

- third paragraph s of his amended complaint. See Am. Compl. ¶ 36 (“Plaintiff[/relator] incorporates by reference the allegations set forth in paragraphs [one] through [twenty

- one] as if set forth fully herein.”). For this reason alone , his first claim alleging a violatio n of 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1) (“Any person who knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, to an officer or employee of the United States Government . . . a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval . . . is liable to the United States Government . . . .”), must fail because he specifically chose not to incorporate the paragraphs of his amended complaint containing any allegations in the realm of the specificity required by Rule 9 (b)

. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 22

– 35 (identifying who made submissions to th e government and what, if anything, that individual knew about the requirements of the SCA and IKON’s purported failure to pay them). By limiting his amended complaint to the allegations found in the incorporated paragraphs, the plaintiff/relator has comp letely failed to provide IKON with the “who, what, when, where, and how” notice necessary for it to respond to an allegation of fraud, Stevens , 662 F. Supp. 2d a t 114, having failed to name a single individual involved in the alleged fraud, or a time when or location where the alleged fraud was perpetrated, he f ails to provide the specificity required by Rule 9 (b)

.13

B. The Plaintiff/Relator’s Claim Alleging a Violation of 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(3) Although the Court has already concluded that the plaintiff/relator has failed to adequately plead that IKON violated the SCA and thus failed to plead a violation of the False Claims Act, it will nonetheless address the plaintiff/relator’s third claim, which alleg es also a violati on of 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(3) . This provision provides that “[a]ny p erson who conspires to defraud the Government by getting a false or fraudulent claim allowed or paid . . . is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty . . . .” 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(3). To succeed on t his claim, a plaintiff/relator

must show (1) that [ IKON] conspired with one or more persons to have a fraudulent claim paid by the United States, (2) that one or more of the conspirators performed any act to have such a claim paid by the United States, and (3) that the United States suffered da mages as a result of the claim.
U.S. ex rel. Westrick v. Second Chance Body Armor, Inc. , 685 F. Supp. 2d 129, 140 (D.D.C. 2010) . Thus, at the motion to dismiss stage of a case, a plaintiff/relator must “identify any agreement between the parties to defraud the government.” Id. at 141 (citing United States ex

r el. El Amin v. George Wash. Univ. , 26 F. Supp. 2d 162, 165 (D.D.C. 199 8)). A claim fails under Rule 9(b) when there are no specific allegations of an agreement or the commission of an
overt act. Id. (citing Corsello v. Lincare, Inc. , 428 F.3d 1008, 1013 (11th Cir. 2005)). Here, t he pla intiff/relator alleges, based on only information and belief, that IKON “knowingly made[,] or caused to be made[,] false statements to the FDIC certifying[,] or causing others to certify[,] that IKON [] was in compliance with the SCA . . . when . . . IKON knowingly and willfully failed to

com ply with the SCA . . . .” Am. Compl. ¶ 52. The plaintiff/relator further alleges that IKON’s “[o]fficers and employees individually and collectively agreed . . . to present . . . false or fraudulent statements, billing invoices and records to the FDIC an d potentially other agencies .”
Id. ¶ 53 (emphasis added).14

The plaintiff/relator ’s allegations of conspiracy, based on nothing other than conclusory assertions, fail to plead specific factual information regarding the alleged conspiracy

. Instead , the pl aintiff/relator states in mere conclusory terms that employees “individually and collectively agreed” to submit fraudulent documents. Am. Compl. ¶ 53. However, the plaintiff/relator provides no information as to how he arrived at the conclusion that the employees collectively agreed to engage in any unlawful conduct, and whether this alleged agreement was verbal, written, implicit, or otherwi se, leaving IKON to speculate as to what alleged agreement it must defend again st. See Williams , 389 F.3d at 1256. Moreover, the amended complaint alleges no facts regarding the identity of the employees involved in this purported agreement or when it
occurred , see Am. Compl. ¶ 22, rather it simply alleg es that IKON employed the plaintiff /relator during the three

- year period of 2007

– 2010 , not that the alleged conspiracy occurred during this time period

. See id. However, e ven if the Court could infer that the conspiracy occurred at some time during the three years when the plaintiff/relator was employed by IKON, his vague and conclusory allegations , absent any amplifying information to show that these allegations are anything more than unsubstantiated conjecture , fail to comport with the requirements of
Williams . 389 F. 3d at 1252. Additionally , the plaintiff/relator’s claim that unspecified agencies may also be involved is certainly insufficient to put IKON on notice of what it must defend against. Williams , 389 F.3d at 1256. The vague and conclusory allegations offered in support of the plaintiff/relator leads the Court to the conclusion that he wants to engage in a fishing expedition, with the hope that he will discover incriminating information he does not possess nor has any credible reason to believe exists

. See Opp’n at 14 (“[T]he officers and agents of [IKON] may have been acting outside the scope of their employment and pursuing their personal interests15

when they failed to pay the SCA fringe benefits.”) (emphasis added). Accordi ngly, the plaintiff/relator has not satisfied the heightened pleading requirement of Rule 9(b).
IV. CONCLUSION For the reasons set forth above, the Court concludes that the plaintiff/relator has again failed

to adequately plead his claims of fraud with the degree if particularity required by the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). Accordingly, IKON’s motion to dismiss will be granted and its motion for a hearing will be denied as unnecessary
.

SO ORDERED this 8 th day of May , 201 5

. 13
REGGIE B. WALTON United States District Judge

13 The Court will contemporaneously issue an Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion.