1 (Slip Opinion) OCTOBER TERM, 2004

Syllabus

NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued. The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. See United Statesv. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337. 

## SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

Syllabus

BELL, WARDEN v . THOMPSON

CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

No. 04–514. Argued April 26, 2005—Decided June 27, 2005
After respondent Thompson was convicted of murder and sentenced to

death, Tennessee state courts denied postconviction relief on his claim that his trial counsel had be en ineffective for failing to ade

quately investigate his mental health. His federal habeas attorneys subsequently retained psychologist Dr. Sultan, whose report and deposition contended that Thompsonsuffered from serious mental illness at the time of his offense. The District Court dismissed the petition, but apparently Thompson’s habeas counsel had failed to in

clude Sultan’s deposition and report in the record. Upholding the dismissal, the Sixth Circuit, inter alia, found no ineffective assistance and did not discuss Sultan’s reportand deposition in detail. That court later denied rehearing, but stayed issuance of its mandate pending disposition of Thompson’s certiorari petition. After this Court denied certiorari on December 1, 2003, the Sixth Circuit stayed its mandate again, pending disposition of a petition for rehearing, which this Court denied on January 20, 2004. A copy of that order was filed with the Sixth Circuit on January 23, but the court did not issue its mandate. The State set Thompson’s execution date, and state and federal proceedings began on his competency to be exe

cuted. Competency proceedings were pending in the Federal District Court on June 23, 2004, when the Sixth Circuit issued an amended opinion in the federal habeas case, vacating the District Court’s ha

beas judgment and remanding the case for an evidentiary hearing on the ineffective-assistance claim. The Sixth Circuit supplemented the record on appeal with Sultan’s deposition and explained that its au

thority to issue an amended opinion five months after this Court de

nied rehearing was based on its inherent power to reconsider an opin

ion before issuance of the mandate.2 BELL v. THOMPSON

Syllabus

Held: Assuming that Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 41 authorizes

a stay of a mandate following a denial of certiorari and that a court may stay the mandate without entering an order, the Sixth Circuit’s decision to do so here was an abuse of discretion. Pp. 6–19.

(a) This Court need not decide the scope of the court of appeals’ Rule 41 authority to withhold a mandate in order to resolve this case. Pp. 6–9.

(b) Prominent among the reasons warranting the result here is that the Sixth Circuit did not release its amended opinion for more than five months after this Court denied rehearing. The consequence of delay for the State’s criminal justice system was compounded by the Sixth Circuit’s failure to issue anorder or otherwise give notice to the parties that it was reconsidering its earlier opinion. The express terms of the Sixth Circuit’s stay state that the mandate would be stayed until this Court acted on the rehearing petition. Thus, once rehearing was denied, the stay dissolved by operation of law. Ten

nessee, relying on the Sixth Circuit’s earlier orders and this Court’s certiorari and rehearing denials could assume that the mandate would issue, especially since Thompson sought no additional stay and the Sixth Circuit gave no indication that it might be revisting its ear

lier decision. The latter point is important, for it is an open question whether a court may exercise its Rule 41(b) authority to extend the time to issue a mandate through mere inaction. Without a formal docket entry neither the parties nor this Court had, or have, any way to know whether the Sixth Circuit had stayed the mandate or simply made a clerical mistake. That court could have spared the parties and state judicial system considerable time and resources had it noti

fied them that it was reviewing its decision. The scheduling of Thompson’s execution and the re sulting competency proceedings were steps taken in reliance on th e assumption that the federal ha

beas case was final. That assumption was all the more reasonable because the delay in issuing the mandate took place after this Court had denied certiorari, which usually si gnals the end of litigation. See Fed. Rule App. Proc. 41(d)(2)(D). The fact that the Sixth Circuit had the opportunity at the rehearing stage to consider the same argu

ments it eventually adopted in it s amended opinion is yet another factor supporting the determination here. A review of the Sultan deposition also reinforces this conclusion. While the evidence would have been relevant to the District Court’s analysis, it is not of such a character as to warrant the Sixth Circuit’s extraordinary departure from standard procedures. Finally , by withholding its mandate for months—based on evidence supporting only an arguable constitu

tional claim—while the State prepared to carry out Thompson’s sen

tence, the Sixth Circuit did not accord the appropriate level of respect3 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Syllabus
to the State’s judgment that Thompson’s crimes merit the ultimate punishment. See Calderonv. Thompson , 523 U. S. 538, 554–557. Pp. 9–19. 373 F. 3d 688, reversed.

KENNEDY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which R EHNQUIST , C. J., and O’C ONNOR , S CALIA , and T HOMAS , JJ., joined. B REYER , J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which S TEVENS , S OUTER , and G INSBURG , JJ., joined._________________

_________________ 1 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Opinion of the Court

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Wash

ington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press. 

## SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

No. 04–514

RICKY BELL, WARDEN, PETITIONER v. GREGORY THOMPSON

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
[June 27, 2005]

J USTICE KENNEDY delivered the opinion of the Court. This case requires us to consider whether, after we had denied certiorari and a petition for rehearing, the Court of Appeals had the power to withhold its mandate for more than five months without ente ring a formal order. We hold that, even assuming a court may withhold its man

date after the denial of certiorari in some cases, the Court of Appeals’ decision to do so here was an abuse of discretion.

I In 1985, Gregory Thompson and Joanna McNamara abducted Brenda Blanton Lane from a store parking lot in Shelbyville, Tennessee. After forcing Lane to drive them to a remote location, Thompson stabbed her to death. Thompson offered no evidence during the guilt phase of trial and was convicted by a jury of first-degree murder. Thompson’s defense attorney s concentrated their efforts on persuading the sentencing jury that Thompson’s posi

tive qualities and capacity to adjust to prison life provided good reasons for not imposing the death penalty. Before trial, Thompson’s counsel had explored the issue of his2 BELL v. THOMPSON

Opinion of the Court

mental condition. The trial judge referred Thompson to a state-run mental health facility for a 30-day evaluation. The resulting report indicated that Thompson was compe

tent at the time of the offense and at the time of the ex

amination. The defense team retained their own expert, Dr. George Copple, a clinical psychologist. At sentencing Copple testified that Thompson was remorseful and still had the ability to work and contribute while in prison. Thompson presented the character testimony of a number of witnesses, including former high school teachers, hisgrandparents, and two siblings. Arlene Cajulao, Thompson’s girlfriend while he was stationed with the Navy in Hawaii, also testified on his behalf. She claimed that Thompson’s behavior became erratic after he suffered head injuries during an attack by three of his fellow ser

vicemen. In rebuttal the State called Dr. Glenn Watson, a clinical psychologist who led the pretrial evaluation of Thompson’s competence. Watson testified that his exami

nation of Thompson revealed no significant mental illness. The jury sentenced Thompson to death. His conviction and sentence were affirmed on direct review. State v. Thompson , 768 S. W. 2d 239 (Tenn. 1989), cert. denied, 497 U. S. 1031 (1990). In his state postconviction petition, Thompson claimed his trial counsel had been ine ffective for failing to conduct an adequate investigation into his mental health. Thomp

son argued that his earlier head injuries had diminished his mental capacity and that evidence of his condition should have been presented as mitigating evidence during the penalty phase of trial. Under Tennessee law, mental illness that impairs a defendant’s capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law is a mitigating factor in capital sentencing. Tenn. Code Ann. §39–2–203(j)(8) (1982) (re

pealed); §39–13–204(j)(8) (Lexis 2003). The postconviction court denied relief following an evidentiary hearing, and3 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Opinion of the Court the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed. Thompson v. State , 958 S. W. 2d 156 (1997). The Tennes

see Supreme Court denied discretionary review. Thompson renewed his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim on federal habeas. Thompson’s attorneys retained a psychologist, Dr. Faye Sultan, to assist with the proceed

ings. At this point, 13 years had passed since Thompson’s conviction. Sultan examined and interviewed Thompson three times, questioned his family members, and conducted an extensive review of his legal, military, medical, and prison records, App. 12, before diagnosing him as suffering from schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type, id., at 20. She contended that Thompson’s symptoms indicated he was “suffering serious mental illness at the time of the 1985 offense for which he has beenconvicted and sentenced. This mental illness would have substantially impaired Mr. Thompson’s ability to conform his conduct to the require

ments of the law.” Ibid . Sultan prepared an expert report on Thompson’s behalf and was also deposed by the State. In February 2000, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee granted the State’s motion for summary judgment and dismissed the habeas petition. The court held that Thompson failed to show that the state court’s resolution of his claim rested on an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent or on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in state court. See 28 U. S. C. §2254(d). The District Court also stated that Thompson had not presented “any significant probative evidence that [he] was suffering from a significant mental disease that should have been presented to the jury during the pun

ishment phase as mitigation.” No. 4:98–CV006 (ED Tenn., Feb. 17, 2000), App. to Pet. for Cert. 270. Sultan’s deposi

tion and report, however, had apparently not been in

cluded in the District Court record. While Thompson’s appeal to the Court of Appeals for the4 BELL v. THOMPSON

Opinion of the Court Sixth Circuit was pending, he f iled a motion in the District Court under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) request

ing that the court supplement the record with Sultan’s expert report and deposition. Thompson’s habeas counsel at the time explained that the failure to include the Sultan evidence in the summary judgment record was an over

sight. Thompson also asked the Court of Appeals to hold his case in abeyance pending a ruling from the District Court and attached the Sultan evidence in support of his motion. The District Court denied the Rule 60(b) motion as untimely, and the Court of Appeals denied Thompson’s motion to hold his appeal in abeyance. On January 9, 2003, a divided panel of the Court of Appeals affirmed the District Court’s denial of habeas relief. 315 F. 3d 566. The lead opinion, authored by Judge Suhrheinrich, rea

soned that there was no ineffective assistance of counsel because Thompson’s attorneys were aware of his head injuries and made appropriate inquiries into his mental fitness. Id., at 589–592. In particular, Thompson’s attor

neys had requested that the trial court order a competency evaluation. A team of experts at the Middle Tennessee Mental Health Institute, a state-run facility, found “no mental illness, mental defect, or insanity.” Id., at 589. Dr. George Copple, the clinical psychologist retained by Thompson’s attorneys, also “found no evidence of mental illness.” Ibid. Judge Suhrheinrich emphasized that none of the experts retained by Thompson since trial had of

fered an opinion on his mental condition at the time of the crime. Id., at 589–592. The lead opinion contained a passing reference to Thompson’s unsuccessful Rule 60(b) motion, but did not discuss the Sultan deposition or expert report in any detail. Id., at 583, n. 13. Judge Moore con

curred in the result based onThompson’s failure to pre

sent “evidence that his counsel knew or should have known either that Thompson was mentally ill or that hisCite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005) 5

