# BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Albania

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**Chapter 1**

Amery, Julian. *Sons of the Eagle: A Study in Guerilla
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Biberaj, Elez. *Albania: A Sicuakust Maverick*. Boulder,
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Bury, J.B. *A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the
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Djilas, Milovan. *Conversations with Stalin*. New York:
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Durham, M.E. *High Albania*. Boston: Beacon Press, 1985.

Fischer-Galati, Stephen. *Eastern Europe in the 1980s*.
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Frasheri, Kristo. *The History of Albania*. Tiran�: Naim
     Frasheri State, 1964.

Freedman, Robert Owen. *Economic Warfare in the Communist
     Bloc: A Study of Soviet Economic Pressure Against
     Yugoslavia, Albania, and Communist China*. New York:
     Praeger, 1970.

Gjecov, Shtjefen. *The Code of Leke Dukagjini*. New York:
     Gjonlekaj, 1989.

Glenny, Misha. *The Rebirth of History*. London: Penguin
     Books, 1990.

Griffith, William E. *Albania and the Sino-Soviet Rift*.
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Hamm, Harry. *Albania: China's Beachhead in Europe*. New
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Hasluck, M. *The Unwritten Law of Albania*. Cambridge:
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Horvat, Branko. *Kosovsko pitanje*. Zagreb: Globus, 1989.

Hoxha, Enver. *The Titoites*. Tiran�: 8 Nentori, 1982.

------. *With Stalin*. Tiran�: 8 Nentori, 1981.

Jelavich, Barbara. *History of the Balkans*. (2 vols.)
     Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Konitza, Faik. "Albania: The Rock Garden of Southeastern Europe."
Pages 8-28 in G.M. Panarity (ed.), *Albania: The Rock Garden
     of Southeastern Europe and Other Essays*. Boston:
     Pan-Albanian Federation of America, 1957.

Lampe, John R., and Marvin R. Jackson. *Balkan Economic
     History, 1550-1950*. Bloomington: Indiana University
     Press, 1982.

Lendvai, Paul. *Eagles in Cobwebs: Nationalism and Communism
     in the Balkans*. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1969.

Logoreci, Anton. *The Albanians: Europe's Forgotten
     Survivors*. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1977.

Marmullaku, Ramadan. *Albania and the Albanians*. Hamden,
     New York: Archon Books, 1975.

Ostrogorski, Georgije. *Istorija Vizantije*. Belgrade:
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Page, Bruce, David Leitch, and Phillip Knightley. *The Philby
     Conspiracy*. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1968.

Pano, Nicholas C. *The People's Republic of Albania*.
     Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968.

Pipa, Arshi. "The Political Culture of Hoxha's Albania." Pages
     435-64 in Tariq Ali (ed.), *The Stalinist Legacy*.
     London: Penguin Books, 1984.

Prifti, Peter R. *Socialist Albania since 1944: Domestic and
     Foreign Developments*. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978.

Rothschild, Joseph. *East Central Europe Between the Two World
     Wars*. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1974.

Seton-Watson, Hugh. *The East European Revolution*. New
     York: Praeger, 1956.

Singleton, Fred. *A Short History of the Yugoslav
     Peoples*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Skendi, Stavro, et al. (eds.). *Albania*. New York:
     Praeger, 1956.

------. *The Albanian National Awakening*. Princeton:
     Princeton University Press, 1967.

Stickney, Edith Pierpont. *Southern Albania or Northern Epirus
     in European International Affairs, 1912-1923*. Stanford,
     California: Stanford University Press, 1926.

Swire, Joseph. *Albania: The Rise of a Kingdom*. London:
     Williams and Norgate, 1929.

Wolff, Robert Lee. *The Balkans in Our Time*. Cambridge:
     Harvard University Press, 1956.

**Chapter 2**

"Albania: Introductory Survey." Pages 292-303 in *The Europa
     World Year Book, 1989*. London: Europa, 1989.

