RECOVERY PLAN

for the

HAWAIIAN HOARY BAT

(Lasiurus cinereus semotus)

Published by

Region 1

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Portland, Oregon

Th~h2s !~‘wyor

Regional Direct , U.S. dlife Service

Approve&.

Date:

Ib’iAY I I V
r

As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the

Department ofthe Interior has responsibility for most of

our nationally owned public lands and natural resources.

This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and

water resources, protecting our fish and wild4fe,

preserving the environmental and cultural values of our

national parks and historical places, and providing for

the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The

Department assesses our energy and mineral resources

and works to assure that their development is in the best

of all our people. The Department also has a

~jnterests major responsibility for American Indian reservation

communities andforpeople wha live in island Territories
DISCLAIMER PAGE

Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to be required to

recover andlor protect listed species. Plans are published by the U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, sometimes prepared with the assistance ofrecovery teams,

contractors, State agencies, and others. Objectives will be attained and any

necessary funds made available subject to budgetary and other constraints

affecting the parties involved, as well asthe need to address other priorities.

Costs indicated fortask implementation andlor time for achievement ofrecovery

are only estimates and subject to change. Recovery plans do not necessarily

represent the views northe official positions or approval ofany individuals or

agencies involved in the plan formulation, other than the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service. They represent the official position ofthe U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service only after they have been signed by the Regional Director or Director as

approved. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by

new findings, changes in species status, and the completion ofrecovery tasks.

Literature citations should read as follows:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998. Recovery Plan forthe Hawaiian Hoary

Bat. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 50 pp.

1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This plan was prepared by David Worthington, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Ecoregion, Honolulu, Hawaii. The U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service thanks Julia Devrell for the cover drawing ofthe

Hawaiian hoary bat.

ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Current Species Status: The Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) is

federally listed as endangered. It is known from the islands of Hawaii, Maui,

Oahu, Kauai, and Molokai. Population numbers are not known, but Hawaiian

hoary bats are observed regularly only on Hawaii, Kauai, and Maui. There is a

general lack of historic and current data on this subspecies, and its present status

is not well-understood.

Habitat Requirements and Limiting Factors: Habitat requirements for the

Hawaiian hoary bat are not well-known. Bats are most often observed foraging in

open areas, near the edges of native forests, or over open water, although this may

be due to the ease of detection in these habitats. Hawaiian hoary bats roost

solitarily in the foliage oftrees. Habitat requirements may vary seasonally, but

this is not clear. Threatsto this subspecies include habitat destruction

(elimination ofroosting sites), and possibly direct and indirect effects of

pesticides, introduced insects, and disease.

Recovery Objectives: Delisting, with interim goals ofdetermining present

population status and downlisting to threatened status.

Recovery Criteria: Because the population status and natural history ofthis

subspecies are not well understood, the interim goal ofthis plan is to determine

actual population status and habitat requirements. Determining actual population

numbers for this subspecies is not practical, but indices ofabundance are

obtainable and can be used to identify quantifiable goals. Hence, downlisting can

occur when the population on Hawaii is determined to be stable orincreasing for

at least five consecutive years. For delisting, the criteria outlined for downlisting

must be met together with a determination that populations on Kauai and Maui are

stable or increasing for at least five consecutive years.

iii
Actions Needed:

1. Conduct research essential to the conservation ofthe subspecies.

2. Protect and manage current populations and identify and manage threats.

3. Conduct a public education program.

4. Evaluate the progress ofrecovery and revise recovery criteria as necessary.

Total Estimated Cost ofRecovery (S1.000’s): some costs are yet to be

determined

:

Need 3 Need 4

20

10

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

56 TBD

Date of Recovery: Downlisting to threatened may

delisting in 2013 ifrecovery criteria are met.

be considered in 2004 and

Year

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Total

Need 1

2,440

770

920

850

810

190

190

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

7,370

Need 2

0

0

400

275

200

200

200

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1,275

Total

2,460

780

1,322

1,127

1,012

392

392

152

152

152

152

152

152

152

152

8,701

iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. iNTRODUCTION 1

A. Brief Overview 1

B. Description and Taxonomy 8

C. Life History 9

D. Habitat Description 12

B. Current and Historic Ranges and Population Status 13

F. Reasonsfor Decline and Current Threats 15

G. Conservation Efforts 16

H. Overall Recovery Strategy . 17

II. RECOVERY 18

A. Objectives and Criteria 18

B. Step-down Outline 19

C. Step-down Narrative 20

III. LITERATURE CITED 28

IV. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE 36

APPENDIX A. Individuals Contacted 41

APPENDIX B. Summary ofComments 50

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

1 Map ofthe Hawaiian Islands 2

2 Historic and Current Distribution of Hawaiian hoary bats on Hawaii . . . 3

3 Historic and Current Distribution of Hawaiian hoary bats on Kauai .... 4

4 Historic and Current Distribution of Hawaiian hoary bats on Maui 5

5 Historic and Current Distribution ofHawaiian hoary bats on Oahu 6

6 Historic and Current Distribution of Hawaiian hoary bats on Molokai . . 7

v
I. INTRODUCTION

A. Brief Overview

The Hawaiian Islands are located over 3,200 kilometers (2,000 miles) from the

nearest continent, making them the most isolated high islands on earth (Wagner et

al. 1990) (Figure 1). This isolation has allowedthe fewplants and animals that

arrivedthere to evolve into many varied and highly endemic (native to a particular

area) species. In many cases, these unique species have lost their defenses against

threatstypical ofmainland environments, suchas mammalian predation (U.S.

Fishand Wildlife Service 1994). Intentional or inadvertent introduction of

nonnative plant and animal taxa has contributed to the reduction ofnative flora

and fauna on the Hawaiian Islands(Cuddihy and Stone 1990). This problem has

been exacerbated on some islands (e.g., Kauai) by the effects ofrecent hurricanes,

which have blown over large areas ofnative forest leaving open areas where

nonnative plants become established and opening paths for further invasion of

nonnative animals. The disturbance to ecosystems caused by nonnative plants and

animals, combined with the direct effect of human activities, hasresulted in the

extinction ofmore than one halfofHawaii’s bird species and land snails and an

unknown number ofplant species and insects (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). It is

possible that the alteration ofnative ecosystems has contributed to the presumed

decline ofHawaii’s only bat, the Hawaiianhoary bat (Vespertilionidae: Lasiw-us

cinereus semotus [Allen]), known locally as the ‘~pe’ape’a.

The Hawaiian hoary bat is the only existing native terrestrial mammal known

from the Hawaiian archipelago; another unidentified insectivorous bat species is

known only from subfossil remains (A.L. Zeigler and F.G. Howarth, Bishop

Museum unpubl. data). Relatively little research has been conducted on this

subspecies, and the data regarding its habitat affinities and population status are

often conflicting. The hoary bat has been documented on the islands ofHawaii,

Maui, Oahu, Kauai, and Molokai (Figures 2—6) with one unconfirmed observation

on Kahoolawe (Hawaii Natural Heritage Program 1992); the distributions of
Figure 1. The Main HawaiianIslands.

2
Figure 2. Historic and current distribution ofHawaiian hoary bats on Hawaii (Hawaii Natural Heritage Program 1996).
Figure 3. Historic and current distribution ofHawaiian hoary bats on Kauai (Hawaii Natural Heritage Program 1996).

) )
Vi

Figure 4. Historic and current distribution ofHawaiian hoary bats on Maui (Hawaii Natural Heritage Program 1996).
0~~

Figure 5. Historic and current distribution ofHawaiian hoary bats on Oahu (Hawaii Natural Heritage Program 1996).

)
-.4

Figure 6. Historic and current distribution ofHawaiian hoary bats on Molokai (Hawaii Natural Heritage Program

1996).
Hawaiian hoary bats may be broaderthan indicated on these maps due to bias

from unequal sampling effort in different portions ofeach island, the nocturnal

nature ofthis species, and because effective ultrasonic detection methods have

beenreadily available forlittle more than 10 years.

The largest populations ofHawaiian hoary bats are thought to occur on Kauai and

Hawaii (Tomich 1974). On Hawaii, most observations ofthese bats have been

made between sea level and 2,286 meters (7,500 feet) elevation, although bats

have been seen at elevations as high as 4,023 meters(13,200 feet) (Baldwin 1950;

TheresaCabrera Menard, U. ofHawaii, personal communication [pers.comm.]

1997; Fujioka and Gon 1988; Kepler and Scott 1990; Tomich 1974). Population

numbers are not known, but the bat is believed to have declined in numbers over

the past 100 years, probably as a result ofhabitat loss. The availability ofroosting

sites is believed to be a major limitation in many batspecies, but other possible

threatsto the Hawaiian hoary bat include pesticides (either directly or by

impacting prey species), predation, alteration ofprey availability due to the

introduction ofnonnative insects, and roost disturbance.