Opinion of the Court mental condition was deteriorating at the time of his trial or at the time of his crime.” Id., at 595. Thompson filed a petition for rehearing. The petition placed substantial emphasis on the Sultan evidence, quot

ing from both her deposition and expert report. The Court of Appeals denied the petition for rehearing and stayed the issuance of its mandate pending the disposition of Thompson’s petition for certiorari. This Court denied certiorari on December 1, 2003. 540 U. S. 1051. The following day, Thompson filed a motion in the Court of Appeals seeking to extend the stay of man

date pending disposition of hi s petition for rehearing in this Court. The Court of Appeals granted the motion and “ordered that the mandate be stayed to allow appellant time to file a petition for rehearing from the denial of the writ of certiorari, and thereafter until the Supreme Court disposes of the case.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 348. On Janu

ary 20, 2004, this Court denied Thompson’s petition for rehearing. 540 U. S. 1158. A copy of the order was filed with the Court of Appeals on January 23, 2004. The Court of Appeals, however, did not issue its mandate. The State, under the apparent assumption that the federal habeas corpus proceedings had terminated, filed a motion before the Tennesse e Supreme Court requesting that an execution date be set. The court scheduled Thompson’s execution for August 19, 2004. From February to June 2004, there were proceedings in both state and federal courtsrelated to Thompson’s pre

sent competency to be executed under Ford v. Wainwright
, 477 U. S. 399 (1986). The state courts, after considering Sultan’s testimony (which was based in part on followup observations after her initial 1998 examination) as well as that of other experts, found Thompson competent to be executed. Thompsonv. State , 134 S. W. 3d 168 (Tenn. 2004). Thompson’s Ford claim was still pending before the Federal District Court when on June 23, 2004, some seven6 BELL v. THOMPSON

Opinion of the Court

months after this Court deni ed certiorari, the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit issued an amended opinion in Thompson’s initial federal habeas case. 373 F. 3d 688. The new decision vacated th e District Court’s judgment denying habeas relief and remanded the case for an evi

dentiary hearing on Thompson’s ineffective-assistance-ofcounsel claim. Id., at 691–692. The Court of Appeals relied on its equitable powers to supplement the record on appeal with Dr. Sultan’s 1999 deposition after finding that it was “apparently negligently omitted” and “probative of Thompson’s mental state at the time of the crime.” Id., at 691. The court also explained its authority to issue an amended opinion five months after this Court denied a petition for rehearing: “[W]e re ly on our inherent power to reconsider our opinion prior to the issuance of the man

date, which has not yet issued in this case.” Id., at 691– 692. Judge Suhrheinrich authored a lengthy separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, which explained that his chambers initiated the sua sponte reconsideration of the case. He agreed with the majority about the probative value of the Sultan deposition, refer

ring to the evidence as “critical.” Id., at 733. Unlike the majority, however, Judge Suhrheinrich would have relied upon fraud on the court to ju stify the decision to expand the record and issue an amended opinion. Id., at 725–726, 729–742. He found “implausible” the explanation offered by Thompson’s habeas counsel for his failure to include the Sultan deposition in the District Court record, id., at 742, and speculated that counsel “planned to unveil Dr. Sultan’s opinion on the eve of Thompson’s execution,” id
., at 738, n. 21. We granted certiorari. 543 U. S. ___ (2005).

II At issue in this case is the scope of the Court of Appeals’ authority to withhold the mandate pursuant to Federal7 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Opinion of the Court Rule of Appellate Procedure 41. As relevant, the Rule provides: “(b) When Issued. The court’s mandate must issue 7 calendar days after the timeto file a petition for re

hearing expires, or 7 calendar days after entry of an order denying a timely petition for panel rehearing, petition for rehearing en banc , or motion for stay of mandate, whichever is later. The court may shorten or extend the time. “(c) Effective Date. The mandate is effective when issued. “(d) Staying the Mandate. “(1) On Petition for Rehearing or Motion. The timely filing of a petition for panel rehearing, petition for rehearing en banc, or motion for stay of mandate, stays the mandate until dispos ition of the petition or motion, unless the court orders otherwise. “(2) Pending Petition for Certiorari. “(A) A party may move to stay the mandate pending the filing of a petition for a writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court. The motion must be served on all parties and must show that the certiorari petition would present a substantial question and that there is good cause for a stay. “(B) The stay must not exceed 90 days, unless the period is extended for good cause or unless the party who obtained the stay files a petition for the writ and so notifies the circuit clerk in writing within the pe

riod of the stay. In that case, the stay continues until the Supreme Court’s final disposition.

. . . . . “(D) The court of appeals must issue the mandate immediately when a copy of a Supreme Court order denying the petition for writ of certiorari is filed.” Tennessee argues that the Court of Appeals was re

-8 BELL v. THOMPSON

Opinion of the Court quired to issue the mandate following this Court’s denial of Thompson’s petition for certiorari. The State’s position rests on Rule 41(d)(2)(D), which states that “[t]he court of appeals must issue the mandate immediately when a copy of a Supreme Court order denying the petition for writ of certiorari is filed.” This provision, the State points out, admits of no exceptions, so the mandate should have issued on the date that a copy of this Court’s order deny

ing certiorari was filed with the Court of Appeals, i.e., December 8, 2003. The State further contends that because the mandate should have issued in December 2003, the Court of Ap

peals’ amended opinion was in essence a recall of the mandate. If this view is correct, the Court of Appeals’ decision to revisit its earlier opinion must satisfy the standard established by Calderonv. Thompson, 523 U. S. 538 (1998). Calderon held that “where a federal court of appeals sua sponte recalls its mandate to revisit the merits of an earlier decision denying habeas corpus relief to a state prisoner, the court abuses its discretion unless it acts to avoid a miscarriage of justice as defined by our habeas corpus jurisprudence.” Id., at 558. See also Schlupv. Delo, 513 U. S. 298 (1995); Sawyer v. Whitley, 505 U. S. 333 (1992). Thompson counters by arguing that Rule 41(d)(2)(D) is determinative only when the court of appeals enters a stay of the mandate to allow the Supreme Court to dispose of a petition for certiorari. The provision, Thompson says, does not affect the court of appeals’broad discretion to enter a stay for other reasons. He relies on Rule 41(b), which provides the court of appeals may “shorten or extend the time” in which to issue the mandate. Because the author

ity vested by Rule 41(b) is no t limited to the period before a petition for certiorari is denied, he argues that the Court of Appeals had the authority tostay its mandate following this Court’s denial of certiorari and rehearing. Although9 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Opinion of the Court the Court of Appeals failed to issue an order staying the mandate after we denied rehearing, Thompson asserts that the court exercised its Rule 41(b) powers by simply failing to issue it. To resolve this case, we need not adopt either party’s interpretation of Rule 41. Instead, we hold that— assuming, arguendo, both that the Rule authorizes a stay of the mandate following the denial of certiorari and also that a court may stay the mandate without entering an order—here the Court of Appeals abused its discretion in doing so.

III We find an abuse of discretion for the following reasons. Prominent among our concerns is the length of time between this Court’s denial of certiorari and the Court of Appeals’ issuance of its amended opinion. We denied Thompson’s petition for certiorari in December 2003 and his petition for rehearing one mo nth later. From this last denial, however, the Court of Appeals delayed issuing its mandate for over five months, releasing its amended opinion in June. The consequence of delay for the State’s criminal justice system was compounded by the Court of Appeals’ failure to issue an order or otherwisegive notice to the parties that the court was reconsidering its earlier opinion. The Court of Appeals had issued two earlier orders staying its mandate. The first order stayed the mandate pending disposition of Thompson’s petition for certiorari. The second order extended the stay to allow Thompson time to file a petition for rehearing with this Court and “thereaf

ter until the Supreme Court disposes of the case.” So by the express terms of the second order the mandate was not to be stayed after this Court acted; and when we denied rehearing on January 20, 2004, the Court of Appeals’ second stay dissolved by operation of law. Tennessee,10 BELL v. THOMPSON

Opinion of the Court acting in reliance on the Court of Appeals’ earlier orders and our denial of certiorari and rehearing, could assume that the mandate would—indeed must—issue. While it might have been prudent for the State to verify that the mandate had issued, it is understandable that it pro

ceeded to schedule an execution date. Thompson, after all, had not sought an additional stay of the mandate, and the Court of Appeals had given no indication that it might be revisiting its earlier decision. This latter point is important. It is an open question whether a court may exercise its Rule 41(b) authority to extend the time for the mandate to issue through mere inaction. Even assuming, however, that a court could effect a stay for a short periodof time by withholding the mandate, a delay of five months is different in kind. “Basic to the operation of the judicial system is the princi

ple that a court speaks through its judgments and orders.” Murdaugh Volkswagen, Inc. v. First National Bank of South Carolina , 741 F. 2d 41, 44 (CA4 1984). Without a formal docket entry neither th e parties nor this Court had, or have, any way to know whether the court had stayed the mandate or simply made a clerical mistake. Cf. Bal

lardv. Commissioner , 544 U. S. ___, ___ (2005) (slip op., at 17). The dissent claims “the failure to notify the parties was likely due to a simple clerical error” on the part of the Clerk’s office. Post, at 12–13 (opinion of B REYER , J.). The record lends no support to thisspeculation. The dissent also fails to explain why it is willing to apply a “presump

tion of regularity” to the panel’s actions but not to the Clerk’s. Ibid. The Court of Appeals could have spared the parties and the state judicial system considerable time and resources if it had notified them that it was reviewing its original panel decision. After we deni ed Thompson’s petition for rehearing, Tennessee scheduled his execution date. This, in turn, led to various proceedings in state and federal11 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Opinion of the Court court to determine Thompson’spresent competency to be executed. See, e.g., Thompsonv. State , 134 S. W. 3d 168 (Tenn. 2004). All of these steps were taken in reliance on the mistaken impression that Thompson’s first federal habeas case was final. The State had begun to “invok[e] its entire legal and moral authority in support of executing its judgment.” Calderonv. Thompson, 523 U. S., at 556– 557. The parties’ assumption that Thompson’s habeas pro

ceedings were complete was all the more reasonable be

cause the Court of Appeals’ delay in issuing its mandate took place after we had denied certiorari. As a practical matter, a decision by this Court denying discretionary review usually signals the end of litigation. While Rule 41(b) may authorize a court to stay the mandate after certiorari is denied, the circumstances where such a stay would be warranted are rare. See, e.g. , First Gibraltar Bank, FSBv. Morales , 42 F. 3d 895 (CA5 1995); Alphin v. Henson , 552 F. 2d 1033 (CA4 1977). In the typical case, where the stay of mandate is entered solely to allow this Court time to consider a pe tition for certiorari, Rule 41(d)(2)(D) provides the default: “The court of appeals must issue the mandate immediately when a copy of a Supreme Court order denying the petition for writ of certiorari is filed.” By providing a mechanism for correcting errors in the courts of appeals before Supreme Court review is re

quested, the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure ensure that litigation following the denial of certiorari will be infrequent. See Fed. Rule App. Proc. 40(a) (“Unless the time is shortened or extended by order or local rule, a petition for panel rehearing may be filed within 14 days after entry of judgment”). See also Fed. Rules App. Proc. 35 (rehearing en banc), 40 (panel rehearing). Indeed, in this case Thompson’s petition for rehearing and suggestion for rehearing en banc pressed the same12 BELL v. THOMPSON

