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<body><div class="header"><p class="header">Risk Management Document: Shepherd’s Purse leaves and stems with roots from Republic of Korea</p>
</div>
<p><img src="embedded:image1.jpg" alt="image1.jpg"><img src="embedded:image2.png" alt="image2.png"></p>
<p><b>United States Department of Agriculture
</b></p>
<p><b>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Protection and Quarantine</b></p>
<p><b>
</b></p>
<p><b>Risk Management Document</b></p>
<p><b>Importation of Shepherd’s Purse, <i>Capsella bursa-pastoris</i> (L.) Medik., leaves and stems with roots from Republic of Korea into the United States</b></p>
<p><b>September 22, 2009</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Health Programs (PHP)</b></p>
<p><b>Regulations, Permits and Manuals (RPM)
</b></p>
<p><b>Contact Person: <i>Dorothy Wayson</i></b></p>
<p><b>Introduction</b></p>
<p>The Republic of Korea requested permission to export fresh leaves and stems with roots of shepherd’s purse, <i>Capsella bursa-pastoris</i> (L.) Medik., into the United States. Since 1989, the leaves and stems of shepherd’s purse, without roots, have been allowed importation from Republic of Korea into the United States with inspection for quarantine pests only. The proposed importation of fresh shepherd’s purse leaves and stems with roots from the Republic of Korea, if approved, would be regulated by amendment to existing fruit and vegetables regulations [7 CFR § 319.56].  </p>
<p>In response to the request from Republic of Korea, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) conducted a Pest Risk Assessment (PRA) entitled “Importation of Shepherd’s purse (<i>Capsella bursa-pastoris</i> (L.) Medik.) with roots from Republic of Korea into the United States<i> - </i>A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment” (USDA. 2006). Eleven quarantine pests that could potentially follow the pathway of leaves and stems with roots were identified, including seven insects and four nematodes (USDA. 2006). These quarantine pests have been qualitatively analyzed in the PRA using the methodology described in the Pathway-Initiated Commodity Risk Assessment Guidelines 5.02 of USDA-APHIS (USDA. 2000).</p>
<p>The quarantine pests that could be expected to follow the pathway on shepherds’ purse leaves and stems with roots from Republic of Korea were listed as follows (USDA. 2006): </p>
<p><i>Agrotis segetum </i>(Denis & Schiffermüller) – Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, moth
</p>
<p><i>Athalia rosae</i> L. – Hymenoptera, sawfly
</p>
<p><i>Chromatomyia horticola </i>Goureau – Diptera Agromyzididae, leaf miner
</p>
<p><i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> Hübner – Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, moth
</p>
<p><i>Hellula undalis </i>Fabricius – Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, moth
</p>
<p><i>Hemicycliophora koreana </i>Choi & Geraert - Nematode</p>
<p><i>Mamestra brassicae</i> (L.) – Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, moth
</p>
<p><i>Paratylenchus pandus</i> Pinochet & Raski – Nematode
</p>
<p><i>Rotylenchus orientalis </i>Siddiqi & Husain – Nematode
</p>
<p><i>Rotylenchus pini </i>Mamiya - Nematode
</p>
<p><i>Spodoptera litura</i> Fabricius – Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, moth</p>
<p>The pest risk potential of the four nematodes (<i>Hemicycliophora koreana</i>, <i>Paratylenchus pandus,</i> <i>Rotylenchus orientalis, </i>and<i> Rotylenchus pini</i>) and the insect <i>Hellula undalis</i> were rated <b>medium</b>.  The four Lepidoptera (<i>Agrotis segetum, Helicoverpa armigera, Mamestra brassicae, </i>and<i> Spodoptera litura</i>), one Hymenoptera (<i>Athalia rosae</i>) and one Diptera (<i>Chromatomyia horticola)</i> were rated as having a <b>high</b> pest risk potential.    </p>
<p>According to the USDA-APHIS guidelines (USDA. 2000), pests receiving a medium to high rating may require phytosanitary measures beyond port of entry inspection.  The appropriate level of protection may be achieved through the application of a single phytosanitary measure, such as inspection or a quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures commonly referred to as a systems approach.</p>
<p>The current entry status for leaves and stems of shepherd’s purse without roots would not change.  The existing measures have been effective in excluding pests. The current document presents measures that will be required for shepherd’s purse leaves and stems with roots.  These measures are more extensive because APHIS believes that the importation of leaves and stems with the roots increases the pest risk.  Although the intended use of the commodity will be consumption, APHIS recognizes that plants (leaves and stems) with the whole root could be misused and propagated, therefore requiring mitigations for the increased risk.</p>
<p><b>Standard Industry Practices
</b></p>
<p>The standard post harvest procedures in Republic of Korea for shepherd’s purse leaves and stems with roots consist of thoroughly washing with potable water, removing all soil, culling of any foreign material including pests, old or diseased leaves, and then sorting manually.  Shepherd’s purse are then packed in boxes between layers of paper (such as newspaper) or placed in small vinyl bags prior to boxing and then labeled and palletized for air transport (Park, 2003).
