United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

In cooperation with

Tennessee Agricultural

Experiment Station and

United States Department

of Agriculture, Forest

Service

Soil Survey of

Polk County,

Tennessee

Detailed maps are available in two formats. Digital copies (SSURGO)

that can be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS) can be

accessed at http://www.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/ssur_data.html. (The State

Soil Survey Area ID is TN139.) Paper copies of the maps can be

obtained from the Natural Resources Conservation Service, District

Conservationist, 6042 Highway 411, P.O. Box 130, Benton, TN 37307

(telephone number 423-338-4555).

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called

general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the

area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of

the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and

management of small areas.

To find information about your area

of interest, locate that area on the

Index to Map Sheets. Note the

number of the map sheet and turn

to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on

the map sheet. Note the map unit

symbols that are in that area. Turn

to the Contents, which lists the

map units by symbol and name

and shows the page where each

map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table

has data on a specific land use for

each detailed soil map unit. Also

see the Contents for sections of

this publication that may address

your specific needs.

3

How to Use This Soil Survey
4

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the

Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The

address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”).

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort

of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State

agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The

Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has

leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1984. Soil names and

descriptions were approved in 1996. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1984. This survey was made

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service; the Tennessee

Agricultural Experiment Station; and the United States Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Polk

County Soil Conservation District.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all of

its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability,

political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases

apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for

communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should

contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice or TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,

Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC

20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity

provider and employer.

Cover: A view of Parksville Lake and the rugged mountain terrain of the Southern Blue Ridge

Mountains from Sugarloaf Overlook.
5

Contents

How to Use This Soil Survey .................................. 3

Contents .................................................................. 5

Foreword ................................................................. 9

General Nature of the County ................................. 11

Settlement and History ....................................... 11

Natural Resources ............................................. 11

Farming .............................................................. 12

Transportation .................................................... 12

Physiography, Drainage, and Geology ................ 12

Climate ............................................................... 12

How This Survey Was Made ................................... 13

General Soil Map Units ........................................ 15

Nearly level to very steep soils that are

moderately deep or very deep and are

moderately well drained to somewhat

excessively drained; in the Ridge and Valley ...... 15

1. Apison-Armuchee-Hamblen..................... 15

2. Waynesboro-Minvale-Collegedale ........... 16

3. Wallen-Needmore-Keener ....................... 18

Gullied land and gently sloping to very steep

soils that are shallow to very deep and are

well drained or excessively drained; in the

Blue Ridge and in the Copper Basin ................... 20

4. Lostcove-Keener-Cataska-Unicoi ............ 20

5. Junaluska-Citico-Tusquitee ...................... 22

6. Ditney-Jeffrey-Tusquitee .......................... 23

7. Evard-Hayesville-Junaluska..................... 25

8. Gullied Land-Evard-Hayesville ................. 26

Detailed Soil Map Units ........................................ 29

AnC2—Apison silt loam, 5 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 30

ApC2—Apison-Armuchee complex, 5 to

12 percent slopes, eroded ........................... 31

ApD2—Apison-Armuchee complex, 12 to

25 percent slopes, eroded ........................... 32

Ar—Arkaqua-Suches complex, occasionally

flooded ......................................................... 34

AuC2—Armuchee channery silt loam, 5 to

12 percent slopes, eroded ........................... 36

AuD2—Armuchee channery silt loam,

12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded ................... 37

AuE—Armuchee channery silt loam, 25 to

50 percent slopes ........................................ 38

BrC—Brevard loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes ....... 40

BrD—Brevard loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ..... 41

BrE—Brevard loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes ...... 42

CaF—Cataska-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to

65 percent slopes ........................................ 43

CaG—Cataska-Rock outcrop complex, 65 to

90 percent slopes ........................................ 44

CcD—Citico channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes ........................................ 46

CcF—Citico channery silt loam, 35 to

65 percent slopes ........................................ 47

CoC2—Collegedale silt loam, 5 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 48

CoD2—Collegedale silt loam, 12 to

25 percent slopes, eroded ........................... 49

DeB2—Decatur silt loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 51

DeC2—Decatur silt loam, 5 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 52

DeD2—Decatur silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes, eroded ............................................. 53

DtD—Ditney loam, 12 to 35 percent slopes ........ 54

DtF—Ditney loam, 35 to 65 percent slopes ........ 55

Ea—Emory silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded..................................... 57

EdC—Evard loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes .......... 58

EdD—Evard loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes ........ 59

ErC—Evard-Hayesville complex, 5 to

15 percent slopes ........................................ 60

ErD—Evard-Hayesville complex, 15 to

30 percent slopes ........................................ 62

EvC—Evard-Hayesville complex, 5 to

15 percent slopes, gullied ............................ 63

EvD—Evard-Hayesville complex, 15 to

30 percent slopes, gullied ............................ 65

GeC—Gullied land-Evard complex, 5 to

15 percent slopes ........................................ 66

GeD—Gullied land-Evard complex, 15 to

30 percent slopes ........................................ 68

GuE—Gullied land, 5 to 35 percent slopes ......... 70

Ha—Hamblen silt loam, occasionally flooded ..... 71

JeD—Jeffrey channery loam, 12 to 35 percent

slopes .......................................................... 72

JeF—Jeffrey channery loam, 35 to 65 percent

slopes .......................................................... 73

JkD—Junaluska fine sandy loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes ........................................ 75
6

JkF—Junaluska fine sandy loam, 35 to

65 percent slopes ........................................ 76

JnC—Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 5 to

15 percent slopes ........................................ 77

JnD—Junaluska-Brasstown complex,

15 to 35 percent slopes................................ 79

JtF—Junaluska-Citico complex, 35 to

65 percent slopes ........................................ 81

JuF—Junaluska-Tsali complex, 35 to

65 percent slopes ........................................ 82

KeC—Keener loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes ........ 84

KeD—Keener loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes ...... 85

LeB—Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes, rarely flooded ................................... 87

LkC—Lostcove-Keener complex, 3 to

12 percent slopes, stony .............................. 88

LkD—Lostcove-Keener complex, 12 to

25 percent slopes, very stony ...................... 89

LkF—Lostcove-Keener complex, 25 to

65 percent slopes, very stony ...................... 91

McC—McCamy loam, 5 to 15 percent

slopes .......................................................... 93

McD—McCamy loam, 15 to 35 percent

slopes .......................................................... 94

MnC—Minvale gravelly silt loam, 5 to

12 percent slopes ........................................ 95

MnD—Minvale gravelly silt loam, 12 to

25 percent slopes ........................................ 96

NeC—Needmore silt loam, 5 to 12 percent

slopes .......................................................... 98

NeD—Needmore silt loam, 12 to

25 percent slopes ........................................ 99

SeB—Sequatchie silt loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes, rarely flooded ................................. 100

Sm—Slickens ................................................... 102

Su—Suches loam, occasionally flooded........... 103

TaE—Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 12 to

50 percent slopes ...................................... 104

TeB—Tate loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes ............. 105

To—Toccoa loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes,

rarely flooded ............................................. 106

TuF—Tusquitee loam, 20 to 65 percent

slopes ........................................................ 107

Ud—Udifluvents, loamy and sandy,

frequently flooded ...................................... 108

UnD—Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex,

15 to 35 percent slopes.............................. 110

UnF—Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to

65 percent slopes ...................................... 111

W—Water ......................................................... 113

WaF—Wallen channery sandy loam, 15 to

65 percent slopes ...................................... 113

WbB2—Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 114

WbC2—Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 115

WbD2—Waynesboro loam, 12 to 25 percent

slopes, eroded ........................................... 116

WbD3—Waynesboro clay loam, 12 to

25 percent slopes, severely eroded ........... 117

Wt—Whitwell loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded................................... 118

Use and Management of the Soils .................... 121

Crops and Pasture ........................................... 121

Yields per Acre............................................. 122

Land Capability Classification ...................... 122

Prime Farmland ........................................... 123

Woodland Management and Productivity ......... 123

Recreation ........................................................ 124

Wildlife Habitat ................................................. 125

Engineering ...................................................... 127

Building Site Development ........................... 127

Sanitary Facilities ......................................... 128

Construction Materials ................................. 129

Water Management...................................... 130

Soil Properties .................................................... 133

Engineering Index Properties ........................... 133

Physical Properties .......................................... 134

Chemical Properties ......................................... 135

Water Features ................................................. 135

Soil Features .................................................... 136

Classification of the Soils .................................. 137

Soil Series and Their Morphology ......................... 137

Apison Series ................................................... 137

Arkaqua Series ................................................ 138

Armuchee Series.............................................. 139

Brasstown Series ............................................. 140

Brevard Series.................................................. 141

Cataska Series ................................................. 142

Citico Series ..................................................... 142
7

Collegedale Series ........................................... 143

Decatur Series ................................................. 144

Ditney Series .................................................... 145

Emory Series ................................................... 145

Evard Series..................................................... 146

Hamblen Series ................................................ 147

Hayesville Series .............................................. 148

Jeffrey Series ................................................... 149

Junaluska Series .............................................. 149

Keener Series .................................................. 150

Leadvale Series ............................................... 151

Lostcove Series ................................................ 152

McCamy Series ................................................ 153

Minvale Series .................................................. 154

Needmore Series ............................................. 155

Sequatchie Series ............................................ 156

Suches Series .................................................. 156

Talbott Series ................................................... 157

Tate Series ....................................................... 158

Toccoa Series................................................... 159

Tsali Series ...................................................... 159

Tusquitee Series ............................................... 160

Udifluvents ....................................................... 161

Unicoi Series .................................................... 162

Wallen Series ................................................... 162

Waynesboro Series .......................................... 163

Whitwell Series ................................................. 164

References .......................................................... 167

Glossary .............................................................. 169

Tables .................................................................. 179

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation .......... 180

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall........ 181

Table 3.—Growing Season ............................... 181

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent

of the Soils ................................................. 182

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per

Acre of Crops and Pasture ......................... 184

Table 6.—Prime Farmland ................................ 188

Table 7.—Woodland Management and

Productivity ................................................ 189

Table 8.—Recreational Development ............... 205

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat .................................. 212

Table 10.—Building Site Development .............. 220

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities ........................... 229

Table 12.—Construction Materials .................... 237

Table 13.—Water Management ........................ 244

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties ......... 255

Table 15.—Physical Properties of the Soils ...... 274

Table 16.—Chemical Properties of the Soils..... 281

Table 17.—Water Features ............................... 288

Table 18.—Soil Features .................................. 293

Table 19.—Classification of the Soils ................ 298

Issued 2001

9

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey

area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also

highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the

impact of selected land uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and

agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed

for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers,

developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites

for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance.

Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife

management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them

understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose

special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is

intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land

treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users

identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or

user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are

seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too

unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are

poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil

poorly suited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil

survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each

soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.

Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and

additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

James W. Ford

State Conservationist

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword

11

POLK COUNTY is located in the extreme southeastern

corner of Tennessee (fig. 1). It is bordered on the east

by Cherokee County, North Carolina; on the south by

Murray and Fannin Counties, Georgia; on the west by

Bradley County, Tennessee; and on the north by

McMinn and Monroe Counties, Tennessee.

Polk County has a total area of 282,900 acres, or

about 442 square miles. Benton, Copper Hill, and

Ducktown are the major towns in the county.

According to census data, the population of the county

was 13,602 in 1980.

The economy of the area is based mainly on

forestry and mining activities and their related

industries. Farming and tourism related to recreation

are also important to the economy.

General Nature of the County

This section gives general information about the

county. It describes settlement and history; natural

resources; farming; transportation; physiography,

drainage, and geology; and climate.

Settlement and History

Polk County was named in honor of James K. Polk,

who served as Governor of Tennessee and President

of the United States. It was formed by a legislative act

on November 28, 1939, from parts of McMinn and

Bradley Counties. The county seat, Benton, was

named in honor of U.S. Senator Thomas H. Benton.

That part of Polk County formed from McMinn County

was acquired from the Cherokee Indians by the Treaty

of 1819. The remaining acreage in the county was

acquired by treaty with the Cherokee Indians in

1835.

The area from which Polk County was established

was the home of many Indian tribes. At least three

tribes have made their homes near the Ocoee River,

not far from Benton. These tribes were the Early

Woodland, 2,000 years ago; the Yuchi, 500 years ago;

and the Cherokee, in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Natural Resources

Soils, water, minerals, and forestland are important

natural resources in Polk County.

There is an abundant supply of fresh water in the

county. Streams that flow the year round are common.

Water is impounded behind three dams on the Ocoee

River, and hydroelectric energy is produced on the

Hiwassee and Ocoee Rivers. These rivers provide

some of the best fishing, rafting, and floating in the

State.

Forest products currently provide almost half of the

total sales of the agricultural industry in the county.

About 60 percent of the forestland in Polk County is in

Soil Survey of

Polk County, Tennessee

By Darwin L. Newton and William C. Moffitt

Fieldwork by William C. Moffitt, Hershel D. Dollar, and Eddie C. McCroskey

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

in cooperation with

the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service

Figure 1.—Location of Polk County in Tennessee.

NASHVILLE ✪
12 Soil Survey

Cherokee National Forest. This area is scenic and has

high potential for timber production and recreational

use.

Mineral production is centered in the extreme

southeastern part of the county, which is called the

Copper Basin. The mining and processing of sulfide

ores yield copper, zinc, and silver. Copper ore was

discovered in 1843, and mining began around 1847.

Mining has continued on an intermittent basis since

then. Copper smelting and the production of sulfuric

acid are the current products of this operation.

Farming

The first European settlers in the county raised

crops mainly to feed livestock and support their own

existence. Currently, marketing of these products

brings in a large portion of income for the farmers in

the county.

Farming is concentrated mostly in the western part

of the county. Dairy operations, beef cattle, swine, and

poultry are the main enterprises.

Corn, soybeans, and wheat are the main crops. A

few farmers grow tobacco. Hay is grown on most of

the beef and dairy farms. Applying fertilizer, lime,

herbicides, and pesticides according to the needs of

crops is common.

Transportation

Polk County is dissected by two major highways—

U.S Highway 411, which runs north and south through

the western part of the county, and U.S. Highway 64,

which runs east and west through the south-central

part of the county. State Highways 68 and 30 are also

important routes for trade, transportation, and tourism.

There are few roads that service the central portion

of the county where Cherokee National Forest is

located. Many of these roads are unpaved, narrow,

and winding.

A railroad line runs through western Polk County.

Spur lines extend service to the mining operations in

Copper Hill.

Physiography, Drainage, and Geology

B.A. Hartman, geologist, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, helped prepare this section.

The topography in Polk County varies greatly. Big

Frog Mountain, in the south-central portion of the

county, is 4,224 feet above sea level. Benton, the

county seat, is 748 feet above sea level.

The county is traversed from east to west by the

Hiwassee River. The Ocoee River enters the county at

Copper Hill and intersects with the Hiwassee River

about 21

/2 miles northwest of Benton. The Conasauga

River crosses a portion of the southern part of the

county. It is the only river in the State that reaches the

Gulf of Mexico via Mobile Bay.

Polk County contains a more varied base of

geologic formations than most counties in the State of

Tennessee. From a standpoint of geologic time, rock

formations in the county range from the Late

Proterozoic Era to the Upper Ordovician Period, about

800 to 435 million years ago (Rogers 1953).

In the Late Paleozoic Era (250 million years ago),

the rocks of east Tennessee underwent a period of

intense deformation called the Alleghany orogeny.

Orogeny literally means “the process of formation of

mountains.” During this time, the east coast of what is

now North America collided with the west coast of

Africa, which resulted in the basic structures of the

Blue Ridge and the Ridge and Valley provinces. As a

result of the Alleghany orogeny, there are six major

thrust faults trending from the northeast to southwest

in the county.

The geology of Polk County can be subdivided

into three groups for discussion—the Ridge and

Valley, the Copper Basin, and the Blue Ridge (USDA

1981).

In the Blue Ridge, the rocks have been subjected to

Barrovian-type metamorphism that grades from west

to east (increasing metamorphism) from chlorite to

staurolite. Rock types common in the Blue Ridge are

slate, mica schist, phyllite, quartzite, and

metasedimentary rocks (USGS 1993).

The Copper Basin is a unique area that is rich in

massive sulfide deposits of copper, iron, sulfur, and

zinc. The host rocks for the deposits are in the

Copperhill Formation, which is composed of

metagraywackes, metagraywacke conglomerates, and

metapelites. The ore minerals in order of abundance

are pyrrholite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite,

magnetite, and trace amounts of silver and gold

(USGS 1993).

The Ridge and Valley consists of rocks of the Lower

Cambrian Period to the Upper Ordovician Period. The

rocks have undergone folding and faulting due to the

Alleghany orogeny and, as a result, sometimes occur

in repeated sequences. The rock types in the Ridge

and Valley are dolomite, sandstone, siltstone, shale,

limestone, and chert (Rogers 1953).

Climate

In Polk County in winter, valleys are very cool with

occasional cold and warm spells and the upper slopes

and mountaintops are generally cold. In summer, the
Polk County, Tennessee 13

valleys are very warm and frequently hot and the

mountains, which are warm during the day, become

cool at night. Precipitation is heavy and evenly

distributed throughout the year. Summer precipitation

falls mainly during thunderstorms. In winter, the

precipitation in valleys is mainly rain with occasional

periods of snow and in the mountains it is mainly

snow, although rains are frequent. The snow cover

does not last long, except at the highest elevations.

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation

for the survey area as recorded at Copperhill,

Tennessee, in the period 1951 to 1984. Table 2 shows

probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last

freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of the

growing season.

In winter, the average temperature is 39 degrees F

and the average daily minimum temperature is

27 degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which

occurred on January 24, 1963, is -8 degrees. In

summer, the average temperature is 74 degrees and

the average daily maximum temperature is 87

degrees. The highest recorded temperature, which

occurred on July 30, 1952, is 103 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They

are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month,

growing degree days accumulate by the amount that

the average temperature each day exceeds a base

temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly

accumulation is used to schedule single or successive

plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring

and the first freeze in fall.

The total annual precipitation is 59 inches. Of this,

29 inches, or nearly 50 percent, usually falls in April

through September. The growing season for most

crops falls within this period. In 2 years out of 10, the

rainfall in April through September is less than 25

inches. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of

record was 5.24 inches on March 29, 1951.

Thunderstorms occur on about 56 days each year,

and most occur in summer. At any time of the year,

heavy rains from prolonged storms can occasionally

occur throughout the survey area and can cause

severe flooding in valleys.

The average seasonal snowfall is about 4 inches.

The greatest snow depth at any one time during the

period of record was 6 inches. On the average, 3 days

of the year have at least 1 inch of snow on the ground.

The average relative humidity in midafternoon is

about 55 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the

average at dawn is about 85 percent. The sun shines

65 percent of the time possible in summer and

45 percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the

south. Average windspeed is highest, 8 miles per hour,

in spring.

How This Survey Was Made

This survey was made to provide information about

the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area.

The information includes a description of the soils and

miscellaneous areas and their location and a

discussion of their suitability, limitations, and

management for specified uses. Soil scientists

observed the steepness, length, and shape of the

slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of

crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock.

They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is

the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil.

The profile extends from the surface down into the

unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The

unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other

living organisms and has not been changed by other

biological activity.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey

area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the

geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural

vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and

miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind

of landform or with a segment of the landform. By

observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the

survey area and relating their position to specific

segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a

concept or model of how they were formed. Thus,

during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist

to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the

kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location

on the landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge

into one another as their characteristics gradually

change. To construct an accurate soil map, however,

soil scientists must determine the boundaries between

the soils. They can observe only a limited number of

soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations,

supplemented by an understanding of the soilvegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to

verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to

determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the

soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color,

texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and

amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots,

reaction, and other features that enable them to

identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey

area and determining their properties, the soil

scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes

(units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each

taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with

precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a

basis for comparison to classify soils systematically.
14

Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification

used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind

and character of soil properties and the arrangement

of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists

classified and named the soils in the survey area, they

compared the individual soils with similar soils in the

same taxonomic class in other areas so that they

could confirm data and assemble additional data

based on experience and research (Soil Survey Staff

1996).

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some

of the soils in the area generally are collected for

laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil

scientists interpret the data from these analyses and

tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and

the soil properties to determine the expected behavior

of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all

of the soils are field tested through observation of the

soils in different uses and under different levels of

management. Some interpretations are modified to fit

local conditions, and some new interpretations are

developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled

from other sources, such as research information,

production records, and field experience of specialists.

For example, data on crop yields under defined levels

of management are assembled from farm records and

from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of

soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only

on soil properties but also on such variables as

climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are

predictable over long periods of time, but they are not

predictable from year to year. For example, soil

scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of

accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table

within certain depths in most years, but they cannot

predict that a high water table will always be at a

specific level in the soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the

significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area,

they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial

photographs and identified each as a specific map

unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields,

roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating

boundaries accurately.

The descriptions, names, and delineations of the

soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those

of the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are

the result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications

in series concepts, or variations in the intensity of

mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey

areas.
15

The general soil map in this publication shows

broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of soils,

relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general soil

map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it

consists of one or more major soils or miscellaneous

areas and some minor soils or miscellaneous areas. It

is named for the major soils or miscellaneous areas.

The components of one map unit can occur in another

but in a different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the

suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas

of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise,

areas where the soils are not suitable can be

identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable

for planning the management of a farm or field or for

selecting a site for a road or building or other structure.

The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place

in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics

that affect management.

Nearly level to very steep soils that are

moderately deep or very deep and are

moderately well drained to somewhat

excessively drained; in the Ridge and Valley

This group consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils that formed in shale residuum; very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in alluvium

on flood plains; very deep, well drained soils that

formed in old alluvial deposits or in colluvium or

residuum derived from limestone; moderately deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in

material weathered from fine grained sandstone,

siltstone, and shale; and very deep, well drained soils

that formed in colluvium or alluvium derived from

metasedimentary rocks. The underlying bedrock is

dominantly of Cambrian or Ordovician age.

The three map units in this group make up about

23 percent of the survey area. They differ in kinds of

soils, the landscape position, and the type of

underlying bedrock.

Most areas of the nearly level to moderately steep

soils are used for pasture, hay, or cultivated crops.

Some areas are planted to loblolly pine. Mixed

hardwoods and pine plantations are dominant on the

steep and very steep side slopes and narrow

ridgetops.

1. Apison-Armuchee-Hamblen

Nearly level to very steep, well drained or moderately

well drained, moderately deep or very deep soils that

have a clayey or loamy subsoil; formed in acid shale

residuum and in mixed alluvium

Setting

Physiography: Upland ridges and side slopes and the

adjacent flood plains

Location in the survey area: Mostly the western edge

along the Bradley County line and north into

McMinn County

Slope range: 0 to 50 percent

Major land use: Pasture, hay, cultivated crops, or

woodland

Extent of unit: 4 percent of the survey area

Composition

Apison soils: 39 percent

Armuchee soils: 32 percent

Hamblen soils: 11 percent

Similar soils: 9 percent

Contrasting soils: 9 percent

Minor Soils

Similar soils:

• Leadvale and Sequatchie soils on flood plains, on

low stream terraces, and near drainageways

• Severely eroded areas of Apison and Armuchee

soils

Contrasting soils:

• Intermingled areas of very deep, well drained

Minvale and Waynesboro soils

Properties and Qualities of the Apison Soils

Slope range: 5 to 25 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Position on the landscape: Sloping to steep ridges and

side slopes

General Soil Map Units
16 Soil Survey

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 6 inches; brown, very friable silt loam

Subsoil—

6 to 20 inches; brownish yellow, friable silt loam

20 to 30 inches; brownish yellow, friable channery

silt loam

Bedrock—

30 to 61 inches; pale brown, soft shale

Properties and Qualities of the Armuchee Soils

Slope range: 5 to 50 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Position on the landscape: Sloping to very steep

ridgetops and side slopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown, very friable

channery silt loam

Subsoil—

4 to 7 inches; yellowish brown, friable channery

silty clay loam

7 to 13 inches; strong brown, firm channery silty

clay

Substratum—

13 to 21 inches; strong brown, firm very channery

silty clay

Bedrock—

21 to 25 inches; soft, thin-bedded shale

Properties and Qualities of the Hamblen Soils

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Position on the landscape: Nearly level flood plains

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 9 inches; dark brown, friable silt loam

Subsoil—

9 to 17 inches; dark brown, friable silt loam

17 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown, friable clay

loam

28 to 46 inches; yellowish brown, friable clay loam

Substratum—

46 to 60 inches; mottled brown, yellowish brown,

and light red, friable clay loam

Map Unit Suitability

Cropland

Most of the nearly level to moderately steep soils

are suited to cultivated crops if proper erosion-control

and other conservation measures are applied. Areas

of the Hamblen soils are suited to cultivated crops, but

flooding may damage some crops in winter and early

spring. The depth to bedrock limits the available water

capacity and the root zone of the Apison and

Armuchee soils. Steep and very steep areas of these

soils are generally unsuited to cropland.

Pasture and Hayland

This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Haying

and properly maintaining pasture are more difficult in

the moderately steep to very steep areas.

Woodland

Most areas of this map unit are well suited to

woodland. An increased rate of erosion and difficulty in

operating equipment are limitations on moderately

steep to very steep slopes. Special planning of roads

and erosion-control measures may be required in

these areas. Plant competition from undesirable

species can be a problem when establishing a new

forest crop on any of the soils in the map unit.

Wildlife Habitat

The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair in

areas of the Armuchee soils and good in areas of the

Apison and Hamblen soils. The potential for woodland

wildlife habitat is good in this map unit. The habitat can

be maintained or improved by providing food, cover,

nesting areas, and den sites.

Urban Uses

Apison and Armuchee soils are suited to some

urban uses. The moderate depth to soft bedrock is a

limitation affecting some uses. In many areas land

shaping or grading is needed to help overcome the

slope. Designing dwellings so that they conform to the

existing slope reduces the need for land shaping.

Areas of the Hamblen soils are unsuited to urban uses

because of flooding and wetness.

2. Waynesboro-Minvale-Collegedale

Gently sloping to steep, well drained, very deep soils

that have a clayey or loamy subsoil; formed in old

alluvium, in colluvium, or in limestone or dolomite

residuum

Setting

Physiography: Upland ridges and side slopes

Location in the survey area: Western portion; along the

Ocoee and Hiwassee Rivers and in a southward

band along Lowery Branch, Fry Branch, and

Conasauga Creek

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent

Major land use: Pasture, hay, or row crops (fig. 2)

Extent of unit: 15 percent of the survey area
Polk County, Tennessee 17

Composition

Waynesboro soils: 36 percent

Minvale soils: 9 percent

Collegedale soils: 8 percent

Similar soils: 16 percent

Contrasting components: 31 percent

Minor Components

Similar soils:

• Intermingled areas of Decatur soils

Contrasting components:

• The moderately deep Apison, Armuchee, and

Needmore soils in landscape positions similar to those

of the major soils

• The moderately deep Talbott soils and areas of Rock

outcrop on adjacent uplands

• Emory, Hamblen, Sequatchie, and Toccoa soils on

adjacent flood plains and low stream terraces

Properties and Qualities of the Waynesboro Soils

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Position on the landscape: Gently sloping to steep

upland stream terraces

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 7 inches; brown, very friable loam

Subsoil—

7 to 11 inches; red, friable clay loam

11 to 29 inches; dark red, friable clay

29 to 72 inches; dark red, firm clay

Properties and Qualities of the Minvale Soils

Slope range: 5 to 25 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Figure 2.—Row crops and pasture on Waynesboro and Minvale soils in an area of the Waynesboro-Minvale-Collegedale general soil

map unit. Collegedale soils are in the steeper, wooded areas.
18 Soil Survey

Position on the landscape: Sloping to steep side

slopes and footslopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown, very friable

gravelly silt loam

Subsurface layer—

3 to 13 inches; light yellowish brown, friable

gravelly silt loam

Subsoil—

13 to 21 inches; yellowish brown, friable gravelly

silty clay loam

21 to 28 inches; strong brown, firm gravelly silty

clay loam

28 to 39 inches; mottled yellowish red, strong

brown, and yellowish brown, firm gravelly clay

39 to 68 inches; mottled yellowish red, strong

brown, yellowish brown, and pale brown, firm

very gravelly clay

Properties and Qualities of the Collegedale Soils

Slope range: 5 to 25 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Position on the landscape: Sloping to steep ridgetops

and side slopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 6 inches; yellowish brown, friable silt loam

Subsoil—

6 to 17 inches; yellowish red, firm clay

17 to 26 inches; strong brown, firm clay

26 to 45 inches; yellowish red, firm clay

45 to 53 inches; mottled yellowish red, yellowish

brown, strong brown, and white, firm silty clay

53 to 65 inches; yellowish red, firm clay

Map Unit Suitability

Cropland

Most of the gently sloping to moderately steep soils

are suited to cultivated crops if proper erosion-control

and other conservation measures are applied. Steep

areas of these soils are generally unsuited to

cropland.

Pasture and Hayland

This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Haying

and properly maintaining pasture are more difficult in

steep areas.

Woodland

Most areas of this map unit are well suited to

woodland. An increased rate of erosion and difficulty in

operating equipment are limitations on moderately

steep to very steep slopes. Plant competition from

undesirable species can be a problem when

establishing a new forest crop on any of the soils in

the map unit.

Wildlife Habitat

The potential for openland wildlife habitat is good.

The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

Urban Uses

This map unit is suited to urban uses. The clayey

subsoil of the Waynesboro and Collegedale soils, the

moderate or moderately slow permeability, and the

steepness of slope are limitations affecting some

urban uses. In some areas land shaping or grading is

needed to help overcome the slope. Designing

dwellings so that they conform to the existing slope

reduces the need for land shaping.

3. Wallen-Needmore-Keener

Gently sloping to very steep, well drained or somewhat

excessively drained, moderately deep or very deep

soils that have a loamy or clayey subsoil; formed in

material weathered from fine grained sandstone,

siltstone, and shale; in material weathered from

calcareous shale; or in colluvium derived from

metasedimentary rocks

Setting

Physiography: Dissected ridges and side slopes and

large colluvial or alluvial fans and footslopes

Location in the survey area: In the southwestern part

Slope range: 3 to 65 percent

Major land use: Woodland, hay, or pasture

Extent of unit: 4 percent of the survey area

Composition

Wallen soils: 37 percent

Needmore soils: 30 percent

Keener soils: 17 percent

Similar soils: 1 percent

Contrasting components: 15 percent

Minor Components

Similar soils:

• Intermingled areas of Lostcove soils

Contrasting components:

• Hamblen soils on adjacent flood plains

• Sequatchie and Toccoa soils on flood plains along

major streams

• Small areas of Cataska soils and Rock outcrop
Polk County, Tennessee 19

Properties and Qualities of the Wallen Soils

Slope range: 15 to 65 percent

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Position on the landscape: Moderately steep to very

steep ridgetops and side slopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 4 inches; brown, very friable channery sandy

loam

Subsurface layer—

4 to 8 inches; light yellowish brown, very friable

very channery fine sandy loam

Subsoil—

8 to 22 inches; light yellowish brown, very friable

very channery fine sandy loam

22 to 30 inches; brownish yellow, very friable very

channery sandy loam

Bedrock—

30 inches; hard sandstone

Properties and Qualities of the Needmore Soils

Slope range: 5 to 25 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Position on the landscape: Sloping and moderately

steep ridges and side slopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 4 inches; brown, very friable silt loam

Subsurface layer—

4 to 7 inches; yellowish brown, friable silt loam

Subsoil—

7 to 16 inches; yellowish brown, friable silty

clay

16 to 22 inches; strong brown, firm clay

Substratum—

22 to 29 inches; mottled yellowish brown and

grayish brown, firm very channery silty clay

Bedrock—

29 to 34 inches; soft shale bedrock

Properties and Qualities of the Keener Soils

Slope range: 3 to 65 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Position on the landscape: Gently sloping to very

steep side slopes, footslopes, and alluvial or

colluvial fans and footslopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown, very friable

loam

Subsurface layer—

4 to 9 inches; yellowish brown, very friable loam

Subsoil—

9 to 17 inches; yellowish brown, friable loam

17 to 27 inches; yellowish brown, friable clay loam

27 to 40 inches; strong brown, friable clay loam

40 to 51 inches; yellowish brown, friable loam

Substratum—

51 to 65 inches; yellowish red, very friable loam

Map Unit Suitability

Cropland

Some of the sloping and moderately steep soils are

suited to cultivated crops if proper erosion-control and

other conservation measures are applied. Steepness

of slope is a limitation in areas of the Wallen soils and

in all steep and very steep areas. The moderate depth

to bedrock limits the available water capacity of the

Wallen and Needmore soils. Steep and very steep

areas of these soils are generally unsuited to

cropland.

Pasture and Hayland

Gently sloping and sloping soils in this map unit are

suited to pasture and hay. Haying and properly

maintaining pasture are more difficult in moderately

steep to very steep areas.

Woodland

Most areas of this map unit are suited to woodland.

An increased rate of erosion and difficulty in operating

equipment are limitations on moderately steep to very

steep slopes. Special planning of roads and erosioncontrol measures may be required in these areas.

Plant competition from undesirable species can be a

problem when establishing a new forest crop on any of

the soils in the map unit.

Wildlife Habitat

The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is poor in

areas of the Wallen soils and good in areas of the

Needmore and Keener soils. The habitat can be

maintained or improved by providing food, cover,

nesting areas, and den sites.

Urban Uses

This map unit is suited to some urban uses. The

moderate depth to bedrock in areas of the Wallen and

Needmore soils and the steepness of slope are the

major limitations. In many areas land shaping or

grading will help to overcome the slope. Designing

dwellings so that they conform to the existing slope

reduces the need for land shaping.
20 Soil Survey

Gullied land and gently sloping to very steep

soils that are shallow to very deep and are

well drained or excessively drained; in the

Blue Ridge and in the Copper Basin

This group consists of areas of Gullied land and

areas of well drained or excessively drained soils on

upland ridges, side slopes, and colluvial or alluvial

fans and footslopes. The soils have a loamy surface

layer and a loamy or clayey subsoil that contains

varying amounts of pebbles, channers, or stones. They

formed in residuum, colluvium, or alluvium derived

from igneous and metamorphic rocks and from tilted

and fractured metasedimentary rocks. The underlying

bedrock is dominantly of Precambrian or Cambrian

age.

The five map units in this group make up about

77 percent of the survey area. They differ in kinds of

soils and miscellaneous areas, the landscape position,

and the type of underlying bedrock.

Mixed hardwoods are dominant on the soils in this

group. Some areas are planted to pines. Some of the

gently sloping to moderately steep soils are used for

pasture, hay, or cultivated crops. In some areas,

special treatment has been applied and vegetation has

been reestablished during reclamation.

The steepness of slope is the main limitation in

areas of the moderately steep to very steep soils. The

depth to bedrock is a major limitation in areas of map

units 4, 5, 6, and 7. Gullied land is a major limitation in

areas of map unit 8.

4. Lostcove-Keener-Cataska-Unicoi

Gently sloping to very steep, well drained or

excessively drained, very deep or shallow soils that

have a loamy subsoil; formed in colluvium, alluvium, or

residuum derived from metasedimentary rocks

Setting

Physiography: Ridgetops, side slopes, and footslopes

(fig. 3)

Location in the survey area: In the north-central

portion; in the Bean Mountain and Starr Mountain

areas

Slope range: 3 to 90 percent

Major land use: Woodland

Extent of unit: 9 percent of the survey area

Composition

Lostcove soils: 21 percent

Keener soils: 20 percent

Cataska soils: 17 percent

Unicoi soils: 13 percent

Similar soils: 16 percent

Contrasting components: 13 percent

Minor Components

Similar soils:

• Moderately deep McCamy soils on adjacent

ridges

• Intermingled areas of soils that have a rubbly or

bouldery surface layer

Contrasting components:

• Rock outcrop intermingled with areas of the Cataska

and Unicoi soils

• Hamblen, Sequatchie, and Toccoa soils on flood

plains and low stream terraces

Properties and Qualities of the Lostcove Soils

Slope range: 3 to 65 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Position on the landscape: Gently sloping to very

steep side slopes, benches, and alluvial or

colluvial fans and footslopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 5 inches; yellowish brown, very friable gravelly

loam

Subsoil—

5 to 19 inches; yellowish brown, friable very cobbly

clay loam

19 to 50 inches; yellowish brown, friable very

cobbly clay loam

50 to 76 inches; yellowish brown, friable very

cobbly clay

Properties and Qualities of the Keener Soils

Slope range: 3 to 65 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Position on the landscape: Gently sloping to very

steep footslopes, side slopes, benches, and

alluvial or colluvial fans

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown, friable cobbly

loam

Subsurface layer—

1 to 13 inches; brown and yellowish brown, friable

cobbly loam

Subsoil—

13 to 37 inches; strong brown, friable cobbly clay

loam

37 to 56 inches; strong brown, friable very cobbly

clay loam

56 to 64 inches; strong brown, friable cobbly

sandy loam
Polk County, Tennessee 21

Substratum—

64 to 70 inches; strong brown, friable very cobbly

sandy loam

Properties and Qualities of the Cataska Soils

Slope range: 35 to 90 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Position on the landscape: Very steep side slopes and

convex ridgetops

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown, very friable

channery silt loam

Figure 3.—Very steep, highly dissected mountains of the Southern Blue Ridge Province in an area of the Lostcove-Keener-CataskaUnicoi general soil map unit.
22 Soil Survey

Subsurface layer—

1 to 5 inches; brown, very friable channery silt

loam

Subsoil—

5 to 15 inches; strong brown, friable very

channery silt loam

Bedrock—

15 to 24 inches; soft, thin-bedded phyllite

24 inches; hard, fractured phyllite

Properties and Qualities of the Unicoi Soils

Slope range: 15 to 65 percent

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches

Position on the landscape: Moderately steep to very

steep ridgetops and side slopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown, very friable

gravelly loam

Subsoil—

3 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown, very friable

very cobbly loam

9 to 17 inches; yellowish brown, very friable very

cobbly fine sandy loam

Bedrock—

17 inches; hard arkosic sandstone

Map Unit Suitability

Cropland

The gently sloping and sloping areas of the Keener

soils are suited to cultivated crops. The other soils in

this map unit are unsuited to cultivated crops. Proper

erosion-control and other conservation measures are

needed. The steepness of slope and the shallow depth

to bedrock are major limitations in areas of the

Cataska and Unicoi soils.

Pasture and Hayland

The gently sloping to moderately steep areas of the

Keener soils are suited to pasture and hay. Haying and

properly maintaining pasture are more difficult in

moderately steep to very steep areas, in areas that

include Rock outcrop, and in areas that have stones

on the surface.

Woodland

Most areas of this map unit are suited to woodland.

An increased rate of erosion and difficulty in operating

equipment are limitations on moderately steep to very

steep slopes. Use of equipment in areas of the

Lostcove soils is limited because of the stones on the

surface. The windthrow hazard and a very low

available water capacity are limitations in areas of the

Cataska and Unicoi soils. Plant competition from

undesirable species can be a problem when

establishing a new forest crop.

Wildlife Habitat

The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good in

areas of the Keener and Lostcove soils and very poor

in areas of the Cataska and Unicoi soils. The habitat

can be maintained or improved by providing food,

cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

Urban Uses

This map unit is poorly suited to urban uses. The

steepness of slope, the stones on the surface, and the

depth to bedrock are the main limitations. Designing

dwellings so that they conform to the existing slope

reduces the need for land shaping.

5. Junaluska-Citico-Tusquitee

Sloping to very steep, well drained, moderately deep

to very deep soils that have a loamy subsoil; formed in

residuum or colluvium derived from metasedimentary

rocks

Setting

Physiography: Ridge crests, side slopes, footslopes,

and coves

Location in the survey area: Central portion of the

county

Slope range: 5 to 65 percent

Major land use: Woodland

Extent of unit: 45 percent of the survey area

Composition

Junaluska soils: 56 percent

Citico soils: 9 percent

Tusquitee soils: 8 percent

Similar soils: 15 percent

Contrasting soils: 12 percent

Minor Soils

Similar soils:

• Scattered areas of Brasstown, Brevard, and Ditney

soils

Contrasting soils:

• Sequatchie soils on low stream terraces and flood

plains

Properties and Qualities of the Junaluska Soils

Slope range: 5 to 65 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Position on the landscape: Sloping to very steep

ridgetops and side slopes
Polk County, Tennessee 23

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 2 inches; brown, very friable fine sandy

loam

Subsurface layer—

2 to 11 inches; strong brown, very friable fine

sandy loam

Subsoil—

11 to 21 inches; yellowish red, friable sandy clay

loam

Substratum—

21 to 26 inches; yellowish red and red layers of

soft rock and sandy clay loam soil material

Bedrock—

26 to 31 inches; multicolored, weathered and

fractured, soft metasandstone

Properties and Qualities of the Citico Soils

Slope range: 15 to 65 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Position on the landscape: Moderately steep to very

steep lower side slopes and footslopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown, very friable

channery silt loam

Subsurface layer—

4 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown, friable

channery silt loam

Subsoil—

12 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown, friable very

channery silt loam

Substratum—

31 to 45 inches; yellowish brown, friable very

flaggy silt loam

Bedrock—

45 inches; hard phyllite

Properties and Qualities of the Tusquitee Soils

Slope range: 20 to 65 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Position on the landscape: Steep and very steep side

slopes, footslopes, and coves

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown, very friable

loam

4 to 8 inches; dark brown, friable loam

Subsoil—

8 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown, friable loam

26 to 42 inches; yellowish brown, friable gravelly

loam

42 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown, friable

gravelly loam

Map Unit Suitability

Cropland

The soils in this map unit are generally unsuited

to cropland. The steepness of slope is the

major limitation. The moderate depth to bedrock

is an additional limitation in areas of the Junaluska

soils.

Pasture and Hayland

The soils in this map unit are generally unsuited to

pasture and hay. The steepness of slope is a major

limitation. Haying and properly maintaining pasture are

more difficult in the steeper areas.

Woodland

Most areas of this map unit are suited to woodland.

The hazard of erosion and difficulty in operating

equipment are management concerns. Special

planning of roads and erosion-control measures may

be required in these areas. Plant competition from

undesirable species can be a problem when

establishing a new forest.

Wildlife Habitat

The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is fair in

areas of the Junaluska soils and good in areas of the

Citico and Tusquitee soils. The habitat can be

maintained or improved by providing food, cover,

nesting areas, and den sites.

Urban Uses

The soils in this map unit are generally unsuited to

urban development. The steepness of slope is the

major limitation.

6. Ditney-Jeffrey-Tusquitee

Moderately steep to very steep, well drained,

moderately deep or very deep soils that have a

loamy subsoil; formed in residuum and colluvium

derived from metasedimentary rocks at the higher

elevations

Setting

Physiography: Dissected ridges, side slopes, and

colluvial footslopes and coves

Location in the survey area: Big Frog and Little Frog

Mountains

Slope range: 12 to 65 percent

Major land use: Woodland

Extent of unit: 7 percent of the survey area
24 Soil Survey

Composition

Ditney soils: 32 percent

Jeffrey soils: 28 percent

Tusquitee soils: 22 percent

Similar soils: 16 percent

Contrasting components: 2 percent

Minor Components

Similar soils:

• Very deep Keener and Lostcove soils that formed in

colluvium

• Evard soils at the lower elevations

Contrasting components:

• Intermingled areas of Unicoi soils

• Suches soils on flood plains

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

Properties and Qualities of the Ditney Soils

Slope range: 12 to 65 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Position on the landscape: Moderately steep to very

steep ridgetops and side slopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 3 inches; dark yellowish brown, very friable

loam

Subsurface layer—

3 to 7 inches; yellowish brown, very friable loam

Subsoil—

7 to 15 inches; yellowish brown, friable loam

15 to 25 inches; strong brown, friable cobbly loam

25 to 35 inches; brown, friable cobbly loam

Bedrock—

35 inches; hard arkosic sandstone

Properties and Qualities of the Jeffrey Soils

Slope range: 12 to 65 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Position on the landscape: Moderately steep to very

steep ridges and side slopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 8 inches; very dark brown, very friable

channery loam

8 to 11 inches; dark brown, very friable channery

loam

Subsoil—

11 to 22 inches; yellowish brown, friable cobbly

loam

Substratum—

22 to 28 inches; yellowish brown, friable very

cobbly loam

Bedrock—

28 inches; hard arkosic sandstone

Properties and Qualities of the Tusquitee Soils

Slope range: 20 to 65 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Position on the landscape: Steep and very steep side

slopes, footslopes, and coves

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown, very friable

loam

4 to 8 inches; dark brown, friable loam

Subsoil—

8 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown, friable

loam

26 to 42 inches; yellowish brown, friable gravelly

loam

42 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown, friable

gravelly loam

Map Unit Suitability

Cropland

The soils in this map unit are generally unsuited to

cropland. The steepness of slope is a major limitation.

The moderate depth to bedrock is an additional

limitation in areas of the Ditney and Jeffrey soils.

Pasture and Hayland

This map unit is poorly suited or unsuited to pasture

and hay. The steepness of slope is a major limitation.

Haying and properly maintaining pasture are more

difficult in the steeper areas.

Woodland

Ditney and Jeffrey soils are suited to woodland, and

Tusquitee soils are well suited. The hazard of erosion

and difficulty in operating equipment are management

concerns. Special planning of roads and erosioncontrol measures may be required in these areas.

Plant competition from undesirable species can be a

problem when establishing a new forest crop on any of

the soils in the map unit.

Wildlife Habitat

The potential of woodland wildlife habitat is good.

The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

Urban Uses

The soils in this map unit are generally unsuited to

urban development. The steepness of slope is a major

limitation. The moderate depth to bedrock is an
Polk County, Tennessee 25

additional limitation in areas of the Ditney and Jeffrey

soils.

7. Evard-Hayesville-Junaluska

Sloping to very steep, well drained, moderately deep

or very deep soils that have a loamy subsoil; formed in

residuum derived from igneous, metamorphic, and

metasedimentary rocks

Setting

Physiography: Dissected ridges and side slopes

Location in the survey area: In the eastern part of the

county and along the Tennessee-North Carolina

State line

Slope range: 5 to 65 percent

Major land use: Woodland

Extent of unit: 10 percent of the survey area

Composition

Evard soils: 47 percent

Hayesville soils: 32 percent

Junaluska soils: 6 percent

Similar soils: 9 percent

Contrasting components: 6 percent

Minor Components

Similar soils:

• Tate soils on the lower side slopes and on footslopes

Contrasting components:

• Arkaqua and Suches soils and Udifluvents on flood

plains

• Gullied land intermingled with areas of the Evard

and Hayesville soils

• Tsali soils

Properties and Qualities of the Evard Soils

Slope range: 5 to 30 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Position on the landscape: Sloping to steep ridge

crests and side slopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 5 inches; dark brown, very friable loam

Subsoil—

5 to 22 inches; yellowish red, friable clay loam

22 to 32 inches; reddish brown, very friable loam

Substratum—

32 to 60 inches; reddish brown, very friable fine

sandy loam

Properties and Qualities of the Hayesville Soils

Slope range: 5 to 30 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Position on the landscape: Sloping to steep ridges and

side slopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 2 inches; brown, very friable loam

Subsurface layer—

2 to 5 inches; brown, friable loam

Subsoil—

5 to 9 inches; yellowish red, friable clay loam

9 to 30 inches; red, firm clay

30 to 36 inches; red, firm clay loam

36 to 60 inches; red, friable loam

Properties and Qualities of the Junaluska Soils

Slope range: 5 to 65 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Position on the landscape: Sloping to very steep

ridgetops and side slopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 2 inches; brown, very friable fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer—

2 to 11 inches; strong brown, very friable fine

sandy loam

Subsoil—

11 to 21 inches; yellowish red, friable sandy clay

loam

Substratum—

21 to 26 inches; yellowish red and red layers of

soft rock and sandy clay loam soil material

Bedrock—

26 to 31 inches; multicolored, weathered and

fractured, soft metasandstone

Map Unit Suitability

Cropland

Some of the sloping and moderately steep areas of

Evard and Hayesville soils are suited to cropland if

proper erosion-control and other conservation

measures are applied. In places the Gullied land is

intermingled with areas of the Evard and Hayesville

soils. Special site preparation and extensive erosioncontrol measures may be required if these areas are

used as cropland. The steepness of slope and the

moderate depth to bedrock are major limitations in

areas of the Junaluska soils.

Pasture and Hayland

Some of the sloping and moderately steep areas of

the Evard and Hayesville soils are suited to pasture

and hayland (fig. 4). In places the Gullied land is

intermingled with areas of the Evard and Hayesville
26 Soil Survey

soils. These areas may require special site preparation

before they are used for pasture or hay. The steepness

of slope is a major limitation in areas of the Junaluska

soils. Haying and properly maintaining pasture are

more difficult in the steeper areas.

Woodland

Most soils in this map unit are suited to woodland.

The hazard of erosion and difficulty in operating

equipment are management concerns. Special

planning of roads and erosion-control measures may

be required in these areas. Plant competition from

undesirable species can be a problem when

establishing a new forest crop. The windthrow hazard

is an additional concern in areas of the Junaluska

soils.

Wildlife Habitat

The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good in

areas of the Evard and Hayesville soils and fair in

areas of the Junaluska soils. The habitat can be

maintained or improved by providing food, cover,

nesting areas, and den sites.

Urban Uses

Some of the sloping and moderately steep soils in

this map unit are suited to urban development. In

many areas land shaping or grading will help to

overcome the slope. Designing dwellings so that they

conform to the existing slope reduces the need for

land shaping. The moderate depth to bedrock is a

limitation in areas of the Junaluska soils.

8. Gullied Land-Evard-Hayesville

Sloping to very steep areas of truncated soils and

areas of U-shaped or V-shaped gullies intermingled

with sloping to steep, well drained, very deep soils that

have a loamy subsoil; formed in material weathered

from igneous and metamorphic rocks

Setting

Physiography: Dissected ridges and side slopes

Location in the survey area: In the Copper Basin

Slope range: 5 to 35 percent

Major land use: Woodland, mining, or idle land

Extent of unit: 6 percent of the survey area

Figure 4.—An area of the Evard-Hayesville-Junaluska general soil map unit. The Evard and Hayesville soils are well suited to

pasture and hay in some areas.
Polk County, Tennessee 27

Composition

Gullied land: 47 percent

Evard soils: 30 percent

Hayesville soils: 9 percent

Similar soils: 4 percent

Contrasting components: 10 percent

Minor Components

Similar soils:

• Tate soils on the lower side slopes and on footslopes

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Slickens where minerals have

been processed

• Udifluvents, loamy and sandy, on flood plains

Characteristics of the Gullied Land

Slope range: 5 to 35 percent

Drainage class: Well drained to excessively drained

Depth to bedrock: Varies

Position on the landscape: Sloping to very steep

upland ridges and side slopes

Typical profile:

The profile of the Gullied land varies greatly;

therefore, a typical pedon is not given.

