Butternut (Juglans

cinerea) Annotated

Bibliography

M.E. Ostry, M.J. Moore, and S.A.N. Worrall

United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest

Service

North Central

Research Station

General Technical

Report NC-235
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits

discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of

race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political

beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all

prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities

who require alternative means for communication of program

information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact

USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director,

Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building,

1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410

or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal

opportunity provider and employer.

Published by:

North Central Research Station

Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture

1992 Folwell Avenue

St. Paul, MN 55108

2003

Web site: www.ncrs.fs.fed.us
About The Authors:

M. E. Ostry is a Research Plant

Pathologist, M. J. Moore is a

Biological Technician, and S.A.N.

Worrall is formerly a Biological

Science Aid, USDA Forest Service,

North Central Research Station, St.

Paul, MN; Phone: (651) 649-5113.

Butternut (Juglans cinerea) has a native range

from eastern Canada west to Minnesota and

south to Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, and

Mississippi and frequently has been planted

outside of this range. Also known as white

walnut, lemonnut, or oilnut, butternut is valued

for its wood, flavorful nuts, wildlife mast, and

contribution to forest diversity.

Early utilization of butternut included the

medicinal use of bark, roots, and husks;

production of syrup, dyes, and oil; as well as the

use of its toxic bark to stun fish in small

streams. However, butternut’s widely scattered

growth habit within forest stands, its relatively

soft wood, small to medium kernel, and hard

shell have prevented it from becoming a

commercially important timber or nut species.

Butternut canker, first reported in 1967, is

killing butternut throughout its range in North

America and is threatening its survival as a

viable species. As a result, State and Federal

management guidelines have been enacted, and

research and conservation practices to restore

butternut are underway in Canada and the

United States.

This bibliography is intended as a reference for

researchers, land managers, and butternut

enthusiasts. The literature on butternut has

dramatically increased since butternut canker

was first observed in the late 1960s (fig. 1). The

search of major computerized literature databases and other sources of literature was

completed in December 2002. Our objective

was to include the major papers and reports on

butternut that have been published and not to

include all the popular articles and disease

detection reports that have been published in

various outlets. Literature citations are arranged

alphabetically by author, and a subject index is

included.

Butternut (Juglans cinerea)

Annotated Bibliography

Figure 1.—Number of publications on Juglans cinerea from 1890 to 2002.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Number of Publications

1890-

1899

1900-

1909

1910-

1919

1920-

1929

1930-

1939

1940-

1949

1950-

1959

1960-

1969

1970-

1979

1980-

1989

1990-

1999

2000-

2002*

 Year Published 
1. Anderson, Robert L. 1988. The

butternut...outlook grim. American Forests.

94(9,10): 49.

Describes the impact of butternut canker.

2. Anderson, Robert L. 1996. Butternut canker.

In: Proceedings, Southern Appalachian biological control initiative workshop; 1996 September

26-27; Asheville, NC. South East Regional

Association of Medical and Biological Organizations (SERAMBO): 4 p. [Available online: http://

www.main.nc.us/SERAMBO/BControl/

butternut.html].

Describes the butternut canker disease, its impact,

and the potential of finding and propagating resistant

trees for restoration.

3. Anderson, Robert L.; LaMadeleine, Leon A.

1978. The distribution of butternut decline in

the eastern United States. For. Insect and Dis.

Manage. Surv. Rep. S-3-78. Broomall, PA: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry.

5 p.

Results of a region-wide survey done in 1978.

Affected trees were found in 14 of 16 States surveyed,

and Sirococcus was isolated from samples from 8

States.

4. Ashworth, Fred L. 1965. Is the butternut our

most promising undeveloped nut? Annual

Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 56: 114-116.

Mentions a “dead limb disease” to which butternuts

are susceptible. Also details the discovery of the

“Chamberlin” butternut, and describes its good cracking

quality and hardiness.

5. Ashworth, Fred L. 1969. Butternuts, siebold

(Japanese) walnuts, and their hybrids. In:

Jaynes, Richard A., ed. Handbook of North

American nut trees. Knoxville, TN: The Northern Nut Growers Association: 224-231.

Describes butternuts, Japanese walnuts, and their

hybrids. Includes the characteristics of named varieties,

grafting methods used, and describes the Melanconis

disease.

2

6. Balser, Dan. 1995. Butternut...a threatened

species. The Ohio Woodland Journal. 2(2): 6-7.

Lists insect pests and diseases that affect butternut,

focusing on butternut canker. Symptoms, present status,

and management guidelines are reviewed.

7. Beardmore, Tannis. 1998. An ex situ conservation strategy for butternut. In: Carter, N.E.,

comp. Proceedings, Northeastern Forest Pest

Council annual meeting; 1998 March 9-11;

Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.

Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada: Department of Natural Resources and Energy: 40.

[Abstract].

Ultra-low, -196 ̊ C cryopreservation of butternut

embryonic axes was explored. Despite significant tree-totree variation, it may be a viable method of ex situ

conservation.

8. Beardmore, Tannis; Vong, Wendy. 1998. Role

of the cotyledonary tissue in improving low and

ultralow temperature tolerance of butternut

(Juglans cinerea) embryonic axes. Canadian

Journal of Forest Research. 28: 903-910.

Butternuts typically lose viability when stored for

long periods of time. This study explored possibilities of

low temperature storage of excised embryos. Germination generally decreased with exposure to lower temperatures. Embryos with some cotyledonary tissue attached

and slowly desiccated to 4.8% water or less had the best

chance of surviving ultra-low (-196 ̊ C) temperatures.

9. Belisario, A.; Zoina, A.; Pezza, L.; Luongo, L.

1999. Susceptibility of species of Juglans to

pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris. European

Journal of Forest Pathology. 29: 75-80.

Bacterial blight is a serious disease affecting the

genus Juglans. Among the species tested, J. regia was the

most susceptible, and J. cinerea was among the most

resistant.
10. Bergdahl, D.R.; Halik, S. 1997. The butternut

canker fungus recovered from insects collected

on Juglans cinerea. In: Laflamme, G.; Bérubé,

J.A.; Hamelin, R.C., eds. Foliage, shoot and

stem diseases of trees: Proceedings of the

IUFRO WP 7.02.02 meeting; 1997 May 25-31;

Québec City, Québec, Canada. Inf. Rep. LAU-X122. Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada: Natural

Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service,

Laurentian Forestry Centre: 133-137.

Insects were collected from butternut trees in

Vermont and tested for the presence of Sirococcus

clavigignenti-juglandacearum spores. Three beetle

species were found to carry spores on their bodies,

mostly from freshly cut logs or branches.

11. Bergdahl, D.R.; Landis, J.N.; Bergdahl, A.D.;

Teillon, H.B. 1996. Status of butternut canker

in northwestern Vermont. Supplement to

Phytopathology. 86(11): S119. [Abstract].

During 1993-94, butternuts were evaluated for the

incidence of butternut canker at 18 sites. Out of 1,317

trees, 94% were infected.

12. Beuchat, L.R. 1978. Relationship of water

activity to moisture content in tree nuts. Journal

of Food Science. 43: 754-755, 758.

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects

of moisture and oil content on the water activity (aw, a

measure based on equilibration with a given humidity)

of several nut meats, including butternuts. Butternut had

a middle range of aw.

13. Bish, Cyril. 1990. N.N.G.A. nut evaluation:

1989 nut crop. Annual Report of the Northern

Nut Growers Association. 81: 47-55.

Evaluates the 1989 nut crop by the Nebraska scoring

system. Includes an evaluation of a number of butternut

selections.

14. Bixby, Willard G. 1919. The butternut and the

Japan walnut. American Nut Journal. 10(6): 76-

83.

Describes attempts to distinguish between heartnuts,

butternuts, Japan walnuts, and their hybrids. Heartnuts

often produce butternut-like progeny because of frequent

hybridization with native butternuts.

15. Black, W.M.; Neely, Dan. 1978. Relative

resistance of Juglans species and hybrids to

walnut anthracnose. Plant Disease Reporter.

62(6): 497-499.

Various nut trees, mostly Juglans species and

hybrids, were inoculated with spores of Gnomia

leptostyla. Butternut was more resistant than black

walnut, but more susceptible than butternut/

Japanese hybrids.

16. Bonner, Franklin T. [In press]. Juglans L.,

walnut. In: Bonner, Franklin T., tech. coord.

Woody plant seed manual. Washington, DC:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.

[Avaiolable online: http://www.wpsm.net].

Describes seed collection treatment and germination

of the most common Juglans species. It includes common

nursery practices and a number of tables including

phenology, seed yield, stratification procedures, and

germination rates.

17. Brinkman, Kenneth A. 1974. Juglans L.

(Walnut). In: Schopmeyer, C.S., tech. coord.

Seeds of woody plants in the United States.

Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 454-

459.

A manual on the collection, treatment, and planting

of walnut and butternut seeds. Butternut requires 90-

120 days of cold stratification before germinating.

18. Brooks, Fred E. 1922. Curculios that attack

the young fruits and shoots of walnut and

hickory. Bull. No. 1066. Washington, DC: U.S.

Department of Agriculture. 16 p.

A description of the life cycle and damage caused by

four different species of curculios. The butternut curculio

feeds mainly on butternut and Japanese walnut. The

walnut curculio may occasionally feed on butternut. The

other two feed on hickory. Suggested control measures

are mentioned.

19. Brooks, Reid M.; Olmo, H.P. 1984. Register of

new fruit and nut varieties list 34. HortScience.

19(3): 359-363.

Lists “Stark Bountiful” butternut as a patented

variety and includes a brief description.

3
20. Brown, Jean-Louis. 1975. Extension de l’aire

de distribution de Juglans cinerea L. au Quebec:

Extension of the area of distribution of Juglans

cinerea L. in Québec. Le Naturaliste Canadien.

102: 371-372.

Article in French. Describes an area containing

butternut trees, near La Tuque, Quebec, that is about 20

km farther north than the previously known northern

limit of its range.

21. Burbank, Luther. 1915. On nut growing. In:

Whitson, John; John, Robert; Smith Williams,

Henry, eds. Luther Burbank - his methods and

discoveries and their practical application. New

York, NY: Luther Burbank Press: 11: 30-33.

Describes walnut production but mentions that many

people would put butternuts at the head of the list for

best taste.

22. Burgart, Harry P. 1942. Butternut propagation

and other notes. Annual Report of the Northern

Nut Growers Association. 33: 78-79.

Describes early grafting attempts with the “Craxezy”

butternut.

23. Burgart, Harry P. 1944. Origin of the Craxezy

butternut. Annual Report of the Northern Nut

Growers Association. 35: 59-60.

Describes the discovery of the “Craxezy” butternut.

24. Busov, Victor B.; Rink, George; Schlarbaum,

Scott E.; Zuo, Jinghua. 1996. Allozyme

variation within and among several Juglans L.

species and their hybrids. In: Van Sambeek,

J.W., ed. Knowledge for the future of black

walnut: Proceedings of the 5th black walnut

symposium; 1996 July 28-31; Springfield, MO.

Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-191. St. Paul, MN: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

North Central Forest Experiment Station: 69.

[Abstract].

Allozyme data for 10 loci were compared for

discriminating between butternut, heartnut, and black

walnut. Several enzyme systems were promising for

discrimination between species and butternut/heartnut

hybrids. Outcrossing rates and heterozygosity were also

calculated.