Opinion of the Court arguments that eventually were adopted by the Court of Appeals in its amended opinion. The Sultan evidence, first presented to the Court of Appeals as an attachment to Thompson’s motion to hold his appeal in abeyance, was quoted extensively in the petition for rehearing to the Court of Appeals. Pet. for Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc in No. 2:00–5516 (CA6), pp. 12–20, 28–31. After the request for rehearing was denied, the State could have assumed with good reason that the Court of Appeals was not impressed by Thompson’s arguments based on the Sultan evidence. The court’s opportunity to consider these arguments at the rehearing stage is yet another factor supporting our determination that the decision to withhold the mandate was in error. Cf. Calderonv. Thompson, supra, at 551–553 (questioning whether a “mishandled law clerk transition” and the “failure of another judge to notice the action proposed by the original panel” would justify recalling the mandate in a nonhabeas case). The dissent’s explanation of how the Sultan evidence was overlooked is inaccurate in several respects. For example, the statements that the “Sultan documents were not in the initial record on appeal,” post, at 9, and that “the panel previously had not seen these documents” before the rehearing stage, id., at 9, convey the wrong impression. Although the Sultan evidence was not part of the District Court’s summary judgment record, the docu

ments were included in the ce rtified record on appeal as attachments to Thompson’s Rule 60(b) motion. Record 133; Docket Entry 4/5/02 in No. 98–CV–6 (ED Tenn.); Docket Entry 4/10/02 in No. 00–5516 (CA6). The dissent also argues the petition for rehearing did not adequately bring the Sultan evidence to the attention of the Court of Appeals. Post, at 9–10, 13–14. This is simply untrue. The original panel opinion, which did not discuss the Sultan evidence in any detail, emph asized that Thompson hadCite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005) 13

Opinion of the Court failed to produce any evidence that he was mentally ill at the time of his offense. 315 F. 3d, at 590; id., at 595–596 (Moore, J., concurring). The petition for rehearing attacked this conclusion in no uncertain terms and placed the Sultan evidence front and center. Here, for example, is an excerpt from the petition’s table of contents:
“II. THE CONCLUSION THAT THERE IS NO EVIDENCE PRESENTED IN THE RECORD OF THOMPSON’S MENTAL ILLESS AT THE TIME OF THE CRIME IS WRONG “A. Thompson Has Set Forth Above The Record Facts Demonstrating His Mental Illness At The Time of The Crime “B. The Majority Overlooks The Facts And Expert Opinion Set Forth In Dr. Sultan’s Report and Deposi

tion.” Pet. for Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehear

ing En Banc in No. 2:00–5516 (CA6), p. ii.

See also id., at 1 (mentioning the Sultan evidence in the second paragraph of the statement in support of panel rehearing). The rehearing petition did not explain why Sultan’s deposition and expert report had been omitted from the summary judgment reco rd but that is beside the point. The petition acknowledged that the Sultan evi

dence was first presented to the District Court as an at

tachment to the Rule 60(b) motion, id., at 29, and gave the Sultan evidence a prominent and explicit mention in the table of contents. It is difficult to see how Thompson’s counsel could have been clearer in telling the Court of Appeals that it was wrong. The dissent’s treatment of this issue assumes that judges forget even the basic details of a capital case only one month after issuing a 38-page opin

ion and that judges cannot be relied upon to read past the first page of a petition for rehearing. The problem is that the dissent cannot have it both ways: If the Sultan evi

dence is as crucial as the dissent claims, it would not14 BELL v. THOMPSON

Opinion of the Court easily have been overlooked by the Court of Appeals at the rehearing stage. Our review of the Sultan deposition reinforces our con

clusion that the Court of Appeals abused its discretion by withholding the mandate. Had the Sultan deposition and report been fully considered in the federal habeas proceed

ings, it no doubt would have been relevant to the District Court’s analysis. Based on the Sultan deposition Thomp

son could have argued he suffered from mental illness at the time of his crime that would have been a mitigating factor under Tennessee law and that his trial attorneys were constitutionally ineffective for failing to conduct an adequate investigation into his mental health. Relevant though the Sultan evidence may be, however, it is not of such a character as to warrant the Court of Appeals’ extraordinary departure from standard appellate procedures. There are ample grounds to conclude the evidence was unlikely to have altered the District Court’s resolution of Thompson’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. Sultan examined Thompson for the first time on August 20, 1998, App. 37, some 13 years after Thompson’s crime and conviction. She relied on the deterioration in Thompson’s present mental health—something that obvi

ously was not observable at the time of trial—as evidence of his condition in 1985. (Indeed, there was a marked decline in his condition during the 6-month period be

tween Sultan’s first two visits. Id., at 51–58.) Sultan’s findings regarding Thompson’s condition in 1985 are contradicted by the testimony of two experts who exam

ined him at the time of trial, Dr. Watson and Dr. Copple. Watson performed a battery of tests at the Middle Tennes

see Mental Health Institute, where Thompson was re

ferred by the trial court for an examination, and concluded that Thompson “ ‘[did] not appear to be suffering from any complicated mental disorder which would impair his capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of the alleged15 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Opinion of the Court offenses, or which would impair his capacity to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.’ ” 19 Tr. 164. Indeed, Watson presented substantial evidence supporting his conclusion that Thompson was malingering for mental illness. Id., at 151–152; 20 id., at 153–160. For example, Thompson claimed he could not read despite a B average in high school and one year’s college credit. 19 id., at 137; 20 id., at 151. Thompson’s test scores also indicated that he was attempting to fake schizophrenia. 20 id., at 153– 154. Copple, the psychologist retained by Thompson’s defense team, agreed with Watson that Thompson was not suffering from mental illness. 19 id., at 58. Had the Sultan deposition been included in the District Court record, Thompson still would have faced an uphill battle to obtaining federal habeas relief. He would have had to argue that his trial attorneys should have continued to investigate his mental health even after both Watson and Copple had opined that there was nothing to uncover. Sultan’s testimony does not negate Thompson’s respon

sibility for committing the underlying offense, but it does bear upon an argument that Thompson’s attorneys couldhave presented at sentencing. Sultan’s ultimate conclusion—that Thompson’s mental illness substantially im

paired his ability to conform his conduct to the require

ments of the law—is couched in the language of a mitigating factor under Tennessee law. Tenn. Code Ann. §39–2–203(j)(8) (1982). See also §39–13–204(j)(8) (Lexis 2003). Thompson’s trial attorneys, however, chose not to pursue a mitigation strategy based on mental illness, stressing instead character evidence from family and friends and expert testimony that he had the capacity to adjust to prison. Thompson v. State , 958 S. W. 2d, at 164– 165. This strategic calculation, while ultimately unsuc

cessful, was based on a reasonable investigation into Thompson’s background. Sultan relied on three witnesses in preparing her report: Thom pson’s grandmother, sister,16 BELL v. THOMPSON

Opinion of the Court and ex-girlfriend. These witnesses not only were inter

viewed by the defense attorneys; they testified at sentenc

ing. Consultation with these witnesses, when combined with the opinions of Watson and Copple, provided an adequate basis for Thompson’s attorneys to conclude that focusing on Thompson’s mental health was not the best strategy. As the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals noted, “Because two experts did not detect brain damage, counsel cannot be faulted fo r discarding a strategy that could not be supported by a medical opinion.” Id., at 165. Without a single citation to the record, the dissent sug

gests that Thompson’s attorneys failed to conduct ade

quate interviews of the defense witnesses on whom Sultan relied in her report. Post, at 14–15. Most of the informa

tion on Thompson’s childhood was provided to Sultan by Nora Jean Wharton, Thompson’s older sister. App. 16–18. Setting aside the fact that Thompson did not argue in state court that his counsel’s interview of Wharton was inadequate, Thompson v. State , 958 S. W. 2d, at 160–169, Thompson’s attorneys cannot be faulted for failing to elicit from her any details on Thompson’s difficult home life. After all, Wharton testified attrial that Thompson’s child

hood was “poor,” but “very happy .” 18 Tr. 3. The dissent also implies that the experts who examined Thompson lacked information necessary to reach an accurate as

sessment. The record refutes this assertion. In conduct

ing his examination, Watson had access to Thompson’s social history and military records. 19 id., at 149; 20 id., at 186 (Exh. 102, pp. 11, 27–28). Watson was also aware of the prior head injuries as well as Thompson’s claim that he heard voices. 19 id., at 152; 20 id., at 154–155. Never

theless, Watson, whose evaluation was contemporaneous with the trial, found no evidence that Thompson was mentally ill at the time of the crime. Watson’s report was unequivocal on this point:17 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Opinion of the Court