Properties and Qualities of the Evard Soils

Slope range: 5 to 30 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Position on the landscape: Sloping to steep ridge

crests and side slopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 5 inches; dark brown, very friable loam

Subsoil—

5 to 22 inches; yellowish red, friable clay loam

22 to 32 inches; reddish brown, very friable

loam

Substratum—

32 to 60 inches; reddish brown fine sandy loam

Properties and Qualities of the Hayesville Soils

Slope range: 5 to 30 percent

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Position on the landscape: Sloping to steep ridges and

side slopes

Typical profile:

Surface layer—

0 to 2 inches; brown, very friable loam

Subsurface layer—

2 to 5 inches; brown, friable loam

Subsoil—

5 to 9 inches; yellowish red, friable clay loam

9 to 30 inches; red, firm clay

30 to 36 inches; red, firm clay loam

36 to 60 inches; red, friable loam

Map Unit Suitability

Cropland

The Gullied land is unsuited to cultivated crops.

Extensive land shaping, intensive erosion-control

measures, and fertility practices are needed. Some

sloping and moderately steep areas of the Evard and

Hayesville soils are suited to cropland if proper

erosion-control measures are applied.

Pasture and Hayland

Most areas of this map are poorly suited to pasture

and hay. Land shaping is needed during reclamation of

the gullied areas. The Gullied land and the steepness

of slope increase the difficulty of establishing

vegetation and of properly maintaining pasture.

Woodland

Most areas of this map unit are suited to woodland.

The hazard of erosion and difficulty in operating

equipment are management concerns. In some areas

special planning of roads and erosion-control

measures may be required. Plant competition from

undesirable species can be a problem when

establishing a new forest crop.

Wildlife Habitat

The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good in

areas of the Evard and Hayesville soils. The habitat

can be maintained or improved by providing food,

cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

Urban Uses

Areas of the Gullied land are unsuited to urban

development. They require land shaping and

reclamation. The gently sloping and sloping areas of

the Evard and Hayesville soils are suited to some

urban uses. The steepness of slope and low strength

are the main limitations. Designing dwellings so that

they conform to the existing slope reduces the need

for land shaping. An onsite investigation is needed

when the use and management of specific sites are

planned.

29

The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps

in this survey represent the soils or miscellaneous

areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions in

this section, along with the maps, can be used to

determine the suitability and potential of a unit for

specific uses. They also can be used to plan the

management needed for those uses.

A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an

area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or

miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and

named according to the taxonomic classification of the

dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class there are

precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils.

On the landscape, however, the soils are natural

phenomena, and they have the characteristic

variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of

some observed properties may extend beyond the

limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a

single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped

without including areas of other taxonomic classes.

Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils

or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and

some minor components that belong to taxonomic

classes other than those of the major soils.

Most minor soils have properties similar to those of

the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus

they do not affect use and management. These are

called noncontrasting, or similar, components. They

may or may not be mentioned in a particular map unit

description. Other minor components, however, have

properties and behavioral characteristics divergent

enough to affect use or to require different

management. These are called contrasting, or

dissimilar, components. They generally are in small

areas and could not be mapped separately because of

the scale used. Some small areas of strongly

contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified

by a special symbol on the maps. The contrasting

components are mentioned in the map unit

descriptions. A few areas of minor components may

not have been observed, and consequently they are

not mentioned in the descriptions, especially where

the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to

make enough observations to identify all the soils and

miscellaneous areas on the landscape.

The presence of minor components in a map unit in

no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the

data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure

taxonomic classes but rather to separate the

landscape into landforms or landform segments that

have similar use and management requirements. The

delineation of such segments on the map provides

sufficient information for the development of resource

plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned,

however, onsite investigation is needed to define and

locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name

in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes

general facts about the unit and gives the principal

hazards and limitations to be considered in planning

for specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make

up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the

surface layer, all the soils of a series have major

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the

surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of

erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use.

On the basis of such differences, a soil series is

divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on

the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The

name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature

that affects use or management. For example, Apison

silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded, is a phase of

the Apison series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major

soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are

complexes. A complex consists of two or more soils or

miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in

such small areas that they cannot be shown

separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of

the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar

in all areas. Apison-Armuchee complex, 5 to 12

percent slopes, eroded, is an example.

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such

areas have little or no soil material and support little or

no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example.

Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent

of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the

Detailed Soil Map Units
30 Soil Survey

soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for

many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms

used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas.

AnC2—Apison silt loam, 5 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and side slopes

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Major land use: Woodland, hay, or pasture

Composition

Apison soil and similar components: 85 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Hamblen and Leadvale soils along drainageways

• Intermingled areas of Armuchee soils

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of soils that have more clay in the

subsoil than the Apison soil

• Intermingled areas of soils that are more than 40

inches deep over bedrock

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown, very friable silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 20 inches—brownish yellow, friable silt loam

20 to 30 inches—brownish yellow, friable channery silt

loam

Bedrock:

30 to 61 inches—pale brown, soft shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than 72

inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard

of erosion and the moderate available water

capacity.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes

helps to control erosion and improve the availability of

nutrients.

• Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips

help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule help to maintain productivity and prevent

overgrazing.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce the

runoff rate.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good.

• Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing

food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.
Polk County, Tennessee 31

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the depth to bedrock and

the steepness of slope.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome the slope.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 3e

ApC2—Apison-Armuchee complex, 5 to

12 percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and side slopes

Size of areas: 20 to 400 acres

Major land use: Hay and pasture

Composition

Apison soil and similar components: 40 to 60 percent

Armuchee soil and similar components: 20 to

40 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Hamblen and Leadvale soils along drainageways

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of soils that are more than 40

inches deep over bedrock

Typical Profile

Apison

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown, very friable silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 20 inches—brownish yellow, friable silt loam

20 to 30 inches—brownish yellow, friable channery silt

loam

Bedrock:

30 to 61 inches—pale brown, soft shale

Armuchee

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown, very friable

channery silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 7 inches—yellowish brown, friable channery silty

clay loam

7 to 13 inches—strong brown, firm channery silty clay

Substratum:

13 to 21 inches—strong brown, firm very channery

silty clay

Bedrock:

21 to 25 inches—soft, thin-bedded shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Apison

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Armuchee

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concern is the hazard of

erosion in areas of the Apison and Armuchee soils.

The moderate available water capacity is an additional

limitation in areas of the Apison soil. The shallow root

zone, depth to bedrock, and low available water

capacity are additional limitations in areas of the

Armuchee soil.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,
32 Soil Survey

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips

help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderate available

water capacity of the Apison soil and the low available

water capacity of the Armuchee soil.

• Yields are reduced during periods of low

precipitation.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is good in

areas of the Apison soil and fair in areas of the

Armuchee soil.

• Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing

food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are low strength, the depth to

bedrock, and the steepness of slope. The moderate

permeability, the clayey subsoil, and the moderate

shrink-swell potential are additional limitations in areas

of the Armuchee soil.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the soils are used as a

source of roadfill.

• The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting some

building site development.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• The clayey texture and moderate permeability in

the subsoil of the Armuchee soil are limitations

affecting some sanitary facilities and building site

development.

• The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil of the

Armuchee soil may be a limitation when footers and

basements are constructed.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: Apison—3e;

Armuchee—4e

ApD2—Apison-Armuchee complex, 12 to

25 percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and side slopes

Size of areas: 20 to 400 acres

Major land use: Hay and pasture

Composition

Apison soil and similar components: 40 to

50 percent

Armuchee soil and similar components: 30 to

40 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Hamblen and Leadvale soils along drainageways

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of soils that are more than 40

inches deep over bedrock
Polk County, Tennessee 33

Typical Profile

Apison

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown, very friable silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 20 inches—brownish yellow, friable silt

loam

20 to 30 inches—brownish yellow, friable channery

silt loam

Bedrock:

30 to 61 inches—pale brown, soft shale

Armuchee

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown, very friable

channery silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 7 inches—yellowish brown, friable channery silty

clay loam

7 to 13 inches—strong brown, firm channery silty

clay

Substratum:

13 to 21 inches—strong brown, firm very channery

silty clay

Bedrock:

21 to 25 inches—soft, thin-bedded shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Apison

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Armuchee

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion and the steepness of slope. The moderate

available water capacity is an additional limitation in

areas of the Apison soil. The shallow root zone, the

depth to bedrock, and the low available water capacity

are additional limitations in areas of the Armuchee

soil.

• Intensive erosion-control measures are needed if

these soils are used for cultivated crops.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderate available

water capacity of the Apison soil and the low available

water capacity of the Armuchee soil.

• The steepness of slope can be a limitation affecting

hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The major management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by

establishing roads and trails as closely on the contour

as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes are generally short enough that conventional

equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have
34 Soil Survey

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the seasonal

high water table and the shallow rooting depth of the

Armuchee soil.

• Aspect, depth to bedrock, and stoniness should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until the

desired stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is good in

areas of the Apison soil and fair in areas of the

Armuchee soil.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are low strength, the depth to

bedrock, and the steepness of slope.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the soils are used as a

source of roadfill.

• The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting some

building site development.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• The moderate permeability in the subsoil of the

Armuchee soil and the clayey subsoil are limitations

affecting some sanitary facilities and building site

development.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential in the subsoil of

the Armuchee soil may be a limitation when footers

and basements are constructed.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: Apison—4e;

Armuchee—6e

Ar—Arkaqua-Suches complex,

occasionally flooded

Setting

Landscape position: Flood plains

Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres

Major land use: Hay, pasture, or row crops

Composition

Arkaqua soil and similar components: 30 to 55 percent

Suches soil and similar components: 25 to 50 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Tate soils at the slightly higher elevations

• Soils that are not flooded or are subject to rare

flooding

Similar components:

• Soils that have less clay in the subsoil than the

Arkaqua and Suches soils

Typical Profile

Arkaqua

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown, very friable silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 13 inches—olive brown, friable silt loam

13 to 25 inches—light olive brown, friable silt loam

25 to 37 inches—very dark gray, friable silt loam

Substratum:

37 to 41 inches—dark gray, friable loam

41 to 50 inches—mottled very dark gray and dark

gray, friable loam

50 to 61 inches—stratified layers of gravel

Suches

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark brown, friable loam

Subsoil:

10 to 23 inches—yellowish brown, friable loam

23 to 31 inches—yellowish brown, friable loam that

has grayish brown mottles

31 to 41 inches—light brownish gray, friable loam
Polk County, Tennessee 35

Substratum:

41 to 60 inches—light brownish gray, friable stratified

loam and fine sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Arkaqua

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 18 and

24 inches

Flooding: Occasional; in winter and early spring

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

unless limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Suches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 30 and

48 inches

Flooding: Occasional; in winter and early spring

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

unless limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the seasonal high water

table in areas of the Arkaqua soil and the flooding in

areas of the Arkaqua and Suches soils.

• In some years the wetness delays planting or

hinders harvesting in areas of the Arkaqua soil.

• Species that have a short growing season and

can tolerate the wetness should be selected for

planting.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management, and

cover crops help to control erosion, increase the rate

of infiltration, and maintain soil tilth.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations, except for the flooding and the

wetness, affect the management of pasture and

hayland.

• Some hay crops may be damaged by flooding in the

spring.

• The species that can tolerate the wetness and the

flooding should be selected for planting.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the equipment

limitation and the seedling mortality rate in areas of

the Arkaqua soil and plant competition in areas of the

Arkaqua and Suches soils.

• Operating equipment when the soils are wet may

result in excessive rutting and miring. These hazards

can be avoided by delaying equipment use until the

soils are dry and adding gravel or other suitable

subgrade material to the main roads.

• Nearby areas of better suited soils should be

selected as sites for roads if possible.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the seasonal

high water table.

• Depth to the seasonal high water table should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Preparing the seedbed so that seedlings can be

planted on ridges helps to overcome the wetness.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair or

good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.
36 Soil Survey

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the flooding and the

wetness, which are difficult to overcome.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: Arkaqua—4w;

Suches—2w

AuC2—Armuchee channery silt loam, 5 to

12 percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and side slopes

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Major land use: Pasture, hay, or woodland

Composition

Armuchee soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Hamblen and Leadvale soils along

drainageways

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Apison and Needmore

soils

• Intermingled areas of soils that have less clay in the

subsoil than the Armuchee soil

• Scattered areas of soils that have a lower content of

rock fragments than the Armuchee soil

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown, very friable

channery silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 7 inches—yellowish brown, friable channery silty

clay loam

7 to 13 inches—strong brown, firm channery silty

clay

Substratum:

13 to 21 inches—strong brown, firm very channery

silty clay

Bedrock:

21 to 25 inches—soft, thin-bedded shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the depth to bedrock, and the low available

water capacity.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips

help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the low available water

capacity.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.
Polk County, Tennessee 37

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant on

this soil.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is fair.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderately slow

permeability, the clayey subsoil, low strength, the

shrink-swell potential, the depth to bedrock, and the

steepness of slope.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 4e

AuD2—Armuchee channery silt loam,

12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and side slopes

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Major land use: Pasture, hay, or woodland

Composition

Armuchee soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Hamblen and Leadvale soils along drainageways

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Apison and Needmore soils

• Soils that have less clay in the subsoil than the

Armuchee soil

• Scattered areas of soils that have a lower content of

rock fragments than the Armuchee soil

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown, very friable

channery silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 7 inches—yellowish brown, friable channery silty

clay loam

7 to 13 inches—strong brown, firm channery silty

clay

Substratum:

13 to 21 inches—strong brown, firm very channery

silty clay

Bedrock:

21 to 25 inches—soft, thin-bedded shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the depth to bedrock, and the low available

water capacity.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the low available water

capacity and the steepness of slope.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred
38 Soil Survey

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as

possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance to the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes are generally short enough that conventional

equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the low

available water capacity.

• The depth to bedrock should be considered carefully

when planting sites are selected for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is fair.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderately slow

permeability, the clayey subsoil, low strength, the

shrink-swell potential, the depth to bedrock, and the

steepness of slope.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 6e

AuE—Armuchee channery silt loam, 25 to

50 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and side slopes

Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Armuchee soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Hamblen and Leadvale soils along drainageways

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Apison and Needmore soils

• Intermingled areas of soils that have less clay in the

subsoil than the Armuchee soil

• Scattered areas of soils that have a lower content of

rock fragments than the Armuchee soil
Polk County, Tennessee 39

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown, very friable

channery silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 17 inches—yellowish brown, friable channery silty

clay loam

Substratum:

17 to 24 inches—strong brown, firm very channery

silty clay

Bedrock:

24 to 60 inches—soft, thin-bedded shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the depth to bedrock, and the low available

water capacity.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the low available water

capacity and the steepness of slope.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance to the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes are generally short enough that conventional

equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the low

available water capacity.

• The depth to bedrock should be considered carefully

when planting sites are selected for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is fair.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderately slow

permeability, the clayey subsoil, low strength, the

shrink-swell potential, the depth to bedrock, and the

steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.
40 Soil Survey

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 7e

BrC—Brevard loam, 5 to 15 percent

slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Footslopes, coves, and valley-fill

areas

Size of areas: 20 to 250 acres

Major land use: Woodland or pasture

Composition

Brevard soil and similar components: 85 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Intermingled areas of Junaluska soils on the

adjacent side slopes

• Suches soils along streams and drainageways

Similar components:

• Small, intermingled areas of Citico soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark brown, very friable loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 7 inches—strong brown, very friable silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 70 inches—yellowish red, friable silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field

borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and

runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den

sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.
Polk County, Tennessee 41

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations affecting urban uses are the

moderate permeability and the steepness of slope.

• The moderate permeability in the subsoil is a

limitation affecting some sanitary facilities.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 3e

BrD—Brevard loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Footslopes, coves, and valley-fill

areas

Size of areas: 25 to 150 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Brevard soil and similar components: 85 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Intermingled areas of Junaluska soils on the

adjacent side slopes

• Suches soils along streams and drainageways

Similar components:

• Small, intermingled areas of Citico soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark brown, very friable loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 7 inches—strong brown, very friable silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 70 inches—yellowish red, friable silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage

system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips

help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.
42 Soil Survey

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are

short enough that conventional equipment can be

used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations affecting urban uses are

the moderate permeability and the steepness of

slope.

• The moderate permeability in the subsoil is a

limitation affecting some sanitary facilities.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 4e

BrE—Brevard loam, 25 to 45 percent

slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Footslopes, coves, and valley-fill

areas

Size of areas: 25 to 150 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Brevard soil and similar components: 85 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Intermingled areas of Junaluska and Tsali soils on

the adjacent side slopes

• Suches soils along streams and drainageways

Similar components:

• Small, intermingled areas of Citico soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark brown, very friable loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 7 inches—strong brown, very friable silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 70 inches—yellowish red, friable silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concern is the hazard of

erosion.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.
Polk County, Tennessee 43

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations affecting urban uses are the

moderate permeability and the steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 7e

CaF—Cataska-Rock outcrop complex,

35 to 65 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland shoulder slopes and the

upper side slopes, mainly on Starr and Chilhowee

Mountains

Size of areas: 300 to 800 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Cataska soil and similar components: 60 to 80 percent

Rock outcrop and similar components: 15 to

25 percent

Contrasting components: 15 to 25 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Keener soils in coves and on benches

• Unicoi soils in areas where sandstone bedrock is

dominant

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Junaluska and Tsali soils in

landscape positions similar to those of the Cataska

soil

Typical Profile

Cataska

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown, very friable

channery silt loam

Subsurface layer:

1 to 5 inches—brown, very friable channery silt loam

Subsoil:

5 to 15 inches—strong brown, friable very channery

silt loam

Bedrock:

15 to 24 inches—soft, thin-bedded phyllite

24 inches—hard, fractured phyllite
44 Soil Survey

Rock outcrop

The Rock outcrop occurs as areas of exposed

phyllite, slate, and metamorphosed shale and

siltstone. It is in scattered areas throughout this unit.

Most outcrops protrude a few inches to about

24 inches above the surface. Some are on nearly

vertical bluffs. Rock outcrop supports little or no

vegetation.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Cataska

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid

Available water capacity: Very low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the shallow root zone, the depth to bedrock,

the very low available water capacity, and the Rock

outcrop.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the very low available water

capacity, the Rock outcrop, and the steepness of

slope.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

the seedling mortality rate, and the hazard of

windthrow.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of a shallow

rooting depth and the very low available water

capacity.

• Aspect, the depth to bedrock, and the stoniness

should be considered carefully when planting sites are

selected for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the

shallow root zone.

• The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a

carefully regulated thinning program.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the depth to bedrock and

the steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: Cataska—7s; Rock

outcrop—8s

CaG—Cataska-Rock outcrop complex,

65 to 90 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upper side slopes along the

Ocoee and Hiwassee Rivers

Size of areas: 100 to 800 acres

Major land use: Woodland
Polk County, Tennessee 45

Composition

Cataska soil and similar components: 60 to

80 percent

Rock outcrop and similar components: 15 to

25 percent

Contrasting components: 15 to 25 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Keener soils in coves and on benches

• Unicoi soils in areas where sandstone bedrock is

dominant

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Junaluska and Tsali soils in

landscape positions similar to those of the Cataska

soil

Typical Profile

Cataska

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown, very friable

channery silt loam

Subsurface layer:

1 to 5 inches—brown, very friable channery silt

loam

Subsoil:

5 to 15 inches—strong brown, friable very channery

silt loam

Bedrock:

15 to 24 inches—soft, thin-bedded phyllite

24 inches—hard, fractured phyllite

Rock outcrop

The Rock outcrop occurs as areas of exposed

phyllite, slate, and metamorphosed shale and

siltstone. It is in scattered areas throughout this unit.

Most outcrops protrude a few inches to about

24 inches above the surface. Some are on nearly

vertical bluffs. Rock outcrop supports little or no

vegetation.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Cataska

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid

Available water capacity: Very low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the shallow root zone, the depth to bedrock,

the very low available water capacity, and the Rock

outcrop.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the very low available water

capacity, the Rock outcrop, and the steepness of

slope.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

the seedling mortality rate, and the hazard of

windthrow.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of a shallow

rooting depth and the very low available water

capacity.
46 Soil Survey

• Aspect, the depth to bedrock, and the stoniness

should be considered carefully when planting sites are

selected for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the

shallow root zone.

• The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a

carefully regulated thinning program.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to

plant.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the depth to bedrock and

the steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: Cataska—7s; Rock

outcrop—8s

CcD—Citico channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Lower side slopes in the Southern

Blue Ridge Mountains

Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Citico soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Junaluska and Tsali soils on the

adjacent side slopes

Similar components:

• A few areas of Tusquitee soils in coves

• Intermingled areas of Keener soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown, very friable

channery silt loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable channery

silt loam

Subsoil:

12 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable very

channery silt loam

Substratum:

31 to 45 inches—yellowish brown, friable very flaggy

silt loam

Bedrock:

45 inches—hard phyllite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concern is the hazard of

erosion.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant

competition.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.
Polk County, Tennessee 47

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are

short enough that conventional equipment can be

used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species

may be a problem when establishing a new forest

crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to

plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting some

building site development.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 6e

CcF—Citico channery silt loam, 35 to

65 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Lower side slopes in the Southern

Blue Ridge Mountains

Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Citico soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Junaluska and Tsali soils on the

adjacent side slopes

Similar components:

• A few areas of Tusquitee soils in coves

• Intermingled areas of Keener soils

• Brevard soils on footslopes

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown, very friable

channery silt loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable channery

silt loam

Subsoil:

12 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable very

channery silt loam

Substratum:

31 to 45 inches—yellowish brown, friable very flaggy

silt loam

Bedrock:

45 inches—hard phyllite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited
48 Soil Survey

Management considerations:

• The main management concern is the hazard of

erosion.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant

competition.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the depth to bedrock and

the steepness of slope.

• A better suited site should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 7e

CoC2—Collegedale silt loam, 5 to

12 percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and side slopes

Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres

Major land use: Pasture, hay, or woodland

Composition

Collegedale soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Hamblen and Toccoa soils along streams and

narrow drainageways

• Intermingled areas of Apison and Armuchee soils

where shale bedrock is dominant

• Isolated areas of Talbott soils

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Decatur, Minvale, and

Waynesboro soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown, friable silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches—yellowish red, firm clay

17 to 26 inches—strong brown, firm clay

26 to 45 inches—yellowish red, firm clay

45 to 53 inches—mottled yellowish red, yellowish

brown, strong brown, and white, firm silty clay

53 to 65 inches—yellowish red, firm clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained
Polk County, Tennessee 49

Permeability: Moderate or moderately slow

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid unless

limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field

borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and

runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderate permeability,

the clayey subsoil, low strength, the shrink-swell

potential, and the steepness of slope.

• The moderate permeability and the clayey textures

in the subsoil are limitations affecting some sanitary

facilities and building site development.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the soil is used as a source

of roadfill.

• The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a

limitation when footers and basements are

constructed.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 4e

CoD2—Collegedale silt loam, 12 to

25 percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and side slopes

Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres

Major land use: Woodland, pasture, or hay
50 Soil Survey

Composition

Collegedale soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Hamblen and Toccoa soils along streams and

narrow drainageways

• Intermingled areas of Apison and Armuchee soils

where shale bedrock is dominant

• Isolated areas of Talbott soils

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Decatur, Minvale, and

Waynesboro soils

• Severely eroded soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown, friable silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 17 inches—yellowish red, firm clay

17 to 26 inches—strong brown, firm clay

26 to 45 inches—yellowish red, firm clay

45 to 53 inches—mottled yellowish red, yellowish

brown, strong brown, and white, firm silty clay

53 to 65 inches—yellowish red, firm clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately slow

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid unless

limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concern is the hazard of

erosion.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant

competition.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair, and

the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.

• Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing

food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.
Polk County, Tennessee 51

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderate permeability,

the clayey subsoil, low strength, the shrink-swell

potential, and the steepness of slope.

• The moderate permeability and the clayey textures

in the subsoil are limitations affecting some sanitary

facilities and building site development.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the soil is used as a source

of roadfill.

• The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a

limitation when footers and basements are

constructed.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 6e

DeB2—Decatur silt loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape position: High stream terraces

Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres

Major land use: Hay, pasture, or cultivated crops

Composition

Decatur soil and similar components: 85 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Emory soils in depressions and along drainageways

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Collegedale and Waynesboro

soils

• Scattered areas of soils that have less clay in the

subsoil than the Decatur soil

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark reddish brown, friable silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 28 inches—dark red, friable clay

28 to 67 inches—dark red, firm clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of cropland.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter

strips help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.
52 Soil Survey

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to

plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is

good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderate permeability,

the clayey subsoil, low strength, and the shrink-swell

potential.

• The moderate permeability and the clayey textures

in the subsoil are limitations affecting some sanitary

facilities and building site development.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the soil is used as a source

of roadfill.

• The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a

limitation when footers and basements are

constructed.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 2e

DeC2—Decatur silt loam, 5 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape position: High stream terraces

Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres

Major land use: Hay, pasture, or cultivated crops

Composition

Decatur soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Emory soils in depressions and along

drainageways

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Collegedale and Waynesboro

soils

• Scattered areas of soils that have less clay in the

subsoil than the Decatur soil

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark reddish brown, friable silt

loam

Subsoil:

6 to 28 inches—dark red, friable clay

28 to 67 inches—dark red, firm clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field

borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and

runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.
Polk County, Tennessee 53

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderate permeability,

the clayey subsoil, low strength, the shrink-swell

potential, and the steepness of slope.

• The moderate permeability and the clayey textures

in the subsoil are limitations affecting some sanitary

facilities and building site development.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the soil is used as a source

of roadfill.

• The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a

limitation when footers and basements are

constructed.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 3e

DeD2—Decatur silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape position: High stream terraces

Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres

Major land use: Hay, pasture, or cultivated crops

Composition

Decatur soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Emory soils in depressions and along drainageways

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Collegedale and Waynesboro

soils

• Scattered areas of soils that have less clay in the

subsoil than the Decatur soil

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark reddish brown, friable silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 28 inches—dark red, friable clay

28 to 67 inches—dark red, firm clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage

system is used.
54 Soil Survey

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips

help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant

competition.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes are generally short enough that conventional

equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderate permeability,

the clayey subsoil, low strength, the shrink-swell

potential, and the steepness of slope.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 4e

DtD—Ditney loam, 12 to 35 percent

slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridgetops, shoulder

slopes, and the upper side slopes

Size of areas: 25 to 250 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Ditney soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Evard soils

• Small areas of Tsali soils

• Unicoi soils in convex areas

• Jeffrey soils on footslopes and in coves

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Junaluska soils
Polk County, Tennessee 55

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark yellowish brown, very friable

loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—yellowish brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches—yellowish brown, friable loam

15 to 25 inches—strong brown, friable cobbly loam

25 to 35 inches—brown, friable cobbly loam

Bedrock:

35 inches—hard arkosic sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concern is the hazard of

erosion.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderate available

water capacity and the steepness of slope.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the equipment

limitation, plant competition, and the seedling mortality

rate.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the moderate

available water capacity.

• Aspect and the depth to bedrock should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the depth to bedrock and

the steepness of slope.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation may

help to overcome the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 6e

DtF—Ditney loam, 35 to 65 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridgetops, shoulder

slopes, and the upper side slopes

Size of areas: 20 to 250 acres

Major land use: Woodland
56 Soil Survey

Composition

Ditney soil and similar components: 85 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Evard soils

• Small areas of Tsali soils

• Unicoi soils in convex areas

• Jeffrey soils on footslopes and in coves

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Junaluska soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark yellowish brown, very friable loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—yellowish brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches—yellowish brown, friable loam

15 to 25 inches—strong brown, friable cobbly loam

25 to 35 inches—brown, friable cobbly loam

Bedrock:

35 inches—hard arkosic sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concern is the hazard of

erosion.

• A better suited site should be considered.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderate available

water capacity and the steepness of slope.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the erosion

hazard, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the moderate

available water capacity.

• Aspect and the depth to bedrock should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.
Polk County, Tennessee 57

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the depth to bedrock and

the steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 7e

Ea—Emory silt loam, 0 to 4 percent

slopes, occasionally flooded

Setting

Landscape position: Flood plains, narrow

drainageways, and upland depressions

Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres

Major land use: Pasture, hay, or row crops

Composition

Emory soil and similar components: 80 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Soils that are at the slightly higher elevations and

are not flooded

• Isolated areas of Decatur, Collegedale, and

Waynesboro soils

Similar components:

• Soils that have lighter colors in the surface layer than

the Emory soil

• Moderately well drained soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown, friable silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 23 inches—dark reddish brown, friable silty clay

loam

Buried surface layer:

23 to 32 inches—dark reddish brown, friable silt loam

Buried subsoil:

32 to 38 inches—reddish brown, friable silty clay loam

38 to 46 inches—strong brown, friable silty clay loam

46 to 60 inches—strong brown, firm clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

60 inches

Flooding: Occasional; in winter and early spring

Soil reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid unless

limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concern is the flooding.

• Some crops may be damaged by flooding in winter

and early spring.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.
58 Soil Survey

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concern is the flooding,

which is difficult to overcome.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 2w

EdC—Evard loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridgetops at the lower

elevations of the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Size of areas: 30 to 300 acres

Major land use: Hay, pasture, cultivated crops, or

woodland

Composition

Evard soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Intermingled areas of Junaluska and Tsali soils

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Hayesville soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

5 to 22 inches—yellowish red, friable clay loam

22 to 32 inches—reddish brown, very friable loam

Substratum:

32 to 60 inches—reddish brown, very friable fine

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field

borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and

runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• The steepness of slope may limit the use of this soil

as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.
Polk County, Tennessee 59

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation affecting urban uses is the

steepness of slope.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation may

help to overcome the slope.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 3e

EdD—Evard loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridgetops and side slopes

at the lower elevations of the Southern Blue Ridge

Mountains

Size of areas: 30 to 350 acres

Major land use: Hay, pasture, or woodland

Composition

Evard soil and similar components: 85 to

95 percent

Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Intermingled areas of Junaluska and Tsali soils

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

• Evard soils that are severely eroded or gullied

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Hayesville soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

5 to 22 inches—yellowish red, friable clay loam

22 to 32 inches—reddish brown, very friable loam

Substratum:

32 to 60 inches—reddish brown, very friable fine

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concern is the hazard of

erosion.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant

competition.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can
60 Soil Survey

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes are generally short enough that conventional

equipment can be used.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to

plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair,

and the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is

good.

• Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing

food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation may

help to overcome the slope.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 6e

ErC—Evard-Hayesville complex, 5 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Uplands in the Copper Basin

Size of areas: 30 to 400 acres

Major land use: Woodland, pasture, or, in many areas,

idle land

Composition

Evard soil and similar components: 40 to 50 percent

Hayesville soil and similar components: 30 to

40 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Tsali soils

• Isolated areas of Gullied land and Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Tate soils on footslopes and alluvial fans

• Intermingled areas of soils that have a higher

content of rock fragments than the Evard and

Hayesville soils

Typical Profile

Evard

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

5 to 22 inches—yellowish red, friable clay loam

22 to 32 inches—reddish brown, very friable loam

Substratum:

32 to 60 inches—reddish brown, very friable fine

sandy loam

Hayesville

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—brown, very friable loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 5 inches—brown, friable loam

Subsoil:

5 to 9 inches—yellowish red, friable clay loam

9 to 30 inches—red, firm clay

30 to 36 inches—red, firm clay loam

36 to 60 inches—red, friable loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Evard

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate
Polk County, Tennessee 61

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Hayesville

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid unless

limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field

borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and

runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to

plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den

sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are low strength and the

steepness of slope.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the Hayesville soil is used

as a source of roadfill.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 3e
62 Soil Survey

ErD—Evard-Hayesville complex, 15 to

30 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Uplands in the Copper Basin

Size of areas: 45 to 500 acres

Major land use: Woodland, pasture, or, in many areas,

idle land

Composition

Evard soil and similar components: 40 to 50 percent

Hayesville soil and similar components: 30 to

40 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Tsali soils

• Isolated areas of Gullied land and Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Tate soils on footslopes and alluvial fans

• Intermingled areas of soils that have a higher

content of rock fragments than the Evard and

Hayesville soils

Typical Profile

Evard

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

5 to 22 inches—yellowish red, friable clay loam

22 to 32 inches—reddish brown, very friable loam

Substratum:

32 to 60 inches—reddish brown, very friable fine

sandy loam

Hayesville

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—brown, very friable loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 5 inches—brown, friable loam

Subsoil:

5 to 9 inches—yellowish red, friable clay loam

9 to 30 inches—red, firm clay

30 to 36 inches—red, firm clay loam

36 to 60 inches—red, friable loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Evard

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Hayesville

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid unless

limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concern is the hazard of

erosion.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of

these soils as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant

competition.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.
Polk County, Tennessee 63

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes are generally short enough that conventional

equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are low strength and the

steepness of slope.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the Hayesville soil is used

as a source of roadfill.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 6e

EvC—Evard-Hayesville complex, 5 to

15 percent slopes, gullied

Setting

Landscape position: Uplands in the Copper Basin

Size of areas: 30 to 400 acres

Major land use: Woodland, pasture, or idle land in

many areas

Composition

Evard soil and similar components: 40 to 50 percent

Hayesville soil and similar components: 30 to

40 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Tsali soils

• Isolated areas of Gullied land and Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Tate soils on footslopes and alluvial fans

• Intermingled areas of soils that have a higher

content of rock fragments than the Evard and

Hayesville soils

Typical Profile

Evard

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

5 to 22 inches—yellowish red, friable clay loam

22 to 32 inches—reddish brown, very friable

loam

Substratum:

32 to 60 inches—reddish brown, very friable fine

sandy loam

Hayesville

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—brown, very friable loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 5 inches—brown, friable loam

Subsoil:

5 to 9 inches—yellowish red, friable clay loam

9 to 30 inches—red, firm clay
64 Soil Survey

30 to 36 inches—red, firm clay loam

36 to 60 inches—red, friable loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Evard

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Hayesville

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid unless

limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation is a necessary management practice

in most areas.

• Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter

strips help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Land shaping and reclamation may be needed in

some gullied areas.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are low strength and the

steepness of slope.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the Hayesville soil is used

as a source of roadfill.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 4e
Polk County, Tennessee 65

EvD—Evard-Hayesville complex, 15 to

30 percent slopes, gullied

Setting

Landscape position: Uplands in the Copper Basin

Size of areas: 45 to 500 acres

Major land use: Woodland, pasture, or, in many areas,

idle land

Composition

Evard soil and similar components: 40 to 50 percent

Hayesville soil and similar components: 30 to

40 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Tsali soils

• Isolated areas of Gullied land and Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Tate soils on footslopes and alluvial fans

• Intermingled areas of soils that have a higher

content of rock fragments than the Evard and

Hayesville soils

Typical Profile

Evard

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

5 to 22 inches—yellowish red, friable clay

loam

22 to 32 inches—reddish brown, very friable

loam

Substratum:

32 to 60 inches—reddish brown, very friable fine

sandy loam

Hayesville

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—brown, very friable loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 5 inches—brown, friable loam

Subsoil:

5 to 9 inches—yellowish red, friable clay loam

9 to 30 inches—red, firm clay

30 to 36 inches—red, firm clay loam

36 to 60 inches—red, friable loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Evard

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Hayesville

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid unless

limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concern is the hazard of

erosion.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• Land shaping and reclamation may be needed in

some gullied areas.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of

these soils as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant

competition.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as

possible.
66 Soil Survey

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes are generally short enough that conventional

equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are low strength and the

steepness of slope.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the Hayesville soil is used

as a source of roadfill.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 6e

GeC—Gullied land-Evard complex, 5 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Uplands in the Copper Basin

Size of areas: 5 to 250 acres

Major land use: Idle land in many areas; covered with

broom sedge, greenbrier, huckleberry, sourwood,

mountain laurel, and sassafras; some areas

planted to loblolly pine, sericea lespedeza,

weeping lovegrass, and Japanese fleece flower

Composition

Gullied land and similar components: 10 to 85 percent

Evard soil and similar components: 15 to 50 percent

Contrasting components: 15 to 25 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

• Udorthents along drainageways

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Evard soils where the subsoil

is exposed

• Isolated areas of Hayesville soils on ridges and

pinnacles between gullies

Typical Profile

Gullied land

The soils in areas of Gullied land vary greatly. Their

color ranges from yellowish brown to red, and texture

is generally loam, clay loam, clay, sandy clay loam,

sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. The thickness of the

surface layer ranges from 0 to 4 inches, and the

thickness of the subsoil ranges from 0 to 20 inches.

Depth to bedrock ranges from 0 to about 48 inches.

Soft and hard quartzite, gneiss, and mica schist are at

the surface in places.

Evard

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown, very friable loam
Polk County, Tennessee 67

Subsoil:

5 to 22 inches—yellowish red, friable clay loam

22 to 32 inches—reddish brown, very friable loam

Substratum:

32 to 60 inches—reddish brown, very friable fine

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Gullied land

The Gullied land consists of truncated soils and

areas of U-shaped and V-shaped gullies that formed

when the original soils were denuded of vegetation

and very severely eroded. It includes some areas of

Rock outcrop where most of the subsoil has been

removed by erosion. Some areas of original soils exist

as islands and ridges between gullies. Soil properties

and qualities vary greatly. Onsite investigation is

needed when the use and management of specific

sites are planned.

Evard

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the Gullied land.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the Gullied land.

• Soils in areas that have been gullied and truncated

can be reclaimed by land shaping.

• The gullied areas increase the difficulty of

establishing vegetation and properly managing

pastures.

• The steepness of slope may limit the use of this map

unit as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by land

shaping; installing terraces, diversions, and grassed

waterways; and establishing herbaceous plants before

trees are planted.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• The use of equipment may be limited in gullied

areas.

• Land shaping and establishing permanent roads and

vegetation help to overcome the equipment limitation.

• Seedlings can be planted by hand in areas where

the use of equipment is limited.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop in

areas of the Evard soil.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop in areas of

Gullied land, the seedling mortality rate may be high

because of a shallow rooting depth and low available

water capacity and because the original surface layer

has been removed by erosion.

• Land shaping, mulching, applying fertilizer, and

establishing herbaceous plants reduce the seedling

mortality rate.

• The depth to bedrock should be considered carefully

when planting sites are selected for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good in areas of the Evard soil.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.
68 Soil Survey

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the gullied areas, the depth

to bedrock, and the steepness of slope.

• Extensive land shaping and site preparation may be

needed.

• The depth to bedrock may be a limitation affecting

some building site development.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

• Onsite investigation is needed when the use and

management of specific sites are planned.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: Gullied land—8e;

Evard—4e

GeD—Gullied land-Evard complex, 15 to

30 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Uplands in the Copper Basin

Size of areas: 5 to 300 acres

Major land use: Idle land in many areas; covered with

broom sedge, greenbrier, huckleberry, sourwood,

mountain laurel, and sassafras; some areas

planted to loblolly pine, sericea lespedeza,

weeping lovegrass, and Japanese fleece flower

Composition

Gullied land and similar components: 10 to 85 percent

Evard soil and similar components: 15 to 65 percent

Contrasting components: 15 to 25 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

• Udorthents along drainageways

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Evard soils where the subsoil

is exposed

• Isolated areas of Hayesville soils on ridges and

pinnacles between gullies

Typical Profile

Gullied land

The soils in areas of Gullied land vary greatly. Their

color ranges from yellowish brown to red, and texture

is generally loam, clay loam, clay, sandy clay loam,

sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. The thickness of the

surface layer ranges from 0 to 4 inches, and the

thickness of the subsoil ranges from 0 to 20 inches.

Depth to bedrock ranges from 0 to about 48 inches.

Soft and hard quartzite, gneiss, and mica schist are at

the surface in places.

Evard

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

5 to 22 inches—yellowish red, friable clay loam

22 to 32 inches—reddish brown, very friable

loam

Substratum:

32 to 60 inches—reddish brown, very friable fine

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Gullied land

The Gullied land consists of truncated soils and

areas of U-shaped and V-shaped gullies that formed

when the original soils were denuded of vegetation

and very severely eroded. It includes some areas of

Rock outcrop where most of the subsoil has been

removed by erosion. Some areas of original soils exist

as islands and ridges between gullies. Soil properties

and qualities vary greatly. Onsite investigation is

needed when the use and management of specific

sites are planned.

Evard

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None
Polk County, Tennessee 69

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion and the gullied areas.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the Gullied land.

• Soils in areas that have been gullied and truncated

can be reclaimed by land shaping.

• The gullied areas and the steepness of slope

increase the difficulty of establishing vegetation and

properly managing pastures.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting

hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by land

shaping; installing terraces, diversions, and grassed

waterways; and establishing herbaceous plants before

trees are planted.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are

short enough that conventional equipment can be

used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes.

• The use of equipment may be limited in gullied

areas.

• Land shaping and establishing permanent roads and

vegetation help to overcome the equipment limitation.

• Seedlings can be planted by hand in areas where

the use of equipment is limited.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop in

areas of the Evard soil.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop in areas of

Gullied land, the seedling mortality rate may be high

because of a shallow rooting depth and low available

water capacity and because the original surface layer

has been removed by erosion.

• Land shaping, mulching, applying fertilizer, and

establishing herbaceous plants reduce the seedling

mortality rate.

• The depth to bedrock should be considered carefully

when planting sites are selected for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good in areas of the Evard soil.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited
70 Soil Survey

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the gullied areas, the depth

to bedrock, and the steepness of slope.

• Extensive land shaping and site preparation may be

needed.

• The depth to bedrock may be a limitation affecting

some building site development.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Onsite investigation is needed when the use and

management of specific sites are planned.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: Gullied land—8e;

Evard—6e

GuE—Gullied land, 5 to 35 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Uplands in the Copper Basin

Size of areas: 5 to 120 acres

Major land use: Idle land in most areas; some areas

have been planted to loblolly pine, Japanese

fleece flower, sericea lespedeza, and weeping

lovegrass; native plants include broom sedge,

greenbrier, huckleberry, sourwood, and upland

oaks

Composition

Gullied land and similar components: 75 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 25 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Rock outcrop

• Udifluvents along drainageways

Similar components:

• Isolated areas of Evard and Hayesville soils on

ridges and pinnacles between gullies

Typical Profile

The soils in these areas vary greatly. Their color

ranges from yellowish brown to red, and texture is

generally loam, clay loam, clay, sandy clay loam,

sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. The thickness of the

surface layer ranges from 0 to 4 inches, and the

thickness of the subsoil ranges from 0 to 20 inches.

Depth to bedrock ranges from 0 to about 48 inches.

Soft and hard quartzite, gneiss, and mica schist are at

the surface in places.

Soil Properties and Qualities

The Gullied land consists of truncated soils and

areas of U-shaped and V-shaped gullies that formed

when the original soils were denuded of vegetation

and very severely eroded. It includes some areas of

Rock outcrop where most of the subsoil has been

removed by erosion. Some areas of original soils exist

as islands and ridges between gullies. Soil properties

and qualities vary greatly. Onsite investigation is

needed when the use and management of specific

sites are planned.

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion and the gullied areas.

• Extensive land shaping, intensive erosion-control

measures, and applications of fertilizer are needed if

this map unit is used as cropland.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the Gullied land.

• Soils in areas that have been gullied and truncated

can be reclaimed by land shaping.

• The gullied areas and the steepness of slope

increase the difficulty of establishing vegetation and

properly managing pastures.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting

hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by land

shaping; installing terraces, diversions, and grassed

waterways; and establishing herbaceous plants before

trees are planted.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.
Polk County, Tennessee 71

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are

short enough that conventional equipment can be

used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes.

• The use of equipment may be limited in gullied

areas.

• Land shaping and establishing permanent roads and

vegetation help to overcome the equipment limitation.

• Seedlings can be planted by hand in areas where

the use of equipment is limited.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop in

areas of the included Evard soils.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop in areas of this

map unit, the seedling mortality rate may be high

because of a shallow rooting depth and low available

water capacity and because the original surface layer

has been removed by erosion.

• Land shaping, mulching, applying fertilizer, and

establishing herbaceous plants reduce the seedling

mortality rate.

• The depth to bedrock should be considered carefully

when planting sites are selected for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the gullied areas, the depth

to bedrock, and the steepness of slope.

• Onsite investigation is needed when the use and

management of specific sites are planned.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 8e

Ha—Hamblen silt loam, occasionally

flooded

Setting

Landscape position: Flood plains

Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres

Major land use: Hay, pasture, or cultivated crops

Composition

Hamblen soil and similar components: 80 to 90

percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Waynesboro soils on stream terraces

Similar components:

• Small areas of Sequatchie and Whitwell soils on low

terraces

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown, friable silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable silt

loam

17 to 28 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable clay

loam

28 to 46 inches—yellowish brown, friable clay

loam

Substratum:

46 to 60 inches—mottled brown, yellowish brown, and

light red, friable clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 24 and

36 inches

Flooding: Occasional; in winter and early spring

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to neutral

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the flooding and the

wetness.

• Some crops may be damaged by flooding in winter

and early spring.

• The species that can tolerate the moderate wetness

should be selected for planting.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management, and

cover crops help to control erosion, increase the rate

of infiltration, and maintain soil tilth.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited
72 Soil Survey

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the flooding and the

wetness.

• Some hay crops may be damaged by flooding in the

spring.

• The species that can tolerate the moderate wetness

and the flooding should be selected for planting.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are plant

competition and the seedling mortality rate.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the seasonal

high water table.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is

good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the flooding and the

wetness, which are difficult to overcome.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 2w

JeD—Jeffrey channery loam, 12 to

35 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and side slopes at

the higher elevations

Size of areas: 25 to 200 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Jeffrey soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Tusquitee soils in coves and on the lower side

slopes

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Ditney, Junaluska, and Tsali soils

in landscape positions similar to those of the Jeffrey

soil

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark brown, very friable channery

loam

8 to 11 inches—dark brown, very friable channery

loam

Subsoil:

11 to 22 inches—yellowish brown, friable cobbly

loam

Substratum:

22 to 28 inches—yellowish brown, friable very cobbly

loam

Bedrock:

28 inches—hard arkosic sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low
Polk County, Tennessee 73

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the moderate available water capacity, and

the depth to bedrock.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the steepness of slope and

the moderate available water capacity.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the equipment

limitation and plant competition.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is

good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations affecting urban uses are the

depth to bedrock and the steepness of slope.

• The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting some

building site development.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 6e

JeF—Jeffrey channery loam, 35 to

65 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland side slopes at the higher

elevations

Size of areas: 25 to 250 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Jeffrey soil and similar components: 85 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Tusquitee soils in coves and on the lower side

slopes

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Ditney, Junaluska, and Tsali soils

in landscape positions similar to those of the Jeffrey

soil

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—very dark brown, very friable channery

loam

8 to 11 inches—dark brown, very friable channery

loam
74 Soil Survey

Subsoil:

11 to 22 inches—yellowish brown, friable cobbly

loam

Substratum:

22 to 28 inches—yellowish brown, friable very cobbly

loam

Bedrock:

28 inches—hard arkosic sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion and the depth to bedrock.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of

slope.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as

possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the moderate

available water capacity.

• Aspect and the depth to bedrock should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the depth to bedrock and

the steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 7e
Polk County, Tennessee 75

JkD—Junaluska fine sandy loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges, shoulder slopes,

and side slopes in the lower Southern Blue Ridge

Mountains

Size of areas: 20 to 500 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Junaluska soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

• Keener soils in coves and along drainageways

• A few areas of Arkaqua and Suches soils on narrow

flood plains

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of soils that have a higher

content of rock fragments than the Junaluska

soil

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—brown, very friable fine sandy

loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 11 inches—strong brown, very friable fine sandy

loam

Subsoil:

11 to 21 inches—yellowish red, friable sandy clay

loam

Substratum:

21 to 26 inches—yellowish red and red layers of soft

rock and sandy clay loam soil material

Bedrock:

26 to 31 inches—multicolored, weathered and

fractured, soft metasandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion and the low available water capacity.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the steepness of slope and

the low available water capacity.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

the seedling mortality rate, and the hazard of

windthrow.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.
76 Soil Survey

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of a moderately

deep root zone and the low available water capacity.

• Aspect and the depth to bedrock should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the

moderately deep root zone.

• The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a

carefully regulated thinning program.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is fair.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the depth to bedrock and

the steepness of slope.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 6e

JkF—Junaluska fine sandy loam, 35 to

65 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges, shoulder slopes,

and side slopes in the lower Southern Blue Ridge

Mountains

Size of areas: 20 to 900 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Junaluska soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

• Keener soils in coves and along drainageways

• A few areas of Arkaqua and Suches soils on narrow

flood plains

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of soils that have a higher

content of rock fragments than the Junaluska

soil

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—brown, very friable fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 11 inches—strong brown, very friable fine sandy

loam

Subsoil:

11 to 21 inches—yellowish red, friable sandy clay

loam

Substratum:

21 to 26 inches—yellowish red and red layers of soft

rock and sandy clay loam soil material

Bedrock:

26 to 31 inches—multicolored, weathered and

fractured, soft metasandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion and the low available water capacity.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited
Polk County, Tennessee 77

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the steepness of slope and

the low available water capacity.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

the seedling mortality rate, and the hazard of

windthrow.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as

possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of a moderately

deep root zone and the low available water

capacity.

• Aspect and the depth to bedrock should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the

moderately deep root zone.

• The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a

carefully regulated thinning program.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is

fair.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den

sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing

small areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the depth to bedrock and

the steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 7e

JnC—Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 5 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges, shoulder slopes,

and side slopes in the lower Southern Blue Ridge

Mountains

Size of areas: 20 to 500 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Junaluska soil and similar components: 45 to

65 percent

Brasstown soil and similar components: 20 to

55 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

• Keener soils in coves and along drainageways

• A few areas of Arkaqua and Suches soils on narrow

flood plains

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of soils that have a higher

content of rock fragments than the Junaluska and

Brasstown soils
78 Soil Survey

Typical Profile

Junaluska

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—brown, very friable fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 11 inches—strong brown, very friable fine sandy

loam

Subsoil:

11 to 21 inches—yellowish red, friable sandy clay

loam

Substratum:

21 to 26 inches—yellowish red and red layers of soft

rock and sandy clay loam soil material

Bedrock:

26 to 31 inches—multicolored, weathered and

fractured, soft metasandstone

Brasstown

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches— dark brown, friable channery fine

sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 10 inches—yellowish red, very friable channery

sandy clay loam

10 to 29 inches—red, friable channery sandy clay

loam

29 to 37 inches—red, very friable channery fine sandy

loam

Substratum:

37 to 46 inches—multicolored, friable channery very

fine sandy loam

Bedrock:

46 to 60 inches—multicolored, weathered and

fractured metasandstone and phyllite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Junaluska

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Brasstown

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion and the low available water capacity in areas

of the Junaluska soil.

• Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage

system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation is a necessary management practice

in most areas.

• Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter

strips help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the steepness of slope and

the low available water capacity.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of

these soils as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are plant

competition and the seedling mortality rate in areas of

the Junaluska and Brasstown soils and a hazard of

windthrow in areas of the Junaluska soil.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of a moderately
Polk County, Tennessee 79

deep root zone and the low available water capacity in

areas of the Junaluska soil.

