IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 22-2093

Filed April 12, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF J.C. AND N.C.,

Minor Children,

A.P., Mother,

Appellant,

B.C., Father,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Brent Pattison, District 

Associate Judge.

Parents separately appeal the termination of their parental rights. 

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

Deborah L. Johnson of Deborah L. Johnson Law Office, P.C., Altoona, for 

appellant mother.

Lisa A. Allison of Allison Law Firm, LLC, Des Moines, for appellant father.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Nicole Garbis Nolan of the Youth Law Center, Des Moines, attorney for J.C. 

and guardian ad litem for minor children.

ConGarry Williams of Juvenile Public Defender, Des Moines, attorney 

for N.C.
2

Considered by Schumacher, P.J., Ahlers, J., and Mullins, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 

(2023).
3

MULLINS, Senior Judge.

A mother and father separately appeal the termination of their parental 

rights to their children—born in 2006 and 2016—under Iowa Code 

section 232.116(1)(f) (2022). Both parents challenge the sufficiency of evidence 

supporting the ground for termination and request additional time to work toward 

reunification. The mother also argues termination is contrary to the children’s best 

interests. 

I. Background

The children came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Health and 

Human Services (HHS) in April 2021 upon allegations that the mother was using 

methamphetamine while caring for them. The mother did not cooperate with drug 

testing, and the HHS discovered she was recently discharged from opioid-abuse 

treatment due to a positive drug test. Because the mother would not cooperate 

with safety planning, the HHS sought and obtained an order for temporary removal. 

Pretty much all that was known about the father at this point was that he lived in 

Florida and had not had any contact with the mother or children for some time. 

Turns out, the mother had left Florida with the children several years before and 

never advised the father about where they were. The court subsequently 

adjudicated the children as in need of assistance. 

From there, the mother avoided drug tests and denied use for several 

months. She did not meaningfully participate in any services until February 2022. 

At that point in time, she began a medication-assisted treatment (MAT) program, 

but that program was only aimed at her misuse of opioids, as opposed to 

methamphetamine abuse. She also began telehealth therapy. Also in February, 
4

however, the mother’s house burned down. One of the police officers who 

responded to the scene opined, based on her training and experience, the mother 

was “acting like she was high on methamphetamine or another stimulant.” Two 

other officers concurred in this assessment. 

The mother participated in her first formal drug screen in March, which was 

positive for methamphetamine. She largely continued to avoid drug testing 

requests from the HHS through the time of the first day of the termination hearing 

in September, although she did provide one negative test in May. And while she 

provided various negative drug screens during appointments with her MAT 

provider, those screens were neither observed nor random. The mother also 

rescheduled several of her appointments, and the MAT provider agreed it was 

“possible” that the mother rescheduled these appointments in order to allow her 

body to metabolize any methamphetamine in her system before she took the test. 

While the mother’s therapist agreed she never noticed any behavioral indicators 

of use by the mother, the therapist only met with the mother in person twice, while 

the remainder of their sessions were over the phone.

While the father sought out services in Florida after he became involved in 

the proceedings, services were essentially non-existent there. The father moved 

to Iowa in February 2022 to have a more meaningful shot at reunification. The 

caseworker agreed the father participated in pretty much every service he could 

after moving to Iowa. However, he had not secured housing or employment by the 

time of the first day of the termination hearing. As to the father’s housing, he was 

residing at a mission and was on a waitlist for an apartment. As to his employment, 

he has never held a job due to his mental-health diagnosis of schizophrenia, and 
5

he relies solely on social security disability to meet his needs. The social worker 

testified that, given the father’s long absence from the children’s lives, any 

relationship between them is lacking, and even an additional six months would not 

allow those relationships to progress to an extent that the children could be placed 

in his custody. That said, the lack of a relationship between the father and children 

is not entirely his fault. Not only did the mother leave the father and take the 

children with her, but she did not tell the father where they relocated, and she has 

since influenced the children to fear the father. The caseworker additionally opined 

that the father could not provide full-time care to two children due to his mentalhealth issues, namely his schizophrenia. Yet, the father testified his medications 

stabilize the effects of his schizophrenia. 

A permanency hearing was held over various days in April and May 2022. 

