Civil Aircraft and

Aircraft Engines 1998

Summary Issued November 1999

M336G(98)-13

(Formerly Series No. M37G) Current 

Industrial

Reports

Information about the scope of the survey, NOTE: Data are now published on the new North

methodology, explanation of terms and historical American Industry Classification System (NAICS)

notes for this survey may be found in the basis and therefore are not always comparable

introduction of the 1997 Manufacturing Profiles, to the old Standard Industrial Classification

issued August 1999. (SIC) code. For further information on NAICS,

see www.census.gov/epcd/www/naics.html.

Current data are released electronically on Internet

for all individual surveys as they become avail- SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: In 1998, the value of 

able. Use: http://www.census.gov/econ/www/ complete civil aircraft shipments increased by 

manumenu.html. Individual reports can be 32 percent to $40.1 billion, from the 1997 level 

accessed by choosing "Current Industrial Reports of $30.4 billion. Shipments of complete civil 

(CIR's)," clicking on "Report Number Index;" from aircraft engines increased by 46 percent to $7.9 

the "Industrial Products by Numeric Index," billion, from the 1997 level of $5.4 billion. 

choose the survey of interest. Follow the menu

to view the PDF file or to download the work- The backlog of orders for aircraft, missiles, 

sheet file (WK format) to your personal computer. space vehicles, and engines, as of December 31, 

1998, was $206.6 billion. This was a 6-percent 

These data are also available through the U.S. decrease from the 1997 backlog of $218.9 

Department of Commerce and STAT-USA billion. 

Electronic Bulletin Board by subscription. To

access, dial 202-482-3870 and follow the New orders received during 1998 were $111.2 

prompts to register. Also, you may call billion, a 7-percent decrease from the $118.9 

202-482-1986 or 1-800-STAT-USA, for billion received in 1997. Net sales, receipts, 

further information. The Internet address is: and/or billings in 1998 totaled $120.7 billion, 

www.stat-usa.gov/. a 5-percent increase from the $114.9 billion 

received in 1997. 

Address inquiries concerning these data to Investment Goods Industries Branch, Manufacturing and Construction Division (MCD), Washington, DC 20233-

6900, or call Chris Savage, 301-457-1307.

For mail or fax copies of this publication, please contact the Information Services Center, MCD, Washington, DC 20233-6900, or call 301-457-4673.

U S C E N S U S B U R E A U U.S. Department of Commerce

 Economics and Statistics Administration

Helping You Make Informed Decisions U.S. Census Bureau
Table 1. Quantity and Value of Shipments of Complete Civil Aircraft: 1998 and 1997 

[Quantity in units. Value in thousands of dollars] 

No. 1998 1997

Product Product description of

code cos. Quantity Value Quantity Value

37215-- Complete civil aircraft..............................................................................................................................34 4,605 40,124,817 3,846 30,395,909

Civil aircraft (fixed wing, powered)..................................................................................................................13 2,752 39,851,297 2,037 30,156,990

37215 04 Unladen weight not exceeding 

 2,000 kg (4,409 lb)........................................................... 12 1,785 996,696 1,220 926,394

37215 05 Unladen weight exceeding 2,000 kg 

 (4,409 lb) but not exceeding 

 15,000 kg (33,069 lb) 1/...............................................................................................................................5 (D) (D) (D) (D)

37215 07 Unladen weight exceeding 

 15,000 kg (33,069 lb) 1/................................................................................................................ 2 967 38,854,601 817 29,230,596

Helicopters (rotary wing).................................................................................................................................6 456 243,513 412 208,326

37215 32 Unladen weight not exceeding 

 2,000 kg (4,409 lb) 2/........................................................... 5 (D) (D) (D) (D)

37215 34 Unladen weight exceeding 

 2,000 kg (4,409 lb) 2/................................................................ 2 456 243,513 412 208,326

37215 30 Other civil aircraft (non powered) 

 and kits...........................................................................................................................................................8 1,397 30,007 1,397 30,593

37242 -- Complete civil aircraft engines................................................................................................................15 16,482 7,986,520 13,680 5,444,742

37242 01 Spark-ignition reciprocating or 

 rotary internal combustion 3/............................................................ ..........................................................7 (D) (D) (D) (D)

