Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated _ |
= Waste Sites and Emergency Response |

funds (BCRLF). Communities In 2001, the RCRA hazardous

completing their brownfields _ site
assessment demonstration pilot activities
and communities completing targeted
brownfields assessments are eligible to
apply for BCRLF pilots. To augment
the communities’ capacities to clean up
brownfields sites, EPA will fund 10 job
training pilots for community residents
and will provide $3,000,000 to the
National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences to supplement its
minority worker training programs that
focus on brownfields — workforce
development activities. In addition, EPA
will continue to explore connections
between RCRA low-priority corrective
action efforts and cleanup of brownfields
properties.

In 2001, 172 additional high
priority RCRA facilities will have
human exposures controlled and 172
additional high priority RCRA facilities
will have toxic releases to groundwater
controlled. To accomplish the Agency’s
RCRA objectives, in 2001, the Agency
will implement RCRA cleanup reforms
through the regions and authorized
states. This initiative will reform the
current RCRA corrective action program
to be faster, safer and promote smarter
cleanups. The initiative will also ensure
RCRA’s strategic goals are met and that
millions of people who live or work in
the vicinity of RCRA facilities will be
protected. The RCRA cleanup reforms
intend to: reduce impediments to
achieving the Agency’s objective; en-
hance state and stakeholder involvement;
and, promote innovative approaches to
cleanup actions. Implementation of this
initiative will be the key to a successful
corrective action program for 2001 and
beyond.

waste permits program will have permits
or other approved controls in place for
106 additional RCRA hazardous waste
management facilities for a cumulative
total of 70 percent of the universe (2,900
facilities). These efforts minimize the
threat of exposure to hazardous
substances because the RCRA program’s
comprehensive framework regulates the
handling, transport, treatment, storage,
and disposal of hazardous waste.

The Agency has several efforts
underway to reform the RCRA program
so that it better reflects actual levels of
tisk. The hazardous waste identification
tule seeks to exclude lower risk wastes
from hazardous waste regulation. In
2001, the Agency will continue work to
develop concentration-based exemption
levels for constituents occurring in
hazardous wastes. The Agency is
working to improve test methods under
its toxic constituent leaching procedure
to better evaluate waste leaching
potential for assessing whether a waste
should be classified as hazardous, how
effective a treatment is, and whether
land disposal is an appropriate method
for managing particular wastes. Another
risk evaluation effort, the surface
impoundment study, will be completed
in March 2001.

Phase I of the maximum
achievable control technology (MACT)
standards under the Clean Air Act
(CAA) was finalized in 1999. Phase I
revised standards for incinerators and
cement and lightweight aggregate kilns
that burn hazardous waste. As the
MACT standards are implemented, by
2002, the Agency will reduce the
emissions of dioxins, furans, heavy


28


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

EPA Mission and Purpose....
EPA’s Goals

Goal 1: Clean Air
Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water
Goal 3: Safe Food
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes, Work Places and Ecosystems
Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites and Emergency Response
Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border
Environmental Risks
Goal 7: Expansion of Americans’ Right-
Their Environment
Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risks and Greater Innovation to Address Environmental Problems.
Goal 9: A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater Compliance
With the Law
Goal 10: Effective Management

Additional Information

Better America Bonds.

Categorical Program Grants (STAG
Water and Air Infrastructure Financing .
Trust Funds...

21" Century Research Fund .

Budget Tables



Environmental Protection Agency

Summary of Agency Resources

Workyears
FY 2001 Delta

FY 2000 President's FY 2001 vs.
Agen rogram: oal Enacted Budget 2000
1. Clean Air 1,857.9 1,856.6 (1.3)
2. Clean & Safe Water 2,722.8 2,672.7 (50.1)
3. Safe Food 701.0 711.8 10.8
4. Preventing Pollution 1,176.1 1,186.5 10.4
5. Better Waste Management 1,384.9 1,356.0 (28.9)
6. Global & Cross Border 511.7 533.1 21.4
7. Right-to-Know 809.3 800.4 (8.9)
8. Sound Science 1,055.5 1,046.6 (8.9)
9. Credible Deterrent 2,466.7 2,469.4 2.7
10. Effective management 1,937.5 1,972.8 35.3
Subtotal Operating Programs 14,623.4 14,605.9 (17.5)
5. Better Waste Management 3,070.5 3,046.3 (24.2)
7. Right-to-Know 9.1 9.1 0.0
8. Sound Science 2.0 2.0 0.0
9. Credible Deterrent 104.1 103.3 (0.8)
10. Effective Management 290.9 283.4 (7.5)
Subtotal Trust Funds: 3,476.6 3,444.1 (32.5)
1. Clean Air 0.0 0.0 0.0
2. Clean & Safe Water 0.0 0.0 0.0
6. Global and Cross Border 0.0 0.0 0.0
Subtotal Water and Air Infrastructure Financing 0.0 0.0 0.0
Grand Total 18,100.0 18,050.0 (50.0)

122


assessment and labeling procedures.
The goal of international harmonization
of test guidelines is to reduce the burden
on chemical companies of repeated
testing in satisfying the regulatory
requirements of different jurisdictions
both within the United States and
internationally. Harmonization also ex-
pands the universe of toxic chemicals for
which needed testing information is
available, and fosters efficiency in
international information exchange and
mutual international acceptance of
chemical test data. For test guideline
harmonization, EPA will continue to
cooperate closely with other Federal
agencies and with other industrialized
nations within the program framework
of the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD)
in harmonizing testing guidelines.

The U.S. is working with other
OECD member countries to implement
the International Screening Information
Data Set (SIDS) program, a voluntary
international cooperative testing pro-
gram begun in 1990. The program
focuses on developing base-level test
information (including data on basic
chemistry, environmental fate, enviro-
nmental effects and health effects) for
international high production volume
chemicals. SIDS data will be used to
screen chemicals and to set priorities for
further testing and/or assessment. The
Agency will review testing needs for 50
SIDS chemicals in 2001.

In 2001, EPA and its U.S.
government partners will conclude a
legally-binding global convention on
persistent organic pollutants (POPs),
substances such as DDT, PCBs and
dioxins which travel great distances in

71

the environment and thus threaten
humans and the ecosystem in the U.S.
even though we have long worked
domestically to reduce releases into the

environment. This convention will
require most other countries around the
world to reduce and/or eliminate their
production, use and trade of specified
POPs, as well as improve their own
POPs risk management practices. To
ensure that developing countries comply
with obligations under this convention,
the U.S. is working with the Global
Environment Facility (a joint funding
program run by the World Bank, the
United Nations Environment Program,
and the United Nations Development
Program) to carry out capacity building
programs in developing countries. To
do this, EPA will establish emission
inventories and other needed data which
will help foster an understanding and
track the release contribution of the
listed POPs.

In 2001, EPA will initiate the
next stage of assisting Russia in its goal
of total elimination of CFCs by assisting
in the development of a post phase-out
monitoring program. Activities would be
coordinated with the World Bank, donor
countries and agencies in facilitating
training and other forms of technical
exchange. In addition, EPA will begin
targeting countries for specific en-
forcement capacity enhancement of
custom officials to prevent the illegal
entry of banned CFC’s into the United
States.

