a |

USAFA Discovery #2000-02 (Apr-Jun 00)

OBRINGER, J., S Phipps, and M Jojnson.
"DNA Microarray Differential Gene
Expression Profiling of Cultured RPE
Cells after High Energy Pulsed Laser-Light
Exposure." Proc. of CHI, April 2000.

REED, R. and R. Enger. "Team Building:

Key to a Successful Self-Study and Team

Visit." North Central Assoc., A Collection
of Papers., April 2000.

REED, R. and R. Enger. "A Multi-
Dimensional Approach to Student
Assessment." North Central Assoc., A
Collection of Papers., April 2000.

ROSS, M. and L. Maher. "The General
Health Status of Young Adult Male
Subjects Following Knee Surgery."
Colorado Wyoming Academy of Science,
XXXIL, #1, April 2000.

ROSS, M. and S. Hooten. "Calf Muscle
Girth and Performance Following Knee
Surgery in Young Adult Male Subjects."
Colorado Wyoming Academy of Science
(2000), April 2000.

UNANGST, E., L. Merkley, and B.
Coleman. "Effects of Lipid Deposition Site
on Non-invasive Estimates of Body
Composition." Colorado Wyoming
Academy of Science, XXXII, #1, April 2000.

UNANGST, E., M. Blair, and M. Granger.
“A Non-invasive Model for Estimating
Body Composition in Wild Deer Mice."
Colorado Wyoming Academy of Science,
XXXUHL, #1, April 2000.

‘WUNDER, B. and E. Unangst. "Use of
EM-SCAN to Determine Body
Composition in Previously Frozen
Specimens." IN: Life in the Cold, G.
Heldmaier & M. Klingenspor (eds),
Springer-Verlag Publishers.

Presentations:

BLAIR, M., M. Granger, and E. Unangst.
"A Non-invasive Model for Estimating
Body Composition in Wild Deer Mice."
Colorado Wyoming Academy of Science,
Pueblo, Colorado, April 2000.

DEFUSCO, R. "Current status of the
USAF Bird Avoidance Model."
International Bird Strike Meeting,
Belgium, April 2000.

DEFUSCO, R. and T. Kelly. "The Avian
hazard Advisory System." International
Bird Strike Meetings, Netherlands, April
2000.

HOOTEN, S. and M. Ross. "Calf Muscle
Girth and Performance Following Knee
Surgery in Young Adult Male Subjects."
Colorado Wyoming Academy of Science,
Pueblo, Colorado, April 2000.

MAHER, L. and M. Ross. "The General
Health Status of Young Adult Male
Subjects Following Knee Surgery."
Colorado Wyoming Academy of Science,
Pueblo, Colorado, April 2000.

MERKLEY, L., B. Coleman, and E.
Unangst. "Effects of Lipid Deposition Site
on Non-invasive Estimates of Body
Composition." Colorado Wyoming
Academy of Science, Pueblo, Colorado,
April 2000.

WILCOX, M., C. Tinianow, and T.
Tinianow. "Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment
for Focal Brain Contusion." Rocky
Mountain Bioengineering Symposium,
USAFA, CO, April 2000.

Department of Behavioral Sciences and
Leadership

Publications:

LEREW, D. R., Schmidt, N. B., Santiago,
HLT., Trakowski, J.H., & Staab, J.P. (in
press). Effects of heart rate feedback on
estimated cardiovascular fitness in patients
with panic disorder. Depression and
Anxiety.

LEREW, D. R., Joiner, T. E., Jr., Schmidt,
N. B., Cook, J. H., Gencoz, T., & Gencoz,
F, (2000). The differential roles of
depressive and anxious symptoms and of
gender in defensiveness. Journal of
Personality Assessment, 75, 200-211.

STAAL, M.A., Cigrang, J.A., & Fiedler,
E.R.. Disposition decisions in Air Force
basic trainees assessed during mental

health evaluations. Military Psychology,
123), 187-203, 2000.