37242 03 Turbojet and turbofan: 

 Of a thrust not exceeding 25 kN 

 (5,620 lb) 3/...................................................................... 3 (D) (D) (D) (D)

37242 05 Of a thrust exceeding 25 kN 

 (5,620 lb) 3/............................................................................ 5 (D) (D) (D) (D)

37242 07 Turboshaft (turbo propeller): 

 Of a power not exceeding

 1,100 kW (820 hp) 3/................................................................. ..................................................................5 (D) (D) (D) (D)

37242 09 Of a power exceeding 

 1,100 kW (820 hp) 3/...................................................................................................................................4 (D) (D) (D) (D)

37242 14 Other, including auxiliary power 

 units excluding missiles and 

 space engines 3/............................................1 16,482 7,986,520 13,680 5,444,742

 D Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. kN Kilonewtons. kW Kilowatts.

 1/Product codes 37215 05 and 37215 07 are combined to avoid disclosing data for individual 

companies. 

 2/Product codes 37215 32 and 37215 34 are combined to avoid disclosing data for individual 

companies. 

 3/Product codes 37242 01, 37242 03, 37242 05, 37242 07, 37242 09 and 37242 14 are combined 

to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. 
Table 2. Quantity and Value of Shipments of Complete Civil Aircraft by Month: 1998 and 1997 

[Quantity in number of units. Value in thousands of dollars] 

 

 Civil aircraft, unladen weight Helicopters Other civil aircraft

Year and greater than 15,000 kg 1/ (rotary wing) (nonpowered)

month

Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value

1998 

January............ r/ 151 r/ 2,242,817 39 r/ 24,146 r/ 113 r/ 2,459

February.............r/ 176 r/ 2,587,733 r/ 37 r/ 24,914 r/ 111 r/ 2,522

March............... r/ 267 3,806,957 36 r/ 19,914 r/ 115 r/ 2,527

April................. r/ 193 r/ 2,558,399 48 r/ 25,801 r/ 120 r/ 2,653

May................... r/ 204 r/ 2,697,809 r/ 38 r/ 16,882 r/ 117 r/ 2,518

June.................. r/ 318 r/ 3,795,258 r/ 33 r/ 19,402 r/ 113 r/ 2,420

July....................r/ 195 r/ 2,884,077 r/ 44 r/ 25,507 r/ 114 r/ 2,400

August.................. r/ 224 r/ 2,496,938 r/ 24 r/ 14,842 r/ 112 r/ 2,359

September........ r/ 304 3,897,980 38 r/ 20,149 r/ 114 r/ 2,443

October..................... r/ 211 3,258,106 r/ 35 r/ 23,431 r/ 134 r/ 2,431

November............... r/ 233 r/ 3,860,095 r/ 36 r/ 16,358 r/ 113 r/ 2,873

December...........r/ 276 5,765,128 r/ 48 r/ 19,583 r/ 121 r/ 2,402

1997 

January..............r/ 85 r/ 1,453,681 26 r/ 11,890 r/ 118 r/ 2,566

February..............r/ 97 r/ 1,909,601 r/ 25 r/ 11,817 r/ 115 r/ 2,565

March................ r/ 162 r/ 3,298,750 32 r/ 13,330 r/ 116 r/ 2,562

April................. r/ 133 r/ 3,058,683 40 r/ 14,610 r/ 117 r/ 2,564

May................... r/ 159 r/ 3,090,642 34 r/ 13,902 r/ 115 r/ 2,565

June.................. r/ 228 r/ 3,253,336 36 r/ 13,857 r/ 115 r/ 2,564

July.................. r/ 139 r/ 3,173,727 38 r/ 13,998 r/ 118 r/ 2,565

August............. r/ 146 r/ 2,018,752 25 r/ 12,658 r/ 116 r/ 2,563

September..........r/ 221 2,740,138 34 r/ 14,235 r/ 116 r/ 2,565

October................ r/ 149 1,492,937 r/ 38 r/ 27,367 r/ 116 r/ 2,564

November...........r/ 188 r/ 1,582,915 r/ 43 r/ 29,171 r/ 116 r/ 2,564

December..........r/ 349 r/ 3,903,516 40 r/ 31,485 r/ 119 r/ 2,386

 r/Revised by 5 percent or more from previously published data. 

