*

 This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the

citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under

the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

Filed 9/25/96

TENTH CIRCUIT

YORBA LEE HARDY,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.

BERNALILLO COUNTY DETENTION

CENTER; ALBUQUERQUE, CITY OF;

JOHN DOES, two unknown employees,

individually and as employees of the

BCDC,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 96-2062

(D.C. No. CIV-95-162-JC)

(D. N.M.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before TACHA, BALDOCK, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this

appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. Therefore, the case is ordered

submitted without oral argument.

Plaintiff Yorba Lee Hardy brought this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action, alleging excessive

force during her booking and following her arrest, and inadequate medical treatment. 
2

Plaintiff appeals from summary judgment entered for defendants. We affirm.

Plaintiff was arrested for driving while intoxicated after allegedly hitting several

vehicles while parking her vehicle at an apartment complex. The arresting officer

determined that Hardy was too unsteady to safely perform all of the field sobriety tests

and took her to the Bernalillo County Detention Center, where a breath test was

conducted. Plaintiff was examined by a paramedic, who noticed a distortion of her left

wrist, but plaintiff explained it was an old fracture. The paramedic then approved

plaintiff for booking into the Detention Center. During booking, plaintiff asked to make a

telephone call, but her request was denied. She became upset, yelled profanities, and

proceeded toward the telephone. Officers tried to restrain her and eventually handcuffed

her wrists behind her back as she struggled and yelled about the pain in her wrist and arm. 

She was placed in a cell where she continued to scream, kicked the door, and pounded on

the door with her head, and she was eventually placed in a straight jacket. The following

morning plaintiff received medical treatment and a fracture of her left wrist was

discovered.

We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo and apply the

same legal standards. Summary judgment is appropriate only if the record, viewed in a

light most favorable to the party resisting the motion, reveals no genuine issue of material

fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. A fact is material if

it could affect the outcome of the action under governing law, and a genuine issue exists

if the evidence is such that a verdict could be returned for the nonmoving party. Occusafe

v. EG&G Rocky Flats, 54 F.3d 618, 621 (10th Cir. 1995).

Plaintiff contends a jury could find the employees of the Detention Center violated
3

her civil rights. She argues the officers used excessive force in handcuffing her wrists

after the paramedic noticed a preexisting injury to her left wrist and in lifting her by the

handcuffs.

Plaintiff named as defendants the City of Albuquerque, the Detention Center, and

two unidentified employees of the Detention Center. The Rules of Civil Procedure do not

provide for naming unknown fictitious parties. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(a); Watson v.

Unipress, 733 F.2d 1386, 1388 (10th Cir. 1984). Plaintiff did not amend her complaint

when she learned the identities of the employees. Thus, no one directly involved with the

incident is a defendant in this case.

It is well established that a county or municipality may be held liable under § 1983

only when the constitutional deprivation at issue was undertaken pursuant to a "custom"

or "policy" of that entity. See City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 125 n.. 2

(1988). Plaintiff has produced no evidence to support a theory of county or municipality

liability. She has identified no policies authorizing the manner in which she was

restrained and has presented no evidence to establish any pervasive custom that resulted

in her alleged injury.

Plaintiff's theory that defendants could be held liable for failure to adequately train

the officers is also unsupported. The adequacy of police training can serve as a basis for

liability under § 1983 only where such failure amounts to deliberate indifference to the

rights of persons with whom subordinate officers come in contact. City of Canton v.

Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388 (1989). There must be essentially a complete failure to train or

training so reckless or grossly negligent that future misconduct is almost inevitable. 

Meade v. Grubbs, 841 F.2d 1512 (10th Cir. 1988). Failure to train must rise to a
4

deliberate and conscious policy-type choice before a city can be held liable under § 1983. 

Canton, 489 U.S. at 389. The evidence showed the officers were extensively trained

regarding use of handcuffs to restrain arrestees. Under the standards of summary

judgment, plaintiff has failed to establish defendants' alleged failure to train the officers

amounted to deliberate indifference to the rights of persons with whom the officers came

in contact.

Plaintiff's medical attention claims are also completely unsupported by the record. 

Even if it could be concluded that individual officers were deliberately indifferent to a

serious medical need, see Frohmader v. Wayne, 958 F.2d 1024, 1027-28 (10th Cir. 1992),

there is no evidence to support municipal liability such that a genuine issue of material

fact exists, requiring submission to a jury.

The final aspect of the judgment granted by the district court is the state law tort

claims. Plaintiff does not challenge that aspect of the judgment and we do not address

issues not briefed. United States v. Kunzman, 54 F.2d 1522, 1534 (10th Cir. 1995).

AFFIRMED. The mandate shall issue forthwith.

Entered for the Court

Mary Beck Briscoe

Circuit Judge