EPA will also establish a new
international monitoring program,
assisted by the State Department, which
aims to promote higher environmental
standards worldwide. Specific objec-


82


Hazardous Air Pollutants

Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs),
commonly referred to as air toxics or toxic
air pollutants, are pollutants that cause, or
may cause, adverse health effects or
ecosystem damage. The Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 list 188 pollutants or
chemical groups as hazardous air pollutants
and targets sources emitting them for
regulation. Examples of air toxics include
heavy metals such as mercury and
chromium, dioxins, and pesticides such as
chlordane and toxaphene. HAPs are emitted
from literally thousands of sources including
stationary as well as mobile sources.
Adverse effects to human health and the
environment due to HAPs can result from
exposure to air toxics from individual
facilities, exposures to mixtures of pollutants
found in urban settings, or exposure to
pollutants emitted from distant sources that
are transported through the atmosphere over
regional, national, or even global airsheds.

NOx, SO_, and VOG
Emission Tronds,
4900-1997
Biter

45.

1900 1020 "30 °40 "60 "G0 "70 "80"0 2000

Compared to information for the
criteria pollutants, the information about the
potential health effects of HAPs is relatively
incomplete. Most of the information on
potential health effects of these pollutants is
derived from experimental animal data. Of
the 188 HAPs mentioned above, almost 60
percent are classified by EPA as known,
probable, or possible carcinogens. One of
the more documented ecological concerns

18

associated with toxic air pollutants is the
potential for some to damage aquatic
ecosystems. Deposited air pollutants can be
significant contributors to overall pollutant
loadings entering water bodies.

Acid Rain

The Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990 established a program to control
emissions from electric power plants that
cause acid rain and other environmental and
public health problems. Emissions of SO2
and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react in the
atmosphere and fall to earth as acid rain,
causing acidification of lakes and streams
and contributing to the damage of trees at

Change in Nonattainment Areas

% “PROJECTED.
20 co__so2_ Lead |
70 X
60

pies ier exe a, 60, NO, 50,08

2 50

2 0
30
2
40 IW

° = aw
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 $8 99[00 01 02 03 04 05
fiscal year

high elevations. Acid deposition also
accelerates the decay of building materials
and paints and contributes to degradation of
irreplaceable cultural objects such as statues
and sculptures. NO, emissions are a major
precursor of ground-level ozone, which
affects public health and damages crops,
forests, and materials. Additionally, NOx
deposition contributes to eutrophication of
coastal waters, such as the Chesapeake and
Tampa Bays. Before falling to earth, SOz
and NO, gases can form fine particles that
may ultimately affect public health by
contributing to premature mortality, chronic
bronchitis, and other respiratory problems.


| Expansion of Americans’ Right-to Know About Their — |
i Environment _

Committee and the Good Neighbor
Environmental Board.

The Agency will establish a
Federal environmental _ information
system that will integrate environmental
information. The system will be fully
compatible with state and tribal systems,
allow for electronic receipt and
dissemination of information and
incorporate data quality and error
correction processes.

Key to achieving high quality
will be the Information Integration
Initiative. In partnership with the States
and Tribes, and in close consultation
with our environmental information
stakeholders, we will develop a single
integrated multi-media core of
environmental data and tools — an
integrated environmental information
system. Under the new system, EPA’s
individual media programs (i.e, air,
water, hazardous waste, etc.) will
maintain flexibility to develop “plug-in”
modules that will incorporate program-
specific requirements. However, at its
core, the new system will be a single,
shared and integrated system.

Efforts to allow better integration
with our state and local partners will
continue, including support to the Local
Government Advisory Committee and
the Small Town Advisory Sub-
committee. In addition, EPA will design
and manage meetings and conference
calls and work with states and state
associations to ensure that state concerns
are considered in Agency policies,
guidance, and regulations.

In partnership with states, the
Agency will continue its efforts to

77

expand publicly available information,
both electronically via the Internet and
through other non-electronic media.
This includes the One-Stop Reporting
initiative, the Reinventing Environ-
mental Information (REI) initiative, and
the Envirofacts database. In 2001, the
Agency will accelerate its efforts to
promote public access. The program
will continue to support data integration
projects such as Integrated Data for
Enforcement Analysis (IDEA), which
makes integrated compliance data from
several media-specific databases
available nationally in an interactive,
online mode. The Agency will continue
to work to increase states’ use of IDEA
by demonstrating its analytical
capabilities to support targeting and
screening based on risk and other
compliance concerns. Another data
integration project, the Sector Facility
Indexing Project (SFIP), will be
continued in 2001. SFIP, a White House
Reinvention initiative, allows the public
to monitor the records of nearby
facilities, provides the regulated
community with a means of comparing
performance against competitors, and
assists government agencies in making
cross-media comparisons. EPA is
committed to increasing use of the SFIP
by increasing public awareness of the
project, ensuring customer satisfaction
with the information provided, and
sustaining the utility of the SFIP as a
compliance and analytical tool. EPA
believes that these efforts will yield an
increase in web site user sessions over
the 1999 levels.

The Agency will continue to
contribute to the Agency-wide Enhanced
Public Access Project. This Project is


Marine Debris Monitoring Program.
This program monitors marine debris in
an effort to determine sources of the
debris, much of which enters coastal
waters through stormwater runoff.

States report that pollution from
nonpoint sources is the largest cause of
water pollution, with agriculture as a
leading cause of impairment in 25
percent of the river miles surveyed. In
order to restore and maintain water
quality, significant loading reductions
from nonpoint sources must be
achieved. Because EPA has limited
direct NPS authority under the Clean
Water Act, state NPS programs are
critical to our overall success. To
achieve reductions in loadings, it is
essential for EPA to work with states to
expeditiously implement the nine key
program elements in their strengthened
nonpoint source programs. EPA will
encourage states to make use of Clean
Water State Revolving Funds and other
Federal resources to finance projects that
address polluted runoff.

Research

In 2001, EPA’s drinking water
research program will conduct research
to reduce uncertainties and improve
methods associated with the assessment
and control of risks posed by exposure to
microbial contaminants in drinking
water, with a focus on emerging
pathogens listed on the Contaminant
Candidate List (CCL). As required by
the SDWA amendments, the first CCL
was published in 1998 and included nine
microbial contaminants in its Research
Priorities Category that require more
data before a regulatory determination
can be made. There are significant data

35

gaps with regard to understanding the
occurrence of these microbes in source
and distribution system water, linkages
between water exposure and infection,
and the effectiveness of candidate
treatment technologies to remove and

inactivate these contaminants. The
development of this crucial information
will provide the scientific basis
necessary to protect human health and
ensure that 95 percent of the population -
served by community water systems will
receive water that meets drinking water
standards.

As part of EPA’s effort to
conserve and enhance the nation’s
waters, the aquatic stressors research
program will develop a framework for
diagnosing adverse chemical pollutants
in surface waters. In 2001, EPA will
publish a compendium of case studies
illustrating the application of the
Stressor Identification Guidelines, as
well as reports on risk characterization
for watersheds and sediment toxicity.
These tools will enable water resource
managers to identify critical stressors to
aquatic ecosystems and better focus
restoration and watershed management
decisions.

Because almost 40 percent of
rivers, lakes, and coastal waters
surveyed by states do not meet water
quality goals, effective watershed
management strategies and guidance for
Wet Weather Flow (WWF) dischargers
is one of the key priority areas remaining
to assure clean water and safe drinking
water. In 2001, EPA will continue to
develop and validate effective watershed
manage-ment strategies for controlling
WWFs, especially when they are high
volume and toxic. This research will


106


standards.
dietary risks to children by completing a

By 2001, EPA will reduce

cumulative 66 percent of these

tolerances of special concern.

Organophosphates and carba-
mates have also been targeted as posing
higher risks than many other pesticide
types. These pesticides are widely used
and limitations will mean changes in
current farming practices. The need for
broad input and participation lead to a
special stakeholder process to address
data, analysis and regulatory require-
ments, protocol, and scientific and
public review as the Agency moves to
reduce the risks posed by some of these
pesticides.