25. Campbell, Faith Thompson. 1994. Killer pigs,

vines, and fungi: alien species threaten native

ecosystems. Endangered Species Technical

Bulletin. 19(5): 3-5.

Describes the butternut canker fungus as one of

many exotic plants, insects, pathogens, and animals that

threaten American ecosystems.

26. Campbell, Faith Thompson. 1996. The

invasion of the exotics. Endangered Species

Bulletin. 21(2): 12-13.

Describes the butternut canker fungus as one of

many exotics (including plants, insects, pathogens, and

animals) that threaten American ecosystems.

27. Campbell, Faith Thompson; Schlarbaum,

Scott E. 1994. Fading forests - North American

trees and the threat of exotic pests. New York,

NY: Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.

47 p.

Reviews a number of exotic pest and disease

problems, including butternut canker. Also mentions

possible future threats and gives suggestions for a

comprehensive prevention and management program.

28. Campbell, Faith Thompson; Schlarbaum,

Scott E. 2002. Fading forests II - trading away

America’s natural heritage (available only on

CD). Healing Stones Foundation in cooperation

with American Lands Alliance and the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Discusses the problem of invasive exotic organisms,

the common pathways of introduction, and issues related

to the prevention of introduction. Reviews trade regulations, implementation, and needed changes. Butternut

canker is described as an example of an exotic disease

organism.

4
29. Campbell, Julian J.N. 1989. Historical evidence of forest composition in the Bluegrass

Region of Kentucky. In: Rink, G.; Budelsky,

C.A., eds. Proceedings of the 7th central hardwood forest conference; 1989 March 5-8;

Carbondale, IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-132. St.

Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment

Station: 231-246.

A review from historical records of the forest

composition of the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky. Many

records did not distinguish between black walnut and

butternut, but those that did distinguish between the two

mentioned butternut (white walnut) as frequently as

black walnut.

30. Chandler, R. Frank; Freeman, Lois; Hooper,

Shirley N. 1979. Herbal remedies of the

maritime Indians. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1: 49-68.

Describes some of the herbal remedies used in the

past by the maritime Indians of eastern Canada.

Mentions that butternut bark was used as a reliable

purgative (laxative).

31. Clark, F. Bryan. 1958. Silvical characteristics of

butternut. Misc. Rel. 28. Columbus, OH: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Central States Forest Experiment Station. 9 p.

Describes the site preferences, associated species,

growth characteristics, and pest and disease problems of

butternut.

32. Clark, F. Bryan. 1965. Butternut (Juglans

cinerea L.). In: Fowells, H.A., comp. Silvics of

forest trees of the United States. Washington,

DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service: 208-210.

Describes the site preferences, associated species,

growth characteristics, and pest and disease problems of

butternut. A detailed map of its range is included.

33. Cogliastro, Alain; Gagnon, Daniel; Bouchard,

André. 1993. Effet des sites et des traitements

sylvicoles sur la croissance, l’allocation en

biomasse et l’utilisation de l’azote de semis de

quatre espèces feuillues en plantations dans le

sud-ouest du Quebec: Effect of site and silvicultural treatment on growth, biomass allocation,

and nitrogen utilization of seedlings of four

broadleaf species in plantations in southwest

Québec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research.

23: 199-209.

Article in French with an English abstract. Butternut

was among four species planted to identify conditions

leading to the successful establishment of plantations.

Biomass allocation and nitrogen nutrition were analyzed. Weed control with glyphosate increased growth.

Mortality was highest where water availability was

lowest.

34. Cogliastro, Alain; Gagnon, Daniel; Bouchard,

André. 1997. Experimental determination of

soil characteristics optimal for the growth of ten

hardwoods planted on abandoned farmland.

Forest Ecology and Management. 96: 49-63.

The growth and survival of 10 different hardwoods

including butternut were recorded over a range of soil

and geological conditions. Butternut grew slowly but

adapted to a wide range of soil types.

35. Corneil, Jeffrey A.; Wilson, Louis F. 1979.

Life history of the butternut curculio,

Conotrachelus juglandis (Coleoptera:

Curculionidae), in Michigan. The Great Lakes

Entomologist. 14(1): 13-15.

The life cycle of the butternut curculio was studied in

Michigan. It has one generation per year. The major

injury is caused by larval tunneling in the pith and

girdling at the base of new shoots. Spring feeding by

adults injures young shoots.

36. Crane, H.L.; Reed, C.A.; Wood, M.N. 1937.

Nut breeding. In: Yearbook of agriculture.

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture: 827-899.

Describes histories of breeding most nut bearing trees

in the U.S., including butternut. Includes information on

how to perform controlled pollinations.

5
42. Davidson, J.; Reed, C.A. 1954. Other species

of walnut. In: Improved nut trees of North

America. New York, NY: Devin-Adair: 95-104.

Describes the history, utilization, and varieties of

butternuts, other Juglans species, and hybrids.

43. Davidson, John. 1943. The status of nut

growing in 1943. Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 34: 22-46.

Results of a survey sent to nut growers in the U.S.

and Canada covering many topics involved in nut

growing. A number of topical sections mention butternut

including soil, diseases, nut bearing, and named

varieties.

44. Davie, Bill; Davie, Lois. 1977. Budding

persians, black walnuts, heartnuts, and butternuts on black walnut rootstocks. Annual Report

of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 68:

108-110.

Describes a technique using greenwood field grafting

with several species of nut trees, including butternuts.

Authors often achieved 90% success.

45. Davie, Bill; Davie, Lois. 1980. Greenwood tip

grafting for nut tree propagation. Annual Report

of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 71:

63-65.

Describes a technique using greenwood field grafting

with several species of nut trees, including butternuts,

and compares results with budding.

46. Davis, C.N.; Myren, D.T.; Czerwinski, E.J.

1992. First report of butternut canker in

Ontario. Plant Disease. 76(9): 972.

Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum was

confirmed on butternut trees in southern Ontario.

47. Davis, Corwin. 1966. The butternut. Annual

Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 57: 101-102.

Describes butternut tree and nut characteristics.

Author offers suggestions for hulling and cracking the

nuts, and mentions observations on grafting.

37. Crawford, Martin. 2000. The butternut and

the buartnut. Yearbook - West Australian Nut

and Tree Crops Association. 24: 54-62.

Describes the characteristics, uses, cultivation, insect

pests, and diseases of butternut and its hybrids. Lists

known cultivars of butternut and buartnut.

38. Cummings Carlson, Jane. 1993. Butternut:

are there any healthy trees left? Wisconsin

Christmas Tree Producers Association Quarterly

Journal. 8(2): 28-31. Also printed in: Woodland

Management. 14(2): 11-12.

Describes the impact of butternut canker in Wisconsin. The disease had spread throughout nearly the entire

range of butternut with high percentages of trees

infected.

39. Cummings Carlson, Jane. 1997. Silviculture

of butternut: relationship between size of

canopy opening, disease development and host

survival. In: Forest health conditions in Wisconsin annual report 1997. Madison, WI:

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources,

Forest Health Protection Unit: 59-63.

Butternut seedlings were planted in two different

habitat types in five different canopy openings to test for

optimal conditions to promote growth and reduce disease

severity. Interim results showed greater diameter and

height growth in the better habitat type.

40. Cummings Carlson, Jane; Guthmiller, Mark.

1993. Incidence and severity of butternut

canker in Wisconsin in 1976 and 1992. Phytopathology. 83(12): 1352. [Abstract A188].

Reports on the percentages of trees surveyed that

were infected in 1976 and 1992. In 1992, 92% of

surveyed trees were infected and 27% were dead.

41. Cummings Carlson, Jane; Kopitzke, David.

1997. Wisconsin’s increasingly rare butternuts.

Woodland Management. 18(3): 9-14.

Describes butternut tree characteristics and butternut canker. Includes suggestions to landowners on how to

identify diseased trees, encourage butternut regeneration, decide when to harvest, and report the presence of

potentially resistant trees.

6
48. Davis, Donald D. 1996. Where have all the

butternut trees gone? Pennsylvania Forests.

87(1): 15-17.

Describes butternut characteristics, disease symptoms, and biology, and efforts to combat the problem

through management and the discovery of resistant trees.

49. Delcourt, Hazel R. 1979. Late quaternary

vegetation history of the eastern Highland Rim

and adjacent Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee.

Ecological Monographs. 49(3): 255-280.

Sediment cores were taken from two pond sites and

analyzed for pollen and plant fossils. Butternut was

among the first taxa to replace the boreal conifer forest

after late-glacial climatic amelioration.

50. Doyon, Frédérik; Bouchard, André; Gagnon,

Daniel. 1998. Tree productivity and successional status in Québec northern hardwoods.

Ecoscience. 5(2): 222-231.

The study calculated age, production, and biomass of

12 northern hardwoods, including butternut, along a

stand age gradient in southwest Québec. Data from

butternut clearly grouped it with early successional

species.

51. Federspiel, M.C.; Nair, V.M.G. 1982. Infection processes and host-parasite interactions in

butternut canker caused by Sirococcus

clavigignenti-juglandacearum. Bulletin of the

Botanical Club of Wisconsin. 14(3): 33-34.

Young butternut seedlings were infected when

wounded, sprayed with a spore suspension, and enclosed

in 95-100% humidity. At 50-75% humidity infection did

not result. Infected tissue was microscopically examined,

revealing hyphae penetrating through leaf scars.

52. Fjellstrom, R.G.; Parfitt, D.E. 1994. Walnut

(Juglans spp.) genetic diversity determined by

restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Genome. 37: 690-700.

The genetic diversity of 13 Juglans species was

characterized using nuclear RFLPs (DNA restriction

fragments). Results suggested that butternut be included

with section Cardiocaryon (oriental walnuts). Named

varieties and the general population of butternut showed

low variability, although a North Carolina population of

butternut showed substantial variation.

53. Fjellstrom, R.G.; Parfitt, D.E. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis and evolution of the genus Juglans

(Juglandaceae) as determined from nuclear

genome RFLPs. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 197: 19-32.

Phylogenic relationships between Juglans species

were studied using RFLPs. Allele frequency data and

fragment data were used to create distance matrices and

perform parsimony analysis. Results suggested that

butternut should be grouped with the oriental walnuts.

54. Fleguel, V. Rosemary. 1996. A literature

review of butternut and the butternut canker.

Inf. Rep. 20. Kemptville, Ontario, Canada:

Eastern Ontario Model Forest. 32 p.

Describes butternut characteristics, seed propagation, grafting, butternut canker, and management

guidelines. Includes information gathered from personal

communication with individuals researching butternut

canker.

55. Fleming, R.A. 1970. Nut culture in Ontario.

Publ. 494. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Ontario

Department of Agriculture and Food. 10 p.

Lists butternut among several nut tree species that

will grow in southern Ontario. Includes information on

planting, propagation, cultivation, and harvesting.

56. Forest Gene Conservation Association.

[n.d.]. A landowner’s guide to butternut canker

in Ontario. Kemptville, Ontario, Canada: Forest

Gene Conservation Association. n.p.

Describes the symptoms of butternut canker with

management guidelines and suggestions for identifying

potentially resistant trees. Includes a chart on distinguishing between butternut and walnut. Illustrated.

57. Fuller, Andrew S. 1912. The walnut. In: The

nut culturist. New York, NY: Orange Judd

Company: 203-253.

Describes the characteristics, history, and culture of

several species of walnut including butternut.

7
63. Gervais, C. 1963. Un nouval hybride naturel

chez Juglans: A new natural hybrid in Juglans.