 1/"Unladen weight under 2,000 kg" and "Unladen weight between 2,000 

and 15,000 kg" are combined with "Unladen weight greater than 15,000 kg" 

to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. 
Table 3. Quantity and Value of Shipments of Complete Civil 

 Aircraft Engines: 1998 and 1997 

[Quantity in number of units. Value in thousands of dollars] 

 Complete civil aircraft

Year and month engines 1/ 

Quantity Value

1998 

January........................................................................................................................... r/ 1,319 r/ 432,476

February............................................................................................................... r/ 1,358 r/ 574,034

March........................................................................................................................... r/ 1,492 922,599

April....................................................................................................................... 1,452 538,010

May.......................................................................................................................... r/ 1,321 r/ 693,552

June....................................................................................................................... r/ 1,360 r/ 767,019

July............................................................................................................................ r/ 1,328 r/ 573,613

August............................................................................................................................ r/ 1,370 r/ 752,345

September................................................................................................................................ r/ 1,451 r/ 812,400

October...................................................................................................................................... r/ 1,350 r/ 747,018

November.....................................................................................................................................r/ 1,284 r/ 555,203

December.................................................................................................................................. r/ 1,397 r/ 617,755

1997 

January........................................................................................................................... r/ 1,045 r/ 319,682

February............................................................................................................... r/ 1,045 r/ 473,162

March........................................................................................................................... r/ 1,094 r/ 485,558

April....................................................................................................................... r/ 1,115 r/ 411,324

May.......................................................................................................................... r/ 1,091 r/ 360,650

June....................................................................................................................... r/ 1,017 r/ 431,083

July............................................................................................................................ r/ 1,160 r/ 399,328

August............................................................................................................................ r/ 1,094 r/ 434,910

September................................................................................................................................ r/ 1,195 r/ 524,877

October...................................................................................................................................... r/ 1,350 r/ 558,544

November.....................................................................................................................................r/ 1,178 r/ 453,022

December.................................................................................................................................. r/ 1,296 r/ 759,051

 r/Revised by 5 percent or more from previously 

published data. 

 1/"Spark-ignition reciprocating or rotary internal 

combustion," "Turbojet and turbofan" and "Turbo 

propellers" are combined to avoid disclosing data for 

individual companies. 
Table 4. Shipments, Exports, and Imports of Complete Civil Aircraft and Aircraft Engines: 1998 

[Quantity in units. Value in thousands of dollars] 

 Exports of 

 Manufacturers' domestic Imports for

 shipments merchandise 1/ 2/ consumption 1/ 3/

Product description Value Value

Product (f.o.b. at

code 1/ Quantity plant) Quantity port Quantity Value

Civil aircraft (fixed wing, powered): 

37215 02 Unladen weight not exceeding 

 2,000 kg (4,409 lb)....................................................................... 1,785 996,696 312 67,351 220 15,143

37215 05 Unladen weight exceeding 2,000 kg 

 (4,409 lb) but not exceeding 

 15,000 kg (33,069 lb) 4/................................................................. (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D)

37215 07 Unladen weight exceeding 

 15,000 kg (33,069 lb) 4/................................................................... 967 38,854,601 557 29,922,525 334 5,630,030

37215 31 Helicopters (rotary wing)................................................................................ 456 243,513 238 148,117 274 537,294

37242 00 Complete civil aircraft engines...................................................................................... 16,482 7,986,520 5,323 3,096,335 3,555 4,030,876

 D Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. 

 1/For comparison of SIC-based codes with Schedule B export numbers and HTSUSA import numbers, see 

contact at the beginning of this report. 

 2/Source: Census Bureau report EM 545, U.S. Exports. 

 3/Source: Census Bureau report IM 145, U.S. Imports for Consumption. 