“ ‘Mr. Thompson’s speech and communication were coherent, rational, organized, relevant, and devoid of circumstantiality, tangentiality, looseness of associa

tions, paranoid ideation, ideas of reference, delusions, and other indicators of a thought disorder. His affect was appropriate to his thought content, and he exhib

ited no flight of ideas, manic, depressed, or bizarre behaviors, and his speech was not pressured nor rapid. He exhibited none of the signs of an affective illness. His judgment and insight are rather poor. Psychological testing revealed him to be functioning in the average range intellectually, to exhibit no signs of organicity or brain damage on the Bender-Gestalt Test and the Bender Interference Procedure. Person

ality profiles revealed no evidence of a psychosis, but indicated malingering in the mental illness direction. (For example, the schizophrenic score was at T 120, while clinical observations revealed no evidence of a thought disorder.) Mr. Thom pson’s memory for recent and remote events appeared unimpaired.’ ” 20 id., at 159–160. Sultan’s testimony provides some support for the argu

ment that the strategy of emphasizing Thompson’s posi

tive attributes was a mistake in light of Thompson’s dete

riorated condition 13 years after the trial. This evidence, however, would not come close to satisfying the miscar

riage of justice standard under Calderonhad the Court of Appeals recalled the mandate. Neither, in our view, did this evidence justify the Court of Appeals’ decision to withhold the mandate without notice to the parties, which in turn led the State to proceed for five months on the mistaken assumption that the federal habeas proceedings had terminated. The dissent suggests that failing to take account of the Sultan evidence would result in a “miscar

riage of justice,” post, at 1–2, 16, but the dissent uses that18 BELL v. THOMPSON

Opinion of the Court phrase in a way that is incons istent with our precedents. In Sawyer v. Whitley, 505 U. S., at 545–547, this Court held that additional mitigating evidence could not meet the miscarriage of justice standard. Only evidence that affects a defendant’s eligibility for the death penalty—which the Sultan evidence is not—can support a miscarriage of justice claim in the capital sentencing context. Id., at 547; Calderon, 523 U. S., at 559–560. One last consideration info rms our review of the Court of Appeals’ actions. In Calderon , we held that federalism concerns, arising from the unique character of federal habeas review of state-court judgments, and the policies embodied in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Pen

alty Act of 1996 required an additional presumption against recalling the mandate. This case also arises from federal habeas corpus review of a state conviction. While the State’s reliance interest is not as strong in a case where, unlike Calderon , the mandate has not issued, the finality and comity concerns that animated Calderon are implicated here. Here a dedicated judge discovered what he believed to have been an erro r, and we are respectful of the Court of Appeals’ willingness to correct a decision that it perceived to have been mistaken. A court’s discretion under Rule 41 must be exercised, however, in a way that is consistent with the “ ‘State’s interest in the finality of convictions that have survived direct review within the state court system.’ ” Id., at 555 (quoting Brechtv. Abra

hamson, 507 U. S. 619, 635 (1993)). Tennessee expended considerable time and resources in seeking to enforce a capital sentence rendered 20 years ago, a sentence that reflects the judgment of the citizens of Tennessee that Thompson’s crimes merit the ultimate punishment. By withholding the mandate for months—based on evidence that supports only an arguable constitutional claim—while the State prepared to carry out Thompson’s sentence, the Court of Appeals did not accord the appropriate level of19 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Opinion of the Court respect to that judgment. See Calderonv. Thompson, su

pra, at 554–557. The Court of Appeals may have been influenced by Sultan’s unsettling account of Thompson’s condition dur

ing one of her visits. She described Thompson as being in “terrible psychological condition,” “physically filthy,” and “highly agitated.” App. 51. This testimony raised ques

tions about Thompson’s deteriorating mental health and perhaps his competence to be executed, but these concerns were properly addressed in separate proceedings. Based on the most recent state-court decision, which rejected the argument that Thompson is not competent to be executed, it appears that his condition has improved. Thompsonv. State , 134 S. W. 3d, at 184–185. Proceedings on this issue were underway in the Distri ct Court when the Court of Appeals issued its second opinion. If those proceedings resume, the District Court will have an opportunity to address these matters again and in light of the current evidence. Taken together these considerations convince us that the Court of Appeals abused any discretion Rule 41 ar

guably granted it to stay its mandate, without entering a formal order, after this Court had denied certiorari. The judgment of the Court of Appe als for Sixth Circuit is re

versed. It is so ordered._________________

_________________ 1 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

B REYER , J., dissenting


## SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

No. 04–514

RICKY BELL, WARDEN, PETITIONER v. GREGORY THOMPSON

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
[June 27, 2005]

J USTICE B REYER , with whom J USTICE S TEVENS , J USTICE S OUTER , and J USTICE G INSBURGjoin, dissenting. This capital case arises out of unusual circumstances— circumstances of a kind that I have not previously experi

enced in the 25 years I have served on the federal bench. After an appellate court writes and releases an opinion, but before it issues its mandate, the writing judge, through happenstance, comes across a document that (he reasonably believes) shows not only that the court’s initial decision is wrong but that the decision will lead to a seri

ous miscarriage of justice. What is the judge to do? What the judge did here was to spend time—hundreds of hours (while a petition fo r certiorari was pending before this Court and during the five months following our denial of the petition for rehearing)—reviewing the contents of the vast record with its many affidavits, reports, tran

scripts, and other documents accumulated in the course of numerous state and federal proceedings during the pre

ceding 20 years. The judge ultimately concluded that his initial instinct about the document was correct. The document was critically important. It could affect the outcome of what is, and has always been, the major issue in the case. To consider the case without reference to it could mean a miscarriage of justice. The judge consequently wrote a lengthy opinion (almost2 BELL v. THOMPSON

B REYER , J., dissenting 30,000 words) explaining what had happened. The other members of the panel did not agree with everything in that opinion, but they did agree that their initial decision must be vacated. The Court commendably describes what occurred as follows: A “dedicated judge disc overed what he believed to have been an error, and we are respectful of the Court of Appeals’ willingness to correct a decision that it perceived to have been mistaken.” Ante , at 18. The Court, however, does not decide this case in a manner consistent with that observation. A somewhat more comprehensive account of the nature of the “error”—of the matter at stake, of the importance of the document, of the mystery of its late appearance, of the potential for a miscarriage of justice— should help make apparent the difficult circumstance the panel believed it faced. It will also explain why there was no “abuse” of discretion in the panel’s effort to “correct a decision that it perceived to have been mistaken.”

I Judge Suhrheinrich, the panel member who investi

gated the record, is an experienced federal judge, serving since 1984 as a federal trial court judge and since 1990 as a federal appellate judge. He wrote a lengthy account of the circumstances present here. To understand this case, one must read that full account and then compare it with the Court’s truncated version. I provide a rough summary of the matter based upon my own reading of his opinion. 373 F. 3d 688, 692–742 (CA6 2004).

A The panel’s initial decision, issued on January 9, 2003, focused upon an issue often raised when federal habeas courts review state proceedings in a capital case, namely, the effectiveness of counsel at the original trial. 315 F. 3d 566, 587–594 (CA6 2003). See Strickland v. Washington
,3 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

B REYER , J., dissenting466 U. S. 668 (1984). In this instance, the federal ineffective-assistance claim was that state trial counsel had not sufficiently investigated the background of the defendant, Gregory Thompson. Thompson claimed that an adequate investigation would have shown, to the satisfaction of testifying experts, that he suffered from episodes ofschizophrenia at the time of the crime. The schizophrenia—though episodic—would have proved a mitigating circumstance at the penalty phase. 373 F. 3d, at 697–698, and n. 4. Thompson’s trial took place in a Tennessee state court, where he was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. His state-appointed counsel put on no defense at trial. At sentencing, however, counsel sought to show that Thompson was schizophrenic. State forensic psychologists examined Thompson and concluded that Thompson, probably “malingering,” did not show genuine and signifi

cant symptoms of schizophreni a at that time and was not mentally ill. A clinical psychologist hired by Thompson’s counsel examined Thompson for eight hours and reached approximately the same conclusion: he said that Thomp

son was not thenmentally ill. Id ., at 692, 694–695. Thompson raised the issue of his mental condition in state postconviction proceedings, which he initiated in 1990. His expert witness, Dr. Gillian Blair, testified (with much supportive material) that Thompson was by that time clearly displaying serious schizophrenic symptoms— voice illusions, attempts at physical self-mutilation, and the like. Indeed, the State conceded that he was under a regime of major antipsychotic medication. But Dr. Blair said that she could not determine whether Thompson had been similarly afflicted ( i.e. , suffering from episodes of schizophrenia) at the time of the crime without a thorough background investigation—funds for which the state court declined to make available. The state court then ruled in the State’s favor. Id ., at 694–695.4 BELL v. THOMPSON

B REYER , J., dissenting Thompson filed a habeas petition in Federal District Court about eight months after the state court’s denial of postconviction relief became final. As I said above, see
supra , at 3, he claimed ineffective assistance of counsel. The Federal District Court appointed counsel, an assistant federal public defender. Counsel then obtained the ser

vices of two experts, Dr. Barry Crown and Dr. Faye Sul

tan. Both examined Thompson, and the latter, Dr. Sultan, conducted the more thorough background investigation that Dr. Blair had earlier sought. The State, after depos

ing Dr. Sultan, moved for summary judgment. 373 F. 3d, at 696, 700–704, 711. The District Court granted that motion on the ground that “Thompson has not provided this Court with anything other than factually unsupported allegations that he was incompetent at the time he co mmitted the crime,” nor “has Thompson provided this Court with any significant proba

tive evidence that [he] was suffering from a significant mental disease that should have been presented to the jury during the punishment phase as mitigation evidence.” Id ., at 712–713 (quoting District Court’s memorandum opinion (emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted)). Thompson (now with a new public defender as counsel) appealed the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in the State’s favor. (A little over a year later, while the appeal was still pending, Thompson’s new counsel, appar

ently having discovered that Dr. Sultan’s deposition and report had not been included in the record before the District Court, filed a motion in that court for relief from judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), seeking to supplement the record with those documents. Counsel also filed a motion in the appellate court, with the Sultan deposition attached, requesting that the appeal be held in abeyance while the District Court considered the Rule 60(b) motion. Both motions were denied, and Thompson’s counsel did not take an appeal from the Dis