• Aspect and the depth to bedrock should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Windthrow is a hazard in areas of the Junaluska soil

because of the moderately deep root zone.

• The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a

carefully regulated thinning program.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is fair in

areas of the Junaluska soil and good in areas of the

Brasstown soil.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the steepness of slope in

areas of the Junaluska and Brasstown soils and the

depth to bedrock in areas of the Junaluska soil.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 4e

JnD—Junaluska-Brasstown complex,

15 to 35 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges, shoulder slopes,

and side slopes in the lower Southern Blue Ridge

Mountains

Size of areas: 20 to 500 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Junaluska soil and similar components: 45 to

65 percent

Brasstown soil and similar components: 20 to

55 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

• Keener soils in coves and along drainageways

• A few areas of Arkaqua and Suches soils on narrow

flood plains

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of soils that have a higher

content of rock fragments than the Junaluska and

Brasstown soils

Typical Profile

Junaluska

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—brown, very friable fine sandy

loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 11 inches—strong brown, very friable fine sandy

loam

Subsoil:

11 to 21 inches—yellowish red, friable sandy clay

loam

Substratum:

21 to 26 inches—yellowish red and red layers of soft

rock and sandy clay loam soil material

Bedrock:

26 to 31 inches—multicolored, weathered and

fractured, soft metasandstone

Brasstown

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches— dark brown, friable channery fine

sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 10 inches—yellowish red, very friable channery

sandy clay loam

10 to 29 inches—red, friable channery sandy clay

loam

29 to 37 inches—red, very friable channery fine sandy

loam

Substratum:

37 to 46 inches—multicolored, friable channery very

fine sandy loam

Bedrock:

46 to 60 inches—multicolored, weathered and

fractured metasandstone and phyllite
80 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities

Junaluska

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Brasstown

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion in areas of the Junaluska and Brasstown soils

and the low available water capacity in areas of the

Junaluska soil.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the low available water

capacity in areas of the Junaluska soil and the

steepness of slope in areas of the Junaluska and

Brasstown soils.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of

these soils as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

windthrow in areas of the Junaluska soil and the

hazard of erosion, the equipment limitation, plant

competition, and the seedling mortality rate in areas of

the Junaluska and Brasstown soils.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high in areas of the Junaluska

soil because of a moderately deep root zone and the

low available water capacity.

• Aspect and the depth to bedrock should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Windthrow may be a hazard in areas of the

Junaluska soil because of the moderately deep root

zone.

• The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a

carefully regulated thinning program.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is fair in

areas of the Junaluska soil and good in areas of the

Brasstown soil.
Polk County, Tennessee 81

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the depth to bedrock in

areas of the Junaluska soil and the steepness of slope

in areas of the Junaluska and Brasstown soils.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 6e

JtF—Junaluska-Citico complex, 35 to

65 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and side slopes in

the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Size of areas: 25 to 300 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Junaluska soil and similar components: 45 to

65 percent

Citico soil and similar components: 20 to 40 percent

Contrasting components: 15 to 25 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Tusquitee soils in coves

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Soils that have a higher content of rock fragments

throughout than the Junaluska and Citico soils

• Intermingled areas of Keener soils

Typical Profile

Junaluska

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—brown, very friable fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 11 inches—strong brown, very friable fine sandy

loam

Subsoil:

11 to 21 inches—yellowish red, friable sandy clay

loam

Substratum:

21 to 26 inches—yellowish red and red layers

of soft rock and sandy clay loam soil

material

Bedrock:

26 to 31 inches—multicolored, weathered and

fractured, soft metasandstone

Citico

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown, very friable

channery silt loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable channery

silt loam

Subsoil:

12 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable very

channery silt loam

Substratum:

31 to 45 inches—yellowish brown, friable very flaggy

silt loam

Bedrock:

45 to 50 inches—hard phyllite

Soil Properties and Qualities

Junaluska

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately

acid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Citico

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low
82 Soil Survey

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concern is the hazard of

erosion.

• The depth to bedrock and the low available water

capacity are additional limitations in areas of the

Junaluska soil.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• The low available water capacity is an additional

limitation in areas of the Junaluska soil.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

the seedling mortality rate, and the hazard of

windthrow.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of a moderately

deep root zone and the low available water capacity.

• Aspect and the depth to bedrock should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Windthrow may be a hazard in areas of the

Junaluska soil because of the moderately deep root

zone.

• The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a

carefully regulated thinning program.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is fair in

areas of the Junaluska soil and good in areas of the

Citico soil.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the depth to bedrock and

the steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 7e

JuF—Junaluska-Tsali complex, 35 to

65 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Narrow ridges and side slopes in

the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Size of areas: 10 to 500 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Junaluska soil and similar components: 40 to

60 percent

Tsali soil and similar components: 20 to 40 percent
Polk County, Tennessee 83

Contrasting components: 15 to 25 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Intermingled areas of Evard and Hayesville soils

• Tusquitee soils in coves

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Soils that have a higher content of rock fragments

throughout than the Junaluska and Tsali soils

Typical Profile

Junaluska

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—brown, very friable fine sandy

loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 11 inches—strong brown, very friable fine sandy

loam

Subsoil:

11 to 21 inches—yellowish red, friable sandy clay

loam

Substratum:

21 to 26 inches—yellowish red and red layers of soft

rock and sandy clay loam soil material

Bedrock:

26 to 31 inches—multicolored, weathered and

fractured, soft metasandstone

Tsali

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown, very friable channery

loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches—yellowish red, friable channery loam

13 to 18 inches—yellowish red, friable channery clay

loam

Bedrock:

18 to 60 inches—multicolored, weathered and

fractured, soft metasandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Junaluska

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Tsali

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Very low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the depth to bedrock, and the low or very low

available water capacity.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the low or very low available

water capacity and the steepness of slope.

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

the seedling mortality rate, and the hazard of

windthrow.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are

short enough that conventional equipment can be

used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.
84 Soil Survey

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop in

areas of the Junaluska soil.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of a moderately

deep root zone and the low available water

capacity.

• Aspect and the depth to bedrock should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the

moderately deep or shallow root zone.

• The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a

carefully regulated thinning program.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to

plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is fair in

areas of the Junaluska soil and poor in areas of the

Tsali soil.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den

sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are

needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the depth to bedrock and

the steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 7e

KeC—Keener loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland footslopes, toeslopes, and

the lower side slopes

Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Keener soil and similar components: 85 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Cataska and Unicoi soils on the

adjacent side slopes

• Small areas of Keener soils that have steeper slopes

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Soils that have a higher content of rock fragments

throughout than the Keener soil

• Soils that have redder colors and more clay in the

subsoil than the Keener soil; on convex ridges

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown, very friable

loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 9 inches—yellowish brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches—yellowish brown, friable loam

17 to 27 inches—yellowish brown, friable clay loam

27 to 40 inches—strong brown, friable clay loam

40 to 51 inches—yellowish brown, friable loam

Substratum:

51 to 65 inches—yellowish red, very friable loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited
Polk County, Tennessee 85

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field

borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and

runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderate permeability

and the steepness of slope.

• The moderate permeability in the subsoil is a

limitation affecting some sanitary facilities and building

site development.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 3e

KeD—Keener loam, 12 to 25 percent

slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland footslopes, toeslopes, and

the lower side slopes

Size of areas: 10 to 300 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Keener soil and similar components: 85 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Cataska and Unicoi soils on the

adjacent side slopes

• Small areas of Keener soils that have steeper slopes

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Soils that have a higher content of rock fragments

throughout than the Keener soil

• Soils that have redder colors and more clay in the

subsoil than the Keener soil; on convex knobs

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown, very friable

loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 9 inches—yellowish brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

9 to 17 inches—yellowish brown, friable loam

17 to 27 inches—yellowish brown, friable clay loam

27 to 40 inches—strong brown, friable clay loam
86 Soil Survey

40 to 51 inches—yellowish brown, friable loam

Substratum:

51 to 65 inches—yellowish red, very friable loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage

system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A long-term crop rotation is a necessary

management practice in most areas.

• Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips

help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant

competition.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderate permeability

and the steepness of slope.

• The moderate permeability in the subsoil is a

limitation affecting some sanitary facilities and building

site development.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.
Polk County, Tennessee 87

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 4e

LeB—Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes, rarely flooded

Setting

Landscape position: On toeslopes, footslopes, and low

terraces and along narrow drainageways

Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres

Major land use: Pasture, hay, or cultivated crops

Composition

Leadvale soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Isolated areas of Apison and Needmore soils

• Hamblen soils near streams and drainageways

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of soils that are well drained

• Soils that have more clay in the subsoil than the

Leadvale soil

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown, very friable silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 14 inches—yellowish brown, very friable silt loam

14 to 22 inches—brownish yellow, friable silty clay

loam

22 to 31 inches—mottled brownish, yellowish, and

grayish, firm and brittle silty clay loam

31 to 60 inches—mottled light gray and light yellowish

brown, firm silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow or slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Perched water table: Between depths of 24 and

36 inches

Flooding: Rare; in winter and early spring

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the hazard of erosion, a

moderately deep root zone, and the flooding.

• Some crops may be damaged by flooding in winter

and early spring.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter

strips help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Some hay crops may be damaged by flooding in the

spring.

• The species that can tolerate the moderate wetness

and the flooding should be selected for planting.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is

good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den

sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.
88 Soil Survey

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the flooding, the wetness,

the moderately slow or slow permeability, and low

strength.

• The flooding and the wetness are difficult to

overcome.

• The moderately slow or slow permeability in the

subsoil is a limitation affecting some sanitary facilities

and building site development.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the soil is used as a source

of roadfill.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 2e

LkC—Lostcove-Keener complex, 3 to

12 percent slopes, stony

Setting

Landscape position: Upland footslopes, toeslopes, and

the lower side slopes

Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Lostcove soil and similar components: 50 to

70 percent

Keener soil and similar components: 20 to

40 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Cataska and Unicoi soils on the

adjacent side slopes

• Small areas of Lostcove and Keener soils that have

steeper slopes

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Soils that have a lower content of rock fragments

throughout than the Lostcove and Keener soils

• Soils that have redder colors and more clay in the

subsoil than the Lostcove and Keener soils; on convex

ridges

Typical Profile

Lostcove

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown, very friable gravelly

loam

Subsoil:

5 to 19 inches—yellowish brown, friable very cobbly

clay loam

19 to 50 inches—yellowish brown, friable very cobbly

clay loam

50 to 76 inches—yellowish brown, friable very cobbly

clay

Keener

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown, friable cobbly

loam

Subsurface layer:

1 to 13 inches—brown and yellowish brown, friable

cobbly loam

Subsoil:

13 to 37 inches—strong brown, friable cobbly clay

loam

37 to 56 inches—strong brown, friable very cobbly clay

loam

56 to 64 inches—strong brown, friable cobbly sandy

loam

Substratum:

64 to 70 inches—strong brown, friable very cobbly

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Lostcove

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 60 and

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Keener

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas
Polk County, Tennessee 89

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the cobbly

surface layer of the Keener soil and the moderate

hazard of erosion in areas of the Lostcove and Keener

soils.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the cobbly surface layer of the

Keener soil.

• The cobbles in the surface layer of the Keener soil

increase the difficulty of properly managing pastures

and may limit the use of these soils as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations affecting urban uses are the

moderate permeability, the cobbles and stones in the

soils, and the steepness of slope.

• The moderate permeability in the subsoil is a

limitation affecting some sanitary facilities and building

site development.

• The cobbles and stones may cause problems in

areas used for lawns and when the soils are

landscaped or excavated.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: Lostcove—7s;

Keener—3s

LkD—Lostcove-Keener complex, 12 to

25 percent slopes, very stony

Setting

Landscape position: Upland footslopes, toeslopes, and

the lower side slopes

Size of areas: 20 to 400 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Lostcove soil and similar components: 50 to

70 percent

Keener soil and similar components: 20 to 40 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Cataska and Unicoi soils on the

adjacent side slopes

• Small areas of Lostcove and Keener soils that have

steeper slopes

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Soils that have a higher content of rock fragments

throughout than the Lostcove soil

• Soils that have redder colors and more clay in the

subsoil than the Lostcove and Keener soils; on convex

ridges
90 Soil Survey

Typical Profile

Lostcove

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown, very friable gravelly

loam

Subsoil:

5 to 19 inches—yellowish brown, friable very cobbly

clay loam

19 to 50 inches—yellowish brown, friable very cobbly

clay loam

50 to 76 inches—yellowish brown, friable very cobbly

clay

Keener

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown, friable cobbly

loam

Subsurface layer:

1 to 13 inches—brown and yellowish brown, friable

cobbly loam

Subsoil:

13 to 37 inches—strong brown, friable cobbly clay

loam

37 to 56 inches—strong brown, friable very cobbly clay

loam

56 to 64 inches—strong brown, friable cobbly sandy

loam

Substratum:

64 to 70 inches—strong brown, friable very cobbly

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Lostcove

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 60 and

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Keener

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the cobbly surface layer of

the Keener soil and the severe hazard of erosion in

areas of the Lostcove and Keener soils.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the cobbly surface layer of

the Keener soil and the steepness of slope in areas of

the Lostcove and Keener soils.

• The steepness of slope and the cobbles in the

surface layer increase the difficulty of properly

managing pastures and limit the use of these soils as

hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.
Polk County, Tennessee 91

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the cobbly

surface layer of the Keener soil.

• The content of cobbles in the surface layer of the

Keener soil should be taken into consideration when

planting sites are selected for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is

good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderate permeability,

the cobbles and stones in the soils, and the steepness

of slope.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: Lostcove—7s;

Keener—4s

LkF—Lostcove-Keener complex, 25 to

65 percent slopes, very stony

Setting

Landscape position: Upland footslopes, toeslopes, and

the lower side slopes

Size of areas: 15 to 300 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Lostcove soil and similar components: 50 to

70 percent

Keener soil and similar components: 20 to 40 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Cataska and Unicoi soils on the

adjacent side slopes

• Small areas of Lostcove and Keener soils that have

steeper slopes

• Isolated areas of Rock outcrop

Similar components:

• Soils that have a higher content of rock fragments

throughout than the Lostcove soil

• Soils that have redder colors and more clay in the

subsoil than the Lostcove and Keener soils; on convex

ridges

Typical Profile

Lostcove

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown, very friable gravelly

loam

Subsoil:

5 to 19 inches—yellowish brown, friable very cobbly

clay loam

19 to 50 inches—yellowish brown, friable very cobbly

clay loam

50 to 76 inches—yellowish brown, friable very cobbly

clay

Keener

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown, friable cobbly

loam

Subsurface layer:

1 to 13 inches—brown and yellowish brown, friable

cobbly loam

Subsoil:

13 to 37 inches—strong brown, friable cobbly clay

loam

37 to 56 inches—strong brown, friable very cobbly clay

loam

56 to 64 inches—strong brown, friable cobbly sandy

loam

Substratum:

64 to 70 inches—strong brown, friable very cobbly

sandy loam
92 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities

Lostcove

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 60 and

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Keener

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion and the cobbly surface layer.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the steepness of slope and

the cobbly surface layer.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the cobbly

surface layer of the Keener soil.

• The content of cobbles in the surface layer of the

Keener soil should be taken into consideration when

planting sites are selected for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderate permeability,

the cobbles and stones in the soils, and the steepness

of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 7s
Polk County, Tennessee 93

McC—McCamy loam, 5 to 15 percent

slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Ridgetops of Starr and Chilhowee

Mountains, in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

McCamy soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Intermingled areas of Cataska and Unicoi soils

• Keener soils near drainageways

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Junaluska soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark gray, very friable loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 7 inches—yellowish brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

7 to 26 inches—yellowish brown, friable clay loam

Bedrock:

26 to 38 inches—soft, brown and yellow arkosic

sandstone

38 inches—hard arkosic sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the depth to bedrock, and the low available

water capacity.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips

help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the low available water

capacity.

• The steepness of slope can be a limitation affecting

hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the equipment

limitation and plant competition.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes are generally short enough that conventional

equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.
94 Soil Survey

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations affecting urban uses are the

depth to bedrock and the steepness of slope.

• The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting some

building site development.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 3e

McD—McCamy loam, 15 to 35 percent

slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Ridgetops of Starr and Chilhowee

Mountains, in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Size of areas: 30 to 100 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

McCamy soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Intermingled areas of Cataska and Unicoi soils

• Keener soils near drainageways

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Junaluska soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark gray, very friable loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 7 inches—yellowish brown, very friable

loam

Subsoil:

7 to 26 inches—yellowish brown, friable clay loam

Bedrock:

26 to 38 inches—soft, brown and yellow arkosic

sandstone

38 to 42 inches—hard arkosic sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the depth to bedrock, and the low available

water capacity.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the low available water

capacity.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes are generally short enough that conventional

equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have
Polk County, Tennessee 95

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the low

available water capacity.

• Aspect and the depth to bedrock should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to

plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is

good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations affecting urban uses are the

depth to bedrock and the steepness of slope.

• The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting some

building site development.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 6e

MnC—Minvale gravelly silt loam, 5 to

12 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland footslopes and side

slopes

Size of areas: 5 to 120 acres

Major land use: Woodland, hay, or pasture

Composition

Minvale soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Hamblen and Toccoa soils along streams and

drainageways

• Small areas of Apison and Armuchee soils

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Collegedale and Waynesboro

soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown, very friable

gravelly silt loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown, friable gravelly

silt loam

Subsoil:

13 to 21 inches—yellowish brown, friable gravelly silty

clay loam

21 to 28 inches—strong brown, firm gravelly silty clay

loam

28 to 39 inches—mottled yellowish red, strong brown,

and yellowish brown, firm gravelly clay

39 to 68 inches—mottled yellowish red, strong brown,

yellowish brown, and pale brown, firm very

gravelly clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid unless

limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low
96 Soil Survey

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• The gravelly surface layer may hinder tillage.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field

borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and

runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect urban development.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• The gravelly surface layer may be a problem in

areas used for lawns and when the soil is landscaped.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 3e

MnD—Minvale gravelly silt loam, 12 to

25 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland footslopes and side

slopes

Size of areas: 5 to 65 acres

Major land use: Woodland, hay, or pasture

Composition

Minvale soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Hamblen and Toccoa soils along streams and

drainageways

• Small areas of Apison and Armuchee soils

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Collegedale and Waynesboro

soils
Polk County, Tennessee 97

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown, very friable

gravelly silt loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown, friable gravelly

silt loam

Subsoil:

13 to 21 inches—yellowish brown, friable gravelly silty

clay loam

21 to 28 inches—strong brown, firm gravelly silty clay

loam

28 to 39 inches—mottled yellowish red, strong brown,

and yellowish brown, firm gravelly clay

39 to 68 inches—mottled yellowish red, strong brown,

yellowish brown, and pale brown, firm very

gravelly clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid unless

limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage

system is used.

• The gravelly surface layer may hinder tillage.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips

help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the gravelly

surface layer.

• Aspect and the content of gravel in the surface layer

should be taken into consideration when planting sites

are selected for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair, and

the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good.
98 Soil Survey

• Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing

food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation affecting urban uses is the

steepness of slope.

• The gravelly surface layer may be a problem in

areas used for lawns and when the soil is landscaped.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 4e

NeC—Needmore silt loam, 5 to 12 percent

slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and side slopes

Size of areas: 8 to 200 acres

Major land use: Woodland, pasture, or hay

Composition

Needmore soil and similar components: 85 to

95 percent

Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Leadvale soils along drainageways

• Steep areas of Wallen soils

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Apison and Armuchee

soils

• Eroded and severely eroded soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—brown, very friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 7 inches—yellowish brown, friable silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 16 inches—yellowish brown, friable silty clay

16 to 22 inches—strong brown, firm clay

Substratum:

22 to 29 inches—mottled yellowish brown and grayish

brown, firm very channery silty clay

Bedrock:

29 to 34 inches—soft shale bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the depth to bedrock, and the moderate

available water capacity.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field

borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and

runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The moderate available water capacity results in

lower yields during periods of low precipitation.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.
Polk County, Tennessee 99

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderately slow

permeability, the clayey subsoil, low strength, the

shrink-swell potential, the depth to bedrock, and the

steepness of slope.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 4e

NeD—Needmore silt loam, 12 to

25 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and side

slopes

Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres

Major land use: Woodland, pasture, or hay

Composition

Needmore soil and similar components: 85 to

95 percent

Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Leadvale soils along drainageways

• Steep areas of Wallen soils

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Apison and Armuchee

soils

• Eroded and severely eroded soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—brown, very friable silt loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 7 inches—yellowish brown, friable silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 16 inches—yellowish brown, friable silty clay

16 to 22 inches—strong brown, firm clay

Substratum:

22 to 29 inches—mottled yellowish brown and grayish

brown, firm very channery silty clay

Bedrock:

29 to 34 inches—soft shale bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited
100 Soil Survey

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the depth to bedrock, and the moderate

available water capacity.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the steepness of slope and

the moderate available water capacity.

• The steepness of slope increases the difficulty of

properly managing pastures and limits the use of this

soil as hayland.

• The moderate available water capacity results in

lower yields during periods of low precipitation.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant

competition.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes are generally short enough that conventional

equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderately slow

permeability, the clayey subsoil, low strength, the

shrink-swell potential, the depth to bedrock, and the

steepness of slope.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 6e

SeB—Sequatchie silt loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes, rarely flooded

Setting

Landscape position: Low terraces

Size of areas: 20 to 250 acres

Major land use: Cultivated crops, hay, or pasture

(fig. 5)

Composition

Sequatchie soil and similar components: 80 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent
Polk County, Tennessee 101

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Waynesboro soils that are not

subject to flooding; at the higher elevations

Similar components:

• Toccoa and Whitwell soils that are subject to

occasional flooding; on the adjacent flood plains

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown, friable silt

loam

Subsoil:

9 to 27 inches—brown, friable clay loam

27 to 41 inches—brown, friable loam

Substratum:

41 to 54 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable gravelly

loam

54 to 68 inches—yellowish brown, very friable fine

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

60 inches

Flooding: Rare; in winter and early spring

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid unless

limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of cropland.

• Some crops may be damaged by the rare flooding in

winter and early spring.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management, and

cover crops help to control erosion, increase the rate

of infiltration, and maintain soil tilth.

• Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips

help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Figure 5.—An area of Sequatchie silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded, which can produce high yields of corn. The area of

Waynesboro soils in the background is an excellent site for hay and pasture.
102 Soil Survey

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Some hay crops may be damaged by the rare

flooding in spring.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to

plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is

good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den

sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation affecting urban uses is the

flooding, which is difficult to overcome.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 2e

Sm—Slickens

Setting

Landscape position: Uplands and drainageways in the

Copper Basin

Size of areas: 5 to 40 acres

Major land use: Idle land; most areas incapable of

supporting vegetation

Composition

Slickens and similar components: 80 to 85 percent

Contrasting components: 15 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Isolated areas of Evard and Hayesville soils

• A few areas of Gullied land

Similar components:

• Piles of rock and overburden

Typical Profile

The soil material in this map unit varies greatly. In

most areas the unit consists of accumulations or piles

of waste rock or areas of fine textured materials where

minerals have been extracted from finely ground or

smelted ore.

Soil Properties and Qualities

The soil properties and qualities vary greatly. Onsite

investigation is needed when the use and

management of specific sites are planned.

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• Extensive reclamation, land shaping, and intensive

erosion-control measures are needed if this map unit

is to be used as cropland.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• Extensive reclamation, land shaping, and intensive

erosion-control measures are needed if this map unit

is to be used for hay and pasture.

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• Extensive reclamation, land shaping, and intensive
Polk County, Tennessee 103

erosion-control measures are needed if this map unit

is to be used as woodland.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• Extensive land shaping, site preparation, and

intensive erosion-control measures are needed if this

map unit is to be used as a site for urban development.

• Most areas are subject to differential settling,

slippage, and other hazards associated with recently

deposited materials.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 8e

Su—Suches loam, occasionally flooded

Setting

Landscape position: Flood plains

Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres

Major land use: Pasture, hay, or row crops

Composition

Suches soil and similar components: 85 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Tate soils on footslopes and stream terraces

• Soils that are not flooded or are subject to rare

flooding

Similar components:

• Isolated areas of Arkaqua soils in depressions

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark brown, friable loam

Subsoil:

10 to 23 inches—yellowish brown, friable loam

23 to 31 inches—yellowish brown, friable loam that

has grayish brown mottles

31 to 41 inches—light brownish gray, friable loam

Substratum:

41 to 60 inches—light brownish gray, friable stratified

loam and fine sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 30 and

48 inches

Flooding: Occasional; in winter and early spring

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

unless limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• Some crops may be damaged by flooding in winter

and early spring.

• The species that can tolerate the moderate wetness

should be selected for planting.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management, and

cover crops help to control erosion, increase the rate

of infiltration, and maintain soil tilth.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Some hay crops may be damaged by flooding in the

spring.

• The species that can tolerate the moderate wetness

and the flooding should be selected for planting.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.
104 Soil Survey

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the flooding and the

wetness, which are difficult to overcome.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 2w

TaE—Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 12 to

50 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and side slopes

along the base of Sand Mountain

Size of areas: 10 to 60 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Talbott soil and similar components: 50 to 70 percent

Rock outcrop and similar components: 10 to

25 percent

Contrasting components: 15 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Intermingled areas of Collegedale, Decatur, Minvale,

and Waynesboro soils

• Isolated areas of Sequatchie soils along streams

and drainageways

Similar components:

• Armuchee soils in areas where shale layers

dominate

• Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 8 to 20 inches

Typical Profile

Talbott

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark brown, friable silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 8 inches—yellowish brown, friable silty clay loam

8 to 24 inches—strong brown, firm and very firm clay

24 to 35 inches—yellowish brown, very firm clay

Bedrock:

35 inches—hard limestone

Rock outcrop

The Rock outcrop occurs as areas of exposed

limestone. It is in scattered areas throughout this unit.

Most outcrops protrude from a few inches to about

24 inches above the surface. Rock outcrop supports

little or no vegetation.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Talbott

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Dominantly strongly acid to slightly acid

but ranges to mildly alkaline in horizons near

bedrock

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion and the Rock outcrop.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the steepness of slope and

the Rock outcrop.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.
Polk County, Tennessee 105

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are

short enough that conventional equipment can be

used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the moderate

available water capacity and the Rock outcrop.

• Aspect, the depth to bedrock, and the stoniness

should be considered carefully when planting sites are

selected for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to

plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good in

areas of the Talbott soil.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the moderately slow

permeability, the clayey subsoil, low strength, the

shrink-swell potential, the depth to bedrock, the Rock

outcrop, and the steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: Talbott—7e; Rock

outcrop—8s

TeB—Tate loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Stream terraces, footslopes, and

alluvial fans

Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres

Major land use: Pasture or hay

Composition

Tate soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent

Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Arkaqua, Suches, and Toccoa soils on flood plains

Similar components:

• Intermingled areas of Evard and Hayesville soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—brown, friable loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable loam

Subsoil:

15 to 34 inches—yellowish brown, friable clay loam

Substratum:

34 to 60 inches—mottled yellowish brown, pale brown,

and light yellowish brown, friable clay loam and

sandy clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in unlimed

areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.
106 Soil Survey

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter

strips help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is

good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations affecting urban uses are the

moderate permeability and the steepness of slope.

• The moderate permeability in the subsoil is a

limitation affecting some sanitary facilities and building

site development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 2e

To—Toccoa loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes,

rarely flooded

Setting

Landscape position: Flood plains

Size of areas: 20 to 600 acres

Major land use: Hay, pasture, row crops, or, in some

areas, idle land

Composition

Toccoa soil and similar components: 85 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Waynesboro soils, which are not flooded, on high

terraces

• Isolated areas of Hamblen soils in depressions

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Sequatchie soils on low terraces

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown, very friable

loam

Substratum:

10 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown, very friable

loam

Buried surface layer:

26 to 34 inches—dark brown, friable loam

Buried subsoil:

34 to 48 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable

loam

Buried substratum:

48 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained or moderately well

drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: High
Polk County, Tennessee 107

Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 30 and

60 inches

Flooding: Rare; in winter and early spring

Soil reaction: Strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of cropland.

• Some crops may be damaged by flooding in winter

and early spring.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management, and

cover crops help to control erosion, increase the rate

of infiltration, and maintain soil tilth.

• Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips

help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Some hay crops may be damaged by flooding in the

spring.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation affecting urban uses is the

flooding, which is difficult to overcome.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 2w

TuF—Tusquitee loam, 20 to 65 percent

slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Side slopes and coves at the

higher elevations

Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Tusquitee soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Junaluska and Tsali soils on narrow, convex ridges

and side slopes

Similar components:

• Evard soils on the adjacent side slopes

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown, very friable

loam

4 to 8 inches—dark brown, friable loam

Subsoil:

8 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable loam

26 to 42 inches—yellowish brown, friable gravelly

loam

42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown, friable gravelly

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: High
108 Soil Survey

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion and the steepness of slope.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited (fig. 6)

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant

competition.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after

planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is

good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation affecting urban uses is the

steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 7e

Ud—Udifluvents, loamy and sandy,

frequently flooded

Setting

Landscape position: Flood plains

Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres

Major land use: Idle land in most areas; a few areas

used for hay, pasture, or row crops or as woodland

Composition

Udifluvents and similar components: 80 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Small areas of Evard, Hayesville, and Tate soils on

uplands

• Isolated areas of soils that are somewhat poorly

drained or poorly drained

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Suches soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—strong brown, very friable sandy

loam
Polk County, Tennessee 109

Substratum:

6 to 28 inches—strong brown, loose loamy sand

28 to 36 inches—brown, loose loamy coarse

sand

Buried surface layer:

36 to 44 inches—dark grayish brown, friable loam

44 to 48 inches—very dark grayish brown, friable silt

loam

Buried substratum:

48 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown, loose gravelly

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained or somewhat excessively

drained

Permeability: Rapid or very rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 18 and

24 inches

Flooding: Frequent; in winter and early spring

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Figure 6.—An area of Tusquitee loam, 20 to 65 percent slopes. Some of the best timber in the county is grown in coves in areas of

this soil.
110 Soil Survey

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the frequent flooding and

the low available water capacity.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management, and

cover crops help to increase the rate of infiltration and

maintain soil tilth.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the low available water

capacity and the frequent flooding.

• Some hay crops may be damaged by frequent

flooding in the spring.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the seedling

mortality rate and the hazard of windthrow.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the low

available water capacity.

• Sites for planting seedlings should be carefully

selected.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the

sandy textures in the subsoil.

• The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a

carefully regulated thinning program.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland and woodland wildlife

habitat is good or fair.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small

areas in large tracts of mature woodland.

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be

established along logging roads and trails.

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be

improved by applying and incorporating lime and

fertilizer.

• Den trees should not be harvested.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation affecting urban uses is the

flooding, which is difficult to overcome.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 3w

UnD—Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex,

15 to 35 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Ridgetops and the upper side

slopes on Chilhowee and Starr Mountains

Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Unicoi soil and similar components: 60 to 80 percent

Rock outcrop and similar components: 20 to

40 percent

Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Intermingled areas of McCamy soils

• Keener soils along drainageways, in coves, and on

footslopes

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Cataska soils

Typical Profile

Unicoi

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown, very friable

gravelly loam
Polk County, Tennessee 111

Subsoil:

3 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown, very friable very

cobbly loam

9 to 17 inches—yellowish brown, very friable very

cobbly fine sandy loam

Bedrock:

17 inches—hard arkosic sandstone

Rock outcrop

The Rock outcrop occurs as areas of exposed

arkose, arkosic sandstone, sandstone, and

quartzite. It is in scattered areas throughout this

unit. Most outcrops protrude a few inches to about

24 inches above the surface. Some are on nearly

vertical bluffs. Rock outcrop supports little or no

vegetation.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Unicoi

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: Very low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the shallow root zone, the depth to bedrock,

the very low available water capacity, and the Rock

outcrop.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the very low available water

capacity, the steepness of slope, and the Rock

outcrop.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the equipment

limitation, the seedling mortality rate, and the hazard

of windthrow.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the shallow

rooting depth, the very low available water capacity,

and the Rock outcrop.

• Aspect and the depth to bedrock should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the

shallow root zone.

• The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a

carefully regulated thinning program.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the Rock outcrop, the depth

to bedrock, and the steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: Unicoi—7s; Rock

outcrop—8s

UnF—Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to

65 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Ridgetops and the upper side

slopes on Chilhowee and Starr Mountains

Size of areas: 10 to 250 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Unicoi soil and similar components: 40 to 60 percent

Rock outcrop and similar components: 30 to

50 percent

Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Intermingled areas of McCamy soils
112 Soil Survey

• Keener soils along drainageways, in coves, and on

footslopes

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Cataska soils

Typical Profile

Unicoi

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown, very friable

gravelly loam

Subsoil:

3 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown, very friable very

cobbly loam

9 to 17 inches—yellowish brown, very friable very

cobbly fine sandy loam

Bedrock:

17 inches—hard arkosic sandstone

Rock outcrop

The Rock outcrop occurs as areas of exposed

arkose, arkosic sandstone, sandstone, and

quartzite. It is in scattered areas throughout this

unit. Most outcrops protrude a few inches to about

24 inches above the surface. Some are on nearly

vertical bluffs. Rock outcrop supports little or no

vegetation.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Unicoi

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: Very low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the shallow root zone, the depth to bedrock,

the very low available water capacity, and the Rock

outcrop.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the very low available water

capacity, the steepness of slope, and the Rock

outcrop.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, the seedling

mortality rate, and the hazard of windthrow.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the shallow

rooting depth, the very low available water capacity,

and the Rock outcrop.

• Aspect and the depth to bedrock should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the

shallow root zone.

• The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a

carefully regulated thinning program.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the Rock outcrop, the depth

to bedrock, and the steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: Unicoi—7s; Rock

outcrop—8s
Polk County, Tennessee 113

W—Water

This map unit consists of areas inundated with

water for most of the year. It generally includes rivers,

lakes, and ponds.

No interpretations are given for this map unit.

WaF—Wallen channery sandy loam, 15 to

65 percent slopes

Setting

Landscape position: Upland ridges and the upper side

slopes

Size of areas: 400 to 1,000 acres

Major land use: Woodland

Composition

Wallen soil and similar components: 80 to 90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Scattered areas of Armuchee and Needmore soils

where shale bedrock is dominant

• Keener soils on footslopes and the lower side slopes

Similar components:

• Soils that have a lower content of rock fragments

than the Wallen soil

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—brown, very friable channery sandy

loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown, very friable very

channery fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

8 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown, very friable very

channery fine sandy loam

22 to 30 inches—brownish yellow, very friable very

channery sandy loam

Bedrock:

30 inches—hard sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the depth to bedrock, and the low available

water capacity.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the low available water

capacity and the steepness of slope.

• A better suited site should be selected.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, the seedling

mortality rate, and the hazard of windthrow.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as

possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• The steepness of slope generally is a limitation

when large, specialized equipment is used.

• Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short

enough that conventional equipment can be used.

• In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs

can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have

smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by

hand.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the low

available water capacity.

• Aspect and the depth to bedrock should be

considered carefully when planting sites are selected

for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the

moderately deep root zone.

• The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a

carefully regulated thinning program.
114 Soil Survey

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Unsuited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the depth to bedrock and

the steepness of slope.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 7s

WbB2—Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape position: Upland terrace ridgetops

Size of areas: 10 to 125 acres

Major land use: Hay, pasture, or cultivated crops

Composition

Waynesboro soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Narrow strips of Emory and Whitwell soils along

drainageways and on flood plains

• Sequatchie soils on low stream terraces

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Collegedale and Decatur soils

• Waynesboro soils that are not eroded or are

severely eroded

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

7 to 11 inches—red, friable clay loam

11 to 29 inches—dark red, friable clay

29 to 72 inches—dark red, firm clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of cropland.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter

strips help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.
Polk County, Tennessee 115

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect building site development.

• The moderate permeability and the clayey textures

in the subsoil are limitations affecting some sanitary

facilities and building site development.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the soil is used as a source

of roadfill.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 2e

WbC2—Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent

slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape position: Upland terrace ridgetops and side

slopes

Size of areas: 7 to 100 acres

Major land use: Hay, pasture, or cultivated crops

Composition

Waynesboro soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Narrow strips of Emory and Whitwell soils along

drainageways

• Sequatchie soils on low stream terraces

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Collegedale and Decatur soils

• Waynesboro soils that are not eroded or are

severely eroded

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

7 to 11 inches—red, friable clay loam

11 to 29 inches—dark red, friable clay

29 to 72 inches—dark red, firm clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional

tillage system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter

strips help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating,

cutting, or applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited
116 Soil Survey

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is

good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations affecting urban uses are the

moderate permeability, the clayey subsoil, low

strength, and the steepness of slope.

• The moderate permeability and the clayey textures

in the subsoil are limitations affecting some sanitary

facilities and building site development.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the soil is used as a source

of roadfill.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 3e

WbD2—Waynesboro loam, 12 to

25 percent slopes, eroded

Setting

Landscape position: Upland terrace ridgetops and side

slopes

Size of areas: 7 to 70 acres

Major land use: Hay, pasture, or cultivated crops

Composition

Waynesboro soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Narrow strips of Emory and Whitwell soils along

drainageways

• Sequatchie soils on low stream terraces

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Collegedale and Decatur soils

• Waynesboro soils that are not eroded or are

severely eroded

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown, very friable loam

Subsoil:

7 to 11 inches—red, friable clay loam

11 to 29 inches—dark red, friable clay

29 to 72 inches—dark red, firm clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage

system is used.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management,

contour farming, and cover crops help to control

erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and maintain

soil tilth.

• A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes is

a necessary management practice.

• Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips

help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• The steepness of slope can be a limitation affecting

hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.
Polk County, Tennessee 117

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant

competition.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations affecting urban uses are the

moderate permeability, the clayey subsoil, low

strength, and the steepness of slope.

• The moderate permeability and the clayey textures

in the subsoil are limitations affecting some sanitary

facilities and building site development.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the soil is used as a source

of roadfill.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 4e

WbD3—Waynesboro clay loam, 12 to

25 percent slopes, severely eroded

Setting

Landscape position: Upland terrace ridgetops and side

slopes

Size of areas: 7 to 50 acres

Major land use: Hay, pasture, or cultivated crops

Composition

Waynesboro soil and similar components: 85 to

90 percent

Contrasting components: 10 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Narrow strips of Emory and Whitwell soils along

drainageways

• Sequatchie soils on low stream terraces

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Collegedale and Decatur

soils

• Waynesboro soils that are moderately eroded

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—brown, friable clay loam

Subsoil:

3 to 11 inches—red, friable clay loam

11 to 29 inches—dark red, friable clay

29 to 72 inches—dark red, firm clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than

72 inches

Flooding: None

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Unsuited
118 Soil Survey

Management considerations:

• The hazard of erosion is the main management

concern.

• Intensive erosion-control measures are needed if

this soil is used for cultivated crops.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitation is the steepness of slope.

• The steepness of slope can be a limitation affecting

hayland.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main management concerns are the hazard of

erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition,

and the seedling mortality rate.

• The hazard of erosion may be reduced by locating

roads and trails as closely on the contour as possible.

• Permanent access roads can be protected by

spreading gravel on the road surface and by installing

water bars and culverts.

• Temporary roads that are no longer being used can

be closed and then protected by seeding and by

installing water bars.

• Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the

surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion.

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be

a problem when establishing a new forest crop.

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant

competition that may occur immediately after planting.

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by

applying herbicides.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high because of the clayey

textures in the surface layer.

• The thickness and texture of the surface layer

should be considered carefully when planting sites are

selected for seedlings.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is

good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den

sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations affecting urban uses are the

moderate permeability, the clayey subsoil, low

strength, and the steepness of slope.

• The moderate permeability and the clayey textures

in the subsoil are limitations affecting some sanitary

facilities and building site development.

• Low strength may be a problem on sites for local

roads and streets or when the soil is used as a source

of roadfill.

• The steepness of slope is a limitation affecting most

urban development.

• Proper design, installation, and site preparation help

to overcome some of the limitations.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 6e

Wt—Whitwell loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded

Setting

Landscape position: Low stream terraces

Size of areas: 8 to 60 acres

Major land use: Hay, pasture, or cultivated crops

Composition

Whitwell soil and similar components: 85 to

95 percent

Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent

Minor Components

Contrasting components:

• Soils that have more clay in the subsoil than the

Whitwell soil

• Small areas of poorly drained soils
Polk County, Tennessee 119

Similar components:

• Scattered areas of Sequatchie and Toccoa soils

• Somewhat poorly drained soils

Typical Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown, very friable

loam

Subsoil:

8 to 32 inches—yellowish brown, friable clay loam;

gray mottles in the lower part

32 to 38 inches—brownish yellow, friable clay loam

that has gray mottles

38 to 44 inches—yellowish brown, friable loam that

has gray mottles

Substratum:

44 to 60 inches—yellowish brown, friable gravelly loam

that has gray mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 24 and

36 inches

Flooding: Occasional; in winter and early spring

Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid unless

limed

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the seasonal high water

table and the flooding.

• In some years the wetness delays planting or

hinders harvesting.

• Some crops may be damaged by flooding in winter

and early spring.

• The species that have a short growing season and

can tolerate the moderate wetness should be selected

for planting.

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management, and

cover crops help to control erosion, increase the rate

of infiltration, and maintain soil tilth.

• Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips

help to control erosion and runoff.

Pasture and Hay

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect the management of pasture

and hayland.

• Some hay crops may be damaged by flooding in the

spring.

• The species that tolerate wetness and flooding

should be selected for planting.

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting

schedule are important management practices.

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate

stand can help to increase production and reduce

runoff.

Woodland

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• Few limitations affect forest management.

• When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling

mortality rate may be high.

• Sites for planting seedlings should be carefully

selected.

• Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired

stand is attained.

• See table 7 for specific information concerning

potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Wildlife Habitat

Suitability: Well suited

Management considerations:

• The potential for openland wildlife habitat is

good.

• The habitat can be maintained or improved by

providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites.

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife

habitat.

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows

can break up large open areas and provide food and

cover.

• Trees and brush along streams provide benefits to

wildlife as well as erosion control.

• Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed.

Urban Uses

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management considerations:

• The main limitations are the flooding and the

wetness, which are difficult to overcome.

• Better suited sites should be considered.

Interpretive Group

Land capability classification: 2w

121

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of

the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust

land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural

resources and the environment. Also, it can help to

prevent soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,

conservationists, engineers, and others collect

extensive field data about the nature and behavioral

characteristics of the soils. They collect data on

erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that

affect various soil uses and management. Field

experience and collected data on soil properties and

performance are used as a basis in predicting soil

behavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan the

use and management of soils for crops and pasture;

as forestland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities,

highways and other transportation systems, and parks

and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat.

It can be used to identify the limitations of each soil for

specific land uses and to help prevent construction

failures caused by unfavorable soil properties.

Planners and others using soil survey information

can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on

productivity and on the environment in all or part of the

survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain

or create a land use pattern in harmony with the

natural soil.

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources

of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use

it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very

firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and

others may also find this survey useful. The survey

can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and

locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds,

playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.

Crops and Pasture

Richard L. Livingston, soil scientist, and Darwin Newton, state

soil scientist, helped prepare this section.

General management needed for crops and pasture

is suggested in this section. The estimated yields of

the main crops and pasture plants are listed, the

system of land capability classification used by the

Natural Resources Conservation Service is explained,

and prime farmland is described.

Planners of management systems for individual

fields or farms should consider the detailed

information given in the description of each soil under

the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific

information can be obtained from the local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service or the

Cooperative Extension Service.

Applications of lime or fertilizer, or both, are

needed on many of the soils in Polk County. The

amounts needed depend on the natural content of

lime and plant nutrients in the soils, which is

determined by laboratory analyses of soil samples;

on the needs of the crops; and on the desired level

of yields.

Most of the agricultural soils in the county were

never high in content of organic matter. It is important

to return organic matter to the soils by adding farm

manure; leaving plant residue on the soil surface; and

growing sod crops, cover crops, and green manure

crops.

Tillage tends to break down soil structure. It should

be kept to the minimal amount necessary to prepare a

seedbed and control weeds. Maintaining the organic

matter content of the plow layer helps to protect the

soil structure.

All of the gently sloping and steeper soils in the

county that are cultivated are subject to erosion.

Runoff and erosion occur mostly while a cultivated

crop is growing or soon after it has been harvested. A

cropping system that controls runoff and erosion, used

in combination with other erosion-control practices, is

needed in areas of erodible soils, such as Decatur silt

loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded. Cropping system

refers to the sequence of crops grown, in combination

with management that includes minimum tillage, mulch

planting, crop residue management, cover crops,

green manure crops, and applications of lime and

fertilizer. Other erosion-control practices are farming

on the contour, terracing, stripcropping, diverting

runoff, and using filter strips. The effectiveness of a

particular combination of these measures differs from

Use and Management of the Soils
122 Soil Survey

one soil to another, and different combinations can be

equally effective on the same soil.

A cover of pasture plants helps to control erosion

on all but a few of the erodible soils in the county. A

high level of pasture management is needed in areas

of some soils to maintain enough ground cover to

protect the soils from erosion. It provides for

fertilization, proper grazing use, the proper mixture of

pasture plants, and other management practices that

help to maintain a good ground cover and forage for

grazing. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and

deferred grazing help to control overgrazing. It is

important in areas of some soils that the pasture

mixtures selected need the least amount of renovation

necessary to maintain good ground cover and forage

for grazing.

Yields per Acre

The average yields per acre that can be expected

of the principal crops under a high level of

management are shown in table 5. In any given year,

yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in

the table because of variations in rainfall and other

climatic factors. The land capability classification of

map units in the survey area also is shown in the

table.

The yields are based mainly on the experience and

records of farmers, conservationists, and extension

agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and

results of field trials and demonstrations also are

considered.

The management needed to obtain the indicated

yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil

and the crop. Management can include drainage,

erosion control, and protection from flooding; the

proper planting and seeding rates; suitable highyielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage;

control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects;

favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each

crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure,

and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures

the smallest possible loss.

The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity

of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are

likely to increase as new production technology is

developed. The productivity of a given soil compared

with that of other soils, however, is not likely to

change.

Crops other than those shown in the table are

grown in the survey area, but estimated yields are not

listed because the acreage of such crops is small. The

local office of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service or of the Cooperative Extension Service can

provide information about the management and

productivity of the soils for those crops.

Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification shows, in a general

way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops.

Crops that require special management are excluded.

The soils are grouped according to their limitations for

field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for

crops, and the way they respond to management. The

criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major

and generally expensive landforming that would

change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the

soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major

reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a

substitute for interpretations designed to show

suitability and limitations of groups of soils for

forestland or for engineering purposes.

In the capability system, soils are generally grouped

at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit

(USDA 1961).

Capability classes, the broadest groups, are

designated by the numbers 1 through 8. The numbers

indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower

choices for practical use. The classes are defined as

follows:

Class 1 soils have slight limitations that restrict their

use.

Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that restrict

the choice of plants or that require moderate

conservation practices.

Class 3 soils have severe limitations that restrict the

choice of plants or that require special conservation

practices, or both.

Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that

restrict the choice of plants or that require very careful

management, or both.

Class 5 soils are subject to little or no erosion but

have other limitations, impractical to remove, that

restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland,

forestland, or wildlife habitat. There are no class 5 soils

in Polk County.

Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make

them generally unsuitable for cultivation and that

restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland,

forestland, or wildlife habitat.

Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that make

them unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their

use mainly to grazing, forestland, or wildlife habitat.

Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have

limitations that preclude commercial plant production

and that restrict their use to recreational purposes,

wildlife habitat, watershed, or esthetic purposes.

Capability subclasses are soil groups within one
Polk County, Tennessee 123

class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e,

w, or s, to the class numeral, for example, 2e. The

letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of

erosion unless close-growing plant cover is

maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil

interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils

the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial

drainage); and s shows that the soil is limited mainly

because it is shallow, droughty, or stony.

In class 1 there are no subclasses because the

soils of this class have few limitations.

The capability classification of map units in this

survey area is given in the section “Detailed Soil Map

Units” and in the yields table.

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important

farmland defined by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the

Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and

fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is

limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes

that responsible levels of government, as well as

individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise

use of our Nation’s prime farmland.

Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department

of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of

physical and chemical characteristics for producing

food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is

available for these uses. It could be cultivated land,

pastureland, forestland, or other land, but it is not

urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities,

growing season, and moisture supply are those

needed for the soil to economically produce sustained

high yields of crops when proper management,

including water management, and acceptable farming

methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has

an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from

precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and

growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an

acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no

rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not

excessively erodible or saturated with water for long

periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during

the growing season or is protected from flooding.

Slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent. More

detailed information about the criteria for prime

farmland is available at the local office of the Natural

Resources Conservation Service.

About 23,000 acres in the survey area, or nearly 8

percent of the total acreage, meets the soil

requirements for prime farmland. Scattered areas of

this land are throughout the county, but most are in the

western part, mainly in map units 1 and 2, which are

described under the heading “General Soil Map Units.”

A recent trend in land use in some parts of the

survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland

to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime

farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal

lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty,

and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated.

The map units in the survey area that are

considered prime farmland are listed in table 6. This

list does not constitute a recommendation for a

particular land use. On some soils included in the list,

measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such

as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are needed.

Onsite evaluation is needed to determine whether or

not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by

corrective measures. The extent of each listed map

unit is shown in table 4. The location is shown on the

detailed soil maps. The soil qualities that affect use

and management are described under the heading

“Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Woodland Management and Productivity

Richard L. Livingston, soil scientist, and Darwin Newton, state

soil scientist, helped prepare this section.

Originally, Polk County was completely wooded.

Woodland now covers about 80 percent of the county,

of which about 54 percent is in the Cherokee National

Forest.

The areas of woodland produce good stands of

commercial trees. Needle-leaf tree species are most

frequently on the ridges, the steeper mountainsides,

and footslopes. Many areas of pines were planted for

pulpwood production. Broadleaf species generally are

dominant in the coves and along rivers and creeks.

The value of the wood products is substantial but is

below its potential. The woodland also provides wildlife

habitat, opportunities for recreation, natural beauty,

and soil and water conservation.

Table 7 can be used by woodland owners or forest

managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops.

In the table, slight, moderate, and severe indicate the

degree of the major soil limitations to be considered in

management.

Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will

occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where

the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire

lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have

been burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion.

Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the

percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no

particular prevention measures are needed under
124 Soil Survey

ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that

erosion-control measures are needed in certain

silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that

special precautions are needed to control erosion in

most silvicultural activities.

Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and

conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment

generally needed in woodland management or

harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions

considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the

surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of the

surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under

normal conditions the kind of equipment and season

of use are not significantly restricted by soil factors.