 4/Product codes 37215 05 and 37215 07 are combined to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. 
Table 5. Value of Backlog of Orders, and Net Sales 

 Reported by Manufacturers of Complete 

 Aircraft, Space Vehicles, Missiles, and 

 and Selected Parts: 1990 to 1998 

[Millions of dollars] 

 Net new orders Net sales Backlog,

Year during year 1/ during year end of year

1998............................. 111,183 120,682 206,571

1997............................. 118,993 114,946 218,951

1996............................. 126,267 103,115 229,871

1995.............................. 109,109 102,797 202,638

1994............................88,706 104,296 192,561

1993 .............. 79,770 109,926 211,814

1992............... 100,306 118,736 236,076

1991............... 122,485 123,862 245,241

1990............... 145,965 136,646 250,079

 1/These totals represents new orders received during 

the year, less terminations during the year. 

Table 6. Value of Net New Orders, Net Sales, and Backlog of Orders of Complete Aircraft, 

 Space Vehicles, Missiles and Selected Parts by United States Government and 

 Other Customers: 1994 to 1998

[Millions of dollars] 

 Net new orders 1/

(prime contracts and subcontracts) Net sales, receipts, or billings Backlog, end of year

Year 1/ United United United

States States States

Govern- Other Govern- Other Govern- Other

Total ment 2/ customers Total ment 2/ customers Total ment 2/ customers

1998............................. 111,183 40,118 71,065 120,682 44,553 76,129 206,571 62,637 143,934

1997.............................. 118,993 48,194 70,799 114,946 51,374 63,572 218,951 67,662 151,290

1996............................. 126,267 57,245 69,022 103,115 51,390 51,725 229,891 81,399 148,472

1995............................. 109,109 46,546 62,562 106,829 51,909 50,888 202,638 67,936 134,702

1994.................................... 88,706 50,444 38,262 104,296 57,141 47,155 192,561 68,660 123,901

 1/These data represent new orders received during the year, less terminations during the year. 

 2/Represents prime contracts only. All subcontracts, including those where it is known that the prime contract 

was let by the U.S. Government, are reported as subcontracts from "Other customers." 

 Note: Detail items may not add to total because of independent rounding. 

Table 7. Value of Net New Orders, Net Sales, and Backlog of Orders of Complete Aircraft, Space 

 Vehicles, Missiles, and Selected Parts by Military and Nonmilitary: 1994 to 1998 

[Millions of dollars] 

 Net new orders 1/

(prime contracts and subcontracts) Net sales, receipts, or billings Backlog, end of year

Year 1/

Total Military Nonmilitary Total Military Nonmilitary Total Military Nonmilitary

1998.............................. 111,183 38,356 72,828 120,682 44,918 75,764 206,571 70,039 136,532

1997.............................. 118,993 47,802 71,192 114,946 50,648 64,298 218,951 78,870 140,082

1996.............................. 126,267 62,127 64,140 103,115 53,153 49,962 229,871 89,500 140,371

1995.................................. 109,109 49,350 59,759 106,829 49,350 50,321 202,638 82,309 120,329

1994................................................ 88,706 53,268 35,438 104,296 58,012 46,284 192,561 84,445 108,116

 1/These data represent new orders received during the year, less terminations during the year. 

 Note: Detail items may not add to total because of independent rounding. 
Continued 1

Table 8. Value of Net New Orders, Net Sales, and Backlog of Orders of Complete Aircraft, 

 Space Vehicle, Missiles, and Selected Parts: 1998 and 1997 

[Millions of dollars] 

 Net new orders

No. Shipments Backlog,

Product description of Prime Sub- (or net end of 

cos. Total contract 1/ contract 1/ sales) year

1998

 Total............................................................................... 56 111,183 111,002 182 120,682 206,571

 Military......................................................................... (NA) 38,356 38,356 (NA) 44,918 70,039

 U.S. Government.......................................................... 41 33,064 33,064 (NA) 34,809 54,492

 Other governments....................................................................... 26 5,292 5,292 (NA) 10,109 15,547

 Nonmilitary...................................................................................... (NA) 72,828 72,646 182 75,764 136,532

 U.S. Government................................................................... 17 7,054 7,054 (NA) 9,744 8,145

 Other customers.................................................................... 45 65,773 65,591 182 66,020 128,387

Complete aircraft and parts.............................................................. (NA) 50,925 50,791 134 62,864 127,816

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 14,086 14,086 (NA) 20,395 33,854