Annales ACFAS. 29: 45. [Abstract].

Article in French. A natural hybrid of butternut and

black walnut was discovered in the botanical garden of

Marburg, Germany.

64. Gilmore, Melvin R. 1933. Some Chippewa

uses of plants. Ann Arbor, MI: University of

Michigan Press. 119-143.

Lists plants and trees used by the Chippewa.

Butternut bark was used to make a brown dye, and sap

was boiled and used as a cathartic.

65. Goldner, Richard D. 1978. Successful budgrafting. Annual Report of the Northern Nut

Growers Association. 69: 12-17.

Details the process of bud grafting, used for many

nuts including butternuts. Describes many aspects of the

process including scion storage, weather, cutting

techniques, wrapping, and after care.

66. Goldner, Richard D. 1979. Fifteen years with

grafted black walnuts and butternuts. Annual

Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 70: 34-41.

Author describes his successes and failures with

growing nut trees. Details include weather, soil

conditions, and success of various named varieties.

67. Goodell, Edward. 1984. Walnuts for the

northeast. Arnoldia. 44(1): 3-19.

Describes all the major Juglans species including

butternut, and provides suggestions for their culture.

58. Funk, David Truman. 1972. Identification and

performance of Juglans hybrids. Dissertation

Abstracts International B - Agriculture, Forestry

and Wildlife. 32(12): 6761-6762. [Abstract].

A number of quantitative leaf and twig characteristics were used to differentiate between J. nigra, J. regia,

and their hybrids, and between J. sieboldiana, J.

cinerea, and their hybrids. Chromatography of polyphenol extracts from leaves was also used. Hybrid indices

were developed using both techniques.

59. Funkhouser, W.D. 1915. Note on the life

history of Enchenopa binotata Say

(Membracidae) on the butternut. Journal of

Economic Entomology. 8: 368-371.

A description of the life cycle of Enchenopa

binotata. It often lives on other trees and shrubs, but it is

abundant on butternut and has distinct habits on this

tree.

60. Furnier, Glenn R.; Stolz, Allison, M.;

Mustaphi, Raka M.; Ostry, Michael E. 1999.

Genetic evidence that butternut canker was

recently introduced into North America.

Canadian Journal of Botany. 77: 783-785.

Samples of Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum were collected throughout the native

range of butternut. Using RAPD markers, the fungus

was found to be monomorphic, which suggests it came

from a single recent introduction.

61. Gellatly, J.U. 1966. Heartnuts - outstanding

selections and some of their best hybrids.

Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers

Association. 57: 103-110.

A description of nut qualities of heartnut and

buartnut varieties.

62. Germain, E.; Hanquier, I.; Monet, R. 1993.

Identification of eight Juglans spp. and their

interspecific hybrids by isoenzymatic electrophoresis. Acta Horticulturae. 311: 73-85.

Isoenzyme polymorphism was analyzed in leaf tissue

from eight Juglans spp. and six hybrids. Nine enzymatic

systems were used, showing a narrow intraspecific

variability. This may be a useful diagnostic tool for

identifying species and hybrids. In most enzyme systems,

butternut either had distinct banding or had bands

similar to that of the oriental walnuts.

8
68. Gottschalk, Kurt W.; Ostry, Michael E.;

Morin, Randall S.; Liebhold, Andrew M.

2002. Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) distribution

for estimating butternut canker mortality

impacts and potential reintroduction of resistant

trees. In: 87th Annual meeting of the Ecological

Society of America and the 14th Annual international conference of the Society for Ecological

Restoration; 2002 August 4-9; Tucson, AZ.

[Abstract]. [Available online: http://

199.245.200.45/pweb/

?SOCIETY=esa&YEAR=2002].

FIA plot data were used to create a probability map

of butternut occurrence across the eastern U.S. This

analysis was used to identify candidate areas for possible

resistant butternut reintroduction.

69. Graham, S.H. 1943. Better butternuts, please.

Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers

Association. 34: 85-88.

A description of the good and poor qualities of

butternuts. Among the poor qualities are early blooming,

difficulty in grafting, butternut curculios, and the

Melanconis disease.

70. Graves, Arthur Harmount. 1923. The

Melanconis disease of the butternut (Juglans

cinerea L.). Phytopathology. 13: 411-435.

A description of the Melanconis fungus on butternut.

It includes details of the life cycle of the fungus and

results of inoculation studies.

71. Graves, H.S. 1913. Butternut Juglans cinerea

Linnaeus. In: Forest atlas of the national forests

of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: n.p.

A map showing the known range of butternut as of

1913.

72. Grimm, Eric C. 1984. Fire and other factors

controlling the Big Woods vegetation of Minnesota in the mid-nineteenth century. Ecological

Monographs. 54(3): 291-311.

Bearing-tree data from the original land survey

records of 1847-1850 were used to reconstruct the

vegetation of the Big Woods and prairie-woodland border

in south-central Minnesota. Butternut consisted of 0.9%

of the bearing trees. Vegetation type was related to

physical firebreaks and to the presence or absence of fire.

73. Halik, S.; Bergdahl, D.R. 1996. Sirococcus

clavigignenti-juglandacearum isolated from

beetles collected from Juglans cinerea. Supplement to Phytopathology. 86(11): S122. [Abstract].

Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum was

isolated from the bodies of several beetle species collected

from butternut logs and stems.

74. Halik, S.; Bergdahl, D.R. 2002. Potential

beetle vectors of Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum on butternut. Plant Disease. 86:

521-527.

Beetles of 17 species, collected from diseased trees,

logs, and branches of butternut, were found to carry

conidia of Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum.

These beetles were most often found on dead stems and

branches where the fungus was fruiting.

75. Hamel, Paul B.; Chiltoskey, Mary U. 1975.

Cherokee plants and their uses—a 400 year

history. Sylva, NC: Herald Publishing Co. 65 p.

Lists plants and trees that were used by the Cherokee

Indians. Butternut bark was used as a cathartic, for

toothache, and for dye.

76. Harlow, William M.; Harrar, Ellwood S.

1996. Juglans cinerea L. - butternut. In: Textbook of dendrology - covering the important

forest trees of the United States and Canada. 5th

ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co.: 243-

245.

A general description of butternut tree characteristics.

77. Harrison, K.J.; Hurley, J.E.; Ostry, M.E. 1998.

First report of butternut canker caused by

Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum in New

Brunswick, Canada. Plant Disease. 82(11):

1282.

The butternut canker fungus was isolated from

branches in several locations in New Brunswick,

Canada. A sample was included from the far northeastern corner of the tree’s range.

9
84. Hopkin, A.; Innes, L.; Harrison, K. 2001.

Distribution of butternut canker (Sirococcus

clavigignenti-juglandacearum) in eastern Canada.

Frontline Express Bull. No. 2. Sault Ste. Marie,

Ontario, Canada: Canadian Forest Service,

Great Lakes Forestry Centre. 2 p. [Available

online: http://www.glfc.forestry.ca/frontline/

bulletins/bulletin_no.2_e.html].

Describes the symptoms and distribution of butternut

canker in eastern Canada.

85. Hutchins, Lee M.; Wester, Horace V. 1947.

Graft-transmissible brooming disease of walnut.

Phytopathology. 37: 11. [Abstract].

A brooming disease of black walnut, butternut, and

Japanese walnut was studied. Patch bark grafts transmitted the pathogen, thought to be a virus, in black and

Japanese walnut.

86. Hyche, L.L. 1989. Seasonal cycle and habits of

the butternut woolyworm. Bull. 601. Auburn,

AL: Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station.

10 p.

The sawfly Eriocampa juglandis is commonly called the

butternut woolyworm. It was discovered in Alabama,

further south than its previously reported range. The life

cycle is described. It feeds on butternut, black walnut,

and hickory.

87. Innes, L. 1997. Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum on butternut and black walnut

fruit. In: Laflamme, G.; Bérubé, J.A.; Hamelin,

R.C., eds. Foliage, shoot and stem diseases of

trees: Proceedings of the IUFRO WP 7.02.02

meeting; 1997 May 25-31; Québec City,

Québec, Canada. Inf. Rep. LAU-X-122. SainteFoy, Québec, Canada: Natural Resources

Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian

Forestry Centre: 129-132.

Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum was

isolated from both butternut and black walnut fruits.

Other pathogenic fungi were also isolated.

78. Harrison, Ken J.; Hurley, J. Edward. 1998.

Butternut canker - a first record for New

Brunswick. Tech. Note 315. Fredericton, New

Brunswick, Canada: Canadian Forest Service,

Atlantic Forestry Centre. 3 p.

A search for butternut canker near the Maine-New

Brunswick border confirmed the presence of the fungus

in several locations.

79. Haynes, S. Clark. 1994. Butternut canker in

West Virginia. Annual Report of the Northern

Nut Growers Association. 85: 61-62.

A status report describing the search for cankerresistant butternuts in West Virginia. Only one tree fit

the criteria for selecting potentially resistant trees.

80. Heimann, M.F.; Stevenson, W.R. 1997.

Walnut and butternut toxicity. Urban

Phytonarian Ser. A3182. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Extension. 2 p.

A description of walnut and butternut root toxicity,

caused by juglone, affecting a number of plants. Lists

sensitive and tolerant species and offers suggestions for

homeowners to minimize the problem.

81. Hepting, George H. 1971. Butternut - Juglans

cinerea. In: Diseases of forest and shade trees of

the United States. Agric. Handb. 386. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service: 187-195.

Describes the Melanconis disease and some other

common diseases of butternut.

82. Herrick, James William. 1977. Iroquois

medical botany. Albany, NY: State University of

New York. 557 p. Ph.D. Dissertation.

Describes Iroquois medical uses of plants. Butternut

was used to stop bleeding, for yellow skin, mouth ulcers,

toothache, and venereal disease, as a laxative, and a

dye.

83. Hopkin, A.; Innes, L.; Harrison, K. 2000.

Distribution of butternut canker (Sirococcus

clavigignenti-juglandacearum) in eastern Canada.

Canadian Plant Disease Survey. 81: 154-157.

Results of surveys in eastern Canada were mapped,

showing the distribution of butternut canker in the

region.

10
88. Innes, Louise; Rainville, André. 1996.

Distribution et détection du Sirococcus

clavigignenti-juglandacearum au Québec: Distribution and detection of Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum in Quebec. Phytoprotection.

77(2): 75-78.

Article in French with English abstract. Butternut

canker was first reported in Quebec in 1990. In 1995 it

was isolated from both butternut and walnut seedlings in

two nurseries for the first time.

89. Innes, Louise; Rainville, André. 1998.

Distribution and detection of the Sirococcus

canker of butternut in Quebec. In: Carter, N.E.,

comp. Proceedings, Northeastern Forest Pest

Council annual meeting; 1998 March 9-11;

Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.

Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada: Department of Natural Resources and Energy: 37-39.

The butternut canker fungus was found on butternut

and walnut in nurseries and plantations, but caused less

damage on walnut. A study of four new butternut

plantations found canker present despite careful

inspection and culling of seedlings. The disease was

thought to be seedborne.

90. Jaynes, Richard A. 1969. Breeding improved

nut trees. In: Jaynes, Richard A., ed. Handbook

of North American nut trees. Knoxville, TN:

The Northern Nut Growers Association: 376-

399.

Reviews principles and techniques for nut breeding, and

describes the hybridizing potential of Juglans species,

including butternut.