</p>
<p><b>Pest Risk Management Measures</b></p>
<p class="comment_Text"><b> * </b>Establishment of Pest-free place of production for quarantine nematodes.  Fields must be certified free of the quarantine nematodes by sampling and microscopic inspection of the sampling by the Korean National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO), according to International Standards (IPPC. 1999).  The sampling and inspection protocol must be pre-approved by APHIS.  APHIS will monitor the sampling and inspection records maintained by the Korean NPPO. </p>
<p>* Shepherd’s purse leaves and stems with roots must be inspected by the Korean NPPO and found free of quarantine pests. </p>
<p>* APHIS requires a Phytosanitary Certificate (PC) to be issued by the Korean NPPO for each consignment to assure that the commodity has been inspected and found free of quarantine pests. An Additional Declaration (AD) is also required that reads, “Shepherd’s purse leaves and stems with roots in this consignment have been grown in a pest free place of production for quarantine nematodes, inspected and found free of quarantine pests, free of soil, and meet the conditions of 7 CFR 319.56”</p>
<p>* Shepherd’s purse leaves and stems with roots may be imported to the United States in commercial consignments only.</p>
<p>* Shepherd’s purse leaves and stems with roots will be subject to standard port of entry inspection upon arrival in the United States and must be free of quarantine pests. </p>
<p>General requirements applicable to the importation of all fruits and vegetables are listed in 7 CFR 319.56-3.  These requirements also would apply to shepherd’s purse from Republic of Korea into the 50 States of the United States, including the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. </p>
<p><b>Efficacy of Risk Management Measures</b></p>
<p>Risk management measures are needed to reduce the risk associated with the importation of shepherd’s purse leaves and stems with roots from Republic of Korea into the United States (Table 1).
</p>
<p>Visual plants inspection during the growing season, washing, post-harvest inspections, and port of entry inspections are not sufficient to remove the nematodes from the pathway for shepherd’s purse roots.  Pest free places of production for nematodes of quarantine significance is believed to be an appropriate measure to mitigate the risk of nematodes associated with the importation of shepherd’s purse roots into the United States. As a sole mitigative measure, the establishment of pest-free place of production for quarantine nematodes may be completely effective in satisfying an importing country’s appropriate level of phytosanitary protection (IPPC. 1999). This option has proven to be successful in practice, obviating the need for post-harvest commodity treatments to achieve a very high level of quarantine security. Establishment and maintenance of pest free place of production for quarantine nematodes should be in compliance with international standards (IPPC. 1999) and carried out using APHIS approved protocols.</p>
<p>The crop should be sampled and inspected periodically for quarantine nematodes in accordance with APHIS approved pest-free place of production protocols.  Survey results must be negative for issuance of a certificate. Statistical procedures are available to verify the confidence in declaring pest-free place of production based on negative survey results (Venette<i> et al.</i>, 2004; Barclay & Hargrove, 2005).  
</p>
<p>Inspection requirements provide additional phytosanitary quality control and rigor. A packing-house inspection by the Korean NPPO will be required. Washing the commodity and removing obviously infested material will reduce the likelihood of introducing quarantine insects into the United States with the consignment.  All of the Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera are surface feeders on the leaves of shepherd’s purse and are detectable by visual inspection. The Diptera, <i>Chromatomyia horticola</i>, is a leaf miner on shepherd’s purse, and may also be detected by visual inspection.</p>
<p>Shepherd’s purse leaves and stems with roots are furthermore subject to standard port of entry inspection upon arrival in the United States.  Currently leaves and stems of shepherd’s purse without roots are allowed to be imported only from Republic of Korea to all United States ports with an inspection for quarantine pests.  APHIS currently requires a Phytosanitary Certificate issued by the Korean NPPO for each consignment to assure that shepherd’s purse leaves and stems without roots are free of quarantine pests. Only three pests have been intercepted from baggage on <i>Capsella</i> spp. from Mexico and Jamaica, and two species of Curculionidae (non quarantine pests) from cargo from Republic of Korea (AQAS-PestID. 2007).  Inspection at the port of entry reduces probability of pests of concern entering the United States on the commodity. </p>
<p>The Phytosanitary Certificate with Additional Declaration requires Korean NPPO to conduct an inspection and certify that the shepherd’s purse is free of quarantine pests. This raises the awareness of those requirements for our port of entry inspection.</p>
<p><b>Conclusion</b></p>
<p>APHIS believes that the risk management measures discussed in this document will provide an appropriate level of phytosanitary protection against the pests of quarantine concern associated with shepherd’s purse leaves and stems with roots from Republic of Korea. The proposed mitigations ensure freedom from nematodes of quarantine concern by growing shepherd’s purse in pest-free places of production.  The culling and inspection at the packing house and inspection at the port of entry should remove any other quarantine pests.  The Phytosanitary Certificate and Additional Declaration would provide additional security.  The product may be imported in commercial consignments only, after thorough processing, with no soil.
