# I U C L I D D a t a s e t

Existing Chemical Substance ID: 8023–79–8 CAS No. 8023–79–8 EINECS Name Oils, palm kernel EINECS No. 232–425–4 Structural FormulaN.A. Molecular FormulaN.A.

Dataset created by: EUROPEAN COMMISSION – European Chemicals Bureau This dossier is a compilation based on data reported by the European Chemicals Industry following ’Council Regulation (EEC) No. 793/93 on the Evaluation and Control of the Risks of Existing Substances’. All (non–confidential) information from the single datasets, submitted in the IUCLID/HEDSET format by individual companies, was integrated to create this document. The data have not undergone any evaluation by the European Commission.

Creation date: 19–FEB–2000

Number of Pages: 22
Chapters: all Edition: Year 2000 CD–ROM edition Flags: non–confidential

(C) 2000 EUROPEAN COMMISSION European Chemicals Bureaudate: 19–FEB–2000 1. General Information Substance ID: 8023–79–8

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### 1.0.1 OECD and Company Information
Name: Fina Chemicals Street: rue de l’Industrie 52 Town: 10400 Brussels Country: Belgium Phone: 0032–2–288.91.11 Telefax: 0032–2–288.33.88

Name: Henkel KGaA Street: Henkelstr. 67 Town: 40589 Duesseldorf Country: Germany

Name: LEVER BROTHERS LTD Street: LEVER HOUSE, 3 St JAMES ROAD Town: KT1 2BA KINGSTON UPON THAMES Country: United Kingdom Phone: 0044 51 641 4505 Telefax: 0044 51 641 4308

Name: Lever GmbH Street: P.O. Box 104180 Town: 20028 Hamburg Country: Germany

Name: Lusol/Companhia Lusitana de Oleos Street: RUA DO INDUSTRIAL ALFREDO DA SILVA–QUIMIPARQUE Town: 2830 BARREIRO Country: Portugal Phone: 351–1–2068300 Telefax: 351–1–2068367

Name: Procter & Gamble France (Amiens) Street: Rue Andre Durouchez, ZONE INDUSTRIELLE, BP 1336 Town: 80013 Amiens Cedex Country: France

Name: RWE–DEA Aktiengesellschaft für Mineraloel und Chemie Street: Ueberseering 40 Town: 22297 Hamburg Country: Germany Phone: 040–6375–0 Telefax: 040–6375–3496 Telex: 21151320

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Name: Unichema Chemicals Ltd. Street: Bebington, Wirral Town: L62 4UF Merseyside Country: United Kingdom

Name: Unichema Chemie B.V. Street: PO Box 2 Town: 2800 AA Gouda Country:Netherlands

Name: Unichema Chemie GmbH Street: Steintor 9 Town: D–46446 Emmerich Country: Germany Phone: +49–2822–720 Telefax: +49–2822–72276 

### 1.0.2 Location of Production Site

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### 1.0.3 Identity of Recipients

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### 1.1 General Substance Information Substance type: natural substance Physical status: liquid Substance type: natural substance Physical status: solid Substance type: organic Physical status: liquid Substance type: organic Physical status: solid 

### 1.1.1 Spectra

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### 1.2 Synonyms Elaeis guineensis (INCI) Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf Elaeis guineensis, Fats and glyceridic, palm kernel; oils, palm kernel, Palm nut oil, Palm seed oil Source: RWE–DEA Aktiengesellschaft für Mineraloel und Chemie Hamburg