In its subsequent permanency order, the court determined the children could not 

wait any longer for the mother to establish and maintain sobriety. As to the father, 

the court noted he had not had meaningful contact with the children in years, 

although this was largely not his fault, and he “acknowledges a long struggle with 

his own mental health.” Overall, the court determined “that reasonable progress 

is not being made by the parents in achieving the permanency goal of reunification” 

and, as such, modified the permanency goal to termination. The court noted its 

consideration of allowing only the father additional time but decided it would not 

alleviate the need for removal from his custody due to his current homelessness, 

“complex set of mental health issues,” and “lengthy period of disconnection from 

the children.”
6

The State filed its termination petitions in August, and the termination 

hearing was held over four days in September and October 2022. At the 

conclusion of the first day of the termination hearing on September 7, the State 

requested that the mother submit to hair-stat testing that very day. While her 

counsel agreed, the mother passively objected, noting “I have a big hole in the 

back of [my] head.” The mother submitted to the testing, and she tested positive 

for methamphetamine. In a subsequent motion, the mother continued to deny 

using the substance and requested re-testing. The court denied the mother’s 

request that it order re-testing but noted the HHS could do so if it desired.

On the third day of the hearing on October 12, the mother organized her 

own drug testing, and that hair-stat test was negative for all substances. On crossexamination about that testing at the fourth day of the hearing on October 21, the 

guardian ad litem pointed out that the mother had bleached her hair. The mother 

denied she did anything to her hair. While the court could not specifically recall 

what the mother’s hair looked like at the time of the prior hearings, the court 

agreed, “I can tell its bleached in the back pretty high.” Again, this drug testing 

was not random.

Throughout the proceedings, the mother has been hostile to pretty much 

everyone—the father, service providers, and even the children’s guardian ad litem. 

She has repeatedly said inappropriate things to the children, which has resulted in 

her interactions with them being significantly curtailed. At the final day of the 

termination hearing, the older child—then sixteen years old—pleaded with the 

court to terminate his mother’s parental rights. 
7

In its ruling, the court detailed the mother’s inability to abstain from 

methamphetamine use, mental-health struggles, inappropriate behavior toward 

the children, and general hostility. But the evidence about the father “told a very 

different story.” The court highlighted the father’s positive demeanor, patience, 

respectfulness, interest in the children, and unfettered cooperation with the HHS. 

All that said, the court acknowledged the father’s ongoing struggles with meeting 

his own needs as a result of his “long-term, chronic mental health issues that have 

not always been well treated.” Adding in the father’s long absence from the 

children’s lives and lack of stable housing, the court determined the father is not 

ready to have custody of the children, and both children are in need of 

permanency. Overall, the court found the children could not be returned to 

parental custody within the meaning of section 232.116(1)(f) and termination is in 

the children’s best interests based on their extended period of removal and need 

for permanency. The court denied the mother’s request for additional time, 

concluding her ongoing substance abuse and emotional outbursts resulting from 

her poor mental health would not be rectified within six months. The court 

acknowledged its answer to the father’s request for an extension was a “closer” 

call. But, even assuming the father would be able to obtain safe and appropriate 

housing in the near future, the court determined he “would have a long way to go 

before he could demonstrate the ability to safely parent the children.” So the court 

denied each parent’s request for more time and terminated their parental rights.

Both parents appeal separately.
8

II. Standard of Review

We review termination proceedings de novo. In re A.B., 956 

N.W.2d 162, 168 (Iowa 2021); In re C.Z., 956 N.W.2d 113, 119 (Iowa 2021). Our 

primary consideration is the best interests of the children, In re J.E., 723 

N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006), the defining elements of which are the children’s 

safety and need for a permanent home. In re H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 748 

(Iowa 2011). 

