NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 06a0257n.06

Filed: April 13, 2006

No. 04-3526

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

AOUA EPOUSE BIDANIS KEITA,

Petitioner,

v.

ALBERTO GONZALES, Attorney General,

Respondent.

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN

ORDER OF THE BOARD OF

IMMIGRATION APPEALS

Before: SUHRHEINRICH, ROGERS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.

COOK, Circuit Judge. Aoua Keita, a citizen of Mali, petitions for review of a decision of

the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). The BIA found that Keita failed to establish that she

suffered persecution or that the government was unable or unwilling to control her alleged

persecutor. Because the record does not compel a contrary conclusion, we deny the petition for

review.

I

Keita conceded removability before an Immigration Judge (IJ) but sought asylum and

withholding of removal. She testified that, after her husband died, both her family and her

husband’s family began pressuring her to marry her husband’s cousin, Ladji Bidanis, who already
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Keita v. Gonzales

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had several other wives. She resisted this marriage on two grounds: she objects to “forced

marriage” and she objects to polygamous marriage. Keita averred that, upon her refusal to marry

Bidanis, the two families forced her from her home, and Bidanis began performing spells and

poisoning her, resulting in swelling of Keita’s limbs, weight loss, blackened fingernails, and

temporary blindness. After visits to Mali hospitals proved fruitless, Keita sought medical treatment

in the United States. Keita testified that, like the doctors in Mali, the United States doctors could

not pinpoint the cause of her ailments. During her time in the United States, however, Keita’s health

improved, and she returned to Mali, where Bidanis allegedly resumed his spells. Rather than going

to the police, whom she believed would not help her, Keita once again sought refuge in the United

States.

The IJ noted some credibility issues, describing Keita’s failure to provide objective medical

evidence of her harms as “the most troubling aspect” of the case. The IJ also concluded that Keita

had not established persecution on account of a protected category or that the Mali government was

unable or unwilling to control Bidanis. Keita appealed the IJ’s denial of asylum and withholding

of removal, and the BIA dismissed her appeal. It first found that Keita failed to “meet her burden

of proof that any harm she may have suffered rose to the level of persecution because she did not

provide any corroborating evidence of such harm, such as letters from the doctors in the United

States and Mali who allegedly treated her for her symptoms.” It also determined that she did not

show that her harm was inflicted by a group the government was unable or unwilling to control.

Keita petitions for review of the BIA’s decision.
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II

We uphold the BIA’s asylum decision where it is “‘supported by reasonable, substantial, and

probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’” Mostafa v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 622, 624

(6th Cir. 2005) (quoting INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992)), and we reverse the BIA’s

determination only where “the evidence not only supports a contrary conclusion, but indeed compels

it.” Gilaj v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 275, 283 (6th Cir. 2005) (quotation and emphasis omitted).

A. IJ Error

Keita first alleges that the IJ erred in several respects and asks us to review the BIA’s failure

to correct the alleged errors. But the BIA did not rely on any of the alleged errors in reaching its

decision, and we review only the decision of the BIA. Zaitona v. INS, 9 F.3d 432, 434 (6th Cir.

1993) (“[T]his court reviews the decision of the BIA, not of the IJ.”).

B. Lack of Corroborating Evidence

Keita maintains that the BIA erred in determining that she failed to prove past persecution

because she did not provide corroborating hospital reports. She advances three arguments: (1) that

her testimony sufficed to prove persecution; (2) that medical reports constitute hearsay under the

Federal Rules of Evidence; and (3) that the BIA overlooked “twenty-five letters from her children

corroborating the abuses [she] suffered.”
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Keita’s arguments are unavailing. First, this court has expressly approved the BIA’s rule that

“where it is reasonable to expect corroborating evidence for certain alleged facts pertaining to the

specifics of an applicant’s claim, such evidence should be provided. . . . The absence of such

corroborating evidence can lead to a finding that an applicant has failed to meet her burden of

proof.” Dorosh v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 379, 382 (6th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). At her hearing,

Keita testified on cross-examination that she obtained medical documents from hospitals in both

Mali and the United States, but she did not provide them during her immigration proceedings

because the doctors “didn’t see anything.” Although Keita claims that the hospitals reached

“inconclusive results,” hospital reports nevertheless would have provided important evidence that

she sought treatment and that she manifested objective symptoms such as the black spots on her

limbs and fingernails, swollen extremities, and temporary blindness. Because it is reasonable to

expect Keita to provide medical records to corroborate her allegations, and Keita did not sufficiently

explain her failure to present these records, this failure “can lead to a finding that an applicant has

failed to meet her burden of proof.” Id.

Keita’s remaining two arguments likewise fail. Assuming that, as Keita claims, the medical

reports would constitute hearsay under the Federal Rules of Evidence, these rules do not govern the

admissibility of evidence in immigration proceedings. Singh v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 396, 406-07 (6th

Cir. 2005). And although a few of the letters from Keita’s family reference problems she faced in

Mali, the letters do not compel a conclusion contrary to the one reached by the BIA, particularly
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when, as the BIA pointed out, it would be reasonable to expect Keita to present her hospital records

and she failed to do so.

C. The Government’s Inability or Unwillingness to Control Bidanis

The BIA also found that Keita had not demonstrated that the government was unable or

unwilling to control Bidanis. Although Keita testified that “the government does not mix itself into

the affairs of the community,” the BIA concluded that the record did not indicate that seeking

government protection would be futile or dangerous. 

Keita contests this determination, citing In re SA, 22 I & N Dec. 1328 (2000), in which the

BIA found that the record corroborated the applicant’s and her aunt’s testimonies that seeking

governmental protection from her abusive father would have been futile and potentially dangerous.

But Keita points to no record evidence to compel such a conclusion in this case. She testified that

she thought seeking police protection would be useless, but she never offered any basis for her

speculation. Although one Department of State report in the record speaks of police reluctance to

enforce laws “against domestic violence,” nothing compels the conclusion that the police would

refuse to enforce the law in a situation involving an alleged nondomestic persecutor. Cf. Mann v.

Attorney General, 123 Fed. Appx. 514, 517 (3d Cir. 2005) (denying petition for review because,

“[e]ven assuming her distrust of local authorities was warranted, [applicant] could have turned to

police outside of the villages in which the alleged persecution took place, or national authorities”);

Lleshanaku v. Ashcroft, 100 Fed. Appx. 546, 549 (7th Cir. 2004) (“[T]his court has previously
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indicated its disinclination to accept an asylum claim based on persecution by private persons where

the applicant did not even attempt to seek police protection . . . .”).

D. Judicial Notice

Finally, we address Keita’s request that we take judicial notice of a 2003 State Department

report. As we previously discussed in an unpublished case, the Illegal Immigration Reform and

Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 prohibits our taking judicial notice of facts outside the

administrative record. Visha v. INS, 51 Fed. Appx. 547, 551 (6th Cir. 2002). Further, Keita seeks

only to supply evidence of forced marriages in Mali—evidence that, even if admitted, would not

demonstrate that she suffered persecution in Mali or that the government was unwilling to control

her persecutor.

III

Because Keita has not demonstrated that the record compels a conclusion contrary to the one

reached by the BIA, we deny her petition for review.