– 2/22 –date: 19–FEB–2000 1. General Information Substance ID: 8023–79–8

______________________________________________________________________________ Fats and glyceridic oils, palm kernel Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (1) Oel, Palmkern Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf Oils, glyceridic, palm kernel (DSL) Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (1) Oils, palm kernel Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf Oils, palm kernel (EINECS) Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (1) Palm kernel oil Source: Unichema Chemie B.V. Gouda Unichema Chemicals Ltd. Merseyside LEVER BROTHERS LTD KINGSTON UPON THAMES Unichema Chemie GmbH Emmerich Lever GmbH Hamburg Palm nut oil Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (2) Palm seed oil Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (1) Triglycerides of C8–C18 and C18 unsatd. fatty acids Source: Unichema Chemie B.V. Gouda Unichema Chemicals Ltd. Merseyside LEVER BROTHERS LTD KINGSTON UPON THAMES Unichema Chemie GmbH Emmerich Lever GmbH Hamburg Remark: see Lead Hedset Source: Procter & Gamble France (Amiens) Amiens Cedex 

### 1.3 Impurities

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### 1.4 Additives

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### 1.5 Quantity Quantity 100 000 – 500 000 tonnes

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### 1.6.1 Labelling

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### 1.6.2 Classification

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### 1.7 Use Pattern Type: type Category:Non dispersive use Type: type Category: Use in closed system Type: type Category: Wide dispersive use Type: industrial Category: Basic industry: basic chemicals Type: industrial Category: Chemical industry: used in synthesis Type: industrial Category: Personal and domestic use Type: use Category: Cleaning/washing agents and disinfectants Type: use Category: Food/foodstuff additives Type: use Category: Intermediates Type: use Category: other: production of fatty acids 

### 1.7.1 Technology Production/Use

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### 1.8 Occupational Exposure Limit Values Type of limit: Limit value: Remark:Not a dangerous substance. Heated vapours, however, should be avoided as much as possible, but are not toxic. Source: Unichema Chemie B.V. Gouda Unichema Chemicals Ltd. Merseyside Unichema Chemie GmbH Emmerich

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______________________________________________________________________________ Type of limit: Limit value: Remark: Standard industrial hygiene to be observed No limit established Source: Procter & Gamble France (Amiens) Amiens Cedex
Type of limit: Limit value: Remark: no dangerous substance / alimentar use Source: Lusol/Companhia Lusitana de Oleos BARREIRO
Type of limit: Limit value: Remark:Not a dangerous substance. Heated vapours, however, should be avoided as much as possible, but are not toxic. Source: LEVER BROTHERS LTD KINGSTON UPON THAMES
Type of limit: Limit value: Remark:Not a dangerous substance. Heated vapours, however, should be avoided as much as possible, but are not toxic. Source: Lever GmbH Hamburg 

### 1.9 Source of Exposure Remark: Palm kernel oil is shipped in large quantities to Belgium mainly from South–East Asia. Palm kernel oil is converted into fatty acids and glycerine by splitting at rather high temperatures (>150 xC) and pressures (>30 kg/cm3) through a continuous process. Palm kernel oil is also converted into methylesters through transesterification with methanol; the methylesters are thenhydrogenated in a continuous process to fatty alcohols. Boththese reactions (splitting and fatty alcohols) are made in only one site in Belgium. Source: Fina Chemicals Brussels 

### 1.10.1 Recommendations/Precautionary Measures

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### 1.10.2 Emergency Measures

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### 1.11 Packaging

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### 1.12 Possib. of Rendering Subst. Harmless

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### 1.13 Statements Concerning Waste

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### 1.14.1 Water Pollution Classified by: KBwS (DE) Labelled by: KBwS (DE) Class of danger: 0 (generally not water polluting) Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf Test substance: Triglycerides (untreated or hydrated, fatty acid residue saturated or unsatureated, even–numbered, unbranched C–chain >= C8) (3) Classified by: KBwS (DE) Labelled by: KBwS (DE) Class of danger: 0 (generally not water polluting) Source: RWE–DEA Aktiengesellschaft für Mineraloel und Chemie Hamburg 

### 1.14.2 Major Accident Hazards

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### 1.14.3 Air Pollution

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### 1.15 Additional Remarks Remark: The TS can be fractionated into a methanol soluble fraction (MSF) and a methanol insoluble fraction (MIF). HPLC–analysis revealed that the MSF mainly contained tocopherols and tocotrienols, while the MIF contained the triglycerides. Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf Test substance: Palm kernel oil, crude (4) 