The Hawaiian hoary bat was listed as endangered on October 13, 1970 (U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service 1970) and has been assigned a recovery priority number of9,

indicating a subspecies with a moderate degree ofthreat and a high potential for

recovery (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1983). Critical habitat has not been

designated forthis species.

B. Description and Taxonomy

The Hawaiian hoary bat is a medium-sized (14—22 grams [0.5—0.8ounces]),

nocturnal, insectivorous bat. Hoary bats are heavily furred and possess a hair

colorthat is a mixture ofbrown and gray tinged with white, producing a frosted or

‘hoary’ appearance. Hoary bat ears are short, thick and rounded, and edged with

black. The Hawaiianhoary bat may be somewhat more red in color than the

North American subspecies (Tomich 1 986c). Hawaiian hoary bats are

8
approximately 45 percent smaller in mass in comparison with the NorthAmerican

hoary bat (Jacobs 1993a). Females are larger than males (females average 17.9

grams [0.6 ounces]; males weigh approximately 14.2 grams [0.5 ounces]).

Forearm lengths are similar in both males and females, averaging between 48.5

and 50.5 millimeters (1.90 to 1.97 inches) (Jacobs 1993a). Hawaiian hoary bats

have a wingspan ofabout 26.9—34.6 centimeters (10.5—13.5 inches).

The Hawaiian hoary bat belongs to the suborder Microchiroptera, which includes

all bats except Old World fruit bats. The taxonomic treatment ofthe genus

Lasiurus varies: Koopman (1993) recognized seven species, including five North

American species; Jones, Jr. et al. (1992) recognized seven North American

species occurring north ofMexico; and Nowak (1994) recognized thirteen species

under Lasiurus. The Hawaiianhoary bat is one ofthree recognized hoary bat

subspecies; Lasiurus cinereus cinereus occurs throughoutNorth America, and

Lasiurus cinereus vilosissimus occurs in South America (Hall 1981).

The Hawaiian hoary bat is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and is thoughtto be

derived from the North American hoary bat (Morales and Bickham 1995). Jacobs

(1993a) presented morphological evidence suggesting that significant divergence

ofthe Hawaiian hoary bat from the mainland form has occurred, and Tomich

(1986c) suggested that classification ofthe Hawaiian hoary bat as a full species

may be appropriate. Morales and Bickham (1995), however, found a relatively

low degree ofgenetic divergence between the Hawaiian hoary bat and the North

American hoary bat, and they argue that subspeciflc status forthe Hawaiian hoary

bat is most appropriate.

C. Life History

Although no comprehensive studies ofthe Hawaiian hoary bat have been

undertaken, various studies have addressed limited aspects ofthe bat’s ecology.

Diet has been examined by Whitaker and Tomich (1983), Belwood and Fullard

(1984), and Jacobs (1993b); Belwood and Fullard (1984) and Fullard (1989)

9
investigated echolocation patterns. Numerous authors have compiled information

from surveys and documented occurrence (Baldwin 1950, Bryan 1955, Cabrera

1996, Duvall and Gassmann-Duvall 1991, Fujikoaand Gon 1988, Fullard 1989,

Kepler and Scott 1990, Reynolds eta!, 1994, 1997, 1997/1998). Jacobs (1993a,

1994) examined ecological morphology and roosting ecology. T. CabreraMenard

(pers. comm. 1997) began examining seasonal distribution ofthe Hawaiian hoary

bat on Hawaii in late 1997.

The Hawaiian hoary bat is a solitary bat that roosts among foliage in trees. During

a 2-week period, Jacobs (1993b) found that two radio-tagged hoary bats returned

to the same roosting area each night, possibly using the same roosting tree;

however, this pattern may not be representative ofall Hawaiian hoary bats. Kunz

(1982) suggested that roost site fidelity may vary seasonally and with reproductive

condition; fidelity to a home area may be more prevalentthan fidelity to a specific

roost among foliage roosting bats.

Jacobs (1993b) found that Hawaiian hoary bats typically depart roost sites shortly

before sunset and return before midnight, but this also is based on a small number

ofobservations. T. Cabrera Menard (personal communication 1997) has noted

that emergence times vary seasonally on Hawaii.

Although the North American hoary bat forages almost exclusively in open

habitats away from vegetation (Barclay 1985), the Hawaiianhoary bat has been

observed foraging in a variety ofboth open and more vegetatively cluttered

habitats, including open fields near native or nonnative vegetation, over the open

ocean (in bays near shore), over lava flows, and at streams and ponds; Hawaiian

hoary bats have been documented foraging from 1 meter to over 150 meters (3

feet to over 483 feet) above the ground or water (Baldwin 1950, Fujioka and Gon

1988, Kepler and Scott 1990, Jacobs 1993a, 1994, Reynolds et a!. 1997/1998).

Black (1972) and Whitaker (1972) argued that the North American hoary bat

feeds primarily on moths, and Belwood and Fullard (1984) have shown a similar

10
pattern forthe Hawaiian hoary bat on Kauai. Barclay (1985) and Whitaker and

Tomich (1983), however, found no strong selection for moths in a study in

Manitoba, Canada, and on Hawaii, respectively. Jacobs(1993a) suggested that

the Hawaiian hoary bat has a more diverse diet compared to the North American

hoary bat, possibly due to morphological differences between the two subspecies;

the Hawaiianhoary bathas a smaller body size and relatively larger skull size.

Pregnant bats have been documented on Hawaii and Kauai, but are not known

from the other islands (Baldwin 1950, Kepler and Scott 1990). On Hawaii, males

may be fertile year-round (Tomich 1 986a), but breeding probably occurs most

frequently between September and December, with parturition (birth of young)

occurring in May orJune. One female may have been pregnant in April, and large

fetuses were found in females collected in Mayand June (Baldwin 1950, Kepler

and Scott 1990, Tomich 1 986b). Lactating (producing milk) females have been

documented between late June and early August, and females examined between

September and Decemberwere postlactating (Tomich 1986b). The mainland

form of the hoary bat produces two young (Bogan 1972), and this pattern is

apparently exhibited in the Hawaiian hoary bat as well.

Most temperate insectivorous bats exhibit sperm storage and delayed fertilization

in which adults breed in the fall and sperm is stored in the female bat’s

reproductive tract until spring, when ovulation and fertilization occurs. This

reproductive pattern is presumed in the mainland form ofthis species, but has not

been established in the Hawaiian subspecies.

The North American hoary bat is migratory, with individuals in Canada and the

northern United States likely traveling south to the central and southern United

States and points south (Findley and Jones 1964, Nowak 1994, Shump and Shump

1982). Such long distance movement is unknown in the Hawaiian hoary bat, but

seasonal elevational migration, as well as interisland movement, may occur

(Kepler and Scott 1990, Kramer 1971, Tomich 1986b).

11
Hawaiian hoary bat activity apparently varies seasonally, but the nature and timing

ofthis variation is unclear. Kepler and Scott (1990) noted that most observations

ofHawaiian hoary bats occur from August through December. On Hawaii, 82

percent of observations occurred during this time, although the greatest sampling

effort occurred from May through August (Kepler and Scott 1990). Reynolds et

a!. (1997) surveyed bats between August and December in the Puna district of

Hawaii and detected fewer bats during November and December. Telfer (1992)

noted decreases in bat observations between May and September in some areas on

Kauai. Fullard (1989) detected bats at several locations on Kauai in March, a time

when batsightings are reportedly rare on Hawaii (Kepler and Scott 1990).

Cabrera Menard (1997) also noted both altitudinal and seasonal differences in bat

activity.

Kepler and Scott (1990) suggested that reduced activity may be due to bats

entering torpor (a dormant state with reduced metabolic rates) during the cooler

wintermonths. Kepler and Scott (1990) also proposed that increased fall activity

observed in bats may be due to the appearance ofnewly volant (flying) young.

Kramer (1971) suggested that Hawaiian hoary bats may undergo a limited

seasonal interisland migration. Jacobs (1994) suggested that seasonal variation in

bat activity occurs over a wide range ofelevational and geographic conditions,

arguing against intraisland migration. Geographical separation ofthe sexes occurs

in the North American hoary bat (Findley and Jones 1964), but whether this

pattern exists in the Hawaiian hoary bat is unknown.

D. Habitat Description

Whether native vegetation isrequired by, oris important to, Hawaiian hoary bats

is not known. Kepler and Scott (1990) found that bats were most frequently

observed in association with nonnative vegetation, with relatively few occurring

in native vegetation. In contrast, Fullard (1989) stated that the only two locations

on Kauai where bats were consistently observed were near native forests and that

he rarely found them in towns or over open fields. He concluded that, on Kauai,

12
the Hawaiian hoary bat was uncommon and was found primarily in open wet

areas near forests and only occasionally in drier areas. Fullard (1989) also

commonly detectedbats on Kauai at ocean outlets offorested rivers.