The Agency’s Pesticide Rereg-
istration program is now in its final
phase. The Reregistration program was
established in the 1988 amendments to
FIFRA and has similar goals to the
FQPA’s tolerance reassessment pro-
gram. Through the  Reregistration
program, EPA also reviews pesticides
currently on the market to ensure they
meet the latest health standards set by
FQPA. Pesticides not in compliance
with the new standard will be eliminated
or restricted in order to minimize
harmful exposure. The issuance of a
Reregistration _ Eligibility Decision
(RED) for a pesticide under re-
registration review summarizes the
health and environmental effects
findings of that pesticide. The findings
determine whether the products
registered under this chemical are
eligible for reregistration.

FQPA has added considerably
more complexity into the process of
reregistering pesticides. New statutory

42

requirements have made risk assessment
more complex and lengthened the "front
end" portion of reregistration. These
requirements include considering aggre-
gate exposure and cumulative risk,
implementing new processes to increase
involvement of pesticide users and other
stakeholders, and ensuring a reasonable
opportunity for agriculture to make the
transition to new pest control tools and
practices. Over the longer run, these
changes will enhance protection of
human health and the environment and
should speed risk reductions.

EPA is now conducting rereg-
istration in conjunction with tolerance
teassessment, which FQPA mandates be
completed by 2006. Reregistration of
pesticide active ingredients and products
will be completed prior to the statutory
deadline for completing tolerance
reassessment. However, there are
increasing indications that all elements
of  reregistration, especially those
elements also necessary to complete
tolerance reassessment, will not be
completed for all active ingredients by
2002.

In 2001, EPA will complete 30
REDs and approximately 750 product
Teregistrations. By 2006, all 9,700 of the
tolerance reassessments mandated by
FQPA will be completed. EPA has
evaluated the two programs and
consolidated analyses wherever possible
while meeting the goals of both
programs.

FQPA requires that EPA
establish a process for periodic review of
pesticide registrations. This requires the
updating of all pesticide registrations
using current scientific data, risk assess-


Strategic Goal: The United States will lead other nations in successful, multilateral efforts to
reduce significant risks to human health and ecosystems from climate change, stratospheric
ozone depletion, and other hazards of international concern.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousands)
FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2001 FY 2000
Enacted Request Delta
Reduction of Giobal and
Cross-Border Environmental Risks 237,865.8 $425,070.5 $187,204.7
Reduce Transboundary Threats:

Shared North American Ecosystems $70,624.6 $119,926.7 $49,302.1
Climate Change $132,115.1 $257,909.6 $125,794.5
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion $17,832.2 $27,998.0 $10,165.8
Protect Public Health and
Ecosystems From Persistent Toxics $4,857.4 $5,482.8 $625.4
Achieve Cleaner and
More Cost-Effective Practices $12,436.5 $13,753.4 $1,316.9
Total Workyears: S117 533.1 21.4
Means and Strategy and regional environments and

ecosystems including: 1) using regional
Pollutants do not stop at or global negotiations to form bilateral

geographic and political boundaries, and
their propensity to migrate threatens
human health and the environment,
demanding coordinated international
action. The United States addresses
global environmental problems, such as
climate change and stratospheric ozone
depletion, through bilateral and multi-
lateral consultations and agreements and
capacity building programs. Other
problems are not necessarily of a global
scale but cross our borders and require a
geographic approach to direct environ-
mental action.

EPA will use a variety of
approaches to prevent harm to the global

67

and multilateral environmental agree-
ments and environmental policy
initiatives; 2) cooperating with other
countries to ensure that domestic and
international environmental laws,
policies, and priorities are recognized
and implemented; 3) working with other
federal agencies, states, business, and
environmental groups to promote the
flow of environmentally sustainable
technologies and services worldwide,
facilitate cooperative research and
development programs, and _ provide
technical assistance, training and
information internationally; and 4)
promoting public/private partnership


38


global climate change, EPA will help
facilitate the international cooperation
necessary to achieve the stabilization of
greenhouse gas concentrations. The
1992 Framework Convention on Climate
Change (FCCC) set the objective of

stabilizing greenhouse gas concen-
trations at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference
with the climate system. On the
domestic side, EPA will encourage
voluntary partnerships, provide technical
assistance and promote state and local
efforts to achieve future greenhouse gas
emission reductions. Administration-
wide, the programs launched in the 1993
Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP)
have the potential to reduce U.S.
greenhouse gas emissions by more than
160 million metric tons of carbon
equivalent (MMTCE) annually by the
year 2010.

The Agency will contribute to
the science underpinning U.S. policy,
including the assessment of con-
sequences of climate change and climate
variability. Particular attention will be
given to the potential benefits and
consequences of climate variability and
change for human health, ecosystems,
and economic systems at the regional,
state and local levels. EPA will play a
major part in peer-reviewed economic
and policy analyses that serve U.S.
policymakers and international ne-
gotiators.

EPA will also continue its efforts
in focusing on climate change activities
that would provide “co-benefits” to a
specific country. Specifically, EPA will
implement partnership activities with
industrial and other priority countries by:
1) encouraging energy efficiency

70

through the introduction of government
policy incentives and environmental
management practices; 2) introducing
transportation planning and manage-
ment; 3) implementing vehicle emissions
testing programs; 4) planning and
funding methane capture and utilization
programs; and, 5) planning and funding
sulfur dioxide trading programs.

To protect the earth’s stra-
tospheric ozone layer, EPA will continue
to regulate ozone-depleting compounds
and foster the development and use of
alternative chemicals in the U.S. and
abroad. The United States’ response to
the harmful effects of stratospheric
ozone depletion is its commitment to
honor the Montreal Protocol by phasing
out domestic production of ozone-
depleting substances (ODSs). EPA’s
role originates from the Montreal
Protocol and Title VI of the Clean Air
Act Amendments of 1990. EPA helps
other countries find suitable alternatives
to ODSs, informs the public about the
dangers of overexposure to UV
radiation, and uses pollution prevention
strategies to require the recycling of
ODSs and hydroflourocarbons.

Reduced risks from toxics,
especially persistent organic pollutants
(POPs) and selected metals that circulate
in the environment at global and regional
scales, will be achieved by working with
the Department of State and with other
countries to control the production or
phase-out from the use of targeted
chemicals. EPA is also working to reach
agreement on import and export
requirements applicable to certain
chemicals, an expansion of pollutant
release and transfer registers and the
harmonization of chemical testing,


As one feature of the
Administration’s comprehensive Livable
Communities Initiative, Better America
Bonds will help communities grow in
ways that ensure sustainable economic
growth. The President’s budget proposes
a new, innovative, financing tool
providing $10.75 billion in bonding
authority to state, local, and tribal
governments over five years funded
through Federal tax credits. In lieu of
interest payments from state and local
governments, the Better America Bond
program will provide to bond holders
approximately $1.5 billion in net tax
credits over the 15 year life of the $2.15
billion in proposed 2001 bond authority.

EPA will be at the forefront of
giving local communities maximum
flexibility and resources to address the
most pressing environmental needs.
This new tool will allow communities to
preserve green space, create or restore
urban parks, protect water quality, and
clean up Brownfields. Communities
will, for instance, be able to protect land
either by acquiring title or purchasing
permanent easements. Bond proceeds
can also be used for reforestation, and
replanting. Pressure to develop green
space from previously undeveloped
properties can be lessened by cleaning
up altemative land for redevelopment
such as Brownfields for new economic
uses. Rivers, lakes, coastal waters, and
wetlands can be restored or protected

from polluted runoff through land
acquisition and/or other measures.
State, local and tribal

governments will submit proposals to
EPA for initial review in consultation
with other Agencies. EPA will award
bond authority in conjunction with the

107

Vice President’s Community Empower-

ment Board and other Agencies.
Preferences will be given to regional
proposals that reflect collaborative
planning by neighboring communities,
particularly partnerships among cities,
suburbs, and rural areas.