-5 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

B REYER , J., dissenting trict Court’s denial of the Rule 60(b) motion.) 373 F. 3d, at 714–715, and n. 10, 724–725. The Court of Appeals reviewed the District Court’s grant of summary judgment. In doing so, the appellate panel examined the record before that court. It noted that Thompson’s federal habeas counsel had hired two experts (Crown and Sultan), and had told the court (in an offer of proof) that they would provide evidence that Thompson suffered from mental illness at the time of the crime . But the appellate panel found that neither expert had done so. Indeed, said the panel, Thompson had “never submitted to any court any proof that he suffered from severe mental illness at the time of the crime.” 315 F. 3d, at 590 (em

phasis altered). Though Thompson’s several attorneys had made the same allegation for many years in several different courts (said the p anel), “at each opportunity, counsel fail[ed] to secure an ans wer to the critical issue of whether Thompson was mentally ill at the time of the crime.” Ibid . That fact, concluded the panel (over a dis

sent), was fatal to Thompson’s basic ineffective-assistanceof-counsel claim. Obviously “trial counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to discover something that does not appear to exist.” Ibid.;see also id ., at 595 (Moore, J., concurring in result) (“Thompson has presented no evidence that his [trial] counsel knew or should have known either that Thompson was mentally ill or that his mental condition was deteriorating at the time of his trial or at the time of his crime”). The dissenting judge thought Thompson had made out an ineffective-assistance claim by showing that his trial counsel had relied on an inadequate expert, that is, an expert without the necessary qualifica

tions to counter the State’s experts’ conclusions. Id ., at 599–605 (opinion of Clay, J.). The appeals court issued its opinion on January 9, 2003. Thompson’s appointed federal appeals counsel filed a rehearing petition, which the court denied on March 10,6 BELL v. THOMPSON

B REYER , J., dissenting 2003. See App. to Pet. for Cert. 346 (Order in No. 00–5516 (CA6)). Thompson’s counsel then sought Supreme Court review. This Court denied re view (and rehearing) about one year later. 540 U. S. 1051 (2003) (denying certiorari); 540 U. S. 1158 (2004) (denying rehearing).

B The Court of Appeals, following ordinary appellate-court practice, withheld issuance of its mandate while the case was under review here, namely during calendar year 2003. During that time and in the months that followed, some

thing unusual happened. Judge Suhrheinrich realized that the panel, in reaching its decision, seemed to have overlooked documents providedby Dr. Sultan that likely were relevant. In September 2003, the appellate court called for the entire certified record. Upon reviewing that record, Judge Suhrheinrich fo und Dr. Sultan’s deposition and accompanying report. 373 F. 3d, at 692–693; App. to Pet. for Cert. 347–348; see also Appendix, infra

. The Sultan documents filled the evidentiary gap that underlay the District Court’s and the appellate panel’s determinations. These documents made clear that Dr. Sultan had investigated Thompson’s background in depth and that in her (well-supported) opinion, Thompson had suffered from serious episodic bouts of schizophrenia at the time the crime was committed . Clearly the documents contained evidence supportingThompson’s claim regard

ing his mental state at the time of the offense. Why had the District Court denied the existence of anysuch evi

dence? Why had Judge Suhrheinrich, and the other mem

bers of the panel (and the State, which took Dr. Sultan’s deposition) done the same? Judge Suhrheinrich then drafted an opinion that sought to answer three questions: Question One: Do these documents actually provide strong evidence that Thompson was schizophrenic (and7 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

B REYER , J., dissenting seriously so) at the time of the crime? Question Two: If so, given the many previous opportuni

ties that Thompson has had to raise the issue of his men

tal health, to what extent would these documents be likelyto matter in respect to the legal question raised in Thompson’s federal proceedings, i.e. , would they likely lead a federal habeas court to hold that Thompson’s trial counsel was ineffective for failing to undertake a background investigation akin to thatperformed by Dr. Sultan? Question Three: How did these documents previously escape our attention?

1 The panel answered the first question—regarding the importance of the documents—unanimously. Sultan’s report and deposition were cri tically important. As Judge Suhrheinrich’s opinion explains, these documents detail Thompson’s horrendous childhood, his family history of mental illness, his self-destructive schizophrenic behavior (including auditory hallucinations) as a child, his mood swings and bizarre behavior as a young adult, and a wors

ening of that behavior after a serious beating to his head that he suffered while in the Navy. For example, Dr. Sultan’s examination of Thompson and her interviews with Thompson’s family members and others revealed that as a child Thompson would repeatedly bang his head against the wall to “knock the Devil out” after his grand

mother yelled at him, “You have the Devil in you.” 373 F. 3d, at 716 (internal quotation marks omitted). These documents explain how Thompson, as a young adult, would talk to himself and scre am and cry for no apparent reason. They suggest that he had bouts of paranoia. The documents provide strong support for the conclu

sion that Thompson suffered from episodes of schizophre

nia at the time of the offense. And they thereby offer significant support for the conclusion that, had earlier8 BELL v. THOMPSON

B REYER , J., dissenting testifying experts had this information, they could have countered the State’s experts’ conclusion that Thompson was malingering at the time of trial. Thus, the Sultan materials seriously undermined the foundation of the State’s position in respect to Thompson’s mental condition. The Sultan materials also revealed that trial counsel failed to discover other mitigati ng evidence of importance. Interviews with family members revealed repeated inci

dents of violence in the family, including an episode in which, as a young boy, Thompson witnessed his father brutally beat and rape his mother. His grandmother, with whom Thompson and his siblings lived after their mother died, subjected them to abuse and neglect. She would forget to feed the children, leaving them to steal money from under her bed to buy food. These and other circum

stances are detailed in sections of the Sultan report and deposition reproduced in the Appendix, infra

. 2 The panel also responded unanimously and affirma

tively to the second question: Would federal-court access to the Sultan documents likely have made a significant difference in respect to the federal legal question at issue in Thompson’s habeas petition, namely, the failure of Thompson’s trial counsel to investigate his background? Trial counsel had had important indications that some

thing was wrong. Indeed, counsel himself had sought an evaluation of Thompson’s mental condition. He also was aware of Thompson’s violent behavior in the military, and knew that Thompson had said he had had auditory hallu

cinations all his life. He was aware, too, of the changes in Thompson’s behavior. Should counsel not then have investigated further? The Sultan documents make clear that, had he done so, he would have had a strong answe r to the State’s experts. Thus the documents were relevant to the outcome of the9 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

B REYER , J., dissenting federal habeas proceedings. The Federal District Court based its grant of summary judgment on the premise that there was no evidence supporting Thompson’s claim. The documents showed that precisely such evidence was then available.

3 The panel (while disagreeing about how to allocate blame) agreed in part about the answer to the third ques

tion: how these documents previously had escaped the panel’s attention. The judges agreed that the Sultan documents were not in the initial record on appeal. The panel’s original opinion, while mentioning both Dr. Sultan and Dr. Crown, assumed that neither expert had ad

dressed Thompson’s mental condition at the time of the crime. 315 F. 3d, at 583, n. 13 (“Sultan’s affidavit does not discuss Thompson’s mental state at the time of the offense” (emphasis added)); ibid . (explaining that Thompson filed a Rule 60(b) motion to supplement the record with Dr. Sultan’s report, but not mentioning that the report ad

dressed Thompson’s mental condition at the time of the offense); see also supra, at 5. How had the panel overlooked the copies of the Sultan deposition attached to (1) th e rehearing petition and (2 ) the (Rule 60(b)-related) motion to hold the appeal in abey

ance? As for the rehearing petition, the reason could well lie in the petition’s (incorrect) suggestion that the panel had already considered the appended document as part of the original record. See Pet. for Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc in No. 2:00–5516 (CA6), p. 1 (“A majority of this panel overlook ed other proof in the record, including but not limited to, the expert opinion of Dr. Faye E. Sultan”); see also id ., at 28–32. While the petition explains the importance of the documents, it does not explain the circumstances, namely, that the panel previ

ously had not seen these documents. Instead, it gives the10 BELL v. THOMPSON

B REYER , J., dissenting impression that counsel was simply reemphasizing a matter the panel had already considered. To that extent, the petition reduced the likelihood that the panel would make the connection it later made and fatally weakened its argument for re- hearing. As for the motion to hold the appeal in abeyance, the panel’s failure to recognize the significance of the ap

pended Sultan materials is also understandable. The motion gives the impression that the appellate court would have been able to handle any problem arising from the exclusion of these materials in an appeal taken from the District Court’s Rule 60(b) decision. The appellate court, however, never had anysuch opportunity because counsel did not appeal the Dis trict Court’s denial of the Rule 60(b) motion.

C Once the panel understood th e significance of the Sultan report, it had to decide whatto do. An appellate court exists to correct legal errors made in the trial court. What legal error had the District Co urt committed? The appeal concerned its grant of summary judgment in the State’s favor. The District Court made that decision on the basis of the record before it, and that record apparently lacked the relevant documents. How then could an appeals court say that the District Court was wrong to grant the sum

mary judgment motion? The panel answered this question by not holding that the District Court had erred. Finding that the Sultan documents had been “apparently negligently omitted” from the record, it exercised its equitable powers to sup

plement the record with the deposition. 373 F. 3d, at 691. It also found that, since the State itself had helped tocreate that document (because the State had taken Sultan’s deposition), the District Court’s reconsideration of the matter would not unfairly prejudice the State. And it11 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

B REYER , J., dissenting noted that this case is a death case. Then, relying on its “inherent power to reconside r” an opinion “prior to the issuance of the mandate,” the court issued a new opinion, vacating the District Court’s grant of summary judgment to the State and remanding th e case to the District Court for further proceedings on the matter. Ibid

