F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

JUL 6 1999

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

MARIA DEL CARMEN CALDERON,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF

SOCIAL AND REHABILITATION

SERVICES; ROCHELLE

CHRONISTER, Secretary of the

Kansas Department of Social and

Rehabilitation Services; CAROL

BACON, Judge of the Eighteenth

Judicial District, Juvenile Department,

Sedgwick County, Kansas,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 98-3183

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Kansas

(D.C. No. 97-CV-1432-WEB)

Patricia Mendoza (Amalia S. Rioja, Mexican American Legal Defense and

Education Fund, Chicago, Illinois, and Ladessa De La Cruz, De La Cruz & Doran,

Wichita, Kansas, with her on the briefs), for Plaintiff-Appellant.

John R. Dowell, Assistant Attorney General, Topeka, Kansas (Carla J. Stovall,

Attorney General, Topeka, Kansas, and C. William Ossmann, Chief of Litigation,

Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services, Topeka, Kansas, with him on

the brief), for Defendants-Appellees.
*The Honorable Frank J. Magill, Senior Circuit Judge, United States Court

of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.

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Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, MAGILL* and EBEL, Circuit Judges.

SEYMOUR, Chief Judge.
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Ms. Calderon filed this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the State of

Kansas, Rochelle Chronister as Secretary of the Department of Social and

Rehabilitation Services (SRS), and Carol Bacon, a state court judge. In response

to defendants’ motions, the district court dismissed the action on various grounds

including Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. Ms. Calderon

appeals and we affirm.

I

Ms. Calderon’s underlying suit arises out of state court proceedings that

resulted in the removal of her children from her care and custody. During the

proceedings, Judge Bacon allegedly asked Ms. Calderon questions regarding her

national origin, immigration status, marital status, socioeconomic status, and birth

control practices. Ms. Calderon sued the state, the judge, and Ms. Chronister for

allegedly violating her rights under the Fourth, Fourteenth and Fifth Amendments. 

She also asserted state tort claims against defendants. Defendant Chronister

answered the complaint and filed a motion to dismiss. Without answering, the

remaining defendants filed motions to dismiss. The district court held that

Eleventh Amendment immunity, judicial immunity, and qualified immunity

protected defendants from suit. In so doing, the court held that the complaint

failed to state a federal claim against any of the defendants. The court declined to
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exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state claims and dismissed

them without prejudice. 

II

On appeal, Ms. Calderon contends the allegations in her complaint were

sufficient to state a claim. We review de novo the district court's dismissal for

failure to state a claim. Dill v. City of Edmond, 155 F.3d 1193, 1201 (10th

Cir.1998). Such dismissal "is inappropriate unless [p]laintiff can prove no set of

facts in support of [her] claims that would entitle [her] to relief." Id. We must

accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and interpret all inferences

in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See id; FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). 

The district court held that the Eleventh Amendment bars Ms. Calderon’s

damage action against the State of Kansas and Ms. Chronister in her official

capacity. Ms. Calderon does not contest that conclusion here but asserts that she

is nevertheless entitled to sue Ms. Chronister for prospective injunctive relief

under Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908), which allows parties to seek such

relief against state officials for their unconstitutional acts. The issue, however, is

whether Ms. Calderon’s complaint stated a federal constitutional violation for

which she sought prospective injunctive relief. 
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Ms. Calderon concedes that her complaint never expressly requested

prospective injunctive relief. She argues instead that this omission should not be

fatal because her alleged violations entitled her to injunctive relief as a matter of

justice. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(c) (“[E]very final judgment shall grant relief to

which the party in whose favor it is rendered is entitled, even if the party has not

demanded such relief in the party’s pleadings.”). She cites Pension Benefit Guar.

Corp. v. East Dayton Tool & Die Co., 14 F.3d 1122 (6th Cir. 1994), for the

proposition that omissions in a prayer for relief do not bar redress as long as the

pleading provides notice of and grounds for the underlying claims. The threshold

question is thus whether Ms. Calderon’s complaint gave any indication that she

might be entitled to injunctive relief for ongoing federal constitutional violations

by state officials.

In her complaint, Ms. Calderon complained only of a series of questions

Judge Bacon and SRS asked her that “elicited information relating to family

planning issues and her decisions to procreate, viz, the use of norplant . . .,

information relating to the plaintiff’s race, national origin, and citizenship . . .