Andrejevich, Milan. "Kosovo: A Precarious Balance Between
     Stability and Civil War," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,
     *Report on Eastern Europe* [Munich], 2, No. 42,
     October 18, 1991, 23-29.

------. "Serbia Cracks Down on Kosovo," Radio Free Europe/Radio
     Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe* [Munich], 1, No.
     30, July 27, 1990, 48-51.

Battiata, Mary. "Albania's Post-Communist Anarchy,"
     *Washington Post*, March 21, 1992, A1, A18.

Begeja, Ksanthipi. *The Family in the People's Socialist
     Republic of Albania*. Tiran�: 8 N�ntori, 1984.

B�rxholi, Arqile, and Perikli Qiriazi. *Albania: A
     Geographical View*. Tiran�: 8 N�ntori, 1986.

Biberaj, Elez. *Albania: A Socialist Maverick*. Boulder,
     Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.

Binder, David. "Albanian Exile Writer Sees Reform," *New York
     Times*, December 6, 1990.

------. "Albanians Expose High Living by Ex-Rulers," *New York
     Times*, August 25, 1991, 12.

------. "In the New Albania, a Whole New Brand of Chaos," *New
     York Times*, October 8, 1991, A7.

Broun, Janice A. *Conscience and Captivity: Religion in
     Eastern Europe*. Washington: Ethics and Public Policy
     Center, 1988.

Broun, Janice A. "The Status of Christianity in Albania,"
     *Journal of Church and State*, 28, Winter 1986, 43-
     60.

Cikuli, Zisa. *Health Service in the PSR of Albania*.
     Tiran�: 8 N�ntori, 1984.

*Encyclopedia Britannica*, 1. New York: Encyclopaedia
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------. *The Encyclopedia of Military History*. (Eds., R.
     Ernest Dupny and Trevor Dupny.) New York: Harper and Row,
     1970.

Fowler, Brenda. "Albania's Economic Fall Devastates Hospitals,"
     *New York Times*, March 8, 1992, 11.

Gjinushi, Skender. "The Educational Reform in Albania Is
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------. "We Are Advancing Towards Compulsory Secondary Education
     for All," *New Albania* [Tiran�], No. 1, 1990, 2-3.

Ikonomi, Ilir. "Religion Survives 24 Years Within Hearts of
     Albanians," *Washington Times*, December 26, 1991,
     A10.

Kamm, Henry. "Albania's Clerics Lead a Rebirth," *New York
     Times*, March 27, 1992, A3.

Kolsti, John. "Albanianism: From the Humanists to Hoxha." Pages
     15-48 in George Klein and Milan J. Reban (eds.), *The
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     Columbia University Press for East European Monographs,
     Boulder, Colorado, 1981.

------. "From Courtyard to Cabinet: The Political Emergence of
     Albanian Women." Pages 138-51 in Sharon L. Wolchik and
     Alfred G. Meyer (eds.), *Women, State, and Party in
     Eastern Europe*. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University
     Press, 1985.

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Moore, Patrick. "Noisy Neighbors in the European House: Albanian-
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Perry, Duncan M., and Louis Zanga. "Minorities: An Overview,"
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Pipa, Arshi. *The Politics of Language in Socialist
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     European Monographs, Boulder, Colorado, 1989.

Sj�berg, �rjan. *Rural Change and Development in Albania*.
     Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991.

Skendi, Stavro. *Balkan Cultural Studies*. New York:
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Sudetic, Charles. "The Society and Its Environment." Pages 201-87
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     1991.

Vejsiu, Ylli. "On the Demographic Development of National
     Minorities in Albania," *New Albania* [Tiran�], No.
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------. "The Vitality of a Population," *New Albania*
     [Tiran�], No. 6, 1990, 14-15.

Vichniac, Isabelle. "La grande mis�re des enfants albanais,"
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*Vjetari Statistiskor i R.P.S. T� Shqip�ris�, 1988*
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Zanga, Louis. "Aid Stepped Up from Italy and Elsewhere," Radio
     Free Europe/Radio Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe*
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------. "Albania Moves Closes to the Islamic World," *RLE/RL
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------. "Albania Reduced to Total Dependence on Foreign Food
     Aid," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, *RFE/RL Research
     Report* [Munich], 1, No. 8, February 21, 1992, 46-48.