### 1.16 Last Literature Search

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### 1.17 Reviews

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### 1.18 Listings e.g. Chemical Inventories

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– 6/22 –date: 19–FEB–2000 2. Physico–chemical Data Substance ID: 8023–79–8

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### 2.1 Melting Point Value: 23 – 30 degree C Remark: Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Solidification point: 20 – 24 degr. C. Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf Test substance: Palm kernel oil, crude (5) Value: ca. 25.5 – 30 degree C Remark: Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (6) (2) Value: = 27.3 degree C Method: other: slip melting point acc. to AOCS method Cc 3–25 GLP: no data Remark: Reliability 2 (valid with restrictions) acceptable method; no details specified Tempering temperature 10 degr. C.; range for melting point: 25.9 – 28.0 degr. C. Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (7) Value: = 27.6 degree C Method: other: slip melting point acc. to AOCS method Cc 3–25 GLP: no data Remark: Method: temperature, at which fat in a capillary tube placed in water becomes soft enough to slip or rise up the tube. Also called open tube MP, rising point or softening point. Wiley melting point acc. to AOCS Cc 2–28: 32.1 degr. C. Reliability 2 (valid with restrictions) acceptable publication; essential data are given Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf Test substance: Palm kernel oil; refined, bleached and deodorized (8) Value: 29 degree C Remark: Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (9) Value: Source: Lusol/Companhia Lusitana de Oleos BARREIRO 

### 2.2 Boiling Point

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### 2.3 Density Type: density Value: .925 – .935 g/cm3 at 15 degree C Remark: Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (10) Type: relative density Value: .919 at 20 degree C Remark: Reliability 2 (valid with restrictions) acceptable publication Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (11) Type: density Value: ca. .9195 g/cm3 at 20 degree C Remark: Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Unit: kg/l. Further values: 0.9125 at 30 degr. C.; 0.9054 at 40 degr. C. Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (12) Type: relative density Value: .898 – .912 at 40 degree C Remark: Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf Test substance: Palm kernel oil, crude (5) Type: density Value: 891 kg/m3 at 50 degree C Remark: Further values (kg/m3 at degr. C.): 874 at 75; 857 at 100; 789 at 200. The densities of the triglycerides are approximately 10% greater in the solid state than in the liquid state. Reliability 4 (not assignable) no method specified Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (8) Type: relative density Value: .9 Remark: Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (6)

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______________________________________________________________________________ Type: relative density Value: .95 Remark: Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (2) 

### 2.3.1 Granulometry

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### 2.4 Vapour Pressure

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### 2.5 Partition Coefficient

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### 2.6.1 Water Solubility Qualitative: not soluble Remark: Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (6) 

### 2.6.2 Surface Tension

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### 2.7 Flash Point Value: 203 degree C Type: closed cup Method: Year: Remark: Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (6) (2) 

### 2.8 Auto Flammability

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### 2.9 Flammability

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### 2.10 Explosive Properties

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### 2.11 Oxidizing Properties

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### 2.12 Additional Remarks Remark: Characteristics of palm kernel oil:

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– refractive index at ca. 38 degr. C.: 1.4530 (Abbe refractometer) kinematic viscosity: 30.92 cSt (at 37.8 degr. C.; extra– polated value, determined with modified Ostwald pipets) Reliability 2 (valid with restrictions) acceptable publication Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (11) Remark: Characteristics of palm kernel oil:

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– refractive index (40 degr. C.): 1.4509 (range 1.4500–1.4518; AOCS method Cc 7–25); iodine value: 16.2 – 19.2 saponification value: 243 – 249 unsaponifiable matter: 0.1 – 0.8 Reliability 2 (valid with restrictions) acceptable publication Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (7) Remark: Characteristics of palm kernel oil:

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– refractive index (40 degr. C.): 1.449 – 1.452 iodine value: 14 – 24 saponification value: 245 – 255 Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf Test substance: Palm kernel oil, crude (5) Remark: Characteristics of palm kernel oil:

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– refractive index (40 degr. C.): 1.449 – 1.452 iodine value: 14 – 23 saponification value: 242 – 255 unsaponifiable matter: 1.0% Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (12) Remark: Characteristics of palm kernel oil:

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– refractive index (40 degr. C.): 1.4509 (range 1.4500–1.4518; AOCS method Cc 7–25); iodine value: 16.2 – 19.2 saponification value: 243 – 249 – 10/22 –date: 19–FEB–2000 2. Physico–chemical Data Substance ID: 8023–79–8

______________________________________________________________________________ unsaponifiable matte r: 0.1 – 0.8 Viscosity of palm kernel oil: 43, 29 and 20 mPa*s at 30, 40 and 50 degr. C., respectively. Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (10)

– 11/22 –date: 19–FEB–2000 3. Environmental Fate and Pathways Substance ID: 8023–79–8

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### 3.1.1 Photodegradation

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### 3.1.2 Stability in Water

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### 3.1.3 Stability in Soil

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### 3.2 Monitoring Data (Environment)

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### 3.3.1 Transport between Environmental Compartments

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### 3.3.2 Distribution

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### 3.4 Mode of Degradation in Actual Use Remark: Fatty acids can be liberated from the glycerides of fats due to enzymatic activity during processing of the raw mate– rials. Considerable amounts of fatty acids (>5%) can be found. Hydrolysis can be catalyzed enzymatically, by moisture, acids, bases and heat. If extremely overheated, traces of glycerol in fats can decompose to form acrolein which is a toxic and lachrymatory substance. Polymeric substances developed by heating unsa– turated fatty acids are toxic to animals when included in their diets at significant levels. These effects normally are observed only in fats that have been abused oxidatively or thermally to a degree which would make them unpalatable to man. Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (9) 

### 3.5 Biodegradation

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### 3.6 BOD5, COD or BOD5/COD Ratio

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### 3.7 Bioaccumulation

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### 3.8 Additional Remarks Remark: Reliability 4 (not assignable) handbook data Unsaturated fatty acids contained in palm kernel oil can be subject to autoxidation which incvolves the formation of a hydroperoxide group adjacent to double bond. This step proceeds via a free–radical mechanism. The formation of free radicals can be triggered by light. Singlet oxygen, formed under the influence of short–wave radiation and a sensitizer probably plays a key role in this reaction. The intermediate hydroperoxides decompose into a number of different products including epoxides, alcohols, diols, keto compounds, dicarb– oxylic acids and isomerization and polymerization products. Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (10)

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### AQUATIC ORGANISMS 4.1 Acute/Prolonged Toxicity to Fish

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### 4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates

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### 4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants e.g. Algae

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### 4.4 Toxicity to Microorganisms e.g. Bacteria

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### 4.5 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms 4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish

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### 4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates

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### TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS 4.6.1 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms

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### 4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants

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### 4.6.3 Toxicity to other Non–Mamm. Terrestrial Species Species: other avian: Japanese quail Endpoint: weight Expos. period: 3 month Unit: Method: other: see test condition Year: GLP: no data Test substance: no data Remark: Reliability 2 (valid with restrictions) acceptable publication Results: body weight was only slightly increased. Liver weight and total lipid content of the liver were significantly higher than in the control group. Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf Test condition: 8 animals/group; treatment by feeding a basal diet supple– mented with 15% palm kernel oil and 2% cholesterol ad libi– tum; controls were fed the basal diet (fat content 3.8%) only. (13) 

### 4.7 Biological Effects Monitoring

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### 4.8 Biotransformation and Kinetics Type: other: fungal Remark: Reliability 2 (valid with restrictions) acceptable publications; essential data are given Result: Examination of free fatty acids from palm kernel oil degraded by fungi showed a significant decrease in the level of lauric acid and a general change in the pattern of free fatty acids. Lauric acid seems to be preferredly utilized by these fungi (Dart et al., 1987). Fatty acid composition (ca. %) of palm kernel oil (1) or palm kernel oil damaged by fungi (2) (mean values of 14–16 samples): fatty acid: C8 C10 C12 C14 C16 C18 C18:1 C18:2