91. Johnson, Robert W.; Tyree, Melvin T. 1992.

Effect of stem water content on sap flow from

dormant maple and butternut stems. Plant

Physiology. 100: 853-858.

Sap flow from excised maple and butternut stems

was correlated with stem water content. Exudation

varied depending on water content, timing, and freeze/

thaw cycles.

92. Kaeiser, M.; Funk, D.T. 1971. Structural

changes in walnut grafts. Annual Report of the

Northern Nut Growers Association. 62: 90-94.

Several Juglans species and hybrids, including

butternut, were grafted in 22 scion-stock combinations.

At different times grafts were removed for microscopic

examination. All were at least partly compatible in the

earliest stages.

93. Kaeiser, Margaret; Jones, Jay H.; Funk, David

T. 1975. Interspecific walnut grafting in the

greenhouse. The Plant Propagator. 20(4): 2-7

and 21(1): 2-7.

Cleft and bark grafts were performed in the greenhouse using a number of Juglans species and hybrids

(including butternut) for scions and black walnut,

Persian walnut, and Japanese walnut as rootstock.

Success after 2 years was 80% for butternut on black

walnut. Overall success was 74%.

94. Katovich, Steven A.; Ostry, Michael E. 1998.

Insects associated with butternut and butternut

canker in Minnesota and Wisconsin. The Great

Lakes Entomologist. 31(2): 97-108.

Sirococcus clavigignenti-junglandacearum was

isolated from several species of insects collected from

diseased butternut trees. Potential disease vectors

included beetles from three different coleopteran genera.

95. Keifer, Hartford H.; Baker, Edward W.; Kono,

Tokuwo; Delfinado, Mercedes; Styer, William

E. 1982. An illustrated guide to plant abnormalities caused by eriophyid mites in North

America. Agric. Handb. 573. Washington, DC:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service. 178 p.

Describes the eriophyid mites of many species,

including Eriophyes cinereae, which creates puckered

galls on butternut leaves.

96. Krochmal, Arnold; Krochmal, Connie. 1982.

Genus Juglans L. - walnut. In: Uncultivated nuts

of the United States. Agric. Inf. Bull. 450.

Washington, DC: United States Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service: 51-58.

Describes native nut species in the U.S., including

butternut. Lists several past uses for butternuts,

including medicinal, dyes, and food products.

11
101. Lambert, France; Truax, Benoit; Gagnon,

Daniel; Chevrier, Normand. 1994. Growth

and N nutrition, monitored by enzyme assays,

in a hardwood plantation: effects of mulching

materials and glyphosate application. Forest

Ecology and Management. 70: 231-244.

The effects of mulching materials and glyphosate

application on growth and nitrogen nutrition of seedlings

of butternut, white ash, and bur oak were studied.

Butternut was most responsive to herbicide application.

Mulching alone was only somewhat effective with

butternut. Butternut had the highest level of nitrate

reductase activity.

102. Landis, J.N.; Bergdahl, D.R. 1996. Incidence

of butternut canker spatially related to tree

density. Supplement to Phytopathology. 86(11):

S123. [Abstract].

Butternut trees in northwestern Vermont were

surveyed and entered into a GIS database. Analysis of

spatial relationships revealed that rain splash spore

dissemination explains only some of the distribution of

butternut canker.

103. LandOwner Resource Centre. 1996. Butternut. Ext. Notes Agdex 330. Ontario, Canada:

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Eastern

Ontario Model Forest. 6 p.

Describes the characteristics of butternut, with

guidelines for planting and growing the tree. Illustrated.

104. Larsen, Esther Louise. 1942. Pehr Kalm’s

observations on black walnut and butternut

trees. Agricultural History. 16: 149-157.

A translation of an article written in 1769 by a

Swedish botanist. It describes habits and uses of black

walnuts and butternuts in the 1700s.

105. Lauriault, Jean. 1989. Identification guide to

the trees of Canada. Markham, Ontario,

Canada: Fitzhenry & Whiteside. 479 p.

Describes characteristics and uses of the butternut

tree.

97. Kuntz, J.E.; Nair, V.M.G. 1982. The role of

hyphal pegs in spore dissemination by

Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. Phytopathology. 72(8): 1137. [Abstract].

Hyphal pegs loosen and crack the outer bark of

butternut, and expose pycnidia from which the spores

extrude.

98. Kuntz, James E.; Nair, V.M. Ganga. 1982.

Hyphal pegs and pycnidia produced by

Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. Bulletin

of the Botanical Club of Wisconsin. 14(3): 35.

[Abstract].

The fungus that causes butternut canker produces

hyphal pegs and pycnidia from which conidia are

extruded.

99. Kuntz, J.; Prey, A.; Ambuel, B.; Sarkis, E.

1978. The etiology and epidemiology of butternut canker. In: Proceedings of the 69th Annual

meeting of the American Phytopathological

Society; 1977 August; East Lansing, MI. St.

Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society.

4: 84. [Abstract].

Describes the symptoms and effects of butternut

canker, fruiting bodies, and spore dissemination of the

fungus. Inoculation of seedlings with the fungus resulted

in lesions and seedling death.

100. Kuntz, J.E.; Prey, A.J.; Jutte, S.; Nair, V.M.G.

1979. The etiology, distribution, epidemiology,

histology and impact of butternut canker in

Wisconsin. In: Walnut insects and diseases,

workshop proceedings; 1978 June 13-14;

Carbondale, IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-52. St.

Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment

Station: 69-72.

Describes the fungal biology and impact of butternut

canker.

12
106. Lefevre, Henry E. 1964. Experimenting with

nut trees in Huntingdon County, Quebec.

Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers

Association. 55: 106-109.

Mentions the abundance of butternuts in that area.

107. Leffel, Robert C. 1996. Butternut trees: what

else can be done? Pennsylvania Forests. 87(3):

19.

Discusses the possibility of using backcross breeding

as a means of producing resistant butternuts.

108. Loo, Judy. 1998. Development of conservation

strategies for New Brunswick trees at risk. In:

Carter, N.E., comp. Proceedings, Northeastern

Forest Pest Council annual meeting; 1998

March 9-11; Fredericton, New Brunswick,

Canada. Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada:

Department of Natural Resources and Energy:

30-36.

Uses butternut as an example in a discussion of what

is needed for an effective conservation strategy. Discusses

in situ and ex situ efforts, planning, and implementation.

109. Lounsberry, C.C. 1946. Nut trees for Iowa.

Transactions of the Iowa State Horticultural

Society. 81: 253-267.

Offers propagation and culture information on nut

trees that grow in Iowa, including the butternut.

110. MacDaniels, L.H. 1950. How about the

butternut? Annual Report of the Northern Nut

Growers Association. 41: 125-129.

Describes some good and poor characteristics of

butternut. Discusses nut characteristics of several named

varieties, grafting preferences, diseases, and insect pests.

111. Majcen, Zoran. 1995. Le noyer cendré au lac

Tapani: The butternuts of Lake Tapani. Note de

Recherche Forestière n ̊ 64. Sainte-Foy, Québec,

Canada: Direction de la Recherche Forestière.

5 p.

Article in French with an English abstract. A few

stands of butternut were found around Tapani Lake,

about 40 km north of Mont-Laurier in Quebec. This is a

northward extension of its known range.

112. Manning, Wayne E. 1978. The classification

within the Juglandaceae. Annals of the Missouri

Botanical Garden. 65: 1058-1087.

Describes the taxonomical classifications within the

Juglandaceae family, with an emphasis on floral

characteristics. Places butternut in its own subgroup,

Trachycaryon.

113. Massey, A.B. 1925. Antagonism of the walnuts

(Juglans nigra L. and J. cinerea L.) in certain

plant associations. Phytopathology. 15: 773-

784.

Describes several studies in which plants were killed

by their association with walnut or butternut roots.

Hypothesizes that a toxic substance is secreted by the

roots, most likely juglone.

114. Matheron, M.E.; Mircetich, S.M. 1985.

Relative resistance of different rootstocks of

English walnut to six Phytophthora spp. that

cause root and crown rot in orchard trees. Plant

Disease. 69: 1039-1041.

Seedlings of various Juglans species were tested for

resistance to Phytophthora citricola in artificially

inoculated biweekly flooded soil. Butternut was susceptible, as were all but Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya

stenoptera).

115. McDaniel, J.C. 1956. The pollination of

Juglandaceae varieties - Illinois observations

and review of earlier studies. Annual Report of

the Northern Nut Growers Association. 47:

118-132.

Reviews the pollination habits of several Juglans

species. Most nut trees are dichogamous, resulting in a

need for cross-pollination with several different varieties.

Butternut and heartnut trees often hybridize. Includes a

chart with pollination habits and dates for several

varieties.

116. McDaniel, J.C. 1981. Other walnuts including

butternut, heartnut, and hybrids. In: Jaynes,

R.A., ed. Nut tree culture in North America.

Hamden, CT: Northern Nut Growers Association: 98-110.

Describes butternuts, heartnuts, and their varieties

and hybrids. Mentions breeding, propagation, diseases,

and insect pests.

13
123. Millikan, D.F.; Stefan, Susan. 1983. Buttering

up the butternut. Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 74: 48-53.

Discusses the lack of attention given to the butternut.

Describes 10 cultivars that were growing on the author’s

acreage and the most successful side grafting technique.

124. Millikan, D.F.; Stefan, Susan J. 1989. Current

status of the butternut, Juglans cinerea L. Annual

Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 80: 52-54.

Describes the threat of butternut canker, the search

for improved cultivars, and the opportunity to preserve

butternut in a repository.

125. Millikan, D.F.; Stefan, Susan J.; Rigert,

Kathleen S. 1990. Selection and preservation

of butternut, Juglans cinerea L. Annual Report of

the Northern Nut Growers Association. 81: 22-

25.

Describes the selection of superior cultivars of

butternut. Thirteen cultivars have been sent to the

National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis,

Oregon, to be grafted for preservation and study.

126. Millikan, D.F.; Stefan, Susan J.; Shaffer, W.H.,

Jr. 1985. Butternuts worth propagating. Annual

Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 76: 103-105.

Several named varieties were studied and rated for

transplanting survival of grafts and for nut quality.

127. Millikan, D.F.; Stefan, S.J.; Shaffer, W.H., Jr.

1986. Recent observations on butternuts in

Missouri. Annual Report of the Northern Nut

Growers Association. 77: 108-110.

Seedlings from several named varieties were planted

and evaluated. Superior parentage produced vigorous

seedlings. A foliar disorder related to a mite infestation is

described.

117. McGranaham, Gale H.; Catlin, Peter B. 1987.

Juglans rootstocks. In: Rom, Roy C.; Carlson,

Robert F., eds. Rootstocks for fruit crops. New

York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: 411-450.

Describes characteristics of rootstocks used to graft

Juglans regia. Butternut is mentioned as hybridizing

with J. regia and J. ailantifolia.

118. McGranaham, Gale; Leslie, Charles. 1991.

Walnuts (Juglans). Acta Horticulturae. 290: 907-

951.

Describes nearly all Juglans species, including

diseases, insect pests, geographic range, silviculture,

phenology, and nut production.

119. McIlwrick, Ken; Wetzel, S.; Beardmore, T.;

Forbes, K. 2000. Ex situ conservation of

American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.)

Borkh.) and butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), a

review. The Forestry Chronicle. 76(5): 765-774.

Describes current and possible future strategies for

conserving chestnut and butternut. Discusses issues such

as genetic diversity, seed and pollen storage, tissue

culture, breeding, asexual propagation, and disease

control.

