| The              Library of Congress>>Especially              for Researchers>>Research              Centers   Home >> Country             Studies >> GermanyFindinFederal Research                      Division PagesResearchers                      Web PagesAll Library of Congress PagesA Country Study: Germany- Germany  ForewordAcknowledgments
- Preface  Table                       A. English Equivalents of Selected German Place-Names                       Table B. Selected Abbreviations
- Country                       Profile    - Country  GeographySociety
- Economy  Transportation                           and TelecommunicationsGovernment                           and Politics
- National                           Security   Introduction- Chapter                       1 - Historical Setting: Early History to 1945    - Early                           History  Medieval                           Germany- The                               Merovingian Dynasty, ca. 500-751  The                               Carolingian Dynasty, 752-911The                               Saxon Dynasty, 919-1024
- The                               Salian Dynasty, 1024-1125  The                               Hohenstaufen Dynasty, 1138-1254The                               Empire under the Early Habsburgs
- The                           Protestant Reformation    - Martin                               Luther  Resistance                               to LutheranismThe                               Peace of Augsburg
- The                           Thirty Years' War, 1618-48    - The                               Counter-Reformation and Religious Tensions  Military                               CampaignsThe                               Peace of Westphalia
- The                           Age of Enlightened Absolutism, 1648-1789    - Austria                               and Prussia  The                               Smaller StatesThe                           French Revolution and Germany
- The                           German Confederation, 1815-66    - Economic                               and Political Trends Toward Unification  The                               Revolutions of 1848The                               Restoration
- Bismarck                           and Unification  Imperial                           Germany- Political                               Parties  The                               Economy and Population GrowthThe                               Tariff Agreement of 1879 and Its Social Consequences
- Bismarck's                               Foreign Policy  Foreign                               Policy in the Wilhelmine EraWorld                               War I
- The                           Weimar Republic, 1918-33    - The                               Weimar Constitution  Problems                               of Parliamentary PoliticsThe                               Stresemann Era
- Hitler                               and the Rise of National Socialism   The                           Third Reich, 1933-45- The                               Consolidation of Power  Foreign                               PolicyThe                               Outbreak of World War II
- Total                               Mobilization, Resistance, and the Holocaust  Defeat- Chapter                       2 - Historical Setting: 1945 to 1990    - Postwar                           Occupation and Division      - The                               Establishment of Occupation Zones  The                               Nuremberg Trials and DenazificationPolitical                               Parties and Democratization
- The                               Creation of the Bizone  The                               Birth of the Federal Republic of GermanyThe                               Birth of the German Democratic Republic
- West                           Germany and the Community of Nations    - Rearmament                               and the European Defense Community  Social                               Market Economy Ludwig                               Erhard and the Grand Coalition
- The                           Ulbricht Era, 1949-71     - Consolidation                               of the New State  Planned                               Economy The                               Warsaw Pact and the National People's Army
- The                               Berlin Wall  The                               "Socialist State of the German Nation"                               The                           Social Democratic-Free Democratic Coalition, 1969-82
Willy                               Brandt 
- Ostpolitik                                 Helmut                               Schmidt The                               Student Movement and Terrorism
- The                               Greens   The                           Christian Democratic/Christian Socialist-Free Democratic                           Coalition, 1983- The                           Honecker Era, 1971-89
The                               Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
- The                               New East German Constitution and the Question of                               Identity  Relations                               Between the Two Germanys The                               Peace Movement and Internal Resistance
- The                               Last Days of East Germany    Opening                           of the Berlin Wall and UnificationChapter                       3. The Society and Its Environment
Physical                           Setting
Topography
North                                   German Lowland
- Central                                   German Uplands  Southern                                   GermanyAlpine                                   Foreland and the Alps
- Drainage  ClimateThe                               Environment
- Population    - Historical                               Background  FertilityAge-Gender                               Distribution
- Mortality  Population                               Distribution and UrbanizationImmigration
Foreign                                   Residents
- Ethnic                                   Germans  Asylum-SeekersEthnic                               Minorities
- Women                           in Society  Marriage                           and FamilyHousing
- Religion    - Postwar                               Christianity      - Roman                                   Catholicism  ProtestantismFree                                   Churches
- Orthodox                                   Churches    JudaismIslam
- Social                           Structure and Social Mobility    - Social                               Structure      - The                                   Elite  The                                   Self-EmployedSalaried                                   Employees
- Civil                                   Servants  WorkersThe                                   Poor
- Social                               Mobility   The                           Search for a New National Identity- Chapter                       4 - Social Welfare, Health Care, and Education    - Social                           Insurance and Welfare Programs       - Historical                               Development  Provisions                               of the Social Welfare System- Social                                   Insurance  Unemployment                                   InsuranceAccident                                   Insurance
- Social                                   Assistance  Other                                   Social BenefitsCurrent                               Social Welfare Issues and Outlook for the Future