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (1): 4.1 4.2 49.3 16.5 8.82 2.4 11.2 1.1 (2): 2.7 2.5 42.0 18.1 10.5 3.6 18.1 2.5 (Dart et al., 1985). Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (14) (15) 

### 4.9 Additional Remarks

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– 15/22 –date: 19–FEB–2000 5. Toxicity Substance ID: 8023–79–8

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### 5.1 Acute Toxicity 5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity Type: LD50 Species: rat Sex: Number of Animals: Vehicle: Value: > 5000 mg/kg bw Method: other: see remark Year: GLP: no data Test substance: no data Remark: 10 rats; observation period 7 days; one dose only. The TS was judged to be nontoxic by ingestion. Reliability 4 (not assignable) review article Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf Test condition: Limit test (16) Type: LD50 Species: rat Sex: Number of Animals: Vehicle: Value: > 23500 mg/kg bw Method: other: see remark Year: 1964 GLP: no data Test substance: other TS Remark: 10 animals used; no further data. original result: LD50 > 26 ml/kg body weight. No deaths (0/10) were recorded. Reliability 3 (not valid) information not sufficient for an assessment Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf Test substance: Coconut oil, commercial product, undiluted (17) 

### 5.1.2 Acute Inhalation Toxicity

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### 5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity

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### 5.1.4 Acute Toxicity, other Routes

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### 5.2 Corrosiveness and Irritation 5.2.1 Skin Irritation Species: rabbit Concentration: Exposure: Exposure Time: Number of Animals: PDII: Result: slightly irritating EC classificat.: Method: other: see remark Year: GLP: no data Test substance: no data Remark: Reliability 2 (valid with restrictions) only essential data are given; no detailed description of the method and the effects observed Test condition: 0.5 ml of the TS were applied to the clipped dorsum for 4 h under semi–occlusive conditions. Scoring of the effects was done after 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Result: The TS showed mainly slight effects with 2–3 sites showing a slight to moderate response 24 and 72 hours after treatment. Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (18) 

### 5.2.2 Eye Irritation

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### 5.3 Sensitization

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### 5.4 Repeated Dose Toxicity

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### 5.5 Genetic Toxicity ’in Vitro’

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### 5.6 Genetic Toxicity ’in Vivo’

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### 5.7 Carcinogenicity

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### 5.8 Toxicity to Reproduction

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### 5.9 Developmental Toxicity/Teratogenicity

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### 5.10 Other Relevant Information Type: adsorption Remark:Adult male Wistar rats (>= 4/group) were subjected to can– nulation of the thoracic lymphatic duct and then received 1.5 ml of an emulsion containing 170 mg of palm kernel oil in addition to basic ingredients (albumin, taurocholate and cholesterol) via a duodenal catheter. The control animals received the basic constituents only. In the treated animals, 197 mg of fatty acids were found in the lymph collected from the thoracic duct within a period of 24 hours p.a. (lymph volume: 174 ml), which was a net increase of 105 mg over control values (92 mg in 135 ml). The absorption was comparable to that of corn oil. The composition of the fatty acids was altered significantly, reflecting the composition of the dietary fat. Reliability 2 (valid with restrictions) acceptable publication Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (19) Type: adsorption Remark: Reliability 2 (valid with restrictions) acceptable publication The digestibility of palm kernel oil in 6 male calves (age 6 weeks) was found to be 97.1% when a diet diet containing 5% of the TS as fat source (8.5% total fat) was fed to the animals for 8 days. The retention of nitrogen in the test animals was enhanced in comparison to the control. Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (20) Type: other: effects on lipid metabolism in chickens Remark: Reliability 4 (not assignable) abstract only When fed as 2% supplement to a corn–based diet to 1–day–old chickens for 2 weeks, significant decreases of hydroxy– methyl–glutaryl–CoA, cholesterol–7a–hydroxylase and fatty acid synthetase were measured as compared to a control. Serum cholesterol and LDL–cholesterol were also decreased. A crude sample and a refined fraction of the TS had similar effects in suppressing cholesterolgenesis. Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf Test substance: Palm kernel oil, a crude and a refined sample (21)