[and] socioeconomic status as it relates to the plaintiff’s ability to care for her

children.” Aplt. App. at 3. We are not told the manner in which the line of

questioning allegedly violated any of Ms. Calderon’s rights or would warrant any

kind of injunctive relief. 
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The rest of the complaint asserted vaguely that Ms. Calderon was subjected

to the “described treatment,” which we take to mean the line of questioning,

“because of her gender (female), race (Hispanic), national origin (Mexico),

citizenship (undetermined), and socioeconomic status (at or below the national

poverty level);” that the facts “were used to deprive [her] of her rights, privileges

and immunities secured by the Constitution and the laws of the United States” in

unspecified ways; and that defendants violated her “liberty interest in the security

of her person, her rights to equal protection, her rights to due process of law, and

her privilege against self-incrimination under the Fourth, Fourteenth and Fifth

Amendments.” Id. at 4. These allegations provided no indication that prospective

injunctive relief would ameliorate the alleged violations, which had already

occurred.

Furthermore, the only harm Ms. Calderon alleged was her own “substantial

and permanent emotional injury, medical expenses and other damages,” and the

damages requested were “in excess of $8,000,000.00.” Id. at 4-5. Although a

court might speculate that the heart of the complaint was to adjust child custody,

no court has a duty to read this interpretation from the litigant’s mind, Brever v.

Rockwell Int’l Corp., 40 F.3d 1119, 1131 (10th Cir. 1994), especially in light of

the fact that Ms. Calderon never mentioned the children in either her allegations

of misconduct, the resulting harm, or the requested remedy. 
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In the most liberal construction of the complaint, we are unable to discern

the basis for Ms. Calderon’s claims beyond any embarrassment the questions may

have caused her. We cannot deduce any grounds for a federal constitutional

violation or for injunctive relief except to enjoin questioning. As the questioning

was completed and there was no indication of further questioning, injunctive

relief would have been inappropriate. 

Notably, Ms. Calderon offered nothing more in her Memorandum in

Opposition of Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss to indicate a constitutional

violation that would have entitled her to any relief, much less prospective

injunctive relief. In addition to repeating information in the complaint, the

Memorandum asserted that Judge Bacon attempted to regulate contraception and

immigration. See Aplt. App. at 12. Ms. Calderon stated no facts at all to support

these allegations, failed to explain the nexus between the judge’s questions and

the alleged act of regulating Ms. Calderon, and did not assert that the attempt to

regulate was ongoing. Thus, neither Ms. Calderon’s Memorandum nor her

complaint specified any constitutional violation that would have entitled her to

relief. The district court did not err in holding that Ms. Calderon had not stated a

claim against Ms. Chronister under the doctrine of Ex parte Young. 

Ms. Calderon contends Judge Bacon was not entitled to judicial immunity

because the judge’s questions regarding Ms. Calderon’s citizenship were clearly
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beyond the scope of her jurisdiction. See Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356-

57 (1978) (“A judge will not be deprived of immunity because the action he took

was in error, was done maliciously, or was in excess of his authority; rather, he

will be subject to liability only when he has acted in the ‘clear absence of all

jurisdiction.’”). This argument is meritless. The Kansas Code for Care of

Children grants state court judges jurisdiction over child custody proceedings, see

KAN. STAT. ANN. § 38-1503, and authorizes judges to consider a variety of factors

in determining which placement will best serve the child’s welfare, id. § 38-1562. 

Even assuming arguendo that some of Judge Bacon’s questions were

inappropriate, she clearly acted in her judicial capacity pursuant to the code’s

jurisdictional grant. The district court therefore correctly dismissed Ms.

Calderon’s action against Judge Bacon under the doctrine of judicial immunity. 

The district court also dismissed all claims against Ms. Chronister in her

individual capacity based on qualified immunity. Under this doctrine,

government officials are immune from liability for damages “insofar as their

conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of

which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S.

800, 818 (1982). “When the defense of qualified immunity has been raised by the

defendant, the plaintiff then has the burden to show with particularity facts and

law establishing the inference that the defendants violated a constitutional right.” 
-9-

Waiter v. Morton, 33 F.3d 1240, 1242 (10th Cir. 1994). As we have indicated,

Ms. Calderon alleged neither facts nor law supporting an inference that Ms.

Chronister violated her constitutional rights.

On appeal, Ms. Calderon asserts a number of specific contentions for the

first time. She claims Judge Bacon ordered her to become a citizen in order to

regain custody of her children, ordered her to marry the father of the children,

ordered her to use birth control, and subjected her to self-incrimination by forcing

her to answer questions about her citizenship and to disclose her illegal immigrant

status. None of these allegations were made in her complaint. In fact, one

cryptic allusion made in the Memorandum below that Judge Bacon attempted to

regulate her immigration status made no sense in context until after Ms. Calderon

revealed on appeal that she was an illegal immigrant. Since we will not consider

an argument based on claims that were not before the district court, we decline to

consider these new contentions. See City of Stillwell, Okla. v. Ozarks Rural Elec.

