| The              Library of Congress>>Especially              for Researchers>>Research              Centers               Home >> Country             Studies >> Zaire (Former)FindinFederal Research                      Division PagesResearchers                      Web PagesAll Library of Congress PagesA Country Study: Zaire (Former)**Library of Congress Call Number DT644                   .Z3425 1994**- Zaire  ForewordAcknowledgments
- Preface  Table                       A. Chronology of Important EventsTable                       B. City Name Changes, 1966-72
- Country                       Profile    - Country  GeographySociety
- Economy  Transportation                           and TelecommunicationsGovernment                           and Politics
- National                           Security    Introduction- Chapter                       1 - Historical Setting  (René Lemarchand)                          - Human                           Origins   Early                           Historical Perspectives- State                               Systems Versus Segmentary Societies  Rulers                               and RuledExternal                               Pressures
- The                           Colonial States    - The                               Leopoldian Legacy  Belgian                               Paternalism: Underlying PostulatesThe                               Apparatus of Control
- Postwar                               Reforms   Nationalist                           Awakenings - The                               Rise of Militant Ethnicity: Abako  The                               Challenge of Territorial Nationalism: Lumumba and                               the MNCSettler                               Politics in Katanga
- The                           Crisis of Decolonization    - The                               Road to Independence  The                               Mutiny of the Force PubliqueThe                               Center No Longer Holds
- The                               Secession of Katanga  The                               UN InterventionThe                           First Republic, 1960-65
The                               Adoula Government, August 1961-July 1964
- Rural                               Insurgencies: The "Second Independence"  Mobutu's                               Second ComingThe                           Second Republic, 1965-90: The Rebirth of *Bula Matari*
Mobutu,                               Self-Proclaimed Father of the Nation
- Toward                               Political Reconstruction  The                               Quest for LegitimacyThe                               Expansion of State Authority
- Zairianization,                               Radicalization, and Retrocession  External                               Threats to Regime StabilityThe                               Durability of the Patrimonial State
Chapter                       2 - The Society and Its Environment
 (Alden Almquist)                       
Geography                           and Environment
Rivers                               and Lakes
- Geographic                               Regions  ClimateEnvironmental                               Trends
- Population    - Size                               and Growth  Population                               DistributionUrbanization:                               Causes and Characteristics
- Languages    - Officially                               Recognized Languages  Other                               Indigenous LanguagesEthnic                           Groups 
Non-Bantu-Speakers                               of the Northern Savannas and Forest Fringe
- Bantu-Speakers                               of the Congo River Basin and Its Environs  Bantu-Speakers                               of the Eastern Forest and PlainBantu-Speakers                               of the Eastern Highlands
- Peoples                               of the Savanna: Southeastern Zaire  Peoples                               of the Savanna: Lunda RegionPeoples                               of the Southern Uplands: Kasai-Shaba
- Peoples                               of the Lower Kasai and Its Tributaries  Peoples                               Between the Kwango and the KasaiThe                               Kongo Peoples
- The                               Significance of Ethnic Identification   Indigenous                           Social SystemsZairian                           Social Classes
The                               External Estate
- The                               Politico-Commercial Class  The                               New Commercial ClassOther                               High-Status Groups
- The                               Subbourgeoisie  The                               Working ClassThe                               Informal Sector
- Peasants   Polarization                           and Prospects for ConflictStrategies                           for Survival
Coping                               and Hustling
- Theft                               and Bribery  Patron-Client                               RelationsResistance
- Flight   The                           Status of WomenReligion
The                               Roman Catholic Church
- Protestant                               Churches  The                               Kimbanguist ChurchOther                               African Christian Movements
Jamaa
- Kitawala   Traditional                               African ReligionsEducation
Policy                               Changes
- Institutional                               Problems   Health                           and Medical Services- Incidence                               of Disease  Health                               Care SystemSanitation                               and Nutrition
- Family                               Planning       - Chapter                       3 - The Economy  (Hampton Smith, Tim Merrill, and Sandra                       W. Meditz)                            - Background                           and Overview of the Economy        - Early                               Economic Activity  From                               Colonial Times to IndependencePostindependence
- Zairianization  Economic                               DeclineThe                               1983 Reforms
- The                               1987 Plan  The                               1989 ReformRole                           of Government
Parastatals
- Patrimonial                               Politics and Corruption  Investment                               ProjectsStructure                           and Dynamics of the Economy
Gross                               Domestic Product
- The                               Informal Economy  CurrencyInflation
- Budget  DebtBanking
- Labor   Agriculture- National                               Land Law System  CropsForestry
- Fishing                               and Livestock   Mining- Copper                               and Zinc  CobaltManganese
- Tin                               and Related Minerals  GoldDiamonds
- Industry  Energy- Petroleum                               and Other Fuels  ElectricityTransportation                           and Telecommunications
- Foreign                           Economic Relations    - Trade                               and Balance of Payments  Foreign                               AidForeign                               Investment
- Prospects                           for Growth      - Chapter                       4 - Government and Politics  (Thomas Turner)                            - Postindependence                           Political Development        - Establishment                               of a Personalistic Regime  The                               Party-State as a System of RulePolitical                           Reform in the 1990's
Proclamation                               of the Third Republic
- Subsequent                               Political Developments, 1990-93   Structure                           of Government- The                               Presidency  The                               National Executive CouncilThe                               Legislature
- The                               Judiciary and the Courts  Local                               GovernmentPolitical                           Dynamics 
Managing                               the Military
- Opposition                               to the Regime prior to 1990    - Armed                                   Opposition  Fragmented                                   Exile MovementsThe                                   UDPS
- Opposition                               since 1990  Interest                               Groups- Organized                                   Labor  Religious                                   GroupsStudents
- Ethnic                                   Groups  Other                                   Interest GroupsThe                               Media
- Foreign                           Policy     - Relations                               with the West      - Relations                                   with Belgium  Relations                                   with FranceRelations                                   with the United States
- Relations                               with the Communist World  Regional                               Relations- Involvement                                   in the Angolan Civil War  Relations                                   with Angola since the WarRelations                                   with Other Neighbors
- Relations                                   with North Africa        - Chapter                       5 - National Security  (Roger C. Glickson and Joshua                       Sinai)                            - National                           Security Environment  Evolution                           of the Armed Forces- The                               Colonial Period  The                               Congolese National ArmyThe                               Military under Mobutu
- Creation                               of the Zairian Armed Forces  Involvement                               in AngolaShaba                               I
- Shaba                               II   Public                           Attitudes Toward the MilitaryArmed                           Forces Mission and Organization
Army
- Navy  Air                               ForceNational                               Gendarmerie
- Armed                           Forces Manpower and Training    - Recruitment                               and Retention  Conditions                               of ServiceMilitary                               Schools
- Uniforms,                               Ranks, and Insignia   Foreign                           Military Relations- Foreign                               Influences  Zaire                               as a Military Aid DonorPublic                           Order and Internal Security
- The                           Civil Security Apparatus    - Development                               of a National Police Force      - National                                   Gendarmerie  The                                   Civil GuardLocal                               Police
- The                               Intelligence Apparatus and Security Forces  The                               Party Security ApparatusPopular                               Attitudes Toward the Civil Security Apparatus
- The                           Legal and Penal Systems    - Criminal                               Law and the Penal Code  The                               Judicial SystemThe                               Prison System
- Civil                           and Human Rights      - Appendix. Tables    BibliographyGlossary

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