120. Miller, Regis B. 1976. Wood anatomy and

identification of species of Juglans. Botanical

Gazette. 137(4): 368-377.

Wood anatomy of 15 Juglans species was investigated. Taxonomic keys based on wood structure were

used to recognize four main groups. Butternuts were

grouped with the oriental walnuts.

121. Millikan, D.F. 1966. The butternut. American

Nurseryman. 128(8): 15.

Describes the use of butternut as a yard and

landscape tree. Nut characteristics, diseases, insect pests,

and named varieties are discussed.

122. Millikan, D.F.; Hibbard, A.D. 1967. Butternuts, an overlooked tree crop. Annual Report of

the Northern Nut Growers Association. 58:

120-122.

Discusses the lack of attention given to butternut as a

wood or nut producing tree. Mentions how several

negative characteristics may be overcome by planting

14 superior varieties.
128. Moerman, Daniel E. 1998. Native American

ethnobotany. Portland, OR: Timber Press.

927 p.

Lists many plants and their use by Native American

tribes. Butternut was used by a number of eastern and

northern tribes for medicine, food, building material,

and dye. Medicinal uses include use as a cathartic

(laxative), pain reliever, wound healer, and as a hair and

skin aid.

129. Morin, Ricardo; Beaulieu, Jean; Daoust,

Gaetan. 2000. Butternut, a threatened species

showing a low genetic diversity. Network News

- Forest Health and Biodiversity, Canadian

Forestry Service. 4(1): 3-4.

Reviews the impact of butternut canker in Canada.

Describes a study revealing the lack of genetic diversity

in the butternut species and its implications. Several

preservation efforts are mentioned.

130. Morin, Ricardo; Beaulieu, Jean; Deslauriers,

Marie; Daoust, Gaëtan; Bousquet, Jean.

2000. Low genetic diversity at allozyme loci in

Juglans cinerea. Canadian Journal of Botany. 78:

1238-1243.

Butternut leaf samples from relatively healthy stands

in eastern Canada were analyzed for isozyme variation.

Genetic diversity estimates were much lower than in

other Juglans species or other boreal tree species.

Possible reasons and implications are discussed.

131. Nair, V.M.G. 1999. Butternut canker - an

international concern. In: Raychaudhuri, S.P.;

Maramorosch, Karl, eds. Biotechnology and

plant protection in forestry science. New Delhi,

India: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.:

239-252.

Describes the impact of butternut canker, fungal

biology, host parasite interaction, and possible mechanisms of resistance. Also mentions the international

concern due to the susceptibility of other Juglans species.

Illustrated.

132. Nair, V.M.G.; Kostichka, C.J.; Kuntz, J.E.

1979. Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum: an

undescribed species causing canker on butternut. Mycologia. 71: 641-646.

Describes the characteristics of the newly described

fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum.

133. Nekiassena, Vera. 1934. Letter on culture of

butternuts and black walnuts. Annual Report of

the Northern Nut Growers Association. 25:

114-115.

Describes nut trees growing in the U.S.S.R., and

mentions that butternut is hardy in White Russia.

134. Nicholls, Thomas H. 1979. Butternut canker.

In: Walnut insects and diseases: workshop

proceedings; 1978 June 13-14; Carbondale, IL.

Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-52. St. Paul, MN: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

North Central Forest Experiment Station: 73-

82.

The biology of butternut canker was studied by the

dissection of diseased trees, spore trapping, artificial

inoculation, and fungicide trials.

135. Nicholls, Thomas H.; Kessler, Kenneth J., Jr.;

Kuntz, James E. 1978. How to identify butternut canker. HT-36. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North

Central Forest Experiment Station. n.p.

Describes the symptoms of butternut canker. Includes

descriptions of fruiting bodies, spores, and culturing

techniques. Illustrated.

136. Omar, S.; Lemonier, B.; Jones, N.; Ficker, C.;

Smith, M.L.; Neema, C.; Towers, G.H.N.;

Goel, K.; Arnason, J.T. 2000. Antimicrobial

activity of extracts of eastern North American

hardwood trees and relation to traditional

medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 73:

161-170.

Several eastern hardwood trees, including butternut,

were among those plants used as medicine by Native

Americans. Wood and bark extracts of 14 of these trees

were tested for antimicrobial activity against eight

bacteria and six fungi. Butternut bark extract had a

broad spectrum of activity against three strains of

bacteria and all six fungal strains.

15
141. Ostry, M.E. 1996. Conservation of butternut in

the Eastern forests. In: McVey, G.; Nielsen, C.,

eds. Forest gene conservation - principles to

practice: workshop proceedings; 1995 March

20-22; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. WP-008.

Kemptville, Ontario, Canada: Ontario Ministry

of Natural Resources, Southern Region Science

& Technology Transfer Unit: 47-49.

Describes butternut canker impact and efforts to

conserve butternut through collection and propagation of

healthy trees, harvest restrictions, and regeneration

studies.

142. Ostry, M.E. 1997. Butternut canker in North

America 1967-1997. In: Laflamme, G.; Bérubé,

J.A.; Hamelin, R.C., eds. Foliage, shoot and

stem diseases of trees: Proceedings of the

IUFRO WP 7.02.02 meeting; 1997 May 25-31;

Québec City, Québec, Canada. Inf. Rep. LAU-X122. Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada: Natural

Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service,

Laurentian Forestry Centre: 121-128.

Describes the history, impact, biology, and host range

of butternut canker. Discusses efforts to preserve the tree

through management, gene conservation, and preservation of resistant trees.

143. Ostry, M.E. 1997. Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum on heartnut (Juglans ailantifolia

var. cordiformis). Plant Disease. 81(12): 1461.

Branch dieback was observed on heartnut. Hyphal

pegs and conidia of Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum were present and the fungus was

isolated from samples. Inoculations of greenhouse

butternut seedlings produced cankers similar to those

caused by Sirococcus inoculations. This was the first

report of the fungus on heartnut.

144. Ostry, M.E. 1998. Butternut canker: a current

example of the vulnerability of forest trees. In:

Carter, N.E., comp. Proceedings, Northeastern

Forest Pest Council annual meeting; 1998

March 9-11; Fredericton, New Brunswick,

Canada. Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada:

Department of Natural Resources and Energy:

41-48.

Describes the impact, biology, and host range of

butternut canker. Discusses management and preservation of potential resistant trees in clonal archives, and

discusses current knowledge gaps.

137. Orchard, L.P. 1984. Butternut canker: host

range, disease resistance, seedling-disease

reactions, and seed-borne transmission. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin. 145 p. Ph.D.

dissertation.

Branches of several Juglans species and their hybrids

were wound inoculated, symptom development was

monitored, and trees were ranked according to their

susceptibility to butternut canker. Heartnut was least

susceptible. A system of screening seedlings was developed. The pathogen was also isolated from butternut

seeds.

138. Orchard, L.P.; Kuntz, J.E. 1981. Disease

reactions of walnut species to butternut canker.

For. Res. Notes 246. Madison, WI: University of

Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Forestry.

7 p.

Trees of several Juglans species and hybrids were

wound inoculated with the butternut canker fungus in

the fall. By the following summer most had developed

active cankers. Persian walnut was most susceptible and

heartnut least susceptible among the species tested.

139. Orchard, L.P.; Guries, R.P.; Kuntz, J.E. 1981.

Butternut canker: screening seedlings for

disease resistance. Phytopathology. 71(2): 247.

[Abstract].

Butternut seedlings were inoculated with spore

suspensions and were tested under various humidities,

temperatures, and exposure times. After 13 weeks, 38%

developed lesions and there was no significant difference

among variables.

140. Orchard, L.P.; Kuntz, J.E.; Kessler, K.J., Jr.

1982. Reaction of Juglans species to butternut

canker and implications for disease resistance.

In: Black walnut for the future. Gen. Tech. Rep.

NC-74. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central

Forest Experiment Station: 27-31.

Trees of several Juglans species and hybrids were

wound inoculated with the butternut canker fungus in

the fall. By the following summer most had developed

active cankers. Persian walnut was most susceptible and

heartnut least susceptible among the species tested.

16
145. Ostry, Michael E. 1996. Butternut canker:

history, biology, impact, and resistance. In: Van

Sambeek, J.W., ed. Knowledge for the future of

black walnut: Proceedings of the 5th black

walnut symposium; 1996 July 28-31; Springfield, MO. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-191. St. Paul,

MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, North Central Forest Experiment

Station: 192-199.

Describes the history, fungal biology, host range, and

impact of butternut canker. Strategies are described to

identify and preserve possible resistant butternut trees.

146. Ostry, Michael E. 2001. The need for butternut

conservation. Annual Report of the Northern Nut

Growers Association. 92(2001): 11-15.

Describes the impact of butternut canker and

attempts to preserve butternut using clonal archives of

putative resistant trees.

147. Ostry, M.E.; Pijut, P.M. 2000. Butternut: an

underused resource in North America.

HortTechnology. 10(2): 302-306.

Describes butternut uses, characteristics, and

propagation. Reviews the butternut canker problem and

recent research and conservation efforts.

148. Ostry, M.E.; Skilling, D.D. 1994. Butternut

canker - past, present, future. In: Managing

forests to meet people’s needs: Proceedings of

the 1994 Society of American Foresters/Canadian Institute of Forestry convention; 1994

September 18-22; Anchorage, AK. Bethesda,

MD: Society of American Foresters: 469-470.

Describes the impact of butternut canker and current

efforts at preservation.

149. Ostry, M.E.; Skilling, D.D. 1995. Butternut

canker. In: Hutchinson, Jay G., ed. Northern

hardwood notes. Note 7.11. St. Paul, MN: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

North Central Forest Experiment Station. 5 p.

Describes the biology and impact of butternut canker,

with management guidelines. Illustrated.

150. Ostry, M.E.; Katovich, S.; Anderson, R.L.

1997. First report of Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum on black walnut. Plant Disease.

81(7): 830.

Cankers and branch dieback were observed on

walnut trees in North Carolina and Minnesota. Isolation

from trees produced cultures identical to Sirococcus

clavigignenti-juglandacearum in both cases. Severe

winter weather may have predisposed the Minnesota

trees to infection from nearby infected butternut.

151. Ostry, M.E.; Mielke, M.E.; Anderson, R.L. 1996.

How to identify butternut canker and manage

butternut trees. HT-70. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central

Forest Experiment Station. 8 p.

Describes symptoms of butternut canker. Includes

recommendations for growing and managing butternut

in the presence of the disease. Illustrated.

152. Ostry, M.E.; Mielke, M.E.; Skilling, D.D.

1994. Butternut - strategies for managing a

threatened tree. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-165. St.

Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment

Station and Northeastern Area State and Private

Forestry. 7 p.

Describes guidelines for managing butternut in the

presence of butternut canker, including when to retain or

remove trees. Offers guidelines for identifying potential

resistant trees. Illustrated.

153. Ostry, M.; Skilling, D.; Pijut, P. 1993. Butternut canker: present impact and prospects for

the future. In: Proceedings, 6th International

congress of plant pathology; 1993 July 28-

August 6; Montréal, Québec, Canada. Ottawa,

Ontario, Canada: National Research Council

Canada: 126. [Abstract].

Describes the impact of butternut canker and efforts

to preserve the butternut species.

17
159. Pijut, P.M. 1997. Micropropagation of Juglans

cinerea L. (butternut). In: Bajaj, Y.P.S., ed.

Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry -

high-tech and micropropagation V. Berlin:

Springer-Verlag: 345-357.

Butternut was successfully cultured in vitro using

axillary bud culture. Axillary buds elongated, rooted,

and acclimatized to ex vitro conditions. Somatic

embryogenesis was induced using cotyledons of immature butternut seeds. Somatic embryos were induced to

break dormancy and germinated at a low frequency.

160. Pijut, Paula M. 1993. Somatic embryogenesis

in butternut, Juglans cinerea. Canadian Journal

of Forest Research. 23: 835-838.

Cotyledons were excised from immature butternut

fruits and were cultured in vitro. Somatic embryos were

produced, and the embryogenic callus was maintained

for one year.

161. Pijut, Paula M. 1994. Micropropagation of

butternut, Juglans cinerea. HortScience. 29(5):

431. [Abstract].

Butternut was cultured in vitro via axillary buds of

young seedlings. Buds elongated, rooted, and were

acclimated ex vitro.

162. Pijut, Paula M. 1999. Somatic embryogenesis

from immature fruit of Juglans cinerea. In:

Mohan Jain, S.; et al., eds. Somatic embryogenesis in woody plants. The Netherlands: Kluwer

Academic Publishers: 415-429.

Somatic embryogenesis was induced in vitro from

immature butternut cotyledons. Best results were

obtained from explants collected 8-9 weeks postanthesis

and cultured in the dark on DKW medium containing

BA, 2,4D, and glutamine. Somatic embryos were

induced after removal of plant growth regulators.

Embryos were induced to germinate at low frequency.

163. Pijut, Paula M.; Barker, Melanie J. 1999.

Propagation of Juglans cinerea L. (Butternut).

HortScience. 34(3): 458-459.

Hardwood and softwood cuttings of butternut at

differing growth stages were tested for rooting success.

Softwood cuttings rooted at greater frequencies than

hardwood cuttings, up to 70% when collected in early

June and treated with 74 mm IBA.

154. Ostry, M.E.; Ellingson, B.; Seekings, D.;

Ruckheim, W. 2003. The need for silvicultural

practices and collection of Juglans cinerea

germplasm for species conservation. In: Van

Sambeek, J.W.; Dawson, J.O.; Ponder, F., Jr.;

Loewenstein, E.F.; Fralish, J.S., eds. Proceedings

of the 13th Central hardwood forest conference;

Urbana-Champaign, IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC234. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research

Station: 601-606.

Describes the history and impact of butternut canker.

Discusses the need for conservation strategies for

recovery of butternut and establishment of clonal

archives. Describes a regeneration study testing current

management guidelines and monitoring natural

regeneration and planted seeds and seedlings.

155. Packard, Alpheus S. 1890. Insects injurious to

the butternut (Juglans cinerea). In: 5th report of

the United States Entomological Commission

on insects injurious to forest and shade trees.

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Government Printing Office: 337-342.

A list of 13 insects found to feed on butternut.

Includes descriptions and drawings.

156. Patterson, R. 1993. Butternut blues. American

Forests. 99(7,8): 22, 57.

Describes the loss of butternut to the butternut

canker disease. Describes factors that may make this

disease more devastating than other well-known tree

diseases.

157. Peattie, Donald Culross. 1950. Butternut -

Juglans cinerea Linnaeus. In: A natural history of

trees of eastern and central North America.

Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin: 119-121.

Describes various tree characteristics including nuts,

wood, and uses of butternut.

158. Pijut, P.M. 1993. Regeneration of Juglans

cinerea through somatic embryogenesis. In Vitro

Cellular and Developmental Biology. 29A(3 Part

II): 69A. [Abstract].

Somatic embryogenesis was induced in vitro from

immature butternut cotyledons. Somatic embryos were

induced to germinate at low frequency.

18
164. Pijut, Paula M.; Moore, Melanie J. 2002.

Early season softwood cuttings effective for

vegetative propagation of Juglans cinerea.

HortScience. 37(4): 697-700.

Hardwood and softwood cuttings of butternut at

differing growth stages were tested for rooting success.

Softwood cuttings rooted at greater frequencies than

hardwood cuttings, up to 88% when collected in early

June and treated with 74 mm IBA. Rooted cuttings were

successfully overwintered and field planted.

165. Porter, B.A. 1932. Insects affecting northern

nuts. Annual Report of the Northern Nut

Growers Association. 23: 74-80.

Describes a number of insect pests affecting nut trees,

including the butternut curculio and the walnut husk

maggot. Includes suggestions for chemical controls.

166. Prey, A.J.; Kuntz, J.E. 1982. The distribution

and impact of butternut canker in Wisconsin.

In: Black walnut for the future. Gen. Tech. Rep.

NC-74. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central

Forest Experiment Station: 23-26.

Butternut trees from throughout Wisconsin were

examined for evidence of butternut canker. In several

counties in northeastern Wisconsin no infected trees were

found, but in southwestern counties as many as 80% of

the butternuts were infected and 32% were dead.

167. Prey, Allen J.; Kuntz, James E.; Ostry,

Michael E. 1997. Butternut canker: cause,

spread and control. In: Procházkova, Z.;

Sutherland, J.R., eds. Proceedings of the ISTA

tree seed pathology meeting; 1996 October 9-

11; Opocno, Czech Republic. Zurich, Switzerland: International Seed Testing Association:

n.p.

Describes the range, fungal biology, and transmission

of butternut canker. Of special concern is the problem of

seedborne transmission.

168. Rainville, André; Innes, Louise; Colas,

Fabienne; Bettez, Michèle; Mercier, Stéphan.

2001. Butternut canker in Quebec: a 5-year

history that led to seed treatments. In: Tree Seed

Working Group News Bull. 34. [city and state

unknown]: Canadian Tree Improvement

Association: 14-16.

Butternut seedlings in conservation plantings were

found affected by butternut canker. The disease was

shown to be seedborne in butternut and black walnut.

Decontamination tests showed that soaking seeds in

boiling water for 1 minute was effective in killing the

fungus while protecting seed viability.

169. Reed, C.A. 1931. Varieties of nuts for northern

planting. Annual Report of the Northern Nut

Growers Association. 22: 77-109.

Offers suggestions for proper site and spacing for

growing nut trees. Lists named varieties of butternut and

other nut tree species.

170. Reed, C.A. 1932. The year in nut culture

(northeastern states). Annual Report of the

Northern Nut Growers Association. 23: 143-

152.

Describes the establishment of several new research

orchards in the region. Lists available named varieties,

including butternut.

171. Reed, C.A. 1934. Varieties of nut trees for the

northernmost zone. Annual Report of the

Northern Nut Growers Association. 25: 87-107.

Describes the difficulties in producing nuts in

northern areas, and lists recommended varieties of black

walnuts, butternuts, and hickories for the north.

172. Reed, C.A. 1936. Natural walnut hybrids in

the East. Annual Report of the Northern Nut

Growers Association. 27: 30-40.

Describes a number of specimen trees that were

known or suspected Juglans hybrids in the eastern U.S.

Includes butternut/Persian walnut and butternut/

Japanese walnut hybrids.

19
178. Sajan, R.; Melbourne, S.; Czerwinski, E.

1994. Butternut canker. In: Results of forest

insect and disease surveys in the southern

region of Ontario. Inf. Rep. O-X-429. Ontario,

Canada: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian

Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre: 21-

23.

Reports the results of surveys done in southern

Ontario. Butternut canker was detected at several sites.

A map of confirmed canker locations is included.

179. Schaefer, Mark, ed. 1998. ECSONG: a nut

growers’ manual for eastern Ontario. Eastern

Chapter Society of Ontario Nut Growers.

[Available online: http://www.ecsong.ca/

manual.html].

Describes nut bearing trees and shrubs in eastern

Canada, and provides recommendations for successful

propagation and growth. Includes a section on butternut.

180. Schlarbaum, Scott E.; Hebard, Frederick;

Spaine, Pauline C.; Kamalay, Joseph C. 1997.

Three American tragedies: chestnut blight,

butternut canker, and Dutch elm disease. In:

Britton, Kerry O., ed. Proceedings, Exotic pests

of eastern forests; 1997 April 8-10; Nashville,

TN. [city and state unknown]: Tennessee Exotic

Pest Plant Council: 45-54.

American chestnut, butternut, and American elm are

examples of trees that have been devastated by exotic

fungal diseases. Describes the impact of butternut canker

and current research and conservation initiatives.

181. Schroeder, J.G. 1972. Butternut...an American

wood. FS-223. Athens, GA: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest

Experiment Station. 6 p.

A description of butternut’s range, growth habits, and

wood properties.

173. Rehder, Alfred. 1962. Juglandaceae. In:

Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in

North America - exclusive of the subtropical

and warmer temperate regions. 2d ed. New

York, NY: The MacMillan Co.: 117-124.

Describes the taxonomic characteristics of trees in the

Juglandaceae family, including butternut.

174. Renlund, Donald W., comp., ed. 1971. Forest

pest conditions in Wisconsin, annual report

1971. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Department of

Natural Resouces: 26-28.

Widespread dying of butternut was reported and

investigated. Aerial surveys, mapping, and disease

sampling were performed. The disease was identified as

Melanconis.

175. Rink, George. 1990. Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H.,

tech. coords. Silvics of North America. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service: 386-390.

Describes the growth characteristics, habitat

preferences, and diseases of butternut.

176. Rosengarten, Frederic, Jr. 1984. Butternuts.

In: The book of edible nuts. New York, NY:

Walker and Co.: 279-281.

Briefly describes butternut tree and nut characteristics, and past uses of the trees.

177. St. Jacques, Claude; Labrecque, Michel;

Bellefleur, Pierre. 1991. Plasticity of leaf

absorbance in some broadleaf tree seedlings.

Botanical Gazette. 152(2): 195-202.

Five species of tree seedlings of varying shade

tolerances were placed in the shade or in the open. Leaf

absorbance was measured in early June and in late July.

Butternut, a shade intolerant species, had little difference

in absorbance between shaded and sunlit leaves. Sugar

maple, a very shade tolerant species, quickly developed

significant differences in absorbance between shaded and

sunlit leaves.

20
182. Schuler, Thomas M. 1997. Temporal variation

in woody species composition from 1922 to

1996 in a second-growth Appalachian forest.

In: Pallardy, S.G.; Cecich, R.A.; Garrett, H.E.;

Johnson, P.S., eds. Proceedings, 11th Central

hardwood forest conference; 1997 March 23-

26; Columbia, MO. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-188.

St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment

Station: 352. [Abstract].

A comparison of present species composition with a

1922 inventory in West Virginia shows a decline in

several species including black walnut and butternut.

183. Schweitzer, Dale F. 1982. Field observations of

foodplant overlap among sympatric Catocala

feeding on Juglandaceae. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society. 36(4): 256-263.

Several species of the moth genus Catocala feed on

hickory, walnut, and butternut. In this study trees were

inspected for larvae and eggs, and larvae were raised on

various leaves. Catocala neogama was most common on

butternut.

184. Seliskar, Carl E. 1973. Association of a

mycoplasmalike organism with walnut bunch

disease. In: Abstracts of papers of the 2d

International Congress of Plant Pathology:

Colloquium 37: virus diseases of small-fruit

plants; 1973 September 5-12; Minneapolis,

MN. International Society for Plant Pathology:

n.p. [Abstract 0933].