Similarly, Jacobs (1994) found that Hawaiian hoary bats on Hawaii are more

frequently associated with native vegetation, and native ohia trees (Meterosideros

polymorpha) were used frequently by two radio-tagged bats on Hawaii (Jacobs

1993a). Reynolds eta!. (1997/1998) found no significant difference in the

number ofbats detected in native, mixed, or alien forest types in the Puna district

on Hawaii. Roosting has been documented in numerous tree species, including

hala (Pandanus tectorius), kukui (Aleurites moluccana), pukiawe (Styphelia

tameiameiae), and Java plum (Syzygium cumini) (Baldwin 1950, Bryan 1955,

Kramer 1971).

Tomich (1986c) stated “The [Hawaiian] hoary bat is highly unselective in the kind

oftree it chooses forroosting” and suggests that the replacement ofnative trees

with introduced species may not present a significant hazard to bat populations.

He further argued that in lowland areas that have been deforested enough “tree

cover and wild gulch habitat [exists]to provide adequate shelter.” Tomich

(1986b) presented no datato support his contention that Hawaiian hoary bats are

not selective in choosing roost sites, but he did acknowledge that the effect on the

Hawaiianhoary bat from the significant deforestation that has occurred on the

HawaiianIslands is unknown.

E. Current and Historic Ranges and Population Status

The Hawaiian hoary bat is known from the islands ofHawaii, Maui, Oahu, Kauai,

and Molokal, but may be resident on only Hawaii, Kauai, and Maui. There are no

verified records for Lanai and Kahoolawe, but the habitat on these islands may be

adequate to support bats (Tomich 1986a). A possibly large population occurred

on Oahu prior to the early 19th century, but this is based on a single observation

ofan unknown number ofbats at an unknown location (Tomich 1986c).

13
Nevertheless,Kepler and Scott (1990) suggested that at leastsome decline has

occurred there. Presently, the largest populations are thought to occur on Kauai

and Hawaii (Kepler and Scott 1990, Tomich 1974, 1986a).

Population estimates for all islands have ranged fromhundreds (Altonn 1960) to a

few thousand (Tomich 1969), but these estimates are not based on systematic

surveys, and although these estimates may represent informed impressions, they

are based on limited and incomplete data. No studies have been conducted that

directly address population size ofthis subspecies, and methods for estimating

population numbers of a patchily distributed animal like the Hawaiian hoary bat

are virtually nonexistent (Findley 1993). Ultimately, fewhistoric or current

distribution records exist, limiting the ability to accurately infer the historic or

present distribution ofthis subspecies (Tomich 1986b).

Observations ofthe Hawaiian hoary bat were apparently widespread on Hawaii

and Kauai between 1939 and 1986 (Tomich 1986a). On Hawaii, most

observations ofbats have been made between sea level and 2,286 meters(7,500

feet) elevation, although this may reflect a relative lack ofeffort placed in locating

bats at higher altitudes; bats have been seen at elevations as high as 4,023 meters

(13,200 feet) (Baldwin 1950; Tomich 1974; Fujioka and Gon 1988; Kepler and

Scott 1990; T. Cabrera Menard, pers. comm. 1997). They occur in bothwet and

dry areas ofthe island, but are believed to be more abundant on the drier leeward

side (Jacobs 1994). Fullard (1989) reported that on Kauai, the bat is “not

common” and is apparently limited to the northern forested zones ofthe island,

but more recent anecdotal evidence suggeststhat bats are common there (A.

Asquith, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pers. comm. 1997).

Kepler and Scott (1990) suggested that bats found on Oahu, Maui, and Molokai

may be migrant or vagrant individuals; however, more recent data suggest that

bats are resident on Maui (Duvall and Gassmann-Duvall 1991). Two bats have

been documented from Molokai, where one was seen over open ocean offshore

14
(Kepler and Scott 1990), and the other was found in a residence on the island

(Hawaii Heritage Program 1996).

Because most studies ofHawaiianhoary bat distributions have examined only

portions of one island during certain times ofthe year and because ofpotential

seasonal, geographical, and temporal variations, inferences regarding the current

distribution ofthe Hawaiian hoary bat should be drawn with caution. Inmany

cases, limited distribution may be, at least partially, an artifact oflocalized search

efforts by researchers.

F. Reasons forDecline and Current Threats

Since no accurate population estimates exist for this subspecies and because

historical information regarding its past distribution is scant, the decline ofthe bat

has been largely inferred. Tomich (1986a), forexample, suggests that if bat

numbers have decreased significantly on Oahu, it may be due to deforestation that

occurred in the early nineteenth century, but he also states that there is little

information available beyond the currently known distribution ofthe bat on the

Hawaiian Islands. Observations and specimen records do suggest that bats are

now absent from historically occupied range, but estimates ofabundance in

formerly occupied areas are lacking. The magnitude ofany population decline is

not known.

Bat populations can be threatened by habitat loss, pesticides, predation, and roost

disturbance (Bat Conservation International 1991). In general, availability of

roosting sites rather than food availability, predation, or other factors is believed

to be the primary limitation in the distribution and abundance ofmany batspecies

(Fenton 1970, Fenton and Barclay 1980, Humphrey 1975, Kunz 1982). The

decline ofthe Hawaiian hoary bat may be due primarily to the reduction oftree

cover in historic times (Tomich 1986b, Nowak 1994).

15
Pesticide use, alone or in combination with the factors discussed above, may have

had an indirect impact via reducing or otherwise altering prey populations. Direct

effects from contamination could also be a factor: at least two federally

endangered insectivorous batspecies have suffered mortality due to pesticide

ingestion (Clark et a!. 1978). The introduction ofnonnative insects could also

have altered prey availability. Predation is not believed to be a significant threat

to the mainland populations (Shump and Shump 1982), but could be a more

significant factor for the Hawaiian subspecies. Ultimately, however, there is no

available data that bears directly on the question ofa population decline, and

Kepler and Scott (1990) clearly pointed this out when they stated “Whether the

hoary bat has declined because ofintroduced predators agricultural practices,

deforestation, or other human induced stresses is completely unknown.”

G. Conservation Efforts

The Hawaiian hoary bat waslisted as endangered on October 13, 1970 (U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service 1970). An endangered species is defined in Section 3 ofthe

Endangered Species Act as any species that is in danger ofextinction throughout

all or a significant portion ofits range. A threatened species is defined as any

species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable

future throughout all or a significant portion ofits range. Critical habitat has not

been designated forthe Hawaiian hoary bat.

The Endangered Species Act provides several opportunities forthe conservation

oflisted and endangered threatened wildlife. Listed species receive recognition

and protection against take. The term“take” is defined as to harass, harm, shoot,

wound, kill, trap, capture, or attempt to engage in any suchconduct. “Harm” is

furtherdefined to include significant habitatmodification or degradation where it

actually kills orinjures wildlife by significantly impairing essential behavioral

patterns such as breeding, feeding, or sheltering (50 CFR 17.3). Federal agencies

must ensure that their actions do notjeopardize the continued existence of a listed

species or adversely modify its designated critical habitat. The Endangered

16
Species Act also prohibitspossessing, selling, delivering, carrying, transporting,

orshipping in interstate orforeign commerce any listed fish orwildlife species,

except as permitted under provisions ofsection 10 ofthe Endangered Species Act.

When a species is listed as endangered orthreatened under the Endangered

Species Act, it is automatically added to the State ofHawaii’s list ofprotected

species (Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter [FIRS]195D). Hawaii State law

prohibits taking ofendangered wildlife and encourages conservation by State

government agencies. (“Take” as defined by Hawaii State law means “to harass,

harm, pursue, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect endangered orthreatened...

species.. .or to attempt to engage in any such conduct” [FIRS195D].)

H. Overall Recovery Strategy

Research is the key to reaching the ultimate goal ofdelisting the Hawaiian hoary

bat because currently available information is so limited that even the most basic

management actions cannot be undertaken with the certainty that such actions will

benefit the subspecies. The initial focus for developing standardized survey and

monitoring techniques and collecting basic life history information will be on

Hawaiianhoary bat populations on the island ofHawaii, which apparently hasthe

largest population ofHawaiian hoary bats. As survey and monitoring techniques

are developed forHawaiian hoary bats on Hawaii, the techniques can be applied

to bat populations on Kauai, Maui, and to the other islands to determine bat

abundance and distribution and to monitor population changes over time.

Completionofresearch tasks will not only establish the distribution and

abundance ofHawaiian hoary bats, but will also provide information on specific

roosting habitat associations and food habits.