Soil wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet

period does not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderate

indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted

because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet,

the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of

1 to 3 months. A rating of severe indicates that

equipment use is severely restricted either as to the

kind of equipment that can be used or the season of

use. If the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment

use for more than 3 months.

Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally

occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by

the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic

conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for

seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer,

depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of

the period when the water table is high, rock

fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth,

and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that

seedling mortality is not likely to be a problem under

normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25

percent. A rating of moderate indicates that some

problems from seedling mortality can be expected.

Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is

25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that

seedling mortality is a serious problem. Extra

precautions are important. Replanting may be

necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50

percent.

Windthrow hazard is the likelihood that trees will be

uprooted by the wind because the soil is not deep

enough for adequate root anchorage. The main

restrictions that affect rooting are a seasonal high

water table and the depth to bedrock, a fragipan, or

other limiting layers. A rating of slight indicates that

under normal conditions no trees are blown down by

the wind. Strong winds may damage trees, but they do

not uproot them. A rating of moderate indicates that

some trees can be blown down during periods when

the soil is wet and winds are moderate or strong. A

rating of severe indicates that many trees can be

blown down during these periods.

Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to

which undesirable species are expected to invade and

grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The

main factors that affect plant competition are depth to

the water table and the available water capacity. A

rating of slight indicates that competition from

undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural

regeneration or suppress the more desirable species.

Planted seedlings can become established without

undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that

competition may delay the establishment of desirable

species. Competition may hamper stand development,

but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully

stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that

competition can be expected to prevent regeneration

unless precautionary measures are applied.

The potential productivity of merchantable or

common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index

and as a volume number. The site index is the average

height, in feet, that dominant and codominant trees of

a given species attain in a specified number of years.

The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands. Commonly grown trees are those

that woodland managers generally favor in

intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are

selected on the basis of growth rate, quality, value,

and marketability.

Volume of wood fiber, a number, is the yield likely to

be produced by the most important trees. This

number, expressed as cubic feet per acre per year,

indicates the amount of fiber produced in a fully

stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stand.

The first species listed under common trees for a

soil is the indicator species for that soil. It generally is

the most common species on the soil and is the one

that determines the ordination class.

Suggested trees to plant are those that are suitable

for commercial wood production.

Recreation

Richard L. Livingston, soil scientist, and Darwin Newton, state

soil scientist, helped prepare this section.

Recreational opportunities vary in Polk County.

They range from hiking on the rugged mountain trails

in the Cherokee National Forest to whitewater rafting

on the Ocoee River.

The Ocoee River has steadily gained popularity as

one of the Southeast’s premier whitewater rivers.

Annually, up to one-quarter of a million rafters enjoy
Polk County, Tennessee 125

the wild rapids of this river. The 1996 Olympic Slalom

Canoe/Kayak Competition was held on the Ocoee

River.

The soils of the survey area are rated in table 8

according to limitations that affect their suitability for

recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil

features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the

surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered.

Not considered in the ratings, but important in

evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of

the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic

quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water

impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines.

The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent

and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also

important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for

recreational uses by the duration and intensity of

flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In

planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of

the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of

flooding is essential.

In the table, the degree of soil limitation is

expressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight

means that soil properties are generally favorable and

that limitations are minor and easily overcome.

Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or

alleviated by planning, design, or special maintenance.

Severe means that soil properties are unfavorable and

that limitations can be offset only by costly soil

reclamation, special design, intensive maintenance,

limited use, or a combination of these measures.

The information in the table can be supplemented

by other information in this survey, for example,

interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table

11 and interpretations for dwellings without basements

and for local roads and streets in table 10.

Camp areas require site preparation, such as

shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas,

stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and

installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp

areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some

vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and

are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of

use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders,

absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not

dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders

can greatly increase the cost of constructing

campsites.

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most

vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and

parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm

when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to

flooding during the period of use, and do not have

slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of

shaping sites or of building access roads and parking

areas.

Playgrounds require soils that can withstand

intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level

and are not wet or subject to flooding during the

season of use. The surface is free of stones and

boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry.

If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock

or a hardpan should be considered.

Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding

should require little or no cutting and filling. The best

soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty

when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than

once a year during the period of use. They have

moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on

the surface.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and

some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be

required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are

firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not

subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use.

They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders

on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or

greens is not considered in rating the soils.

Wildlife Habitat

Richard L. Livingston, soil scientist, and Darwin Newton, state

soil scientist, helped prepare this section.

Polk County has a large and varied population of

wildlife and fish. The abundance and distribution of any

particular species depends on the land use, the

amount of available water, and the kind of vegetation

in the area. The species that prefer the more openland

areas, which include cropland, pasture, brushy fence

rows, thickets, and scattered woodlots, include

cottontail rabbit, bobwhite quail, mourning dove,

meadowlark, eastern bluebird, groundhog, and coyote.

These species are most abundant where the

vegetation is diverse. The species that prefer

woodland areas, upland woodlots, and bottom-land

hardwoods include white-tailed deer, gray squirrel, wild

turkey, raccoon, black bear, wild boar, and a variety of

nongame birds. Water areas and lakes of the

Conasauga, Hiwassee, and Ocoee Rivers provide

breeding habitat for wood ducks and resting and

feeding areas for other migratory waterfowl. These

areas also are important to aquatic nongame birds

and to furbearers, such as beaver, mink, and muskrat.

The streams, lakes, and ponds in the county are

inhabited by bream, largemouth bass, smallmouth
126 Soil Survey

bass, and catfish. Trout are stocked in several streams

in the area. Siltation, contamination, and drainage are

some of the major problems that have reduced the

quality and quantity of fish habitat.

In most areas of the county, the wildlife habitat can

be improved by increasing the amount of food, water,

and cover available to wildlife. Areas in general soil

map units 1 and 2 have good potential for the

improvement of openland wildlife habitat. Areas in map

units 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 have good potential for the

improvement of woodland wildlife habitat.

Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that

is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also

affect the construction of water impoundments. The

kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the

amount and distribution of food, cover, and water.

Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing

plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment

of desirable plants.

In table 9, the soils in the survey area are rated

according to their potential for providing habitat for

various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used

in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas,

and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils

that are suitable for establishing, improving, or

maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in

determining the intensity of management needed for

each element of the habitat.

The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or

very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element

or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or

maintained. Few or no limitations affect management,

and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of

fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be

established, improved, or maintained in most places.

Moderately intensive management is required for

satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that

limitations are severe for the designated element or

kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or

maintained in most places, but management is difficult

and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates

that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are

very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be

expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat

is impractical or impossible.

The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the

following paragraphs.

Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and

seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties

and features that affect the growth of grain and seed

crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface

layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface

stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil

moisture also are considerations. Examples of grain

and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley.

Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial

grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and

features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes

are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,

available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness,

flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture

also are considerations. Examples of grasses and

legumes are fescue, orchardgrass, annual lespedeza,

clover, and alfalfa.

Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally

established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of these

plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the

surface layer, available water capacity, wetness,

surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature

and soil moisture also are considerations. Examples

of wild herbaceous plants are common ragweed,

goldenrod, beggarweed, partridge pea, and broom

sedge.

Hardwood trees and woody understory produce

nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and

foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the

growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the

root zone, available water capacity, and wetness.

Examples of these plants are oak, poplar, cherry,

sweetgum, apple, hawthorn, dogwood, hickory,

blackberry, and blueberry. Examples of fruit-producing

shrubs that are suitable for planting on soils rated

good are Russian-olive, shrub honeysuckle, autumnolive, and crabapple.

Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of

coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth

of the root zone, available water capacity, and

wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine,

spruce, fir, and cedar.

Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild

herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites.

Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded.

Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants

are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction,

salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of

wetland plants are smartweed, wild millet, cattails,

rushes, sedges, and reeds.

Shallow water areas have an average depth of less

than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are

created by dams, levees, or other water-control

structures. Soil properties and features affecting

shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness,

surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples

of shallow water areas are marshes, waterfowl feeding

areas, and ponds.
Polk County, Tennessee 127

The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described

in the following paragraphs.

Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland,

pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with

grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas

produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes,

and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these

areas include bobwhite quail, pheasant, meadowlark,

field sparrow, cottontail, and red fox.

Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of

deciduous and/or coniferous plants and associated

grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife

attracted to these areas include wild turkey, ruffed

grouse, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, squirrels,

gray fox, raccoon, deer, wild boar, and black bear.

Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy

or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife

attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons,

muskrat, mink, and beaver.

Engineering

This section provides information for planning land

uses related to urban development and to water

management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the

most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given

for building site development, sanitary facilities,

construction materials, and water management. The

ratings are based on observed performance of the

soils and on the estimated data and test data in the

“Soil Properties” section.

Information in this section is intended for land use

planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for

planning site investigations prior to design and

construction. The information, however, has limitations.

For example, estimates and other data generally apply

only to that part of the soil between the surface and a

depth of 5 to 7 feet. Because of the map scale, small

areas of different soils may be included within the

mapped areas of a specific soil.

The information is not site specific and does not

eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils

or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in

the design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that

restrict certain land uses or impose specific design

criteria were not considered in preparing the

information in this section. Local ordinances and

regulations should be considered in planning, in site

selection, and in design.

Soil properties, site features, and observed

performance were considered in determining the

ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil

survey, determinations were made about particle-size

distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction,

depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 to

7 feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a water

table, ponding, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil

structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were

collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of

the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed

cations. Estimates were made for erodibility,

permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential,

available water capacity, and other behavioral

characteristics affecting engineering uses.

This information can be used to evaluate the

potential of areas for residential, commercial,

industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary

estimates of construction conditions; evaluate

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,

pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate

alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank

absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed

onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate

potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil;

plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds,

terraces, and other structures for soil and water

conservation; and predict performance of proposed

small structures and pavements by comparing the

performance of existing similar structures on the same

or similar soils.

The information in the tables, along with the soil

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in

this survey, can be used to make additional

interpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a

special meaning in soil science and are defined in the

Glossary.

Building Site Development

Table 10 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings

with and without basements, small commercial

buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and

landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if

soil properties and site features are generally

favorable for the indicated use and limitations are

minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties

or site features are not favorable for the indicated use

and special planning, design, or maintenance is

needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and

severe if soil properties or site features are so

unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special

design, significant increases in construction costs, and

possibly increased maintenance are required. Special

feasibility studies may be required where the soil

limitations are severe.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a
128 Soil Survey

maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,

utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The

ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. The ease of

digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth

to bedrock or a very firm dense layer, stone content,

soil texture, and slope. The time of the year that

excavations can be made is affected by the depth to a

seasonal high water table and the susceptibility of the

soil to flooding. The resistance of the excavation walls

or banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soil

texture and depth to the water table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings are

structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed

soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family

dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are

made for small commercial buildings without

basements, for dwellings with basements, and for

dwellings without basements. The ratings are based

on soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding,

and shrinking and swelling can cause the movement

of footings. A high water table, depth to bedrock, large

stones, slope, and flooding affect the ease of

excavation and construction. Landscaping and grading

that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are

not considered.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface

and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year.

They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base

of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and

a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally

limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, a high

water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect the

ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as

inferred from the engineering classification of the soil),

shrink-swell potential, and depth to a high water table

affect the traffic-supporting capacity.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf

and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established

and maintained. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to

bedrock, and the available water capacity in the upper

40 inches affect plant growth. Flooding, wetness,

slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or

organic matter in the surface layer affect trafficability

after vegetation is established.

Sanitary Facilities

Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,

sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations

are considered slight if soil properties and site features

are generally favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if

soil properties or site features are not favorable for the

indicated use and special planning, design, or

maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the

limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features

are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that

special design, significant increases in construction

costs, and possibly increased maintenance are

required.

The table also shows the suitability of the soils for

use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good

indicates that soil properties and site features are

favorable for the use and good performance and low

maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil

properties and site features are moderately favorable

for the use and one or more soil properties or site

features make the soil less desirable than the soils

rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil

properties or site features are unfavorable for the use

and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires

special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which

effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil

through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that

part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is

evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, and

flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones

and bedrock interfere with installation.

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank

absorption fields, including excessively slow

absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside

seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can

be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or

fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of

the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the

water table is near the surface. There must be

unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field

to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances

require that this material be of a certain thickness.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to

hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the

solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly

level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments

of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to

hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly

impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides

is required to minimize seepage and contamination of

ground water.

The table gives ratings for the natural soil that
Polk County, Tennessee 129

makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and,

generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface

layer are excavated to provide material for the

embankments. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope,

permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock,

flooding, and large stones.

Excessive seepage resulting from rapid

permeability in the soil or a water table that is high

enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon

causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution

results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater

overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter

is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon

because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope and bedrock

can cause construction problems, and large stones

can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor.

Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is

disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of

landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste

is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and

covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the

site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in

successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste

is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin

layer of soil from a source away from the site.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy

vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of groundwater pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation

should be considered.

The ratings in the table are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock, a high water

table, slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill.

Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic layers,

and soil reaction affect trench landfills. Unless

otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that part of

the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For deeper

trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate may not

be valid. Onsite investigation is needed.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is

used to cover compacted solid waste in an area

sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite,

transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste.

Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope

affect the ease of removing and spreading the material

during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that

are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best

cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy

and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to

wind erosion.

After soil material has been removed, the soil

material remaining in the borrow area must be thick

enough over bedrock or the water table to permit

revegetation. The soil material used as the final cover

for a landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface

layer generally has the best workability, more organic

matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from

the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the

final cover.

Construction Materials

Table 12 gives information about the soils as a

source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils

are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and

topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable

source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on

soil properties and site features that affect the removal

of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal

compaction, minor processing, and other standard

construction practices are assumed. Each soil is

evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one

place and used in road embankments in another

place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of

roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6

feet high and less exacting in design than higher

embankments.

The ratings are for the soil material below the

surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed

that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and

spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting

suitability within their profile. The table showing

engineering index properties provides detailed

information about each soil layer. This information can

help to determine the suitability of each layer for use

as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized

with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site

features, and observed performance of the soils. The

thickness of suitable material is a major consideration.

The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a

high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs

in place after it has been compacted and drained is

determined by its strength (as inferred from the

engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell

potential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of

sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of

suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few

cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less.

Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils

rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized

particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10.

They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of

15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water

table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity
130 Soil Survey

index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential,

many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They

are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than

1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but

the material is less than 3 feet thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for

commercial use with a minimum of processing. They

are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications

for each use vary widely. In the table, only the

probability of finding material in suitable quantity is

evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific

purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect

excavation of the material.

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source

of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as

indicated by the engineering classification of the soil),

the thickness of suitable material, and the content of

rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification

are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of

grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index

properties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of

clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is

up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at

least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight,

large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable

source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as

shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and

gravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation

can be established and maintained. The upper

40 inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also

evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow

area.

Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by

such properties as soil reaction, available water

capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading,

and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a

water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable

material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by

slope, a water table, rock fragments, and bedrock.

Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a

depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones

and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes

of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of

soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to

fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that

have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have

only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that

have an appreciable amount of gravel or stones, or

soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils are

not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less

than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large

amount of gravel or stones, have slopes of more than

15 percent, or have a seasonal high water table at or

near the surface.

The surface layer of most soils is generally

preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter

content. Organic matter greatly increases the

absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for

plant growth.

Water Management

Table 13 gives information on the soil properties

and site features that affect water management. The

degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond

reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and

aquifer-fed excavated ponds. The limitations are

considered slight if soil properties and site features are

generally favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and are easily overcome;

moderate if soil properties or site features are not

favorable for the indicated use and special planning,

design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or

minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or

site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to

overcome that special design, significant increase in

construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required.

This table also gives for each soil the restrictive

features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and

diversions, and grassed waterways.

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or

embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low

seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The

seepage potential is determined by the permeability of

the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other

permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the

storage capacity of the reservoir area.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised

structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet

high, constructed to impound water or to protect land

against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a

source of material for embankment fill. The ratings

apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a

depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will

be uniformly mixed and compacted during

construction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural

soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a

depth even greater than the height of the embankment

can affect performance and safety of the embankment.

Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to

determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to

seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable
Polk County, Tennessee 131

compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features

include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high

content of stones or boulders. A high water table

affects the amount of usable material. It also affects

trafficability.

Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts

that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth

below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds

that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment

ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the

original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by

depth to a permanent water table and permeability of

the aquifer. Depth to bedrock and the content of large

stones affect the ease of excavation.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface and

subsurface water from the soil. How easily and

effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to

bedrock or other layers that affect the rate of water

movement, permeability, depth to a high water table or

depth of standing water if the soil is subject to

ponding, slope, and susceptibility to flooding.

Excavating and grading and the stability of ditchbanks

are affected by depth to bedrock or a cemented pan,

large stones, slope, and the hazard of cutbanks

caving. The productivity of the soil after drainage is

adversely affected by extreme acidity. Availability of

drainage outlets is not considered in the ratings.

Irrigation is the controlled application of water to

supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The

design and management of an irrigation system are

affected by depth to the water table, the need for

drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake

rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The

construction of a system is affected by large stones

and depth to bedrock. The performance of a system is

affected by the depth of the root zone and soil

reaction.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a

combination of channels and ridges constructed

across a slope to control erosion and conserve

moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large

stones, and depth to bedrock affect the construction of

terraces and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a

severe hazard of wind erosion or water erosion, an

excessively coarse texture, and restricted permeability

adversely affect maintenance.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructed

channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct

surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large

stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect

the construction of grassed waterways. Low available

water capacity, restricted rooting depth, and restricted

permeability adversely affect the growth and

maintenance of the grass after construction.

133

Data relating to soil properties are collected during

the course of the soil survey.

Soil properties are ascertained by field examination

of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some

benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are

followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are

made and examined to identify and classify the soils

and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are

taken from some typical profiles and tested in the

laboratory to determine particle-size distribution,

plasticity, and compaction characteristics.

Estimates of soil properties are based on field

examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the

survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of

similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field

observations, verify properties that cannot be

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to

characterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties are shown in

tables. They include engineering index properties,

physical and chemical properties, and pertinent soil

and water features.

Engineering Index Properties

Table 14 gives the engineering classifications and

the range of index properties for the layers of each soil

in the survey area.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated.

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the

U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are

defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and

clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than

2 millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil

that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and

less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles

coarser than sand is 15 percent or more, an

appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.”

Textural terms are defined in the Glossary.

Classification of the soils is determined according to

the Unified soil classification system (ASTM 1998) and

the system adopted by the American Association of

State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO

1998).

The Unified system classifies soils according to

properties that affect their use as construction

material. Soils are classified according to particle-size

distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in

diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,

and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils

are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and

SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and

OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting

engineering properties of two groups can have a dual

classification, for example, CL-ML.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to

those properties that affect roadway construction and

maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral

soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified

in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the

basis of particle-size distribution, liquid limit, and

plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained

and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other

extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly

organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of

visual inspection.

If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and

A-7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b,

A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an

additional refinement, the suitability of a soil as

subgrade material can be indicated by a group index

number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the

best subgrade material to 20 or higher for the

poorest.

Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter

and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a

percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The

percentages are estimates determined mainly by

converting volume percentage in the field to weight

percentage.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated

sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than

3 inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The

sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard

Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and

0.074 millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based

on laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the

field.

Soil Properties
134 Soil Survey

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)

indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The

estimates are based on test data from the survey area

or from nearby areas and on field examination.

The estimates of particle-size distribution, liquid

limit, and plasticity index are generally rounded to the

nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and

Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2

percentage points) across classification boundaries,

the classification in the marginal zone is generally

omitted in the table.

Physical Properties

Table 15 shows estimates of some physical

characteristics and features that affect soil behavior.

These estimates are given for the layers of each soil in

the survey area. The estimates are based on field

observations and on test data for these and similar

soils.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated.

Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil

particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in

diameter. In table 15, the estimated clay content of

each soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of

the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in

diameter.

The amount and kind of clay affect the fertility and

physical condition of the soil and the ability of the soil

to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They

influence shrink-swell potential, permeability, plasticity,

the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil properties.

The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage

and earthmoving operations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per

unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at

field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at

1

/3- or 1/10-bar (33kPa or 10kPa) moisture tension.

Weight is determined after the soil is dried at 105

degrees C. In the table, the estimated moist bulk

density of each soil horizon is expressed in grams per

cubic centimeter of soil material that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter. Bulk density data are used to

compute shrink-swell potential, available water

capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties.

The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore

space available for water and roots. Depending on soil

texture, a bulk density of more than 1.4 can restrict

water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density

is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic

matter, and soil structure.

Permeability (Ksat ) refers to the ability of a soil to

transmit water or air. The term “permeability,” as used

in soil surveys, indicates saturated hydraulic

conductivity (Ksat ). The estimates in the table indicate

the rate of water movement, in inches per hour, when

the soil is saturated. They are based on soil

characteristics observed in the field, particularly

structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability is

considered in the design of soil drainage systems and

septic tank absorption fields.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of

water that the soil is capable of storing for use by

plants. The capacity for water storage is given in

inches of water per inch of soil for each soil layer. The

capacity varies, depending on soil properties that

affect retention of water. The most important

properties are the content of organic matter, soil

texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available

water capacity is an important factor in the choice

of plants or crops to be grown and in the design

and management of irrigation systems. Available

water capacity is not an estimate of the quantity

of water actually available to plants at any given

time.

Linear extensibility refers to the change in length of

an unconfined clod as moisture content is decreased

from a moist to a dry state. It is an expression of the

volume change between the water content of the clod

at 1/3- or 1/10-bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) and

oven dryness. The volume change is reported in the

table as percent change for the whole soil. Volume

change is influenced by the amount and type of clay

minerals in the soil.

Linear extensibility is used to determine the shrinkswell potential of soils. The shrink-swell potential is low

if the soil has a linear extensibility of less than

3 percent; moderate if 3 to 6 percent; high if 6 to

9 percent; and very high if more than 9 percent. If the

linear extensibility is more than 3, shrinking and

swelling can cause damage to buildings, roads, and

other structures and to plant roots. Special design

commonly is needed.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in

the soil at various stages of decomposition. In

table 15, the estimated content of organic matter is

expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the

soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in

diameter.

The content of organic matter in a soil can be

maintained by returning crop residue to the soil.

Organic matter has a positive effect on available water

capacity, water infiltration, soil organism activity, and

tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other nutrients for

crops and soil organisms.

Erosion factors are shown in table 15 as the K

factor (Kw and Kf) and the T factor. Erosion factor K
Polk County, Tennessee 135

indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill

erosion by water. Factor K is one of several factors

used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and

the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to

predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet

and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The

estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt,

sand, and organic matter and on soil structure and

permeability. Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69.

Other factors being equal, the higher the value, the

more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by

water.

Erosion factor Kw indicates the erodibility of the

whole soil. The estimates are modified by the

presence of rock fragments.

Erosion factor Kf indicates the erodibility of the fineearth fraction, or the material less than 2 millimeters in

size.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum

average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water

that can occur without affecting crop productivity over

a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per

year.

Chemical Properties

Table 16 shows estimates of some chemical

characteristics and features that affect soil behavior.

These estimates are given for the layers of each soil in

the survey area. The estimates are based on field

observations and on test data for these and similar

soils.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated.

Cation-exchange capacity is the total amount of

extractable bases that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams

of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other stated

pH value. Soils having a low cation-exchange capacity

hold fewer cations and may require more frequent

applications of fertilizer than soils having a high

cation-exchange capacity. The ability to retain

cations reduces the hazard of ground-water

pollution.

Effective cation-exchange capacity refers to the

sum of extractable bases plus aluminum expressed in

terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil. It is

determined for soils that have pH of less than 5.5.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity.

The pH of each soil horizon is based on many field

tests. For many soils, values have been verified by

laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in

selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil

amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in

determining the risk of corrosion.

Water Features

Table 17 gives estimates of various water features.

The estimates are used in land use planning that

involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of

runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four

groups according to the rate of water infiltration when

the soils are not protected by vegetation, are

thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from longduration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist

mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained

sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate

of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate

when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of

moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or

well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to

moderately coarse texture. These soils have a

moderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a

layer that impedes the downward movement of water

or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture.

These soils have a slow rate of water transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate

(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These

consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell

potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that

have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface,

and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious

material. These soils have a very slow rate of water

transmission.

The months in the table indicate the portion of the

year in which the feature is most likely to be a

concern.

Water table refers to a saturated zone in the soil.

The table indicates, by month, depth to the top (upper

limit) and base (lower limit) of the saturated zone in

most years. Estimates of the upper and lower limits

are based mainly on observations of the water table at

selected sites and on evidence of a saturated zone,

namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic

features) in the soil. A saturated zone that lasts for

less than a month is not considered a water table.

Flooding is the temporary inundation of an area

caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from
136

adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short

periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered

flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes

is considered ponding rather than flooding.

Duration and frequency are estimated. Duration is

expressed as extremely brief if 0.1 hour to 4 hours,

very brief if 4 hours to 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long

if 7 to 30 days, and very long if more than 30 days.

Frequency is expressed as none, very rare, rare,

occasional, frequent, and very frequent. None means

that flooding is not probable; very rare that it is very

unlikely but possible under extremely unusual weather

conditions (the chance of flooding is less than

1 percent in any year); rare that it is unlikely but

possible under unusual weather conditions (the

chance of flooding is 1 to 5 percent in any year);

occasional that it occurs infrequently under normal

weather conditions (the chance of flooding is 5 to

50 percent in any year); frequent that it is likely to

occur often under normal weather conditions (the

chance of flooding is more than 50 percent in any year

but is less than 50 percent in all months in any year);

and very frequent that it is likely to occur very often

under normal weather conditions (the chance of

flooding is more than 50 percent in all months of any

year).

The information is based on evidence in the soil

profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay

deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic

matter content with increasing depth; and little or no

horizon development.

Also considered are local information about the

extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on

the extent of flooding based on soil data is less

specific than that provided by detailed engineering

surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific

flood frequency levels.

Soil Features

Table 18 gives estimates of various soil features.

The estimates are used in land use planning that

involves engineering considerations.

A restrictive layer is a nearly continuous layer that

has one or more physical, chemical, or thermal

properties that significantly impede the movement of

water and air through the soil or that restrict roots or

otherwise provide an unfavorable root environment.

Examples are bedrock, cemented layers, dense

layers, and frozen layers. Depth to top is the vertical

distance from the soil surface to the upper boundary of

the restrictive layer.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced

electrochemical or chemical action that corrodes or

weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of

corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors

as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and

electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion

of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium

content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the

soil. Special site examination and design may be

needed if the combination of factors results in a severe

hazard of corrosion. The steel or concrete in

installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers

is more susceptible to corrosion than the steel or

concrete in installations that are entirely within one

kind of soil or within one soil layer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed

as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage

class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field

capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation

extract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion also is expressed

as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture,

acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation

extract.
137

The system of soil classification used by the

National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories

(Soil Survey Staff 1975, 1992). Beginning with the

broadest, these categories are the order, suborder,

great group, subgroup, family, and series.

Classification is based on soil properties observed in

the field or inferred from those observations or from

laboratory measurements. Table 19 shows the

classification of the soils in the survey area. The

categories are defined in the following paragraphs.

ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The

differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation.

Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An

example is Ultisol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders

primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil

genesis and are important to plant growth or

properties that reflect the most important variables

within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a

suborder indicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud,

meaning humid, plus ult, from Ultisol).

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into

great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,

arrangement, and degree of development of

pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature

regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each

great group is identified by the name of a suborder

and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An

example is Hapludults (Hapl, meaning minimal

horizonation, plus udult, the suborder of the Ultisols

that has a udic moisture regime).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic

subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or

extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept

of the great group; it is not necessarily the most

extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders,

suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some

properties that are not representative of the great

group but do not indicate transitions to any other

taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or

more adjectives preceding the name of the great

group. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that

typifies the great group. An example is Typic

Hapludults.

FAMILY. Families are established within a

subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical

properties and other characteristics that affect

management. Generally, the properties are those of

horizons below plow depth where there is much

biological activity. Among the properties and

characteristics considered are particle size, mineral

content, soil temperature regime, soil depth, and

reaction. A family name consists of the name of a

subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil

properties. An example is fine-loamy, siliceous,

thermic Typic Hapludults.

SERIES. The series consists of soils within a

family that have horizons similar in color, texture,

structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical

composition, and arrangement in the profile. An

example is the Apison series.

Soil Series and Their Morphology

In this section, each soil series recognized in the

survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil

and the material in which it formed are identified for

each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area

of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is

described. The detailed description of each soil

horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual”

(Soil Survey Division Staff 1993). Many of the

technical terms used in the descriptions are defined in

“Soil Taxonomy” (Soil Survey Staff 1975) and in “Keys

to Soil Taxonomy” (Soil Survey Staff 1992). Unless

otherwise indicated, colors in the descriptions are for

moist soil. Following the pedon description is the

range of important characteristics of the soils in the

series.

Apison Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges

and Valleys

Position on the landform: Sloping to steep ridges and

side slopes

Classification of the Soils
138 Soil Survey

Parent material: Residuum derived from shale and

siltstone

Slope range: 5 to 25 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Apison silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded;

1.3 miles west of the intersection of U.S. Highway 411

and Browder Road, 60 feet north of Browder Road:

Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam;

moderate medium granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; 10 percent shale

channers; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bt1—6 to 14 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silt

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine and medium roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; 5 percent shale channers;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—14 to 20 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silt

loam; few medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3)

mottles; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; few fine and medium roots; 5 percent shale

channers; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt3—20 to 30 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

channery silt loam; common medium faint pale

brown (10YR 6/3) mottles; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; few fine and medium roots;

15 percent shale channers; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Cr—30 to 61 inches; soft shale with thin seams of pale

brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam in the upper 8 inches.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Channers and

pebbles of shale and siltstone

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—2 to 15 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Mottles—few or common; in shades of brown,

yellow, or red

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam, silty

clay loam, or clay loam

Content of rock fragments—2 to 25 percent

Cr horizon:

Brown, yellow, and reddish, tilted shale bedrock

that has 1- to 3-inch seams of the channery,

very channery, and extremely channery

analogs of silt loam or silty clay loam

Arkaqua Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Position on the landform: Nearly level flood plains

Parent material: Alluvium derived from igneous and

metamorphic rocks

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic

Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Arkaqua silt loam, in an area of Arkaqua-Suches

complex, occasionally flooded; 2 miles north of

Harbuck on State Road 68, about 0.8 mile east on

road at Croft Chapel, 600 feet north of the road:

Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderate medium granular structure; very friable;

common fine roots; common flakes of mica;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—6 to 13 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silt loam;

weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to

moderate medium granular; friable; few fine roots;

common flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—13 to 25 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt

loam; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

and dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) mottles; weak

fine subangular blocky structure parting to

moderate medium granular; friable; few fine roots;

common flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bg—25 to 37 inches; very dark gray (5Y 3/1) silt loam;

weak fine granular structure; friable; few fine roots;

common flakes of mica; 5 percent quartzite

pebbles; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cg1—37 to 41 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) loam; few

fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) mottles;

massive; friable; few fine roots; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.
Polk County, Tennessee 139

Cg2—41 to 50 inches; mottled very dark gray (5Y 3/1)

and dark gray (2.5Y 4/0) loam; massive; friable;

few fine roots; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

2C—50 to 61 inches; strata of unconsolidated pebbles

up to 3 inches in diameter.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 37 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Depth to stratified sand and gravel: 44 to more than

72 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles of igneous

and metamorphic rocks

Flakes of mica: Few to many throughout the profile

Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in unlimed

areas

Ap horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR to 5Y

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Mottles—few to many; in shades of brown, yellow,

or gray

Texture—silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Bg horizon:

Hue—10YR to 5Y

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—1 or 2

Mottles—few to many; in shades of brown, yellow,

or gray

Texture—silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Cg horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 5Y or is neutral

Value—1 to 6

Chroma—0 to 2

Mottles—few to many; in shades of brown; some

horizons are mottled and have no dominant

matrix color

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loamy sand,

sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay

loam, or clay loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 50 percent

2C horizon:

Stratified gravel and sand

Armuchee Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges

and Valleys

Position on the landform: Sloping to very steep

ridgetops and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum derived from acid shale

and siltstone

Slope range: 5 to 50 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic Ochreptic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Armuchee channery silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes,

eroded; 0.6 mile west of the intersection of Curbow

Road and U.S. Highway 411, left 0.15 mile on a gravel

logging road, 30 feet west of the road:

Oe—1 inch to 0; undecomposed litter layer of leaves,

pine needles, and twigs.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

channery silt loam; weak fine granular structure;

very friable; common fine and medium roots; few

fine pores; 20 percent soft shale channers;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—4 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

channery silty clay loam; common fine faint

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) mottles; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; 20 percent

soft shale channers; few fine and medium roots;

few faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—7 to 13 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

channery silty clay; common medium distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and yellowish red

(5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; firm; 20 percent shale channers;

few fine roots; few fine clay films on faces of peds;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—13 to 21 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very

channery silty clay; common medium distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and yellowish red

(5YR 5/6) mottles; massive; firm; 40 percent shale

channers; strongly acid; gradual irregular

boundary.

Cr—21 to 25 inches; soft, thin-bedded shale bedrock.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 8 to 20 inches

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles and

channers of shale
140 Soil Survey

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 25 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—6 to 8

Mottles—in shades of brown, red, or yellow

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam,

silty clay, or clay

Content of rock fragments—15 to 35 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5

Chroma—4 to 8

Mottles—in shades of brown, red, yellow, or gray

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam,

silty clay, or clay

Content of rock fragments—40 to 85 percent

Cr horizon:

Soft, fractured, reddish and brownish shale

Brasstown Series

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Position on the landform: Sloping to steep ridgetops

and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum derived from

metasedimentary rocks, such as phyllite, slate,

and metasiltstone; the upper part of the solum

may be affected by soil creep

Slope range: 5 to 35 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

This typical pedon is located in Cherokee County,

North Carolina, at the type location for the official

series description; west from Murphy on U.S. Highway

64 to State Road 1301, west on State Road 1301 to

State Road 1302, northwest on State Road 1302 to

State Road 1303, northeast on State Road 1303 to

Forest Service Road 307, about 0.5 mile west of

Forest Service Road 6068 on Forest Service

Road 307; on a 24-percent, west-facing, forested

mountain slope:

Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed deciduous

leaves, twigs, and roots.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) channery

fine sandy loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry;

moderate fine granular structure; very friable;

common fine and medium roots; 25 percent, by

volume, metasandstone and phyllite channers; few

fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BA—6 to 10 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) channery

sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine and medium

roots; 20 percent, by volume, metasandstone and

phyllite channers; common fine flakes of mica;

very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt—10 to 29 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) channery sandy

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; 25 percent, by volume,

metasandstone and phyllite channers; common

fine flakes of mica; few fine and medium roots;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—29 to 37 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) channery fine

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; 25 percent, by volume,

phyllite channers; common fine flakes of mica;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—37 to 46 inches; multicolored phyllite saprolite

having a texture of channery very fine sandy loam;

massive; very friable; 30 percent, by volume,

phyllite channers; common fine flakes of mica;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cr—46 to 60 inches; multicolored, weathered and

fractured interbedded metasandstone and phyllite;

partially consolidated, can be dug with difficulty

with a spade.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 26 to 50 inches

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles and

channers of phyllite, slate, and metasiltstone

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—2 to 30 percent

BA horizon:

Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6
Polk County, Tennessee 141

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, fine

sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or silt loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent

BC horizon:

Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, fine

sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or silt loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent

C horizon:

Generally mottled and has no dominant matrix

color; otherwise, hue, value, and chroma similar

to those of the BC horizon

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam, silty

clay loam, or loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent

Cr horizon:

Multicolored, weathered phyllite, slate, or

metasiltstone

Brevard Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Position on the landform: Gently sloping to steep

footslopes, coves, and valley-fill areas

Parent material: Colluvium derived from igneous and

metamorphic rocks

Slope range: 5 to 45 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, oxidic, mesic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Brevard loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes; 0.9 mile

northeast of Reliance on the Tellico-Reliance Road,

100 feet west of the road:

A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak

fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and

few medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

BE—2 to 7 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam;

moderate medium granular structure; very friable;

many fine and few medium roots; very strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—7 to 18 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) silty clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; 5 percent quartzite gravel;

common fine and few medium roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt2—18 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) silty clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; 5 percent quartzite gravel; few

fine and medium roots; common distinct clay films

of faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—30 to 64 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) silty

clay loam; moderate and weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; 5 percent

quartzite gravel; few fine roots; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt4—64 to 70 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) silty clay

loam; moderate and weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; 5 percent quartzite gravel;

few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds;

very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 50 to more than

60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles and

cobbles of igneous and metamorphic rocks

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas

A horizon:

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 20 percent

BE horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 or 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam, loam,

fine sandy loam, or sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 25 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR or 5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—6 or 8
142 Soil Survey

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam,

clay loam, or sandy clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 35 percent

Cataska Series

Depth class: Shallow

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Position on the landform: Very steep side slopes and

narrow ridgetops

Parent material: Residuum derived from

metasedimentary rocks, such as phyllite, slate,

metasiltstone, and metashale

Slope range: 35 to 90 percent

Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic,

shallow Typic Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Cataska channery silt loam, in an area of CataskaRock outcrop complex, 35 to 65 percent slopes;

300 yards north along the Left Prong of Caney Creek

from the Ocoee River:

Oe—2 inches to 0; nearly black, partially decomposed

organic matter of hardwood leaves and pine

needles.

A—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

channery silt loam; weak medium and fine

granular structure; very friable; many fine and

medium roots; 30 percent phyllite channers;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—1 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) channery silt

loam; weak medium and fine granular structure;

very friable; many fine and medium roots; 30

percent phyllite channers; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bw—5 to 15 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very

channery silt loam; weak medium and fine

subangular blocky structure; friable; common

roots; 50 percent phyllite channers; strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Cr—15 to 24 inches; weathered phyllite rock that can

be removed with handtools; seams and cracks

between the rocks filled with strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

R—24 inches; hard, fractured phyllite.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 10 to 18 inches

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to more than 40 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Channers and

flagstones of metasedimentary rocks, such as

phyllite, slate, metasiltstone, and metashale

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—15 to 45 percent

E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam or

loam

Content of rock fragments—15 to 45 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam or loam

Content of rock fragments—35 to 80 percent

Cr horizon:

Fractured and tilted phyllite, slate, metasiltstone,

or metashale; spaces between rocks generally

filled with silt loam or loam similar to the fineearth fraction in the Bw horizon

R horizon:

Hard phyllite, slate, metasiltstone, or metashale

Citico Series

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Position on the landform: Moderately steep to very

steep lower parts of side slopes and footslopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived mainly from

phyllite, slate, and metasedimentary rocks

Slope range: 15 to 65 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic

Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Citico channery silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes;

1 mile west of Springtown, 1.2 miles north from

Maggie Creek Campground:

Oe—1 inch to 0; black organic matter of decomposed

leaf litter.
Polk County, Tennessee 143

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

channery silt loam; moderate medium granular

structure; very friable; many fine and medium

roots; 20 percent phyllite channers; moderately

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

BE—4 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

channery silt loam; moderate medium granular

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; 25

percent phyllite channers; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bw—12 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 25

percent phyllite channers; strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

C—31 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

flaggy silt loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; 50

percent phyllite flagstones and channers; strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

R—45 inches; hard phyllite rock.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 30 to 50 inches

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Channers, pebbles,

and flagstones, mostly of phyllite and slate

Reaction: Strongly acid

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—15 to 35 percent

BE horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam or loam

Content of rock fragments—15 to 35 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam or loam

Content of rock fragments—15 to 35 percent

C horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam or

loam

Content of rock fragments—15 to 60 percent

R horizon:

Hard phyllite, slate, or metasedimentary rock

Collegedale Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately slow

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges

and Valleys

Position on the landform: Sloping to steep convex

ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum derived from limestone and

dolomite

Slope range: 5 to 25 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic

Paleudults

Typical Pedon

Collegedale silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded;

2.2 miles south of Old Fort on U.S. Highway 411,

about 0.2 mile east of U.S. Highway 411 on Ladd

Springs Road, 125 feet south of the road:

Ap—0 to 6 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable;

few fine roots; 10 percent chert gravel; slightly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—6 to 17 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

few fine roots; 2 percent chert gravel; slightly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—17 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay;

common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6)

mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; common distinct clay films on faces

of peds; few fine roots; 2 percent chert gravel;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt3—26 to 38 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;

common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) and brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few

medium distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) mottles;

moderate medium angular and subangular blocky

structure; firm; common distinct clay films of faces

of peds; few fine roots; 5 percent chert gravel;

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt4—38 to 45 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;

many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

and white (10YR 8/2) mottles; moderate medium

angular and subangular blocky structure; firm;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

5 percent chert gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.
144 Soil Survey

Bt5—45 to 53 inches; mottled yellowish red (5YR 5/6),

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), strong brown (7.5YR

5/8), and white (10YR 8/2) silty clay; moderate

medium angular and subangular blocky structure;

firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; 5

percent chert gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt6—53 to 65 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;

many medium distinct white (10YR 8/2) and

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; moderate

medium angular and subangular blocky structure

with a few seams of relic rock structure that is

massive; firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds;

5 percent chert gravel; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Chert pebbles

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid unless

limed

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR or 5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—6 or 8

Mottles—in shades of brown or gray; most

prevalent below a depth of about 25 inches;

some subhorizons are mottled and have no

dominant matrix color

Texture—clay or silty clay

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Decatur Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges

and Valleys

Position on the landform: Gently sloping to moderately

steep ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Old alluvium or colluvium or old

alluvium overlying residuum derived from

limestone or dolomite

Slope range: 2 to 20 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic

Paleudults

Typical Pedon

Decatur silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded;

500 feet east of the intersection of the Conasauga

River and Old Federal Road, about 1,000 feet south of

Old Patty Road from Old Columbus Road, 300 feet

east in a field:

Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) silt

loam; strong medium granular structure; friable;

common fine roots; 10 percent quartz and granite

pebbles; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—6 to 15 inches; dark red (10R 3/6) clay; moderate

medium and fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine roots; common distinct clay

films on faces of peds; 5 percent quartz and

granite pebbles and cobbles; moderately acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—15 to 28 inches; dark red (10R 3/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine roots; common distinct clay

films on faces of peds; 5 percent quartz and

granite pebbles and cobbles; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bt3—28 to 50 inches; dark red (10R 3/6); clay;

moderate medium angular blocky and subangular

blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent

quartz and granite pebbles and cobbles; strongly

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt4—50 to 67 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay;

moderate medium angular blocky and subangular

blocky structure; firm; common distinct clay films

on faces of peds; 5 percent quartz and granite

pebbles and cobbles; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: More than 72 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Rounded pebbles

and cobbles of igneous, metamorphic, and

sedimentary rocks

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid unless

limed

Ap horizon:

Hue—2.5YR or 5YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—10R or 2.5YR

Value—3

Chroma—4 or 6
Polk County, Tennessee 145

Texture—clay or silty clay

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Ditney Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Position on the landform: Moderately steep to very

steep ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum derived from arkose,

arksoic sandstone, quartzite, or greywacke

Slope range: 12 to 65 percent

Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic

Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Ditney loam, 12 to 35 percent slopes; 1.5 miles from

the Appalachia Powerhouse on the Hiwassee River,

east on a Forest Service road, 50 feet north of the

road:

Oe—1 inch to 0; loose leaves and partially

decomposed organic matter.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam; weak medium granular structure; very

friable; many fine and medium roots; 10 percent

arkosic sandstone pebbles; very strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

BE—3 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam;

weak medium granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; 10 percent arkosic

sandstone pebbles; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw1—7 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium

roots; 10 percent arkosic sandstone pebbles

and cobbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw2—15 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

cobbly loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

25 percent arkosic sandstone cobbles and

pebbles; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

BC—25 to 35 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) cobbly loam;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;

few fine and medium roots; 25 percent arkosic

sandstone cobbles and pebbles; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

R—35 inches; hard arkosic sandstone.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles and cobbles

of arkose, arkosic sandstone, quartzite, or

greywacke

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent

BE and Bw horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

loam, or fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent

BC horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

loam, or fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—10 to 40 percent

R horizon:

Hard greywacke, arkosic sandstone, arkose, or

quartzite bedrock

Emory Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges

and Valleys

Position on the landform: Nearly level and gently

sloping flood plains and depressional areas

Parent material: Local alluvium overlying a buried soil

Slope range: 0 to 4 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic

Fluventic Umbric Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Emory silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, occasionally

flooded; 1 mile east of Old Patty, 0.3 mile east of the

intersection of Rahts Lane and East Patty Road,

300 feet north of the road:
146 Soil Survey

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) silt

loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable;

many fine and medium roots; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw—8 to 23 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Ab—23 to 32 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt

loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; few

fine roots; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Btb1—32 to 38 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

some peds; few fine roots; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Btb2—38 to 46 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

some peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Btb3—46 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common distinct clay films on faces of some

peds; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of local alluvium over buried soil: 20 to

34 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles and cobbles

of various sedimentary rocks

Reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid unless

limed

Ap horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam or silty

clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Ab horizon:

Hue—5YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Btb horizon:

Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Mottles—if they occur, in shades of brown,

yellow, or red

Texture—silty clay loam, clay loam, or clay

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Evard Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains;

Copper Basin area

Position on the landform: Sloping to steep upland

ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum derived from igneous

and metamorphic rocks, such as gneiss and

schist

Slope range: 5 to 30 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, oxidic, mesic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Evard loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes; 500 feet north of

the Ducktown Elementary School, 300 feet east of

U.S. Highway 68, at Ducktown:

A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; weak

fine granular structure; very friable; common fine

and medium roots; common flakes of mica;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—5 to 10 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces

of peds; common flakes of mica; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—10 to 22 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; common flakes of mica; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

BC—22 to 32 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) loam;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable;

few fine roots; common flakes of mica; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

C—32 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) fine

sandy loam; massive; very friable; many flakes of

mica; 90 percent partially weathered or highly

weathered gneiss and mica schist; very strongly

acid.
Polk County, Tennessee 147

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 20 to more than 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles, cobbles, and

stones of gneiss and schist

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas

A horizon:

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 30 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR or 5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay loam, loam,

or sandy clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent

BC horizon:

Hue—2.5YR or 5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 8

Mottles—if they occur, in shades of red, brown, or

yellow

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

loam, or fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent

C horizon:

Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 8

Mottles—if they occur, in shades of red, brown, or

yellow

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

loam, or fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—20 to 90 percent

Hamblen Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges

and Valleys

Position on the landform: Nearly level flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic

Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Hamblen silt loam, occasionally flooded; 1 mile

southwest of Conasauga, 300 feet north of the

Georgia State line, 0.3 mile east of the Bradley County

(Tennessee) line:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderate medium granular structure; friable; many

fine roots; few fine flakes of mica; slightly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—9 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR

5/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

many fine roots; few fine flakes of mica; slightly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw2—17 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) clay loam; few fine distinct brown (10YR 5/3)

and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine roots; few fine flakes of mica;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw3—28 to 46 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

clay loam; common fine and medium distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) mottles; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

fine flakes of mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C—46 to 60 inches; mottled brown (10YR 5/3),

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and light red (2.5YR

6/6) clay loam; massive; friable; few fine flakes of

mica; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 20 to 55 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Depth to dominant chroma of 2 or less: More than

20 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles of

sedimentary rocks

Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Mottles—in shades of brown, gray, yellow, or red;

chroma of 2 or less within a depth of 24 inches
148 Soil Survey

Texture—silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay

loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—1 to 6

Mottles—in shades of brown, gray, yellow or red;

some horizons are mottled and have no

dominant matrix color

Texture—silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Hayesville Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains;

Copper Basin area

Position on the landform: Sloping to steep upland

ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum derived from igneous and

metamorphic rocks, such as granite, gneiss, and

schist

Slope range: 5 to 30 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, mesic Typic

Kanhapludults

Typical Pedon

Hayesville loam, in an area of Evard-Hayesville

complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes; 2 miles east of

Ducktown on U.S. Highway 64, about 1.4 miles south

of the intersection of Campbell Airport Road and U.S.

Highway 64, about 300 feet past the Campbell Airport

Road:

A—0 to 2 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate

medium granular structure; very friable; common

fine and medium roots; many flakes of mica; very

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—2 to 5 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; moderate

medium granular and weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many

flakes of mica; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

BE—5 to 9 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay

loam; weak and moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many

flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—9 to 22 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; strong and

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

few fine roots; many flakes of mica; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—22 to 30 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine

roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

many flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt3—30 to 36 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; many flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

BC—36 to 60 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure parting to

massive; friable; few fine roots; many flakes of

mica; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 30 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles, channers,

cobbles, and flagstones of igneous and

metamorphic rocks, such as granite, gneiss, and

schist

Reaction: Extremely acid to slightly acid unless limed

A horizon:

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent

E horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or sandy

loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent

BE horizon:

Hue—5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or clay

loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR or 5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—6 or 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay or clay

loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent
Polk County, Tennessee 149

BC horizon:

Hue—2.5YR or 5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—6 or 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

clay loam, or clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent

Jeffrey Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid

Physiographic area: Higher elevations of the Southern

Blue Ridge Mountains

Position on the landform: Moderately steep to very

steep ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum derived from arkosic

sandstone, greywacke, phyllite, and slate

Slope range: 12 to 65 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric

Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Jeffrey channery loam, 12 to 35 percent slopes; 100

yards northeast of the fire tower on Little Frog

Mountain:

A1—0 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

channery loam; weak fine and medium granular

structure; very friable; many fine and medium

roots; 15 percent slate and arkosic sandstone

channers; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

A2—8 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) channery

loam; weak medium granular structure; very

friable; many fine and medium roots; 15 percent

arkosic sandstone and slate channers and gravel;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw—11 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

cobbly loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

20 percent arkosic sandstone and slate cobbles

and channers; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

C—22 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

cobbly loam; massive; friable; 50 percent arkosic

sandstone and slate cobbles and channers;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

R—28 inches; hard arkosic sandstone.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 20 to 35 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles, channers,

cobbles, and stones of arkosic sandstone,

greywacke, phyllite, and slate

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 30 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

loam, or fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—10 to 30 percent

C horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 or 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or fine

sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—10 to 50 percent

R horizon:

Hard arkosic sandstone, greywacke, phyllite, or

slate bedrock

Junaluska Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Position on the landform: Sloping to very steep

ridgetops and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum derived from

metasedimentary rocks, such as metasiltstone,

phyllite, and slate

Slope range: 5 to 65 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

This typical pedon is located in Cherokee County,

North Carolina, at the type location for the official

series description; west from Murphy on U.S. Highway

64 to State Road 1301, west to State Road 1302,

northwest to State Road 1303, northeast to Forest

Service Road 307, about 0.5 mile west of the

intersection of Forest Service Road 307 and Forest
150 Soil Survey

Service Road 6068 on Forest Service Road 307,

about 0.1 mile south of Forest Service Road 307; on a

20-percent, southwest-facing, forested mountain side

slope:

Oi—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed organic

matter and deciduous leaves, twigs, and roots.