Walnut bunch disease affects Japanese, English, and

black walnut, and butternut. It was formerly thought to

be caused by a virus. Observations revealed a

mycoplasmalike organism in diseased tissues.

185. Seliskar, Carl E. 1976. Mycoplasmalike

organism found in the phloem of bunchdiseased walnuts. Forest Science. 22: 144-148.

Walnut bunch disease occurs on Japanese,

Manchurian, English, and black walnut, and

butternut. Electron microscopy revealed the

presence of a mycoplasmalike organism in diseased

but not healthy tissue. No virus particles were

found.

186. Senter, S.D.; Horvat, R.J.; Forbus, W.R. 1983.

Comparative GLC-MS analysis of phenolic acids

of selected tree nuts. Journal of Food Science.

48: 798-799, 824.

Phenolic acids were extracted from a number of

species of tree nuts and analyzed for levels of individual

compounds. Butternuts had the lowest total concentration of phenolic acids at 0.31 μg/g, mostly from gallic

acid.

187. Sinclair, Wayne A.; Lyon, Howard H.;

Johnson, Warren T. 1987. Sirococcus canker of

butternut. In: Diseases of trees and shrubs.

Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates:

132-133.

Describes butternut canker symptoms, disease

development in the tree, fungal biology, and spread.

Illustrated.

188. Smith, Huron H. 1923. Ethnobotany of the

Menomini Indians. Bulletin of the Public

Museum of Milwaukee. 4(1): 1-174.

Lists plants and trees used by the Menomini Indians.

Butternut syrup was used as a physic, nuts were eaten,

and husks and bark were used for brown and black dyes.

189. Smith, Huron H. 1928. Ethnobotany of the

Meskwaki Indians. Bulletin of the Public

Museum of Milwaukee. 4(2): 175-326.

Lists plants and trees used by the Meskwaki Indians.

Butternut bark was used as a cathartic and the nuts

were used for food.

190. Smith, Huron H. 1932. Ethnobotany of the

Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum

of Milwaukee. 4(3): 327-525.

Lists plants and trees used by the Ojibwe Indians.

Butternut was used for food and for a brown or black

dye.

191. Smith, Huron H. 1933. Ethnobotany of the

Forest Potawatomi Indians. Bulletin of the

Public Museum of Milwaukee. 7(1): 1-230.

Lists plants and trees used by the Forest

Potawatomi Indians. Butternut bark was used as a

physic and tonic and the nuts were used for food.

21
196. Spaine, P.; McElreath, S.; Jolley, L. 2001.

Double-stranded RNA analysis of Sirococcus

isolates from butternut cankers. Supplement to

Phytopathology. 91(6): S83. [Abstract].

A continuation of an earlier study found dsRNA

occurs more often in isolates from Southeastern States

than from the North. A doublet of between 1.5 and 2.5

kbp was common to most dsRNA positive isolates.

197. Spaine, P.; Schlarbaum, S.; McElreath, S.

1999. Detection of dsRNA in the butternut

canker fungus. Supplement to Phytopathology.

89(6): S74. [Abstract].

The relationship between healing butternut cankers

and double-stranded RNA positive strains of Sirococcus

was studied. DsRNA was found in samples from several

sites.

198. Spaine, P.; Anderson, R.; Young, C.;

Schlarbaum, S. 1997. Testing methods of

disease resistance screening for butternut

canker. Supplement to Phytopathology. 87(6):

S93. [Abstract].

Butternut seed from three locations revealed no

Sirococcus infection. Seedlings were wound inoculated

with the fungus, resulting in no differences in wound size.

Logs were inoculated with the fungus and later examined

to reveal some differences between susceptible and

resistant hosts.

199. Spurgeon, Charles A. 1995. 1995 butternut

observations. Annual Report of the Northern

Nut Growers Association. 86: 131-132.

Nut characteristics such as cracking ability and

percent kernel were evaluated for several varieties.

200. Stanford, Alice M.; Harden, Rachel; Parks,

Clifford R. 2000. Phylogeny and biogeography

of Juglans (Juglandaceae) based on matK and

ITS sequence data. American Journal of Botany.

87(6): 872-882.

Using DNA analysis techniques, 15 Juglans and

related species were investigated for phylogenetic and

biogeographic relationships. Butternut consistently

grouped with Cardiocaryon, the oriental walnuts.

192. Smith, Norman F. 1952. Butternut...Juglans

cinerea, L. Michigan Conservation. SeptemberOctober: 23-24.

Describes the growth characteristics and uses of

butternut.

193. Soják, Dusan. 1996. Produkcia dendromasy

vybratych ihlicnatych a tvrdych listnatych

drevín podunajskej níziny: Production of

dendromass of selected needle-leaved trees and

hard-wooded broadleaves in the Danubian

lowland. Zprávy Lesnického Vyzkumo. 41(2):

17-22.

Article in Slovakian with an English abstract.

Compares growth and biomass production of butternut,

black walnut, and several other species in areas of full

soil preparation.

194. Soják, Dusan; Réh, Roman. 1998. Moznosti

pestovania a vyuzitia orecha popolavého

(Juglans cinerea L.) v intenzívnych porastoch:

Possibilities of cultivation and use of butternut

(Juglans cinerea L.) in intensive stands. Lesnícky

casopis - Forestry Journal. 44(5): 345-360.

Article in Slovakian with an abstract and summary

in English. This study was aimed at evaluating butternut

as a suitable crop tree in their area of Slovakia. A 40-

year-old stand was evaluated for biomass and veneer

production. Butternut was recommended as a suitable

tree for intensively managed stands.

195. Solomon, Allen M.; Bartlein, Patrick J. 1992.

Past and future climate change: response by

mixed deciduous-coniferous forest ecosystems

in northern Michigan. Canadian Journal of

Forest Research. 22: 1727-1738.

Prehistoric pollen records in Upper Michigan were

used to develop climate change models. These models

were used to simulate potential future climate and

vegetation changes. Butternut was predicted to reappear

after the decline of other species created opportunites for

regeneration.

 ́

 ́ ˇ  ́  ́  ́

ˇ

ˇ

ˇ

ˇ

ˇ

22

ˇ
201. Stefan, Susan J.; Warmund, M.R.; Shaffer,

W.H., Jr.; Millikan, D.F. 1984. Propagation of

butternut, Juglans cinerea L., by the Beineke side

bud graft. Annual Report of the Northern Nut

Growers Association. 75: 76-80.

Several named varieties of butternut were grafted

using the Beineke side graft. Success was 52% overall,

with wide variation between varieties. Results were

better overall than with bench grafting.

202. Strode, Donald D. 1977. Butternut/Juglans

cinerea L. In: Halls, Lowell K., ed. Southern

fruit-producing woody plants used by wildlife.

Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-16. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest

Experiment Station: 149-150.

Lists general characteristics of the butternut tree,

along with its utilization by animals and humans.

203. Taylor, J. Lee; Perry, Ronald L. 1986. Growing nuts. North Cent. Reg. Ext. Publ. #237. East

Lansing, MI: Cooperative Extension Service,

Michigan State University. 27 p.

Describes growing nut trees in a home or orchard

setting. Covers most common nut trees, including

butternuts. Includes sections on planting and maintaining an orchard, harvesting and processing nuts, and

propagation and grafting methods.

204. Timmons, Randall G.; Smiles, Wayne A.;

Dawson, Jeffrey O. 1993. Planting method and

herbicide treatment influence direct seeding

success of some central hardwood tree species.

For. Res. Rep. 93-1. Urbana-Champaign, IL:

Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Illinois. 7 p.

A mixture of hardwood tree seeds, including butternut, was broadcast in a prepared field and subjected to

several incorporation and herbicide treatments. Overall,

seeding success for butternut was 1%. Double disking

produced the best success for butternut at 5%. Herbicide

treatments reduced overall success.

205. Tisserat, Ned Andrew. 1982. Epidemiology of

butternut canker. Madison, WI: University of

Wisconsin. 122 p. Ph.D. dissertation.

Describes the fungal biology and spore dispersal of

the fungus causing butternut canker. Spores were

released throughout the growing season during rain, and

caused new infections after dissemination in runoff or

rain splash. Spore longevity was increased by cool

temperature and high humidity, up to 35% after 8 hours.

Disease incidence increased exponentially in an isolated

butternut plantation.

206. Tisserat, N.A.; Kuntz, J.E. 1982. Epidemiology of butternut canker. In: Black walnut for

the future. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-74. St. Paul,

MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, North Central Forest Experiment

Station: 18-22.

Describes the fungal biology and spore dispersal of

the fungus causing butternut canker. Spores were

released throughout the growing season during rain, and

caused new infections after dissemination in runoff or

rain splash. Spores were dispersed up to 30 m from

infected trees. Infection occurred in potted seedlings

placed under infected trees from late July to October.

207. Tisserat, N.; Kuntz, J.E. 1983. Dispersal

gradients of conidia of the butternut canker

fungus in a forest during rain. Canadian Journal

of Forest Research. 13: 1139-1144.

Spores of the butternut fungus were released

throughout the growing season during rain, and caused

new infections after dissemination in runoff or rain

splash. Spores were dispersed up to 40 m from infected

trees. Concentrations of conidia decreased exponentially

with increasing distances from the inoculum source.

208. Tisserat, N.; Kuntz, J.E. 1983. The etiology

and epidemiology of butternut canker. Annual

Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 74: 30-36.

Describes the symptoms and fungal biology of the

butternut canker disease. Also descibes the historical

process by which researchers discovered the causal

organism.

23
213. Twardus, Daniel B. 1995. Forest health

assessment for eastern hardwood forests. In:

Proceedings, 10th Central hardwood forest

conference; 1995 March 5-8; Morgantown, WV.

Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-197. Radnor, PA: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 3-10.

A report on the health of a number of eastern tree

species, including butternut.

214. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1937. Nuts.

In: Yearbook of agriculture. Washington, DC:

United States Government Printing Office: 857-

877.

Describes characteristics of several nut species

including butternut. It includes information on pollination and breeding.

215. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1993.

Butternut. In: Forest health assessment for the

Northeastern Area. NA-TP-01-95. Radnor, PA:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Northeastern Area and Northeastern Forest

Experiment Station: 12-13.

A report on the health of a number of eastern tree

species, including butternut.

216. Van Manen, Frank T.; Clark, Joseph D.;

Schlarbaum, Scott E.; Johnson, Kristine;

Taylor, Glenn. 2002. A model to predict the

occurrence of surviving butternut trees in the

southern Blue Ridge Mountains. In: Scott, J.

Michael; Heglund, Patricia J.; Morrison, Michael

L.; et al., eds. Predicting species occurrences -

issues of accuracy and scale. Washington, DC:

Island Press: 491-498.

A GIS-based database of known butternut locations

from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was

used to create a model to predict other probable butternut locations. Surveys of a sample of predicted locations

revealed butternuts growing in a number of those

locations.

209. Tisserat, N.; Kuntz, J.E. 1983. Longevity of

conidia of Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum in a simulated airborne state.

Phytopathology. 73(12): 1628-1631.

Butternut canker conidia were tested for longevity on

spiderweb frames. Cool temperatures (13o C) and high

humidity (9.7 mb VPD) resulted in 81% survival after

32 hours. In the field the greatest survival was 35% after

8 hours on a cool, rainy day.

210. Tisserat, N.; Kuntz, J.E. 1984. Butternut

canker: development on individual trees and

increase within a plantation. Plant Disease.

68(7): 613-616.