With basic information on the location ofHawaiian hoary bats and theirresource

needs, threats can then be identified and managed. Management actionsthat may

be needed to address threatsinclude protection ofkey roosting and foraging areas,

particularly ifHawaiian hoary bats or their food resources depend on native

17
vegetation. Predation, the potential impacts ofpesticides to bats ortheirfood

resources, and other threats may also need to be addressed.

Additional tasks will include the development ofeducational programs to inform

the public about the biology ofHawaiian hoary bats, their value to Hawaiian

ecosystems, and recovery efforts. As the results ofresearch and management are

evaluated, the progress ofrecovery ofHawaiian hoary bats can be assessed, and

more definitive downlisting and delisting criteria can be developed.

II. RECOVERY

A. Objectives and Criteria

The ultimate objective ofthe actions proposed by this recoveryplan is to delist the

Hawaiian hoary bat. Downlisting from endangered to threatened status and

delisting decisions cannot be made without a basic understanding ofthe Hawaiian

hoary bat’s distribution, abundance, and habitat needs.

Because we have only limited knowledge ofthe life history ofthis subspecies

with respect to specific requirements for its short-term and long-term survival,

only tentative criteriafor downlisting and delisting are established here. Research

addressing these questions must be undertaken prior to consideration of

downlisting or delisting.

Interim Downlisting Criteria

A widespread population ofHawaiian hoary bats must be naturally reproducing

and stable orincreasing in size on the island ofHawaii for a minimum of5

consecutive years before downlisting is considered.

18
Interim Delisting Criteria

Hawaiianhoary bat populations on Hawaii, Kauai, and Maui must be welldistributed, naturally reproducing, and stable orincreasing in size for at least 5

consecutive years following downlisting before delisting is considered.

These criteria should provide for the maintenance ofthe majority ofthe genetic

diversity ofthe Hawaiianhoary bat, and should provide some assurance that a

single catastrophic event will not destroy all members ofthis subspecies. These

criteria may change as more is learned about life history and ecology ofthis

species.

B. Step-down Outline

1. Conduct researchessential to conservation ofthe subspecies.

11. Develop standardized survey and monitoring protocols to determine

bat abundance and distribution on the island ofHawaii.

12. Implement survey and monitoring programs to determine Hawaiian

hoary bat abundance and distribution on Hawaii, Kauai, and Maui.

13. Determine specific roosting habitat associations.

14. Determine annual natural history cycle.

15. Determine food habits on the island ofHawaii.

16. Conduct research on other islands.

2. Protect and manage current populations and identify andmanage threats.

21. Identify and assess threats.

22. Control and manage threats.

19
221. Protect key roosting and foraging areas.

222. Control predators

223. Reduce the effects ofpesticides, if needed.

224. Minimize other threats, as appropriate.

3. Conduct a public education program.

4. Evaluate the progress ofrecovery and revise recovery criteria as necessary.

C. Step-down Narrative

1. Conduct research essential to conservation ofthe subspecies

.

Basic natural history ofthe Hawaiian hoary bat, especially its current

distribution, habitat associations, and potential threats, must be understood in

order to proceed with downlisting and delisting. Since the largest Hawaiian

hoary bat population apparently exists on the island ofHawaii, certain

research tasks may be carried out on this island and the results used to manage

habitat on the other Hawaiian Islands that harbor hoary batpopulations.

11. Develop standardized survey and monitoring protocols to determine

bat abundance and distribution on the island ofHawaii

.

Biological surveys that result in verified records are the only reliable

means to determine the presence ofa species and to monitor population

trends over time (Bogan et a!. 1988). However, previous population

estimates ofHawaiian hoary bats have not been based on systematic

surveys or are based on limited and incomplete data. Standardized

surveying and monitoring techniques should be developed.

20
It is generally not possible to determine actual population numbers for a

species ofthis nature, and historic numbers forthe Hawaiian hoary bat are

not known. However, activity levels can be determined, and population

status inferred, by monitoring echolocation calls using electronic

echolocation detectors. These bat detectors allow bat activity to be

quantified as number ofaural bat detections per unit time or area.

Standardized methods, for example sampling for 5-minute time periods at

points established along a predetermined route orby remotely operated

detectors located at one site over time, allow spatial and temporal

comparisons ofbat activity; one can assess the relative abundance ofbats

and compare regions, islands, or habitats with respect to the number of

bats detected for a given amount of effort. Additional studies should be

carried out using these standardized electronic methods (e.g., Fenton et a!.

1983, Fenton eta!. 1984, Fenton 1987, Kunz and LaVal 1988, Thomas

1988, Thomas and West 1984, 1989, Hayes 1997, Reynolds eta!. 1994,

1997) to ensure comparable results.

Electronic monitoring ofbats can be confounded by the difficulty of

identifying specific species (e.g., Fenton and Bell 1981), but this is not a

factorin Hawaii. Mist-netting can also be used to address questions of

distribution, comparing number ofbats captured per net per night, but this

is more labor intensive and results are not always comparable (Kunz and

Brock 1975). Additionally, visual and electronic monitoring are

nonintrusive. Studies using radarshow promise and should be further

developed as they may also provide greater resolution ofpopulation

abundance and distribution (Reynolds eta!. 1997).

21
12. Implementsurvey and monitoring programs to determine Hawaiian

hoary bat abundance and distribution on Hawaii. Kauai. and Maui

.

Using the methodology developed on the island ofHawaii under task 11

(above), island-wide surveys and monitoring studies should be carried out

on the islands ofKauai and Maui, as well asthe island ofHawaii, to

determine relative bat population levels and distribution. In order to be

effective, these studies must encompass all habitats and elevations where

Hawaiian hoary bats potentially occur. These studies also will reveal

general information on foraging patterns and habitat associations.

Monitoring will be necessary to determine whether bat populations remain

stable over time. Once current batdistribution and activity levels are

known, monitoring programs should be implemented within occupied

areas to monitor trends, suchas population fluctuations, range increases or

retractions, or newly identified threats. This monitoring should occur

regularly in order that any drop in population numbers can be quickly

identified and management actionstaken. Each island population

identified by completion ofsurveys should be monitored at least annually

for 5 consecutive years, and then once every 3 years to establish

informationon population trends and possible threats. Comparison ofdata

collected over a 5-year period will determine ifthe bat populations on

Hawaii, Kauai, and Maui are stable, increasing, or decreasing.

13. Determine specific roosting habitat associations

.

The availability ofroosting habitat is consideredkey to the survival of

bats. Developing an effective means to identify Hawaiian hoary bat roosts

is important. Mist-netting and attaching radio transmitters to bats (e.g.,

Jacobs 1993b, Mattson eta!. 1996), will allow bats to be followed to

specific roosting locations, providing more specific information on

22
roosting requirements. More expansive studies, similar to those by Jacobs

(1993b) and proposed by T. CabreraMenard (in litt. 1995), will help

determine the degree, if any, to which this bat relies on native vegetation.

Such research should be conducted forat least one annual cycle in order to

determine seasonal variation in roosting behavior. This researchwill also

provide additional information on seasonal variation in distribution and

activity levels, as well as foraging behavior.

14. Determine annual natural history cycle

.

A combination ofthe methods outlined in tasks 12 and 13 will addressthe

annual cycle ofthis bat. Evidence suggeststhat bat activity varies

seasonally and that bats may enter torpor or move between islands or

exhibit elevational migration. Research that intensively monitors bat

activity at a variety ofelevations and in the different habitats potentially

available to the bats through at least one annual cycle will identify any

seasonal habitat needs. Inferring the reproductive cycle ofbats will be

possible by mist-netting bats at leastmonthly for one year. Male and

female reproductive status can be determined by physical examination

(Racey 1988) and the time of appearance ofyoung into the population

documented (Anthony 1988, Worthington 1991).

15. Determine food habits on the island ofHawaii

.

In conjunction with mist-netting efforts undertaken for other research

(tasks 13 and 14), information from captured bats can be used to determine

diet. Insect prey availability can be estimated using a variety of methods

(Kunz 1988) and compared, using fecal examination, to food ingested

(Whitaker 1988). This research should occur forat least one annual cycle

for eachhabitat type where bats occur to monitor seasonal prey availability

and use, which will assist in interpreting seasonal patternsin bat

23
abundance and activity. Additionally, a concurrent examination of

pesticide use in these areas will reveal potential reductions in insect prey.

16. Conduct research on other islands

.

Current evidence suggests that populations on other Hawaiian islands,

such as Oahu and Molokai, are probably transient, but they may support

undocumented populations. Using the information gathered from research

on Hawaii, Kauai, and Maui, areas on other Hawaiian islands that support

appropriate habitat can be monitored for bat activity and habitat

associations inferred.

2. Protect and manage currentpopulations and identify andmanage threats

.