------. "The Defection of Ismail Kadare," Radio Free Europe/Radio
     Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe* [Munich], 1, No.
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------. "The Woeful State of Schools," Radio Free Europe/Radio
     Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe* [Munich], 2, No.
     41, October 11, 1991, 1-3.

   (Various issues of the followings periodicals were also used
in the preparation of this chapter: *Albania Today*
[Tiran�] and New Albania [Tiran�].)

**Chapter 3**

Albania. Chamber of Commerce. *Guide to the Albanian Foreign
     Trade Enterprises*. Tiran�: n.d.

------. *Law on the Sanctioning and Protection of Private
     Property, Free Initiative on Independent Private Activities,
     and Privatization: Republic of Albania, People's
     Assembly*. (Law No. 7512.) August 10, 1991.

------. *On Development of Private Activity*. (Decision
     No. 138.) March 3, 1991.

------. *On Permission and Protection of Private Ownership and
     Private Activities*. (Decree No. 7476.) March 3, 1991.

"Albania." Pages 69-96 in *Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth
     of Independent States*. London: Europa, 1992.

"Albania and Its Chrome," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,
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"Albania Moving Along, But Slowly," Radio Free Europe/Radio
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"Alia Speaks Openly about Albania's Shortage of Food and Goods,"
     Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, *RAD Background
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Aslund, Anders, and �rjan Sj�berg. "Privatization and Transition
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B�rxholi, Arqile, and Perikli Qiriazi. *Albania: A
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Biberaj, Elez. *Albania: A Socialist Maverick*. Boulder,
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Bland, William. *Albania*. Oxford: Clio Press, 1988.

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Calmes, Albert. *The Economic and Financial Situation in
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     up Change of Course," *Focus: Eastern Europe*
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*Economic Change in the Balkan States: Albania, Bulgaria,
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------. *Country Report: Albania* [London], No. 4, 1989.

------. *Country Report: Romania, Bulgaria, Albania*
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     Bloc: A Study of Soviet Economic Pressure Against
     Yugoslavia, Albania, and Communist China*. New York:
     Praeger, 1970.

Geco, Pandi. *Albania: A Physical and Economic Survey*.
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Harrison, Joseph W. "Albania Begins the Long Road Back from
     Serfdom: Mineral Resources Might Pave the Road to the West,
     with Contributions from Tourism and Food Processing,"
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     Sources Say," *International Environment Reporter*,
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     Committee (ed.), *East European Economies: Slow Growth in
     the 1980s*. (Country Studies in Eastern Europe and
     Yugoslavia, 3.) Washington: GPO, 1986.

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     History, 1550-1950*. Bloomington: Indiana University
     Press, 1982.

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     Arbeit Albaniens*. Munich: Trofenik, 1981.

Lhomel, Edith. "L'economie albanaise en 1990-1991: la veritable
     mesure d'un echec," *Le Courrier des Pays de l'Est*
     [Paris], No. 362, September 1991, 62-76.

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     Data*. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1991.

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     Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968.

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     1990s." Pages 128-46 in �rjan Sj�berg and Michael L. Wyzan
     (eds.). *Economic Change in the Balkan States: Albania,
     Bulgaria, Romania, and Yugoslavia*. London: Pinter.

Prifti, Peter. *Socialist Albania since 1944: Domestic and
     Foreign Developments*. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978.

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     *Earth Science*, 33, Autumn 1980, 172.

Reed, Carol. "Investors Help Albania Make Modest Steps Toward
     Free Enterprise," *Washington Post*, August 13, 1991,
     C3.

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     zum Konzept autozentrierter Entwicklung*. Konigstein,
     West Germany: Verlag Anton Hain, 1979.