III. Discussion

The court applies a three-step analysis in conducting its de novo review of 

terminations of parental rights, asking whether (1) a statutory ground for 

termination is satisfied, (2) the children’s best interests are served by termination, 

and (3) a statutory exception applies and should be exercised to preclude 

termination. See In re L.B., 970 N.W.2d 311, 313 (Iowa 2022). We need only

address the steps raised by the parents on appeal. See In re P.L., 778

N.W.2d 33, 40 (Iowa 2010). If the challenged steps support termination, we then

consider any ancillary issues raised by the parents, such as whether additional

time is warranted. See, e.g., In re K.S., No. 22-1368, 2022 WL 10833216, at *3

(Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 10, 2022). We consider each parent’s claims separately. See

In re J.H., 952 N.W.2d 157, 171 (Iowa 2020).

A. Mother

1. Ground for termination

For her challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting termination

under section 232.116(1)(f), the mother only challenges the final element—that the 

children could not be returned to her custody at the time of the termination hearing. 
9

See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)(4) (requiring clear and convincing evidence that 

children cannot be returned to parental custody “at the present time”); In re 

D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010) (interpreting the statutory language “at 

the present time” to mean “at the time of the termination hearing”). 

Concerning her substance abuse, the mother doubles-down on her claim 

below that she does not use methamphetamine. She highlights her participation 

in MAT and her various negative drug tests. But the MAT was aimed at the 

mother’s disorder concerning opioid—as opposed to methamphetamine—abuse. 

And the weight that should be afforded to her drug urinalysis testing through that 

treatment is little if any. See In re A.W., No. 18-0382, 2018 WL 2084913, at *2 

(Iowa Ct. App. May 2, 2018) (discussing expert testimony on “the ease of 

manipulating a UA”); see also United States v. Jittaphol, 598 F. Supp. 3d 22, 33 

(D. Mass. 2022) (discussing a study that noted: “Drug metabolites are rapidly 

excreted in urine limiting the window of detection of a single use to a few days” 

(citation omitted)). Those tests were not random or observed and, in reality, the 

mother had the ability to delay those tests if she desired. Indeed, she exercised 

that ability several times. 

The more formal drug screens sponsored by the HHS serve as a better 

benchmark. She largely evaded these drug tests. While she did provide a 

negative result in or about May 2022, she provided test results positive for 

methamphetamine both before and after that, including at the time of the first day 

of the termination hearing. While the mother claims this was a false positive, we, 

like the juvenile court, find that highly unlikely, especially given the high level of the 
10

substance found in the specimen provided by the mother.1 The mother also points 

to her negative testing results in October, which she organized without the 

oversight of the HHS. But, like the tests through the MAT provider, this was not 

random, and there is evidence that the mother bleached her hair in an attempt to 

influence the results. See A.W., 2018 WL 2084913, at *2 (discussing expert 

testimony about the ease of “manipulating a hair test by dying, bleaching, or 

shampooing hair”). 

Overall, the record supports the juvenile court’s conclusion that the mother 

can demonstrate only short stints of sobriety but cannot maintain ongoing, longterm sobriety. This serves as clear and convincing evidence that the children 

cannot be returned to her custody due to her ongoing methamphetamine use. 

See, e.g., In re E.D., No. 21-0221, 2021 WL 3897861, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 

1, 2021) (finding mother’s “pattern of maintaining sobriety for short stints” resulted 

in conclusion that child could not be returned to her custody); In re P.D., No. 19-

1824, 2019 WL 6894420, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 18, 2019) (finding short stints 

of sobriety followed by relapse continued to present risk of adjudicatory harm).

The mother’s mental health and behavior toward the children also poses an 

ongoing risk for adjudicatory harm. While the mother points out she has been 

regularly attending mental-health therapy, that only makes her ongoing outbursts 

and aggression even more troubling. She continues to engage in behavior that 

she has been told time and time again is harmful to the children’s emotional and 

1 The level of methamphetamine found in the mother’s hair specimen 

was 4985 pg/mg. To put that number in perspective, the confirmation cutoff for 

methamphetamine was 500 pg/mg.
11

mental health. While she submits on appeal that the father “is the actual danger 

and threat to them,” and that could have been true in the past, the mother is the 

one who currently poses a danger and threat to the children. 

We agree with the juvenile court that the children could not be returned to 

the mother’s custody at the time of the termination hearing due to her ongoing 

substance-abuse and mental-health struggles, and the evidence was therefore 

sufficient for termination under section 232.116(1)(f).