Present information regarding threatsthat may affect the stability ofthe bat

populations on Hawaii, Kauai, and Maui are lacking. But some management

activities may be identifiable with currently available information.

21. Identify and assess threats

.

Based on information gathered under task 1, it may be possible to

determine immediate threats to the survival and recovery ofthe Hawaiian

hoary bat. Possible threatsinclude habitat degradation (particularly if

native vegetation is found to be important habitat), predation, lack of

adequate food resources, and pesticide contamination.

22. Control and manage threats

.

Once identified and level ofseverity assessed, threats must be controlled

and managed.

24
221. Protect key roosting and foraging areas.

Habitat loss, especiallythe loss ofroosting habitat, may presentthe

greatest threat to this subspecies. Once important roosting and

foraging areas are identified (task 1), steps should be taken to protect

these sites from degradation and disturbance. Steps may include

fencing ofmanagement units for the purpose ofremoving domestic

and feral ungulates, the development ofconservation agreements

designed to limit development activities and ensure the long-term

security ofhabitats, and the establishment ofconservation planning

areas.

Research completed under task 1 should determine whether Hawaiian

hoary bats are dependent on native vegetation and fauna. Ifthese bats

ortheirfood resources are dependent on native vegetation, protection

and management ofadequate areas ofnative vegetation forroosting

and/or foraging and, possibly, restoration ofnative vegetation may be

necessary. Conversely, if alien species are found to be important for

roosting or asfood resources, then these alien species may require

management ifrestoration ofnative species, which provide similar

functions, is not possible orpracticable.

222. ~n~Lpda1~m.

Although not believed to be a significant threat in the mainland

populations ofthis bat, Hawaiian forms ofplants and animals are

often predator-naive. The Hawaiian hoary bat, as a tree roosting

species, is potentially threatened from predation and disturbance from

cats and rats. In addition, the introduced common barn-owl (Tyto

a!ba) and native short-eared owl (Asioflammeus), both nocturnal or

crepuscular predators, may pose a threat to foraging bats. The native

25
Hawaiian hawk (Buteo so!itarius) is diurnal, butmay pose a threat to

early flying bats.

Ifresearch determines that these animalsthreaten Hawaiian hoary

bats, then management actions should be implemented to eliminate or

minimize negative impacts. Control ofmammalianpredators in and

around important roosting sites would likely include the use oflive

traps, snap traps, and rodenticides. Methods to control avian

predators would need to be carefully developed and implemented in a

mannerthat would minimize the likelihood ofharmto the native

short-eared owl and endangered Hawaiian hawk.

223. Reduce the effects ofpesticides. if needed

.

Ifpesticide use is determined to limit Hawaiian hoary bat distribution

through altering prey base or direct contamination, as determined via

methods such asthose discussed in Clark et a!. (1981), then

mitigation measures must be identified and implemented in

coordination with the Hawaii Department ofAgriculture, U.S.

Department ofAgriculture, and Environmental Protection Agency.

224. Minimize other threats as appropriate

.

Should other threatsto the survival ofthe Hawaiian hoary bat, such

as disease and/or parasitism, be identified as research tasks are

completed, appropriatemanagement actions will need to be

developed and implemented. Additional threats from human

activities may be identified that will require management.

26
3. Conduct a Dublic education nroQram.

An informed public will be more receptive to conservation ofthe Hawaiian

hoary bat. Public perception ofbats in general has often been negative, such

that encounters with bats are likely to be viewed as negative experiences. This

may be less the case in Hawaii, in part because ofthe absence ofrabies and

because bats are so infrequently observed. Educational programs can present

bats in general, and the Hawaiian hoary bat in particular, as beneficial and

interesting members ofHawaii’s ecosystems. Visitor centers at State and

National Parks, at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Refuges, or other State and

Federal installations open to the public and where the bat occurs, can devote

space for exhibits, prepare pamphlets and other educational materials, and

inform people about this unique and exclusively Hawaiian mammal.

Additionally, ‘batwalks’ can be conducted, providing the public with an

opportunity to observe and monitor bats in theirnatural setting. State and

Federal agricultural and health agency staffthat work with the public would

benefit from a program that aimsto distribute information to the agricultural

industry about Hawaiian hoary bats, their status, and their potential benefits.

4. Evaluate the progress ofrecovery and revise recovery criteria as necessary

.

The recovery criteria identified in this plan should be viewed as preliminary

targets,subject to revision pendingthe accomplishment ofthe research,

management, and planning tasks identified above.

27
III. LITERATURE CITED

Altonn, H. 1960. Rare isle bat isn’t a belfry dweller. Honolulu Star-Bulletin,

April 17, p.2.

Anthony, E.L.P. 1988. Age determination in bats. Pages 47—58 in T.H. Kunz,

ed. Ecological and behavioral methods forthe study ofbats. Smithsonian

Instit. Press, Washington, D.C. 533 pp.

Baldwin, P.H. 1950. Occurrence and behavior ofthe Hawaiian bat. J. Marom.

31:455—456.

Barclay, R.M.R. 1985. Long- versus short-range foraging strategy ofhoary

(Lasiurus cinereus) and silver-haired (Lasionycteris noctivagans) bats and the

consequences for prey selection. Can J. Zool. 63:2507—2515.

Bat Conservation International. 1991. Help for migratory bats. Bats 9:3—4.

Belwood, J.J. and J.H. Fullard. 1984. Echolocation and foraging behavior in the

Hawaiian hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus. Canadian J. Zool.

62:2113—2120.

Black, H. 1972. Differential exploitation ofmoths by the bat Eptesicusfuscus

and Lasiurus cinereus. J. Mamm. 53:598—601.

Bogan, M.A. 1972. Observations on parturition and development in the hoary

bat, Lasiurus cinereus. J. Mamm. 53:611-614.

Bogan, M.A., RB. Finley, Jr., and S.J. Petersburg. 1988. The importance of

biological surveys in managing public lands in the western United States.

Pages 254-261 in Management ofamphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in

North America. USDA Gen. Tech. ReportRM-l 66.

28
Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1955. The Hawaiian bat. ‘Elepaio 15(1 l):1—2.

Cabrera, T.H. 1996. Occurrence ofthe Hawaiian hoary bat in koa/6hi’amontane

wet forest on the island ofHawai’i. Pacific Science 50:102.

Cabrera Menard, T. H. 1997. Seasonal activity ofthe Hawaiian hoary bat

Lasiurus cinereus semotus (Chiroptera: Vespertillionidae) on the Island of

Hawaii. Page 42 in 27th Annual North American symposium on bat research,

program and abstracts. 68 pp.

Clark, D.R., R.K. LaVal, and D.M. Swineford. 1978. Dieldrin-induced mortality

in an endangered species, the gray bat. Science 199:1357—1359.

Cuddihy, L.W., and C. P. Stone. 1990. Alteration ofnative Hawaiian vegetation.

Effects of humans, their activities and introductions. Univ. ofHawaii Press,

Honolulu. 138 pp.

Duvall, F., and R. Gassmann-Duvall. 1991. No bats on Maui? Look again.

‘Elepaio 51(3):1—2.

Fenton, M.B. 1970. Population studies ofMyotis lu~fugus (Chiroptera:

Vespertillionidae) in Ontario. Life Sci. Contrib. R. Ont. Mus. 77:1—34.

Fenton, M.B. 1987. Using echo-location to measure the distribution ofbats

(Euderma macu!atum). J. Mamm. 68:142—144.

Fenton, M.B., and R.M.R. Barclay. 1980. Myotis !uqfugus. Mamm. Species.

No. 142, pp. 1—8.

29
Fenton, M.B., and G.P. Bell. 1981. Recognition ofspecies ofinsectivorous bats

by their echolocation calls. J. Mamm. 62:128—136.

Fenton, M.B., H.G. Merriam, and G.L. Holroyd. 1983. Bats ofKootenay,

Glacier, and Mount Revelstoke National Parks in Canada: identificationby

echolocation calls, distribution, and biology. Can. J. Zool. 61:2503—2508.

Fenton, M.B., D.C. Tennant, and J. Wyszecki. 1984. A survey ofthe distribution

ofEuderma macu!atum (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidac) throughout its known

range in the United States and Canada by monitoring its audible echolocation

calls. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 19 pp.

Findley, J.S. 1993. Bats. A community perspective. Cambridge University

Press. 167 pp.

Findley, J.S., and C. Jones. 1964. Seasonal distribution ofthe hoary bat. J.

Manim. 45:461-470.

Fujikoa, K.K., and S.M. Gon III. 1988. Observations ofthe Hawaiian bat

(Lasiurus cinereus semotus) in the districts ofKa’ii and south Kona, island of

Hawai’i. J. Manim. 69:369—371.

Fullard, J.H. 1989. Echolocation survey ofthe distribution ofthe Hawaiianhoary

bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) on the island ofKauai. J. Manim.