Coop., 166 F.3d 1064, 1073-74 (10th Cir. 1999) (declining to consider an issue

not raised below); MacKay v. Farnsworth, 48 F.3d 491, 493 (10th Cir.1995)

(stating that this court will not consider an issue on appeal that was not raised

below). 

Viewing the record below without Ms. Calderon’s late allegations and

revelations, we conclude that Ms. Calderon failed to state a claim for a violation
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of her constitutional rights. We therefore agree with the district court that Judge

Bacon was protected from suit by judicial immunity, and that Ms. Chronister was

protected by the Eleventh Amendment in her official capacity and by qualified

immunity in her individual capacity.

III

Alternatively, Ms. Calderon argues that the district court abused its

discretion in failing to grant her leave to amend. On the last page of her

Memorandum in Opposition of Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, Ms. Calderon

requested that

should the court determine the need for facts or [that] further facts be

stated with “. . . sufficient particularity to place the defendants in a

position of notice as to the nature of the action against them . . .”

grant leave and sufficient time in which Calderon would be “. . .

permitted to cure any specified defects within the pleadings.”

Apt. App. at 72. She contends the district court abused its discretion by failing to

consider that statement as a motion for leave to amend her complaint and to sua

sponte offer her the right to do so. 

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that a party has a right to

amend the pleading one time without seeking leave of court as long as the

amendment occurs before a responsive pleading is served. See FED. R. CIV. P.

15(a); Glenn v. First Nat’l Bank, 868 F.2d 368, 370 (10th Cir. 1989). After a
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responsive pleading, a party must seek leave of the court to amend by filing a

motion. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a); 6 CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT ET AL., FEDERAL

PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE §§ 1480-83 (2d ed.1990). If a party seeks to amend a

pleading following the court’s grant of a motion to dismiss, the party must first

move to reopen the case under Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) or 60(b) and then file a

motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 15 for leave to amend pursuant to the standards set

out in Fed. R. Civ. P. 7. See Glenn, 868 F.2d at 371. 

When a party files a proper motion for leave to amend, rule 15(a) further

provides “leave shall be freely given when justice so requires.” FED. R. CIV. P.

15(a); see also Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962); Brever, 40 F.3d at

1131; Glenn, 868 F.2d at 371; see generally 6 WRIGHT ET AL., supra, §§ 1473 &

1483. The liberal granting of motions for leave to amend reflects the basic policy

that pleadings should enable a claim to be heard on its merits. See Foman, 371

U.S. at 181-82; 6 WRIGHT ET AL., supra, § 1473 at 521. This policy is not

limitless and must be balanced against Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(b)(1), which governs the

requirements for all motions and provides that any motion “shall be made in

writing, shall state with particularity the grounds therefor, and shall set forth the

relief or order sought.” 6 WRIGHT ET AL., supra, § 1483 at 582. By requiring

notice to the court and the opposing party of the basis for the motion, rule 7(b)(1)

advances the policies of reducing prejudice to either party and assuring that “the
1To comply with the Rules of Practice and Procedure for the United States

District Courts of Kansas, a motion must be accompanied by a brief or

memorandum, D.Kan. Rule 7.1, and “[i]n addition, . . . [it should] set forth a

concise statement of the amendment sought to be allowed, and a signed original

of the proposed amended pleading [should] be attached,” D.Kan. Rule 15.1. None

of these formal procedures were followed in the instant case.

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court can comprehend the basis of the motion and deal with it fairly.” 5 CHARLES

ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 1192

at 42 (2d ed. 1990); see also id. § 1191 at 38.

We have recognized the importance of Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(b) and have held

that normally a court need not grant leave to amend when a party fails to file a

formal motion.1 See Brever, 40 F.3d at 1130; Glenn, 868 F.2d at 371. In Glenn,

we held it insufficient where the plaintiffs made a bare request in their response

to a motion to dismiss “that leave be given to the Plaintiffs to amend their

Complaint.” Glenn, 868 F.2d at 370. We declined the plaintiffs’ suggestion that

we should consider that statement as a motion for leave to amend. We noted that

the plaintiffs stated “no grounds let alone ‘particular’ grounds for the request,”

and that it was not “an application for an order contemplated under the rules.” Id.

Accordingly, we held that the plaintiffs’ informal request had not placed a motion

before the court and that the district court “committed no error in not ruling

thereon.” Id. at 371.
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While in the spirit of Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(b) we have said that failure to file

a formal motion is not always fatal, see Brever, 40 F.3d at 1130-31, Triplett v.