Sandstrom, Per, and �rjan Sj�berg. "Albanian Economic
     Performance: Stagnation in the 1980s," *Soviet
     Studies* [Glasgow], 43, No. 5, 1991, 931-47.

Schnytzer, Adi. "Albania: The Purge of Stalinist Economic
     Ideology." Pages 44-61 in Ian Jeffries (ed.), *Industrial
     Reform in Socialist Countries: From Restructuring to
     Revolution*. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Elgar, 1992.

------. *Stalinist Economic Strategy in Practice: The Case of
     Albania*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.

Sj�berg, �rjan. "A Contribution to the Geography of
     Hydro-Electric Power Generation in Albania,"
     *Osterreichische Osthefte* [Vienna], 29, No. 1, 1987,
     5-27.

------. *Rural Change and Development in Albania*.
     Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991.

Sj�berg, �rjan, and Per Sandstrom. The Albanian Statistical
     Abstract of 1988: Heralding a New Era? (Working Papers, No.
     2.) Uppsala, Sweden: Department of Soviet and East European
     Studies, Uppsala University, 1989.

Skendi, Stavro, et al. (eds.). *Albania*. New York:
     Praeger, 1956.

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     Courrier des Pays de l'Est* [Paris], No. 330, July-
     August 1988, 67-71.

Steiger, Cyrill. "Albania's Unresolved National Question,"
     *Swiss Review of World Affairs* [Zurich], No. 5, May
     1992, 23-24.

------. "Albania: Up from Misery," *Swiss Review of World
     Affairs* [Zurich], No. 7, July 1993, 11-12.

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     *A Reader's Guide to Albania*. Washington: 1990.

*Vjetari Statistikor i R.P.S. T� Shqiperise, 1988*.
     (Statistical Yearbook of the People's Socialist Republic of
     Albania, 1988.) Tiran�: Komisioni i Planit T� Shtetit,
     Drejtoria e Statistikes, 1988.

*Vjetari statistikor in Shqiperise, 1989*. (Statistical
     Yearbook of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania,
     1989). Tiran�: Drejtoria e Statistikes, 1989.

Wildermuth, Andreas. *Die Krise der albanischen
     Landwirtschaft. Losungsversuche der Partei- und
     Staatsfuhrung unter Ramiz Alia*. Neuried bei M�nchen,
     West Germany: Hieronymus, 1989.

Wolff, Robert Lee. *The Balkans in Our Time*. Cambridge:
     Harvard University Press, 1956.

   (Various issues of the following periodicals were also used in
the preparation of this chapter: *Business East Europe*;
*Business International*; *The Christian Science
Monitor*; and Foreign Broadcast Information Service,
*Daily Report*.)

**Chapter 4**

Artisien, Patrick F.R. "Albania after Hoxha," *SAIS
     Review*, 6, No. 1, Winter-Spring 1986, 159-68.

Biberaj, Elez. *Albania: A Socialist Maverick*. Boulder,
     Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.

------. "Albania at the Crossroads," *Problems of
     Communism*, 40, September-October 1991, 1-16.

------. *Kosovo: The Balkan Powder Keg*. London: Research
     Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, 1993.

Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. *Report on
     the United States Helsinski Commission Delegation Visit to
     Hungary, Yugoslavia and Albania*. Washington: GPO, 1991.

Logoreci, Anton. *The Albanians: Europe's Forgotten
     Survivors*. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1977.

Marmullaku, Ramadan. *Albania and the Albanians*. Hamden,
     New York: Archon Books, 1975.

Myrdal, Jan, and Gun Kessle. *Albania Defiant*. New York:
     Monthly Review Press, 1976.

Prifti, Peter R. *Socialist Albania since 1944*.
     Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978.

Staar, Richard F. "People's Socialist Republic of Albania." Pages
     1-31 in Richard F. Staar (ed.), *Communist Regimes in
     Eastern Europe*. Stanford, California: Hoover
     Institution Press, 1988.

Stavrou, Nikolaos A. "Albania: The Domino That Refuses to Fall,"
     *Mediterranean Quarterly*, 1, No. 2, Spring 1990, 25-
     41.