 Nonmilitary...................................................................................................... (NA) 36,839 36,705 134 42,470 93,962

Aircraft engines and parts.................................................................. (NA) 13,041 13,041 (NA) 12,825 15,087

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 2,922 2,922 (NA) 2,789 3,174

 Nonmilitary.................................................................................................... (NA) 10,119 10,119 (D) 10,035 11,913

Missile systems and parts, excluding 

 propulsion units................................................................................................... (NA) 4,724 4,724 (NA) 4,043 6,259

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 4,724 4,724 (NA) 4,043 6,259

 U.S. Government........................................................................... 10 3,153 3,153 (NA) 3,126 3,983

 Other governments......................................................................... 5 1,571 1,571 (NA) 917 2,277

Space vehicle systems and parts, excluding 

 propulsion units..................................................................... (NA) 16,976 16,976 (NA) 14,008 24,920

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 4,003 4,003 (NA) 4,360 8,143

 Nonmilitary.................................................................................................... (NA) 12,973 12,973 (NA) 9,648 16,777

 U.S. Government........................................................................ 8 3,753 3,753 (NA) 5,624 2,976

 Other customers........................................................................ 7 9,220 9,220 (NA) 4,023 13,801

Engines and/or propulsion units for missile 

 systems and space vehicles, including 

 parts 2/............................................................... (NA) 2,568 2,568 (D) 2,651 5,619

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 655 655 (NA) 496 1,102

 Nonmilitary......................................................................................... (NA) 1,913 1,913 (D) 2,155 4,516

Other aircraft, space vehicle, and missile 

 activities 3/...................................................... (NA) 7,617 7,570 47 9,051 10,319

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 4,245 4,245 (NA) 5,010 7,296

 U.S. Government......................................................................... (NA) 3,035 3,035 (NA) 3,681 5,819

 Other governments............................................................................. (NA) 1,210 1,210 (NA) 1,329 1,477

 Nonmilitary.................................................................................................... (NA) 3,371 3,324 47 4,042 3,023

Research and development (under contract)........................... (NA) 5,843 5,841 2 4,995 5,053

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 4,733 4,733 (NA) 4,014 4,155

 U.S. Government....................................................................... 23 4,645 4,645 (NA) 3,899 4,107

 Other governments...................................................................................... 6 88 88 (NA) 114 48

 Nonmilitary.................................................................................................... 11 1,110 1,108 2 981 898

All other products and services.................................................................................. (NA) 9,491 9,491 (NA) 10,244 11,499

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 2,988 2,988 (NA) 3,811 6,056

 U.S. Government....................................................................... 20 2,868 2,868 (NA) 3,510 5,556

 Other governments........................................................................................ 12 120 120 (NA) 300 501
Continued 2

Table 8. Value of Net New Orders, Net Sales, and Backlog of Orders of Complete Aircraft, 

 Space Vehicle, Missiles, and Selected Parts: 1998 and 1997 

[Millions of dollars] 

 Net new orders

No. Shipments Backlog,

Product description of Prime Sub- (or net end of 

cos. Total contract 1/ contract 1/ sales) year

 Nonmilitary.................................................................................................... (NA) 6,503 6,503 (D) 6,433 5,442

 U.S. Government............................................................................ 11 1,630 1,630 (NA) 1,948 3,022

 Other customers............................................................................ 28 4,872 4,872 (D) 4,485 2,420

1997

 Total............................................................................... 54 118,993 118,788 206 114,946 218,951

 Military......................................................................... (NA) 47,802 47,802 (NA) 50,648 78,870

 U.S. Government.......................................................... 44 39,218 39,218 (NA) 40,302 57,388

 Other governments....................................................................... 26 8,584 8,584 (NA) 10,346 21,482

 Nonmilitary...................................................................................... (NA) 71,192 70,986 206 64,298 140,082

 U.S. Government................................................................... 19 8,977 8,977 (NA) 11,072 10,273

 Other customers.................................................................... 42 62,215 62,009 206 53,227 129,808

Complete aircraft and parts.............................................................. (NA) 60,541 60,432 109 54,503 140,584

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 19,102 19,102 (NA) 21,297 40,562