70:424—426.

Hall, E.R. 1981. The Mammals ofNorth America. Vol. 1. Wiley and Sons, New

York. 600 pp.

30
Hawaii Natural Heritage Program. 1992. Biological database and reconnaissance

survey ofKahoolawe Island. Prepared for the Kahoolawe Island Conveyance

Commission. TheNature Conservancy of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii

Hawaii Natural Heritage Program. 1996. Natural Diversity Database. December,

1996. The Nature Conservancy ofHawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Hayes, J.P. 1997. Temporal variation in activity of bats and the design of

echolocation-monitoring studies. J. Manim. 78:514—524.

Humphrey, SR. 1975. Nursery roosts and community diversity ofNearctic bats.

J. Mamm. 56:321—436.

Jacobs, D.S. 1993a. Character release in the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat,

Lasiurus cinereus seinotus. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. ofHawaii, Honolulu.

136 pp.

Jacobs, D.S. 1993b. Foraging behavior ofthe endangered Hawaiian hoary bat,

Lasiurus cinereus semotus. Final Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

(Grant 14-48—0001—92570). 6 pp.

Jacobs, D.S. 1994. Distribution and abundance ofthe endangered Hawaiian

hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus. Pacific Sci. 48:193—200.

Jones, J.K., Jr., R.S. Hoffmann, D.W. Rice, C. Jones, R.J. Baker, and M.D.

Engstrom. 1992. Revised checklist ofNorth American mammals north of

Mexico. 0cc. Pap. Mus. Texas TechUniv. 146:1—23.

Kepler, C.B., and J.M. Scott. 1990. Notes on distribution and behavior of the

endangered Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), 1964-1983.

‘Elepaio 50(7):59—64.

31
Koopman, K. 1993. OrderChiroptera in D.E. Wilsonand D. M. Reeder, eds.

Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference.

Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 634 pp.

Kramer, R.J. 1971. Hawaiian land mammals. Charles E. Tuttle, Rutland, VT.

347 pp.

Kunz, T. H. 1982. Roosting ecology. Pages 1—46 in T.H. Kunz, ed. Ecology of

bats. Plenum Press, New York. 425 pp.

Kunz, T.H. 1988. Methods of assessing the availability of prey to insectivorous

bats. Pages 191—2 10 in T.H. Kunz, ed. Ecological and behavioral methods

for the study ofbats. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 533

pp.

Kunz, T.H., and C.E. Brock. 1975. A comparison ofmist nets and ultrasonic

detectors for monitoring flight activity in bats. J. Mamm. 56:907—911.

Kunz, T.H., and R.K. LaVal. 1988. Survey and census methods. Pages 77—89 in

T.H. Kunz, ed. Ecological and behavioral methods for the study ofbats.

Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, D.C. 533 pp.

Mattson, T.A., S.W. Buskirk, and N.L. Stanton. 1996. Roost sites ofthe silverhaired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) in the Black Hills, South Dakota.

Great Basin Nat. 56:247—253.

Morales, J. C., and J.W. Bickham. 1995. Molecular systematics ofthe genus

Lasiurus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) based on restriction-site maps ofthe

mitrochondrial ribosomal genes. J. Mamm. 76:730—749.

32
Nowak, R.M. 1994. Walker’sbats ofthe world. The Johns Hopkins University

Press. 287 pp.

Racey, P.A. 1988. Reproductive assessment in bats. Pages 31—45 in T.H. Kunz,

ed. Ecological and behavioral methodsforthe study ofbats. Smithsonian

Instit. Press, Washington, D.C. 533 pp.

Reynolds, M.H., G.L. Ritchotte, A. Viggiano, J.K. Dwyer, B.M.B. Nielson, and

J.D. Jacobi. 1994. Surveys on the distribution and abundance ofthe

Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) in the vicinity ofproposed

geothermal project subzones in the district ofPuna, Hawaii. Final report.

Prepared forthe U.S. Department ofEnergy, Oakridge, TN, by the U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Hawai’i Field Station, Hawaii National Park, Hawaii.

33 pp.

Reynolds, M.H., B.C. Cooper, and R.H. Day. 1997. Radar study ofseabirds and

bats on windward Hawai’i. Pac. Sci. 51:97—106.

Reynolds, M.H., B.M. Nielson, and J.D. Jacobi. 1997/1998. Surveys ofthe

Hawaiian hoary bat in the district ofPuna, Hawai’i island. ‘Elepaio

57:153—157.

Shump, K.A., and A.U. Shump. 1982. Lasiurus cinereus. Mamm. Species No.

185, pp. 1—5.

Telfer, T.C. 1992. Survey ofthe Hawaiian baton the island ofKauai and

selected areas statewide. Unpublished report, Hawaii Division ofForestry and

Wildlife.

Thomas, D.W. 1988. The distribution ofbats in different ages ofDouglas-fir

forests. J. Wildl. Manage. 52:619—626.

33
Thomas, D.W., and S.D. West. 1984. On the use ofultrasonic detectors for bat

species identification and the calibration ofQMC mini bat detectors. Can. J.

Zool. 62:2677—2679.

Thomas, D.W., and S.D. West. 1989. Sampling methods for bats. U.S. Forest

Service. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW—243. 20 pp.

Tomich, P.Q. 1969. Mammals in Hawaii: a synopsis and notational bibliography.

B. P. Bishop Mus. Spec. Publ. 57. 238 pp.

Tomich, P. Q. 1974. The Hawaiianhoary bat, daredevil ofthe volcanoes.

National Parks & Conservation Magazine. 48(2):10—13.

Tomich, P. Q. 1 986a. Endangered species information system species workbook.

Part I - Species distribution. Unpublished U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Report.

Tomich, P. Q. 1 986b. Endangered species information system species workbook.

Part II - Species biology. Unpublished U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report.

Tomich, P.Q. 1986c. Mammals in Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

375 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1970. Conservation ofendangered species and

other fish orwildlife. Fed. Reg. 35:16047—16048.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Endangered species listing and recovery

priority guidelines. Fed. Reg. 48:5 1985.

34
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994. Endangered and threatened wildlife and

plants; determination of endangered status for 11 plants fromthe Koolau

Mountain Range, Island ofOahu, HI. Fed. Reg. 59:14482.

Wagner, W.L., DR. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual ofthe flowering

plants ofHawai’i. University ofHawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press,

Honolulu. Bishop Mus. Spec. Publ. 83:1—1 853.

Whitaker, J.O., Jr. 1972. Food habits ofbats from Indiana. Canadian J. Zool.

50:887—883.

Whitaker, J.O., Jr. 1988. Food habits analysis ofinsectivorous bats. Pages

171—1 90 in T.H. Kunz, ed. Ecological and behavioral methods for the study

ofbats. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 533 pp.

Whitaker, J.O., Jr., and P.Q. Tomich. 1983. Food habits ofthe hoary bat,

Lasiurus cinereus, from Hawaii. J. Mamm. 64:151—152.

Worthington, D.J. 1991. Abundance, distribution, and sexual segregation ofbats

in the Pryor Mountains ofSouth Central Montana. M.A. Thesis. Univ. of

Montana, Missoula. 41 pp.

35
IV. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

The Implementation Schedule that follows outlines actions and estimated cost for

the Hawaiian hoary bat recovery program, as set forth in this recovery plan. It is a

guj~ for meeting the objectives discussed in Part II ofthis plan. This schedule

indicates task priority, task numbers, task descriptions, duration oftasks, the

organizations involved and/or responsible for committing funds, estimated

minimum time to reach delisting goals, and lastly, estimated costs. When more

than one organization is listed asthe responsible party, an asterisk is used to

identify the lead entity.

The actionsidentified in the implementation schedule, when accomplished,

should leadto a better understanding ofthe current distribution and status ofthe

Hawaiian hoary bat, protect habitat forthe subspecies, stabilize the existing

populations, and allow for an increase in population sizes and numbers. Monetary

needs for all partiesinvolved are identifiedto reachthis point, whenever feasible.

Priorities in Column 1 ofthe following implementation schedule are assigned as

follows:

Priority 1 An action that must be taken to prevent extinction orto prevent the

species from declining irreversibly.

Priority 2 An action that must be taken to prevent a significant decline in

species’ population/habitat quality, or some other significant

negative impactshort ofextinction.

Priority 3 All other actions necessary to provide forfull recovery ofthe

species.