Leflore County, 712 F.2d 444 (10th Cir. 1983), in each of those cases there was

readily apparent notice to opposing parties and to the court of both the desire to

amend and the particular basis for the amendment in accord with the purposes of

rule 7(b). In Brever, 40 F.3d at 1130, the record showed that the plaintiff had

repeatedly expressed a willingness to amend and had demonstrated particular

grounds but had been misled by the district court to believe she should wait to

amend until after the court disposed of motions to dismiss. In these

circumstances, we held that in its dismissal the court should have reserved to the

plaintiff leave to amend despite the lack of a formal motion. Similarly, in

Triplett, 712 F.2d at 445, we accepted the plaintiff’s motion to reconsider as a

request to amend despite its irregularity because the motion to reconsider

unequivocally gave both the district court and the opposing counsel clear notice

of a request to amend and the grounds therefor. Attached to Mr. Triplett’s motion

to reconsider was a brief with a bold captioned title reading “REQUEST FOR

LEAVE TO AMEND COMPLAINT.” Id. In addition, the brief itself included

outlined theories of Mr. Triplett’s amended complaint and a section devoted to a

request for leave to amend. Id. The total record thus clearly indicated a desire to

amend as well as a demonstration of the particular grounds for the amendment. 
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Deriving a consistent approach from our case law, we conclude that a

request for leave to amend must give adequate notice to the district court and to

the opposing party of the basis of the proposed amendment before the court is

required to recognize that a motion for leave to amend is before it. Our

conclusion does not detract from the district court’s wide discretion to recognize a

motion for leave to amend in the interest of a just, fair or early resolution of

litigation. See 5 WRIGHT & MILLER, supra, § 1194 (2d ed. Supp. 1999). Our

requirement of notice merely assures that “[w]e do not require district courts to

engage in independent research or read the minds of litigants to determine if

information justifying an amendment exists.” Brever, 40 F.3d at 1131; see Curtis

Ambulance of Fla. v. Board of County Comm’rs, 811 F.2d 1371, 1386 n.15 (10th

Cir. 1987) (a court is not obligated to conduct a plaintiff’s case for him when he

fails to seek to amend a pleading). 

Our holding today resolves any substantive tension between our holdings in

Glenn, 868 F.2d 368, Triplett, 712 F.2d at 445, and a footnote in Ramirez v.

Oklahoma Dept. of Mental Health, 41 F.3d 584, 596-97 n.9 (10th Cir. 1994). By

contrast to Glenn, footnote nine in Ramirez determined that the two submissions

presented to the district court, equally paltry as the Glenn submission, did amount

to a request for leave to amend. The statements consisted in their totality of one

sentence in the Opposition to the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss that
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should [the district court] determine that Plaintiff has failed to state

facts with sufficient particularity to place the Defendants on notice of

the nature of the action brought against them, Plaintiffs would have

this Court grant sufficient time in which Plaintiffs would be

permitted to cure any specified defects within the pleadings,

and one sentence in their supporting brief that plaintiffs “would have leave of

Court to amend their complaint to cure any deficiencies if such deficiencies are

hereinafter determined to exist by the Court.” Id. at 588 n.1. Apparently in

Ramirez, the district court was silent regarding the request for leave to amend. 

Despite the limited notice and lack of grounds to support an amendment provided

by the plaintiff’s two submissions, we stated in footnote nine that the district

court’s failure to grant leave to amend was an abuse of discretion.

Relying solely on the footnote in Ramirez, Ms. Calderon contends she made

a legitimate motion for leave to amend and argues that the district court abused its

discretion in failing to grant leave after it sustained defendants’ motions to

dismiss. Footnote nine in Ramirez can be characterized as dicta, however, 

because we held that the plaintiff’s complaint as written did in fact state a claim. 

Cf. Hinton v. City of Elwood, 997 F.2d 774, 779 (10th Cir. 1993). In any event,

procedurally Glenn controls. As the earlier opinion, Glenn is binding precedent

over subsequent deviations absent en banc reconsideration or a contrary decision

by the Supreme Court. See Clymore v. United States, 164 F.3d 569, 573 n.5 (10th

Cir. 1999); Haynes v. Williams, 88 F.3d 898, 900 n. 4 (10th Cir.1996). 
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Applying the Glenn-Triplett standard of adequate notice to the courts and

the opposing party, therefore, we hold that Ms. Calderon’s single sentence,

lacking a statement for the grounds for amendment and dangling at the end of her

memorandum, did not rise to the level of a motion for leave to amend. Because a

motion for leave to amend was never properly before it, the district court did not

abuse its discretion in failing to address Ms. Calderon’s request for leave to cure

deficiencies in her pleadings. See Brannon v. Boatman’s First Nat’l Bank, 153

F.3d 1144, 1150 (10th Cir. 1998) (court needn’t address a motion never placed

before it); Dahn v. United States, 127 F.3d 1249, 1252 (10th Cir. 1997) (same).

In conclusion, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Ms. Calderon’s

complaint for failure to state a claim.