Through the availability of these
bonds supported by federal tax credits,
EPA will assist in building healthy,
livable communities for the 21* century.
Better America Bonds will enable states,
tribes and local governments to
reconnect with their land and water,

preserve green space and provide
attractive settings for economic
development.


1 . —

Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities, _|
__ Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems |

helps industry identify risk issues early
in product development, when pollution
prevention opportunities are most cost-
effective.

In several cases, achieving the
strategic objectives under this goal is a
shared responsibility with other Federal
and state agencies. For example, EPA’s
role in reducing the levels of
environmental lead exposure involves
promotion of federal-state partnerships
to lower specific sources of
environmental lead, such as lead-based
paint and other lead-content products.
These partnerships emphasize devel-
opment of a professional infrastructure
to identify, manage and abate lead-based
paint hazards, as well as public
education and empowerment strategies,
which fit into companion Federal efforts
(e.g., Centers for Disease Control
(CDC), and Department of Housing and
Urban Development (HUD)) to monitor
and reduce environmental lead levels.
Likewise, achieving the goals of the
multi-agency effort to substantially
increase the government’s efforts to
combat asthma in children requires
effective collaboration between EPA and
other Federal agencies.

Intrinsic to the effort to prevent
pollution is the minimization of the
quantities of waste generated by
industry, municipalities and hazardous-
waste management operations. Strategies
range from fostering materials reuse and
recycling and other resource-recovery
processes to broad- based campaigns to
re-engineer the consumption and use of
raw materials or personal conservation
of resources. Effective and sustainable
programs reduce the need for storage,
treatment or disposal of hazardous or

municipal wastes, while reducing costs
to industry and municipalities.

Since this Goal focuses on how
Americans live in communities, it
features the Agency’s commitment of
fulfilling its responsibility for assuring
human _health and promoting
environmental protection in Indian
Country. EPA’s policy is to work with
tribes on a government-to-government
basis that affirms the vital trust
responsibility that EPA has with 554
tribal governments and remains
cognizant of the Nation’s interest in
conserving the cultural uses of natural
resources.

Research

Currently, there are significant
gaps with regard to understanding of
actual human exposures to pesticides
and toxic substances in consumer
products in residential environments and
potential human health risks from such
exposures to the general population and
susceptible subpopulations, such as
infants and children. Methods for
detecting and estimating human
exposures to these chemical stressors are
extremely limited. Health effects
information is not available for most of
these stressors. Tools that are currently
available to control or prevent exposures
are also limited to certain processes or
materials. Research is needed to
improve the characterization of health
risks associated with community
exposures to environmental chemical
stressors and to develop more advanced


Goal 8: Sound Science Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)
FY 2001

FY 2000 President's
Key Program Enacted Budget
Administrative Services $3,436.1 $3,680.4
Coastal Environmental Monitoring $6,954.0 $7,255.4
Common Sense Initiative $1,646.8 $3,482.2
CWAP Related Research $4,440.6 $5,298.7
Endocrine Disruptor Research $8,038.0 $13,241.1
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) $30,543.5 $30,157.8
Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) $6,392.6 $6,699.5
Exploratory Grants Program $10,803.5 $10,669.0
Human Health Research $48,883.9 $52,988.6
Innovative Community Partnership Program $309.8 $4,841.5
Pollution Prevention Tools and Technologies $27,442.0 $19,469.3
Project XL $1,750.5 $1,791.6
Regional Geographic Program $11,989.8 $12,193.1
Regional Science and Technology $6,111.3 $7,156.8
Reinvention Programs, Development and Coordination $19,421.4 $21,351.5
Rent, Utilities and Securities $20,804.1 $16,591.9
Science Advisory Board $2,860.6 $2,674.0
STAR Fellowships Program $8,952.6 $10,089.9
Urban Environmental Quality and Human Health $0.0 $3,395.0
TOTAL $220,781.1  $233,027.3

90



Expanding Brownfields to Revitalize
Local Economies and Create Jobs

The 2001 budget request of
nearly $92 million for the Brownfields
initiative will continue to promote local
cleanup and redevelopment of industrial
sites, returning abandoned land to
productive use and bringing jobs to
blighted areas. This budget request
provides funding for technical assistance
and grants to communities for site
assessment, redevelopment planning,
and job training, as well as revolving
loan funds to finance cleanup efforts at
the local level. Through 2001, EPA will
have funded Brownfields site assessment
pilots in more than 350 communities.

Sound Science

Achieving maximum environ-
mental and health protections requires
employing the best methods, models,
tools, and approaches to implement a
very demanding environmental agenda.
This budget request includes $674
million to develop and apply sound
science to address both current and
future environmental challenges. The
budget request describes a balanced
research and development program
designed to meet the science challenges
of administering environmental
legislation such as the Clean Air Act
(CAA), the Safe Drinking Water Act
(SDWA), the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and  Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA), the Food Quality Protection
Act (FQPA), and others, and addressing
Administration and Agency priorities.

11

Strengthening Tribal Partnerships

This budget request includes $53
million for the Indian Environmental
General Assistance Program (GAP)
grants to allow virtually every tribe in
the United States to have one or more
people working in their community to
build a strong, sustainable environment
for the future. This request will support
vital work by assessing the status of a
tribe’s environmental condition and
developing the infrastructure for an
environmental program tailored to that
tribe’s needs. In addition to developing,
for example, the environmental ed-
ucation programs and solid waste
management plans needed in almost
every tribal community, a key role of
these personnel is to alert EPA of serious
conditions requiring attention in the near
term so that, in addition to assisting in
the building of tribal environmental
capacity, EPA can work with the tribe to
respond to immediate public health and
ecological threats.

Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)

The 2001 request includes $74.5
million to help meet the multiple
challenges of the implementation of the
Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of
1996 so that all Americans will continue
to enjoy one of the safest, most
abundant, and most affordable food
supplies in the world. FQPA focuses on
the registration of reduced risk pesticides
to provide an alternative to the older
versions on the market, and on
developing and delivering information
on alternative pesticides/techniques and
best pest control practices to pesticide
users. FQPA implements a "whole
farm" approach to pollution management




Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems |

Strategic Goal: Pollution prevention and risk management strategies aimed at cost-
effectively eliminating, reducing, or minimizing emissions and contamination will result
in cleaner and safer environments in which all Americans can reside, work, and enjoy
life. EPA will safeguard ecosystems and promote the health of natural communities that
are integral to the quality of life in this Nation.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousands)
FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2001-FY 2000
Enacted Request Delta

Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in $277,597.3 $301,046.3 $23,449.0