Key to Acronyms Used in Implementation Schedule:

C A task that will need to be performed continuously

0 Ongoing task

BRD United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division

DOFAW Division ofForestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department ofLand and

Natural Resources

ES U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Pacific Islands

Ecoregion, Honolulu, Hawaii

UH University ofHawaii

TBD Agency, funding, ortiming oftask to be determined

36
Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Hawaiian Hoary Bat

Priority Task Task Description Task

Duration

Responsible

Party

Total

Cost

Thru

FY

2013

Costs Estimates ($1000’s)

FYI FY

2001 12002

Need 1 Conduct research essential to conservation of the subspecies

FY

1999

FY

2000

FY

2003

1 11 Develop standardized

survey and monitoring

protocols

0 ES

BRD

DOFAW

450

450

150

150

150

150

50

50

75

75

25

25

75

75

25

25

75

75

25

25

75

75

25

25

1 12 Implement survey and

monitoring programs

5 ES

*BRD

DOFAW

UH

1650

1650

1140

390

350

350

200

150

200

200

110

60

200

200

110

60

200

200

110

60

150

150

60

60

1 13 Determine roosting habitat

associations

1 ES

*B1)J)

DOFAW

UH

150

150

75

50

150

150

75

50

37
Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Hawaiian Hoary Bat

Priority Task Task Description Task

Duration

Responsible

Party

Total

Cost

Thru

FY

2013

Costs Estimates($1000’s)

——

FY FY FY FY FY

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Determine annual natural

history cycle

1 ES

*BPJ)

DOFAW

UH

150

150

75

50

150

150

75

50

Determine foodhabits on

the island ofHawaii

1 ES

*BP])

DOFAW

UH

50

50

20

20

50

50

20

20

2 16 Conduct research on other

islands

ES

*BRD

DOFAW

UH

105

105

70

70

50

50

25

25

25

25

15

15

10

10

10

10

TOTAL NEED 1 7370 2440 770 920 850 810

38
Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Hawaiian Hoary Bat

Costs Estimates($l000’s)

IFY

12002 2003

Need 2 Protect and manage current populations and identify and manage threats

Priority Task Task Description Task

Duration

Responsible

Party

Total

Cost

FY

2013

FY

1999

FY

2000

FY

2001

1 21 Identifyandassessthreats 5 *ES

BRD

DOFAW

475

475

325

150

150

100

100

100

75

75

75

50

1 221 Protect key roosting and

foraging areas.

C *ES

DOFAW

TBD

TBD

1 222 Control predators C *BRD

ES

DOFAW

TBD

TBD

TBD

1 223 Reduce the effects of

pesticides, if needed

C ES TBD

1 224 Minimize other threats, as

appropriate

C ES

DOFAW

TBD

TBD

TOTAL NEED 2 1275 400 275 200

39
)

Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Hawaiian Hoary Bat

Priority Task Task Description Task

Duration

Responsible

Party

Total

Cost

Thru

FY

2013

Costs Estimates ($1000’s)

FYI FY

1999 2000

FYI FYI FY

2001 2002 2003

Need 3 Conduct a public education program

~ 2

Conduct a public education

program

C *ES

DOFAW

28

28

10

10

5

5

1

1

1

1

1

1

20110

Need 4 Evaluate the progress of recovery and revise recovery criteria, as necessary

TOTAL NEED 3 56 2

3 4 Revise recovery criteria 2 ES TBD

TOTAL NEED 4 TBD

TOTAL COST 8701 2460 780 1322 1127 1012

40
APPENDIX A

AGENCY AND PEER REVIEWERS

USFWS-Washington, D.C.

Chief, Fish and Wildlife Service

Division ofEndangered Species

Arlington Square Building

4401 N. Fairfax Dr., Room 452

Arlington, VA 22203

Chief, Office ofPublic Affairs

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, DOI

Main InteriorBuilding

1849 C. St. NW, Room 3447

Washington, D.C. 20240

Chief, Office ofInternal Affairs

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Washington, DC 20240

Chief, Fish and Wildlife Service

Division ofRefuges and Wildlife

4401 N. Fairfax Dr., Rm. 670

Arlington, VA 22203

Others - Washington, D.C.

Environmental Protection Agency

Hazard Evaluation Division - EEB

(TS769C)

401 MSt.,SW

Washington, D.C. 20460

Biological Resources Division,

U.S.G.S.

Office ofResearch Support

4401 N. Fairfax Dr., Room 725

Arlington, VA 22203

Ms. Peggy Olwell

National Park Service

Wildlife and Vegetation

P.O. Box 37127

Washington, DC 20013

Dr. Warren L. Wagner

Botany Dept., NHB ~l66

Smithsonian Institution

Washington D.C. 20560

USFWS - Pacific Islands

Ecoregion

Senior Resident Agent

US Fish and Wildlife Service

Division ofLaw Enforcement

P.O. Box 50223

Honolulu, HI 96850

Biodiversity Joint Venture

Coordinator

US Fish and Wildlife Service

P.O. Box 50088

Honolulu, HI 96850

41
Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands

Ecoregion

US Fish and Wildlife Service

P.O. Box 50088

Honolulu, HI 96850

Assistant Field Supervisor,

Endangered Species, Pacific Islands

Ecoregion

US Fish and Wildlife Service

P.O. Box 50088

Honolulu, HI 96850

Assistant Field Supervisor,

Environmental Review, Pacific

Islands Ecoregion

US Fish and Wildlife Service

P.O. Box 500088

Honolulu, HI 96850

Program Leader, Listing and

Recovery

Fish and Wildlife Service

Pacific Islands Ecoregion

P.O. Box 50088

Honolulu, HI 96850

Program Leader, Interagency

Fish and Wildlife Service

Pacific Islands Ecoregion

P.O. Box 50088

Honolulu, HI 96850

Program Leader, Wetlands

Fish and Wildlife Service

Pacific Islands Ecoregion

P.O. Box 50088

Honolulu, HI 96850

Federal Aid Coordinator

US Fish and Wildlife Service

300 AlaMoana Blvd., Rm. 331 SA

P.O. Box 50167

Honolulu, HI 96850

Other Federal Offices

Ms. Lauren Bjorkman

Resource Conservationist

USDA - NaturalResources

Conservation Service

P.O. Box 50004

Honolulu, HI 96850

Ms. Mary Blevins

US Environmental Protection

Agency

75 Hawthorne Street

H-32

San Francisco, CA 94105

Environmental Protection Agency

Hazard Evaluation Division -EEB

(T5769C)

401 M St., Southwest

Washington, DC 20460

Dr. William J. Hoe

USDA-APHIS-PPQ

Terminal Box 57

Honolulu International Airport

Honolulu, HI 96813

Mr. Kenneth Nagata

c/o USDA

P.O. Box 2549

Kailua-Kona, HI 96740

42
Biological Resources Division,

USGS

Pacific Islands Ecosystems Research

Center

P.O. Box 44

Volcano, HI 96718

National Park Service

P.O. Box 50165

Honolulu, HI 96850

Superintendent

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

Box 52

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, HI

96718

Superintendent

HaleakalaNational Park

Box 369

Makawao, HI 96768

Director

Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry

U.S. Forest Service

1151 Punchbowl St., Rm. 323

Honolulu, HI 96813

Military

Commanding Officer

Marine Corps Base Hawaii

Environmental Compliance

Department

Building 215, Box 63002

Kaneohe MCBH, Hawaii 96863-

3002

Commander

U.S. Air Force

15th AirBase Wing

HickamAFB, Hawaii 96853

U.S. Departmentofthe Navy

Natural Resource Management

Specialist

Naval Facility Engineering

Command (Code 237)

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii 96860-7300

Commander, Naval Base Pearl

Harbor

N45

Box 110, Bldg iC

Pearl Harbor, HI 96860-5020

Tim Sutterfield

do Commander

Pacific Division

Naval Facilities Engineering

Command

Building 258, Makalapa, Attn:

232T5

Pearl Harbor, HI 96860-7300

Commander (CEU)

14th Coast Guard District

300 Ala Moana Blvd.

Honolulu, Hawaii 96850

Environmental Protection Specialist

Director ofPublic Works

U.S. Army

Attn: APVG-GWV

Schofield Barracks, HI 96857

43
U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers

Environmental Branch

Attn: CEPOD-ED-ME

Bldg. T223

Fort Shafler, HI 96858

Chief, Environmental Division

Engineering & Services Dicrectorate

HQ Air Force

Bolling Air Force Base

Washington, D.C. 20332-5000

State of Hawaii

The Honorable Benjamin Cayetano

Governor, State ofHawaii

State Capitol

Honolulu, HI 96813

Mr. Michael Wilson

Chairperson

Board ofLand and Natural

Resources

1151 Punchbowl St.

Honolulu, HI 96813

Mr. Michael G. Buck

Administrator

Division ofForestry and Wildlife

Dept. ofLand & Natural Resources

1151 Punchbowl St., Rm. 325

Honolulu, HI 96813

Paul Conry

Hawaii Department ofLand and

NaturalResources

Division ofForestry and Wildlife

1151 Punchbowl Street, Rm. 325

Honolulu, HI 96813

Hawaii District Manager

Division ofForestry & Wildlife

P.O. Box 4849

Hilo, HI 96720

Bill Stormont

NARS Specialist

Division ofForestry & Wildlife

P.O. Box 4849

Hilo, Hawaii 96720

Kauai District Division ofState

Parks

3060 Eiwa St., Rm 306

Lihue, HI 96766

Maui District Manager

Division ofForestry and Wildlife

54 5. High St.