. II The question before us is not whether we, as judges, would have come to the same conclusions as did the panel of the Court of Appeals. It is whether the three members of the appellate panel abused their discretion in reconsid

ering the matter and, after agreeing unanimously that they would have reached a different result had they con

sidered the overlooked evidence, vacating the District Court’s judgment and remanding the case. The Court concludes that the panel’s reconsideration of the matter and decision to vacate the District Court’s judgment amounted to an “abuse of discretion.” Ante, at 1. It therefore reverses the panel’s unanimous interlocutory judgment remanding a capital case to the District Court for an evidentiary hearing. The Court lists five reasons why the Court of Appeals “abused its discretion.” None of these reasons, whether taken separately or considered together, stands up to examination. Reason One. During the 5-month period after this Court denied rehearing of Thompson’scertiorari petition, during which time the Court of Appeals was reconsidering the matter, it gave “no indication that it might be revisiting its earlier decision.” Had it “notified” the parties, the court “could have spared the parties a nd the state judicial system considerable time and resources.” Ante , at 10. If this consideration favors the Court’s conclusion, it does so to a very modest degree. For one thing, the Fed

eral Rules themselves neither set an unchangeable dead

line for issuance of a mandate nor require notice when the12 BELL v. THOMPSON

B REYER , J., dissenting court enlarges the time for issuance. Compare Fed. Rule App. Proc. 41(b) (2005) (“The court may shorten or extend the time”), with Rule 41(b) (1968) (mandate “shall” issue “unless the time is shortened or extended by order” (em

phasis added)). The Advisory Committee Notes to Rule 41 expressly contemplate that the parties will themselves check the docket to determine whether the mandate has issued. See Advisory Committee’s 1998 Note on subd. (c) of Rule 41 (“[T]he parties can easily calculate the antici

pated date of issuance and verify issuance of the man

date[;] the entry of the order on the docket alerts the parties to that fact”). And Sixth Circuit Rules require the Circuit Clerk to provide all parties with copies of the mandate. See Internal Oper ating Procedure 41(a) (CA6 2005) (“Copies of the mandate are distributed to all parties and the district court clerk’s office”). Thus, the State’s attorneys knew, or certainly should have known, that the mandate had not issued, and, as experienced practitioners, they also knew, or certainly should have known, that a proceeding is not technicallyover until the court has issued its mandate. And if concerned by the delay (and some delay in such matters is not uncommon), they could have asked the Circuit Clerk why the mandate had not issued. If necessary, they could have filed a motion seek

ing that information or seeking the mandate’s immediate issuance. For another thing, since notification is a clerical duty, the panel may have thought the parties hadbeen notified. One of the judges on the panel could well have instructed the Circuit Clerk not to issue the mandate, and then simply have assumed that the Clerk would notify the parties of that fact (though the Clerk, perhaps inadver

tently, did not do so). Why would the court want to hide what it was doing from the parties? Once we apply a presumption of regularity to the panel’s actions, we must assume that the failure to notify the parties was likely due13 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

B REYER , J., dissenting to a simple clerical error. Further, the prejudice to the State that troubles the Court was likely small or nonexistent. The need to reset an execution date is not unco mmon, and the state court’s execution order explicitly fore saw that possibility. See 373 F. 3d, at 692 (Tennessee Supreme Court order set Thompson’s execution date for August 19, 2004, “unless other

wise ordered by this Court or other appropriate authority” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Moreover, the State has not even argued—despite ample opportunity to do so—that the further proceedings ordered by the panel would actually have required it to set a new date. Finally, the State did not, by way of a petition for re

hearing, make any of its “failure to notify” arguments to the Court of Appeals. Although the law does not require the State to seek rehearing, such a petition would have permitted the panel to explain why the State was not notified and possibly to explore the matter of prejudice. There is no reason to reward the State for not filing a petition by assuming prejudice where none appears to exist. Given the State’s likely kn owledge that the mandate had not issued, the existence of avenues for resolving any uncertainty, and the small likelihood of prejudice, the lack of notice does not significantly advance the Court’s “abuse of discretion” finding. Indeed, if the Court believes that the Court of Appeals could have issued a revised opinion correcting its earlier judgment if only it had given notice to the parties, the sanction it now imposes—outright reversal—is far out of proportion to the crime. Reason Two. The court’s “o pportunity to consider” the Sultan evidence “at the rehearing stage is yet another factor supporting” the abuse- of-discretion “determination.” Ante , at 12. I agree that itis unfortunate that, upon review of the rehearing petition, the panel failed to make the connection that would have allowed it, at that time, to14 BELL v. THOMPSON

B REYER , J., dissenting reach the same conclusion it reached later. Still, the petition wrongly implied that the Sultan documents were part of the original appeal. Because it did not request rehearing on the ground that the documents were notin the record, it did not offer a genuine “opportunity to con

sider” the Sultan evidence. Under these circumstances, I cannot agree that the court’s opportunity to consider these documents at the rehearing stage should militate in favor of finding an abuse of discretion. To the contrary, I believe we should encourage, rather than discourage, an appellate panel, when it learns that it has made a serious mistake, to take advantage of an opportunity to correct it, rather than to ignore the problem. Reason Three. The “Sultan evidence . . . is not of such a character as to warrant [a] . . . departure from standard appellate procedures” because “the evidence was unlikely to have altered the District Court’s resolution of Thompson’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim.” Ante, at 14. That is to say, given the expert testimony in the trial court, the Sultan evidence is unlikely meaningfully to have strength

ened Thompson’s claim before the Federal District Court. Ante , at 14–15. This conclusion is wrong. The Court argues the follow

ing: (1) Dr. Sultan’s conclusion rests in significant part upon interviews with three witnesses, Thompson’s grand

mother and sister (with whom Dr. Sultan spoke directly) and his girlfriend (whose interview with a defense investi

gator Dr. Sultan reviewed); (2) since all three of these witnesses testified at sentencing, Thompson’s counsel must have consulted them at the time; and (3) “[c]onsultation with these witnesses, when combined with the opinions of [the State’ s expert] and [Thompson’s ex

pert], provided an adequate basis for Thompson’s attor

neys to conclude that focusing on Thompson’s mental health was not the best strategy.” Ante , at 16. The Court15 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

B REYER , J., dissenting then says that trial counsel’s “strategy” may have been “a mistake,” ante , at 17, but apparently not enough of a mistake to amount to inadequate assistance of counsel. But how do the Court’s conclusions follow from the premises? Dr. Sultan’s interview of the three witnesses apparently turned up new information, indeed, crucial information. Why does that fact not tend show that trial counsel’s own “consultation” with those witnesses was inadequate? Or, if trial counsel was aware of the informa

tion, why does that not tend to show that trial counselhired an expert who was not qualified to assess Thompson’s mental condition, or that counsel failed adequately to convey the critical information to that expert? This Court in Wiggins v. Smith , 539 U. S. 510, 523–525 (2003), found trial counsel inadequate for failing to conduct a reasonable investigation, given notice that such an investigation would likely turn up importantmitigating evidence. See alsoRompilla v. Beard
, ante , p. ___. Why is the same not true here, where Thompson’s trial counsel was fully aware of the need for a background investigation, and then either did not ask the right questions , or did not hire the right expert, or did not convey the right information to that expert? At the least, is there not a good argument to this effect—an argument that the Sultan documents signifi

cantly strengthened? All three judges on the panel thought so: They concluded that they would have reacheda different result on Thompson’s ineffective-assistance-ofcounsel claim had they been aware of the Sultan docu

ments. The Court does not satisfactorily explain its basis for second-guessing the panel on this point. Reason Four. The Sultan evidence does “not come close to satisfying the miscarriage of justice standard under Calderon.” Ante, at 17 (referring to Calderon v. Thomp

son , 523 U. S. 538 (1998)). As the Court apparently
agrees, see ante , at 8–9, Calderondoes not apply here. And the panel’s basic conclu sion—that consideration of16 BELL v. THOMPSON

B REYER , J., dissenting Thompson’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim with

out the benefit of the Sultan evidence would constitute a grave miscarriage of justice—survives anyplausible stan

dard of review. I can find nothing in the Court’s opinion that explains why the panel’s conclusion is wrong. Reason Five. The Court of Appeals “did not accord the appropriate level of respect” to the State’s “judgment.” Ante, at 19. If by “judgment” the Court means to refer to the state court’s original judgment of conviction, this reason simply repeats Reason Four. The panel carefully examined the entire record and determined that there is a significant likelihood the Sultan evidence would demon

strate a violation of the Federal Constitution. If the Court means to refer to the state court’s judgment not to set aside the conviction in state postconviction proceedings, the Court is clearly wrong. The state court on collateral review refused to authorize funds for a back

ground investigation, one for which Thompson’s expert then showed a strong need, and which Thompson’s expert now shows could well have demonstrated a significantly mitigating mental condition. How is it disrespectful of the State for a federal habeas court to identify a constitutional error that occurred in state-co urt proceedings in a capital case, by taking account of a key piece of evidence, mistak

enly omitted from the record? If the Court means to refer to the State’s decision to proceed with the execution, I cannot possibly agree. The Court could not mean that anyexercise by a federal court to correct an inadvertent, and important, evidentiary error is “disrespectful” of a State’s e ffort to proceed to execution. But if it does not mean “any” exercise at all, then how can it say the present exercise is disrespectful? The present exercise embodies as thorough an examination of the record and as significant a piece of evidence as one is likely to find. The process—the detail and care with which the Court of Appeals combed the record—does not show17 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

B REYER , J., dissenting “disrespect.” It shows the contrary. The upshot is that the Court’s five reasons are uncon

vincing. The Court simply states those reasons as conclu

sions. It fails to show how, or why, the unanimous panel erred in reaching diametricallyopposite conclusions, all supported with detailed evidenceset forth in Judge Suhrheinrich’s opinion. It does not satisfactorily explain the evidentiary basis for its own conclusions. And, in the process, it loses sight of the question before us: again, not whether we, as judges, woul d have reached the same conclusion that the three judges on the panel reached, but rather whether they, having unanimously agreed that their earlier decision was wrong, abused their discretion in setting it right.

III Ultimately this case presents three kinds of question. The first is a narrow legal question. Has the Court of Appeals abused its discretion? For the reasons I have set forth, the answer to that question, legally speaking, must be “no.” The second is an epistemological question. How, in respect to matters involving th e legal impact of the Sultan report and deposition, can the Court replace the panel’s judgment with its own? Judge Suhrheinrich’s opinion demonstrates why any assessment of that legal impact must grow out of thorough knowledge of the record. He spent hundreds of hours with its numerous documents in order to make that assessment. Those of his conclusions that were shared by the other members of the panel are logical, rest upon record-based facts, and are nowhere refuted (in respect to those fa cts) by anything before us or by anything in the Court’s opinion. How can the Court know that the panel is wrong? The third question is about basic jurisprudence. A legal system is based on rules; it also seeks justice in the indi

-18 BELL v. THOMPSON

B REYER , J., dissenting

vidual case. Sometimes these ends conflict. To take ac

count of such conflict, the system often grants judges adegree of discretion, thereby providing oil for the rulebased gears. When we tell the Court of Appeals that it cannot exercise its discretion to correct the serious error it discovered here, we tell courtsthey are not to act to cure serious injustice in similar cases. The consequence is to divorce the rule-based result from the just result. The American judicial system has long sought to avoid that divorce. Today’s decision takes an unfortunate step in the wrong direction.19 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Appendix to opinion of B REYER , J.