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Reduce Public and Ecosystem Exposure $51,892.2 $55,971.7 $4,079.5
Reduce Lead Poisoning $27,390.6 $28,213.9 $823.3
Safe Handling and Use of Commercial Chemicals $66,866.8 $70,983.3 $4,116.5
Healthier Indoor Air $39,915.5 $41,159.0 $1,243.5
Improve Pollution Prevention Strategies, Tools $23,649.5 $24,505.5 $856.0
Decrease Quantity and Toxicitiy of Waste $15,056.6 $16,016.6 $960.0
Assess Conditions in Indian Country $52,826.1 $64,196.3 $11,370.2
Total Workyears: 1,176.1 1,186.5 10.4
Under this Goal, EPA ensures
Means and Strategy: that pesticides and their application
methods do not present unreasonable
The diversity and fragility of tisk to human health, the environment,
America’s environments (communities, and ecosystems. In addition to the array
homes, workplaces and ecosystems) of risk-management measures entailed in
requires EPA to adopt a multi-faceted the registration authorities under the
approach to protecting the public from Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and
the threats posed by pesticide and toxic Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) for individual
chemicals. The underlying principle of pesticide ingredients, EPA has specific
the activities in this goal is the programs to foster worker and
application of pollution prevention, pesticide-user safety, ground-water
which is cheaper and smarter than costly protection, and the safe, effective use of
cleanup and remediation, as evidenced antimicrobial agents. These programs
with Superfund, the Resource work to ensure the comprehensive
Conservation and Recovery Act protection of the environment and
(RCRA), and polychlorinated biphenyls wildlife in general, endangered species
(PCB) cleanups. in particular, and to reduce the
contribution of pesticides to ecological
threats such as pollutant loading in select

45


developing and implementing
information standards and accountability
systems that will improve environmental
information within the Agency and the
information provided to the public. This
Office is focusing its work on reducing
information collection and reporting
burden; filling significant data gaps; and
providing integrated environmental and
public health information and statistics
to the public.

Research

The research program supports
this goal through the Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS) and the Risk
Assessment Forum (RAF). IRIS is an
EPA database of Agency consensus
health information on environmental
contaminants. The database is used
extensively by EPA, the states, and the
general public where consistent, reliable
toxicity information is needed for
credible risk assessments. In 2001, the
Agency has a goal of completing 21
chemical assessments and making them
available in IRIS. The Risk Assessment
Forum promotes Agency-wide
consensus on difficult and controversial
risk assessment issues and ensures that
this consensus is incorporated into
appropriate Agency risk assessment
guidance. In 2001, the RAF will be
developing technical papers to provide
initial guidance on difficult cumulative
risk assessment issues and a framework
for cumulative risk assessment to serve
as a foundation for the potential future
development of cumulative risk
assessment guidelines. These efforts
provide data/guidance to improve the
scientific basis for environmental
decision making.

76

| Expansion of Americans’ Right-to Know About Their |
Environment

Highlights:

The increasing public access to
electronic media offers unprecedented
opportunities for EPA to provide citizens
with the information necessary to effect
substantial environmental _improve-
ments. In support of this objective and
the President’s “Right-to-Know” goals,
EPA will continue to increase the
amount and quality of publicly available
information on environmental programs.
EPA also realizes that while it is
important to provide up-to-date, accurate
information, it must also ensure that the
public finds the information useful. The
Agency collects data in a variety of
systems, on diverse environmental
pollutants that impact land, air, water, as
well as data on potential health effects of
chemicals in food and manufactured
products. EPA is aggressively seeking
to integrate all relevant sources of data
and information to enhance  user-
friendliness for the non-technical user
and to support comprehensive
approaches to environmental protection.

In 2001, EPA will continue to
coordinate with the National Advisory
Council on Environmental Policy and
Technology (NACEPT) and its standing
committees to identify and foster new
environmental technologies. Other
activities include facilitating and
monitoring the Agency’s response to
NACEPT recommendations that are
accepted by the Administrator, and
managing statutorily-mandated advisory
committees dealing with the North
American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) implementation and U.S./
Mexico border issues. The advisory
committees are: the National Advisory
Committee/Governmental Advisory


an improved framework for decision-
making, increased ability to anticipate
and perhaps deter serious environmental
risks, and enhanced communication with
the public and other stakeholders.

The Agency also seeks to
develop and verify improved tools,
methodologies, and technologies for
modeling, measuring, characterizing,
preventing, controlling, and cleaning up
contaminants associated with high
priority human health and environmental
problems. In order to do this, EPA will
develop, evaluate, and deliver tech-
nologies and approaches that eliminate,
minimize, or control high risk pollutants
from multiple sectors. Emphasis will be
placed on preventive approaches for
industries and communities having
difficulty meeting control/emission/
effluent standards. The Agency is
accumulating data on performance and
costs of environmental pollution pre-
vention and control technologies which
will serve as a basis for EPA as well as
other organizations to evaluate and
compare effectiveness and costs of

technologies developed within and
outside the Agency.
EPA’s strategy for solving

environmental problems and improving
our system of environmental protection
includes developing, implementing and
institutionalizing new policy tools,
collaborative community-based and
sector-based strategies, and the capacity
to experiment and test innovative ideas
that result in better environmental
outcomes. In each area, EPA is looking
to advance the application of the
innovative tool or approach by

“Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems ;

85

broader

incorporation into our
environmental protection. For example,
EPA’s Permit Action Plan outlines a
broad strategy for building the next
generation of environmental permitting.

testing and
system of

promoting

This strategy will harmonize
requirements across media and will
make permitting more accessible to the
public and more flexible for facilities.

EPA’s community-based ap-
proach works to provide integrated
assessment tools and information and
direct assistance for environmental
protection in partnership with local,
state, and tribal governments. The work
focuses on building the capacity of
communities to work effectively at
identifying and solving environmental
issues in ways that support healthy local
economies and improved quality of life.

Sector strategies complement
current EPA activities by allowing the
Agency to approach issues more
holistically; tailor efforts to the
particular characteristics of each sector;
identify related groups of stakeholders
with interest in a set of issues; link
EPA’s efforts with those of other
agencies; and craft new approaches to
environmental protection. The exper-
ience gained in working with six
industry sectors on the Common Sense
Initiative provides the basis for moving
forward with sector-based approaches to
environmental protection.

Sustainable industry programs
serve as incubators and developers of
innovative approaches to environmental
policy-making, _ testing alternative



a United States Office Of EPA-205-S-00-001
@EPA Environmental Protection Chief Financial Officer February 2000
Agency (2732A)

Summary Of The 2001 Budget



ability to have performance-based
reporting, which will provide improved
information for environmental assess-
ment and decision-making.

Indian General Assistance Program
Grants

In 2001, the President’s Budget
requests a total of $52.6 million for the
Indian Environmental General Assist-
ance Program (GAP). This amount
represents an increase of $10 million
over 2000 to primarily significantly
increase the number of Federally
recognized tribes that have at least one
or two persons in their community to
build a strong sustainable environment
for the future. Tribes that already have
an environmental presence will be able
to develop more sustainable and
comprehensive core environmental pro-
grams.

Air and Radiation Program Grants

In 2001, the President’s Budget
requests a total of $222.9 million for Air
and Radiation Program grants to help
state and tribal governments address air
and radiation program requirements.
This amount represents an increase of
$5.0 million over 2000 to specifically
support state and regional planning on
tegional haze. Since 1999, when a rule
was issued addressing regional haze
problems, states have been working
through regional planning groups to
reduce haze pollution prevalent in many
of our national parks and wilderness

areas. These increased funds are
requested to strengthen state and
regional groups’ planning efforts to

111

develop control strategies to reduce
multi-state particulate matter pollution
problems.

Hazardous Waste Financial Assistance

In 2001, the President’s Budget
requests a total of $106.6 million for the
Hazardous Waste Financial Assistance
Program. An increase of $8.0 million is
requested to advance the pace of
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) corrective action clean-ups.
Through the RCRA clean-up reforms
initiative, states and stakeholder
involvement will be enhanced, imped-
iments to clean-up actions will be
reduced, and re-use of RCRA facilities
will be encouraged.


The mission of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to
protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment — air,
water, and land — upon which life depends. EPA’s purpose is to ensure
that:

¢@ All Americans are protected from
significant risks to human health and
the environment where they live,
learn, and work.

National efforts to reduce environ-
mental risk are based on the best
available scientific information.