STAAL, M.A.. The cities of south central
and eastern Cilicia: An ancient
numismatist’s paradise, The Celator:
Journal of Ancient and Medieval Art and
Artifacts, 14(12), 2000.

Presentations:

CARLSON, K. A. & Smith, K.,
Relationships among Implicit Learning
Tasks. Paper presented at 12" Annual
American Psychological Society , June 8-
11, Miami, FL, 2000.

PRINGLE, H.L., Kramer, A.F. & Irwin,
DE. :Eye movements, age and the
representation of complex real-world
scenes. Paper presented at Sth
International Conference on Human
Interaction with Complex Systems, 1-2
May, Champaign-Urbana, IL, 2000.

SHILLING, R.D., Letowski, T; Spatial
Auditory Displays. “What is essential for
Virtual Reality to meet military
performance goals”, NATO Workshop,
The Hague, The Netherlands, 2000.

Proceedings:

SHILLING, R.D. , Letowski, T., & Storms
R. (2000). Spatial Auditory Displays for
use within Attack Rotary Wing Aircraft.
Proceedings of the International
Conference on Auditory Displays, April
2000, Atlanta, Ga.

Department of Chemistry

Publications:

WILKES, J., Margaret L. Mutch, Frank
Lynch, and Jeff Schmidt. "Hydrogen
Storage And Generation By Light Metal
Chemical Hydrides." Proceedings of the
39th Power Sources Conference, 39, June
2000.

Presentations:

ALLEN, J. "Site Directed Mutagenesis of
the FepA Ligand Binding Domain." Dept.
of Chemistry, USAFA, USAFA, April
2000.

FURSTENAU, R. "The Energy-
Environment Simulator." NW/Rocky Mtn
Regional ACS Meeting, Idaho Falls, 1D,
June 2000.

MADLAND, A., John Wilkes, and R.
Schoske. "Polystyrene Extractions By
Room Temperature Acidic
Chloroaluminate Molten Salt." 4th Ann
Mtg S Colo Undergrad Research Symp,
Pueblo, CO, April 2000.



To learn more about research at the United States Air Force Academy, we encourage you to visit our Web site at www.usafa.af.mil/dfe. If you want to focus on a
particular department or effort you might want to contact the associated Department Research Director. Each phone extension is preceded by (719)-333

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Behavioral Sciences Dr. Kieth Carlson 2972 _| Kieth.carlson

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Chemistry Dr. John Wilkes 6005 _|_John.wilkes Aeronautics Dr. Aaron Byerley 3436 | Aaron.byerley

Civil Engineering Lt Col Jim Pocock 3150 | James.pocock Aircraft Life Extension Lt Col Jim Greer 3618 | Jim.greer

Computer Science Maj Larry Merkle 7101__| Larry.merkle Human-Environmental Lt Col Rick Carrier 6016 _| Rick.carrier

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Electrical Engineering | Dr. Randy 4211 Randy.musselm } Laser and Optics Dr. Randy Knize 4165 | Randy.knize

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USAFA Discovery #2000-02 (Apr-Jun 00)

34th Education Group
Publications:

ANDERSON, B. A. “The United States
Air Force, B, 1947 -- D. 2025” Airman-
Scholar, Spring 2000.

DAINS, R. N. “Force Support for the
Expeditionary Air Force: A Function of
Logistics Capability.” Air Force
Journal of Logistics, Summer 2000.

SMITH, J. M. ed. Spacepower for a New
Millennium: Space and U.S. National
Security, New York: McGraw-Hill,
2000.

Presentations:

KRUPNICK, C. A. “Amity and Enmity
in the US-EU Security Relationship.”
“EU-US Relations: A Partnership in
Transition” Conference sponsored by the
European Union Center of the Sam
Nunn School of International Affairs,
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, GA, 14 April 2000.

SMITH, J. M. “Culture Change and
Innovation in the USAF,” CSAF
Developing Aerospace Leaders Program
Office, 3 April 2000.

SMITH, J. M. “USAFA’s Contribution
to Aerospace Leadership,” CSAF
Developing Aerospace Leaders Action
Committee, Washington DC, 1 May
2000.