2. Best interests

The mother also argues termination is contrary to the children’s best 

interests. In determining whether termination is in the best interests of children, 

we “give primary consideration to the child[ren]’s safety, to the best placement for 

furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child[ren], and to the physical, 

mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child[ren].” Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(2). 

The mother asserts there are compelling reasons to not terminate, namely 

that any ongoing parenting deficiencies can be addressed through more services 

and she has “demonstrated a willingness to cooperate with services, both 

substance abuse and mental health.” But that is not the true state of affairs. The 

mother has been resistant to services from the HHS. While the mother has sought 

out and participated in services of her own finding, those services have had no 

diminishing effect on the ongoing need for removal. And they appear to be 

services in which the mother can exercise a heavier hand in manipulating her 

supposed progress without HHS oversight. The mother also notes that the 

younger child has been in various placements and there is a possibility that his 
12

current placement in the same home as the older child may not work out as a 

certain permanency option. While we acknowledge the ultimate permanency 

picture is not concrete for the younger child, “‘whatever the future holds for [him], 

it will be better than the “parentless limbo” [he has] already been in’ since removal.” 

In re N.B., No. 22-1684, 2023 WL 2148780, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 22, 2023) 

(citation omitted). 

We agree with the juvenile court that termination is in the children’s best 

interests.

3. Additional time

Finally, the mother requests additional time to work toward reunification. If, 

following a termination hearing, the court does not terminate parental rights but 

finds there is clear and convincing evidence that the children remain in need of 

assistance, the court may enter an order in accordance with section 232.104(2)(b). 

Iowa Code § 232.117(5). Section 232.104(2)(b) affords the juvenile court the 

option to continue placement of a child for an additional six months if the court 

finds “the need for removal . . . will no longer exist at the end of the additional sixmonth period.”

The mother submits “she has demonstrated a commitment to continuing 

with her service providers” and additional time would allow “the court the 

opportunity to continue to moniter [her] by way of more consistent testing to give a 

clearer picture of the concerns regarding substance abuse.” As already noted, the 

services the mother has chosen to participate in have not eliminated the need for 

removal, despite the fact that she has been participating in them for several 

months. Furthermore, the court already had a clear picture of the concerns 
13

regarding the mother’s substance abuse, and the mother has already shown that 

she will continue to avoid submitting to reliable drug testing by the HHS. On our 

review, we are unable to enumerate any “specific factors, conditions, or expected 

behavioral changes” that would support a determination that the need for removal 

will no longer exist after six months. See id. § 232.104(2)(b). As such, we 

conclude additional time is not warranted.

The mother also asserts that delaying permanency will not harm the 

children, implying they can simply remain in their current placements and await 

permanency until she gets her affairs in order. But the law is clear that “[t]he crucial 

days of childhood cannot be suspended while parents experiment with ways to 

face up to their own problems.” In re A.C., 415 N.W.2d 609, 613 (Iowa 1987). So 

we are unable to conclude an extension is warrantedd upon this basis either.

B. Father

1. Ground for termination

The father likewise challenges the State’s establishment of the final element

of section 232.116(1)(f), that the children could not be returned to his custody at 

the time of the termination hearing. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)(4); D.W., 791 

N.W.2d at 707 (Iowa 2010). He argues that the State did not present any evidence 

that the children would be in “imminent danger” if placed in his custody. While 

such evidence would presumably satisfy the State’s burden, imminent danger is 

not a strict requirement. Instead, all the State was required to show was that the 

children could not be returned to the father’s custody at the time of the termination 

hearing. 
14

Aside from the father’s housing situation, he does not have a meaningful 

relationship with either of the children, although a relationship with the younger 

child was certainly developing. Furthermore, the father does have a complex 

history of mental-health problems, which he does not dispute. Those issues do 

appear to have stabilized as a result of the father’s utilization of treatment and 

medication management. But that stabilization has not been tested by an 

environment in which the father has to raise and care for two children basically on 

his own with no recent parenting experience to rely upon. The father has not been 

a full-time parent to these children for several years, and he has certainly never 

parented two children on his own. In addition, the older child is adamant in not 

returning to the father’s custody, which the father understands and “continues to 

be willing to honor,” due to his age. And the younger child has serious behavioral 

issues, which the father has no experience with tending to.