A1—0 to 2 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) fine sandy loam;

weak medium granular structure; very friable;

common fine, medium, and coarse roots; 5

percent, by volume, metasandstone channers;

common fine mica flakes; extremely acid; clear

wavy boundary.

A2—2 to 11 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine

sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very

friable; common fine, medium, and coarse roots; 5

percent, by volume, metasandstone channers;

common fine mica flakes; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt—11 to 21 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

clay loam; common coarse distinct red (2.5YR 4/8)

mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

few medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; 5 percent, by volume, metasandstone

channers; common fine mica flakes; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

C/B—21 to 26 inches; thin, parallel layers of yellowish

red (5YR 5/8) and red (2.5YR 4/8) fine sandy loam

saprolite and sandy clay loam B material; saprolite

is massive, B material has weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; 5 percent, by

volume, metasandstone channers; common fine

mica flakes; strongly acid; clear irregular

boundary.

Cr—26 to 31 inches; multicolored, weathered, lowgrade metasandstone; partially consolidated, can

be dug with difficulty with a spade.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 15 to 35 inches

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to hard bedrock: More than 40 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Channers, flagstones,

pebbles, and cobbles of metasiltstone, phyllite,

and slate

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid unless

limed

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 35 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 or 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, silt loam,

or fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 35 percent

C/B horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5YR; sometimes multicolored

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, silt loam,

fine sandy loam, or loamy fine sand

Content of rock fragments—0 to 35 percent

Cr horizon:

Fractured and tilted metasiltstone, phyllite, or slate

Keener Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Position on the landform: Gently sloping to very steep

footslopes, side slopes, benches, and alluvial or

colluvial fans

Parent material: Colluvium and alluvium derived from

metamorphosed sandstone, shale, and siltstone

Slope range: 3 to 65 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Keener cobbly loam, in an area of Lostcove-Keener

complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes, very stony;

2.7 miles south of Reliance on State Road 30, right

2.1 miles on U.S. Forest Service Road 77 to road

intersection, left 2.5 miles on gravel road, 75 feet

northeast of the road:

Oe—1 inch to 0; mixed hardwood leaves, pine

needles, and twigs.

A—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

cobbly loam; weak medium granular structure;

friable; common fine and medium roots; 30

percent sandstone cobbles and gravel; strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—1 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) cobbly loam; weak

medium granular structure; friable; common fine

and medium roots; 20 percent sandstone cobbles

and gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BE—4 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

cobbly loam; weak medium subangular blocky
Polk County, Tennessee 151

structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 20

percent sandstone cobbles and gravel; strongly

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt1—13 to 22 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) cobbly

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common distinct clay films on

some ped faces; few fine and medium roots; 25

percent sandstone cobbles and gravel; strongly

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—22 to 37 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) cobbly

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common distinct clay films on

faces of peds; few fine and medium roots; 25

percent sandstone cobbles and gravel; strongly

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt3—37 to 56 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very

cobbly clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 35

percent sandstone cobbles and gravel; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

BC—56 to 64 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) cobbly

sandy loam; common medium distinct brown

(10YR 5/3) and strong brown (10YR 5/4) mottles;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

30 percent sandstone cobbles and gravel; few faint

clay films on faces of rocks; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

C—64 to 70 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) very

cobbly sandy loam; massive; friable; 45 percent

sandstone cobbles and gravel; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 40 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles, cobbles, and

stones of slightly metamorphosed sandstone,

shale, and siltstone

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid unless

limed

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent

E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

loam, or fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 30 percent

BE horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

loam, or fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 30 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—6 or 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay loam,

or sandy clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 30 percent

BC horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—6 or 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay loam,

or sandy loam

Mottles—in shades of yellow or brown

Content of rock fragments—10 to 50 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—6 or 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay loam,

or sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—10 to 50 percent

Leadvale Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow or slow

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges

and Valleys

Position on the landform: Gently sloping footslopes,

toeslopes, and low stream terraces

Parent material: Local alluvium underlain by residuum

derived from shale and siltstone

Slope range: 2 to 5 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic

Fragiudults

Typical Pedon

Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, rarely

flooded; 0.2 mile east of U.S. Highway 411 and New

Smyrna Road, 100 feet north of New Smyrna Road in

a pastured area:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak

medium granular structure; very friable; many fine
152 Soil Survey

and medium roots; 10 percent shale channers;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt

loam; common medium distinct light yellowish

brown (10YR 6/4) mottles; weak and moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; very friable;

common fine roots; 10 percent shale channers;

few faint clay films on faces of peds; many black

concretions; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—14 to 22 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silty

clay loam; many medium prominent yellowish red

(5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 10 percent

shale channers; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btx—22 to 31 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR

5/4), light gray (10YR 7/2), and brownish yellow

(10YR 6/6) silty clay loam; many medium faint

grayish brown (2.5YR 5/2) mottles; weak coarse

platy structure parting to moderate medium

subangular blocky; firm and brittle; 10 percent

shale channers; many dark brown concretions;

few faint clay films on faces of peds; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—31 to 60 inches; mottled light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4), light gray (10YR 7/2), and yellowish

red (5YR 5/8) silty clay loam; many medium faint

light brownish gray (2.5YR 6/2) mottles; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; 10

percent shale channers; many dark brown and

black concretions; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 40 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Depth to fragipan: 16 to 38 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Channers and

pebbles of shale or siltstone

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid unless

limed

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—6 or 8

Mottles—if they occur, generally in shades of

brown or red; gray mottles are sometimes in a

3- to 5-inch zone directly above the fragipan

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Btx horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—5 to 7

Chroma—4 to 8

Mottles—in shades of gray, yellow, or brown

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

BC horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—5 to 7

Chroma—2 to 8

Mottles—in shades of gray, yellow, or brown

Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Lostcove Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Position on the landform: Gently sloping to very steep

lower side slopes and footslopes

Parent material: Colluvium

Slope range: 3 to 65 percent

Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, mesic

Typic Hapludults

Taxadjunct statement: The Lostcove soils located

along the western face of Starr and Chilhowee

Mountains in Polk County are taxadjuncts to the

series because they have more clay in the lower

part of the subsoil than is defined as the range for

the series. This difference, however, does not

significantly affect use and management of the

soils.

Typical Pedon

This typical pedon is located in McMinn County, on the

western face of Starr Mountain; 4.5 miles north of the

Polk-McMinn County line on U.S. Highway 411, about

1.75 miles east on State Road 310 from the

intersection of State Road 310 and U.S. Highway 411,

about 0.2 mile south on McMinn County Road 491,

about 1.6 miles southeast on McMinn County Road

475, about 2.1 miles south on McMinn County Road

880, about 0.05 mile east on McMinn County Road

875, south about 1 mile on Bowater logging road with

gate, on a roadbank on the east side of the road;

USGS Mecca topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees

18 minutes 08 seconds N. and 84 degrees 29 minutes

20 seconds W.:
Polk County, Tennessee 153

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood leaf

litter and pine needles.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; moderately decomposed hardwood

leaf litter and pine needles

A—1 to 5 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) gravelly

loam; moderate medium granular structure; very

friable; common fine and few coarse roots; 30

percent arkosic sandstone gravel; extremely acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—5 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) very

cobbly clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few coarse roots; few distinct

patchy clay films on faces of peds; 40 percent

arkosic sandstone cobbles and gravel; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—19 to 50 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) very

cobbly clay loam; common fine faint strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) mottles; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few coarse and few fine

roots; few distinct patchy clay films on faces of

peds; 40 percent arkosic sandstone cobbles

and gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

2Bt3—50 to 76 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

very cobbly clay; many coarse distinct yellowish

red (5YR 5/8) and common fine faint brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8) mottles; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common

distinct patchy clay films on faces of peds; 55

percent arkosic sandstone cobbles and gravel;

very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 30 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Cobbles and pebbles

of arkosic sandstone

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—15 to 40 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—6 or 8

Mottles—if they occur, in shades of red, yellow, or

brown

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

clay loam, clay loam, or clay

Content of rock fragments—35 to 70 percent

2Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—6 or 8

Mottles—if they occur, in shades of red, yellow, or

brown

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay or clay

loam

Content of rock fragments—35 to 75 percent

McCamy Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Physiographic area: Chilhowee and Starr Mountains

on the western edge of the Southern Blue Ridge

Mountains

Position on the landform: Sloping to very steep

ridgetops and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum derived from arkosic

sandstone interbedded with sandy shale

Slope range: 5 to 35 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

McCamy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes; on Chilhowee

Mountain, near the intersection of Benton Springs

Road and Oswald Dome Road (Forest Service Road

77):

Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaf litter.

A—0 to 2 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam; weak

fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and

medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

EB—2 to 7 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loam; weak fine granular and subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many fine and common

medium roots; extremely acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt—7 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine and medium roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; extremely acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Cr—26 to 38 inches; soft, brown and yellow arkosic

sandstone; abrupt smooth boundary.

R—38 inches; hard arkosic sandstone

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches
154 Soil Survey

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles, channers,

and stones of arkosic sandstone, quartzite, and

shale

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent

EB horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, fine

sandy loam, or sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 20 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Mottles—if they occur, in shades of red, brown, or

yellow

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay loam,

or sandy clay loam; subhorizons having clayey

textures are common below a depth of about

30 inches

Content of rock fragments—0 to 20 percent

Cr horizon:

Soft arkosic sandstone and sandy shale in shades

of brown, yellow, or red

R horizon:

Hard arkosic sandstone

Minvale Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges

and Valleys

Position on the landform: Sloping to steep side slopes,

footslopes, and coves

Parent material: Colluvium derived from cherty

limestone

Slope range: 5 to 25 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic

Paleudults

Typical Pedon

Minvale gravelly silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes;

2.2 miles south of Old Fort on U.S. Highway 411,

about 0.75 mile west of U.S. Highway 411 on Ladds

Springs Road, 550 feet north of the road:

A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

gravelly silt loam; weak medium granular structure;

very friable; common fine and medium roots; 20

percent chert gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

E—3 to 13 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

gravelly silt loam; moderate medium granular

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

20 percent chert gravel; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—13 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

gravelly silty clay loam; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; few fine and medium roots;

25 percent chert gravel; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt2—21 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

gravelly silty clay loam; common fine distinct

yellowish red (5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; few fine and medium roots;

15 percent chert gravel; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bt3—28 to 39 inches; mottled yellowish red (5YR 5/6),

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) gravelly clay; moderate medium

subangular and angular blocky structure; firm;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 20

percent chert gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt4—39 to 68 inches; mottled yellowish red (5YR 5/6),

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), yellowish brown (10YR

5/6), and very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very gravelly

clay; moderate medium subangular and angular

blocky structure; firm; common distinct clay films

on faces of peds; 35 percent chert gravel; strongly

acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles and cobbles

of chert

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—10 to 35 percent
Polk County, Tennessee 155

E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam or loam

Content of rock fragments—15 to 35 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Mottles—in shades of red, brown, yellow, or gray;

some horizons have no dominant matrix color

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam,

silty clay, or clay

Content of rock fragments—15 to 35 percent

Needmore Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges

and Valleys

Position on the landform: Sloping and moderately

steep upland ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Calcareous shale residuum

Slope range: 5 to 25 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Needmore silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes; 2 miles

south of Ocoee on U.S. Highway 411 to Shed RoadShady Springs Road, 1 mile north of Shady Springs

Church:

A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam;

moderate medium granular structure; very friable;

5 percent shale channers; many fine roots;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

BE—4 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; 5 percent shale channers; few

fine and medium roots; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—7 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty

clay; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; 5 percent shale channers; few

fine and medium roots; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt2—16 to 22 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay;

few medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and

few medium distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3)

mottles; moderate medium subangular and

angular blocky structure; firm; 5 percent shale

channers; few fine roots; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

C—22 to 29 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR

5/8) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very channery

silty clay; massive; firm; 40 percent shale

channers; moderately acid; abrupt irregular

boundary.

Cr—29 to 34 inches; weathered, soft shale bedrock.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 18 to 38 inches

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Channers and

pebbles of shale

Reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid unless

limed

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent

BE horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—4 or 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam or silty

clay loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Mottles—if they occur, in shades of red, yellow, or

brown; some horizons have no dominant matrix

color

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silty clay or clay

Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Mottles—in shades of red, yellow, or brown; some

horizons are mottled and have no dominant

matrix color

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silty clay or clay

Content of rock fragments—25 to 70 percent

Cr horizon:

Brown and yellow, soft, calcareous shale
156 Soil Survey

Sequatchie Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges

and Valleys

Position on the landform: Gently sloping stream

terraces

Parent material: Alluvium

Slope range: 2 to 5 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Humic

Hapludults

Taxadjunct statement: The Sequatchie soils in Polk

County are taxadjuncts to the series because they

have more weatherable minerals in the control

section than is defined as the range for the series.

This difference, however, does not significantly

affect use and management of the soils.

Typical Pedon

Sequatchie silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, rarely

flooded; 400 yards north of U.S. Highway 64 bridge on

the Ocoee River, 400 feet east of the riverbank:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam;

moderate medium granular structure; friable; few

fine roots; many fine flakes of mica; moderately

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 16 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces

of peds; many fine flakes of mica; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—16 to 27 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds;

many fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

BC—27 to 41 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many

fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

C1—41 to 54 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) gravelly loam; massive; friable; 30 percent

sandstone pebbles and cobbles; many fine

flakes of mica; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

C2—54 to 68 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine

sandy loam; loose; single grained; very friable;

many fine flakes of mica; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 32 to 55 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles and cobbles

of sandstone

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid unless

limed

Ap horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 or 6

Texture—loam, silt loam, or clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

BC horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or

loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 8

Mottles—if they occur, in shades of yellow, brown,

or red

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—fine sandy

loam, sandy loam, or loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 35 percent

Suches Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains;

Copper Basin area

Position on the landform: Nearly level flood

plains

Parent material: Alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 2 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic

Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Suches loam, in an area of Arkaqua-Suches complex,

occasionally flooded; 2 miles north of Harbuck on

State Road 68, east 0.8 mile on road at Croft Chapel,

500 feet south of the road:
Polk County, Tennessee 157

Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam;

moderate medium granular structure; friable;

common fine and medium roots; moderately acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—10 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

loam; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

mottles; moderate and weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—23 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

loam; common medium distinct grayish brown

(2.5YR 5/2) and few fine faint yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bg—31 to 41 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

loam; common medium distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cg—41 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

stratified loam and fine sandy loam; common

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

mottles; massive; friable; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 40 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles of igneous

and metamorphic rocks

Reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid in unlimed

areas

Ap horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Mottles—in shades of brown or yellow in the upper

part; in shades of brown, yellow, gray, or olive in

the lower part

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or silty

clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent

Bg horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—3 to 7

Chroma—1 or 2

Mottles—in shades of red, brown, gray, or olive

Texture—loam or sandy clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent

Cg horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y or is neutral

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—0 to 2

Mottles—in shades of red, brown, yellow, gray, or

olive

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—generally

stratified loam, silt loam, or fine sandy

loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 35 percent

Talbott Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges

and Valleys

Position on the landform: Moderately steep to very

steep upland ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Limestone residuum

Slope range: 12 to 50 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, thermic Typic

Hapludalfs

Typical Pedon

Talbott silt loam, in an area of Talbott-Rock outcrop

complex, 12 to 50 percent slopes; 0.5 mile southwest

of the intersection of Old Oak Grove Road and Oak

Grove Road east of Benton, 100 feet southeast of Old

Oak Grove Road:

Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderate medium granular structure; friable; many

fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—4 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; common fine and medium roots; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—8 to 17 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay;

common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; plastic; common distinct clay films

on faces of peds; few fine roots; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—17 to 24 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay;

strong medium subangular blocky structure; very

firm; plastic; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; few fine roots; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.
158 Soil Survey

Bt4—24 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay;

moderate medium angular blocky structure; very

firm; plastic; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—35 inches; hard limestone bedrock.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles of chert and

limestone

Reaction: Dominantly strongly acid to slightly acid;

horizons near the bedrock range to slightly

alkaline

Ap horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR to 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 8

Mottles—if they occur, in shades of yellow or

brown

Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay

Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent

R horizon:

Hard limestone bedrock

Tate Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains;

Copper Basin area

Position on the landform: Gently sloping and sloping

stream terraces, footslopes, toeslopes, and fans

Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium derived from

igneous and metamorphic rocks, such as mica

schist, mica gneiss, and granite

Slope range: 2 to 8 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

Tate loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes; 1.15 miles north of

Postelle to the Louisville and Nashville railroad

crossing, left 0.45 mile on a gravel road, 300 feet

south of the gravel road, in an open field:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak

medium granular structure; friable; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

BA—10 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—15 to 34 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—34 to 44 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay

loam; common medium faint pale brown (10YR

6/3) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

C—44 to 60 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR

5/6), brown (10YR 5/3), and light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) sandy clay loam; massive; friable; very

strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 30 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles and cobbles

of igneous and metamorphic rocks, such as mica

schist, mica gneiss, and granite

Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in unlimed

areas

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 35 percent

BA horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or sandy

clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 35 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay loam,

sandy clay loam, or loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 35 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 8
Polk County, Tennessee 159

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—sandy clay

loam, loam, or clay loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 60 percent

Toccoa Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained or moderately well

drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains;

Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys

Position on the landform: Nearly level or gently sloping

flood plains

Parent material: Alluvium derived from igneous,

metamorphic, and metasedimentary rocks

Slope range: 0 to 4 percent

Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid,

thermic Typic Udifluvents

Typical Pedon

Toccoa loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded;

1 mile south of the intersection of U.S. Highway 411

and the Hiwassee River, 1.5 miles west on a farm

road, 0.25 mile west along the Hiwassee River,

400 feet south of the river:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

loam; moderate medium granular structure; very

friable; many fine flakes of mica; slightly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

C—10 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam; massive; very friable; few fine roots; many

fine flakes of mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Ab—26 to 34 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam;

massive; friable; few fine roots; many fine flakes

of mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bwb—34 to 48 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; few

fine roots; many fine flakes of mica; moderately

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cb—48 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam; common fine distinct very dark grayish

brown (10YR 3/2) mottles; massive; friable; many

fine flakes of mica; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Mica flakes: Few to many throughout the profile

Depth to mottles with chroma of 2 or less: More than

20 inches

Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid

A horizon:

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Mottles—if they occur, in shades of brown or gray

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—dominantly

loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand; if they occur,

textures of silt loam and silty clay loam are

generally below a depth of about 40 inches

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Ab horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or sandy

loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Bwb horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—4 or 6

Mottles—in shades of brown or red

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

loam, loamy sand, silt loam, or silty clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Cb horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Mottles—in shades of brown or gray

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

loam, loamy sand, silt loam, or silty clay loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Tsali Series

Depth class: Shallow

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Position on the landform: Very steep ridges and side

slopes

Parent material: Residuum derived from

metasedimentary rocks, such as phyllite, slate,

metasandstone, and metasiltstone

Slope range: 35 to 65 percent
160 Soil Survey

Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, mesic, shallow Typic

Hapludults

Typical Pedon

This typical pedon is located in Graham County, North

Carolina, at the type location for the official series

description; west from Bryson City on U.S. Highway

19 to State Road 28, north on State Road 28 to Tsali

Campground (Swain-Graham County line), 1 mile

north on a trail, 150 feet east of the trail; on a

24-percent, northwest-facing, forested mountain side

slope:

Oi—1 inch to 0; fresh hardwood leaf litter and pine

needles.

A—0 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

channery loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

common fine and medium roots; few fine flakes of

mica; 20 percent, by volume, metasandstone

channers; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—8 to 13 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) channery

loam; few fine distinct reddish brown (5YR 5/3)

mottles; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

few medium and coarse roots; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; few fine flakes of mica; 16

percent, by volume, metasandstone channers;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—13 to 18 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6)

channery clay loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; few coarse roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; few fine flakes of mica;

common pockets of dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) saprolite having a texture of sandy loam; 16

percent, by volume, metasandstone channers;

extremely acid; clear irregular boundary.

Cr—18 to 60 inches; multicolored, weathered,

fractured, thinly bedded metasandstone; a few

moderately thin seams of yellowish red (5YR 5/6)

loam; partially consolidated, can be dug with

difficulty with a spade.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Depth to hard bedrock: More than 30 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Channers and

flagstones of phyllite, slate, metasiltstone, and

metasandstone

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid

A horizon:

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—10 to 35 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR to 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay loam,

or sandy clay loam

Content of rock fragments—10 to 35 percent

Cr horizon:

Multicolored, weathered, fractured

metasedimentary rocks, such as phyllite, slate,

and thinly bedded metasandstone

Tusquitee Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains

Position on the landform: Steep and very steep side

slopes and footslopes and coves

Parent material: Colluvium derived from

metasedimentary and metamorphic rocks

Slope range: 20 to 65 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric

Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Tusquitee loam, 20 to 65 percent slopes; about

1.1 miles southwest of Stratton Gap on a Forest

Service road:

Oe—1 inch to 0; highly decomposed leaf litter, roots,

and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; 10 percent quartzite

and sandstone gravel; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam;

moderate fine granular structure; friable; common

fine roots; 10 percent quartzite and sandstone

gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—8 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; 10 percent quartzite and

sandstone gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw2—26 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky
Polk County, Tennessee 161

structure; friable; few fine roots; 15 percent

quartzite and sandstone gravel; very strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

BC—42 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) gravelly loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;

25 percent quartzite and sandstone gravel; very

strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 40 to more than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles, cobbles, and

stones of quartzite, sandstone, phyllite, and

metasedimentary rocks

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 25 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

loam, or fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent

BC horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Mottles—if they occur, in shades of brown, yellow,

or red

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, fine

sandy loam, or sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—15 to 60 percent

Udifluvents

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained or somewhat excessively

drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid

Physiographic area: Southern Blue Ridge Mountains;

Copper Basin area

Position on the landform: Nearly level and gently

sloping flood plains

Parent material: Alluvium derived from soils and

substratum material overlying igneous,

metamorphic, and metasedimentary rocks

Slope range: 0 to 4 percent

Taxonomic class: Udifluvents

Typical Pedon

Udifluvents sandy loam, in an area of Udifluvents,

loamy and sandy, frequently flooded; in the Copper

Basin area; northeast of McCallister Hill, 0.3 mile on

Potato Creek Road, 300 feet northeast of the road in

an open field:

Ap—0 to 6 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy

loam; weak coarse granular structure; very friable;

few fine roots; many medium and coarse flakes

of mica; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

C1—6 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loamy

sand; single grained; loose; few fine roots; many

medium and coarse flakes of mica; very strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

C2—28 to 36 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) coarse loamy

sand; common medium distinct brown (10YR 5/3)

mottles; single grained; loose; few fine roots; many

medium and coarse flakes of mica; very strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Ab1—36 to 44 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

loam; weak medium granular structure; friable;

common fine and medium roots; many fine and

medium flakes of mica; moderately acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Ab2—44 to 48 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y

3/2) silt loam; common medium distinct light olive

brown (2.5Y 5/4) mottles; weak medium granular

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

many fine and medium flakes of mica; slightly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Cb—48 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 5/4)

gravelly sandy loam; common medium distinct

light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) mottles; single

grained; loose; many fine and medium flakes of

mica; 25 percent gravel; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches

Mica flakes: Few to many throughout the profile

Depth to mottles with chroma of 2 or less: More than

20 inches

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent
162 Soil Survey

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Mottles—if they occur, in shades of brown or gray

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

loam, or loamy sand

Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent

Ab horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam, loam,

or sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent

Cb horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—3 to 6

Chroma—1 to 6

Mottles—in shades of brown or gray

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

loam, or loamy sand

Content of rock fragments—0 to 60 percent

Unicoi Series

Depth class: Shallow

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Physiographic area: Chilhowee and Starr Mountains,

along the western edge of the Southern Blue

Ridge Mountains

Position on the landform: Moderately steep to very

steep ridgetops, shoulder slopes, and side slopes

Parent material: Arkosic sandstone residuum

Slope range: 15 to 65 percent

Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic

Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Unicoi gravelly loam, in an area of Unicoi-Rock

outcrop complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes; 2.9 miles

south of the fire tower on Chilhowee Mountain, on

Forest Service Road 77:

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

gravelly loam; moderate medium granular

structure; very friable; many fine and medium

roots; 25 percent sandstone gravel and cobbles;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw—3 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

very cobbly loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine and medium

roots; 35 percent sandstone cobbles and gravel;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BC—9 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

cobbly fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; very friable; few fine and medium

roots; 45 sandstone cobbles and gravel; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

R—17 inches; hard arkosic sandstone.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 7 to 20 inches

Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles, cobbles, and

stones of arkosic sandstone and quartzite

Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—15 to 50 percent

Bw and BC horizons:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, fine

sandy loam, or sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—35 to 65 percent

R horizon:

Hard arkosic sandstone

Wallen Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Physiographic area: Southwestern portion of

the Southern Appalachian Ridges and

Valleys

Position on the landform: Moderately steep to very

steep ridgetops and side slopes

Parent material: Material weathered from fine grained

sandstone, siltstone, and shale

Slope range: 15 to 65 percent

Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, mesic

Typic Dystrochrepts

Typical Pedon

Wallen channery sandy loam, 15 to 65 percent slopes;

5 miles north of the intersection of U.S. Highway 411

and Ball Play Road at Conasauga, on Ball Play

(Cookson Creek) Road:
Polk County, Tennessee 163

Oe—1 inch to 0; highly decomposed leaves and twigs.

A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) channery sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

common fine and medium roots; 25 percent

sandstone channers and gravel; strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

E—4 to 8 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

very channery fine sandy loam; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; common fine and medium

roots; 35 percent sandstone channers and gravel;

strongly acid, gradual smooth boundary.

Bw1—8 to 22 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

very channery fine sandy loam; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; very friable; common

fine roots; 40 percent sandstone channers and

gravel; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw2—22 to 30 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

very channery sandy loam; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; 50

percent sandstone channers and gravel; strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

R—30 inches; hard sandstone bedrock.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles, channers,

and stones of sandstone, siltstone, and shale

Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid in

unlimed areas

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—15 to 35 percent

E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy

loam, or fine sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—15 to 35 percent

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 or 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, fine

sandy loam, or sandy loam

Content of rock fragments—35 to 70 percent

R horizon:

Hard, acid sandstone

Waynesboro Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges

and Valleys

Position on the landform: Gently sloping to moderately

steep upland stream terraces

Parent material: Old alluvium

Slope range: 2 to 25 percent

Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic

Paleudults

Typical Pedon

Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded;

3.3 miles south of the intersection of Hiwassee River

and U.S. Highway 411, about 0.65 mile west along a

farm road, 275 feet south of the farm road:

Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak

medium granular structure; very friable; common

fine roots; 5 percent sandstone pebbles;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—7 to 11 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; few

fine roots; 5 percent sandstone pebbles; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—11 to 29 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay;

strong medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; few fine roots; 5 percent sandstone pebbles;

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt3—29 to 72 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay;

moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles and cobbles

of chert and sandstone

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Ap horizon:

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR or 5YR
164 Soil Survey

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—3 to 8

Mottles—if they occur, in shades of red, yellow, or

brown

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay or clay

loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent

Whitwell Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges

and Valleys

Position on the landform: Nearly level and gently

sloping, low stream terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aquic

Hapludults

Taxadjunct statement: The Whitwell soils in Polk

County are taxadjuncts to the series because they

have a higher content of weatherable minerals in

the control section than is defined as the range for

the series. This difference, however, does not

significantly affect use and management of the

soils.

Typical Pedon

Whitwell loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally

flooded; 700 feet west of the intersection of U.S.

Highway 411 and Browder Road, 200 feet south of

Browder Road, in a cultivated field:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam; weak medium granular structure; very

friable; many fine roots; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay

loam; few medium and coarse distinct dark brown

(10YR 3/3) and few fine distinct pale brown (10YR

6/3) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—16 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay

loam; few fine distinct light gray (10YR 7/2)

mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bt3—25 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay

loam; common fine and medium distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and common fine and

medium distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8)

mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bt4—32 to 38 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay

loam; many medium and large distinct light gray

(7.5YR 7/1) and many medium and large distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BC—38 to 44 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

loam; many fine and medium distinct light gray

(7.5YR 7/0) and common fine distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

C—44 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

gravelly loam; common fine distinct gray (10YR

6/1) mottles; massive; friable; 30 percent

sandstone gravel; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Thickness of the solum: 30 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles of sandstone

and quartzite

Depth to mottles with chroma of 2 or less: Within 30

inches of the surface

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid in

unlimed areas

Ap horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Mottles—in shades of brown, yellow, red, or gray

Texture—clay loam or loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent

BC horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Mottles—in shades of brown, yellow, red, or gray

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or sandy

loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent
Polk County, Tennessee 165

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Mottles—in shades of gray or brown; some

horizons are mottled and have no dominant

matrix color

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or sandy

loam

Content of rock fragments—0 to 30 percent

167

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 1998.

Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and

testing. 19th edition, 2 volumes.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1998. Standard classification of

soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D 2487.

Rogers, John. 1953. Geologic map of East Tennessee with explanatory text. Tennessee

Division of Geology Bulletin 58, Part II.

Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S.

Department of Agriculture Handbook 18.

Soil Survey Staff. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making

and interpreting soil surveys. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. (Revised

in 1999)

Soil Survey Staff. 1992. Keys to soil taxonomy. 5th edition. United States Department of

Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (Revised in 1998)

Soil Survey Staff. 1996. National soil survey handbook, title 430-VI. United States

Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (Available in the

State Office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service at Nashville, Tennessee)

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land

capability classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1981. Land

resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States. U.S. Department

of Agriculture Handbook 296.

United States Geological Survey. 1993. Geology and mineral resource potential of the

Chattanooga 1o

 X 2o quadrangle, Tennessee and North Carolina—a preliminary

assessment. Bulletin 2005.

References

169

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single

mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as

granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds.

Clods are aggregates produced by tillage or

logging.

Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it

issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary

stream near or at its junction with its main stream.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,

deposited on land by streams.

Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage

required by one mature cow of approximately

1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1

month.

Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized

by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic

features.

Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim

after the removal of soil for construction and other

uses. Revegetation and erosion control are

extremely difficult.

Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by

an accumulation of illuvial clay.

Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces.

Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water

available for use by most plants. It is commonly

defined as the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed

as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in

inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is

expressed as:

Very low ............................................................ 0 to 2

Low ................................................................... 2 to 4

Moderate .......................................................... 4 to 6

High ........................................................ more than 6

Backslope. The geomorphic component that forms

the steepest inclined surface and principal

element of many hillsides. Backslopes in profile

are commonly steep, are linear, and may or may

not include cliff segments.

Base saturation. The degree to which material having

cation-exchange properties is saturated with

exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K),

expressed as a percentage of the total cationexchange capacity.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and

other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at

the surface.

Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where

the configuration and relief of the landforms are

determined or strongly influenced by the

underlying bedrock.

Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to flooding.

Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet

(60 centimeters) in diameter.

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See

Crown.)

Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil

particles and in tiny spaces between particles.

Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds

capillary water in the soil.

Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a

landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent

material but have different characteristics as a

result of differences in relief and drainage.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.

The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,

magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100

grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some

other stated pH value. The term, as applied to

soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity

but is more precise in meaning.

Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by

volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of

sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as

much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the

longest axis. A single piece is called a channer.

Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation

through the use of chemicals.

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or

more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen

hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal

plow depth.

Glossary
170 Soil Survey

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less

than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural

class, soil material that is 40 percent or more

clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less than

40 percent silt.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or

root channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay

skin.

Climax plant community. The stabilized plant

community on a particular site. The plant cover

reproduces itself and does not change so long as

the environment remains the same.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly

rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to

25 centimeters) in diameter.

Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to

35 percent, by volume, rounded or partially

rounded rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to

25 centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil

material has 35 to 60 percent of these rock

fragments, and extremely cobbly soil material

has more than 60 percent.

Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both,

moved by creep, slide, or local wash and

deposited at the base of steep slopes.

Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning

or establishing terraces, diversions, and other

water-control structures on a complex slope is

difficult.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil

or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern

or so small in area that it is not practical to map

them separately at the selected scale of mapping.

The pattern and proportion of the soils or

miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all

areas.

Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal

symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a

plane. They typically take the form of concentric

layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate,

iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common

compounds making up concretions. If formed in

place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese

oxide are generally considered a type of

redoximorphic concentration.

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in

combination with needed cultural and

management practices. In a good conservation

cropping system, the soil-improving crops and

practices more than offset the effects of the soildepleting crops and practices. Cropping systems

are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving

practices in a conservation cropping system

include the use of rotations that contain grasses

and legumes and the return of crop residue to the

soil. Other practices include the use of green

manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper

tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest

control.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not

invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount

of crop residue on the surface throughout the year.

Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion

and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to

deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes

resistance of soil material to rupture and to

penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of

puddled soil material; and the manner in which the

soil material behaves when subject to

compression. Terms describing consistence are

defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing

crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled

crops or summer fallow.

Control section. The part of the soil on which

classification is based. The thickness varies

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that

part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches

and 40 or 80 inches.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical

action that dissolves or weakens concrete or

uncoated steel.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to

improve and protect the soil between periods of

regular crop production, or a crop grown between

trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cropping system. Growing crops according to a

planned system of rotation and management

practices.

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue

to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,

organic matter content, and fertility and helps to

control erosion.

Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting

farming operations on sloping farmland in such a

way that tillage is across the general slope.

Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the

living branches and their foliage.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations

tend to cave in or slough.

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over

bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches

deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches;

moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to

20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches.
Polk County, Tennessee 171

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the

surface for the specified use.

Dip slope. A slope of the land surface, roughly

determined by and approximately conforming to

the dip of the underlying bedrock.

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,

generally a terrace, built to protect downslope

areas by diverting runoff from its natural course.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and

duration of wet periods under conditions similar to

those under which the soil formed. Alterations of

the water regime by human activities, either

through drainage or irrigation, are not a

consideration unless they have significantly

changed the morphology of the soil. Seven

classes of natural soil drainage are recognized—

excessively drained, somewhat excessively

drained, well drained, moderately well drained,

somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and

very poorly drained. These classes are defined in

the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,

from an area.

Draw. A small stream valley that generally is more

open and has broader bottom land than a ravine

or gulch.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution

or colloidal suspension from one place to another

within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material

through eluviation are eluvial; those that have

received material are illuvial.

Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in

which all horizons between the upper boundary of

saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated.

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a

perched water table in a soil in which saturated

layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated

layers within 2 meters of the surface.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by

such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic).—Erosion caused by geologic

processes acting over long geologic periods and

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and

the building up of such landscape features as

flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural

erosion.

Erosion (accelerated).—Erosion much more rapid

than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human

or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,

such as a fire, that exposes the surface.

Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope

or cliff breaking the general continuity of more

gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from

erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp.

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the

soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel

or sand for construction purposes.

Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore

productivity through accumulation of moisture.

Summer fallow is common in regions of limited

rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is

tilled for at least one growing season for weed

control and decomposition of plant residue.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide

plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper

balance, for the growth of specified plants when

light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth

factors are favorable.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a

soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry

weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has

drained away; the field moisture content 2 or

3 days after a soaking rain; also called normal field

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary

capacity.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.

First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to frequent or occasional flooding.

Flaggy soil material. Material that is, by volume, 15 to

35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil material

has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely

flaggy soil material has more than 60 percent

flagstones.

Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone,

slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches (15 to

38 centimeters) long.

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a

stream and is subject to flooding unless protected

artificially.

Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river

action, as a fluvial plain.

Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as

much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a

mountain range or high-plateau escarpment.

Footslope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill.

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.

Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants

(underbrush) covering the ground in a forest.

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition

and development because of given physical and

biological factors by which it may be differentiated

from other stands.

Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in

porosity and content of organic matter and low or

moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand.
172 Soil Survey

A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots.

When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher

bulk density than the horizon or horizons above.

When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under

pressure rather than to deform slowly.

Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil

moisture. Frost action can damage roads,

buildings and other structures, and plant roots.

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers

especially to the processes or soil-forming factors

responsible for the formation of the solum, or true

soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.

Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage,

resulting in the reduction of iron and other

elements in the profile and in gray colors.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed

waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to

grass as protection against erosion. Conducts

surface water away from cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock

as much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6

centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a

pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to

35 percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock

fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as

3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving

crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage

of maturity or soon after maturity.

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of

the material below the water table.

Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by

running water and through which water ordinarily

runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a

gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is

an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to

be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser

depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary

tillage.

Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated

except by blasting or by the use of special

equipment that is not commonly used in

construction.

High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and

corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue

from these crops can be used to control erosion

until the next crop in the rotation is established.

These crops return large amounts of organic

matter to the soil.

Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as

much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands,

commonly of limited summit area and having a

well defined outline; hillsides generally have

slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction

between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is

dependent on local usage.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to

the surface, having distinct characteristics

produced by soil-forming processes. In the

identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter

represents the major horizons. Numbers or

lowercase letters that follow represent

subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation

of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey

Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as

follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and

decaying plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the

surface in which an accumulation of humified

organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.

Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was

originally part of a B horizon.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main

feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or

some combination of these.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A

horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

transition from the overlying A to the underlying C

horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive

characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay,

sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these;

(2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or

browner colors than those in the A horizon; or

(4) a combination of these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer,

excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected

by soil-forming processes and does not have the

properties typical of the overlying soil material.

The material of a C horizon may be either like or

unlike that in which the solum formed. If the

material is known to differ from that in the solum,

an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the

letter C.

Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath

the soil.

R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil.

The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but

it can be directly below an A or a B horizon.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable

part of the organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped

according to their runoff potential. The soil

properties that influence this potential are those

that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on

a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting

when the soil is not frozen. These properties are
Polk County, Tennessee 173

depth to a seasonal high water table, the

infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged

wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable

layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not

considered but are separate factors in predicting

runoff.

Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a

molten or partially molten state. Major varieties

include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are

andesite, basalt, and granite.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one

horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,

material is removed from an upper horizon and

deposited in a lower horizon.

Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or

roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is

absolutely impervious to air and water all the time.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the

immediate surface of soil or other material, as

contrasted with percolation, which is movement of

water through soil layers or material.

Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which

water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of

conditions.

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates

the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually

expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be

limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the

rate at which water is applied at the surface.

Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the

soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial

rate; the rate decreases with application time.

Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a

constant but is a variable depending on the net

irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in

inches per hour, is expressed as follows:

Less than 0.2 ............................................... very low

0.2 to 0.4 .............................................................. low

0.4 to 0.75 ......................................... moderately low

0.75 to 1.25 ................................................ moderate

1.25 to 1.75 ..................................... moderately high

1.75 to 2.5 .......................................................... high

More than 2.5 ............................................. very high

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows for prolonged periods only when it

receives ground-water discharge or long,

continued contributions from melting snow or other

surface and shallow subsurface sources.

Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron and manganese oxide because of

chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay

content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in

production of crops.

Karst (topography). The relief of an area underlain by

limestone that dissolves in differing degrees, thus

forming numerous depressions or small basins.

Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent

landforms.

Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of

soil and loose rock, generally when wet or

saturated. The speed and distance of movement,

as well as the amount of soil and rock material,

vary greatly.

Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches

(7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or

other material by percolating water.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil

passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less

than 52 percent sand particles.

Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for

silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from

these crops is not adequate to control erosion until

the next crop in the rotation is established. These

crops return little organic matter to the soil.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to

support loads.

Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil

matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary

with the surrounding soil material and cannot be

removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds

making up masses are calcium carbonate,

gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide

or manganese oxide generally are considered a

type of redoximorphic concentration.

Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment

for seeding, brush management, and other

management practices.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam,

silt loam, or silt.

Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in

mineralogical composition, chemical composition,

or structure by heat, pressure, and movement.

Nearly all such rocks are crystalline.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and

low in organic material. Its bulk density is more

than that of organic soil.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop

production and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no

natural soil and supports little or no vegetation.
174 Soil Survey

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,

including the texture, structure, porosity,

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,

and biological properties of the various horizons,

and the thickness and arrangement of those

horizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that

vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as

follows: abundance—few, common, and many;

size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast—

faint, distinct, and prominent. The size

measurements are of the diameter along the

greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than

5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to

15 millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse,

more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface,

rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding

lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area

(relative to a plateau) and generally having

steep sides. A mountain can occur as a single,

isolated mass or in a group forming a chain or

range.

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees

of three simple variables—hue, value, and

chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a

color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of

4.

Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal

structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide are common compounds

making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of

iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered

types of redoximorphic concentrations.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,

boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and

water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in

various stages of decomposition. The content of

organic matter in the surface layer is described as

follows:

Very low ................................... less than 0.5 percent

Low ................................................ 0.5 to 1.0 percent

Moderately low .............................. 1.0 to 2.0 percent

Moderate ....................................... 2.0 to 4.0 percent

High ............................................... 4.0 to 8.0 percent

Very high ............................... more than 8.0 percent

Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the

movement of water and the growth of roots. For

example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan,

and traffic pan.

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and

mineral material in which soil forms.

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a

granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.”

A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to

permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from

about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to

10 square meters), depending on the variability of

the soil.

Percolation. The downward movement of water

through the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water

through the soil adversely affects the specified

use.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water

or air to move downward through the profile. The

rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is

accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil

physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated

hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil

Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in

the engineering profession and with traditional

usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow

continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms

describing permeability, measured in inches per

hour, are as follows:

Extremely slow ................................. 0.0 to 0.01 inch

Very slow ........................................ 0.01 to 0.06 inch

Slow.................................................. 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow ................................. 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate ................................ 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid ............................ 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid ............................................... 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid ................................. more than 20 inches

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on

features that affect its use and management, such

as slope, stoniness, and flooding.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels

or pipelike cavities by water moving through the

soil.

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between

the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of

moisture content within which the soil remains

plastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil

changes from semisolid to plastic.

Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil

directly below the plowed layer.
Polk County, Tennessee 175

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil

material consisting mainly of particles of nearly

the same size. Because there is little difference in

size of the particles, density can be increased only

slightly by compaction.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for

producing a specified plant or sequence of plants

under specific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending

through all its horizons and into the parent

material.

Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that

maintains enough cover to protect the soil and

maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the

desirable vegetation. This practice increases the

vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants

and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch

necessary to conserve soil and water.

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a

soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH

7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction

because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The

degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH

values, are:

Ultra acid .............................................. less than 3.5

Extremely acid ........................................... 3.5 to 4.4

Very strongly acid ...................................... 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid .............................................. 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid .......................................... 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................................ 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral ........................................................ 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline .......................................... 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline .................................... 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline ........................................ 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline ......................... 9.1 and higher

Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules,

concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other

features resulting from the accumulation of iron or

manganese oxide. An indication of chemical

reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation.

Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from

which iron and manganese oxide or a combination

of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been

removed. These zones are indications of the

chemical reduction of iron resulting from

saturation.

Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic

concentrations, redoximorphic depletions,

reduced matrices, a positive reaction to

alpha,alpha-dipyridyl, and other features

indicating the chemical reduction and oxidation of

iron and manganese compounds resulting from

saturation.

Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in

situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II).

The chemical reduction results from nearly

continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a

change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after

exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A

type of redoximorphic feature.

Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered

rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the

loose earth material above the solid rock.

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,

considered collectively.

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,

weathered or partly weathered mineral material

that accumulated as consolidated rock

disintegrated in place.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated

erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and

not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm

machinery.

Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical

means during road construction. It is commonly on

the uphill side of the road.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a

diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,

pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated

by plant roots.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream

channels from an area. The water that flows off the

surface of the land without sinking into the soil is

called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil

before reaching surface streams is called groundwater runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral

fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a

soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more

sand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly

sand-sized particles.

Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material

underlying the soil and grading to hard bedrock

below.

Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive

pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of

saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix

into an unlined auger hole.

Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles

deposited from suspension in water. The chief

kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate,

formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand;

shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed

from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are
176 Soil Survey

many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited

sand is consolidated into sandstone.

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through

the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified

use.

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are

almost alike, except for differences in texture of

the surface layer. All the soils of a series have

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a

clay deposit.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of

soil material from the land surface by the action of

rainfall and surface runoff.

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when

dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and

swelling can damage roads, dams, building

foundations, and other structures. It can also

damage plant roots.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles

that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay

(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil

that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12

percent clay.

Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly

silt-sized particles.

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner,

and have similar conservation needs or

management requirements for the major land uses

in the survey area.

Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where

limestone has been dissolved.

Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site

based on the height of the dominant stand at an

arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average

height attained by dominant and codominant trees

in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is

75 feet, the site index is 75.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, then

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a

drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In

this survey, classes for simple slopes are as

follows:

Nearly level ......................................... 0 to 2 percent

Gently sloping ..................................... 2 to 5 percent

Sloping .............................................. 5 to 12 percent

Moderately steep ............................ 12 to 20 percent

Steep ............................................... 20 to 30 percent

Very steep .............................. 30 percent and higher

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special

practices are required to ensure satisfactory

performance of the soil for a specific use.

Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds,

resulting from restricted permeability in the soil.

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with

trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and

other equipment commonly used in construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s

surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has

properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent

material, as conditioned by relief over periods of

time.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2

millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging

between specified size limits. The names and

sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in

the United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand ....................................... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand ............................................... 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand ........................................... 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand ............................................... 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand ........................................ 0.10 to 0.05

Silt ........................................................ 0.05 to 0.002

Clay .................................................. less than 0.002

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation

are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,

and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of

the material in these horizons are unlike those of

the material below the solum. The living roots and

plant and animal activities are largely confined to

the solum.

Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a

soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered

surface. In a cross section, the line may be one

fragment or more thick. It generally overlies

material that weathered in place and is overlain by

recent sediment of variable thickness.

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60

centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24

inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.

Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers

that interfere with or prevent tillage.

Stream terrace. An alluvial deposit, generally on a

bench or steplike surface. Stream terraces are

above the elevation of the current flood plain.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic

arrangement of strips or bands that provide
Polk County, Tennessee 177

vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water

erosion.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil

particles into compound particles or aggregates.

The principal forms of soil structure are—platy

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates

longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with

rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular),

and granular. Structureless soils are either single

grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or

massive (the particles adhering without any

regular cleavage, as in many hardpans).

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of

the solum below plow depth.

Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth,

ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan.

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.

Subsurface layer. Any soil horizon (A, E, AB, BA, BE,

or EB) directly below the surface layer.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or

its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth

from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the

“Ap horizon.”

Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons,

considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions

of these horizons.

Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a

series recognized in the classification system.

Such soils are named for a series they strongly

resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to

that series because they differ in ways too small to

be of consequence in interpreting their use and

behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only

when one or more of their characteristics are

slightly outside the range defined for the family of

the series for which the soils are named.

Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed

across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight

angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts

surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or

flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a

field generally is built so that the field can be

farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage

has a deep channel that is maintained in

permanent sod.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat

or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt,

and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic

textural classes, in order of increasing proportion

of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy

loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and

clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam

classes may be further divided by specifying

“coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.”

Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material

that is too thin for the specified use.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related

to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling

emergence, and root penetration.

Toeslope. The outermost inclined surface at the base

of a hill; part of a footslope.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most

favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily

rich in organic matter and is used to topdress

roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining.

Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example,

zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils

in extremely small amounts. They are essential to

plant growth.

Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than

the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the

lowlands along streams.

Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors

assumed to be inherited from the parent material

rather than to be the result of poor drainage.

Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional

areas that are excavated at an angle across a

sloping road. They are used to reduce the

downward velocity of water and divert it off and

away from the road surface. Water bars can easily

be driven over if constructed properly.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the

earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These

changes result in disintegration and

decomposition of the material.

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of

coarse grained particles that are well distributed

over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil

normally can be easily increased in density and

bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with

poorly graded soil.

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The

moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at

which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so

much that it does not recover when placed in a

humid, dark chamber.

Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by

the wind.

179

Tables
180 Soil Survey

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1951-84 at Copperhill, Tennessee.)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | |

 | Temperature | Precipitation

 |_________________________________________________________|_____________________________________

 | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10|Average|

 | | | | 10 will have-- | Average | | will have-- |number | _______________________ _____________

 Month |Average|Average|Average| | |number of|Average| | |of days|Average

 | daily | daily | | Maximum | Minimum | growing | | Less | More | with | snow-

 |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| degree | |than--|than--| 0.10 | fall

 | | | | higher | lower | days* | | | |inch or|

 | | | | than-- | than-- | | | | | more |

_________|_______|_______|_______|___________|___________|_________|_______|______|______|_______|_______

 | o | o | o | o | o | | | | | |

 | F | F | F | F | F | Units | In | In | In | | In

 | | | | | | | | | | |

January--| 47.8 | 25.8 | 36.8 | 69 | 0 | 26 | 5.33 | 3.20 | 7.23 | 9 | 1.3

 | | | | | | | | | | |

February-| 52.0 | 27.8 | 39.9 | 74 | 5 | 26 | 5.38 | 2.72 | 7.68 | 8 | 1.5

 | | | | | | | | | | |

March----| 59.7 | 34.4 | 47.1 | 81 | 15 | 80 | 6.54 | 4.02 | 8.80 | 9 | .7

 | | | | | | | | | | |

April----| 70.8 | 42.7 | 56.8 | 88 | 26 | 220 | 5.22 | 3.10 | 7.11 | 8 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

May------| 78.5 | 50.7 | 64.6 | 91 | 33 | 453 | 4.70 | 2.80 | 6.39 | 9 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

June-----| 85.1 | 58.6 | 71.9 | 96 | 42 | 657 | 4.32 | 2.60 | 5.85 | 8 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

July-----| 88.1 | 63.2 | 75.7 | 97 | 51 | 797 | 5.39 | 3.13 | 7.40 | 9 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

August---| 87.6 | 62.2 | 74.9 | 97 | 51 | 772 | 4.74 | 2.68 | 6.55 | 8 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

September| 82.0 | 55.7 | 68.9 | 94 | 38 | 567 | 4.35 | 1.88 | 6.45 | 7 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

October--| 72.0 | 43.2 | 57.6 | 87 | 25 | 251 | 3.27 | 1.51 | 4.81 | 5 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

November-| 60.4 | 34.1 | 47.3 | 79 | 16 | 54 | 4.39 | 2.78 | 5.84 | 7 | .2

 | | | | | | | | | | |

December-| 51.6 | 28.7 | 40.2 | 71 | 7 | 36 | 5.37 | 2.79 | 7.62 | 8 | .7

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Average| 69.6 | 43.9 | 56.8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Extreme| --- | --- | --- | 99 | -1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Total--| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3,939 | 59.00 |52.16 |66.04 | 95 | 4.4

_________|_______|_______|_______|___________|___________|_________|_______|______|______|_______|_______

 * A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding

the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below

which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (50 degrees F).
Polk County, Tennessee 181

Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

 (Recorded in the period 1951-84 at Copperhill, Tennessee.)