Department of Aeronautics
Publications:

GUY, Y., S. Morton, and J. Morrow.
"Numerical Investigation of the Flow
Field on a Delta Wingwith Periodic
Blowing and Suction." AIAA Fluids
2000, AIAA 2000-2321, June 2000.

VAN TREUREN, K. and B. Haven.
"Undergraduate Gas Turbine Engine
Design Using Spreadsheets and
Commercial Software." Gas Turbine and
Aeroengine Congress and Exhibit, 2000-
GT-587, May 2000.

Publications and Presentations

WAGEMANN, J. and T. Colella. "V-
Tail Stability and Control." Aero 471
Report, May 2000.

WILLIAMS, D., D. Fabris, and J.
Morrow. "Experiments on Controlling
Multiple Acoustic Modes in Cavities."
AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference, June
2000.

YECHOUT, T. and E. Melendez. "Drag
Reduction Approaches for the AC-130
Gunship Wing Pylons and Gun Barrels."
DFAN TR 00-01, June 2000.

Presentations:

FORSYTHE, J., K. Hoffmann, and J.
Dietiker. "Detached-Eddy Simulation of
a Supersonic Axisymmetric Base Flow
with an Unstructured Solver." Fluids
2000, Denver CO USA, June 2000.

FORSYTHE, J., W. Strang, and K.
Hoffmann. "Validation of Several
Reynolds-Averaged Turbulence Models
in a 3-D Unstructured Grid Code."
Fluids 2000, Denver Co, USA, June
2000.

SCHURICHT, P., J. Forsythe, J. Bertin,
and G. Abate. "Comparison Between
Measurements and Computations for
Power-Law Elliptic section Bodies."
Fluids 2000, Denver, CO, June 2000.

WOLF, J. "Development Of Radiant
Heating Experimental Method For The
Investigation of Convective Turbine
Cooling." AIAA Conference
Proceedings, Kansas (USA), April 2000.

YECHOUT, T., E. Melendez, S.
Chadsey, and N. Rutgers. "AC-130H
Drag Reduction Program." Presentation
to AFSOC /16th SOS, Hurlburt AFB,
FL, Hurlburt Field, FL, May 2000.

YECHOUT, T., T. Nettleblad, and C.
Johnston. "X-38 'Mid-Rudder'
Evaluation." NASA JSC, NASA
JSC, Houston, TX, May 2000.

Department of Astronautics
Publications:

CHMIELEWSKL, R. "MERITT
Research Discussion and Analysis of
Topic VII: Spinning Tether Payload.”
AIAA Student Conference, April 2000.
Presentatio:

BELLE, G. "Falconsat-1 Design
Overview." Small Satellite Design &
Technology Course, Col Spr, CO, May
2000.

GENTILE, C., A. Martin, T. Burton, and
et al. "Development of a Hybrid
Propulsion System for Sounding Rocket
Applications.” AIAA Student
Conference, Wichita, Kansas, April 2000.

GENTILE, C., B. Marbach, and J. Dean.
"Mars Ascent Vehicle Preliminary
Design." AIAA Student Conference,
Wichita, Kansas, April 2000.

LEE, K. "Modeling and Analysis of
Launch Vehicle Thermal Protective
System (TPS) Concepts." AIAA Student
Conference, Wichita, Kansas, April 2000.

MCKAY, B. "Optimal Trajectories for
Secondary Payloads from a
Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit to the
Moon." AIAA Student Conference,
Wichita, Kansas, April 2000.

Department of Biology
Publications:

DEFUSCO, R. "Current status of the
USAF Bird Avoidance Model (BAM)."
International Bird Strike Meetings,
25:51-55, April 2000.

OBRINGER, J., S Phipps, and M
Johnson. "DNA Microarray gene
expression profiling of cultured
human retinal pigment epithelial cells
after high energy pulsed laser-light
exposure." Proc. of SWARM/AAAS
Mtg., 40/1, April 2000.