On our review, we agree with the juvenile court that the children could not 

be placed in the father’s custody at the time of the termination hearing.

2. Additional time2

The real question is whether the father should be granted additional time to 

work toward reunification, particularly as to the younger child. In support of his 

request for an extension, the father generally highlights his meaningful 

participation in services, cooperation with the HHS, development of a relationship 

with the children since his move to Iowa, and his commendable performance 

2 We disagree with the State that the father did not preserve error on this issue 

because it was not raised in his written closing argument. The issue was placed 

before the court at the hearing, and the court considered the issue and ruled on it. 
15

during visits. The State basically responds the father would still not be ready to 

parent the children if given an additional six months, noting he “was only in the 

beginning stages of developing a relationship with the boys” and “was still 

struggling to meet his own basic needs and had yet to secure appropriate housing.”

To put it simply, the father’s efforts to resume custody of these children were 

extraordinary. He moved half way across the country to facilitate reunification and 

did everything HHS asked, and more. While he was initially largely denied contact 

with the children both before and after the move, he did not get discouraged. He 

took the appropriate steps, progressed to visits, and attempted to rebuild his 

relationship with the older child and build a relationship with the younger child, who 

was only months old when the mother took off with the children and did not advise 

the father of their whereabouts. 

As the juvenile court recognized, whether to grant the father an extension 

is a close call. The only flies in the ointment cited by the juvenile court were the 

father’s housing situation, ability to care for the children as a single parent, and 

stability in regards to his own mental-health needs. Viewing the children in 

isolation, the questions we are asked to answer would be simpler. On the one 

hand, the father agrees the older child is in a good place, and his wishes to proceed 

to permanency in his current placement should be honored, given his age and 

maturity. We agree this is in the older child’s best interests and, as a result, the 

father should not be granted an extension as to the older child. On the other hand, 

a case can be made that the father should be granted additional time as to the 

younger child on the assumption that he could cure the juvenile court’s concerns 

for his housing, ability to provide appropriate care to a child with special needs as 
16

a single parent with no prior experience, and ability to sustain extended stability in 

regards to his own mental health. That assumption still comes with major doubts, 

however, mainly because the meat and cheese in that task sandwich is an 

arguably insurmountable task to complete in six months, especially in light of the 

father’s long absence from the child’s life and parenting in general, as well as the 

level of his relationship with the child, which is still in the developing stages.

Looking at the whole picture, even assuming the need for removal of the 

younger child could be alleviated in six months, which is questionable, “we must 

also consider whether further delay is in [the younger child’s] best interests.” In re 

W.T., 967 N.W.2d 315, 323 (Iowa 2021). On our de novo review, we conclude that 

it is not. The younger child is currently placed in the same home as his older 

brother, and that placement intends to adopt the older child. The older child serves 

as the only constant in the younger child’s life and they obviously share a strong 

sibling bond. In comparison, the younger child’s bond with the father is limited at 

best. While questions remain about whether the foster home can impact the 

younger child as positively as it unquestionably has the older child, the outlook 

seems bright at this juncture. And the questions surrounding whether the father 

can alleviate the need for removal if given an additional six months are plagued 

with more doubts than the question of whether putting the child on a path to 

permanency now will better serve his best interests. 

We commend the father for his performance in these unfortunate 

circumstances. But, by the time of the termination ruling, the younger child had 

already been in a state of limbo for more than eighteen months, well beyond the 

statutory twelve-month period. “It is unnecessary to take from the child[]’s future 
17

any more than demanded by statute” and, while “some extensions will prove to be 

appropriate,” one extension was already built into this proceeding, and there are 

too many questions about whether another will be fruitful. A.C., 415 N.W.2d 

at 614. Courts operate under a constant acknowledgement “that, if the plan fails, 

all extended time must be subtracted from an already shortened life for the child[] 

in a better home.” Id. Viewing this child’s protracted lack of permanency with a 

sense of urgency, we conclude an extension of time now would be contrary to the 

child’s best interests. As a result we affirm the termination of the father’s parental 

rights.

IV. Conclusion

We affirm the termination of both parents’ rights.

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.