@ Federal laws protecting human
health and the environment are
enforced fairly and effectively.

@ Environmental protection is an
integral consideration in U.S. pol-
icies concerning natural resources,
human health, economic growth,
energy, transportation, agriculture,
industry, and international trade, and
these factors are similarly considered
in establishing environmental policy.

All parts of society: communities,
individuals, business, state and local
governments, and tribal governments
have access to accurate information
sufficient to effectively participate in
managing human health and
environmental risks.

¢ Environmental protection contributes
to making our communities and
ecosystems diverse, sustainable, and
economically productive.

@ The United States plays a leadership
role in working with other nations to
protect the global environment.


112


potentially human health. This research
will facilitate the assessment of eco-
logical health of the nation’s waters,
providing water resource managers with
a tool for determining whether their
aquatic resources support healthy aquatic
communities. The Agency also will
develop cost effective technologies for
managing contaminated sediments with
an emphasis on identifying innovative in
situ solutions. EPA will continue to
develop diagnostic tools to evaluate the
exposures to toxic constituents of wet
weather flows, and develop and validate
effective watershed management
strategies for controlling wet weather
flows, especially when they are high
volume and toxic. This research will
also develop effective beach evaluation
tools necessary to make timely and
informed decisions on beach advisories
and closures.

Highlights:

So that all Americans have water
that is safe to drink, EPA will work to
ensure that 91 percent of the population
will continue to receive drinking water
from systems meeting all health-based
standards in effect as of 1994. The
Agency will also assist states in
implementing the requirements of the
Stage 1 Disinfection/Disinfection By-
products (D/DBP) Rule and the Interim
Enhanced Surface Water Treatment
Rule, as well as various other new rules
including radon, Unregulated Contam-
inant Monitoring (UCMR), and filter
backwash rules. EPA will also continue
to target resources for drinking water
rule-making, as mandated by the 1996
SDWA Amendments, and for risk
assessment and improved analytical
methods on potential contaminants

33

in the 1998 Contaminant

identified
Candidate List (CCL). EPA is also
using the 1998 CCL for determining
drinking water research priorities, in

addition to rule-making and data
collection priorities.
States are facing increasing

workloads to expeditiously develop, in
many cases consistent with Court-
ordered deadlines, critically-needed total
daily maximum loads (TMDLs) for their
impaired water bodies. To assist states
in addressing their TMDL needs, a
targeted increase in Section 106 grants
of $45 million is requested with a state
cost-share requirement of 40 percent of
project costs. These funds, coupled with
state flexibility to use up to 20 percent of
their increased Section 319 grants, and
other funding sources are intended to
provide sufficient resources to allow
States to meet their TMDL obligations
in 2001 based on the estimated cost of
EPA’s TMDL regulation proposed in
August 1999,

EPA is requesting a significant
new investment to restore water quality
in the Great Lakes. Under this $50
million initiative, EPA would compet-
itively award matching grants to state
and local governments to clean up
contaminated sediments, control storm-
water, restore wetlands, acquire
greenways and buffers, and control
polluted runoff. States or municipalities
would use the funds to address existing
“areas of concern” (AOCs) that were
defined in 1987 by the International
Joint Commission - a joint partnership
between the United States and Canada.
These funds would support restorative
and protective actions in the 31 AOCs
that fall wholly or partly in U.S. waters,


A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater _

voluntary compliance assistance and
incentive tools to ensure compliance
with regulatory requirements and reduce
adverse public health and environmental
problems. Because government
resources are limited, maximum
compliance requires the active efforts of
the regulated community to police itself.
EPA supports the regulated community
by assuring that requirements are clearly
understood and by helping industry find
cost-effective options to comply through
the use of pollution prevention and
innovative technology. EPA will
continue to investigate options for
encouraging self-directed audits and
disclosure; measure and evaluate the
effectiveness of Agency programs in
improving compliance rates; provide
information and compliance assistance
to the regulated community; and develop
innovative approaches to meeting
environmental standards through better
communication, cooperative approaches
and application of new technologies.

Highlights

Compliance Monitoring and Civil and
Criminal Enforcement

EPA will continue to support
deterrence and compliance activities by
devoting a vast majority of its
compliance monitoring resources for on-

site inspections and investigations
including monitoring, sampling and
emissions _ testing. In 2001, the

compliance monitoring program will
continue the cross-cutting, multi-media
initiatives begun in 1999 which make
full use of the Agency’s statutory
authorities.

92

The civil and criminal
enforcement program, in contributing to
EPA’s goal to protect public health and
the environment, targets its actions based
on health and environmental risk.
Further, the program aims to level the
economic playing field by ensuring that
violators do not realize an economic
benefit from non-compliance and seeks
to deter future violations. In 2001, the
Agency’s enforcement initiatives include
continued enforcement of regulated
sources contributing to beach and
shellfish area closings, in support of the
Clean Water Action Plan (CWAP),
enforcement of the lead paint rules, and
modernization of its data systems to
assist in targeting compliance and
enforcement efforts.

Compliance Incentives and Assistance

The Agency will continue to
support the regulated communities’
compliance with environmental
requirements through voluntary
compliance incentives and assistance
programs. In 2001, the compliance
incentives program will continue to
implement the policy on Incentives for
Self-Policing as a core element of the
enforcement and compliance assurance
program. In addition, the Agency will

provide information and _ technical
assistance to the regulated community
through the compliance assistance

program to increase its understanding of
all statutory or regulatory environmental
requirements, thereby reducing risk to
human health and the environment and
gaining measurable improvements in
compliance. The program will also
continue to develop strategies and


Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental

Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Research to Detect Emerging Risk Issues

In recent years, EPA has begun
moving beyond environmental
regulation to environmental protection in
its broadest sense, including anticipating
and preventing problems before they
mushroom into major concerns. In
2001, research will focus on improving
our understanding of the impact on
human health and the environment of
exposure to potential environmental
pollutants and developing approaches to
reduce human health and ecological
risks. This research will result in
accessible, common methodologies for
combined human health and ecological
tisk assessments, and sound approaches
for risk management so that decision-
makers will have the integrated view of
risk needed to make intelligent
decisions.

Pollution Prevention and New
Technology for Environmental
Protections

EPA supports pollution preven-
tion (P2) as a necessary and logical
strategy for dealing with high-risk
human health and _— environmental
problems that are addressed by Federal,
environmental, and health, and safety
regulations. P2 research will test the
ability of risk assessors and risk
managers to develop tools and
methodologies which are meaningful
and understandable to the public in terms
of the costs and benefits associated with
the magnitude of the risk that is
identified. In the area of new
technologies, the Agency also looks to
test the performance of commercial-

Environmental Problems

87

ready technologies through its Environ-
mental Technology Verification (ETV)
program. With broad support from
industry and other Federal partners, the
ETV program will continue to verify the
environmental performance  charac-
teristics of technologies in all media
(e.g., industrial pollution prevention,
recycling and waste treatment; field
monitoring technologies; and air
pollution control and greenhouse gas
reduction technologies) under its twelve
pilots. In 2001, the Agency will deliver
a report to Congress on the status and
effectiveness of the ETV program during
its first five years.

A comerstone of EPA’s ability to
collect, manage and provide access to
information is a strong commitment to
data quality, which is a key foundation
in the work of the Office of
Environmental Information. Building on
the initial work in EPA’s Data Quality
Action Plan, we will work to create a
more comprehensive and _ clear
understanding of data quality, and its
application to our environmental and
public health mission. Creating this
understanding will be an early focus of
the Office of Environmental Information
and it’s Quality Staff. We will use a
Quality Board which will have broad
responsibility for leadership, coor-
dination, and oversight of issues related
to quality. The Board, which will be
supported by a full-time staff, will serve
as the EPA focus for ensuring that data
quality policies are developed and
implemented in EPA programs and
applied throughout the life cycle of
information that EPA generates and
uses.