APPENDIX TO OPINION OF BREYER, J.

Excerpts from the Gregory Thompson PsychologicalReport prepared by Dr. Faye E. Sultan at the Riverbend Maximum Security Institution (RMSI) (July 22, 1999), App. 11–20.

“REFERRAL QUESTIONS:

“Mr. Gregory Thompson was referred for psychological evaluation in July, 1998 by attorney Mr. Stephen M. Kissinger of the Federal Defender Services of Eastern Tennessee Incorporated. Mr. Thompson was convicted of murder in 1985. This evaluation was requested to address the following questions: “1. Mr. Thompson’s current psychological status[.] “2. Mr. Thompson’s likely psychological status and mental state before and surrounding the time of the 1985 offense. “3. Social, environmental, psychological, and economic factors in the life of Mr. Thompson which might have be[en] considered to be mitigating in nature at the time of his trial.

“PROCEDURE: “Psychological evaluation of Mr. Thompson was initiated on August 20, 1998. This first evaluation session extended over a period of approximately four hours and consisted of clinical interview and the admi nistration of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI–2). Some review of prior psychological evaluation records was con

ducted to establish what formal psychological and neuro

psychological testing had been administered to Mr. Thompson. Levels of current intellectual and neuropsy

chological functioning had been recently assessed by neu

ropsychologist, Barry Crown, Ph.D., so no attempt was20 BELL v. THOMPSON

Appendix to opinion of BREYER , J. made to replicate this type of assessment. “Following the 8–20–98 initial evaluation session, a very extensive review of legal, military, medical, prison and psychiatric/psychological records was initiated. A list of the documents examined is attached to this report.

. . . . . “. . . Two further interviews were conducted with Mr. Thompson for [the] limited purpose [of determining Thompson’s competence to participate in habeas proceed

ings], on 2–2–99 and 4–7–99, totaling approximately six hours of additional observation. Voluminous Tennessee Department of Corrections mental health, medical, and administrative records were revi ewed at this time as well.

. . . . . “[T]he extensive record review conducted, the ten hours of clinical observations made of Mr. Thompson during the preceding eleven months, the interviews conducted with collateral informants, and the recent and past psychologi

cal testing which had been administered provide enough data to make it possible to render professional opinions about Mr. Thompson’s mental state at and around the time of the 1985 offense.

“CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: “Mr. Gregory Thompson was cooperative with the assess

ment procedure. He answered all questions posed to him and appeared to be alert, watchful and interested in the interview process. His speech was sometimes tangential and rambling. Although motor behavior appeared con

trolled there was a manic quality to his verbalizations. Mr. Thompson was oriented as to person, place and time, but he repeatedly expressed his firm belief that he had written each and every song which played on the radio. “Mr. Thompson displayed symptoms of psychosis during the two subsequent meetings. The details of these ses

sions will not be reviewed here.Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005) 21

Appendix to opinion of B REYER , J.
“FORMAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING:
“The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality lnventory–2 (MMPI–2) was administered to Mr. Thompson on 8–20– 98. It had been determined in other examination settings that Mr. Thompson’s level of reading competence exceeded the necessary level of 8th grade ability required for proper administration of this test. “The MMPI–2 profile produced by Mr. Thompson is con

sidered valid and appropriate for interpretation. Indi

viduals producing similar profiles are described as experi

encing significant psychological difficulties and chronic psychological maladjustment. Such individuals are con

sidered to be highly suspicious of others, often displaying paranoid features. There is indication in this profile of the presence of a thought disorder and the inability to manage emotions. The world is perceived as a threatening and dangerous place and fears are viewed as externally gener

ated and reality-based rather than as a product of an internally generated state. The behavior of such individu

als is often described as hostile, aggressive, and rebellious against authority. Poor impulse control, lack of trust in others, and low frustration tolerance may result in such individuals displaying rage in interpersonal relationships. “Individuals producing this testing profile are also de

scribed as experiencing depressed mood. There is the strong possibility that such individuals have contemplated suicide and report preoccupation with feeling guilty and unworthy. Testing items were endorsed which suggest memory and concentration problems, and an inability to make decisions.

“RELEVANT PSYCHOLOGICAL/PSYCHIATRIC DATA CONTAINED IN RECORDS: “The[re] is substantial documentation throughout the Tennessee Department of Corrections records that Mr. Greg Thompson has suffered from significant mental22 BELL v. THOMPSON

Appendix to opinion of BREYER , J.
illness since at least the time of . . . his incarceration in 1985

. He has been treated almost continuously with some combination of major tranquilizer and/or anti-depressant and/or anti-anxiety medications. He has received a vari

ety of diagnostic labels including Psychosis, Psychosis Not Otherwise Specified, Paranoid Schizophrenia, Mania, Mixed Substance Abuse, Schizophrenia, BiPolar Affective Disorder, Schizoaffective Diso rder, Malingering, and Adult Antisocial Behavior. This is clearly indicative of the Ten

nessee DOC mental health staff’s view that Mr. Thompson has experienced major mental illness throughout at least most of his period of incarceration. Further, there is extensive documentation contained in these records of many episodes of bizarre aggressive and/or self-destructive behavior.

“INTERVIEWS WITH COLLATERAL WITNESSES:
“Five individuals were intervie wed (either by telephone or face-to-face) who provided significant supplemental infor

mation about the life circumstances and past/present psychological functioning of Mr. Gregory Thompson. “Ms. Maybelle Lamar “Ms. Lamar is Mr. Thompson’s maternal grandmother. She was interviewed by telephone on July 21, 1999. Ms. Lamar assumed total responsibility for the care and rear

ing of Mr. Thompson and his two older siblings after his mother was killed when Mr. Thompson was approximately five years old. Mr. Thompson remained in her home until he entered the military as a young adult. “Ms. Lamar recalls the period following her daughter’s fatal automobile accident as one of tremendous strain and disruption for her. She was unable to describe the reac

tion of the three young children to their mother’s death because she ‘took to my bed’ for approximately five or six weeks following the accident. Ms. Lamar was unable to23 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Appendix to opinion of B REYER , J. attend to these children in any way at that time. She did not recall how they obtained food or clothing, or whether they were in any distress. Ms. Lamar reported that she was drinking alcohol quite heavily during this period and that she left her bed to resume household activities only because the children contracted a serious medical illness. “Ms. Lamar described Mr. Thompson as displaying signifi

cantly ‘different’ behavior when he returned to visit her following his discharge from th e U. S. Navy. ‘Greg didn’t act the same’. Unlike the ‘eager to please’, passive, some

times funny, gentle boy who she had reared, Mr. Thomp

son was ‘angry’, ‘sometimes sad’ . ‘I don’t think he wanted me to know what was going on with him. He mostly just stayed away from me.’ Ms. Lamar reported that she no

ticed Mr. Thompson sometimes ‘s taring off into space’ or ‘talking to himself ’. She would ask him about these be

haviors. ‘He’d deny it. He a cted like he didn’t know what I was talking about.’ Ms. Lamar recalls being quite con

cerned about her grandson’s mental state during this time. She did not recall ever being asked these questions at any time before or during Mr. Thompson’s trial.

“Ms. Nora Jean Hall Wharton “Nora Jean Wharton is Mr. Thompson’s older sister. A lengthy telephone interview was conducted with her on July 21, 1999. She grew up in the same home as Mr. Thompson and had continuous contact with him through

out his childhood. Mr. Thompson lived briefly in the home of his sister following his discharge from the military. “Ms. Wharton described Mr. Greg Thompson as a highly sensitive, passive, timid, emotionally vulnerable child. She described a childhood of great hardship. According to her report, their grandmother, Ms. Maybelle Lamar[,] was verbally abusive, neglectful of the children’s basic daily needs, highly critical, and unable to care properly for the children. Ms. Wharton described many instances of such24 BELL v. THOMPSON

Appendix to opinion of BREYER , J. abuse and neglect. She described the period following their mother’s death as particularly chaotic and neglectful, recalling that often there was no food in the home and that the children would take money from under their grandmother’s mattress to go and buy food. In the period following their mother’s death, Ms. Wharton reported that her grandmother was continuously drunk and unable to care for her grandchildren. According to Ms. Wharton, Greg Thompson frequently witn essed his sister Nora being beaten by their grandmother. “Ms. Wharton further recalled that she and her younger brother had witnessed the brutal beating and rape of their mother by their biological father. She recalls Greg stand

ing in the scene screaming and sobbing uncontrollably. “Ms. Wharton reported that Gr eg would frequently cry at school during the early school years, and, as a result, was often the victim of intense mockery from his classmates. Because Ms. Wharton was in the same classroom as her brother she observed these behaviors and often intervened on her brother’s behalf. She described Mr. Thompson’s response to this abuse as quite passive. “Of particular significance isMs. Wharton’s recollections about Mr. Thompson repeatedly banging his head against the wall of their home on many occasions during their early childhood. This behavior frequently followed their grandmother yelling at Greg ‘You have the Devil in you.’ Mr. Thompson would tell his sister that he was attempt

ing to ‘knock the Devil out’ of his head in this way. Ms. Wharton recalls believing that this behavior was quite odd. “Following his discharge from military service, Ms. Whar

ton described Mr. Thompson’s behavior as significantly different than his prior conduct and attitude. She re

ported several episodes of bizarre behavior which included a sudden intense emotional reaction without obvious external provocation. Mr. Thompson would become ex

-25 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Appendix to opinion of B REYER , J. tremely angry, would cry and s cream for a len[g]thy period of time, would appear as if he might or actually become quite physically violent or aggressive, and then would suddenly retreat. Ms. Thompson reported this behavior and her concerns about it to her grandmother. Ms. Lamar suggested that Ms. Wharton take her brother to the psy

chiatric unit of the local hospital for treatment. Ms. Wharton did not attempt to get any treatment for Mr. Thompson and reports feeling quite guilty about this. “Nora Jean Wharton described her own struggles with mental illness throughout the past fifteen years. She has received counseling to assist he r in coping with the effects of her abusive childhood and she has been treated with a combination of a major tranquilizer (Stellazine) and anti

depressant medications. She reported that her younger half-sister Kim has also suffered from significant mental illness.