USAFA Discovery #2000-02 (Apr-Jun 00)

RITTENHOUSE, T. "Single Crystal
Growth and Characterization of Silicon
Germanium Alloys." Dept. of Chemistry,
USAFA, April 2000.

WILKES, J. "An Ammonia - Lithium
Aluminum Hydride Hydrogen Genera-tor."
Wkshp on Fuel Processors for PEM Fuel
Cells, Detroit, MI, June 2000.

WILKES, J., Margaret Mutch, Frank
Lynch, and Jeff Schmidt. "Hydrogen
Storage And Generation By Light Metal
Chemical Hydrides." 39th Power Sources
Conference, Cherry Hill, NJ, June 2000.

WILKES, J. "The Past, Present and Future
of Ionic Liquids as Battery Electrolytes."
NATO Ady Res Wkshp Green Indust Appl
Tonic Liquids, Heraklion, Greece, April
2000.

Department of Education

Publications:

REVAK, M.A., “If Technology is the
Hammer, Where’s the Nail?” Journal of
Cooperation and Collaboration in College
Teaching, 10(1), 21-23, 2000.

Presentations:

REVAK, M.A. and HUGHES, C.W.,
“Creating Focus Groups with Structure and
Flexibility: A New Model.” (with D.
Fitzkee). Presented at the American
Association of Higher Education
Assessment Conference; Charlotte, NC,
June 2000.

Department of Electrical Engineering
Publications:

DE GRAAF, P., S. Barrett, and C. Wright.
"Deriving kradiation Control Parameters
for Laser Photocoagulation on the Retina."
37th Annual Rocky Mtn Bioengineering
Symposium, Volume 36, April 2000.

ROYER, E., C. Wright, and D. Peterson.
“Assessment for Electrical Engineering
Programs: Processes Implemented at the
United States Air Force Academy." IEEE
Transactions on Education, vol 43, no 2,
May 2000.

WELCH, T., C. Wright, and M. Morrow.
"Poles, zeros, and MATLAB, oh my!."
ASEE Computers in Education Journal, X,
2, April 2000.

Presentations:
PETERSON, D., C. Wright, and E. Royer.
"Assessment Processes for Engineering
Programs." ASEE 2000 Annual
Conference, St Louis, MO, USA, June
2000.

Department of History

Publications:

FARQUHAR, J. T. “A Need to Know:
The Role of Air Force Reconnaissance in
War Planning, 1945-1953” accepted by
Air University Press; publication in 2001.

Presentations:

FARQUHAR, J.T. “David Irving,
Holocaust Denial, and Kosovo:
Implications forToday's Officer.” At the
Reserve Officers Association’s Colorado
State Convention, April 2000.

FARQUHAR, J. T., “Richard I. Bong:
American Hero and Class Exemplar,” Air
Force Academy Class of 2003 Class
Exemplar Address, USAFA, May 00.

SHAW, J.M., “The Continuing Relevance
of Limited War,” Ridgway Center- Army
War College’s “The Korean War at 50
Years” conference, April 2000.

TUCCI, J.M., "Terra Marique: the Roman
Invasion of Africa in the First Punic War."
Missouri Valley History Conference,
University of Nebraska-Omaha, May
2000.

Conferences:

ABADL, J., Model Arab League,
Washington DC, April 2000.

ASTORE, W., History of Technology
Conference, Leeds, UK, April 2000.

HEIDLER, J.T., Southern Historical
Conference, Charleston SC, April 2000.

MAGNUSSON, W.P., Model
Organization of American States,
Washington DC, April 2000.

WELLS, M.K. and
GROTELUESCHEN, M., Society for
Military History annual conference,
Quantico, VA, April 2000.
Department of Management

Publications:

CHESLEY, J. and J. Sellers. "Space
Operations: Mission Management and
Operations." Understanding Space: An
Introduction to Astronautics, April 2000.

KING, D., C. Strbiak, and W. Jennings.
"College Student Pedagogy: What
Works (Best) With Personal Finance?"
Journal of Business Education, June 2000.