Butternut canker incidence increased exponentially

from 1978 to 1983 in an isolated butternut plantation.

Cankers developed first on branches of the lower crown,

followed by branch mortality and trunk cankers. The

fungus continued to sporulate on dead trees for 20

months.

211. Tisserat, N.; Nicholls, T.H.; Kuntz, J.E. 1981.

Spore liberation and dispersal of Sirococcus

clavigignenti-juglandacearum. Phytopathology.

71(2): 261. [Abstract].

The butternut canker fungus extruded spores from

April to October during humid conditions. Spores were

deposited on slides only during rainfall, with concentrations decreasing exponentially at increasing distances

from the source of inoculum.

212. Truax, Benoit; Gagnon, Daniel. 1993. Effects

of straw and black plastic mulching on the

initial growth and nutrition of butternut, white

ash and bur oak. Forest Ecology and Management. 57: 17-27.

The effects of mulching materials on the growth and

nutrition of seedlings of butternut, white ash, and bur

oak were studied. Butternut did not respond positively to

mulch treatment. Butternut had the highest foliar

concentration of nitrogen.

24
217. Van Sambeek, J.W.; Ostry, Michael E.;

Zaczek, James J. 2003. Survival and growth of

deep-planted, in-leaf grafts in a germplasm

repository of canker-resistant butternut. In: Van

Sambeek, J.W.; Dawson, J.O.; Ponder, F., Jr.; et

al., eds. Proceedings of the 13th Central hardwood forest conference; 2002 April 1-3; Urbana-Champaign, IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-234.

St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, North Central Research Station:

519-522.

Grafted butternuts were field planted, and survival

and growth were monitored for seven growing seasons.

Mortality was high, and affected by field location, clone,

and planting depth. Height growth of deep planted grafts

exceeded that of more shallowly planted grafts.

218. Vidakovic-Cifrek, Zeljka; Jelencic, Biserka;

Regula, Ivan. 1997. Increasing of serotonin

content in seeds of Juglans nigra L. and Juglans

cinerea L. during ripening. Periodicum

Biologorum. 99(1): 103-106.

Nuts of several Juglans species are known to contain

high levels of serotonin. Extracts of black walnut and

butternut at differing maturity stages were examined for

serotonin levels. Both showed increasing levels over the

ripening period.

219. Von Althen, F.W. 1980. Five-year survival and

growth of sixteen hardwood species planted in

different mixtures. Rep. 0-X-313. Sault Ste.

Marie, Ontario, Canada: Department of the

Environment, Canadian Forestry Service, Great

Lakes Forestry Research Centre. 8 p.

A mixture of 12 species of hardwood seedlings was

planted either 12 of one species grouped per row or

completely at random. After 5 years, butternuts had

92% survival in either treatment and were slightly taller

in the 12 per row treatment than in the random

treatment.

220. Wallace, B.D. 1934. Letter on the culture of

butternuts and black walnuts. Annual Report of

the Northern Nut Growers Association. 25:

113-114.

Describes the performance of butternut in Manitoba.

By retaining only the hardiest trees in a plantation and

collecting seed from them, the author had distributed

butternuts throughout central Canada.

221. Watts, R.L. 1941. The place of the butternut in

northern nut culture. Annual Report of the

Northern Nut Growers Association. 32: 89-91.

Discusses the lack of interest in butternut and offers

several reasons why butternut should attract more

attention and study. These include the nutritive value of

the nuts, tree hardiness, wood quality, and the nuts’ use

as a wildlife food.

222. Watts, R.L. 1944. Grow more butternuts.

Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers

Association. 35: 58-59.

Author lists a number of named varieties of butternuts, and encourages further study and propagation.

223. Weschcke, Carl. 1953. Growing nuts in the

North. St. Paul, MN: Webb Publishing Co.

124 p.

Author describes his experiences growing many types

of nut trees. One chapter is devoted to butternut,

providing descriptions of growth characteristics, wood

properties, nut properties, and propagation.

224. Whealy, Kent; Demuth, Steve, eds. 1993.

Fruit, berry and nut inventory. 2d ed. Decorah,

IA: Seed Saver Publications. 518 p.

Compiles lists of varieties of fruits and nuts available

through mail order in the U.S. Lists 16 available

butternut varieties.

225. Wilson, Louis F.; Corneil, Jeffrey A. 1979.

The butternut curculio on some hybrid walnuts

in Michigan. In: Walnut insects and diseases:

workshop proceedings; 1978 June 13-14;

Carbondale, IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-52. St.

Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment

Station: 35-38.

A plantation containing various Juglans species and

hybrids was observed for butternut curculio damage.

Butternut was rated low in susceptibility, and butternut/

Japanese walnut hybrids were rated as moderately

susceptible.

25
226. Wilson, Louis F.; Corneil, Jeffrey A.;

Lemmien, Walter A. 1979. Susceptibility and

injury of some hybrid walnuts by the butternut

curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Great

Lakes Entomologist. 12(1): 17-21.

Susceptibility to the butternut curculio was studied in

a mixed Juglans plantation in Michigan. In general,

trees with Japanese walnut parentage were most

susceptible, and butternut, along with black walnut and

Persian walnut, was among the least susceptible.

227. Wisconsin Conservation Department. 1967.

Forest pest conditions in Wisconsin. Madison,

WI: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 67 p.

First report of butternut dieback and canker in

several counties of Wisconsin.

228. Woodroof, Jasper Guy. 1979. Butternut. In:

Tree nuts: production, processing, products. 2d

ed. Westport, CT: Avi Publishing Company,

Inc.: 659-661.

Describes some of the positive qualities of butternut,

along with its disease problems. Lists named varieties

and grafting techniques used.

229. Yabloko, A.S. 1936. Inter-species hybridization

of walnuts. Soviet Subtropics. 5: 53-60.

Article in Russian with an English summary. Most

major Juglans species were tested for inter-species

hybridization. The Manchurian walnut hybridized most

easily with other species, including butternut, which

produced an average of 28% hybrid fruit.

230. Young, James A.; Young, Cheryl G. 1992.

Juglandaceae - walnut family. In: Dudley,

Theodore R., ed. Seeds of woody plants in

North America. Revised. Portland, OR:

Dioscorides Press: 184-187.

Discusses nut harvesting, hulling, stratifying, and

planting of most of the common Juglans species,

including butternut.

26
Diseases

Bunch disease: 37, 85, 116, 118, 175,

184, 185

Leaf anthracnose: 15, 37, 81, 110, 118, 121,

228

Melanconis: 5, 31, 32, 37, 43, 69, 70,

81, 110, 116, 174, 223

Sirococcus canker:

General: 6, 25-28, 41, 118, 129,

151, 156, 175, 179, 216

Associated

Insects: 10, 73, 74, 94, 144, 145

Distribution: 1-3, 11, 38, 40, 41, 46,

54, 77-79, 83, 84, 88,

166, 174, 178, 213, 215,

227

Fungal Biology: 48, 51, 54, 87-89, 97-100,

102, 131, 132, 134, 135,

137-140, 142, 144, 145,

149, 166-168, 187, 198,

205-211

Fungal Genetics: 60, 141, 196, 197

Host Range: 54, 87, 131, 137, 138,

140, 142-145, 147, 150,

167

Resistance: 2, 41, 48, 54, 56, 68, 79,

107, 108, 131, 141, 142,

145, 146, 148, 152-154,

167, 180, 198

Other diseases: 4, 6, 9, 43, 81, 87, 110,

114, 118

Conservation

Clonal archives: 2, 119, 124, 125, 141,

144-146, 154, 217

Cryopreservation: 7, 8, 119

Genetics

Cultivars: 4, 5, 13, 19, 22, 23, 37,

42, 43, 52, 61, 66, 67,

109, 110, 115, 116, 121-

127, 147, 169-171, 199,

201, 214, 222, 224, 228

Hybrids: 5, 14, 15, 24, 37, 42, 54,

57, 58, 61-63, 67, 90, 92,

93, 116-118, 137, 138,

140, 172, 225, 226, 229

Molecular genetics: 24, 52, 53, 62, 119, 129,

130, 154, 200

Related species: 5, 9, 14-18, 24, 36, 42,

43, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 62,

66, 67, 87-90, 92, 93,

112-118, 120, 131, 137,

138, 140, 143, 150, 165,

170, 173, 184, 185, 200,

203, 214, 223, 225, 226,

229, 230

Taxonomy: 52, 53, 62, 112, 118, 120,

173, 200

Insect pests: 6, 18, 31, 32, 35, 37, 59,

69, 86, 95, 110, 116, 118,

121, 127, 155, 165, 183,

203, 225, 226

Native range: 20, 29, 32, 49, 68, 71, 72,

104, 106, 111, 118, 133,

181, 182, 193-195, 200,

216

Nut characteristics: 4, 12-14, 21, 36, 37, 42,

43, 47, 61, 66, 104, 110,

116, 118, 121, 126, 171,

176, 186, 199, 203, 218,

221, 223, 228

Physiology: 33, 50, 58, 80, 91, 101,

113, 130, 136, 177, 212,

218

Subject Index

27
Propagation

General: 55, 103, 119, 147

Cuttings: 163, 164

Grafting: 5, 22, 44, 45, 47, 54, 65,

66, 69, 92, 93, 109, 110,

116, 117, 123, 126, 201,

203, 217, 223, 228

In vitro propagation: 7, 8, 158-162

Pollination/breeding: 36, 69, 90, 107, 115, 116,

119, 214, 229

Seed propagation: 7, 8, 16, 17, 39, 54, 168,

203, 204, 220, 223, 230

Silvics/identification: 31, 32, 37, 41, 47, 54, 56,

67, 76, 96, 103, 105, 147,

157, 173, 175, 176, 179,

181, 192, 202, 228

Silviculture

Forest management: 6, 41, 48, 54, 56, 108,

142, 144, 146, 149, 151,

152, 154, 193, 194

Planting/ 31-34, 37, 41, 43, 54, 55,

establishment: 66, 67, 101, 103, 118,

127, 147, 151, 169, 175,

179, 193, 203, 204, 212,

217, 219, 220, 223

Regeneration: 39, 41, 154, 195

Utilization: 30, 37, 42, 54, 64, 67, 75,

82, 96, 104, 105, 128,

136, 147, 157, 176, 188-

192, 202

Wood characteristics: 37, 42, 91, 104, 120, 157,

181, 194, 221, 223

28
Ostry, M.E.; Moore, M.J.; Worrall, S.A.N.

2003. Butternut (Juglans cinerea) annotated bibliography. Gen.

Tech. Rep. NC-235. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, North Central Research Station. 28 p. (Available

online at http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/)

An annotated bibliography of the major literature related to butternut

(Juglans cinerea) from 1890 to 2002. Includes 230 citations and a

topical index. Topics include diseases, conservation, genetics, insect

pests, silvics, nut production, physiology, propagation, silviculture,

and utilization.

KEY WORDS: Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum, nut trees,

butternut canker, white walnut, oilnut, hybrids, threatened species.
MISSION STATEMENT

We believe the good life has its roots in clean air, sparkling water, rich soil, healthy economies and

a diverse living landscape. Maintaining the good life for generations to come begins with everyday

choices about natural resources. The North Central Research Station provides the knowledge and

the tools to help people make informed choices. That’s how the science we do enhances the

quality of people’s lives.

For further information contact:

Or visit our web site:

www.ncrs.fs.fed.us

North Central

Research Station

USDA Forest Service

1992 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108