______________________________________________________________

 |

 | Temperature

 |__________________________________________

 Probability | 24o F | 28o F | 32o F

 | or lower | or lower | or lower

___________________|______________|_____________|_____________

 | | |

 Last freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in spring: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 later than | Apr. 7 | Apr. 20 | May 8

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 later than | Apr. 1 | Apr. 15 | May 2

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 later than | Mar. 19 | Apr. 7 | Apr. 21

 | | |

 First freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in fall: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 earlier than | Oct. 27 | Oct. 20 | Oct. 7

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than | Oct. 31 | Oct. 24 | Oct. 11

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than | Nov. 9 | Nov. 1 | Oct. 19

___________________|______________|_____________|_____________

Table 3.--Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1951-84 at Copperhill,

 Tennessee.)

__________________________________________________

 |

 | Daily minimum temperature

 | during growing season

 |___________________________________

 Probability | Higher | Higher | Higher

 | than | than | than

 | 24o F | 28o F | 32o F

______________|____________|___________|__________

 | Days | Days | Days

 | | |

9 years in 10 | 216 | 191 | 160

 | | |

8 years in 10 | 223 | 197 | 167

 | | |

5 years in 10 | 235 | 208 | 180

 | | |

2 years in 10 | 247 | 219 | 193

 | | |

1 year in 10 | 253 | 224 | 200

______________|____________|___________|__________
182 Soil Survey

Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

symbol | | |

_______|_________________________________________________________________________|____________|________

 | | |

AnC2 |Apison silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------| 766 | 0.3

ApC2 |Apison-Armuchee complex, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------------------| 7,284 | 2.6

ApD2 |Apison-Armuchee complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded-----------------| 3,244 | 1.1

Ar |Arkaqua-Suches complex, occasionally flooded-----------------------------| 1,386 | 0.5

AuC2 |Armuchee channery silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded--------------| 732 | 0.3

AuD2 |Armuchee channery silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded-------------| 489 | 0.2

AuE |Armuchee channery silt loam, 25 to 50 percent slopes---------------------| 490 | 0.2

BrC |Brevard loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 854 | 0.3

BrD |Brevard loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------------------------------------| 1,803 | 0.6

BrE |Brevard loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes------------------------------------| 974 | 0.3

CaF |Cataska-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 65 percent slopes--------------------| 5,491 | 1.9

CaG |Cataska-Rock outcrop complex, 65 to 90 percent slopes--------------------| 5,076 | 1.8

CcD |Citico channery silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes-----------------------| 6,219 | 2.2

CcF |Citico channery silt loam, 35 to 65 percent slopes-----------------------| 2,166 | 0.8

CoC2 |Collegedale silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded--------------------| 3,165 | 1.1

CoD2 |Collegedale silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded-------------------| 373 | 0.1

DeB2 |Decatur silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------| 573 | 0.2

DeC2 |Decatur silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------------------------| 2,595 | 0.9

DeD2 |Decatur silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded-----------------------| 715 | 0.3

DtD |Ditney loam, 12 to 35 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 1,980 | 0.7

DtF |Ditney loam, 35 to 65 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 6,774 | 2.4

Ea |Emory silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, occasionally flooded-------------| 2,202 | 0.8

EdC |Evard loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 488 | 0.2

EdD |Evard loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 1,159 | 0.4

ErC |Evard-Hayesville complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes-------------------------| 8,485 | 3.0

ErD |Evard-Hayesville complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes------------------------| 14,832 | 5.2

EvC |Evard-Hayesville complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes, gullied----------------| 1,478 | 0.5

EvD |Evard-Hayesville complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes, gullied---------------| 2,209 | 0.8

GeC |Gullied land-Evard complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------| 2,477 | 0.9

GeD |Gullied land-Evard complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes----------------------| 4,966 | 1.8

GuE |Gullied land, 5 to 35 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 2,993 | 1.1

Ha |Hamblen silt loam, occasionally flooded----------------------------------| 3,698 | 1.3

JeD |Jeffrey channery loam, 12 to 35 percent slopes---------------------------| 1,131 | 0.4

JeF |Jeffrey channery loam, 35 to 65 percent slopes---------------------------| 4,649 | 1.6

JkD |Junaluska fine sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes-----------------------| 1,066 | 0.4

JkF |Junaluska fine sandy loam, 35 to 65 percent slopes-----------------------| 49,484 | 17.5

JnC |Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes----------------------| 382 | 0.1

JnD |Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes---------------------| 16,169 | 5.7

JtF |Junaluska-Citico complex, 35 to 65 percent slopes------------------------| 12,402 | 4.4

JuF |Junaluska-Tsali complex, 35 to 65 percent slopes-------------------------| 11,583 | 4.1

KeC |Keener loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 2,336 | 0.8

KeD |Keener loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 2,962 | 1.0

LeB |Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded----------------| 1,171 | 0.4

LkC |Lostcove-Keener complex, 3 to 12 percent slopes, stony-------------------| 2,061 | 0.7

LkD |Lostcove-Keener complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes, very stony-------------| 4,252 | 1.5

LkF |Lostcove-Keener complex, 25 to 65 percent slopes, very stony-------------| 5,491 | 1.9

McC |McCamy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 341 | 0.1

McD |McCamy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 1,793 | 0.6

MnC |Minvale gravelly silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes-----------------------| 2,728 | 1.0

MnD |Minvale gravelly silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes----------------------| 1,864 | 0.7

NeC |Needmore silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes-------------------------------| 2,438 | 0.9

NeD |Needmore silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------------------------------| 2,255 | 0.8

SeB |Sequatchie silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded--------------| 2,762 | 1.0

Sm |Slickens-----------------------------------------------------------------| 518 | 0.2

Su |Suches loam, occasionally flooded----------------------------------------| 3,543 | 1.3

TaE |Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 12 to 50 percent slopes--------------------| 446 | 0.2

TeB |Tate loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 951 | 0.3

To |Toccoa loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded-----------------------| 3,260 | 1.2

TuF |Tusquitee loam, 20 to 65 percent slopes----------------------------------| 15,098 | 5.3

Ud |Udifluvents, loamy and sandy, frequently flooded-------------------------| 1,067 | 0.4

UnD |Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes---------------------| 599 | 0.2

UnF |Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 65 percent slopes---------------------| 5,043 | 1.8

 | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 183

Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

symbol | | |

_______|_________________________________________________________________________|____________|________

 | | |

W |Water--------------------------------------------------------------------| 2,900 | 1.0

WaF |Wallen channery sandy loam, 15 to 65 percent slopes----------------------| 5,398 | 1.9

WbB2 |Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded---------------------------| 3,063 | 1.1

WbC2 |Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded--------------------------| 9,171 | 3.2

WbD2 |Waynesboro loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded-------------------------| 2,950 | 1.0

WbD3 |Waynesboro clay loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded-----------| 710 | 0.3

Wt |Whitwell loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded---------------| 727 | 0.3

 | |____________|________

 | Total---------------------------------------------------------------| 282,900 | 100.0*

_______|_________________________________________________________________________|____________|________

 * Because of rounding, the total of the percentages shown actually exceeds 100.0 percent.
184 Soil Survey

Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. They are for nonirrigated

 areas. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop

 generally is not grown on the soil.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture | Wheat

 and soil name | capability | | | hay | |

_________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM | Bu

 | | | | | |

AnC2: | | | | | |

 Apison------------------| 3e | 80 | 17 | 3.7 | 6.5 | 48

 | | | | | |

ApC2: | | | | | |

 Apison------------------| 3e | 80 | 17 | 3.7 | 6.5 | 48

 | | | | | |

 Armuchee----------------| 4e | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 | ---

 | | | | | |

ApD2: | | | | | |

 Apison------------------| 4e | 75 | 15 | 3.1 | 6.0 | 35

 | | | | | |

 Armuchee----------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 4.5 | ---

 | | | | | |

Ar: | | | | | |

 Arkaqua-----------------| 4w | 115 | 20 | 4.0 | 7.5 | 35

 | | | | | |

 Suches------------------| 2w | 115 | 22 | 5.0 | 8.0 | 60

 | | | | | |

AuC2: | | | | | |

 Armuchee----------------| 4e | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 | ---

 | | | | | |

AuD2: | | | | | |

 Armuchee----------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 4.5 | ---

 | | | | | |

AuE: | | | | | |

 Armuchee----------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BrC: | | | | | |

 Brevard-----------------| 3e | 80 | 17 | 3.2 | 5.5 | 40

 | | | | | |

BrD: | | | | | |

 Brevard-----------------| 4e | 75 | 15 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 40

 | | | | | |

BrE: | | | | | |

 Brevard-----------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CaF: | | | | | |

 Cataska-----------------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------| 8s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CaG: | | | | | |

 Cataska-----------------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------| 8s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CcD: | | | | | |

 Citico------------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 4.5 | ---

 | | | | | |

CcF: | | | | | |

 Citico------------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CoC2: | | | | | |

 Collegedale-------------| 4e | 75 | 17 | 3.6 | 5.5 | 40

 | | | | | |

CoD2: | | | | | |

 Collegedale-------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 4.5 | ---

 | | | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 185

Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture | Wheat

 and soil name | capability | | | hay | |

_________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM | Bu

 | | | | | |

DeB2: | | | | | |

 Decatur-----------------| 2e | 115 | 24 | 5.5 | 8.5 | 55

 | | | | | |

DeC2: | | | | | |

 Decatur-----------------| 3e | 90 | 20 | 4.5 | 8.0 | 40

 | | | | | |

DeD2: | | | | | |

 Decatur-----------------| 4e | 80 | 15 | 3.6 | 7.5 | 35

 | | | | | |

DtD: | | | | | |

 Ditney------------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

DtF: | | | | | |

 Ditney------------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Ea: | | | | | |

 Emory-------------------| 2w | 110 | 25 | 5.5 | 8.0 | 60

 | | | | | |

EdC: | | | | | |

 Evard-------------------| 3e | 75 | 15 | 3.4 | 5.5 | 35

 | | | | | |

EdD: | | | | | |

 Evard-------------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

ErC: | | | | | |

 Evard-------------------| 3e | 75 | 15 | 3.4 | 5.5 | 35

 | | | | | |

 Hayesville--------------| 3e | 75 | 15 | 3.4 | 5.5 | 35

 | | | | | |

ErD: | | | | | |

 Evard-------------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Hayesville--------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

EvC: | | | | | |

 Evard-------------------| 4e | 75 | 15 | 3.4 | 5.5 | 35

 | | | | | |

 Hayesville--------------| 4e | 75 | 15 | 3.4 | 5.5 | 35

 | | | | | |

EvD: | | | | | |

 Evard-------------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Hayesville--------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

GeC: | | | | | |

 Gullied land------------| 8e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Evard-------------------| 4e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

GeD: | | | | | |

 Gullied land------------| 8e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Evard-------------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

GuE: | | | | | |

 Gullied land------------| 8e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Ha: | | | | | |

 Hamblen-----------------| 2w | 100 | 25 | 5.5 | 7.5 | 60

 | | | | | |

JeD: | | | | | |

 Jeffrey-----------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |
186 Soil Survey

Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture | Wheat

 and soil name | capability | | | hay | |

_________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM | Bu

 | | | | | |

JeF: | | | | | |

 Jeffrey-----------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

JkD: | | | | | |

 Junaluska---------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 | ---

 | | | | | |

JkF: | | | | | |

 Junaluska---------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

JnC: | | | | | |

 Junaluska---------------| 4e | 70 | 14 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 30

 | | | | | |

 Brasstown---------------| 4e | 70 | 14 | 3.0 | 7.5 | 30

 | | | | | |

JnD: | | | | | |

 Junaluska---------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 | ---

 | | | | | |

 Brasstown---------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 | ---

 | | | | | |

JtF: | | | | | |

 Junaluska---------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Citico------------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

JuF: | | | | | |

 Junaluska---------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Tsali-------------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

KeC: | | | | | |

 Keener------------------| 3e | 90 | 18 | 3.4 | 7.5 | 40

 | | | | | |

KeD: | | | | | |

 Keener------------------| 4e | 75 | 15 | 3.3 | 6.0 | 35

 | | | | | |

LeB: | | | | | |

 Leadvale----------------| 2e | 75 | 17 | 3.6 | 6.0 | 50

 | | | | | |

LkC: | | | | | |

 Lostcove----------------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | 6.0 | ---

 | | | | | |

 Keener------------------| 3s | --- | --- | --- | 6.0 | ---

 | | | | | |

LkD: | | | | | |

 Lostcove----------------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Keener------------------| 4s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

LkF: | | | | | |

 Lostcove----------------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Keener------------------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

McC: | | | | | |

 McCamy------------------| 3e | 80 | 17 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 35

 | | | | | |

McD: | | | | | |

 McCamy------------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 4.5 | ---

 | | | | | |

MnC: | | | | | |

 Minvale-----------------| 3e | 80 | 18 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 40

 | | | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 187

Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture | Wheat

 and soil name | capability | | | hay | |

_________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM | Bu

 | | | | | |

MnD: | | | | | |

 Minvale-----------------| 4e | 60 | 14 | 3.1 | 5.0 | 35

 | | | | | |

NeC: | | | | | |

 Needmore----------------| 4e | 60 | 14 | 3.2 | 5.0 | 35

 | | | | | |

NeD: | | | | | |

 Needmore----------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 | ---

 | | | | | |

SeB: | | | | | |

 Sequatchie--------------| 2e | 110 | 22 | 4.0 | 7.5 | 55

 | | | | | |

Sm: | | | | | |

 Slickens----------------| 8e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Su: | | | | | |

 Suches------------------| 2w | 115 | 22 | 5.0 | 8.0 | 60

 | | | | | |

TaE: | | | | | |

 Talbott-----------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------| 8s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

TeB: | | | | | |

 Tate--------------------| 2e | 105 | 19 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 55

 | | | | | |

To: | | | | | |

 Toccoa------------------| 2w | 90 | 21 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 55

 | | | | | |

TuF: | | | | | |

 Tusquitee---------------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Ud: | | | | | |

 Udifluvents-------------| 3w | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

UnD: | | | | | |

 Unicoi------------------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------| 8s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

UnF: | | | | | |

 Unicoi------------------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------| 8s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

W: | | | | | |

 Water. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

WaF: | | | | | |

 Wallen------------------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

WbB2: | | | | | |

 Waynesboro--------------| 2e | 115 | 23 | 5.5 | 7.5 | 55

 | | | | | |

WbC2: | | | | | |

 Waynesboro--------------| 3e | 90 | 19 | 4.5 | 7.5 | 50

 | | | | | |

WbD2: | | | | | |

 Waynesboro--------------| 4e | 80 | 15 | 3.6 | 6.5 | 45

 | | | | | |
188 Soil Survey

Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture | Wheat

 and soil name | capability | | | hay | |

_________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

 | | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM | Bu

 | | | | | |

WbD3: | | | | | |

 Waynesboro--------------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 6.0 | ---

 | | | | | |

Wt: | | | | | |

 Whitwell----------------| 2w | 85 | 25 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 55

_________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

Table 6.--Prime Farmland

(Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are

 not considered prime farmland. If a soil is prime farmland only under certain conditions, the

 conditions are specified in parentheses after the soil name.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Map | Soil name

symbol |

_______|_______________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

Ar |Arkaqua-Suches complex, occasionally flooded (where drained)

DeB2 |Decatur silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded

Ea |Emory silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, occasionally flooded

Ha |Hamblen silt loam, occasionally flooded

LeB |Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded

SeB |Sequatchie silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded

Su |Suches loam, occasionally flooded

TeB |Tate loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes

To |Toccoa loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded

WbB2 |Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded

Wt |Whitwell loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded

_______|_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity | |____________________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume |  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood |  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________| | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | AnC2: | | | | | | | | | Apison------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 80 | 114 |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | | ApC2: | | | | | | | | | Apison------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 80 | 114 |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | | Armuchee----------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 60 | 86 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | 86 |  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 60 | 43 | | | | | | | | | | ApD2: | | | | | | | | | Apison------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 80 | 114 |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | | Armuchee----------------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 50 | 72 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 50 | 72 |  | | | | | | | | | Ar: | | | | | | | | | Arkaqua-----------------|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Severe |Virginia pine-------| 80 | 114 | | | | | | |black walnut--------| 100 | --- |  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 90 | 172 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 75 | 114 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 100 | 114 |  | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | Suches------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|black walnut--------| 100 | --- | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 100 | 186 |  | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 90 | 129 |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 90 | 57 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 80 | 129 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 105 | 114 |  | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity  |____________________________________________|___________________________________ Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | |  soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac | | | | | | | | AuC2: | | | | | | | |  Armuchee----------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 60 | 86  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | 86  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 60 | 43  | | | | | | | | AuD2: | | | | | | | |  Armuchee----------------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 50 | 72  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 50 | 72  | | | | | | | | AuE: | | | | | | | |  Armuchee----------------|Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 50 | 72  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 50 | 72  | | | | | | | | BrC: | | | | | | | |  Brevard-----------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 80 | 114  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 90 | 172  | | | | | |hemlock-------------| --- | ---  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 75 | 57  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114  | | | | | |white oak-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 95 | 100  | | | | | | | | BrD: | | | | | | | |  Brevard-----------------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 80 | 114  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 90 | 172  | | | | | |hemlock-------------| --- | ---  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 75 | 57  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114  | | | | | |white oak-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 95 | 100  | | | | | | | | BrE: | | | | | | | |  Brevard-----------------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 80 | 114  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 90 | 172  | | | | | |hemlock-------------| --- | ---  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 75 | 57  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114  | | | | | |white oak-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 95 | 100  | | | | | | | | 
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity | |____________________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume |  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood |  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________| | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | CaF: | | | | | | | | | Cataska-----------------|Moderate|Severe |Severe |Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak--------| 40 | 29 | | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 40 | --- |  | | | | | |scarlet oak---------| 40 | 29 | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaG: | | | | | | | | | Cataska-----------------|Moderate|Severe |Severe |Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak--------| 40 | 29 | | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 40 | --- |  | | | | | |scarlet oak---------| 40 | 29 | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CcD: | | | | | | | | | Citico------------------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern white pine--| 90 | 172 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 100 | 114 |  | | | | | | | | | CcF: | | | | | | | | | Citico------------------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern white pine--| 90 | 172 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 100 | 114 |  | | | | | | | | | CoC2: | | | | | | | | | Collegedale-------------|Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 80 | 114 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 |  | | | | | |southern red oak----| 70 | 57 |  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 70 | 57 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | | CoD2: | | | | | | | | | Collegedale-------------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 80 | 114 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 |  | | | | | |southern red oak----| 70 | 57 |  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 70 | 57 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity | |____________________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume |  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood |  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | DeB2: | | | | | | | | | Decatur-----------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 |e | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 | 143 |  | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 80 | 114 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 66 | 100 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | | DeC2: | | | | | | | | | Decatur-----------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 |e | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 | 143 |  | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 80 | 114 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 66 | 100 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | | DeD2: | | | | | | | | | Decatur-----------------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 |y | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 | 143 |  | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 80 | 114 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 66 | 100 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 |  | | | | | | | | | DtD: | | | | | | | | | Ditney------------------|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 50 | 72 |V | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 50 | 72 |  | | | | | | | | | DtF: | | | | | | | | | Ditney------------------|Moderate|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 50 | 72 |V | | | | | |northern red oak----| 50 | 29 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 50 | 72 |  | | | | | | | | | Ea: | | | | | | | | | Emory-------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |black cherry--------| --- | --- |b | | | | | |black walnut--------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 90 | 129 |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57 | | | | | | |white ash-----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 104 | 114 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity  |____________________________________________|___________________________________ Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | |  soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac | | | | | | | | EdC: | | | | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 | 143  | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | ---  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | ---  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 70 | ---  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114  | | | | | |southern red oak----| 75 | 57  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 75 | 57  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86  | | | | | | | | EdD: | | | | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 | 143  | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | ---  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | ---  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 70 | ---  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114  | | | | | |southern red oak----| 75 | 57  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 75 | 57  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86  | | | | | | | | ErC: | | | | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 | 143  | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | ---  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | ---  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 70 | ---  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114  | | | | | |southern red oak----| 75 | 57  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 75 | 57  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Hayesville--------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 84 | 157  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | ---  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 82 | 114  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 93 | 100  | | | | | | | | 
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity | |____________________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume |  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood |  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________| | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | ErD: | | | | | | | | | Evard-------------------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 | 143 |  | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- |  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 70 | --- | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |southern red oak----| 75 | 57 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 75 | 57 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | | Hayesville--------------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 84 | 157 |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- |  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 82 | 114 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 93 | 100 | | | | | | | | | | EvC: | | | | | | | | | Evard-------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 | 143 |  | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- |  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 70 | --- | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |southern red oak----| 75 | 57 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 75 | 57 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | | Hayesville--------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 84 | 157 |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- |  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 82 | 114 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 93 | 100 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity | |____________________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume |  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood |  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________| | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | EvD: | | | | | | | | | Evard-------------------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 | 143 |  | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- |  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 70 | --- | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |southern red oak----| 75 | 57 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 75 | 57 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | | Hayesville--------------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 84 | 157 |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- |  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 82 | 114 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 93 | 100 | | | | | | | | | | GeC: | | | | | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Evard-------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 | 143 |  | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- |  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 70 | --- | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |southern red oak----| 75 | 57 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 75 | 57 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | | GeD: | | | | | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Evard-------------------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 80 | 143 |  | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- |  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 70 | --- | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |southern red oak----| 75 | 57 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 75 | 57 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity | |____________________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume |  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood |  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________| | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | GuE: | | | | | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ha: | | | | | | | | | Hamblen-----------------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |loblolly pine-------| 90 | 129 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 100 | 114 | | | | | | | | | | JeD: | | | | | | | | | Jeffrey-----------------|Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern white pine--| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 60 | 43 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 80 | 72 |  | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | JeF: | | | | | | | | | Jeffrey-----------------|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern white pine--| 70 | 114 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 60 | 43 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 80 | 72 |  | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | JkD: | | | | | | | | | Junaluska---------------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 | | | | | | |black oak-----------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |chestnut oak--------| 65 | 43 |  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 86 | 157 | | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |pitch pine----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |scarlet oak---------| 69 | 43 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 69 | 114 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 61 | 43 | | | | | | | | | | JkF: | | | | | | | | | Junaluska---------------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 | | | | | | |black oak-----------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |chestnut oak--------| 65 | 43 |  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 86 | 157 | | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |pitch pine----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |scarlet oak---------| 69 | 43 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 69 | 114 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 61 | 43 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity | |____________________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume |  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood |  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | JnC: | | | | | | | | | Junaluska---------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 |e | | | | | |black oak-----------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |chestnut oak--------| 65 | 43 |  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 86 | 157 | | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |pitch pine----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |scarlet oak---------| 69 | 43 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 69 | 114 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 61 | 43 | | | | | | | | | | Brasstown---------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 |e | | | | | |black oak-----------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |chestnut oak--------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 96 | 172 | | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |pitch pine----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |scarlet oak---------| 80 | 57 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 71 | 114 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 80 | 57 | | | | | | | | | | JnD: | | | | | | | | | Junaluska---------------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 |e | | | | | |black oak-----------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |chestnut oak--------| 65 | 43 |  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 86 | 157 | | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |pitch pine----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |scarlet oak---------| 69 | 43 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 69 | 114 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 61 | 43 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity | |____________________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume |  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood |  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________| | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | JnD: | | | | | | | | | Brasstown---------------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 | | | | | | |black oak-----------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |chestnut oak--------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 96 | 172 | | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |pitch pine----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |scarlet oak---------| 80 | 57 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 71 | 114 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 80 | 57 | | | | | | | | | | JtF: | | | | | | | | | Junaluska---------------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 | | | | | | |black oak-----------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |chestnut oak--------| 65 | 43 |  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 86 | 157 | | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |pitch pine----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |scarlet oak---------| 69 | 43 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 69 | 114 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 61 | 43 | | | | | | | | | | Citico------------------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern white pine--| 90 | 172 | | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 100 | 114 |  | | | | | | | | | JuF: | | | | | | | | | Junaluska---------------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 | | | | | | |black oak-----------| --- | --- |  | | | | | |chestnut oak--------| 65 | 43 |  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 86 | 157 | | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | --- | | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |pitch pine----------| --- | --- | | | | | | |scarlet oak---------| 69 | 43 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 69 | 114 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 61 | 43 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity  |____________________________________________|___________________________________ Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | |  soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac | | | | | | | | JuF: | | | | | | | |  Tsali-------------------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Virginia pine-------| 66 | 100  | | | | | |black oak-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |chestnut oak--------| --- | ---  | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | ---  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 69 | ---  | | | | | |scarlet oak---------| 64 | 43  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | 86  | | | | | |southern red oak----| --- | ---  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 57 | 43  | | | | | | | | KeC: | | | | | | | |  Keener------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 80 | 114  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 115 | 129  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | KeD: | | | | | | | |  Keener------------------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 80 | 114  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 115 | 129  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | LeB: | | | | | | | |  Leadvale----------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114  | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 80 | 114  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 70 | 57  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86  | | | | | | | | LkC: | | | | | | | |  Lostcove----------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern hemlock-----| --- | ---  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 90 | 172  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 79 | 57  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 64 | 43  | | | | | |white oak-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 88 | 86  | | | | | | | | 
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity  |____________________________________________|___________________________________ Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | |  soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac | | | | | | | | LkC: | | | | | | | |  Keener------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 80 | 114  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 115 | 129  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | LkD: | | | | | | | |  Lostcove----------------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern hemlock-----| --- | ---  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 90 | 172  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 79 | 57  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 64 | 43  | | | | | |white oak-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 88 | 86  | | | | | | | |  Keener------------------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 80 | 114  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 115 | 129  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | LkF: | | | | | | | |  Lostcove----------------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern hemlock-----| --- | ---  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 90 | 172  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 79 | 57  | | | | | |red maple-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |sugar maple---------| 64 | 43  | | | | | |white oak-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 88 | 86  | | | | | | | |  Keener------------------|Severe |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 80 | 114  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 80 | 57  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 115 | 129  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | 
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity | |____________________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume |  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood |  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|_ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | McC: | | | | | | | | | McCamy------------------|Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 80 | 114 |e | | | | | |black oak-----------| 78 | --- |  | | | | | |chestnut oak--------| 73 | --- |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 78 | --- |  | | | | | |scarlet oak---------| 77 | 43 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 63 | 100 | | | | | | |white oak-----------| 73 | 57 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 95 | --- | | | | | | | | | | McD: | | | | | | | | | McCamy------------------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 71 | --- |e | | | | | |scarlet oak---------| 66 | --- |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 57 | --- |  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 67 | --- |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 88 | 86 | | | | | | | | | | MnC: | | | | | | | | | Minvale-----------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 |b | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 80 | 114 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 |  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 70 | 57 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | | MnD: | | | | | | | | | Minvale-----------------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 |b | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 80 | 114 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 |  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 70 | 57 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 | | | | | | | | | | NeC: | | | | | | | | | Needmore----------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 |V | | | | | |eastern redcedar----| 50 | 57 |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | | | | | NeD: | | | | | | | | | Needmore----------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| 70 | 114 |V | | | | | |eastern redcedar----| 50 | 57 |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 70 | 57 |  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | 114 | | | | | | | | | |
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity  |____________________________________________|___________________________________ Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | |  soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac | | | | | | | | SeB: | | | | | | | |  Sequatchie--------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine-------| 90 | 129  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 80 | 57  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 100 | 114  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | Sm: | | | | | | | |  Slickens. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | Su: | | | | | | | |  Suches------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|black walnut--------| 100 | ---  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 100 | 186  | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 90 | 129  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 90 | 57  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 80 | 129  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 105 | 114  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | TaE: | | | | | | | |  Talbott-----------------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|eastern redcedar----| 40 | 43  | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 70 | 86  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 60 | 43  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | 86  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | TeB: | | | | | | | |  Tate--------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine-------| --- | ---  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 89 | 157  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | ---  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| --- | ---  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 92 | 86  | | | | | | | | To: | | | | | | | |  Toccoa------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine-------| 90 | 129  | | | | | |southern red oak----| --- | ---  | | | | | |sweetgum------------| 100 | 143  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 107 | 114  | | | | | | | | 
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity  |____________________________________________|___________________________________ Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | |  soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________ | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac | | | | | | | | TuF: | | | | | | | |  Tusquitee---------------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Severe |black cherry--------| --- | ---  | | | | | |black locust--------| --- | ---  | | | | | |black walnut--------| --- | ---  | | | | | |eastern hemlock-----| --- | ---  | | | | | |eastern white pine--| 100 | 186  | | | | | |hickory-------------| --- | ---  | | | | | |northern red oak----| --- | ---  | | | | | |white oak-----------| --- | ---  | | | | | |yellow birch--------| --- | ---  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 103 | 114  | | | | | | | | Ud: | | | | | | | |  Udifluvents. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | UnD: | | | | | | | |  Unicoi------------------|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Virginia pine-------| 40 | 43  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 40 | 29  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | UnF: | | | | | | | |  Unicoi------------------|Moderate|Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |Virginia pine-------| 40 | 43  | | | | | |pitch pine----------| 40 | 29  | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | W: | | | | | | | |  Water. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | WaF: | | | | | | | |  Wallen------------------|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Virginia pine-------| 65 | 100  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 60 | 43  | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | 86  | | | | | | | | WbB2: | | | | | | | |  Waynesboro--------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine-------| 80 | 114  | | | | | |southern red oak----| 70 | 57  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 70 | 57  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86  | | | | | | | | 
Table 7.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Management concerns | Potential productivity | |____________________________________________|___________________________________| Map symbol and | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume |  | hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood |  | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________| | | | | | | | |cu ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | WbC2: | | | | | | | | | Waynesboro--------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine-------| 80 | 114 | | | | | | |southern red oak----| 70 | 57 |  | | | | | |white oak-----------| 70 | 57 |  | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 90 | 86 |  | | | | | | | | | WbD2: | | | | | | | | | Waynesboro--------------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine-------| 70 | 86 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | 86 |  | | | | | |southern red oak----| 60 | 43 |  | | | | | | | | | WbD3: | | | | | | | | | Waynesboro--------------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine-------| 70 | 86 | | | | | | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | 86 |  | | | | | |southern red oak----| 60 | 43 |  | | | | | | | | | Wt: | | | | | | | | | Whitwell----------------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |eastern white pine--| 90 | 172 | | | | | | |loblolly pine-------| 90 | 129 |  | | | | | |northern red oak----| 75 | 57 |  | | | | | |sweetgum------------| 90 | 100 | | | | | | |yellow poplar-------| 95 | 100 | _________________________|________|________|________|________|________|____________________|_____|________|
Polk County, Tennessee 205

Table 8.--Recreational Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need

 for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an

 entry indicates that no rating is applicable.)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

AnC2: | | | | |

 Apison-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope

 | | | | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

ApC2: | | | | |

 Apison-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope

 | | | | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | |

ApD2: | | | | |

 Apison-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope

 | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

Ar: | | | | |

 Arkaqua----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | flooding | wetness | flooding | wetness | flooding

 | | | wetness | | wetness

 | | | | |

 Suches-----------------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate:

 | flooding | | flooding | | flooding

 | | | | |

AuC2: | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | |

AuD2: | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

AuE: | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

BrC: | | | | |

 Brevard----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | large stones

 | | | | | slope

 | | | | |

BrD: | | | | |

 Brevard----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

BrE: | | | | |

 Brevard----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |
206 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

CaF: | | | | |

 Cataska----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope

 | slope | slope | small stones | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

CaG: | | | | |

 Cataska----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope

 | slope | slope | small stones | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

CcD: | | | | |

 Citico-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

CcF: | | | | |

 Citico-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

CoC2: | | | | |

 Collegedale------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | erodes easily | slope

 | slope | slope | | |

 | | | | |

CoD2: | | | | |

 Collegedale------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope

 | | | | |

DeB2: | | | | |

 Decatur----------------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight

 | | | slope | |

 | | | | |

DeC2: | | | | |

 Decatur----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | | |

DeD2: | | | | |

 Decatur----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

DtD: | | | | |

 Ditney-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

DtF: | | | | |

 Ditney-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

Ea: | | | | |

 Emory------------------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate:

 | flooding | | flooding | | flooding

 | | | slope | |

 | | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 207

Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

EdC: | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | | |

EdD: | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

ErC: | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | | |

 Hayesville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe:

 | too acid | too acid | slope | | too acid

 | | | too acid | |

 | | | | |

ErD: | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

 Hayesville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | too acid | too acid | too acid | | too acid

 | | | | |

EvC: | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | | |

 Hayesville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe:

 | too acid | too acid | slope | | too acid

 | | | too acid | |

 | | | | |

EvD: | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

 Hayesville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | too acid | too acid | too acid | | too acid

 | | | | |

GeC: | | | | |

 Gullied land-----------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | | |

GeD: | | | | |

 Gullied land-----------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

GuE: | | | | |

 Gullied land-----------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

Ha: | | | | |

 Hamblen----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate:

 | flooding | wetness | flooding | | flooding

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |
208 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

JeD: | | | | |

 Jeffrey----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

JeF: | | | | |

 Jeffrey----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

JkD: | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | too acid | too acid | small stones | |

 | | | too acid | |

 | | | | |

JkF: | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | too acid | too acid | small stones | |

 | | | too acid | |

 | | | | |

JnC: | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | too acid | too acid | slope | | slope

 | | | too acid | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Brasstown--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe:

 | too acid | too acid | slope | | too acid

 | | | too acid | |

 | | | | |

JnD: | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | too acid | too acid | too acid | |

 | | | | |

 Brasstown--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | too acid | too acid | too acid | | too acid

 | | | | |

JtF: | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | too acid | too acid | small stones | |

 | | | too acid | |

 | | | | |

 Citico-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

JuF: | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | too acid | too acid | small stones | |

 | | | too acid | |

 | | | | |

 Tsali------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | too acid | too acid | small stones | | too acid

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

KeC: | | | | |

 Keener-----------------|Slight |Slight |Severe: |Slight |Slight

 | | | slope | |

 | | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 209

Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

KeD: | | | | |

 Keener-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

LeB: | | | | |

 Leadvale---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight

 | flooding | percs slowly | percs slowly | erodes easily |

 | | wetness | slope | |

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

LkC: | | | | |

 Lostcove---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | too acid | too acid | large stones | large stones | large stones

 | | | slope | | small stones

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

 Keener-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones

 | | | slope | |

 | | | | |

LkD: | | | | |

 Lostcove---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | slope

 | too acid | too acid | slope | slope |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

 Keener-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | large stones

 | | | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

LkF: | | | | |

 Lostcove---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope

 | too acid | too acid | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

 Keener-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones

 | | | slope | | slope

 | | | | |

McC: | | | | |

 McCamy-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

McD: | | | | |

 McCamy-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

MnC: | | | | |

 Minvale----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | small stones | small stones | small stones | | small stones

 | | | | |

MnD: | | | | |

 Minvale----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

NeC: | | | | |

 Needmore---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | slope

 | slope | slope | | | depth to rock

 | | | | |
210 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

NeD: | | | | |

 Needmore---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | slope

 | slope | slope | | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

SeB: | | | | |

 Sequatchie-------------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate:

 | flooding | | slope | | large stones

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

Sm: | | | | |

 Slickens. | | | | |

 | | | | |

Su: | | | | |

 Suches-----------------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate:

 | flooding | | flooding | | flooding

 | | | | |

TaE: | | | | |

 Talbott----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

TeB: | | | | |

 Tate-------------------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

To: | | | | |

 Toccoa-----------------|Severe: |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight

 | flooding | | | |

 | | | | |

TuF: | | | | |

 Tusquitee--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

Ud: | | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | | |

 | | | | |

UnD: | | | | |

 Unicoi-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | |

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

UnF: | | | | |

 Unicoi-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | |

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

W: | | | | |

 Water. | | | | |

 | | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 211

Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways

 and soil name | | | | trails |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

WaF: | | | | |

 Wallen-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | too acid | too acid | small stones | | too acid

 | | | too acid | |

 | | | | |

WbB2: | | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight

 | | | slope | |

 | | | small stones | |

 | | | | |

WbC2: | | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate:

 | slope | slope | slope | | slope

 | | | | |

WbD2: | | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

WbD3: | | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

Wt: | | | | |

 Whitwell---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate:

 | flooding | wetness | small stones | | flooding

 | | | wetness | |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________
Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat (See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that 

 applicable.) ___________________________________________________________________________________________ | Potential for habitat elements |Potentia |_______________________________________________________|_________ Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | |  and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow|Openland | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water |wildlife | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|________ | | | | | | | | AnC2: | | | | | | | |  Apison------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good  | | | | | | | poor |  | | | | | | | | ApC2: | | | | | | | |  Apison------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good  | | | | | | | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Armuchee----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | ApD2: | | | | | | | |  Apison------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good  | | | | | | | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Armuchee----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | Ar: | | | | | | | |  Arkaqua-----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair  | | | | | | | |  Suches------------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good  | | | | | | | | AuC2: | | | | | | | |  Armuchee----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | AuD2: | | | | | | | |  Armuchee----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | AuE: | | | | | | | |  Armuchee----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | BrC: | | | | | | | |  Brevard-----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | BrD: | | | | | | | |  Brevard-----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | 
Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potentia |_______________________________________________________|_________ Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | |  and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow|Openland | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water |wildlife | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|________ | | | | | | | | BrE: | | | | | | | |  Brevard-----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | CaF: | | | | | | | |  Cataska-----------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very  | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor  | | | | | | | | CaG: | | | | | | | |  Cataska-----------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very  | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor  | | | | | | | | CcD: | | | | | | | |  Citico------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | CcF: | | | | | | | |  Citico------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | CoC2: | | | | | | | |  Collegedale-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | CoD2: | | | | | | | |  Collegedale-------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | DeB2: | | | | | | | |  Decatur-----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | DeC2: | | | | | | | |  Decatur-----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | DeD2: | | | | | | | |  Decatur-----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | 
Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potentia |_______________________________________________________|_________ Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | |  and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow|Openland | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water |wildlife | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|________ | | | | | | | | DtD: | | | | | | | |  Ditney------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | DtF: | | | | | | | |  Ditney------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | Ea: | | | | | | | |  Emory-------------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good  | | | | | | | poor |  | | | | | | | | EdC: | | | | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | EdD: | | | | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | ErC: | | | | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Hayesville--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | ErD: | | | | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Hayesville--------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | EvC: | | | | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Hayesville--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | EvD: | | | | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | 
Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potentia |_______________________________________________________|_________ Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | |  and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow|Openland | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water |wildlife | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|________ | | | | | | | | EvD: | | | | | | | |  Hayesville--------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | GeC: | | | | | | | |  Gullied land------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Good |Very  | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor  | | | | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | GeD: | | | | | | | |  Gullied land------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Good |Very  | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor  | | | | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | GuE: | | | | | | | |  Gullied land------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Good |Very  | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor  | | | | | | | | Ha: | | | | | | | |  Hamblen-----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good  | | | | | | | | JeD: | | | | | | | |  Jeffrey-----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | JeF: | | | | | | | |  Jeffrey-----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | JkD: | | | | | | | |  Junaluska---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | JkF: | | | | | | | |  Junaluska---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | JnC: | | | | | | | |  Junaluska---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | 
Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potentia |_______________________________________________________|________ Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | |  and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow|Openland | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water |wildlife | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|________ | | | | | | | | JnC: | | | | | | | |  Brasstown---------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | JnD: | | | | | | | |  Junaluska---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Brasstown---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | JtF: | | | | | | | |  Junaluska---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Citico------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | JuF: | | | | | | | |  Junaluska---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Tsali-------------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | KeC: | | | | | | | |  Keener------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | KeD: | | | | | | | |  Keener------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | LeB: | | | | | | | |  Leadvale----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good  | | | | | | | | LkC: | | | | | | | |  Lostcove----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good  | | | | | | | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Keener------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | 
Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potentia |_______________________________________________________|_________ Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | |  and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow|Openland | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water |wildlife | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|________ | | | | | | | | LkD: | | | | | | | |  Lostcove----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Keener------------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | LkF: | | | | | | | |  Lostcove----------------|Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Keener------------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | McC: | | | | | | | |  McCamy------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | McD: | | | | | | | |  McCamy------------------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | MnC: | | | | | | | |  Minvale-----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | MnD: | | | | | | | |  Minvale-----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | NeC: | | | | | | | |  Needmore----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | NeD: | | | | | | | |  Needmore----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | SeB: | | | | | | | |  Sequatchie--------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | Sm: | | | | | | | |  Slickens | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | 
Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potentia |_______________________________________________________|________ Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | |  and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow|Openland | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water |wildlife | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|________ | | | | | | | | Su: | | | | | | | |  Suches------------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good  | | | | | | | | TaE: | | | | | | | |  Talbott-----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair  | | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very  | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor  | | | | | | | | TeB: | | | | | | | |  Tate--------------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good  | | | | | | | poor |  | | | | | | | | To: | | | | | | | |  Toccoa------------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good  | | | | | | | poor |  | | | | | | | | TuF: | | | | | | | |  Tusquitee---------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor  | poor | | | | | poor | poor |  | | | | | | | | Ud: | | | | | | | |  Udifluvents | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | UnD: | | | | | | | |  Unicoi------------------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very  | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very  | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor  | | | | | | | | UnF: | | | | | | | |  Unicoi------------------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very  | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop------------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very  | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor  | | | | | | | | W: | | | | | | | |  Water | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | 
Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential  |_______________________________________________________|_________ Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | |  and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow|Openland| | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water |wildlife| | crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | | _________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|________| | | | | | | | | | WaF: | | | | | | | | |  Wallen------------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor | | poor | | | | | poor | poor | |  | | | | | | | | | WbB2: | | | | | | | | |  Waynesboro--------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good | | | | | | | poor | poor | |  | | | | | | | | | WbC2: | | | | | | | | |  Waynesboro--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good | | | | | | | poor | poor | |  | | | | | | | | | WbD2: | | | | | | | | |  Waynesboro--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good | | | | | | | poor | poor | |  | | | | | | | | | WbD3: | | | | | | | | |  Waynesboro--------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good | | | | | | | poor | poor | |  | | | | | | | | | Wt: | | | | | | | | |  Whitwell----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |_________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|________|
Table 10.--Building Site Development (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need f

 investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicate is applicable.) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | |  Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local road and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and street | | basements | basements | buildings | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|____________ | | | | | AnC2: | | | | |  Apison------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | low strengt | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | slope  | | | | | ApC2: | | | | |  Apison------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | low strengt | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | slope  | | | | |  Armuchee----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | shrink-swell | shrink-swell | slope | low strengt | too clayey | slope | slope | |  | depth to rock | | depth to rock | |  | | | | | ApD2: | | | | |  Apison------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | |  Armuchee----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | low strengt | | | | | slope  | | | | | Ar: | | | | |  Arkaqua-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | wetness | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding  | | | wetness | | low strengt | | | | |  Suches------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding  | wetness | | | |  | | | | | AuC2: | | | | |  Armuchee----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | shrink-swell | shrink-swell | slope | low strengt | too clayey | slope | slope | |  | depth to rock | | depth to rock | |  | | | | | AuD2: | | | | |  Armuchee----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | low strengt | | | | | slope  | | | | | 
Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |  Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets  | | basements | basements | buildings | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_____________ | | | | | AuE: | | | | |  Armuchee----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | low strength  | | | | | slope  | | | | | BrC: | | | | |  Brevard-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action  | | | | | low strength  | | | | | slope  | | | | | BrD: | | | | |  Brevard-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | BrE: | | | | |  Brevard-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | CaF: | | | | |  Cataska-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | | depth to rock | |  | | | | |  Rock outcrop------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to roc | | | | | CaG: | | | | |  Cataska-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | | depth to rock | |  | | | | |  Rock outcrop------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to roc | | | | | CcD: | | | | |  Citico------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | CcF: | | | | |  Citico------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | 
Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |  Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local road and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and street | | basements | basements | buildings | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|____________ | | | | | CoC2: | | | | |  Collegedale-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | shrink-swell | shrink-swell | slope | low strengt | too clayey | slope | slope | |  | | | | | CoD2: | | | | |  Collegedale-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | low strengt | | | | | slope  | | | | | DeB2: | | | | |  Decatur-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:  | too clayey | shrink-swell | shrink-swell | shrink-swell | low strengt | | | | slope |  | | | | | DeC2: | | | | |  Decatur-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | slope | shrink-swell | shrink-swell | slope | low strengt | too clayey | slope | slope | | slope  | | | | | DeD2: | | | | |  Decatur-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | DtD: | | | | |  Ditney------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | | depth to rock | |  | | | | | DtF: | | | | |  Ditney------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | | depth to rock | |  | | | | | Ea: | | | | |  Emory-------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding  | | | | | low strengt | | | | | EdC: | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | cutbanks cave | slope | slope | slope | frost actio | | | | | slope  | | | | | 
Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |  Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local road and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and street | | basements | basements | buildings | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|____________ | | | | | EdD: | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | cutbanks cave | | | |  | | | | | ErC: | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | cutbanks cave | slope | slope | slope | frost actio | | | | | slope  | | | | |  Hayesville--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost actio | too clayey | | | | low strengt | | | | | slope  | | | | | ErD: | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | cutbanks cave | | | |  | | | | |  Hayesville--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | |  | | | | | EvC: | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | cutbanks cave | slope | slope | slope | frost actio | | | | | slope  | | | | |  Hayesville--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost actio | too clayey | | | | low strengt | | | | | slope  | | | | | EvD: | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | cutbanks cave | | | |  | | | | |  Hayesville--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | |  | | | | | GeC: | | | | |  Gullied land------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable  | | | | | 
Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |  Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local road and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and street | | basements | basements | buildings | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|____________ | | | | | GeC: | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | cutbanks cave | slope | slope | slope | frost actio | | | | | slope  | | | | | GeD: | | | | |  Gullied land------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable  | | | | |  Evard-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | cutbanks cave | | | |  | | | | | GuE: | | | | |  Gullied land------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable  | | | | | Ha: | | | | |  Hamblen-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding  | wetness | | wetness | |  | | | | | JeD: | | | | |  Jeffrey-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | | depth to rock | |  | | | | | JeF: | | | | |  Jeffrey-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | | depth to rock | |  | | | | | JkD: | | | | |  Junaluska---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | JkF: | | | | |  Junaluska---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | JnC: | | | | |  Junaluska---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost actio | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | low strengt | | | | | slope  | | | | | 
Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |  Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads  and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets  | | basements | basements | buildings | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_____________ | | | | | JnC: | | | | |  Brasstown---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | frost action  | | | | | low strength  | | | | | slope  | | | | | JnD: | | | | |  Junaluska---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | |  Brasstown---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | |  | | | | | JtF: | | | | |  Junaluska---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | |  Citico------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | JuF: | | | | |  Junaluska---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | |  Tsali-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | | depth to rock | |  | | | | |  | | | | | KeC: | | | | |  Keener------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:  | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones  | | | | slope |  | | | | | KeD: | | | | |  Keener------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | LeB: | | | | |  Leadvale----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:  | wetness | flooding | flooding | flooding | low strength  | | | wetness | | wetness  | | | | | 
Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |  Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local road and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and street | | basements | basements | buildings | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|____________ | | | | | LkC: | | | | |  Lostcove----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stone | | | | |  | | | | |  Keener------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:  | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stone | | | | slope |  | | | | | LkD: | | | | |  Lostcove----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stone | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | |  Keener------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | |  | | | | | LkF: | | | | |  Lostcove----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stone | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | |  Keener------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | |  | | | | | McC: | | | | |  McCamy------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:  | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope  | | depth to rock | | | depth to ro | | | | | McD: | | | | |  McCamy------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | | depth to rock | |  | | | | | MnC: | | | | |  Minvale-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | low strengt | | | | | slope  | | | | | MnD: | | | | |  Minvale-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | 
Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |  Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local road and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and street | | basements | basements | buildings | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|____________ | | | | | NeC: | | | | |  Needmore----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | shrink-swell | shrink-swell | slope | low strengt | too clayey | slope | slope | |  | depth to rock | | depth to rock | |  | | | | | NeD: | | | | |  Needmore----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | shrink-swell | shrink-swell | slope | low strengt | too clayey | slope | slope | |  | depth to rock | | depth to rock | |  | | | | | SeB: | | | | |  Sequatchie--------------|Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:  | | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding  | | | | | Sm: | | | | |  Slickens. | | | | |  | | | | | Su: | | | | |  Suches------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding  | wetness | | | |  | | | | | TaE: | | | | |  Talbott-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | low strengt | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | slope  | | | | |  Rock outcrop------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to ro | | | | | TeB: | | | | |  Tate--------------------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Moderate:  | | | | slope | frost actio | | | | | To: | | | | |  Toccoa------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:  | wetness | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding  | | | | | TuF: | | | | |  Tusquitee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | Ud: | | | | |  Udifluvents. | | | | |  | | | | | 
Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |  Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local road and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and street | | basements | basements | buildings | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|____________ | | | | | UnD: | | | | |  Unicoi------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to ro | | | | |  Rock outcrop------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to ro | | | | | UnF: | | | | |  Unicoi------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to ro | | | | |  Rock outcrop------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to ro | | | | | W: | | | | |  Water. | | | | |  | | | | | WaF: | | | | |  Wallen------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | depth to rock | | depth to rock | |  | | | | | WbB2: | | | | |  Waynesboro--------------|Moderate: |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate:  | too clayey | | | | low strengt | | | | | WbC2: | | | | |  Waynesboro--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | low strengt | too clayey | | | | slope  | | | | | WbD2: | | | | |  Waynesboro--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | WbD3: | | | | |  Waynesboro--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope  | | | | | Wt: | | | | |  Whitwell----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:  | wetness | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding  | | | wetness | | _________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|____________
Polk County, Tennessee 229

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need

 for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an

 entry indicates that no rating is applicable.)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill

 | fields | | | |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

AnC2: | | | | |

 Apison-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | depth to rock | | |

 | | | | |

ApC2: | | | | |

 Apison-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | depth to rock | | |

 | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | slope | too clayey | depth to rock | hard to pack

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | too clayey

 | | | | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

ApD2: | | | | |

 Apison-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | too clayey

 | | | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

Ar: | | | | |

 Arkaqua----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | wetness

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness |

 | | | | |

 Suches-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | thin layer

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

AuC2: | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | slope | too clayey | depth to rock | hard to pack