Presentations:

BARKER, J., B. Wright, and J. Cordery.
"The Ideal Participative State: A Prelude
to Work Group Effectiveness." Society
for Industrial and Organizational
Psycholo, New Orleans, LA, April 2000.

GREEN, S. "Stop Just Acting Like a
Business: Innovative Business Tools of
the Private Sector." DoD Economic
Analysis Workshop, Colorado Springs,
CO, May 2000.

KING, D., S. Green, and N. Rappaport.
"Bringing Acquisition Reform in Focus
Through the Prism of Past Practice."
Society of Cost Estimating and Analysis,
Manhattan Beach, CA USA, June

2000.

MCKINNEY, E., J. Barker, and K.
Davis. "Strangers on the Flight Deck.”
Western Academy of Management,
Honolulu, HI, April 2000.

STRBIAK, C., J. Paul, and N. Landrum.
“Trainer-Consultant Organizational
Diagnosis." 7th Annual International
Conf on Advances in Mgt, Colorado
Springs, CO, May 2000.



#2000-02 (Apr-Jun 00)

USAFA Discovery is published quarterly by the faculty of the US Air Force Academy (USAFA). It contains reports on USAFA cadet and
faculty research, a complete list of current USAFA research points of contact, and a summary of recent awards and publications. All written
material contained within reflects the opinions of the authors and editors and does not necessarily reflect current US Air Force or USAFA

policy.

BONDED REPAIRS FOR THE UNITED STATES

AIR FORCE’S FLEET OF AGING AIRCRAFT
THE EFFECT OF PRE-LOADING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BONDED REPAIRS

The Center for Aircraft Structural Life

Extension, CAStLE, is one of the seven research
centers at the United States Air Force Academy and
has been conducting research in the field of aging
aircraft over the past 6 years. The U.S. Air Force
operates the largest fleet of aging aircraft in the world
and the center’s research supports the structural
maintenance related to operating these aircraft. The
center is mainly focusing on the application of bonded
repairs, using state-of-the-art composite materials such
as Glare (a fiber-metal laminate made of alternating
layers of aluminum and fiberglass) and boron-epoxy
composite as repair materials, and high-temperature
curing adhesives.

CAStLE is currently working on several projects,
both basic research and projects with more near-term
applications. The project highlighted in this article
focuses on the effect of static loads that can already be
present in an aircraft structure while it is being
repaired. When applying a bonded repair to a fatigue
crack on a pre-loaded structure, these loads are
“captured” in the repair after the adhesive has cured,
and it is believed that these loads can have a large
influence, either beneficial (for compressive loads) or
not (for tensile loads), on fatigue crack growth after
application of the repair, since they are additional to
the operational loads that act on the aircraft.

A good example of a structure that is pre-loaded in
tension during the application of repair patches is the
aft-crown section (the top of the fuselage) of the C-SA
Galaxy. Perhaps surprisingly, the cracks in this section
of the aircraft are not caused by flight loads, but by the
sheer weight of the large tail section when the aircraft
is parked. These same loads that are causing the cracks
are present in the structure while it is being repaired.
Another example, where compressive loads play a role
during patching, is that of the lower wing skin panels
of the C-141 Starlifter. Teardown inspections of these
aircraft showed evidence of widespread fatigue damage

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A
Approved for Public Release
Distribution Unlimited

The C-5A (foreground) and C-141 (background) are
two aging aircraft using bonded repair technology.

in the fuel drain holes in the integral stiffeners in the lower
wing skins. Due to the load of the wing itself and of the
engines, the lower wing skin is in compression while on the
ground. Patching the skin and stiffeners under these
conditions can add beneficial compressive stresses on the
crack, which will cause it to grow more slowly. A better
understanding of the effects of these loads could lead to the
decision to change the pre-load in the structure by, for
example, jacking up the tail section of the C-SA and so
relieving the tensile stresses during the cure. In the case of
the C-141, perhaps prohibiting patches from being bonded
to the lower wing skin while the engines have been
removed for maintenance (and the favorable compressive
stresses are reduced) would be desirable.

