CASE STUDIES IN EMERGENCY ELECTION LITIGATION

Federal Judicial Center 10/9/2023 1

News Media Access to Polls in Ohio 

ABC v. Blackwell (Michael H. Watson, S.D. Ohio 

1:04-cv-750) and Beacon Journal Publishing Company 

v. Blackwell (Paul R. Matia, N.D. Ohio 5:04-cv-2178) 

On the morning before the 2004 general election, news media 

sought federal-court orders granting them access to polls in Ohio. 

Separate lawsuits were filed in the Southern District of Ohio and 

the Northern District of Ohio. The Southern District action challenged a directive by Ohio’s secretary of state that exit polling not 

be conducted within one hundred feet of a polling place. Late at 

night on the day the case was filed, the judge granted the media injunctive relief against the directive. In the Northern District, news 

media sought access to the polls for reporters and photographers. 

The second district court denied the media relief, but the court of 

appeals vacated that decision and granted the media injunctive relief a few hours before the polls closed. 

Subject: Polling-place activities. Topics: Exit polls; news media. 

On the day before the 2004 general election, federal complaints were filed in 

both the Southern District of Ohio and the Northern District of Ohio by 

news media seeking access to polling places for news reporting. 

In the Southern District’s Cincinnati courthouse, a complaint and a motion for a temporary restraining order challenged the constitutionality of an 

oral directive by Ohio’s secretary of state that exit polling not be conducted 

within one hundred feet of a polling place.1

The court assigned the case to Judge Michael H. Watson,2 who had 

joined the bench in September.3

 His primary chambers were in Columbus, 

but most of his cases were Cincinnati cases during his first few years on the 

bench.4

 Judge Watson held an informal status conference at 11:00 a.m. on the 

day of filing.5

 The motion was heard that evening at 6:40 p.m.6 Late at night 

1. Temporary-Restraining-Order Motion, ABC, Inc. v. Blackwell, No. 1:04-cv-750 (S.D. 

Ohio Nov. 1, 2004), D.E. 4; Complaint, id. (Nov. 1, 2004), D.E. 1; ABC, Inc. v. Blackwell, 479 

F. Supp. 2d 719, 721–26 (S.D. Ohio 2006); Temporary Restraining Order at 1–3, ABC, Inc., 

No. 1:04-cv-750 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 1, 2004), D.E. 9 [hereinafter ABC, Inc. Temporary Restraining Order]; see Blackwell Sued by News Groups on Exit Polls, Cincinnati Enquirer, Nov. 

2, 2004, at A9; Media Sue Blackwell Over Exit Poll Limits, Cincinnati Post, Nov. 2, 2004, at 

A4; Julie Wallace, Paper Denied Access at Polls, Akron Beacon J., Nov. 2, 2004, at B1. 

2. Docket Sheet, ABC, Inc., No. 1:04-cv-750 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 1, 2004). 

Tim Reagan interviewed Judge Watson for this report by telephone on June 7, 2012. 

3. Federal Judicial Center Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges 

[hereinafter FJC Biographical Directory], www.fjc.gov/history/ judges. 

4. Interview with Hon. Michael H. Watson, June 7, 2012. 

5. Civil Minutes, ABC, Inc., No. 1:04-cv-750 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 1, 2004), D.E. 7. 

6. Transcript, id. (Nov. 1, 2004, filed Dec. 13, 2004), D.E. 14; Civil Minutes, id. (Nov. 1, 

2004), D.E. 8; see John Caniglia & T.C. Brown, Judge Upholds Media Ban from Polls, Cleveland Plain Dealer, Nov. 2, 2004, at A12. 
News Media Access to Polls in Ohio 

2 Federal Judicial Center 10/9/2023 

following the hearing, Judge Watson granted the temporary restraining order, and the news media were able to conduct exit polls the next day within 

one hundred feet of polling places.7 Judge Watson reaffirmed this ruling by 

summary judgment on September 26, 2006.8

Both sides appealed elements of Judge Watson’s opinion, but the appeals 

were voluntarily dismissed in 2007.9

Also on the day before the 2004 general election, the Beacon Journal filed 

a federal complaint at the Northern District of Ohio’s Akron courthouse.10

The Beacon Journal is a local newspaper serving readers in Summit County, 

of which Akron is the seat, and the neighboring counties of Medina, Portage, 

Stark, and Wayne.11 According to the complaint, the newspaper learned on 

the previous Friday, while covering early voting, that Ohio’s secretary of state 

had issued directives that only voters, poll workers, and police officers could 

enter a polling place on election day.12 With the complaint, the newspaper 

filed a motion for a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction granting the newspaper’s reporters and photographers access to Ohio 