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | too clayey

 | | | | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

AuD2: | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | too clayey

 | | | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

AuE: | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | too clayey

 | | | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

BrC: | | | | |

 Brevard----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly | slope | seepage | slope | slope

 | slope | | | | too clayey

 | | | | |
230 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill

 | fields | | | |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

BrD: | | | | |

 Brevard----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | seepage | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | | |

BrE: | | | | |

 Brevard----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | seepage | slope | slope

 | | | slope | |

 | | | | |

CaF: | | | | |

 Cataska----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | seepage

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones

 | | | | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

CaG: | | | | |

 Cataska----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | seepage

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones

 | | | | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

CcD: | | | | |

 Citico-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | depth to rock | | small stones

 | | | | |

CcF: | | | | |

 Citico-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | depth to rock | | small stones

 | | | | |

CoC2: | | | | |

 Collegedale------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | slope | hard to pack

 | | | | | too clayey

 | | | | |

CoD2: | | | | |

 Citico-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack

 | slope | | too clayey | | slope

 | | | | | too clayey

 | | | | |

DeB2: | | | | |

 Decatur----------------|Slight |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair:

 | | seepage | too clayey | | hard to pack

 | | slope | | | too clayey

 | | | | |

DeC2: | | | | |

 Decatur----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack

 | | | too clayey | | slope

 | | | | | too clayey

 | | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 231

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill

 | fields | | | |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

DeD2: | | | | |

 Decatur----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

DtD: | | | | |

 Ditney-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope

 | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock |

 | | | | |

DtF: | | | | |

 Ditney-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope

 | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock |

 | | | | |

Ea: | | | | |

 Emory------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | too clayey

 | | | wetness | |

 | | | | |

EdC: | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | too sandy | | small stones

 | | | | | too sandy

 | | | | |

EdD: | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

ErC: | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | too sandy | | small stones

 | | | | | too sandy

 | | | | |

 Hayesville-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | slope | too acid

 | slope | slope | too acid | |

 | | | | |

ErD: | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

 Hayesville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope

 | | slope | slope | | too acid

 | | | too acid | |

 | | | | |

EvC: | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | too sandy | | small stones

 | | | | | too sandy

 | | | | |

 Hayesville-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | slope | too acid

 | slope | slope | too acid | |

 | | | | |

EvD: | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |
232 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill

 | fields | | | |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

EvD: | | | | |

 Hayesville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope

 | | slope | slope | | too acid

 | | | too acid | |

 | | | | |

GeC: | | | | |

 Gullied land-----------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | too sandy | | small stones

 | | | | | too sandy

 | | | | |

GeD: | | | | |

 Gullied land-----------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

 Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

GuE: | | | | |

 Gullied land-----------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | | |

Ha: | | | | |

 Hamblen----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | wetness

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness |

 | | | | |

JeD: | | | | |

 Jeffrey----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope

 | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

JeF: | | | | |

 Jeffrey----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope

 | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

JkD: | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope

 | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

JkF: | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope

 | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

JnC: | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | small stones

 | | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | depth to rock | | |

 | | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 233

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill

 | fields | | | |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

JnC: | | | | |

 Brasstown--------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | slope | too acid | slope | too acid

 | slope | | depth to rock | depth to rock |

 | depth to rock | | | |

 | | | | |

JnD: | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope

 | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Brasstown--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | too acid | | too acid

 | | | depth to rock | |

 | | | | |

JtF: | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope

 | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Citico-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | depth to rock | | small stones

 | | | | |

JuF: | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope

 | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Tsali------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | too acid | depth to rock | small stones

 | | | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

KeC: | | | | |

 Keener-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Fair:

 | large stones | seepage | seepage | | large stones

 | percs slowly | slope | | | too clayey

 | | | | |

KeD: | | | | |

 Keener-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope

 | | slope | slope | |

 | | | | |

LeB: | | | | |

 Leadvale---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly | wetness | depth to rock | flooding | too clayey

 | wetness | | | wetness | depth to rock

 | | | | depth to rock |

 | | | | |

LkC: | | | | |

 Lostcove---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Poor:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones

 | | seepage | too acid | |

 | | slope | | |

 | | | | |

 Keener-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Fair:

 | large stones | seepage | large stones | | large stones

 | percs slowly | slope | seepage | | too clayey

 | | | | |
234 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill

 | fields | | | |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

LkD: | | | | |

 Lostcove---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | slope | large stones

 | slope | seepage | slope | | slope

 | | slope | too acid | |

 | | | | |

 Keener-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | large stones | slope | slope

 | | slope | seepage | |

 | | | slope | |

 | | | | |

LkF: | | | | |

 Lostcove---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | slope | large stones

 | slope | seepage | slope | | slope

 | | slope | too acid | |

 | | | | |

 Keener-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | large stones | slope | slope

 | | slope | seepage | |

 | | | slope | |

 | | | | |

McC: | | | | |

 McCamy-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | depth to rock

 | | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock |

 | | depth to rock | | |

 | | | | |

McD: | | | | |

 McCamy-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope

 | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock |

 | | | | |

MnC: | | | | |

 Minvale----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | small stones

 | slope | | too clayey | | too clayey

 | | | | |

MnD: | | | | |

 Minvale----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

NeC: | | | | |

 Needmore---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | depth to rock | hard to pack

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | too clayey

 | | | | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

NeD: | | | | |

 Needmore---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | depth to rock | hard to pack

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | too clayey

 | | | | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

SeB: | | | | |

 Sequatchie-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | flooding | seepage | seepage | flooding | small stones

 | percs slowly | | | | too clayey

 | | | | |

Sm: | | | | |

 Slickens. | | | | |

 | | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 235

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill

 | fields | | | |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

Su: | | | | |

 Suches-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | thin layer

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

 | | | | |

TaE: | | | | |

 Talbott----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack

 | slope | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | too clayey

 | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

TeB: | | | | |

 Tate-------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Fair:

 | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | | large stones

 | | | | | too clayey

 | | | | |

To: | | | | |

 Toccoa-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good

 | wetness | seepage | seepage | seepage |

 | | wetness | wetness | wetness |

 | | | | |

TuF: | | | | |

 Tusquitee--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope

 | | slope | slope | slope |

 | | | | |

Ud: | | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | | |

 | | | | |

UnD: | | | | |

 Unicoi-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | slope | slope | depth to rock | small stones

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

UnF: | | | | |

 Unicoi-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | slope | slope | depth to rock | small stones

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |

W: | | | | |

 Water. | | | | |

 | | | | |

WaF: | | | | |

 Wallen-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope

 | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones

 | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock

 | | | | |
236 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover

 and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill

 | fields | | | |

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________

 | | | | |

WbB2: | | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair:

 | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | hard to pack

 | | slope | | | too clayey

 | | | | |

WbC2: | | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack

 | slope | | too clayey | | slope

 | | | | | too clayey

 | | | | |

WbD2: | | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

WbD3: | | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope

 | | | | |

Wt: | | | | |

 Whitwell---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | too clayey

 | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness

________________________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______________
Polk County, Tennessee 237

Table 12.--Construction Materials

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need

 for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an

 entry indicates that no rating is applicable.)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | |

_________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

AnC2: | | | |

 Apison------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

ApC2: | | | |

 Apison------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

 Armuchee----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | depth to rock | | | too clayey

 | | | |

ApD2: | | | |

 Apison------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | |

 Armuchee----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | |

Ar: | | | |

 Arkaqua-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines |

 | | | |

 Suches------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines |

 | | | |

AuC2: | | | |

 Armuchee----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | depth to rock | | | too clayey

 | | | |

AuD2: | | | |

 Armuchee----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | |

AuE: | | | |

 Armuchee----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | small stones

 | depth to rock | | | too clayey

 | | | |

BrC: | | | |

 Brevard-----------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | large stones

 | | | | slope

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | |

BrD: | | | |

 Brevard-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | |
238 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Construction Materials--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | |

_________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

BrE: | | | |

 Brevard-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | |

CaF: | | | |

 Cataska-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | small stones | thin layer | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

CaG: | | | |

 Cataska-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | small stones | thin layer | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

CcD: | | | |

 Citico------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

CcF: | | | |

 Citico------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

CoC2: | | | |

 Collegedale-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | | | |

CoD2: | | | |

 Collegedale-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | |

DeB2: | | | |

 Decatur-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | | | |

DeC2: | | | |

 Decatur-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | | | |

DeD2: | | | |

 Decatur-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | |

DtD: | | | |

 Ditney------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 239

Table 12.--Construction Materials--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | |

_________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

DtF: | | | |

 Ditney------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | |

Ea: | | | |

 Emory-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

EdC: | | | |

 Evard-------------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | |

EdD: | | | |

 Evard-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | |

ErC: | | | |

 Evard-------------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | |

 Hayesville--------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

ErD: | | | |

 Evard-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | |

 Hayesville--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

EvC: | | | |

 Evard-------------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | |

 Hayesville--------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

EvD: | | | |

 Evard-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | |

 Hayesville--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

GeC: | | | |

 Gullied land------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | |
240 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Construction Materials--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | |

_________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

GeC: | | | |

 Evard-------------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | too clayey

 | | | |

GeD: | | | |

 Gullied land------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | |

 Evard-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | |

GuE: | | | |

 Gullied land------------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:

 | variable | variable | variable | variable

 | | | |

Ha: | | | |

 Hamblen-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | wetness | | | small stones

 | | | |

JeD: | | | |

 Jeffrey-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

JeF: | | | |

 Jeffrey-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | |

JkD: | | | |

 Junaluska---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

JkF: | | | |

 Junaluska---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

JnC: | | | |

 Junaluska---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

 Brasstown---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | depth to rock | | | too acid

 | | | |

JnD: | | | |

 Junaluska---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

 Brasstown---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 241

Table 12.--Construction Materials--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | |

_________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

JtF: | | | |

 Junaluska---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

 Citico------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

JuF: | | | |

 Junaluska---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

 Tsali-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | depth to rock | | | too acid

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

KeC: | | | |

 Keener------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | large stones

 | | | |

KeD: | | | |

 Keener------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | large stones

 | | | | slope

 | | | |

LeB: | | | |

 Leadvale----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines |

 | thin layer | | |

 | depth to rock | | |

 | | | |

LkC: | | | |

 Lostcove----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim

 | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

 Keener------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | large stones

 | | | |

LkD: | | | |

 Lostcove----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim

 | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

 Keener------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | large stones

 | | | | slope

 | | | |
242 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Construction Materials--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | |

_________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

LkF: | | | |

 Lostcove----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

 Keener------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | large stones

 | | | | slope

 | | | |

McC: | | | |

 McCamy------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

McD: | | | |

 McCamy------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | |

 | | | |

MnC: | | | |

 Minvale-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

MnD: | | | |

 Minvale-----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | slope | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

NeC: | | | |

 Needmore----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | depth to rock | | |

 | | | |

NeD: | | | |

 Needmore----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | depth to rock | | |

 | | | |

SeB: | | | |

 Sequatchie--------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | |

Su: | | | |

 Suches------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines |

 | | | |

TaE: | | | |

 Talbott-----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | too clayey

 | depth to rock | | |

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

TeB: | | | |

 Tate--------------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | large stones

 | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 243

Table 12.--Construction Materials--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 and soil name | | | |

_________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________

 | | | |

To: | | | |

 Toccoa------------------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good

 | | excess fines | excess fines |

 | | | |

TuF: | | | |

 Tusquitee---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim

 | | | | slope

 | | | | small stones

 | | | |

UnD: | | | |

 Unicoi------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

UnF: | | | |

 Unicoi------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | small stones

 | | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | depth to rock | | | depth to rock

 | | | |

WaF: | | | |

 Wallen------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope | large stones | large stones | slope

 | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | | too acid

 | | | |

WbB2: | | | |

 Waynesboro--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | | | |

WbC2: | | | |

 Waynesboro--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey

 | | | |

WbD2: | | | |

 Waynesboro--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | too clayey

 | | | |

WbD3: | | | |

 Waynesboro--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope

 | slope | | | too clayey

 | | | |

Wt: | | | |

 Whitwell----------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | small stones

 | | | | too clayey

_________________________|__________________|__________________|__________________|__________________
Table 13.--Water Management (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsit

 See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is app______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversio | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|__________ | | | | | | AnC2: | | | | | |  Apison-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes ea | | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to  | | | | | | ApC2: | | | | | |  Apison-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes ea | | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to  | | | | | |  Armuchee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | erodes ea | | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to  | | | | | | ApD2: | | | | | |  Apison-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes ea | | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to  | | | | | |  Armuchee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | erodes ea | | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to  | | | | | | Ar: | | | | | |  Arkaqua----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | wetness | slow refill | flooding | flooding | wetness  | | | | | wetness |  | | | | | |  Suches-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | piping | slow refill | flooding | flooding | wetness  | | | deep to water| | wetness | soil blow | | | | | | AuC2: | | | | | |  Armuchee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | erodes ea | | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to  | | | | | | 
Table 13.--Water Management--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|_________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversio | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|___________ | | | | | | AuD2: | | | | | |  Armuchee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | erodes ea | | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to  | | | | | | AuE: | | | | | |  Armuchee---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | erodes ea | | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to  | | | | | | BrC: | | | | | |  Brevard----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | | BrD: | | | | | |  Brevard----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | | BrE: | | | | | |  Brevard----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | | CaF: | | | | | |  Cataska----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| percs slowly | large sto | depth to rock| | | | slope | slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to  | | | | | |  Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to  | | | | | | CaG: | | | | | |  Cataska----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| percs slowly | large sto | depth to rock| | | | slope | slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to  | | | | | |  Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to  | | | | | | 
Table 13.--Water Management--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|_________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversio | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|___________ | | | | | | CcD: | | | | | |  Citico-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | CcF: | | | | | |  Citico-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | CoC2: | | | | | |  Collegedale------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes ea | | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | | CoD2: | | | | | |  Collegedale------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes ea | | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | | DeB2: | | | | | |  Decatur----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable  | seepage | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope |  | | | | | | DeC2: | | | | | |  Decatur----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | | DeD2: | | | | | |  Decatur----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | | DtD: | | | | | |  Ditney-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | depth to rock| depth to  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | DtF: | | | | | |  Ditney-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | depth to rock| depth to  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.--Water Management--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|_________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversio | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|___________ | | | | | | Ea: | | | | | |  Emory------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| erodes easily| erodes ea | | | | | flooding |  | | | | | | EdC: | | | | | |  Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | piping | | | soil blowing | too sandy  | | | | | | soil blow | | | | | | EdD: | | | | | |  Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | piping | | | soil blowing | too sandy  | | | | | | soil blow | | | | | | ErC: | | | | | |  Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | piping | | | soil blowing | too sandy  | | | | | | soil blow | | | | | |  Hayesville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | too acid |  | | | | | | ErD: | | | | | |  Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | piping | | | soil blowing | too sandy  | | | | | | soil blow | | | | | |  Hayesville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | too acid |  | | | | | | EvC: | | | | | |  Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | piping | | | soil blowing | too sandy  | | | | | | soil blow | | | | | |  Hayesville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | too acid |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.--Water Management--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|_________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversio | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|___________ | | | | | | EvD: | | | | | |  Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | piping | | | soil blowing | too sandy  | | | | | | soil blow | | | | | |  Hayesville-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | too acid |  | | | | | | GeC: | | | | | |  Gullied land-----------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable  | | | | | |  Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | piping | | | soil blowing | too sandy  | | | | | | soil blow | | | | | | GeD: | | | | | |  Gullied land-----------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable  | | | | | |  Evard------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | seepage | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | piping | | | soil blowing | too sandy  | | | | | | soil blow | | | | | | GuE: | | | | | |  Gullied land-----------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable | variable  | | | | | | Ha: | | | | | |  Hamblen----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | piping | slow refill | flooding | flooding | wetness  | | | deep to water| | wetness |  | | | | | | JeD: | | | | | |  Jeffrey----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large sto | slope | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to  | | | | | | 
Table 13.--Water Management--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|_________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversio | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|___________ | | | | | | JeF: | | | | | |  Jeffrey----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | large sto | slope | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to  | | | | | | JkD: | | | | | |  Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | too acid | depth to  | | | | | depth to rock|  | | | | | | JkF: | | | | | |  Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | too acid | depth to  | | | | | depth to rock|  | | | | | | JnC: | | | | | |  Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | too acid | depth to  | | | | | depth to rock|  | | | | | |  Brasstown--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | too acid |  | | | | | | JnD: | | | | | |  Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | too acid | depth to  | | | | | depth to rock|  | | | | | |  Brasstown--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | too acid |  | | | | | | JtF: | | | | | |  Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | too acid | depth to  | | | | | depth to rock|  | | | | | | 
Table 13.--Water Management--Continued ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversio | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|__________ | | | | | | JtF: | | | | | |  Citico-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | | JuF: | | | | | |  Junaluska--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | too acid | depth to  | | | | | depth to rock|  | | | | | |  Tsali------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | thin layer | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | too acid | depth to  | | | | | depth to rock|  | | | | | | KeC: | | | | | |  Keener-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| large stones | large sto | | | | | slope |  | | | | | | KeD: | | | | | |  Keener-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| large stones | large sto | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | | LeB: | | | | | |  Leadvale---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | piping | no water | percs slowly | percs slowly | erodes ea | slope | | | slope | slope | wetness  | depth to rock| | | | wetness |  | | | | | | LkC: | | | | | |  Lostcove---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | large stones | no water | deep to water| large stones | large sto | slope | seepage | | | slope |  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | |  Keener-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| large stones | large sto | | | | | slope |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.--Water Management--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|_________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces a and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversion | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|___________ | | | | | | LkD: | | | | | |  Lostcove---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | large stones | no water | deep to water| large stones | large ston | | seepage | | | slope | slope  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | |  Keener-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| large stones | large ston | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | | LkF: | | | | | |  Lostcove---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | large stones | no water | deep to water| large stones | large ston | | seepage | | | slope | slope  | | | | | droughty |  | | | | | |  Keener-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| large stones | large ston | slope | | | | slope | slope  | | | | | | McC: | | | | | |  McCamy-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | depth to rock| depth to r | | | | | | McD: | | | | | |  McCamy-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | depth to rock| depth to r | | | | | | MnC: | | | | | |  Minvale----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | | MnD: | | | | | |  Minvale----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | | | | | NeC: | | | | | |  Needmore---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope | erodes eas | | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | | depth to r | | | | | | 
Table 13.--Water Management--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|_________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversio | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|___________ | | | | | | NeD: | | | | | |  Needmore---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope | erodes ea | | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | | depth to  | | | | | | SeB: | | | | | |  Sequatchie-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope |  | | | | | | Sm: | | | | | |  Slickens. | | | | | |  | | | | | | Su: | | | | | |  Suches-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | piping | slow refill | flooding | flooding | wetness  | | | deep to water| | wetness | soil blow | | | | | | TaE: | | | | | |  Talbott----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope | erodes ea | | | | | depth to rock| slope  | | | | | | depth to  | | | | | |  Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to  | | | | | | TeB: | | | | | |  Tate-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable  | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope |  | | | | | | To: | | | | | |  Toccoa-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Favorable |Favorable  | seepage | piping | deep to water| deep to water| |  | | | | | | TuF: | | | | | |  Tusquitee--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | piping | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | slope | | | | |  | | | | | | Ud: | | | | | |  Udifluvents. | | | | | |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.--Water Management--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|_________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces  and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversio | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|___________ | | | | | | UnD: | | | | | |  Unicoi-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | large stones | no water | deep to water| large stones | large sto | depth to rock| | | | slope | slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to  | | | | | |  Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to  | | | | | | UnF: | | | | | |  Unicoi-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | large stones | no water | deep to water| large stones | large sto | depth to rock| | | | slope | slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to  | | | | | |  Rock outcrop-----------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | depth to rock| | | | depth to rock| depth to  | | | | | | W: | | | | | |  Water. | | | | | |  | | | | | | WaF: | | | | | |  Wallen-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | seepage | large stones | no water | deep to water| large stones | large sto | slope | seepage | | | slope | slope  | | | | | droughty | depth to  | | | | | | WbB2: | | | | | |  Waynesboro-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable  | seepage | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope |  | slope | piping | | | |  | | | | | | WbC2: | | | | | |  Waynesboro-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | piping | | | |  | | | | | | WbD2: | | | | | |  Waynesboro-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation | slope | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | piping | | | |  | | | | | | 
Table 13.--Water Management--Continued _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- |____________________________________________|_________________________________________ Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed | | | Terraces a and soil name | areas | dikes, and | excavated | Drainage | Irrigation | diversion | | levees | ponds | | | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|___________ | | | | | | WbD3: | | | | | |  Waynesboro-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | slope | hard to pack | no water | deep to water| slope | slope  | | piping | | | |  | | | | | | Wt: | | | | | |  Whitwell---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation:  | seepage | piping | slow refill | flooding | flooding | wetness  | | | deep to water| | wetness | ________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________|___________
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties (Absence of an entry indicates that the data were not estimated.) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |_______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 2_________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|__ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | AnC2: | | | | | | | | | |  Apison----------| 0-6 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|65-90 |55 | 6-30 |Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|70-95 |60 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 30-61 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | ApC2: | | | | | | | | | |  Apison----------| 0-6 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|65-90 |55 | 6-30 |Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|70-95 |60 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 30-61 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Armuchee--------| 0-4 |Channery silt |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-2 |70-80 |65-75 |60-70 |50 | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 4-13 |Channery silty |CH, CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-2 |65-85 |60-80 |55-80 |50 | | clay, channery| | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 13-21 |Very channery |CH, CL, GC |A-6, A-2, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |35-75 |25-70 |20-65 |15 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | |  | | very channery | | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 21-25 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | ApD2: | | | | | | | | | |  Apison----------| 0-6 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|65-90 |55 | 6-30 |Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 |85-100|75-100|70-95 |60 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 30-61 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |_______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 2_________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|__ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | ApD2: | | | | | | | | | |  Armuchee--------| 0-4 |Channery silt |CL-ML, CL, ML|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-2 |70-80 |65-75 |60-70 |50 | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 4-13 |Channery silty |CH, CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-2 |65-85 |60-80 |55-80 |50 | | clay, channery| | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 13-21 |Very channery |CH, CL, GC |A-6, A-2, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |35-75 |25-70 |20-65 |15 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | |  | | very channery | | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 21-25 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | Ar: | | | | | | | | | |  Arkaqua---------| 0-6 |Silt loam |SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |98-100|95-100|60-90 |30 | 6-37 |Clay loam, silt|MH, ML |A-4, A-5, A- | 0 | 0 |96-100|95-100|80-100|51 | | loam, fine | | 7, A-6 | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | |  | 37-50 |Silt loam, |CL-ML, ML, SM|A-4 | 0 | 0 |96-100|95-100|60-100|36 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | |  | 50-61 |Variable | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | |  Suches----------| 0-10 |Loam |CL-ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|40 | 10-41 |Loam, sandy |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4, A-7| 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|55 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 41-60 |Variable | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | | | | | | | | | AuC2: | | | | | | | | | |  Armuchee--------| 0-4 |Channery silt |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-2 |70-80 |65-75 |60-70 |50 | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 4-13 |Channery silty |CH, CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-2 |65-85 |60-80 |55-80 |50 | | clay, channery| | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 13-21 |Very channery |CH, CL, GC |A-6, A-2, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |35-75 |25-70 |20-65 |15 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | |  | | very channery | | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 21-25 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |_______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 2_________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|__ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | AuD2: | | | | | | | | | |  Armuchee--------| 0-4 |Channery silt |CL, ML, CL-ML|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-2 |70-80 |65-75 |60-70 |50 | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 4-13 |Channery silty |CH, CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-2 |65-85 |60-80 |55-80 |50 | | clay, channery| | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 13-21 |Very channery |CH, GC, CL |A-2, A-6, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |35-75 |25-70 |20-65 |15 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | |  | | very channery | | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 21-25 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | AuE: | | | | | | | | | |  Armuchee--------| 0-8 |Channery silt |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-2 |70-80 |65-75 |60-70 |50 | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 8-17 |Channery silty |CH, CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-2 |65-85 |60-80 |55-80 |50 | | clay, channery| | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 17-24 |Very channery |CH, CL, GC |A-2, A-7, A-6| 0 | 0-5 |35-75 |25-70 |20-65 |15 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | |  | | very channery | | | | | | | |  | | silty clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 24-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | BrC: | | | | | | | | | |  Brevard---------| 0-7 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0-5 | 5-15 |98-100|95-100|85-95 |60 | 7-70 |Sandy clay |CL, ML, CL-ML|A-4, A-6, A-7| 0-10 | 5-15 |95-100|95-100|85-97 |51 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | BrD: | | | | | | | | | |  Brevard---------| 0-7 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0-5 | 5-15 |98-100|95-100|85-95 |60 | 7-70 |Sandy clay |CL, ML, CL-ML|A-4, A-6, A-7| 0-10 | 5-15 |95-100|95-100|85-97 |51 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | BrE: | | | | | | | | | |  Brevard---------| 0-7 |Loam |CL, ML, CL-ML|A-4 | 0-5 | 5-15 |98-100|95-100|85-95 |6 | 7-70 |Sandy clay |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6, A-7| 0-10 | 5-15 |95-100|95-100|85-97 |5 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | CaF: | | | | | | | | | |  Cataska---------| 0-5 |Channery silt |CL-ML, ML, |A-4 | 0-2 | 3-15 |55-80 |50-75 |45-70 |4 | | loam | GC-GM, GM | | | | | | |  | 5-15 |Channery silt |GC-GM, GM, |A-1, A-2 | 0-2 |10-25 |15-50 |10-45 |10-40 |1 | | loam, very | GP-GM | | | | | | |  | | channery loam | | | | | | | |  | 15-24 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | 24-28 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop----| 0-60 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | CaG: | | | | | | | | | |  Cataska---------| 0-5 |Channery silt |GC-GM, GM, |A-4 | 0-2 | 3-15 |55-80 |50-75 |45-70 |4 | | loam | CL-ML, ML | | | | | | |  | 5-15 |Channery silt |GC-GM, GM, |A-1, A-2 | 0-2 |10-25 |15-50 |10-45 |10-40 |1 | | loam, very | GP-GM | | | | | | |  | | channery loam | | | | | | | |  | 15-24 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | 24-28 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop----| 0-60 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | CcD: | | | | | | | | | |  Citico----------| 0-4 |Channery silt |CL-ML, CL, |A-4 | --- | 5-10 |60-85 |55-85 |50-85 |4 | | loam | GC, GC-GM | | | | | | |  | 4-12 |Channery silt |CL-ML, GC, |A-4, A-6 | --- | 5-10 |60-85 |55-85 |50-85 |4 | | loam | CL, GC-GM | | | | | | |  | 12-45 |Channery silt |CL, GC, SC |A-4, A-6 | --- | 5-15 |50-80 |45-80 |40-80 |3 | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 45-50 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | CcF: | | | | | | | | | |  Citico----------| 0-4 |Channery silt |CL-ML, CL, |A-4 | --- | 5-10 |60-85 |55-85 |50-85 |4 | | loam | GC, GC-GM | | | | | | |  | 4-12 |Channery silt |CL-ML, GC, |A-4, A-6 | --- | 5-10 |60-85 |55-85 |50-85 |4 | | loam | CL, GC-GM | | | | | | |  | 12-45 |Channery silt |CL, GC, SC |A-4, A-6 | --- | 5-15 |50-80 |45-80 |40-80 |3 | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 45-50 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | CoC2: | | | | | | | | | |  Collegedale-----| 0-6 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|75-95 |7 | 6-65 |Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |7 | | clay | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | CoD2: | | | | | | | | | |  Collegedale-----| 0-6 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|75-95 |7 | 6-65 |Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0-2 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |7 | | clay | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | DeB2: | | | | | | | | | |  Decatur---------| 0-6 |Silt loam |CL-ML, CL, ML|A-4, A-6 | --- | 0-3 |90-100|90-98 |85-98 |6 | 6-67 |Clay |CL, MH, CH, |A-6, A-7 | --- | 0-3 |90-100|90-100|88-98 |7 | | | ML | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | DeC2: | | | | | | | | | |  Decatur---------| 0-6 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6 | --- | 0-3 |90-100|90-98 |85-98 |6 | 6-67 |Clay |CL, MH, CH, |A-6, A-7 | --- | 0-3 |90-100|90-100|88-98 |7 | | | ML | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | DeD2: | | | | | | | | | |  Decatur---------| 0-6 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6 | --- | 0-3 |90-100|90-98 |85-98 |6 | 6-67 |Clay |CH, ML, CL, |A-6, A-7 | --- | 0-3 |90-100|90-100|88-98 |7 | | | MH | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | DtD: | | | | | | | | | |  Ditney----------| 0-7 |Loam |ML, CL-ML, |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0-6 |90-100|80-95 |65-80 |3 | | | SC-SM, SM | | | | | | |  | 7-15 |Loam, sandy |ML, CL-ML, |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|80-95 |65-80 |3 | | loam, fine | SC-SM, SM | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | |  | 15-35 |Loam, sandy |CL-ML, SM, |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 5-30 |65-100|60-100|45-75 |2 | | loam, cobbly | ML, SC-SM | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 35-40 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | DtF: | | | | | | | | | |  Ditney----------| 0-7 |Loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0-6 |90-100|80-95 |65-80 |3 | | | SM, SC-SM | | | | | | |  | 7-15 |Loam, sandy |ML, CL-ML, |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|80-95 |65-80 |3 | | loam, fine | SC-SM, SM | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | |  | 15-35 |Loam, sandy |CL-ML, SM, |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 | 5-30 |65-100|60-100|45-75 |2 | | loam, cobbly | ML, SC-SM | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 35-40 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | Ea: | | | | | | | | | |  Emory-----------| 0-8 |Silt loam |CL-ML, CL, ML|A-4, A-6 | --- | 0-2 |95-100|90-100|85-100|8 | 8-32 |Silt loam, |CL-ML, CL, ML|A-4, A-6 | --- | 0-2 |95-100|90-100|85-100|8 | | silty clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 32-60 |Silty clay |CL |A-4, A-6, A-7| --- | 0-2 |90-100|75-100|70-100|6 | | loam, silt | | | | | | | |  | | loam, silty | | | | | | | |  | | clay | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | EdC: | | | | | | | | | |  Evard-----------| 0-5 |Loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-95 |6 | 5-22 |Sandy clay |ML, CL, SC, |A-2, A-4, A- | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |3 | | loam, clay | SM | 7-6, A-6 | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 22-32 |Sandy loam, |CL, SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|60-95 |2 | | loam, sandy | SC | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 32-60 |Sandy loam, |SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |75-100|70-100|60-90 |1 | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | EdD: | | | | | | | | | |  Evard-----------| 0-5 |Loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-95 |6 | 5-22 |Sandy clay |CL, ML, SM, |A-4, A-6, A- | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |3 | | loam, clay | SC | 2, A-7-6 | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 22-32 |Sandy loam, |ML, CL, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|60-95 |2 | | loam, sandy | SM | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 32-60 |Sandy loam, |SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |75-100|70-100|60-90 |1 | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | ErC: | | | | | | | | | |  Evard-----------| 0-5 |Loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-95 |6 | 5-22 |Sandy clay |CL, ML, SM, |A-2, A-7-6, | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |3 | | loam, clay | SC | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 22-32 |Sandy loam, |CL, SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|60-95 |2 | | loam, sandy | SC | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 32-60 |Sandy loam, |SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |75-100|70-100|60-90 |1 | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Hayesville------| 0-5 |Loam |ML, SC, CL, |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-95 |70-95 |3 | | | SM | | | | | | |  | 5-36 |Clay loam, clay|CL, CH, MH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-100|5 | | | ML | | | | | | |  | 36-60 |Fine sandy |CL, SM, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 5-15 |90-100|90-95 |65-90 |4 | | loam, loam, | SC | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | ErD: | | | | | | | | | |  Evard-----------| 0-5 |Loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-95 |6 | 5-22 |Sandy clay |CL, ML, SM, |A-2, A-7-6, | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |3 | | loam, clay | SC | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 22-32 |Sandy loam, |CL, SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|60-95 |2 | | loam, sandy | SC | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 32-60 |Sandy loam, |SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |75-100|70-100|60-90 |1 | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Hayesville------| 0-5 |Loam |CL, ML, SM, |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-95 |70-95 |3 | | | SC | | | | | | |  | 5-36 |Clay loam, clay|CL, CH, MH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-100|5 | | | ML | | | | | | |  | 36-60 |Fine sandy |ML, CL, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 5-15 |90-100|90-95 |65-90 |4 | | loam, loam, | SM | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | EvC: | | | | | | | | | |  Evard-----------| 0-5 |Loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-95 |6 | 5-22 |Sandy clay |CL, ML, SM, |A-2, A-7-6, | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |3 | | loam, clay | SC | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 22-32 |Sandy loam, |ML, CL, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|60-95 |2 | | loam, sandy | SM | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 32-60 |Sandy loam, |SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |75-100|70-100|60-90 |1 | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Hayesville------| 0-5 |Loam |ML, CL, SC, |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-95 |70-95 |3 | | | SM | | | | | | |  | 5-36 |Clay loam, clay|CH, ML, CL, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-100|5 | | | MH | | | | | | |  | 36-60 |Fine sandy |ML, CL, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 5-15 |90-100|90-95 |65-90 |4 | | loam, loam, | SM | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | EvD: | | | | | | | | | |  Evard-----------| 0-5 |Loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-95 |6 | 5-22 |Sandy clay |CL, ML, SM, |A-4, A-2, A- | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |3 | | loam, clay | SC | 6, A-7-6 | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 22-32 |Sandy loam, |ML, CL, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|60-95 |2 | | loam, sandy | SM | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 32-60 |Sandy loam, |SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |75-100|70-100|60-90 |1 | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Hayesville------| 0-5 |Loam |ML, SC, CL, |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-95 |70-95 |3 | | | SM | | | | | | |  | 5-36 |Clay loam, clay|CL, CH, MH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-100|5 | | | ML | | | | | | |  | 36-60 |Fine sandy |CL, SM, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 5-15 |90-100|90-95 |65-90 |4 | | loam, loam, | SC | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | GeC: | | | | | | | | | |  Gullied land----| 0-60 |Variable | --- | --- | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | GeC: | | | | | | | | | |  Evard-----------| 0-5 |Loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-95 |6 | 5-22 |Sandy clay |ML, CL, SC, |A-2, A-4, A- | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |3 | | loam, clay | SM | 7-6, A-6 | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 22-32 |Sandy loam, |CL, SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|60-95 |2 | | loam, sandy | SC | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 32-60 |Sandy loam, |SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |75-100|70-100|60-90 |1 | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | GeD: | | | | | | | | | |  Gullied land----| 0-60 |Variable | --- | --- | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | |  Evard-----------| 0-5 |Loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-95 |6 | 5-22 |Sandy clay |ML, CL, SC, |A-4, A-2, A- | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |3 | | loam, clay | SM | 6, A-7-6 | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 22-32 |Sandy loam, |CL, SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|60-95 |2 | | loam, sandy | SC | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 32-60 |Sandy loam, |SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |75-100|70-100|60-90 |1 | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | |  | | sand | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | GuE: | | | | | | | | | |  Gullied land----| 0-60 |Variable | --- | --- | 0 | 0 | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | Ha: | | | | | | | | | |  Hamblen---------| 0-9 |Silt loam |CL, ML, CL-ML|A-4, A-6 | --- | 0-2 |90-100|80-100|65-95 |5 | 9-46 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6 | --- | 0-2 |80-100|75-100|60-95 |5 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 46-60 |Silt loam, |CL, ML, CL- |A-2, A-6, A-4| --- | 0-5 |55-100|45-95 |35-90 |3 | | loam, clay | ML, GC | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | JeD: | | | | | | | | | |  Jeffrey---------| 0-11 |Channery loam |ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0-10 |80-95 |70-90 |65-80 |4 | 11-28 |Cobbly sandy |GM, ML, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 5-20 |65-90 |55-85 |45-75 |3 | | loam, cobbly | | | | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | | |  | | cobbly loam | | | | | | | |  | 28-32 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |_______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 2_________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|__ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | JeF: | | | | | | | | | |  Jeffrey---------| 0-11 |Channery loam |ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0-10 |80-95 |70-90 |65-80 |40 | 11-28 |Cobbly sandy |GM, ML, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 5-20 |65-90 |55-85 |45-75 |30 | | loam, cobbly | | | | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | | |  | | cobbly loam | | | | | | | |  | 28-32 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | JkD: | | | | | | | | | |  Junaluska-------| 0-11 |Fine sandy loam|MH, ML, SM |A-4, A-6, A-5| 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-89 |35 | 11-21 |Channery loam, |CL, ML, SM, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 5-15 |75-100|60-100|55-95 |40 | | channery clay | SC | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 21-26 |Channery loam, |ML, CL, SC, |A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 5-15 |70-100|55-100|40-91 |35 | | channery clay | SM | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 26-31 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | JkF: | | | | | | | | | |  Junaluska-------| 0-11 |Fine sandy loam|MH, ML, SM |A-4, A-5, A-6| 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-89 |35 | 11-21 |Channery loam, |ML, CL, SC, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 5-15 |75-100|60-100|55-95 |40 | | channery clay | SM | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 21-26 |Channery loam, |ML, CL, SC, |A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 5-15 |70-100|55-100|40-91 |35 | | channery clay | SM | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 26-31 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | JnC: | | | | | | | | | |  Junaluska-------| 0-11 |Fine sandy loam|MH, ML, SM |A-4, A-6, A-5| 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-89 |35 | 11-21 |Channery loam, |CL, SM, ML, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 5-15 |75-100|60-100|55-95 |40 | | channery clay | SC | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 21-26 |Channery loam, |CL, SM, ML, |A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 5-15 |70-100|55-100|40-91 |35 | | channery clay | SC | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 26-31 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | - | | bedrock | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | JnC: | | | | | | | | | |  Brasstown-------| 0-6 |Loam |MH, ML, SM |A-5, A-4, A- | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-95 |3 | | | | 7-5 | | | | | |  | 6-29 |Channery loam, |ML, SC, CL, |A-6, A-7-6 | 0-3 | 2-15 |75-100|70-100|55-97 |4 | | channery sandy| SM | | | | | | |  | | clay loam, | | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 29-46 |Channery fine |GM, ML, SM |A-4 | 0-3 | 2-15 |70-100|70-100|40-96 |3 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | |  | | channery very | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | |  | 46-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | JnD: | | | | | | | | | |  Junaluska-------| 0-11 |Fine sandy loam|MH, SM, ML |A-4, A-5, A-6| 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-89 |3 | 11-21 |Channery loam, |CL, SM, ML, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 5-15 |75-100|60-100|55-95 |4 | | channery clay | SC | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 21-26 |Channery loam, |ML, CL, SC, |A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 5-15 |70-100|55-100|40-91 |3 | | channery clay | SM | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 26-31 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Brasstown-------| 0-6 |Loam |MH, ML, SM |A-4, A-7-5, | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-95 |3 | | | | A-5 | | | | | |  | 6-29 |Channery loam, |CL, SM, ML, |A-6, A-7-6 | 0-3 | 2-15 |75-100|70-100|55-97 |4 | | channery sandy| SC | | | | | | |  | | clay loam, | | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 29-46 |Channery fine |ML, GM, SM |A-4 | 0-3 | 2-15 |70-100|70-100|40-96 |3 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | |  | | channery very | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | |  | 46-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | JtF: | | | | | | | | | |  Junaluska-------| 0-11 |Fine sandy loam|MH, ML, SM |A-4, A-5, A-6| 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-89 |3 | 11-21 |Channery loam, |SM, SC, CL, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 5-15 |75-100|60-100|55-95 |4 | | channery clay | ML | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 21-26 |Channery loam, |ML, CL, SC, |A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 5-15 |70-100|55-100|40-91 |3 | | channery clay | SM | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 26-31 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Citico----------| 0-4 |Channery silt |CL, GC-GM, |A-4 | --- | 5-10 |60-85 |55-85 |50-85 |4 | | loam | CL-ML, GC | | | | | | |  | 4-12 |Channery silt |CL, CL-ML, |A-4, A-6 | --- | 5-10 |60-85 |55-85 |50-85 |4 | | loam | GC-GM, GC | | | | | | |  | 12-45 |Channery silt |CL, GC, SC |A-4, A-6 | --- | 5-15 |50-80 |45-80 |40-80 |3 | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 45-50 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | JuF: | | | | | | | | | |  Junaluska-------| 0-11 |Fine sandy loam|MH, SM, ML |A-4, A-5, A-6| 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-89 |3 | 11-21 |Channery loam, |ML, SC, CL, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 5-15 |75-100|60-100|55-95 |4 | | channery clay | SM | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 21-26 |Channery loam, |CL, SM, ML, |A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 5-15 |70-100|55-100|40-91 |3 | | channery clay | SC | | | | | | |  | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 26-31 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Tsali-----------| 0-8 |Channery loam |ML, SM |A-4, A-5 | 0-1 | 5-15 |70-95 |55-90 |40-80 |3 | 8-18 |Channery sandy |ML, CL, SC, |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 | 5-15 |75-95 |60-90 |55-80 |4 | | clay loam, | SM | | | | | | |  | | channery loam,| | | | | | | |  | | channery clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 18-60 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |_______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 2_________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|__ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | KeC: | | | | | | | | | |  Keener----------| 0-9 |Loam |CL-ML, SM, |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |96-100|86-98 |68-98 |40 | | | ML, SC-SM | | | | | | |  | 9-51 |Cobbly clay |CL-ML, CL, ML|A-4 | 0 |15-35 |95-100|95-100|70-100|55 | | loam, cobbly | | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 51-65 |Very cobbly |SC, CL-ML, |A-4 | 0 |15-50 |95-100|95-100|70-100|40 | | clay loam, | SC-SM, SM | | | | | | |  | | very cobbly | | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | KeD: | | | | | | | | | |  Keener----------| 0-9 |Loam |CL-ML, SM, |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |96-100|86-98 |68-98 |40 | | | ML, SC-SM | | | | | | |  | 9-51 |Cobbly clay |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 |15-35 |95-100|95-100|70-100|55 | | loam, cobbly | | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 51-65 |Very cobbly |SC, SC-SM, |A-4 | 0 |15-50 |95-100|95-100|70-100|40 | | clay loam, | CL-ML, SM | | | | | | |  | | very cobbly | | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | LeB: | | | | | | | | | |  Leadvale--------| 0-9 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-95 |65 | 9-22 |Silt loam, |CL, ML, CL-ML|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-98 |75 | | silty clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | |  | 22-60 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-98 |70 | | silty clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | LkC: | | | | | | | | | |  Lostcove--------| 0-5 |Cobbly loam |GM, SM, SC, |A-1, A-4, A-2| 0-5 | 5-30 |65-85 |55-75 |30-60 |20 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | |  | 5-76 |Very cobbly |GC-GM, GC, |A-2, A-7-6, | 0-5 |10-70 |23-72 |22-60 |19-50 |15 | | loam, | GM, SM | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | | extremely | | | | | | | |  | | cobbly loam, | | | | | | | |  | | very gravelly | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | LkC: | | | | | | | | | |  Keener----------| 0-13 |Cobbly loam |ML, SC-SM, |A-4 | 0 | 5-35 |85-95 |80-95 |65-95 |4 | | | CL-ML, SM | | | | | | |  | 13-56 |Cobbly clay |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 |15-35 |95-100|95-100|70-100|5 | | loam, cobbly | | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 56-70 |Very cobbly |CL-ML, SM, |A-4 | 0 |15-50 |95-100|95-100|70-100|4 | | clay loam, | SC, SC-SM | | | | | | |  | | very cobbly | | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | LkD: | | | | | | | | | |  Lostcove--------| 0-5 |Cobbly loam |SC, GM, SC- |A-1, A-4, A-2| 0-5 | 5-30 |65-85 |55-75 |30-60 |2 | | | SM, SM | | | | | | |  | 5-76 |Very cobbly |GC-GM, GM, |A-4, A-2, A- | 0-5 |10-70 |23-72 |22-60 |19-50 |1 | | loam, | GC, SM | 6, A-7-6 | | | | | |  | | extremely | | | | | | | |  | | cobbly loam, | | | | | | | |  | | very gravelly | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Keener----------| 0-13 |Cobbly loam |ML, SC-SM, |A-4 | 0 | 5-35 |85-95 |80-95 |65-95 |4 | | | CL-ML, SM | | | | | | |  | 13-56 |Cobbly clay |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 |15-35 |95-100|95-100|70-100|5 | | loam, cobbly | | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 56-70 |Very cobbly |SC, SC-SM, |A-4 | 0 |15-50 |95-100|95-100|70-100|4 | | clay loam, | CL-ML, SM | | | | | | |  | | very cobbly | | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | LkF: | | | | | | | | | |  Lostcove--------| 0-5 |Cobbly loam |SC, GM, SC- |A-1, A-2, A-4| 0-5 | 5-30 |65-85 |55-75 |30-60 |2 | | | SM, SM | | | | | | |  | 5-76 |Very cobbly |GC, SM, GC- |A-2, A-7-6, | 0-5 |10-70 |23-72 |22-60 |19-50 |1 | | loam, | GM, GM | A-4, A-6 | | | | | |  | | extremely | | | | | | | |  | | cobbly loam, | | | | | | | |  | | very gravelly | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | LkF: | | | | | | | | | |  Keener----------| 0-13 |Cobbly loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 5-35 |85-95 |80-95 |65-95 |4 | | | SM, SC-SM | | | | | | |  | 13-56 |Cobbly clay |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 |15-35 |95-100|95-100|70-100|5 | | loam, cobbly | | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 56-70 |Very cobbly |CL-ML, SM, |A-4 | 0 |15-50 |95-100|95-100|70-100|4 | | clay loam, | SC, SC-SM | | | | | | |  | | very cobbly | | | | | | | |  | | sandy clay | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | McC: | | | | | | | | | |  McCamy----------| 0-7 |Loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | --- | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-95 |5 | 7-26 |Clay loam, |ML, SC, CL, |A-4, A-6 | --- | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|4 | | sandy clay | SM | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | |  | 26-38 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | 38-42 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | McD: | | | | | | | | | |  McCamy----------| 0-7 |Loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | --- | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-95 |5 | 7-26 |Clay loam, |ML, SC, CL, |A-4, A-6 | --- | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|4 | | sandy clay | SM | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | |  | 26-38 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | 38-42 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | MnC: | | | | | | | | | |  Minvale---------| 0-13 |Gravelly silt |GC, CL, GM, |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |55-80 |50-75 |40-70 |3 | | loam | ML | | | | | | |  | 13-28 |Gravelly silty |CL, GC-GM, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |50-75 |50-75 |40-70 |3 | | clay loam, | CL-ML, GC | | | | | | |  | | gravelly silt | | | | | | | |  | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 28-68 |Gravelly silty |CL, GC, SC, |A-6, A-4, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |55-80 |50-75 |40-70 |3 | | clay loam, | ML | | | | | | |  | | gravelly silty| | | | | | | |  | | clay | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | MnD: | | | | | | | | | |  Minvale---------| 0-13 |Gravelly silt |GC, CL, GM, |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |55-80 |50-75 |40-70 |3 | | loam | ML | | | | | | |  | 13-28 |Gravelly silty |CL, GC-GM, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |50-75 |50-75 |40-70 |3 | | clay loam, | CL-ML, GC | | | | | | |  | | gravelly silt | | | | | | | |  | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 28-68 |Gravelly silty |CL, GC, SC, |A-6, A-4, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |55-80 |50-75 |40-70 |3 | | clay loam, | ML | | | | | | |  | | gravelly silty| | | | | | | |  | | clay | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | NeC: | | | | | | | | | |  Needmore--------| 0-7 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-100|8 | 7-29 |Silty clay, |CH, MH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-100|8 | | clay | | | | | | | |  | 29-34 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | NeD: | | | | | | | | | |  Needmore--------| 0-7 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-100|8 | 7-29 |Silty clay, |CH, CL, MH |A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-100|8 | | clay | | | | | | | |  | 29-34 |Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | SeB: | | | | | | | | | |  Sequatchie------| 0-9 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, |A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-10 |85-100|75-100|65-95 |3 | | | SM, ML | | | | | | |  | 9-41 |Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | --- | 0-10 |85-100|75-100|65-95 |5 | | loam, silt | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 41-68 |Sandy loam, |CL, SM, CL- |A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-15 |75-100|65-100|45-85 |2 | | loam, fine | ML, ML | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | Sm: | | | | | | | | | |  Slickens. | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | Su: | | | | | | | | | |  Suches----------| 0-10 |Loam |CL-ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|4 | 10-41 |Loam, sandy |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 | 0 |95-100|95-100|70-100|5 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 41-60 |Variable | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | TaE: | | | | | | | | | |  Talbott---------| 0-4 |Silt loam |CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |7 | 4-8 |Clay, silty |CH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0-10 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |8 | | clay | | | | | | | |  | 8-35 |Clay, silty |CH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0-10 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |8 | | clay | | | | | | | |  | 35-40 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop----| 0-60 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | TeB: | | | | | | | | | |  Tate------------| 0-10 |Loam |ML, SM |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |96-100|86-98 |68-98 |4 | 10-60 |Clay loam, |CL, SC-SM, |A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-15 |94-100|87-100|75-99 |4 | | sandy clay | CL-ML, ML | | | | | | |  | | loam, loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | To: | | | | | | | | | |  Toccoa----------| 0-10 |Loam |ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |98-100|95-100|75-90 |5 | 10-60 |Sandy loam, |ML, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-100|3 | | loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | TuF: | | | | | | | | | |  Tusquitee-------| 0-8 |Loam |MH, ML |A-4, A-5 | 0-1 | 0-10 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |5 | 8-26 |Loam, sandy |ML, SC-SM, SM|A-4 | 0-1 | 0-15 |90-100|75-100|65-95 |3 | | loam, fine | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | |  | 26-60 |Gravelly sandy |GM, SC-SM, |A-2, A-1, A-4| 2-15 | 5-35 |45-98 |40-85 |30-75 |1 | | loam, gravelly| GC-GM, SM | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | |  | | loam, cobbly | | | | | | | |  | | fine sandy | | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | Ud: | | | | | | | | | |  Udifluvents. | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | UnD: | | | | | | | | | |  Unicoi----------| 0-3 |Gravelly loam |SC-SM, SM |A-1-b, A-2 | 0 | 0-10 |70-85 |50-70 |30-50 |2 | 3-17 |Very cobbly |GM, GC-GM, |A-1-b, A-2 | 0 |20-50 |60-75 |40-65 |30-50 |2 | | loam, very | SC-SM, SM | | | | | | |  | | cobbly sandy | | | | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | | |  | | stony loam | | | | | | | |  | 17-22 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | UnD: | | | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop----| 0-60 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | UnF: | | | | | | | | | |  Unicoi----------| 0-3 |Gravelly loam |SC-SM, SM |A-1-b, A-2 | 0 | 0-10 |70-85 |50-70 |30-50 |2 | 3-17 |Very cobbly |GC-GM, GM, |A-1-b, A-2 | 0 |20-50 |60-75 |40-65 |30-50 |2 | | loam, very | SM, SC-SM | | | | | | |  | | cobbly sandy | | | | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | | |  | | stony loam | | | | | | | |  | 17-22 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop----| 0-60 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | W: | | | | | | | | | |  Water. | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | WaF: | | | | | | | | | |  Wallen----------| 0-4 |Channery sandy |SC-SM, SM |A-1, A-2, A-4| 0-5 | 0-20 |70-85 |60-80 |40-60 |2 | | loam | | | | | | | |  | 4-30 |Very cobbly |GC-GM, GM, |A-2, A-1, A-4| 0 |25-55 |35-65 |30-60 |20-50 |1 | | loam, very | SM, SC-SM | | | | | | |  | | cobbly silt | | | | | | | |  | | loam, very | | | | | | | |  | | channery fine | | | | | | | |  | | sandy loam | | | | | | | |  | 30-34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |  | | bedrock | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | WbB2: | | | | | | | | | |  Waynesboro------| 0-7 |Loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |4 | | | CL, SM | | | | | | |  | 7-11 |Clay loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-95 |4 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 11-72 |Clay loam, |MH, CL, ML |A-6, A-4, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|70-98 |5 | | sandy clay, | | | | | | | |  | | clay | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | 
Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing  Map symbol | Depth | USDA texture |___________________________|_____________| sieve number--  and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 |______________________ | | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_ | In | | | | Pct | Pct | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | WbC2: | | | | | | | | | |  Waynesboro------| 0-7 |Loam |CL-ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |4 | | | ML, SM | | | | | | |  | 7-11 |Clay loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-95 |4 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 11-72 |Clay loam, |CL, MH, ML |A-6, A-4, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|70-98 |5 | | sandy clay, | | | | | | | |  | | clay | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | WbD2: | | | | | | | | | |  Waynesboro------| 0-7 |Loam |CL, SM, CL- |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |4 | | | ML, ML | | | | | | |  | 7-11 |Clay loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-95 |4 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 11-72 |Clay loam, |CL, MH, ML |A-6, A-4, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|70-98 |5 | | sandy clay, | | | | | | | |  | | clay | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | WbD3: | | | | | | | | | |  Waynesboro------| 0-3 |Clay loam |CL, CL-ML, |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |4 | | | SM, ML | | | | | | |  | 3-11 |Clay loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-95 |4 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | |  | | clay loam | | | | | | | |  | 11-72 |Clay loam, |CL, ML, MH |A-6, A-4, A-7| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|70-98 |5 | | sandy clay, | | | | | | | |  | | clay | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | Wt: | | | | | | | | | |  Whitwell--------| 0-8 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | --- | 0-3 |80-100|75-100|70-100|5 | 8-60 |Clay loam, |CL, SC, CL- |A-4, A-6 | --- | 0-3 |80-100|75-100|60-90 |4 | | loam, silt | ML, ML | | | | | | |  | | loam | | | | | | | | _________________|_______|_______________|_____________|_____________|______|______|______|______|______|_
274 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Physical Properties of the Soils

(Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Absence of an entry indicates that

 data were not estimated.)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic|_______________

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |matter | | |

 | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T

________________________|_______|______|_________|___________|_________|_________|_______|_____|_____|___

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

AnC2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Apison-----------------| 0-6 | 12-25|1.45-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .37 | .37 | 3

 | 6-30 | 23-35|1.48-1.62| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .37 | .37 |

 | 30-61 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

ApC2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Apison-----------------| 0-6 | 12-25|1.45-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .37 | .37 | 3

 | 6-30 | 23-35|1.48-1.62| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .37 | .37 |

 | 30-61 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------| 0-4 | 22-27|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .32 | 3

 | 4-13 | 37-47|1.40-1.50| 0.20-0.60 |0.10-0.14| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .37 | .28 |

 | 13-21 | 35-45|1.40-1.50| 0.20-0.60 |0.05-0.10| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .28 |

 | 21-25 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

ApD2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Apison-----------------| 0-6 | 12-25|1.45-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .37 | .37 | 3

 | 6-30 | 23-35|1.48-1.62| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .37 | .37 |

 | 30-61 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------| 0-4 | 22-27|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .32 | 3

 | 4-13 | 37-47|1.40-1.50| 0.20-0.60 |0.10-0.14| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .37 | .28 |

 | 13-21 | 35-45|1.40-1.50| 0.20-0.60 |0.05-0.10| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .28 |

 | 21-25 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ar: | | | | | | | | | |

 Arkaqua----------------| 0-6 | 10-20|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |2.0-5.0| .24 | .24 | 4

 | 6-37 | 15-34|1.20-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .28 | .28 |

 | 37-50 | 10-30|1.30-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .28 | .28 |

 | 50-61 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Suches-----------------| 0-10 | 10-25|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.11-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0| .24 | .24 | 5

 | 10-41 | 18-38|1.45-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 |

 | 41-60 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

AuC2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------| 0-4 | 22-27|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .32 | 3

 | 4-13 | 37-47|1.40-1.50| 0.20-0.60 |0.10-0.14| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .37 | .28 |

 | 13-21 | 35-45|1.40-1.50| 0.20-0.60 |0.05-0.10| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .28 |

 | 21-25 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

AuD2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------| 0-4 | 22-27|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .32 | 3

 | 4-13 | 37-47|1.40-1.50| 0.20-0.60 |0.10-0.14| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .37 | .28 |

 | 13-21 | 35-45|1.40-1.50| 0.20-0.60 |0.05-0.10| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .28 |

 | 21-25 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

AuE: | | | | | | | | | |

 Armuchee---------------| 0-8 | 22-27|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .32 | 3

 | 8-17 | 37-47|1.40-1.50| 0.20-0.60 |0.10-0.14| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .37 | .28 |

 | 17-24 | 35-45|1.40-1.50| 0.20-0.60 |0.05-0.10| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .28 |

 | 24-60 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

BrC: | | | | | | | | | |

 Brevard----------------| 0-7 | 10-25|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.16-0.24| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .24 | .24 | 5

 | 7-70 | 20-35|1.30-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 |

BrD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Brevard----------------| 0-7 | 10-25|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.16-0.24| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .24 | .24 | 5

 | 7-70 | 20-35|1.30-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 275

Table 15.--Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic|_______________

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |matter | | |

 | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T

________________________|_______|______|_________|___________|_________|_________|_______|_____|_____|___

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

BrE: | | | | | | | | | |

 Brevard----------------| 0-7 | 10-25|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.16-0.24| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .24 | .24 | 5

 | 7-70 | 20-35|1.30-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CaF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Cataska----------------| 0-5 | 12-22|1.30-1.40| 2.00-20.00|0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 2

 | 5-15 | 12-22|1.30-1.45| 2.00-6.00 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 |

 | 15-24 | --- | --- | 0.01-0.20 | --- | --- |0.5-2.0| --- | --- |

 | 24-28 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------| 0-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-6.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |---

 | | | | | | | | | |

CaG: | | | | | | | | | |

 Cataska----------------| 0-5 | 12-22|1.30-1.40| 2.00-20.00|0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 2

 | 5-15 | 12-22|1.30-1.45| 2.00-6.00 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 |

 | 15-24 | --- | --- | 0.01-0.20 | --- | --- |0.5-2.0| --- | --- |

 | 24-28 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------| 0-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-6.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |---

 | | | | | | | | | |

CcD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Citico-----------------| 0-4 | 15-25|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .24 | .32 | 3

 | 4-12 | 18-27|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .24 | .32 |

 | 12-45 | 15-25|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .24 | .32 |

 | 45-50 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

CcF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Citico-----------------| 0-4 | 15-25|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .24 | .32 | 3

 | 4-12 | 18-27|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .24 | .32 |

 | 12-45 | 15-25|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .24 | .32 |

 | 45-50 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CoC2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Collegedale------------| 0-6 | 20-27|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .37 | .37 | 5

 | 6-65 | 40-60|1.45-1.60| 0.20-0.60 |0.12-0.16| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

CoD2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Collegedale------------| 0-6 | 20-27|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .37 | .37 | 5

 | 6-65 | 40-60|1.45-1.60| 0.20-0.60 |0.12-0.16| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DeB2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Decatur----------------| 0-6 | 15-27|1.25-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | 5

 | 6-67 | 35-60|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 3.0-5.9 | --- | .24 | .24 |

DeC2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Decatur----------------| 0-6 | 15-27|1.25-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | 5

 | 6-67 | 35-60|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 3.0-5.9 | --- | .24 | .24 |

DeD2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Decatur----------------| 0-6 | 15-27|1.25-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | 5

 | 6-67 | 35-60|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 3.0-5.9 | --- | .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DtD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ditney-----------------| 0-7 | 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | 2

 | 7-15 | 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 |

 | 15-35 | 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .17 | .24 |

 | 35-40 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

DtF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ditney-----------------| 0-7 | 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | 2

 | 7-15 | 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 |

 | 15-35 | 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .17 | .24 |

 | 35-40 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |
276 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic|_______________

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |matter | | |

 | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T

________________________|_______|______|_________|___________|_________|_________|_______|_____|_____|___

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ea: | | | | | | | | | |

 Emory------------------| 0-8 | 20-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.21| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-4.0| .37 | .37 | 5

 | 8-32 | 20-35|1.25-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.21| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .37 | .37 |

 | 32-60 | 32-45|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .37 | .37 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

EdC: | | | | | | | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | 7-25|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 5

 | 5-22 | 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 22-32 | 12-30|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.25| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 32-60 | 5-20|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

EdD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | 7-25|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 5

 | 5-22 | 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 22-32 | 12-30|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.25| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 32-60 | 5-20|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

ErC: | | | | | | | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | 7-25|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 5

 | 5-22 | 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 22-32 | 12-30|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.25| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 32-60 | 5-20|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hayesville-------------| 0-5 | 10-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | 3

 | 5-36 | 30-50|1.20-1.35| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .28 | .28 |

 | 36-60 | 5-25|1.45-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.11-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

ErD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | 7-25|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 5

 | 5-22 | 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 22-32 | 12-30|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.25| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 32-60 | 5-20|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hayesville-------------| 0-5 | 10-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | 3

 | 5-36 | 30-50|1.20-1.35| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .28 | .28 |

 | 36-60 | 5-25|1.45-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.11-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

EvC: | | | | | | | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | 7-25|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 5

 | 5-22 | 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 22-32 | 12-30|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.25| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 32-60 | 5-20|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hayesville-------------| 0-5 | 10-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | 3

 | 5-36 | 30-50|1.20-1.35| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .28 | .28 |

 | 36-60 | 5-25|1.45-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.11-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

EvD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | 7-25|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 5

 | 5-22 | 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 22-32 | 12-30|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.25| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 32-60 | 5-20|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hayesville-------------| 0-5 | 10-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | 3

 | 5-36 | 30-50|1.20-1.35| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .28 | .28 |

 | 36-60 | 5-25|1.45-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.11-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

GeC: | | | | | | | | | |

 Gullied land-----------| 0-60 | --- | --- | --- |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | --- |---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | 7-25|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 5

 | 5-22 | 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 22-32 | 12-30|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.25| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 32-60 | 5-20|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 277

Table 15.--Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic|_______________

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |matter | | |

 | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T

________________________|_______|______|_________|___________|_________|_________|_______|_____|_____|___

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

GeD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Gullied land-----------| 0-60 | --- | --- | --- |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | --- |---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | 7-25|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 5

 | 5-22 | 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 22-32 | 12-30|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.25| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 32-60 | 5-20|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

GuE: | | | | | | | | | |

 Gullied land-----------| 0-60 | --- | --- | --- |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | --- |---

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ha: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hamblen----------------| 0-9 | 15-25|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .32 | .32 | 5

 | 9-46 | 18-32|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .32 | .32 |

 | 46-60 | 18-32|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .32 | .32 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

JeD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Jeffrey----------------| 0-11 | 10-18|1.45-1.55| 0.60-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |3.0-8.0| .17 | .24 | 2

 | 11-28 | 15-28|1.45-1.55| 0.60-6.00 |0.07-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .17 | .24 |

 | 28-32 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

JeF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Jeffrey----------------| 0-11 | 10-18|1.45-1.55| 0.60-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |3.0-8.0| .17 | .24 | 2

 | 11-28 | 15-28|1.45-1.55| 0.60-6.00 |0.07-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .17 | .24 |

 | 28-32 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

JkD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------| 0-11 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 1.98-5.95 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 3

 | 11-21 | 18-35|1.30-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .15 | .24 |

 | 21-26 | 15-30|1.35-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 | .24 |

 | 26-31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

JkF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------| 0-11 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 1.98-5.95 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 3

 | 11-21 | 18-35|1.30-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .15 | .24 |

 | 21-26 | 15-30|1.35-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 | .24 |

 | 26-31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

JnC: | | | | | | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------| 0-11 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 1.98-5.95 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 3

 | 11-21 | 18-35|1.30-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .15 | .24 |

 | 21-26 | 15-30|1.35-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 | .24 |

 | 26-31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Brasstown--------------| 0-6 | 5-18|1.00-1.40| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 4

 | 6-29 | 18-35|1.35-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 | .28 |

 | 29-46 | 8-20|1.40-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 | .28 |

 | 46-60 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

JnD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------| 0-11 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 1.98-5.95 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 3

 | 11-21 | 18-35|1.30-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .15 | .24 |

 | 21-26 | 15-30|1.35-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 | .24 |

 | 26-31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Brasstown--------------| 0-6 | 5-18|1.00-1.40| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 4

 | 6-29 | 18-35|1.35-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 | .28 |

 | 29-46 | 8-20|1.40-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 | .28 |

 | 46-60 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |
278 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic|_______________

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |matter | | |

 | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T

________________________|_______|______|_________|___________|_________|_________|_______|_____|_____|___

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

JtF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------| 0-11 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 1.98-5.95 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 3

 | 11-21 | 18-35|1.30-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .15 | .24 |

 | 21-26 | 15-30|1.35-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 | .24 |

 | 26-31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Citico-----------------| 0-4 | 15-25|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .24 | .32 | 3

 | 4-12 | 18-27|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .24 | .32 |

 | 12-45 | 15-25|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .24 | .32 |

 | 45-50 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

JuF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Junaluska--------------| 0-11 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 1.98-5.95 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 3

 | 11-21 | 18-35|1.30-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .15 | .24 |

 | 21-26 | 15-30|1.35-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 | .24 |

 | 26-31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Tsali------------------| 0-8 | 5-20|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .15 | .28 | 1

 | 8-18 | 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 | .28 |

 | 18-60 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

KeC: | | | | | | | | | |

 Keener-----------------| 0-9 | 5-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.14-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .24 | .24 | 5

 | 9-51 | 10-35|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 |

 | 51-65 | 10-35|1.30-1.45| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 |

KeD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Keener-----------------| 0-9 | 5-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.14-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .24 | .24 | 5

 | 9-51 | 10-35|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 |

 | 51-65 | 10-35|1.30-1.45| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

LeB: | | | | | | | | | |

 Leadvale---------------| 0-9 | 12-22|1.30-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-4.0| .43 | .43 | 4

 | 9-22 | 20-32|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .43 | .43 |

 | 22-60 | 20-35|1.55-1.70| 0.06-0.60 |0.06-0.11| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .43 | .43 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

LkC: | | | | | | | | | |

 Lostcove---------------| 0-5 | 7-20|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.13-0.19| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-10 | .10 | .24 | 5

 | 5-76 | 18-35|1.30-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0| .10 | .28 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Keener-----------------| 0-13 | 5-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .20 | .24 | 5

 | 13-56 | 10-35|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 |

 | 56-70 | 10-35|1.30-1.45| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

LkD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Lostcove---------------| 0-5 | 7-20|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.13-0.19| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-10 | .10 | .24 | 5

 | 5-76 | 18-35|1.30-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0| .10 | .28 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Keener-----------------| 0-13 | 5-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .20 | .24 | 5

 | 13-56 | 10-35|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 |

 | 56-70 | 10-35|1.30-1.45| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

LkF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Lostcove---------------| 0-5 | 7-20|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.13-0.19| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-10 | .10 | .24 | 5

 | 5-76 | 18-35|1.30-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0| .10 | .28 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Keener-----------------| 0-13 | 5-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .20 | .24 | 5

 | 13-56 | 10-35|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 |

 | 56-70 | 10-35|1.30-1.45| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 279

Table 15.--Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic|_______________

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |matter | | |

 | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T

________________________|_______|______|_________|___________|_________|_________|_______|_____|_____|___

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

McC: | | | | | | | | | |

 McCamy-----------------| 0-7 | 7-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-6.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-4.0| .28 | .37 | 2

 | 7-26 | 18-35|1.25-1.35| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.1-0.5| .28 | .28 |

 | 26-38 | --- | --- | 0.20-0.60 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | 38-42 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

McD: | | | | | | | | | |

 McCamy-----------------| 0-7 | 7-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-6.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-4.0| .28 | .37 | 2

 | 7-26 | 18-35|1.25-1.35| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.1-0.5| .28 | .28 |

 | 26-38 | --- | --- | 0.20-0.60 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | 38-42 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

MnC: | | | | | | | | | |

 Minvale----------------| 0-13 | 15-27|1.30-1.45| 2.00-6.00 |0.14-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .37 | 5

 | 13-28 | 20-35|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 |

 | 28-68 | 25-45|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.11-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 |

MnD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Minvale----------------| 0-13 | 15-27|1.30-1.45| 2.00-6.00 |0.14-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .37 | 5

 | 13-28 | 20-35|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 |

 | 28-68 | 25-45|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.11-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

NeC: | | | | | | | | | |

 Needmore---------------| 0-7 | 18-27|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .37 | .37 | 3

 | 7-29 | 40-55|1.45-1.60| 0.20-0.60 |0.14-0.17| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 29-34 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.20 | --- | --- |0.0-0.5| --- | --- |

NeD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Needmore---------------| 0-7 | 18-27|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .37 | .37 | 3

 | 7-29 | 40-55|1.45-1.60| 0.20-0.60 |0.14-0.17| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 29-34 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.20 | --- | --- |0.0-0.5| --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

SeB: | | | | | | | | | |

 Sequatchie-------------| 0-9 | 10-25|1.50-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .32 | .32 | 5

 | 9-41 | 18-30|1.55-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .28 |

 | 41-68 | 12-20|1.55-1.70| 0.60-6.00 |0.09-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Sm: | | | | | | | | | |

 Slickens. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Su: | | | | | | | | | |

 Suches-----------------| 0-10 | 10-25|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.11-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0| .24 | .24 | 5

 | 10-41 | 18-38|1.45-1.65| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 |

 | 41-60 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

TaE: | | | | | | | | | |

 Talbott----------------| 0-4 | 15-27|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .37 | .37 | 2

 | 4-8 | 40-60|1.30-1.50| 0.20-0.60 |0.10-0.14| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 8-35 | 40-60|1.30-1.50| 0.20-0.60 |0.09-0.13| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 |

 | 35-40 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------| 0-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-6.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |---

 | | | | | | | | | |

TeB: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tate-------------------| 0-10 | 5-25|1.35-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.17-0.19| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | 5

 | 10-60 | 18-35|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.19| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-1.0| .28 | .28 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

To: | | | | | | | | | |

 Toccoa-----------------| 0-10 | 7-17|1.35-1.45| 2.00-6.00 |0.09-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .24 | .24 | 5

 | 10-60 | 2-19|1.40-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.09-0.12| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .20 | .20 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

TuF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Tusquitee--------------| 0-8 | 7-20|1.20-1.40| 2.00-6.00 |0.16-0.24| 0.0-2.9 |3.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | 5

 | 8-26 | 7-25|1.30-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.15-0.21| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 |

 | 26-60 | 5-25|1.30-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .24 |

 | | | | | | | | | |
280 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Physical Properties of the Soils--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |Erosion factors

 Map symbol | Depth | Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic|_______________

 and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi- |matter | | |

 | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | Kw | Kf | T

________________________|_______|______|_________|___________|_________|_________|_______|_____|_____|___

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | Pct | Pct | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ud: | | | | | | | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

UnD: | | | | | | | | | |

 Unicoi-----------------| 0-3 | 5-20|1.45-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .28 | 1

 | 3-17 | 5-20|1.45-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 |

 | 17-22 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------| 0-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-6.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |---

 | | | | | | | | | |

UnF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Unicoi-----------------| 0-3 | 5-20|1.45-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .28 | 1

 | 3-17 | 5-20|1.45-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 |

 | 17-22 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------| 0-60 | --- | --- | 0.06-6.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |---

 | | | | | | | | | |

W: | | | | | | | | | |

 Water. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

WaF: | | | | | | | | | |

 Wallen-----------------| 0-4 | 8-20|1.40-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.07-0.11| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .17 | .24 | 2

 | 4-30 | 8-20|1.40-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .28 |

 | 30-34 | --- | --- | 0.00-0.20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

WbB2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------| 0-7 | 10-27|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.21| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 | 5

 | 7-11 | 23-35|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 |

 | 11-72 | 35-50|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 |

WbC2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------| 0-7 | 10-27|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.21| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 | 5

 | 7-11 | 23-35|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 |

 | 11-72 | 35-50|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 |

WbD2: | | | | | | | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------| 0-7 | 10-27|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.21| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 | 5

 | 7-11 | 23-35|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 |

 | 11-72 | 35-50|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 |

WbD3: | | | | | | | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------| 0-3 | 10-27|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.21| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 | 5

 | 3-11 | 23-35|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 |

 | 11-72 | 35-50|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Wt: | | | | | | | | | |

 Whitwell---------------| 0-8 | 10-25|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .32 | .24 | 5

 | 8-60 | 18-32|1.40-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 | --- | .32 | .32 |

________________________|_______|______|_________|___________|_________|_________|_______|_____|_____|___
Polk County, Tennessee 281

Table 16.--Chemical Properties of the Soils

(Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated.)

______________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth |Cation- |Effective| Soil

 and soil name | |exchange |cation- |reaction

 | |capacity |exchange |

 | | |capacity |

________________________|_______|_________|_________|_________

 | In |meq/100 g|meq/100 g| pH

 | | | |

AnC2: | | | |

 Apison-----------------| 0-6 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 6-30 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 30-61 | --- | --- | ---

ApC2: | | | |

 Apison-----------------| 0-6 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 6-30 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 30-61 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

 Armuchee---------------| 0-4 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 4-13 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 13-21 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 21-25 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

ApD2: | | | |

 Apison-----------------| 0-6 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 6-30 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 30-61 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

 Armuchee---------------| 0-4 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 4-13 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 13-21 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 21-25 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

Ar: | | | |

 Arkaqua----------------| 0-6 | --- | --- | 4.5-6.5

 | 6-37 | 10-15 | --- | 4.5-6.5

 | 37-50 | --- | 5.0-10 | 4.5-6.0

 | 50-61 | --- | 2.0-10 | ---

 | | | |

 Suches-----------------| 0-10 | 5.0-10 | --- | 5.1-6.0

 | 10-41 | 6.0-12 | --- | 5.1-6.0

 | 41-60 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

AuC2: | | | |

 Armuchee---------------| 0-4 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 4-13 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 13-21 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 21-25 | --- | --- | ---

AuD2: | | | |

 Armuchee---------------| 0-4 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 4-13 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 13-21 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 21-25 | --- | --- | ---

AuE: | | | |

 Armuchee---------------| 0-8 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 8-17 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 17-24 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 24-60 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

BrC: | | | |

 Brevard----------------| 0-7 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 7-70 | --- | 2.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0

BrD: | | | |

 Brevard----------------| 0-7 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 7-70 | --- | 2.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0

BrE: | | | |

 Brevard----------------| 0-7 | --- | 2.0-8.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 7-70 | --- | 2.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | | | |
282 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth |Cation- |Effective| Soil

 and soil name | |exchange |cation- |reaction

 | |capacity |exchange |

 | | |capacity |

________________________|_______|_________|_________|_________

 | In |meq/100 g|meq/100 g| pH

 | | | |

CaF: | | | |

 Cataska----------------| 0-5 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 5-15 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 15-24 | --- | --- | ---

 | 24-28 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | |

 | | | |

CaG: | | | |

 Cataska----------------| 0-5 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 5-15 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 15-24 | --- | --- | ---

 | 24-28 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | |

 | | | |

CcD: | | | |

 Citico-----------------| 0-4 | --- | --- | 5.1-5.5

 | 4-12 | --- | --- | 5.1-5.5

 | 12-45 | --- | --- | 5.1-5.5

 | 45-50 | --- | --- | ---

CcF: | | | |

 Citico-----------------| 0-4 | --- | --- | 5.1-5.5

 | 4-12 | --- | --- | 5.1-5.5

 | 12-45 | --- | --- | 5.1-5.5

 | 45-50 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

CoC2: | | | |

 Collegedale------------| 0-6 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 6-65 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

CoD2: | | | |

 Collegedale------------| 0-6 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 6-65 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | | | |

DeB2: | | | |

 Decatur----------------| 0-6 | --- | --- | 4.5-6.0

 | 6-67 | --- | --- | 4.5-6.0

DeC2: | | | |

 Decatur----------------| 0-6 | --- | --- | 4.5-6.0

 | 6-67 | --- | --- | 4.5-6.0

DeD2: | | | |

 Decatur----------------| 0-6 | --- | --- | 4.5-6.0

 | 6-67 | --- | --- | 4.5-6.0

 | | | |

DtD: | | | |

 Ditney-----------------| 0-7 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 7-15 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 15-35 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 35-40 | --- | --- | ---

DtF: | | | |

 Ditney-----------------| 0-7 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 7-15 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 15-35 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 35-40 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

Ea: | | | |

 Emory------------------| 0-8 | --- | --- | 5.1-6.0

 | 8-32 | --- | --- | 5.1-6.0

 | 32-60 | --- | --- | 5.1-6.0

 | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 283

Table 16.--Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth |Cation- |Effective| Soil

 and soil name | |exchange |cation- |reaction

 | |capacity |exchange |

 | | |capacity |

________________________|_______|_________|_________|_________

 | In |meq/100 g|meq/100 g| pH

 | | | |

EdC: | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | --- | 6.0-12 | 4.5-6.0

 | 5-22 | --- | 5.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 22-32 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 32-60 | --- | 2.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.0

EdD: | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | --- | 6.0-12 | 4.5-6.0

 | 5-22 | --- | 5.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 22-32 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 32-60 | --- | 2.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.0

ErC: | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | --- | 6.0-12 | 4.5-6.0

 | 5-22 | --- | 5.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 22-32 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 32-60 | --- | 2.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | | | |

 Hayesville-------------| 0-5 | --- | 2.0-6.0 | 3.5-6.5

 | 5-36 | --- | 3.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 36-60 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | | | |

ErD: | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | --- | 6.0-12 | 4.5-6.0

 | 5-22 | --- | 5.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 22-32 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 32-60 | --- | 2.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | | | |

 Hayesville-------------| 0-5 | --- | 2.0-6.0 | 3.5-6.5

 | 5-36 | --- | 3.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 36-60 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | | | |

EvC: | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | --- | 6.0-12 | 4.5-6.0

 | 5-22 | --- | 5.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 22-32 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 32-60 | --- | 2.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | | | |

 Hayesville-------------| 0-5 | --- | 2.0-6.0 | 3.5-6.5

 | 5-36 | --- | 3.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 36-60 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | | | |

EvD: | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | --- | 6.0-12 | 4.5-6.0

 | 5-22 | --- | 5.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 22-32 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 32-60 | --- | 2.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | | | |

 Hayesville-------------| 0-5 | --- | 2.0-6.0 | 3.5-6.5

 | 5-36 | --- | 3.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 36-60 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | | | |

GeC: | | | |

 Gullied land. | | | |

 | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | --- | 6.0-12 | 4.5-6.0

 | 5-22 | --- | 5.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 22-32 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 32-60 | --- | 2.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | | | |

GeD: | | | |

 Gullied land. | | | |

 | | | |
284 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth |Cation- |Effective| Soil

 and soil name | |exchange |cation- |reaction

 | |capacity |exchange |

 | | |capacity |

________________________|_______|_________|_________|_________

 | In |meq/100 g|meq/100 g| pH

 | | | |

GeD: | | | |

 Evard------------------| 0-5 | --- | 6.0-12 | 4.5-6.0

 | 5-22 | --- | 5.0-7.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 22-32 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 32-60 | --- | 2.0-4.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | | | |

GuE: | | | |

 Gullied land. | | | |

 | | | |

Ha: | | | |

 Hamblen----------------| 0-9 | --- | --- | 5.1-7.3

 | 9-46 | --- | --- | 5.1-7.3

 | 46-60 | --- | --- | 5.1-7.3

 | | | |

JeD: | | | |

 Jeffrey----------------| 0-11 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 11-28 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 28-32 | --- | --- | ---

JeF: | | | |

 Jeffrey----------------| 0-11 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 11-28 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 28-32 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

JkD: | | | |

 Junaluska--------------| 0-11 | --- | 2.0-9.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 11-21 | --- | 4.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 21-26 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 26-31 | --- | --- | ---

JkF: | | | |

 Junaluska--------------| 0-11 | --- | 2.0-9.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 11-21 | --- | 4.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 21-26 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 26-31 | --- | --- | ---

JnC: | | | |

 Junaluska--------------| 0-11 | --- | 2.0-9.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 11-21 | --- | 4.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 21-26 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 26-31 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

 Brasstown--------------| 0-6 | --- | 2.0-9.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 6-29 | --- | 3.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 29-46 | --- | 2.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 46-60 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

JnD: | | | |

 Junaluska--------------| 0-11 | --- | 2.0-9.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 11-21 | --- | 4.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 21-26 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 26-31 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

 Brasstown--------------| 0-6 | --- | 2.0-9.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 6-29 | --- | 3.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 29-46 | --- | 2.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 46-60 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

JtF: | | | |

 Junaluska--------------| 0-11 | --- | 2.0-9.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 11-21 | --- | 4.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 21-26 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 26-31 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 285

Table 16.--Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth |Cation- |Effective| Soil

 and soil name | |exchange |cation- |reaction

 | |capacity |exchange |

 | | |capacity |

________________________|_______|_________|_________|_________

 | In |meq/100 g|meq/100 g| pH

 | | | |

JtF: | | | |

 Citico-----------------| 0-4 | --- | --- | 5.1-5.5

 | 4-12 | --- | --- | 5.1-5.5

 | 12-45 | --- | --- | 5.1-5.5

 | 45-50 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

JuF: | | | |

 Junaluska--------------| 0-11 | --- | 2.0-9.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 11-21 | --- | 4.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 21-26 | --- | 3.0-5.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 26-31 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

 Tsali------------------| 0-8 | --- | 2.0-9.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 8-18 | --- | 3.0-7.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | 18-60 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

KeC: | | | |

 Keener-----------------| 0-9 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | 9-51 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | 51-65 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

KeD: | | | |

 Keener-----------------| 0-9 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | 9-51 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | 51-65 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | | | |

LeB: | | | |

 Leadvale---------------| 0-9 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 9-22 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 22-60 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | | | |

LkC: | | | |

 Lostcove---------------| 0-5 | --- | 2.0-10 | 3.5-6.0

 | 5-76 | --- | 3.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | | | |

 Keener-----------------| 0-13 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | 13-56 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | 56-70 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | | | |

LkD: | | | |

 Lostcove---------------| 0-5 | --- | 2.0-10 | 3.5-6.0

 | 5-76 | --- | 3.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | | | |

 Keener-----------------| 0-13 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | 13-56 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | 56-70 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | | | |

LkF: | | | |

 Lostcove---------------| 0-5 | --- | 2.0-10 | 3.5-6.0

 | 5-76 | --- | 3.0-8.0 | 3.5-6.0

 | | | |

 Keener-----------------| 0-13 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | 13-56 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | 56-70 | --- | --- | 3.6-6.0

 | | | |

McC: | | | |

 McCamy-----------------| 0-7 | --- | 10-45 | 3.6-5.5

 | 7-26 | --- | 5.0-50 | 3.6-5.5

 | 26-38 | --- | --- | ---

 | 38-42 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |
286 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth |Cation- |Effective| Soil

 and soil name | |exchange |cation- |reaction

 | |capacity |exchange |

 | | |capacity |

________________________|_______|_________|_________|_________

 | In |meq/100 g|meq/100 g| pH

 | | | |

McD: | | | |

 McCamy-----------------| 0-7 | --- | 10-45 | 3.6-5.5

 | 7-26 | --- | 5.0-50 | 3.6-5.5

 | 26-38 | --- | --- | ---

 | 38-42 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

MnC: | | | |

 Minvale----------------| 0-13 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 13-28 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 28-68 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

MnD: | | | |

 Minvale----------------| 0-13 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 13-28 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 28-68 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | | | |

NeC: | | | |

 Needmore---------------| 0-7 | --- | --- | 4.5-6.5

 | 7-29 | --- | --- | 4.5-6.0

 | 29-34 | --- | --- | ---

NeD: | | | |

 Needmore---------------| 0-7 | --- | --- | 4.5-6.5

 | 7-29 | --- | --- | 4.5-6.0

 | 29-34 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

SeB: | | | |

 Sequatchie-------------| 0-9 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 9-41 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | 41-68 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

 | | | |

Sm: | | | |

 Slickens. | | | |

 | | | |

Su: | | | |

 Suches-----------------| 0-10 | 5.0-10 | --- | 5.1-6.0

 | 10-41 | 6.0-12 | --- | 5.1-6.0

 | 41-60 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

TaE: | | | |

 Talbott----------------| 0-4 | --- | --- | 5.1-6.5

 | 4-8 | --- | --- | 5.1-6.5

 | 8-35 | --- | --- | 6.1-7.8

 | 35-40 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | |

 | | | |

TeB: | | | |

 Tate-------------------| 0-10 | 2.0-6.0 | --- | 4.5-6.5

 | 10-60 | 3.0-7.0 | --- | 4.5-6.5

 | | | |

To: | | | |

 Toccoa-----------------| 0-10 | 3.0-6.0 | --- | 5.1-6.5

 | 10-60 | 1.0-4.0 | --- | 5.1-6.5

 | | | |

TuF: | | | |

 Tusquitee--------------| 0-8 | 4.0-12 | --- | 4.5-6.5

 | 8-26 | --- | 2.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | 26-60 | --- | 1.0-5.0 | 4.5-6.0

 | | | |

Ud: | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | |

 | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 287

Table 16.--Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Map symbol | Depth |Cation- |Effective| Soil

 and soil name | |exchange |cation- |reaction

 | |capacity |exchange |

 | | |capacity |

________________________|_______|_________|_________|_________

 | In |meq/100 g|meq/100 g| pH

 | | | |

UnD: | | | |

 Unicoi-----------------| 0-3 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 3-17 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 17-22 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | |

 | | | |

UnF: | | | |

 Unicoi-----------------| 0-3 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 3-17 | --- | --- | 3.6-5.5

 | 17-22 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | |

 | | | |

W: | | | |

 Water. | | | |

 | | | |

WaF: | | | |

 Wallen-----------------| 0-4 | --- | --- | 3.5-6.0

 | 4-30 | --- | --- | 3.5-6.0

 | 30-34 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

WbB2: | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------| 0-7 | --- | 5.0-12 | 4.5-5.5

 | 7-11 | --- | 5.0-10 | 4.5-5.5

 | 11-72 | --- | 8.0-15 | 4.5-5.5

WbC2: | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------| 0-7 | --- | 5.0-12 | 4.5-5.5

 | 7-11 | --- | 5.0-10 | 4.5-5.5

 | 11-72 | --- | 8.0-15 | 4.5-5.5

WbD2: | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------| 0-7 | --- | 5.0-12 | 4.5-5.5

 | 7-11 | --- | 5.0-10 | 4.5-5.5

 | 11-72 | --- | 8.0-15 | 4.5-5.5

WbD3: | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------| 0-3 | --- | 5.0-12 | 4.5-5.5

 | 3-11 | --- | 5.0-10 | 4.5-5.5

 | 11-72 | --- | 8.0-15 | 4.5-5.5

 | | | |

Wt: | | | |

 Whitwell---------------| 0-8 | --- | --- | 4.5-6.0

 | 8-60 | --- | --- | 4.5-5.5

________________________|_______|_________|_________|_________
288 Soil Survey

Table 17.--Water Features

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Estimates of the frequency of

 flooding apply to the whole year rather than to individual months. Absence of an

 indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Flooding

 | | |_______________|_________________________

 Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency

 and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | |

 |group | | | | |

___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|____________|____________

 | | | Ft | Ft | |

 | | | | | |

AnC2: | | | | | |

 Apison--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

ApC2: | | | | | |

 Apison--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Armuchee------------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

ApD2: | | | | | |

 Apison--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Armuchee------------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

Ar: | | | | | |

 Arkaqua-------------------| C |January |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | |February |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | |March |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | |April |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |May |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |December |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | | | | | |

 Suches--------------------| B |January |2.5-4.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional

 | |February |2.5-4.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional

 | |March |2.5-4.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional

 | |April |2.5-4.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |May |2.5-4.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |December |2.5-4.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional

 | | | | | |

AuC2: | | | | | |

 Armuchee------------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

AuD2: | | | | | |

 Armuchee------------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

AuE: | | | | | |

 Armuchee------------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

BrC: | | | | | |

 Brevard-------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

BrD: | | | | | |

 Brevard-------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

BrE: | | | | | |

 Brevard-------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

CaF: | | | | | |

 Cataska-------------------| D |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop--------------| D |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

CaG: | | | | | |

 Cataska-------------------| D |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop--------------| D |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 289

Table 17.--Water Features--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Flooding

 | | |_______________|_________________________

 Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency

 and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | |

 |group | | | | |

___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|____________|____________

 | | | Ft | Ft | |

 | | | | | |

CcD: | | | | | |

 Citico--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

CcF: | | | | | |

 Citico--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

CoC2: | | | | | |

 Collegedale---------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

CoD2: | | | | | |

 Collegedale---------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

DeB2: | | | | | |

 Decatur-------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

DeC2: | | | | | |

 Decatur-------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

DeD2: | | | | | |

 Decatur-------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

DtD: | | | | | |

 Ditney--------------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

DtF: | | | | | |

 Ditney--------------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

Ea: | | | | | |

 Emory---------------------| B |January |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | |February |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | |March |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | |December |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | | | | | |

EdC: | | | | | |

 Evard---------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

EdD: | | | | | |

 Evard---------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

ErC: | | | | | |

 Evard---------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Hayesville----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

ErD: | | | | | |

 Evard---------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Hayesville----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

EvC: | | | | | |

 Evard---------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Hayesville----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

EvD: | | | | | |

 Evard---------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Hayesville----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

GeC: | | | | | |

 Gullied land. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |
290 Soil Survey

Table 17.--Water Features--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Flooding

 | | |_______________|_________________________

 Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency

 and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | |

 |group | | | | |

___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|____________|____________

 | | | Ft | Ft | |

 | | | | | |

GeC: | | | | | |

 Evard---------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

GeD: | | | | | |

 Gullied land. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Evard---------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

GuE: | | | | | |

 Gullied land. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

Ha: | | | | | |

 Hamblen-------------------| C |January |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | |February |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | |March |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | |December |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | | | | | |

JeD: | | | | | |

 Jeffrey-------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

JeF: | | | | | |

 Jeffrey-------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

JkD: | | | | | |

 Junaluska-----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

JkF: | | | | | |

 Junaluska-----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

JnC: | | | | | |

 Junaluska-----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Brasstown-----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

JnD: | | | | | |

 Junaluska-----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Brasstown-----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

JtF: | | | | | |

 Junaluska-----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Citico--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

JuF: | | | | | |

 Junaluska-----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Tsali---------------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

KeC: | | | | | |

 Keener--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

KeD: | | | | | |

 Keener--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

LeB: | | | | | |

 Leadvale------------------| C |January |1.6-2.0| --- | Very brief | Rare

 | |February |1.6-2.0| --- | Very brief | Rare

 | |March |1.6-2.0| --- | Very brief | Rare

 | |April |1.6-2.0| --- | --- | None

 | |December | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare

 | | | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 291

Table 17.--Water Features--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Flooding

 | | |_______________|_________________________

 Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency

 and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | |

 |group | | | | |

___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|____________|____________

 | | | Ft | Ft | |

 | | | | | |

LkC: | | | | | |

 Lostcove------------------| B |January |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |February |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |March |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |April |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |October |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |November |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |December |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Keener--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

LkD: | | | | | |

 Lostcove------------------| B |January |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |February |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |March |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |April |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |October |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |November |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |December |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Keener--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

LkF: | | | | | |

 Lostcove------------------| B |January |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |February |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |March |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |April |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |October |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |November |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |December |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Keener--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

McC: | | | | | |

 McCamy--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

McD: | | | | | |

 McCamy--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

MnC: | | | | | |

 Minvale-------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

MnD: | | | | | |

 Minvale-------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

NeC: | | | | | |

 Needmore------------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

NeD: | | | | | |

 Needmore------------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

SeB: | | | | | |

 Sequatchie----------------| B |January | --- | --- | Brief | Rare

 | |February | --- | --- | Brief | Rare

 | |March | --- | --- | Brief | Rare

 | |December | --- | --- | Brief | Rare

 | | | | | |

Sm: | | | | | |

 Slickens. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |
292 Soil Survey

Table 17.--Water Features--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Water table | Flooding

 | | |_______________|_________________________

 Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency

 and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | |

 |group | | | | |

___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|____________|____________

 | | | Ft | Ft | |

 | | | | | |

Su: | | | | | |

 Suches--------------------| B |January |2.5-4.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional

 | |February |2.5-4.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional

 | |March |2.5-4.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional

 | |April |2.5-4.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |May |2.5-4.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |December |2.5-4.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional

 | | | | | |

TaE: | | | | | |

 Talbott-------------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop--------------| D |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

TeB: | | | | | |

 Tate----------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

To: | | | | | |

 Toccoa--------------------| B |January |2.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare

 | |February |2.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare

 | |March |2.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare

 | |April |2.5-5.0| >6.0 | --- | None

 | |December |2.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare

 | | | | | |

TuF: | | | | | |

 Tusquitee-----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

Ud: | | | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

UnD: | | | | | |

 Unicoi--------------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop--------------| D |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

UnF: | | | | | |

 Unicoi--------------------| C |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop--------------| D |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

WaF: | | | | | |

 Wallen--------------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

WbB2: | | | | | |

 Waynesboro----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

WbC2: | | | | | |

 Waynesboro----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

WbD2: | | | | | |

 Waynesboro----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

WbD3: | | | | | |

 Waynesboro----------------| B |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None

 | | | | | |

Wt: | | | | | |

 Whitwell------------------| C |January |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | |February |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | |March |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

 | |December |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional

___________________________|______|__________|_______|_______|____________|____________
Polk County, Tennessee 293

Table 18.--Soil Features

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry

 indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not

 estimated.)

____________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Risk of corrosion

 Map symbol |_________________________|_________________________

 and soil name | | Depth | Uncoated |

 | Kind |to top | steel | Concrete

________________________|_________________|_______|____________|____________

 | | In | |

 | | | |

AnC2: | | | |

 Apison-----------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Moderate

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

ApC2: | | | |

 Apison-----------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Moderate

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Moderate

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

ApD2: | | | |

 Apison-----------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Moderate

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Moderate

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

Ar: | | | |

 Arkaqua----------------| --- | --- |High |Moderate

 | | | |

 Suches-----------------| --- | --- |High |Moderate

 | | | |

AuC2: | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Moderate

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

AuD2: | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Moderate

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

AuE: | | | |

 Armuchee---------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Moderate

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

BrC: | | | |

 Brevard----------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

BrD: | | | |

 Brevard----------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

BrE: | | | |

 Brevard----------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

CaF: | | | |

 Cataska----------------|Bedrock | 10-20 |Low |Moderate

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Bedrock | 0-0 | --- | ---

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

CaG: | | | |

 Cataska----------------|Bedrock | 10-20 |Low |Moderate

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Bedrock | 0-0 | --- | ---

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |
294 Soil Survey

Table 18.--Soil Features--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Risk of corrosion

 Map symbol |_________________________|_________________________

 and soil name | | Depth | Uncoated |

 | Kind |to top | steel | Concrete

________________________|_________________|_______|____________|____________

 | | In | |

 | | | |

CcD: | | | |

 Citico-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 40-60 |Low |Moderate

 | | | |

CcF: | | | |

 Citico-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 40-60 |Low |Moderate

 | | | |

CoC2: | | | |

 Collegedale------------| --- | --- |High |Moderate

 | | | |

CoD2: | | | |

 Collegedale------------| --- | --- |High |Moderate

 | | | |

DeB2: | | | |

 Decatur----------------| --- | --- |High |Moderate

 | | | |

DeC2: | | | |

 Decatur----------------| --- | --- |High |Moderate

 | | | |

DeD2: | | | |

 Decatur----------------| --- | --- |High |Moderate

 | | | |

DtD: | | | |

 Ditney-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Low |Moderate

 | | | |

DtF: | | | |

 Ditney-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Low |Moderate

 | | | |

Ea: | | | |

 Emory------------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

EdC: | | | |

 Evard------------------| --- | --- |Moderate |High

 | | | |

EdD: | | | |

 Evard------------------| --- | --- |Moderate |High

 | | | |

ErC: | | | |

 Evard------------------| --- | --- |Moderate |High

 | | | |

 Hayesville-------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

ErD: | | | |

 Evard------------------| --- | --- |Moderate |High

 | | | |

 Hayesville-------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

EvC: | | | |

 Evard------------------| --- | --- |Moderate |High

 | | | |

 Hayesville-------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

EvD: | | | |

 Evard------------------| --- | --- |Moderate |High

 | | | |

 Hayesville-------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

GeC: | | | |

 Gullied land. | | | |

 | | | |

 Evard------------------| --- | --- |Moderate |High

 | | | |

GeD: | | | |

 Gullied land. | | | |
Polk County, Tennessee 295

Table 18.--Soil Features--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Risk of corrosion

 Map symbol |_________________________|_________________________

 and soil name | | Depth | Uncoated |

 | Kind |to top | steel | Concrete

________________________|_________________|_______|____________|____________

 | | In | |

 | | | |

GeD: | | | |

 Evard------------------| --- | --- |Moderate |High

 | | | |

GuE: | | | |

 Gullied land. | | | |

 | | | |

Ha: | | | |

 Hamblen----------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

JeD: | | | |

 Jeffrey----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Low |Moderate

 | | | |

JeF: | | | |

 Jeffrey----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Low |Moderate

 | | | |

JkD: | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |High

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

JkF: | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |High

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

JnC: | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |High

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

 Brasstown--------------|Bedrock | 40-60 |Moderate |High

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

JnD: | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |High

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

 Brasstown--------------|Bedrock | 40-60 |Moderate |High

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

JtF: | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |High

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

 Citico-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 40-60 |Low |Moderate

 | | | |

JuF: | | | |

 Junaluska--------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |High

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

 Tsali------------------|Bedrock | 10-20 |Moderate |High

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

KeC: | | | |

 Keener-----------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

KeD: | | | |

 Keener-----------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

LeB: | | | |

 Leadvale---------------|Fragipan | 16-38 |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

LkC: | | | |

 Lostcove---------------| --- | --- |Low |High

 | | | |

 Keener-----------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate
296 Soil Survey

Table 18.--Soil Features--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Risk of corrosion

 Map symbol |_________________________|_________________________

 and soil name | | Depth | Uncoated |

 | Kind |to top | steel | Concrete

________________________|_________________|_______|____________|____________

 | | In | |

 | | | |

LkD: | | | |

 Lostcove---------------| --- | --- |Low |High

 | | | |

 Keener-----------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

LkF: | | | |

 Lostcove---------------| --- | --- |Low |High

 | | | |

 Keener-----------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

McC: | | | |

 McCamy-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |High

 | | | |

McD: | | | |

 McCamy-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |High

 | | | |

MnC: | | | |

 Minvale----------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low

 | | | |

MnD: | | | |

 Minvale----------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low

 | | | |

NeC: | | | |

 Needmore---------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |High |Moderate

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

NeD: | | | |

 Needmore---------------|Bedrock | 20-40 |High |Moderate

 | (paralithic) | | |

 | | | |

SeB: | | | |

 Sequatchie-------------| --- | --- |Low |Moderate

 | | | |

Sm: | | | |

 Slickens. | | | |

 | | | |

Su: | | | |

 Suches-----------------| --- | --- |High |Moderate

 | | | |

TaE: | | | |

 Talbott----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |High |Moderate

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 | --- | ---

 | | | |

TeB: | | | |

 Tate-------------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

To: | | | |

 Toccoa-----------------| --- | --- |Low |Moderate

 | | | |

TuF: | | | |

 Tusquitee--------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

 | | | |

Ud: | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | |

 | | | |

UnD: | | | |

 Unicoi-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 7-20 |Low |Moderate

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 | --- | ---

 | | | |

UnF: | | | |

 Unicoi-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 7-20 |Low |Moderate
Polk County, Tennessee 297

Table 18.--Soil Features--Continued

____________________________________________________________________________

 | Restrictive layer | Risk of corrosion

 Map symbol |_________________________|_________________________

 and soil name | | Depth | Uncoated |

 | Kind |to top | steel | Concrete

________________________|_________________|_______|____________|____________

 | | In | |

 | | | |

UnF: | | | |

 Rock outcrop-----------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 | --- | ---

 | | | |

W: | | | |

 Water. | | | |

 | | | |

WaF: | | | |

 Wallen-----------------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Low |High

 | | | |

WbB2: | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------| --- | --- |High |High

 | | | |

WbC2: | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------| --- | --- |High |High

 | | | |

WbD2: | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------| --- | --- |High |High

 | | | |

WbD3: | | | |

 Waynesboro-------------| --- | --- |High |High

 | | | |

Wt: | | | |

 Whitwell---------------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate

________________________|_________________|_______|____________|____________
298

Table 19.--Classification of the Soils

(An asterisk in the first column indicates a taxadjunct to the series. See text for a description of

 those characteristics that are outside the range of the series.)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class

__________________________|___________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Apison-------------------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludults

 Arkaqua------------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts

 Armuchee-----------------|Clayey, mixed, thermic Ochreptic Hapludults

 Brasstown----------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Brevard------------------|Fine-loamy, oxidic, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Cataska------------------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, shallow Typic Dystrochrepts

 Citico-------------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts

 Collegedale--------------|Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Paleudults

 Decatur------------------|Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudults

 Ditney-------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts

 Emory--------------------|Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Fluventic Umbric Dystrochrepts

 Evard--------------------|Fine-loamy, oxidic, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Hamblen------------------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts

 Hayesville---------------|Clayey, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Kanhapludults

 Jeffrey------------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts

 Junaluska----------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Keener-------------------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Leadvale-----------------|Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Fragiudults

*Lostcove-----------------|Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludults

 McCamy-------------------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Minvale------------------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults

 Needmore-----------------|Fine, mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs

*Sequatchie---------------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Humic Hapludults

 Suches-------------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Dystrochrepts

 Talbott------------------|Fine, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludalfs

 Tate---------------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Toccoa-------------------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, thermic Typic Udifluvents

 Tsali--------------------|Loamy, mixed, mesic, shallow Typic Hapludults

 Tusquitee----------------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts

 Udifluvents--------------|Udifluvents

 Unicoi-------------------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Dystrochrepts

 Wallen-------------------|Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts

 Waynesboro---------------|Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults

*Whitwell-----------------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aquic Hapludults

__________________________|___________________________________________________________________________