“in this issue:
Lead article: Bonded Repairs for USAF’s
Fleet of Aging Aircraft (pages 1 - 2)
Department Research News (pages 2-3)
Publications and Presentations (pages 4 — n-

20010320 099



—

USAFA Discovery #2000-02 (Apr-Jun 00)

Department of Mathematical Sciences
Publications:

GILCHRIST, R., G. Sjoden, D. Hall, and
Nusser. "Modeling A Radiographic X-Ray
Imaging Facility with the Pentran Parallel Sn
Code." Proc of the 2000 International
Topical Meeting, May 2000.

HADFIELD, S. "USAFA Research Tracking
Ver 1.12." April 2000.

MAWHINNEY, S. and B. Warner.
“Identification of Risk Factors for Increased
Cost, Charges and Length of Stay for Cardiac
Patients.” Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 70,
March 2000.

SCHAUBROECK, B. "Subordination of
Planar Harmonic Functions." Complex
Variables. Theory and Application, Vol. 41,
May 2000.

WARNER, B. "Introducing Descriptive
Statistics and Graphical Summaries."
Statistics Teacher Network, Num 54 Spring
2000, April 2000.

WILSON, F. "Mathemania Template." May
2000.

WARNER, B. and J. Anderson. "Trees, Nets,
Matches and Mushrooms." DFMS TR, 00-
02, June 2000.

Presentations:

BURNS, K. and A. Seila. "Well-Behaved
Estimators in the M/G/1 Queue." INFORMS
National Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah,
USA, May 2000.

PARKER, M. and J. Lowe. "Undergraduate
ORMS Project Showcase.” INFORMS
National Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, May
2000.

SCHOOFF, R. "The Consideration of
Multiple Objectives in US Engagement
Strategies." Int'l Conf on Systems Engr in
Decision Making, Charlottesville, VA, June
2000.

WARNER, B. and M. Revak. "A Statistics
Sampler." NCTM Annual Meeting, Chicago,
Illinois, April 2000.

Department of Physics
Publications:

BRASSEUR, J., P.A. Roos, K.S. Repasky,

and J.L. Carlsten, "Coherent Anti-Stokes
Emission in a Continuous Wave Raman
Laser in H2.” Journal of the Optical Society
of America B, Vol No, April 2000.

BRASSEUR, J., P.A. Roos, L.S. Meng, and
JL. Carlsten, "Frequency Tuning
Characteristics of a Continuous Wave Raman
Jaser in H2." Journal of the Optical Society of
America B, Vol No, April 2000.

C.A. SZUBERLA, J.V. Olson, M. J.
Engebretson, and M. McHarg.
"Spatiotemporal Characteristics of CUSP
Spectra." Journal of Geophysical Research,
Vol 105 No A4, April 2000.

KNIZE, R., W. White, and B. Zhdanov.
"Optical modulators Laboratory." American
Journal of Physics, Vol No, May 2000.

NOVAK, G. and E. Patterson. "The Best of
Both Worlds: World Wide Web Enhanced
In-Class Instruction." Computers and
Advanced Tech in Education, Code 311-075
pg 83, May 2000.

P.A, ROOS, J. Brasseur, and J.L. Carlsten.
“Intensity dependent refractive index in a
non-resonant cw Raman laser due to thermal
heating of the Raman-active gas.” Journal of
the Optical Society of America B, Vol No,
April 2000,

PATTERSON, E. "Just-in-Time Teaching
(JiTT)." TYC Physics Workshop Project Web
Connected Physics, June 2000.

TEEHAN, R. "Power scaling and frequency
stabilization of an injection-locked Nd:YAG
rod laser." Applied Optics, Vol No, April
2000.

Y.F. GAO, PJ. Chi, C.T. Russell, and F.
Chun. "Sino-Magnetic Array at Low
Latitudes (SMALL) Including initial Results
from Sister Sites in the United States."
Advances in Space Research, Vol 25 No 7/8
p 1343, April 2000.

