J-S15011-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Appellee

v.

ANTHONY MINNICK,

Appellant No. 905 EDA 2014

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence March 7, 2014

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0013411-2012

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., OLSON, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED APRIL 08, 2016

Anthony Minnick appeals from the judgment of sentence of 40 to 80 

years’ incarceration imposed March 7, 2014, following his conviction by a 

jury for two counts of attempted murder, four counts of aggravated assault, 

two counts of possessing a firearm as a convicted felon, two counts of 

possessing an instrument of crime, and criminal conspiracy.1 We affirm in 

part, vacate in part, and impose an amended sentence for the reasons set 

forth below.

The underlying facts of this case involve two related shootings. In 

August 2009, Appellant and Mr. Demetrius Pittard were involved in the 

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 Respectively, 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 901(a), 2702(a), 6105(a)(1), 6106(a)(1), 

907(a), and 903.
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packaging of narcotics. Following the disappearance of Appellant’s stash of 

narcotics, Appellant shot Mr. Pittard thirteen times at close range, seriously 

injuring him. Though Mr. Pittard initially identified Appellant as the shooter, 

referring to him by his street name, “Ant Man,” Mr. Pittard thereafter refused 

to cooperate with the police investigation. No charges were brought against 

Appellant at that time.

Three years later, in August 2012, Mr. Pittard was sitting in a car, 

stopped at a gas station, along with a friend, Mr. John Cox, and a young, 

three-year-old relative. Appellant, a passenger in a red Cadillac, drove up 

next to Mr. Pittard and fired several shots at him. No one was injured. 

Initially, Mr. Pittard declined to identify Appellant as the shooter. However, 

on the day following the 2012 shooting, Mr. Pittard positively identified 

Appellant. Mr. Pittard also renewed his identification of Appellant as the 

shooter in the 2009 incident.2

A jury trial commenced in December 2013. Following trial, Appellant 

was found guilty of the charges set forth above. In March 2014, the trial 

court sentenced Appellant to an aggregate sentence of 40 to 80 years’ 

incarceration. Of relevance to this appeal, regarding Appellant’s conviction 

____________________________________________

2 Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency or weight of the evidence 

against him, which was considerable, including eyewitness testimony as well 

as documentary and videotape evidence. Thus, we need not elaborate 

beyond this brief factual background. For a thorough exposition, see Trial 

Court Opinion, 11/04/2014, at 2-11.
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for attempted murder for the 2012 incident, the court sentenced Appellant 

to 20 to 40 years’ incarceration, to be served consecutive to those sentences 

imposed for the 2009 incident. 

Appellant timely appealed and filed a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) 

statement.3 The trial court issued a responsive opinion.

Appellant raises the following issues on appeal:

1. [Whether] the trial court err[ed] in overruling [A]ppellant’s 

objection to testimony from the victim that his family told him 

they had been threatened by [A]ppellant’s family, where that 

testimony was hearsay and there was no evidence that 

[A]ppellant had encouraged or even been aware of his family’s 

actions[;] 

2. [Whether] the prosecutor improperly vouch[ed] for the 

credibility of a witness in her opening statement when she told 

the jury they should believe the victim because he thought he 

was dying[;]

3. [Whether] the prosecutor improperly ask[ed] the jury in 

her closing argument to infer that [A]ppellant was intimidating a 

witness, and thus inferentially also argue[d] his consciousness of 

guilt, based on the presence and behavior of spectators in the 

courtroom during that witness’s testimony[;]

4. [Whether] the trial court err[ed] in denying [Appellant’s] 

request for a Kloiber charge[; and]

5. [Whether] [A]ppellant’s sentence of 20 to 40 years’ 

imprisonment for attempted murder in 2012 [was] illegal where 

the victim did not suffer any bodily injury in that crime[.]

Appellant’s Brief at 4.

____________________________________________

3 Appellant also filed a supplemental statement of errors complained of on 

appeal.
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In his first issue, Appellant contends that the trial court abused its 

discretion when it permitted Mr. Pittard to explain his reticence to identify 

Appellant as the shooter, testifying in part that Appellant’s father had 

threatened Mr. Pittard’s family. We review evidentiary decisions of the trial 

court for an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Jones, 912 A.2d 268, 

281 (Pa. 2006). Here, we discern no abuse of the court’s discretion.