polling places.13

The court assigned the case to Judge Paul R. Matia,14 who ordered a hearing on the case at 4:00 p.m. on the day that the action was filed.15 That same 

day, Judge Matia denied the newspaper immediate relief, finding that the 

state had “a compelling interest in making sure that voters vote freely and 

without intimidation” and that, “[t]he media can perform their First 

Amendment function almost as well from outside the polling places.”16 Also 

that day, the newspaper filed a notice of appeal.17

7. ABC, Inc. Temporary Restraining Order, supra note 1; ABC, Inc. v. Blackwell, 479 F. 

Supp. 2d 719, 725 (S.D. Ohio 2006). 

8. ABC, Inc., 479 F. Supp. 2d 719; see Jesse Tinsley, Court Gives Exit Poll Workers Access, 

Cleveland Plain Dealer, Sept. 27, 2006, at B2. 

9. Docket Sheet, ABC, Inc. v. Blackwell, No. 06-4484 (6th Cir. Nov. 15, 2006) (plaintiffs’ 

appeal); Docket Sheet, ABC, Inc. v. Blackwell, No. 06-4410 (6th Cir. Oct. 26, 2006) (defendant’s appeal). 

10. Complaint, Beacon Journal Publ’g Co. v. Blackwell, No. 5:04-cv-2178 (N.D. Ohio 

Nov. 1, 2004), D.E. 1. 

11. See id. at 3. 

12. Id. at 3–4; see Beacon Journal Sues State for Access to Polling Places, Akron Beacon J., 

Nov. 1, 2004, at A12; Paper Denied Access at Polls, Akron Beacon J., Nov. 2, 2004, at B1 

[hereinafter Paper Denied Access]. 

13. Motion, Beacon Journal, No. 5:04-cv-2178 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 1, 2004), D.E. 4. 

14. Tim Reagan interviewed Judge Matia for this report by telephone on May 1, 2012. 

Judge Matia sat in Cleveland; when a disproportionate number of cases were filed in one 

of the division’s three courthouses, cases might be assigned to judges in other courthouses. 

Interview with Paul R. Matia, May 1, 2012. He retired on May 31, 2005. FJC Biographical 

Directory, supra note 3. 

15. Order, Beacon Journal, No. 5:04-cv-2178 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 1, 2004), D.E. 5. 

16. Opinion at 3, id. (Nov. 1, 2004), D.E. 8; see Minute Order, id. (Nov. 1, 2004), D.E. 7; 

see also John Caniglia & T.C. Brown, Judge Upholds Media Ban from Polls, Cleveland Plain 

Dealer, Nov. 2, 2004, at A12. 

17. Notice of Appeal, Beacon Journal, No. 5:04-cv-2178 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 1, 2004), D.E. 
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Four and one-half hours before polls closed on election day, the court of 

appeals, by a vote of two to one, vacated the district court’s order because 

denying news media access to polling places was not narrowly drawn to serve 

the state’s interests.18 The court ordered “that Defendants immediately and 

forthwith permit Plaintiffs to have reasonable access to any polling place for 

the purpose of news-gathering and reporting so long as Plaintiffs do not interfere with poll workers and voters as voters exercise their right to vote.”19

On November 22, Ohio answered the complaint.20 On December 17, the 

newspaper moved to dismiss its action, because it had obtained from the 

court of appeals the relief that it sought.21 The court dismissed the case on 

January 14, 2005.22

On January 31, Ohio sought U.S. Supreme Court review of the court of 

appeals’ decision,23 but the Court granted Ohio’s motion for voluntary dismissal on March 18.24

10; see Paper Denied Access, supra note 12. 

18. Beacon Journal Publ’g Co. v. Blackwell, 389 F.3d 683, 685 (6th Cir. 2004); see Media 

Given Access to Poll Sites, Akron Beacon J., Nov. 3, 2004, at B9; Voting Issues Keep Courts 

Busy Up to Last Minute, Cleveland Plain Dealer, Nov. 3, 2004, at S9. 

19. Beacon Journal, 389 F.3d 683 at 685. 

20. Answer, Beacon Journal, No. 5:04-cv-2178 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 22, 2004), D.E. 12. 

21. Motion to Dismiss, id. (Dec. 17, 2004), D.E. 15. 

22. Order, id. (Jan. 14, 2005), D.E. 20. 

23. Docket Sheet, Blackwell v. Beacon Journal Publ’g Co., No. 04-1032 (U.S. Feb. 3, 

2005). 

24. Blackwell v. Beacon Journal Publ’g Co., 544 U.S. 915 (2005).