Presentations:

BRASSEUR, J., P.A. Roos, L.S. Meng, and
JL. Carlsten, "Co-linear anti-Stokes
generation from a cw Raman Laser." CLEO,
San Francisco, CA, May 2000.

BRASSEUR, J., P.A. Roos, L.S. Meng, and
J.L.Carlsten. "Continuous frequency tuning
of ow Raman lasers." CLEO, San Francisco,
CA, May 2000.

BRASSEUR, J., G. Andersen, P. Haris, and
R. Knize. "Daytime Holographic Raman
Lidar System." SPIE Aerosense, Orlando,
FL, April 2000,

HAWKS, M., I. Dajani, C. Kutsche, and F.
Ghebremichael. "Modeling and Prototyping
of Polymer Fiber Based Chemical and
Biological Agent Sensors." SPIE Proceedings
V4036, Orlando, FL, April 2000,

KNIPP, D. and L. Krause. "A statistical
Survey of the Effects of Solar Wind
Structures on the Ionosphere and
Magnetosphere." Coupling, Energetics and
Dynamics of Atm Region, Boulder, CO, June
2000.

KNIPP, D. and L. Krause. "A Statistical
Survey of the Effects of Solar Wind
Structures on the Ionosphere and Magneto-
sphere.” Geospace Environmental Modeling
Meeting, Snowmass, CO, June 2000.

KRAUSE, L. "A New MeV Electron Auroral
Model.” Geospace Environmental Modeling
Meeting, Snowmass, CO, June 2000.

PATTERSON, E. "Using the Web for
Teaching and Learning Physics: Just-in-Time
Teaching (JiTT)." U. Wisconsin-Stout
Science Ed Conference, Madison, WI, May
2000.

Department of Political Science
Publications:

CARRESE, P. and R. Faulkner, eds. “The
Life of George Washington.” April 2000.

TALBOT, B. and J. Hicks. "Led by a Lion:
The U.S. Role in Preserving Gulf Security.”
‘Aerospace Power Journal, 14/2, June 2000.

VALLANCE, B. The Rule of Law and
Russian Military Reform: The Role of
Soldiers' Mothers in Russian Society. The
Carl Beck Papers, June 2000.

Presentations:

LANCE ROBINSON "Theodore Roosevelt:
Consistent Progressive." Progressivism and
American Liberalism, Claremont, CA, April
2000.

RICHARDSON, S. and J. Joseph S.
Bermudez. "A North Korean View of the
Development and Production of Strategic
Weapon Systems.” NPEC Conference:
Planning for a Peaceful Korea,

Arlington, VA, June 2000.



USAFA Discovery #2000-02 (Apr-Jun 00) 2

To simulate the worst-case scenario in the lab, cracksin 1.0
mm thick aluminum panels were repaired while the panels were in
tension. Both boron-epoxy and Glare patches were used and the
panels were pre-loaded at two different stress levels: 60 and 120
MPa. Panels without a pre-load were also tested as a reference. In
order to apply the repairs while the test panels are in tension, the
set-up is somewhat more complex than for the standard repair test
specimen. The panels are pre-loaded in a tensile machine while a
thermal chamber is fitted around the tensile machine to heat up the
panels to the required 250°F to allow the adhesive to cure. The
photos top right show a panel in the tensile machine while the

thermal chamber is fitted around the setup. A vacuum bag on the , , 4
panel is used to evacuate all air so that pressure is applied to the A patch is being bonded fo an aluminum p. zanel while

bond line between the patch and the panel. the Specimen is in tension.
After the patches were bonded to the panels, the specimens

were tested in fatigue under constant amplitude loading with a
maximum stress of 120 MPa and a minimum stress of 6 MPa to

compare the performance of the repairs with the different pre-loads. Average crack growth rates versus pre-load
It was found that the pre-loads have significant effects on the
performance of the repairs, The graph below right shows the 0.0018

average crack growth versus the pre-load for specimens with boron-
epoxy and Glare repairs. As can be seen, the influence of the pre-
load is very significant, and a pre-load of 120 MPa almost tripled
the crack growth rate compared to the no-pre-load case. It was also
found that the influence of the pre-load is larger for the specimens
repaired with boron-epoxy patches, which is due to the greater
difference in thermal properties between boron-epoxy and
aluminum versus Glare and aluminum.