15


Strategic Goal: America’s wastes will be stored, treated, and disposed of in ways that
prevent harm to people and to the natural environment. EPA will work to clean up
previously polluted sites, restoring them to uses appropriate for surrounding
communities, and respond to and prevent waste-related or industrial accidents.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2001 - FY 2000

Enacted Request Delta
Better Waste Management, Restoration of $1,622,372.6 $1,679,847.6 $57,475.0
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency
Response
Reduce or Control Risks to Human Health $1,451,859.3 $1,500,675.5 $48,816.2
Prevent , Reduce and Respond to Releases, Spills,
Accidents or Emergencies $170,513.3 $179,172.1 $8,658.8
Total Workyears: 4,455.4 4,402.3 -53.1

Means and Strategy:

EPA and its partners will
continue their efforts to achieve this goal
by promoting better waste management,
cleaning up contaminated waste sites,
and preventing -waste-related or
industrial accidents. To date, EPA and
its partners have made significant
progress toward achieving its two
primary objectives that address human
health and the environment at thousands
of Superfund, Brownfield, Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA), underground storage tank
(UST), and oil sites. Brought together
by our common interest to protect our
health, environment, and _ livelihoods,
EPA and its partners have established an
effective structure to manage the
nation’s hazardous and solid wastes.

One of the objectives of this goal
is to reduce or control the risks posed to

57

human health and the environment
through better waste management and
restoration of abandoned waste sites. In
partnership with states, tribal
governments, the public, and other
stakeholders, EPA will reduce or control
the risks to human health and the
environment at thousands of Superfund,
Brownfield, RCRA, and UST sites.
EPA’s strategy is to apply the fastest,
most effective waste management and
cleanup methods available, while
involving affected communities in the
decision making process. The Agency
will employ enforcement efforts to
further assist in reducing risk to humans
from hazardous waste exposure.

To accomplish its Superfund
objectives, EPA works with states,
tribes, and other Federal agencies to
protect human health and the
environment and to restore sites to uses
appropriate for the nearby communities.

| Better Waste N nagement, Restoration of Contaminated _
| Waste Sites and Emergency Respo'



contracts. In addition, the Agency will
put increased emphasis on contract
oversight, including speeding up the
contract processes through fast-track
system enhancements and automation
efforts.

Audit, investigative, and
advisory services contribute to effective
management by facilitating the
accomplishment of the Agency’s
mission. Specifically, audits and
advisory services lead to improved
economy, efficiency, and effectiveness
in EPA business practices and assist in
the attainment of environmental goals.
Investigations detect and deter fraud and
other improprieties that undermine the
integrity of EPA programs and
resources.

Highlights:

Agency management provides
vision and leadership, and conducts
policy oversight for all Agency
programs. The effectiveness of EPA’s
management will determine, in large
measure, how successful we will be in
pursuit of the other goals identified in
the Agency’s annual plan. Sound
management principles, _ practices,
results-based planning and budgeting,
fiscal accountability, quality customer
service, rational policy guidance and
careful stewardship of our resources are
the foundation for everything EPA does
to advance the protection of human
health and the environment.

Tn keeping with our commitment
to protect children’s health, the Agency
will direct resources toward the
programs that will protect children from
a range of environmental hazards. In

99

2001, the Agency will focus on reducing
asthma through reduction and avoidance

of key asthma triggers, including
environmental tobacco smoke, prevalent
indoor allergens and ambient air
pollution. Childhood lead poisoning is
increasingly a problem that is occurring
in isolated pockets, such as low-income
minority neighborhoods, and areas of
older housing. Inspection and
enforcement can be targeted to address
these areas with the most vulnerable
children. EPA will focus inspection and
enforcement efforts in these targeted
communities since, outside of federally-
assisted and federally-owned housing,
there is no mandate for hazard
evaluation and control in approximately
3 million low-income units built before
1946. Disclosure should provide an
incentive for action; enforcement and
compliance assistance is needed to
ensure that the disclosure program works
to inform the residents of potential
hazards in these units. EPA will ensure
that its standards address the heightened
tisks faced by children and that all
covered regulations being revised or
developed in EPA address children’s
environmental health issues.

The Agency expects to achieve
cost effective investment in
environmental protection and public
health through responsible management,
increased analysis and accountability,
and high quality customer service. In
2001, EPA will build on its progress in
linking resources to environmental
results through goals-based _ fiscal
resources management. The Agency
will provide more useful cost accounting
information that will better inform
environmental decision making. EPA
will make continued progress in


intended to make all significant Agency
guidance, policy statements and site-
specific inter-pretations of the regulated
entities’ environmental management
practices electronically accessible to the
Regions, states, industry and the public.
In 2001, 90% of enforcement and
compliance policy and guidance will be
available on the Internet within thirty
days of issuance. EPA intends to add
summaries of all significant cases
available on the Internet by April 2001.
Further, by the end of 2001, all ten EPA
regional offices will have an
enforcement and compliance website.
EPA will continue to manage telephone
hotlines, disburse brochures and reports
via the National Service Center for
Environmental Publications (NSCEP),
respond to public inquiries and maintain
our national library networks to serve
those without personal computers.

The Agency will continue to
participate in the Environmental
Monitoring for Public Access and
Community Tracking (EMPACT)
program. A Presidential initiative begun
in 1998, EMPACT to date has set up
systems to provide real-time data to the
nations’ 86 largest metropolitan cities.
EPA is working with four EMPACT
cities to implement the Office of
Enforcement and Compliance
Assurance’s Clean Water Compliance
Watch in those cities. EPA will provide
reliable, accurate, and user-friendly
information in a time- relevant period to
the cities’ residents regarding the
environmental/public health condition in
the communities’ water bodies during
urban wet weather events and 24-hour

National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
wastewater non-compliance events

Environment

78

reported by the regulated entity. In
2001 the Agency will focus on the
technology transference of this project to
other EMPACT metropolitan cities.

The Agency’s environmental
justice program will help communities
access information to ensure that they do
not experience a disproportionate
amount of pollution. Since 1994, more
than 500 grants have been awarded to
community organizations. As a result of
these grant awards, community-based
organizations (i.e., grassroots groups,
churches, and other —_ nonprofit
organizations) have expanded citizen
involvement and given residents the
tools to learn more about exposure to
environmental harms and about
associated risks, and, consequently, to
protect their families and their
communities as they see fit. These small
grants have served as the “seed-money”
for empowerment of the residents of
these communities, allowing them to
speak for themselves and make their
own decisions. In 2001, the program
will continue to assist community-based

organizations through the community .

small grants program.

Under the Emergency Planning
and Community Right-To-Know Act
(EPCRA), EPA is committed to
expanding environmental _release
information gathered under the Toxic
Release Inventory (TRI). In 2001, EPA
will process 110,000 facility reports and
issue the TRI Public Data Release for
reporting year 1999. EPA will continue
to expand the use of the Internet for
delivering this information, and we are
making information available by zip
code and facility. Over the last ten

| Expansion of Americans’ Right-to Know About Their |
| }

J


Strategic Goal: The foods Americans eat will be free from unsafe pesticide residues.
Children especially will be protected from the health threats posed by pesticide residues,
because they are among the most vulnerable groups in our society.