United States. Department of State. *Country Reports on Human
     Rights Practices for 1990*. (Report submitted to United
     States Congress, 102d, 1st Session. House of
     Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Senate,
     Committee on Foreign Relations.) Washington: GPO, February
     1991.

United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs.
     *Albania: Background Notes*. (Department of State
     Publication No. 8217.) Washington: GPO, 1986.

Zanga, Louis. "Albania: Democratic Revival and Social Upheaval,"
     *RFE/RL Research Report* [Munich], 2, No. 1, January
     1, 1993, 75-77.

------. "Advocates of Democracy in Albania," Radio Free
     Europe/Radio Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe*
     [Munich], 1, No. 25, June 22, 1990, 1-4.

------. "Albania and Turkey Forge Closes Ties," *RFE/RL
     Research Report* [Munich], 2, No. 11, March 12, 1993,
     30-33.

------. "The Albanian Democratic Party," Radio Free Europe/Radio
     Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe* [Munich], 2, No.
     9, March 1, 1991, 1-6.

------. "Albania-Greek Relations Reach a Low Point," *RFE/RL
     Research Report* [Munich], 1, No. 14, April 10, 1992,
     18-21.

------. "Albanian President Defends His First Year in Office,"
     *RFE/RL Research Report* [Munich], 2, No. 29, July
     16, 1993, 23-26.

------. "Albania's New Path," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,
     *Report on Eastern Europe* [Munich], 1, No. 24, June
     15, 1990, 1-5.

------. "Cabinet Changes in Albania," *RFE/RL Research
     Report* [Munich], 2, No. 19, May 7, 1993, 14-16.

------. "Central Committee Proposals for Reform," Radio Free
     Europe/Radio Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe*
     [Munich], 1, No. 9, March 2, 1990, 1-3.

------. "The Conflict Escalates," Radio Free Europe/Radio
     Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe* [Munich], 2, No.
     11, March 15, 1991, 1-4.

------. "A Crisis of Confidence," Radio Free Europe/Radio
     Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe* [Munich], 2, No.
     16, April 19, 1991, 1-4.

------. "Daunting Tasks for Albania's New Government," *RFE/RL
     Research Report* [Munich], 1, No. 21, May 22, 1992, 11-
     17.

------. "A Progress Report on Changes in Albania," Radio Free
     Europe/Radio Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe*
     [Munich], 1, No. 16, April 20, 1990, 1-3.

------. "Ramiz Alia under Great Pressure," Radio Free
     Europe/Radio Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe*
     [Munich], 2, No. 8, February 22, 1991, 1-4.

**Chapter 5**

Austin, Robert. "What Albania Adds to the Balkan Stew"
     *Orbis*, 37, No. 2, Spring 1993, 259-79.

Biberaj, Elez. *Albania: A Socialist Maverick*. Boulder,
     Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.

*The Encyclopedia of Military History* (Eds., R. Ernest
     Dupny and Trevor Dupny.) New York: Harper and Row, 1970.

Foreign Broadcast Information Service--FBIS (Washington). The
     following items are from the FBIS series:

*Daily Report: East Europe*.

"Albanians Cross Yugoslav Border `Illegally'." (FBIS-EEU-90-131,
     July 9, 1990, 24.).

"Army under Surveillance." (FBIS-EEU-90-026, February 7, 1990, 8-
     9.).

"ATA Carries Profiles of New Ministers." (FBIS-EEU-90-133, July
     11, 1990, 3.).

"Defense Minister: Army Size `Must Be Cut'." (FBIS-EEU-92-082,
     April 28, 1992, 2.).

"Four Armed Albanian Surrender in Yugoslavia." (FBIS-EEU-90-017,
     January 25, 1990, 3.).

"Kico Mustaqi Speaks to Army Veterans." (FBIS-EEU-90-180,
     September 17, 1990, 4.).

"Massacre Allegedly Took Place in Tirana at the Beginning of
     July." (FBIS-EEU-90-173, September 6, 1990, 1.).