In response to questioning from the Commonwealth soliciting an 

explanation why he had failed initially to identify Appellant after the August 

2012 shooting, Mr. Pittard testified as follows:

[Mr. Pittard:] When you tell on someone, I was going right 

back to the same neighborhood. As I was saying, my family is 

involved. His father came to my house, when I told him this 

time and he is threatening my brother and he thought ...

[Counsel for Appellant]: Objection to all of that. Move to 

strike. ...

The Court: The objection is noted.

...

[Commonwealth]: Mr. Pittard, you were explaining why it 

was that you gave a false statement; is that correct?

[Mr. Pittard:] Yes, ma’am. His father at the last court date is 

threatening to kill my mother, my grandmother, the baby. He’s 

going to pay to get us killed. His son is not going to sit in jail, 

that is what he said.

[Counsel for Appellant]: I move for a mistrial.

Notes of Testimony (N.T.), 12/10/2013, at 151-52.
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During a brief recess following this exchange, Appellant argued a 

mistrial was necessary because the “self-serving declaration” was “highly 

prejudicial.” Id. at 154. The Commonwealth countered as follows:

[Mr. Pittard’s] state of mind and attitude as to why he was afraid 

of the circumstances surrounding, [sic] that are absolutely 

relevant and it is a fair line of questioning by the Commonwealth 

to go into exactly why he didn’t want to report, [and] why he 

was scared[.]

Id. at 154-55.

The trial court denied the motion for a mistrial and permitted this 

testimony for the limited purpose of explaining why Mr. Pittard gave a false 

statement to the police in August 2012. See N.T. at 155-56; see also Trial 

Court Opinion at 15. Following closing arguments, the trial court addressed 

this limited purpose implicitly, instructing the jury as follows:

You also heard evidence tending to show that the [Appellant’s] 

father spoke with Mr. Pittard on a prior occasion. I’m instructing 

you, you must use this evidence ... for one purpose only and that 

is to help you judge the credibility and weight of the testimony 

and statements of the complainant. This evidence must not be 

consider[ed] by you in any other way other than for the purpose 

I just stated.

N.T., 12/13/2013, at 75-76. 

Before this Court, Appellant renews his prior arguments. According to 

Appellant, Mr. Pittard’s testimony was inadmissible hearsay and unduly 

prejudicial because it suggested to the jury that Appellant had encouraged 

the threats. See Appellant’s Brief at 11 (citing in support Commonwealth 

v. Collins, 702 A.2d 540, 544 (Pa. 1997) (noting that “threats against a 
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witness are not admissible as an admission of guilt against the accused 

unless the accused is linked in some way to the making of the threat”)). 

The record simply does not support this argument. Thus, we reject it 

summarily.

Appellant also suggests that the timing of the alleged third-party 

threats render them inadmissible. Appellant acknowledges that testimony 

regarding third-party threats against a witness may be admissible on other 

grounds. Id. (again citing in support Collins, 702 A.2d at 544 (recognizing 

well-established precedent in Pennsylvania that third-party threats are 

admissible to explain a witness’s prior inconsistent statement)). However, 

according to Appellant, because the threats alleged by Mr. Pittard occurred 

after his identification of Appellant in August 2012, his trial testimony does 

not properly address his prior reticence to identify Appellant. 

In contrast, the Commonwealth maintains that Mr. Pittard’s testimony 

regarding threats against his family was relevant to his credibility, 

particularly in how it related to his identification of Appellant. See

Commonwealth’s Brief at 14. As noted by the Commonwealth, evidence of 

threats to a witness may be admissible “for purposes other than to explain a 

prior inconsistent statement.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 13 (citing several 

cases in support). For example, though not directly on point, this Court has 

previously held admissible evidence of third-party threats where such 

evidence explained why a witness later accepted a plea deal and agreed to 
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testify. See Commonwealth v. Buchanan, 689 A.2d 930, 934 (Pa. Super. 

1997). Moreover, the Commonwealth relies upon a case from California, in 

which that state’s Supreme Court held as follows: 

Evidence that a witness is afraid to testify or fears retaliation for 

testifying is relevant to the credibility of that witness and is 

therefore admissible. An explanation of the basis for the 

witness’s fear is likewise relevant to her credibility and is well 

within the discretion of the trial court.

People v. Burgener, 62 P.3d 1, 28 (Cal. 2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 855 

(2003) (citations omitted).