“CUSTODY OFFICERS AT RMSI “Following the second interview conducted with Mr. Thompson on 2–2–99, I informally interviewed two cus

tody officers who escorted Mr. Thompson back to his cell. These officers have not as yet been identified by name. Both reported that they were aware that Mr. Thompson was quite mentally ill and that they were concerned about him. They further reported that they believed it would be in his best interest to be housed in a prison facility better equipped to deal with indivi duals experiencing severe mental illness.

“MICHAEL CHAVIS
“Federal Defender Services of Eastern Tennessee investi

gator, Mr. Michael Chavis, was interviewed about his July 29 through August 2, 1998 interview with Ms. Arlene Cajulao in Honolulu, Hawaii. Ms. Cajulao and Mr. Thompson had an intimate relationship and lived together26 BELL v. THOMPSON

Appendix to opinion of BREYER , J. for approximately four years, from 1980 to 1984. “Mr. Chavis reported that Ms. Cajulao described Mr. Thompson as displaying increasingly bizarre behavior during the latter part of their relationship. Similar to descriptions proved by Ms. Nora Wharton, Ms. Cajulao reported several episodes of ‘paranoid’ and aggressive behavior which had no apparent external antecedent. She reported that Mr. Thompson sometimes thought that people were ‘after’ him. He would close all the curtains in the house because he did not want the person who was ‘looking’ for him to see him through the curtains. She remembers being quite concerned about Mr. Thompson’s mental state.

“SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: “Mr. Gregory Thompson has experienced symptoms of major mental illness throughout his adult life. Indeed, there is information available which suggests that Mr. Thompson was displaying significant signs of mental illness from the time he was a small child. Self-injurious behavior is reported as early as six years old. There is extensive documentation contained within the records reviewed for this evaluation that Mr. Thompson has ex

perienced a thought disorder and/or an affective disorder of some type for many years. “It is my opinion that Mr. Gregory Thompson is most appropriately diagnosed, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, as having Schizoaffective Disorder, Bipolar Type. As is typical of this illness, symptoms became apparent in early adulthood. Mr. Thompson was suffering serious mental illness at the time of the 1985 offense for which he has been convicted and sentenced. This mental illness would have substantially impaired Mr. Thompson’s ability to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. “Further, Mr. Thompson was the victim of severe child

-Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005) 27

Appendix to opinion of B REYER , J. hood emotional abuse and physical neglect. His family background is best described as highly neglectful and economically deprived. Mr. Thompson repeatedly wit

nessed episodes of violence during his childhood in which one family member assaulted or brutalized another. There are significant aspects of Mr. Thompson’s social history that have been recognized as mitigating in other capital cases “It is important to note that all of the information related to Mr. Thompson’s early mental illness and social history was available at the time of his 1985 trial.

“[signed] “Faye E. Sultan, Ph.D.”

* * *
Excerpts from the Deposition of Dr. Faye E. Sultan (July 22, 1999), Id., at 71–73, 76–80. “Q. What indicates to you or what indicia are there for you that suggest Mr. Thompson was displaying significant signs of mental illness from the time he was a small child? How do you arrive at that conclusion? “A

. . . . . . “By the time of the first grade, Mr. Thompson, when he was being yelled at by his grandmother, she was report

edly verbally abusive in the following fashion: She would yell at him you have the devil in you, boy. [His sister, Ms. Wharton] would then observe Mr. Thompson standing or sitting beside a wall repeatedly banging his head into the wall. She, in her role as protector of him, would ask him what was going on, and he woul d tell her he was trying to knock the devil out of his head. She recalls at the time, although she was quite young herself, being worried about his behavior and thinking of it as very odd.28 BELL v. THOMPSON

Appendix to opinion of BREYER , J.

. . . . . “Q. Sort of a self-punishment or a self-exorcism type thing? “A. A self-injurious behavior is what we would call it I think. Mr. Thompson, when he was Greg, in the first and second and third grade had rather frequent hysterical crying episodes in classroom s that Ms. Wharton recalls also as very unusual in the context of his schoolroom situation. She describes him as being the subject of tor

ment on the part of the students because he behaved in an odd fashion. Sometimes he wo uld simply begin to cry and wail and scream and apparently made a sound like a fire engine when he was sobbing and developed the nickname Fire Engine. That’s reported in the trial transcript. She told me much more detail about actually the extent of those kind[s] of emotional outbursts. “At home it was rather common for Mr. Thompson to begin to cry and scream during times when Ms. Wharton herself was being beaten by their grandmother. Ms. Wharton was the victim of physical abuse on the part of the grandmother. Mr. Thompson observed much of this since they were together virtually all of the time, and Nora Wharton was not really perm itted much interaction out

side of their home.

. . . . . “Q. Your diagnosis for Mr. Thompson is schizoaffective disorder, comma, bipolar type. What leads you to that diagnosis from what you’ve reviewed and your testing results? “A. What leads me to the diagnosis is that there is a long history, perhaps at this point almost a 20-year his

tory, of simultaneous thought disorder on the part of Mr. Thompson documented throughout all the records, and affective disorder, emotional disorder, being unable to regulate his emotions, sometimes falling into the pits of despair and becoming suicidal, sometimes becoming29 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Appendix to opinion of B REYER , J. highly agitated and manic and having too much energy, too much exuberance, and grandiose thinking. The thought disorder is manifested in persecutory ideas, delu

sions of grandeur—lots of different kinds of delusions actually—auditory hallucinations that he sometimes admits to, sometimes suspected by the doctors who are doing the examination. “The psychological testing early on in Mr. Thompson’s incarceration confirm[s] the presence of a psychotic proc

ess. There was an MMPI administered to him by a prison psychologist in 1990 that is described as valid and indica

tive of psychotic process, and throughout the prison record he receives a variety of diagnoses that take into account both thought disorder and affective illness. “The very best diagnosis to describe all of the complex of symptoms that I just talked toyou about is schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type. “Q. You note in your report Mr. Thompson was ob

served having a significant change in behavior after he was discharged from the Navy. What significance do you attach to that fact? “A. Well. . . [p]rior to his entry into the military Mr. Thompson is described almost uniformly . . . as passive, as compliant, as eager to please, as gentle, as timid, as eager to run from attacks. “At some point . . . he began to notice that people were trying to hurt him all the time , that officers and other people of his rank and slightly above his rank attempted to provoke him, that they sometimes physically assaulted him, that he thought he was being followed a lot, and that he sometimes struck out in what he thought was defense and then later found out from other people who he knew and trusted that there wasn’t anything to defend against or that there might not have been anything to defend against. “Q. This is what he related to you during your interview30 BELL v. THOMPSON

Appendix to opinion of BREYER , J. last August? “A. Right. The people who saw him after the military each were struck by how verydifferent he seemed. That was the word that kept being used, ‘different.’ Sometimes the people I was speaking to were not able to describe what different meant, but, for example, the grandmother said that he was different as in not right, that he wasn’t himself. Ms. Wharton tells me that the grandmother was very well aware that he was in deep psychological distress, and, in fact, the grandmother suggested that he be taken to the psychiatric unit at Grady Hospital in Atlanta, I believe, for treatment. The grandmother observed him staring off into space for long periods of time. She ob

served him mumbling to himself. When she asked him what he was doing, he told her he had no idea what she was talking about. She said that was very different from the boy who left her to go into service. “The sister has even a better glimpse of him than that, because he actually went to live with her for a while, and she said he was bizarre. She described him as paranoid. She said that he would explode for no reason at all, that she was afraid of him for the very first time in her life, that they had always been terribly close, the sort of close where if there was only one piece of bread to eat they would share it, that they always looked out for one an

other, and that suddenly he was behaving in ways that she simply could not identify. She described three very serious episodes of aggression and emotional upset that she said are what led her to approach her grandmother about what to do for treatment for him.

. . . . . “Q. You state that the schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type, would substantially impair Mr. Thompson’s ability to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. How so? “A. There are points in time when Mr. Thompson is out31 Cite as: 545 U. S. ____ (2005)

Appendix to opinion of B REYER , J. of contact with reality. He is responding to situations that simply don’t exist or that heperceives in extremely exag

gerated or different form. A pe rson is not able to conform one’s conduct to the law if you are frankly delusional or hallucinating in some way. Mr. Thompson over the years has had both of those symptoms. “Q. So it’s this delusional aspect of this disorder that is the main factor that would keep him from having the ability to conform his conduct to the requirements of law, if I understand you correctly? “A. Is it the main factor? Let me say that I think it’s at least as potent a factor if no t more as the other aspect of his mental illness, which is that he has emotional disregu

lation. “Q. Meaning? “A. Meaning Mr. Thompson often is not in control of his emotions. He has episodes of rage, of aggression, that he doesn’t understand or relate to very well. He’s told about them later. Sometimes he remembers them, sometimes he doesn’t. He is often embarrassed about his behavior af

terwards, but there are points at which I believe he’s not in control of what he’s doing. “Q. When you say ‘he’s not in control of what he’s do

ing,’ are you saying that it’s impulsive behavior? “A. If I am emotionally disr egulated, if I’m over-aroused and overreactive and I operate out of a faulty belief sys

tem, so that not only do I have the impulse to do things that I ordinarily wouldn’t, but I also think things are going on that aren’t, I have a combination in which yes, I suppose you could call it impulse, but you also have to take the notion into account that it might be an impulse to do something that doesn’t make any sense. “Q. Does this disorder prevent Mr. Thompson from planning his activities? “A. Sometimes, yes, it does. “Q. And so the inability to plan, would that be a factor32 BELL v. THOMPSON

Appendix to opinion of BREYER , J. that would prevent him from conforming his conduct to the requirements of the law? “A. If that were in operation at some time. In the his

tory of the Department of Co rrections’ mental health records, when he’s properly medicated I don’t think that’s true about him. “Q. Is it your professional opinion, then, that when he is medicated he has the ability to plan, but when he is not medicated he does not always have the ability to plan? “A. Those two things are true. It’s also true that if he’s inadequately medicated or improperly medicated he doesn’t have the ability to plan anything. I don’t know whether he has impulses. I think he’s all impulse, so to have impulses implies that there’s a part of you that’s not impulsive. For example, when Mr. Chavis and I saw him during my second interview with him, he could not have planned anything at all, not beyond the nanosecond in which he was experiencing the world. But he was receiv

ing psychotropic medications at the time, so that’s why I have to put that qualifier in there.”