"Minister Mustaqi Speaks on Anniversary of Navy." (FBIS-EEU-90-
     160, August 17, 1990.).

"National Army Youth Aktiv Holds Its Proceedings." (FBIS-EEU-90-
173, September 6, 1990, 1-2.).

"A Principle Turned Upside Down--On a Proposal for the Draft
     Constitution in the Newspaper Rilindja Demokratike." (FBIS-
     EEU-91-019, January 29, 1991, 4-5.).

"Revolts in Albania." (FBIS-EEU-90-010, January 16, 1990, 11-
12.).

"Statement of the Council of Ministers of the PSRA on Albania's
     Participation in the CSCE." (FBIS-EEU-90-180, September 17,
     1990, 1.).

*Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1990-91*. (Ed., Mark
     Lambert.) Coulsdon, United Kingdom: Jane's, 1990.

 *Jane's Armour and Artillery, 1989-90*. (Ed., Christopher
     F. Foss.) Coulsdon, United Kingdom: Jane's, 1989.

*Jane's Fighting Ships, 1990-91*. (Ed., Richard Sharpe.)
     Coulsdon, United Kingdom: Jane's, 1990.

Joint Publications Research Service--JPRS (Washington). The
     following items are from the JPRS series:

*East Europe Report*.

"Democracy and Public Order," *Zeri i Rinise* [Tiran�],
     August 3, 1991. (JPRS-EER-91-130, August 30, 1991, 1-5.).

"Eleven Years Lost in Albanian Prisons, *Svenska
     Dagbladet* [Stockholm], March 24, 1991. (JPRS-EER-91-
     060, May 6, 1991, 1-3.).

"For a Profound Restructuring of the Army," *Rilindja
     Demokratike* [Tiran�], July 20, 1991. (JPRS-EER-91-144,
     September 26, 1991, 3.).

"The Jails: The Hell and Shame of the Dictatorship,"
     *Bashkimi* [Tiran�], July 21, 1991. (JPRS-EER-91-121,
     August 13, 1991, 1-4.).

"Law on Amnesty for Political Prisoners," *Gazeta Zyrtare*
     [Tiran�], October 1991. (JPRS-EER-92-024-S, March 3, 1992,
     1-2.).

"Should the Sale of Arms Be Legalized or Should All Weapons Be
     Confiscated?" *Bashkimi* [Tiran�], July 17, 1991.
     (JPRS-EER-91-113, August 1, 1991, 2-3.).

Lange, Klaus. "Albanian Security Policies: Concepts, Meaning and
     Realisation." Pages 209-19 in Jonathan Eyal (ed.), *The
     Warsaw Pact and the Balkans: Moscow's Southern Flank*.
     New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.

Larrabee, F. Stephen. "Long Memories and Short Fuses: Change and
     Instability in the Balkans," *International
     Security*, 15, No. 3, Winter 1990-91, 58-91.

*The Military Balance, 1990-1991*. London: International
     Institute for Strategic Studies, 1990.

Nelson, Daniel N. *Balkan Imbroglio: Politics and Security in
     Southeastern Europe*. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,
     1991.

Pollo, Stefanaq, and Arben Puto. *The History of Albania: From
     Its Origins to the Present Day*. London: Routledge and
     Kegan Paul, 1981.

Zanga, Louis. "Increase in Crime and Other Social Problems,"
     Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, *Report on Eastern
     Europe*, 2, No. 39, September 27, 1991, 1-4.

------. "Military Undergoes Reforms," Radio Free Europe/Radio
     Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe*, 2, No. 46,
     November 15, 1991, 1-3.

------. "The New Government and Its Program," Radio Free
     Europe/Radio Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe*, 2,
     No. 23, June 7, 1991, 1-5.

------. "Sigurimi Dissolved and Replaced," Radio Free
     Europe/Radio Liberty, *Report on Eastern Europe*, 2,
     No. 35, August 30, 1991, 19-21.
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