The Commonwealth’s argument is persuasive. Mr. Pittard attempted 

to explain his reticence to identify Appellant. He testified that being labeled 

a “snitch” in his neighborhood was dangerous: 

If you tell on somebody, you can’t stay in that neighborhood or 

somebody might harm you and your family. If you’re still in the 

same neighborhood, it is not good for you and your family.

N.T., 12/10/2013, at 158. It is also noteworthy that Mr. Pittard’s reticence 

persisted until he and his family received assistance relocating to another 

neighborhood:

A. Like I was trying to explain to them the first time, get us 

out of that neighborhood, that was after.

Q. And the detectives were able to do that for you?

A. Yes, ma’am.

Q. And for your family?

A. Yes, ma’am, some of them.
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Q. And once they did that, that is when you decided you 

wanted to talk; is that right?

A. Yes, ma’am.

Id. at 167.

In our view, considered in this context, Mr. Pittard’s reference to 

third-party threats merely illustrated the potential danger he faced when he 

agreed to identify Appellant. Such testimony was relevant to the jury’s 

determination of Mr. Pittard’s credibility. Buchanan; Burgener. The 

court’s instruction provided a proper, limited context for the jury’s 

deliberations. Thus, we agree that it was admissible, and Appellant’s claim 

is without merit. Jones. 

In his second issue, Appellant contends that the Commonwealth 

improperly vouched for the credibility of Mr. Pittard, and thus committed 

prosecutorial misconduct, when it suggested during opening remarks that a 

“dying man’s last words” were inherently reliable. See Commonwealth’s 

Brief at 13 (quoting N.T., 12/10/2013, at 43). According to Appellant, 

“evaluating the credibility of witnesses is the sole province of the jury,” and 

“it is well established that a prosecutor may not express a personal opinion 

about a witness’s credibility.” Id. (citing in support Commonwealth v. 

Tedford, 960 A.2d 1, 31 (Pa. 2008)). 

Initially, we note that although Appellant timely objected to the 

Commonwealth’s opening statement, he requested neither a mistrial nor a 

curative instructive. See N.T., 12/10/2013, at 43. Accordingly, Appellant 
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has not properly preserved this issue, and we deem it waived. See 

Commonwealth v. Jones, 460 A.2d 739, 741 (Pa. 1983); Pa.R.Crim.P 

605(b).

Absent waiver, Appellant’s claim is devoid of merit. We review a claim 

of prosecutorial misconduct for an abuse of discretion, focusing on “whether 

the defendant was deprived of a fair trial, not a perfect one.” 

Commonwealth v. Solomon, 25 A.3d 380, 383 (Pa. Super. 2011) (quoting 

Commonwealth v. Rolan, 964 A.2d 398, 410 (Pa. Super. 2008)). No such 

deprivation occurred here. The record does not support Appellant’s 

assertion that the prosecutor personally vouched for Mr. Pittard’s credibility. 

Rather, the prosecutor merely commented on the admissibility of certain 

evidence proffered by the Commonwealth. See N.T., 12/10/2013, at 43-44 

(asserting that the common law has long recognized the admissibility of 

dying declarations).4 Nevertheless, a prosecutor may comment on a 

witness’s credibility in anticipation of an attack on it. See, e.g., 

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4 Notwithstanding the Commonwealth’s arguments to the contrary, it is 

unlikely that Officer Holmes’ testimony regarding Mr. Pittard’s initial 

identification of Appellant in 2009 was admissible as a dying declaration 

exception to the rule against hearsay. Commonwealth v. Griffin, 684 a2d 

589, 592 (Pa. Super. 1996) (“A statement may be considered a dying 

declaration, and hence admissible notwithstanding its hearsay attributes, if 

the declarant identifies his attacker, the declarant believes he is going to die, 

that death is imminent, and death actually results.”) (emphasis added); see 

also Pa.R.E. 804(b)(2) (providing that a statement made under belief of 

imminent death is admissible when the declarant is unavailable as a 

witness). Nevertheless, the testimony was likely admissible as an excited 

utterance. See Pa.R.E. 803(2).
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Commonwealth v. Keaton, 45 A.3d 1050, 1075-76 (Pa. 2012). Thus, on 

the merits, Appellant would be entitled to no relief. 

In his third issue, Appellant contends that the trial court erred when it 

overruled his objection to the Commonwealth’s closing argument. According 

to Appellant, the Commonwealth implicitly suggested to the jury that 

Appellant sought to intimidate witnesses, when it highlighted the presence 

and behavior of spectators in the courtroom. See Appellant’s Brief at 14-16. 