- National                           Health Insurance and Medical Care    - Development                               of the Health Care System  Health                               InsuranceHealth                               Care Providers
- Remuneration                               of Health Care Providers  Current                               Health Care Issues and Outlook for the FutureEducation
Historical                               Background
- Educational                               Policy Making and Administration  Educational                               FinancesThe                               Education System
Elementary                                   and Primary Education
- Junior                                   Secondary Education  Senior                                   Secondary EducationVocational                                   Education and Training
- Tertiary                                   or Higher Education   Education                               in the New LänderCurrent                               Education Issues and Outlook for the Future
Chapter                       5 - The Domestic Economy
Patterns                           of Development
History
- The                               Social Market Economy  The                               Economic Miracle and BeyondUnification                               and Its Aftermath
- Structural                               and Technological Questions   The                           Role of Government and Other Institutions- The                               Federal Government Role    - The                                   Chancellor  The                                   Minister of Finance and the Minister for EconomyThe                                   Bundeskartellamt
- *Land*and Local Governments   Government                               SubsidiesGovernment                               Expenditures and the National Debt
- The                               Associations   The                           Culture of German ManagementLabor                           and Codetermination
Labor
- Codetermination   Agriculture,                           Forestry, and Fishing- Agriculture  ForestryFishing                               
- Industry    - Manufacturing  Energy                               and Natural Resources The                           Financial System
The                               Bundesbank
- Banking                               and Its Role in the Economy  Nonbank                               FinancingOther                           Services
Transportation
- Telecommunications  Tourism- Chapter                       6 - International Economic Relations    - Germany                           in the World Economy      - Germany                               in World Finance and in the Group of Seven  The                               Deutsche Mark as an International CurrencyGermany                           in the European Economy
Germany                               in the European Community
- The                               European Single Market  Germany                               and the European UnionGermany                               in the European Monetary System
- Germany                               and the European Monetary Union   Foreign                           Trade and Investment - Trade                               Philosophy and the Trade Balance  International                               Investment in and by GermanyForeign                           Aid
Chapter                       7 - Government and Politics
Constitutional                           Framework
The                               Constitution
- Federalism   Government                           Institutions- The                               President  The                               Chancellor and the CabinetThe                               Legislature
Bundestag
- Bundesrat   The                               JudiciaryThe                               Civil Service
- *Land*and Local Government   The                           Electoral SystemPolitical                           Parties
Christian                               Democratic Union/Christian Social Union
- Social                               Democratic Party of Germany  Free                               Democratic PartyThe                               Greens
- The                               Republikaner and the German People's Union  Party                               of Democratic SocialismExtraparty                           Political Forces
Business                               and Industry
- Labor                               Unions  The                               ChurchesAgriculture
- Citizens'                               Initiative Associations   The                           Mass Media- Newspapers  Radio                               and TelevisionPolitical                           Developments since Unification
Chapter                       8 - Foreign Relations
Major                           Foreign Policy Goals and Strategies
Early                               Developments
- Postwar                               Developments  UnificationForeign                               Reaction to Unification
- Postunification                               Developments   Foreign                           Policy Formulation- Institutional                               Framework  Domestic                               Influences on Foreign Policy- Foreign                                   Policy Positions of the Political Parties  Public                                   OpinionThe                               Out-of-Area Debate
- International                           Cooperation    - North                               Atlantic Treaty Organization  Western                               European UnionEurocorps
- European                               Union  Organization                               for Security and Cooperation in EuropeUnited                               Nations
                       Chapter 9 - National Security
Military                           Tradition
Early                               History
- Prussia's                               Emergence as a Military Power  The                               German Military in Two World WarsCreation                               of the Bundeswehr
- Strategic                           Concerns and Military Missions   The                           Armed Forces- Command                               and Control  Army- Equipment  Franco-German                                   Brigade and EurocorpsNavy
- Air                               Force  TrainingReserves
- Morale   Integration                           of East German Armed ForcesDefense                           Budget
- Military                           Justice  Uniforms,                           Ranks, and Insignia Citizens                           in Uniform
Personnel                               Policies
- Service                               Obligations  BenefitsDefense                           Production and Export
- Foreign                           Military Relations  International                           Military MissionsInternal                           Security
Federal                               Police Agencies
- *Land*Police Agencies  Criminal                               JusticeIncidence                               of Crime and Incarceration
- Dissidence                               and Terrorist Activity       - Appendix. Tables    BibliographyGlossary

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