</p>
<p><b>Authors
</b></p>
<p>José R. Hernández Ph.D. 
</p>
<p>Senior Risk Manager, Plant Pathology (USDA APHIS PPQ CIAO)</p>
<p>Walter Gould Ph.D. 
</p>
<p>Senior Risk Manager, Entomologist (USDA APHIS PPQ CIAO)
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Table 1. Summary of risk mitigation measures for importation of shepherd’s purse (</b><i>Capsella bursora-pastoris</i><b>) leaves, stems with roots </b><i> </i><b>from Republic of Korea</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Measure(s)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Pests</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Efficacy</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pest-free place of production</p>
</td>	<td><p>All. Required for nematodes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Satisfies requirements for appropriate level of protection (IPPC. 1999).  For pest freedom, the plants grown in the soil must come from areas which have been sampled by a statistically and methodologically sound protocol evaluated and approved by APHIS and have been found free of nematodes.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Inspections and monitoring</p>
</td>	<td><p>All, but must be used in combination with other measures for nematodes </p>
</td>	<td><p class="default_Text">Regular inspections are recognized as an important part of a pest management program (Kahn & Mathur, 1999; USDA. 2004).  The larger external feeders and the leaf miner are relatively easy to identify and exclude through inspections.  The relatively small size of the nematodes would mean that detection is virtually impossible by the port of entry inspection, unless the plant shows visible damage. Therefore, pest free places of production are also required.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Phytosanitary certification</p>
</td>	<td><p>All, but must be used in combination with other measures</p>
</td>	<td><p class="default_Text">Requiring a Phytosanitary Certificate effectively requires Korean NPPO to inspect the shepherd’s purse specifically for pests of quarantine concern. The PC must also state that the consignment is grown in a quarantine nematodes free place of production and is free of soil.  </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Only commercially produced shepherd’s purse.</p>
</td>	<td><p>All, but must be used in conjunction with other measures.</p>
</td>	<td><p class="comment_Subject">Commercial practices remove pests from the pathway. Cultural, chemical, or mechanical means (e.g., field sanitation, pre-harvest application of pesticides, resistant cultivars) are commercial practices that eliminate pests from fields. </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Phytosanitary inspection at port of entry.</p>
</td>	<td><p>All, but must be used in conjunction with other measures directed for pests not visually detectable by inspection.</p>
</td>	<td><p class="default_Text">Inspection ensures that various stages of any pest that are present will be detected; this is particularly effective against those pests whose later life stages are larger and more readily detected (Borror <i>et al.</i>, 1989).
</p>
<p class="comment_Subject"><b></b></p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>References
</b></p>
<p>AQAS-PestID. 2007. Agricultural Quarantine Activity System Pest Interception Database. USDA-APHIS-PPQ. Last access 4 Oct. 2007.
</p>
<p>Barclay, H.J. and J.W. Hargrove. 2005. Probability models to facilitate a declaration of pest-free status, with special reference to tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 95: 1-11.
</p>
<p>Borror, D. J., Triplehorn, C. A. and N. F. Johnson.  1989.  Introduction to the study of insects, 6 ed.  Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, TX.
</p>
<p>IPPC. 1999. Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Publication No. 10. Rome: Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.
</p>
<p>Kahn, R. P. and S. B. Mathur.  1999. Containment Facilities and Safeguards.  American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 213 pp.</p>
<p>Park, 2003. Letter from C-S Park, Director of International Quarantine Cooperation Division, National Plant Quarantine Service/MAF of Republic of Korea, to C. Enright Assistant Deputy Administrator PIM-PPQ-APHIS-USDA. 
</p>
<p>USDA.  2000. Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02. USDA, APHIS, PPQ. (<a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/pra/commodity/cpraguide.pdf"><u>http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/pra/commodity/cpraguide.pdf</u></a>)</p>
<p>USDA. 2004. Agricultural Quarantine Inspection Monitoring (AQIM) Handbook. USDA-APHIS, PPQ. (<a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/pdf_files/AQIM_Handbook.pdf"><u>http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/pdf_files/AQIM_Handbook.pdf</u></a>)</p>
<p>USDA. 2006.  Importation of Shepherd’s purse (<i>Capsella bursa-pastoris</i> (L.) Medik.) with roots from Republic of Korea into the United States - A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment. 36 pp.</p>
<p>Venette, R. C. and E. E. Davis.  2004.  Chili thrips/yellow thrips, <i>Scirtothrips dorsalis</i> Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Mini Pest Risk Assessment. Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.  31 pp. 
</p>
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