This claim, too, is without merit. First, Appellant misstates the record: the 

trial court did not overrule Appellant’s objection but rather denied 

Appellant’s motion for a mistrial. N.T., 12/13/2013, at 63. Moreover, the 

court recognized that a cautionary instruction was appropriate. Id. 

Thereafter, the trial court instructed the jury expressly to “disregard the 

opinion of the prosecutor as to guests who were inside the courtroom, which 

is a public gallery.” Id. at 67. The jury is presumed to follow such curative 

instructions. See Commonwealth v. Jones, 683 A.2d 1181, 1201-02 (Pa. 

1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 826 (1996). Thus, Appellant suffered no 

prejudice, and we discern no abuse of the court’s discretion. Jones, 683 

A.2d at 1201-02; Solomon, 25 A.3d at 383.

In his fourth issue, Appellant contends the trial court abused its 

discretion when it denied his request for a Kloiber charge. See

Commonwealth v. Kloiber, 106 A.2d 820 (Pa. 1954), cert. denied, 348 

U.S. 875 (1954). According to Appellant, Mr. Pittard and Mr. Cox failed to 
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identify Appellant from a photographic array on multiple occasions, following 

the 2009 and 2012 incidents. Thus, according to Appellant, the trial court 

should have instructed the jury to view their subsequent identifications with 

caution. See Appellant’s Brief at 16-17. 

We review the trial court’s jury instructions for an abuse of discretion. 

See Commonwealth v. Leber, 802 A.2d 648, 651 (Pa. Super. 2002). 

Where a witness has failed to identify a defendant on one or more prior 

occasions, it may be appropriate for the trial court to warn the jury that 

identification testimony “must be received with caution.” Kloiber, 106 A.2d 

at 827. However, no cautionary instruction is required where the issue of 

identification relates to the credibility of a witness. See, e.g., 

Commonwealth v. Paolello, 665 A.2d 439, 455 (Pa. 1995) (distinguishing 

between circumstances that relate to the physical ability of a witness to 

identify a defendant and those that relate to the credibility of a witness). 

Here, Appellant does not challenge the ability of Mr. Pittard or Mr. Cox to 

identify Appellant. Accordingly, no Kloiber charge was required, and we 

discern no abuse of the court’s discretion.

Finally, Appellant contends the trial court imposed an illegal sentence 

when it sentenced him to 20 to 40 years’ incarceration for attempted murder 

arising from the 2012 incident. According to Appellant, because none of the 

victims in the 2012 incident sustained any injuries, the maximum sentence 
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allowed was 20 years. See Appellant’s Brief at 17 (citing in support 18 

Pa.C.S. § 1102(c)).

Our standard of review in this regard is de novo. See

Commonwealth v. Infante, 63 A.3d 358, 363 (Pa. Super. 2013). Here, 

the trial court concedes its error. See Trial Court Opinion at 26-27. The 

court notes further that we may amend Appellant’s sentence rather than 

remanding this case for a new sentencing. Id. at 27 (citing 

Commonwealth v. Klein, 795 A.2d 424, 430 (Pa. Super. 2002)). The trial 

court requests that we do so, and the Commonwealth agrees. Id.; see also

Commonwealth’s Brief at 31.

According to the trial court, 

[h]ad [Appellant] filed a motion to reconsider [his] sentence as 

to the attempted murder conviction, the trial court would have 

amended the sentence to 10 to 20 years of incarceration for the 

attempted murder conviction docketed to CP-51-CR-0013417-

2012. Such a sentence would have run concurrent with the 

other convictions on the same docket number, but consecutive 

to the other case docketed to CP-51-CR-0013411-2012.

Trial Court Opinion at 27. Thus, we vacate Appellant’s judgment of sentence 

in part, solely as it relates to the length of sentence imposed for his 

conviction for the 2012 attempted murder, and impose an amended 

sentence of 10 to 20 years’ incarceration as set forth above in the trial 

court’s opinion. Appellant’s amended, aggregate sentence shall be 30 to 60 

years’ incarceration. See Klein, 795 A.2d at 430. 
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Judgment of sentence affirmed in part and vacated in part; amended 

sentence imposed.

Judge Platt joins the memorandum.

Judge Olson concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 4/8/2016