Wailuku, HI 96793

Oahu District Manager

Division ofForestry and Wildlife

1151 Punchbowl St., Rm. 325

Honolulu, HI 96813

Kauai District Manager

Division ofForestry and Wildlife

3060 Eiwa St., Rrn. 306

Lihue, HI 96766

Tom Telfer

Division ofForestry and Wildlife

3060 Eiwa St., Rm. 306

Lihue, HI 96766

Director, Department of

Transportation

State ofHawaii

869 Punchbowl Street

Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

44
Mr. Peter Schuyler

Dept. ofLand and NaturalResources

Natural Area Reserve System

Kendall Building

888 Mililani St., Suite 700

Honolulu, HI 96813

Ms. Betsy Harrison-Gagne

Dept. ofLand and NaturalResources

Natural Area Reserve System

Kendall Building

888 Mililani St., Suite 700

Honolulu, HI 96813

Office ofHawaiian Affairs

711 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 500

Honolulu, HI 96813

Chair, Board ofAgriculture

Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture

1428 King St.

Honolulu, HI 96814

Land Use Commission

335 Merchant St., Rm. 104

Honolulu, HI 96813

Libraries

Hawaii State Library

478 South King Street

Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

Kailua-Kona Public Library

75-138 Hualalai Road

Kailua-Kona, HI 96740

Hilo Public Library

300 Waianuenue Avenue

Hilo, HI 96720

Lanai Public and School Library

Fraser Ave.

Lanai City, HI 96763

Kahului Public Library

90 School St.

Kahalui, HI 96732

Kihei Public Library

35 Waimahaihai St.

Kihei, HI 96753

Molokai Public Library

15 Ala Malama Street

Kaunakakai, HI 96748

Kauai Regional Library

4344 Hardy Ave.

Lihue, HI 96766

Counties

Mayor

City and County ofHonolulu

630 South King Street

Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

Mayor

County ofHawaii

25 Aupuni Street

Hilo, Hawaii 96720

45
Mayor

County ofKauai

4396 Rice St.

Suite 101

Lihue, Hawaii 96766

Mayor

County ofMaui

200 5. High Street

Wailuku, Hawaii 96720

Other Interested Parties

Adam Asquith(**)

Kauai National Wildlife Refuge

Complex

P.O. Box 1128

Kilauea, HI 96754

Michael Bogan

USGS-Biological Resources

Division

Department of Biology

University ofNew Mexico

Albuquerque, NM 87131

AnneBrooke

P.O. Box 102

Newflelds, NH 03856

TheresaCabrera Menard(* *)

University ofHawaii

Department of Zoology

Honolulu, HI 96822

Dr. Fern Duvall

211 Ulana Street

Makawao, HI 96768

LauraEllison(*)

USGS-Biological Resources

Division

Mid-continent Ecological Sciences

Center

4512 McMurray

Fort Collins, CO 80524

Dr. Sam Gon

The Nature Conservancy ofHawaii

1116 Smith Street, Suite 201

Honolulu, HI 96817

Mr. Robert Hobdy

Division ofForestry and Wildlife

State Office Bldg.

54 South High St.

Wailuku, HI 96793

Dr. James D. Jacobi

National Biological Service

Pacific Islands Science Center

P.O. Box 44

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, HI

96718

Mr. Joel Lau

The Nature Conservancy ofHawaii

1116 Smith Street, Suite 201

Honolulu, HI 96817

Dr. Lloyd Loope

Biological Resources Division,

USGS

Haleakala Station

P.O. Box 369

Makawao, HI 96768

46
Hawaii Audubon Society

850 Richards Street

Honolulu, HI 96813-4709

Hawaii Nature Center

2131 Makiki Heights Dr.

Honolulu, HI 96822

Paul Higashino(*)

Kahoolawe Reserve Commission

33 5. King Street Room 501

Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

Marc Hodges

Kahoolawe Reserve Commission

33 5. King Street Room 501

Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

Dr. Cameron B. Kepler

Wamell School of Forestry Research

University of Georgia

Athens, GA 30602-2152

Dr. Steven Montgomery

Conservation Council ofHawaii

P.O. Box 2923

Honolulu, HI 96802

Steve Nagano

UH - Coop. Extension Service

45-260 WaikaluaRd.

Kaneohe, HI 96744

NaturalResources Conservation

Service

154 Waianuenue

322 Federal Bldg.

Hilo, HI 96720

Elizabeth D. Pierson

2558 Hilgard Avenue

Berkeley, CA 94709

Thane K. Pratt

USGS Biological Resources

Division

Pacific Islands Ecosystems Research

Center

P.O. Box 44

Hawaii National Park, HI 96718

Dan Quinn

Dept. ofLand & NaturalResources

Division of State Parks

1151 Punchbowl St.

Honolulu, HI 96813

William R. Rainey

2558 Hilgard Ave.

Berkeley, CA 94709

Michelle Reynolds(**)

USGS-Biological Resources

Division

Pacific Islands Ecosystems Research

Center

Hawaii Field Station

P.O. Box 44

Hawaii National Park, HI 96718

Gordon Rodda

USGS-Biological Resources

Division

Mid-continent Ecological Sciences

Center

4512 McMurray

Fort Collins, CO 80524

47
Dr. J. Michael Scott

1130 Kam Kamiaken St.

Moscow, ID 83843

Secretariat for Conservation Biology

University of Hawaii at Manoa

Pacific Biomedical Research Center

3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 310

Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

Dr. Robert Shaw

Centerfor Ecological Management

ofMilitary Lands

Dept. ofRange Science

Colorado State Univ.

Ft. Collins, CO 80523

Mr. Michael Sherwood

Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund, Inc.

180 Mongomery St., Suite 1400

San Francisco, CA 94109

Sierra Club

P.O. Box 2577

Honolulu, HI 96803

Jan Tenbruggencate

Honolulu Advertiser

P.O. Box 524

Lihue, HI 96766-0524

Dr. QuentinP. Tomich(**)

Box 675

Honokaa, HI 96727

Mr. Larry Katahira

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

P.O. Box 52

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, HI

96718

Dr. Kerry Walter

World Conservation Monitoring

Centre

219 Huntington Rd.

Cambridge CB3 ODL, England

Ms. Maijorie F.Y. Ziegler

Earthjustice Legal Defense Fund,

Inc.

223 South King Street

Austin Building, Suite 400

Honolulu, HI 96813

Zoology Dept.

Univ. ofHawaii

2538 The Mall

Honolulu, HI 96822

Mr. Dan Orodenker

Director, Hawaii Natural Heritage

Program

The Nature Conservancy ofHawaii

1116 Smith Street, Suite 201

Honolulu, HI 97817

Ms. Alenka Remec

Director ofScience and Stewardship

The Nature Conservancy ofHawaii

1116 Smith Street, Suite 201

Honolulu, HI 97817

48
TNC Preserves

Ms. Bane Morgan

Director, Oahu and Lanai Preserves

The Nature Conservancy ofHawaii

1116 Smith Street, Suite 201

Honolulu, HI 97817

Mr. Ed Misaki

Director, Molokai Preserves

The Nature Conservancy ofHawaii

P.O. Box 220

Kualapuu, HI 96757

Mr. Mark White

Director, Maui Preserves

The Nature Conservancy ofHawaii

P.O. Box 1716

81 Makawao Ave., Suite 203A

Makawao, Maui 96768

Appropriate

Landowners/Managers

Trustees

Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate

P.O. Box 3466

Honolulu, HI 96801

Department ofHawaiian Home

Lands

P.O. Box 1879

Honoululu, HI 96805

(*) Persons and Agencies who provided information necessary forthe

development ofthe Plan. (**) Personal communication received.

49
APPENDIX B

SUMMARY OF COMMENTS

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service received comments on the Draft Recovery

Plan forthe Hawaiian hoary bat from the State of Hawaii Land Use Commission,

the U.S. Department ofthe Air Force, Dr. Dave Johnson, Dr. P. Quentin Tomich,

Ms. TheresaCabrera Menard, and Ms. Michelle Reynolds. Most ofthese

comments consisted ofadditional information on the ecology and life history of

the Hawaiian Hoary bat, as well as editorial suggestions; these changes have been

incorporated into the plan.

50
Region

1

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Ecological Services —>

911 N.E. 11th Avenue

Portland, Oregon 97232-4181

April 1998