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### 5.11 Experience with Human Exposure Remark: In digestion experiments (test period 3 days; analysis of combined faeces acc. to standardized methods of the Assoc. of Official Agricultural Chemists), the digestibility of palm kernel oil was found to be 97.9% (4 tests, value corrected for metabolic products and fat content of the basal ration). Reliability 2 (valid with restrictions) acceptable publication Source: Henkel KGaA Duesseldorf (22)

– 19/22 –date: 19–FEB–2000 6. References Substance ID: 8023–79–8

______________________________________________________________________________ (1) CHEMLIST (1995): Palm kernel oil; CHEMLIST, data base search, 05.04.1995, 1 p. (2) Sax, N.I. (Ed.) (1979): Palm kernel oil; in: Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 5th Ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 884 (3) Katalog wassergefaehrdender Stoffe, Datenblatt Nr. 760 (4) Dewitt, G.F. et al. (1988): Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. J. 2, Abstr. 7227 (5) Baltes, J. (Ed.) (1975): Palm kernel oil; in: Gewinnung und Verarbeitung von Nahrungsfetten, Verlag Paul Parey, pp. 14–23, 70–75, 79–87 (6) NFPA (1978): Palm kernel oil; National Fire Protection Association: Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials, 7th Ed., 325M–154 (7) Siew, W.L.; Berger, K.G. (1981): Malaysian palm kernel oil chemical and physical characteristics. Porim Technol. Palm Oil Research Institute Malaysia, No. 6, 8 pp. (8) Timms, S.R.E. (1985): J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 62, 241–248 (9) Applewhite, T.H. (1980): Fats and fatty oils; Kirk–Othmer (Eds.): Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Ed., Vol. 9, 795–831 (10) Thomas, A. (1987): Fats and fatty oils; Gerhartz, W. (Ed.): Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th Ed., Vol. A 10, VCH Verlagsges. mbH, Weinheim, pp. 173–175, 183–191, 237–243 (11) Rescoria, A.R.; Carnahan, F.L. (1936): Ind. Eng. Chem. 28, 1212–1213 (12) Cocks, L.V.; Van Rede, C. (Eds.) (1966): Palm kernel oil; in: Laboratory Handbook for Oil and Fat Analysts, Academic Press Inc., London, pp. 14–24, 80–90, 401–408 (13) Toda, T.; Oku, H. (1995): Nutr. Res. 15, 99–113 (14) Dart, R.K. et al. (1985): Fd Chem. 18, 113–120

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______________________________________________________________________________ (15) Dart, R.K. et al. (1987): Fd Chem. 23, 139–142 (16) CIR (1986): J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 5, 103–122 (17) Procter & Gamble Co. (1995): Coconut oil; Procter & Gamble internal database, BTS# 354; written information of Procter & Gamble, Dr. C. Lally, Strombeek–Bever, 04.05.1995, 3 pp. (18) Unilever (1982): Rabbit covered patched test. Test No. N902887, 28.01.1982 Unilever Research Laboratory, Sharnbrook, Bedford, England, 1 p. (19) Chen, I.S. et al. (1989): J. Nutr. 119, 1569–1573 (20) Raven, A.M. (1969): Rec. Agr. Res. 17, 173–179 (21) Basiron, Y.B. et al. (1988): Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. J. 2, Abstr. 7226 (22) Langworthy, C.F. (1923): J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 15, 276–278

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### 7.1 Risk Assessment

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– 22/22 –