 Nonmilitary...................................................................................................... (NA) 41,439 41,330 109 33,206 100,022

Aircraft engines and parts.................................................................. (NA) 10,560 10,560 (NA) 12,054 14,963

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 2,322 2,322 (NA) 2,647 3,053

 Nonmilitary.................................................................................................... (NA) 8,237 8,237 (D) 9,408 11,909

Missile systems and parts, excluding 

 propulsion units................................................................................................... (NA) 4,239 4,239 (NA) 4,024 5,828

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 4,239 4,239 (NA) 4,024 5,828

 U.S. Government........................................................................... 12 2,626 2,626 (NA) 3,099 3,621

 Other governments......................................................................... 6 1,613 1,613 (NA) 924 2,207

Space vehicle systems and parts, excluding 

 propulsion units..................................................................... (NA) 15,078 15,078 (D) 14,644 23,189

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 4,584 4,584 (NA) 4,919 8,848

 Nonmilitary.................................................................................................... (NA) 10,494 10,494 (D) 9,724 14,341

 U.S. Government........................................................................ 10 5,147 5,147 (NA) 6,281 4,534

 Other customers........................................................................ 9 5,348 5,348 (D) 3,444 9,807

Engines and/or propulsion units for missile 

 systems and space vehicles, including 

 parts 2/...................................................................(NA) 2,009 2,009 (D) 2,687 5,568

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 477 477 (NA) 558 1,023

 Nonmilitary......................................................................................... (NA) 1,532 1,532 (D) 2,129 4,545

Other aircraft, space vehicle, and missile 

 activities 3/...................................................... (NA) 9,700 9,635 65 9,404 12,231

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 6,606 6,606 (NA) 6,535 8,258

 U.S. Government......................................................................... (NA) 5,049 5,049 (NA) 5,176 6,280

 Other governments............................................................................. (NA) 1,557 1,557 (NA) 1,359 1,978

 Nonmilitary.................................................................................................... (NA) 3,095 3,030 65 2,868 3,973

Research and development (under contract)........................... (NA) 6,772 6,740 32 6,839 4,648

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 5,742 5,742 (NA) 5,785 3,867

 U.S. Government....................................................................... 26 5,707 5,707 (NA) 5,689 3,661

 Other governments...................................................................................... 8 35 35 (NA) 96 207

 Nonmilitary.................................................................................................... 13 1,030 998 32 1,054 781
Continued 3

Table 8. Value of Net New Orders, Net Sales, and Backlog of Orders of Complete Aircraft, 

 Space Vehicle, Missiles, and Selected Parts: 1998 and 1997 

[Millions of dollars] 

 Net new orders

No. Shipments Backlog,

Product description of Prime Sub- (or net end of 

cos. Total contract 1/ contract 1/ sales) year

All other products and services.................................................................................. (NA) 10,096 10,096 (NA) 10,792 11,942

 Military........................................................................... (NA) 4,731 4,731 (NA) 4,883 7,431

 U.S. Government....................................................................... 23 4,616 4,616 (NA) 4,525 6,730

 Other governments........................................................................................ 14 115 115 (NA) 358 702

 Nonmilitary.................................................................................................... (NA) 5,365 5,365 (D) 5,909 4,511

 U.S. Government............................................................................ 15 2,300 2,300 (NA) 2,524 3,377

 Other customers............................................................................ 28 3,065 3,065 (D) 3,385 1,134

 D Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. NA Not available. 

 1/"Net new orders under subcontract" are included with "Prime contract net new orders" to avoid disclosing 

data for individual companies. 

 2/Data for "Engines and/or propulsion units for space vehicles, including parts" are included with data for 

"Engines and/or propulsion units or missile systems, including parts." 

 3/Data for "Other missile activities" are included with data for "Other aircraft and space vehicles." 

 Note: Net new orders represent new orders received during the year, less terminations during the year. In 

some cases current backlog will not equal the backlog for the previous period, plus current net new orders, 

minus current shipments. This is primarily due to respondents changing their accounting procedures from one 

year to the next. The data for these respondents was not changed to force a balance. Significant imbalances 

due to reporting erros were investigated and corrected. Detail items may not add to total because of independent 

rounding.