Work is currently being done in analyzing the results and
modeling the effects of the pre-loads on patch performance so that
effects of pre-loads can be predicted for repairs to real aircraft
structures. These results, along with the results of future tests, will
be used as part of a comprehensive approach to extending the lives
of USAF aging aircraft. By understanding the effects of pre-loads Glare
on bonded repairs, more effective repairs can be made, leading to B® boron-epoxy Prejoad (MPa)
economical aircraft life-extension.

0.0016

0.0014
0.0012

0.004

0.0008

0.0008

0.0004

Average crack growth rate
(mmicycie)

o.0002

o

20 aD i) 2 100 120

Department Research News

Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership

THE 1999-2000 RHR INTERNATIONAL OUTSTANDING
DOCTORAL DISSERTATION AWARD

The Consulting Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association awarded the 1999-2000
RHR International Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Award to Lt Col Tanoff of DFBL. The award included
$1000 and an invitation to present his research at the 2001 Annual American Psychological Association
Conference in San Francisco. The dissertation was titled, “The Utility of the Five Factor Model of
Personality.” Lt Col Tanoff completed his dissertation at the University of Oregon in March of 1999.



USAFA Discovery #2000-02 (Apr-Jun 00)
Department of Chemistry

Cadets in the Chemistry Department under the direction of Major Mace Golden ate investigating the use of a
DNA-based analytical method, which can bind with high specificity and sensitivity analyte molecules.

C2C Rob PacGill

Department of Astronautics

Small Satellite Program

CiC Stuart Stanton (representing the
Department of Astronautics) presented the proposed.
Charging Hazard and Wake Studies-Long Duration
(CHAWS-LD) and Miniature Electrostatic Analyzer
(MESA) payloads to the AF Space Experiments
Review Board (SERB) in August.

In essence, they are using DNA outside the body like
the immune system uses protein-based combinatorial
systems within the body. This begins by generating a
staggering number of possible solutions to a binding
problem using a solid-phase DNA synthesizer. The size of
this ‘library’ (and the size of the number of different DNA
molecules) depends on the length of the random region of
the various single stranded DNA molecules—called
aptamers. The trick is to then isolate those very few
aptamers with the desired properties from all the others in
the original library by gel partitioning and polymerase chain
reaction amplification.

A new spin to this process is to modify the bases (the
individual molecular subunits) which make up the DNA
molecules. C2C Mary Cunningham is currently
synthesizing a modified uridine molecule, which can form a
strong bond to protein targets when excited by UV or even
visible light. This is done by including special light-
absorbing units called chromophores at key locations on the
base, which absorb light but do not inhibit enzymatic
replication. This technology may revolutionize diagnostic
science and permit the ready determination of many
different types of ailments from a single, small sample of
patient serum. C2C Rob McGill is taking this technology
one step further. He is synthesizing a uridine base, which
can form an amide bond to a target protein in an aqueous
environment. If he can get sufficient specificity, this
technology may be used to shut down proteins which supply
growing cancers with a blood supply and thereby halt them

Department of Behavioral Sciences
and Leadership

LCDR Russell Shilling completed a certification course
for designing and building THX theater systems offered by the
THX Division of Lucasfilm in San Rafael, CA. This course is
directly applicable to his ongoing research in auditory displays
in virtual environments. While there, he initiated contacts that
will allow him to tap into the expertise of the film industry to
improve audio systems in simulations and VE. LCDR Shilling
will be departing USAFA in December for a teaching
assignment at the Naval Postgraduate School where he will be
dual-hatted in Operations Research and the Modeling, Virtual
Environments, and Simulation (MOVES) program. He has
received a $72k research grant for developing an efficient
audiometric test of sound localization ability and $20k for
designing a high-end audio system for a virtual environments
testbed. LCDR Shilling would like to continue contacts and
collaboration at USAFA.