Resource Summary
(dollars in thousands)

Safe Food
Reduce Agricultural Pesticides Risk

Reduce Use on Food of
Pesticides Not Meeting Standards

Total Workyears:

Means and Strategy

The Agency works toward a two-
fold strategy for accomplishing the
objectives of the Safe Food goal:

= encouraging the introduction of new,
reduced risk pesticide ingredients
(including new biological agents)
within the context of new pest
management practices; and

@ reducing the use of currently
registered pesticides with the highest
potential to cause adverse health
effects.

In 2001, the Agency will
accelerate the pace of new registrations
for pesticides that offer improved
prevention or risk reduction qualities
compared to those currently on the
market. Progressively replacing older,
higher-risk pesticides is one of the most
effective methods for curtailing adverse
while preserving food production rates.

FY 2000 FY 2001 2001 vs. 2000
$82,285.2 $86,056.S $3,771.3
$35,826.0 $39,057.3 $3,231.3
$46,459.2 $46,999.2 $540.0
701.0 T1118 10.8

The 2001 request also expands
efforts to evaluate existing tolerances for
currently registered pesticides to ensure
they meet the new Food Quality
Protection Act (FQPA) health standards.
This tolerance reassessment program
also screens and requires testing of
certain pesticides and chemicals to
evaluate their potential for disrupting
endocrine systems in animals or in
humans. The emphasis will be on
balancing the need for pesticides with
the risks of exposure, and allowing for
smooth transitions to safer pesticide
alternatives.

EPA uses its authority under
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and Federal
Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)
to systematically manage the risks of
such exposures by establishing legally
permissible food-borne exposure levels,
or tolerances. EPA manages the legal
use of pesticides, up to and including the
elimination of pesticides that present a

39


In 2001, EPA will continue its
program to educate the public about
childhood lead poisoning. These
activities are coordinated with other
Federal agencies such as HUD and
the Center for Disease Control (CDC),

as well as state, tribal and local

governments.

@ Safe Handling and Use of
Commercial Chemicals and
Microorganisms

Under TSCA, EPA identifies
and controls unreasonable _risks
associated with chemicals. In 1998, the

Vice-President called on EPA to launch
the Chemical Right-to-Know Initiative,
addressing a critical gap in the nation’s
knowledge about the health and
environmental hazards of high
production volume chemicals (HPVs).
EPA is working with industry to put
information about those chemicals into
the hands of the public, communities,
environmental groups, states and the
regions.

Another Agency priority is
implementation of the Endocrine
Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP).
The EDSP is based on the
recommendations of the Endocrine
Disruptor Screening and _ Testing
Advisory Committee (EDSTAC), which
provided advice and counsel to the
Agency on a strategy to screen and test
chemicals and pesticides that may cause
endocrine disruption in humans, fish,
and wildlife. In 1999, EPA began the
validation of EDSP screening test
protocols which will be completed in
2001. By 2005, EPA anticipates that all

Prev enting Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplac Ecosystems

51

high production volume chemicals will
be screened for endocrine disrupting
potential. The resulting priority
chemicals will be tested using the
approach and test methods developed
from recommendations of the EDSTAC.

In 2001, EPA will also continue
efforts in three important program areas:
existing chemicals; new chemicals; and
national program chemicals (including
lead, fibers, dioxin, PCBs, and mercury).
The Agency reviews chemicals already
in commerce, along with chemicals or
microorganisms before commercial-
ization (i.e., “new” chemicals) to
determine whether they can be handled
and used safely. Another key focus is
green chemistry, which identifies
opportunities for increasing the design,
development and use of inherently safer
or “greener” chemicals and chemical
processes. For those chemicals whose
significant risks are well established
(such as PCBs, asbestos, and dioxin),
reductions in use and releases are
important to reducing exposure of the
general population as well as sensitive
sub-populations. EPA’s PCB control
efforts will shift from enforcing PCB use
standards toward encouraging phase-out
of PCB electrical equipment, ensuring
proper waste disposal methods and
capacity, and fostering PCB site
cleanups. An Agency-wide dioxin
strategy will respond to the latest science
and address dioxin risk management in a
more comprehensive — cross-media
approach. EPA is also continuing work
on its Dioxin Exposure Initiative which
focuses on identifying and quantifying
the link between dioxin sources and the
general population exposure.


(dollars in millions)

Goal 1: Clean Air
Attain NAAQS for Ozone and PM
Reduce Emissions of Air Toxics

Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water
Safe Drinking Water, Fish and Recreational Waters
Conserve and Enhance Nation's Waters
Reduce Loadings and Air Deposition

Goal 3: Safe Food
Reduce Use on Food of Pesticides Not Meeting Standards

Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in
Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
Safe Handling and Use of Commercial Chemicals & Microorganisms

Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of
Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response
Reduce or Control Risks to Human Health
Prevent , Reduce and Respond to Releases, Spills,
Accidents or Emergencies

Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-border
Environmental Risks
Climate Change

Goal 7: Expansion of Americans’ Right to Know About
their Environment
Enhance Ability to Protect Public Health

Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of
Environmental Risk and Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems

Research for Ecosystem Assessment and Restoration

Research for Human Health Risk Assessment

Research to Detect Emerging Risk Issues

Pollution Prevention and New Technology for Environmental
Protections

Office of Research & Development
Climate Change Technology Initiative

Total

120

FY 2000
Enacted

$69.2
$18.1

$47.7
$30.6
$7.5

$8.1

$16.7

$47.7
$6.3

$20.6

$5.3

$111.6
$49.1
$37.5

$60.2
$536.3

$103.3

$639.6

FY 2001
Pres Bud

$73.8
$17.4

$48.9
$30.6
$6.4

$10.5

$18.2

$40.8
$6.9

$22.7

$5.9

$106.1
$53.4
$45.5

$42.8
$530.0
$227.3

$757.3


Goal 4: Preventing Pollution Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)
FY 2001

FY 2000 President's
Key Program Enacted Budget
Administrative Services $1,766.8 $1,871.3
Air, State, Local and Tribal Assistance Grants: Other Grants $8,158.0 $8,158.0
Children's Health $14,680.2 $15,056.7
Common Sense Initiative $379.5 $386.1
Design for the Environment $4,741.9 $4,946.9
Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program $5,988.5 $4,474.0
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program $0.0 $174.4
Existing Chemical Data, Screening, Testing and Management $20,394.5 $24,412.4
Grants to States for Lead Risk Reduction $13,712.2 $13,712.2
Indoor Air: Buildings $1,672.7 $1,693.4
Indoor Air: Homes $1,955.1 $3,388.5
Indoor Air: School $4,288.4 $5,120.9
Lead Risk Reduction Program $12,807.1 $13,573.2
National Program Chemicals (PCBs, Asbestos, Fibers and Dioxin) $5,753.6 $5,648.5
New Chemical Review $13,261.4 $13,697.6
Pesticide Applicator Certification and Training $9,391.2 $10,587.0
Pesticide Program Implementation Grant $13,114.6 $13,114.6
Pesticide Registration $11,346.3 $12,053.5
Pesticide Reregistration $4,517.3 $3,037.4
Pollution Prevention Incentive Grants to States $5,999.5 $5,999.5
Pollution Prevention Program $8,333.2 $8,534.4
RCRA State Grants $3,073.0 $3,073.0
Recycling $3,639.3 $3,880.5
Regional Management $62.3 $76.8
Rent, Utilities and Securities $3,858.3 $7,938.7
Source Reduction $1,950.9 $2,069.1
Tribal General Assistance Grants $42,628.4 $52,585.4
Waste Minimization $1,913.3 $1,966.5
TOTAL $219,387.5  $241,230.5

56



Preventing Pollution and Reducing in Communities, |
| Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

« Achieving Healthier Indoor Air

In 2001, the Indoor Environ-
ments program will continue to
emphasize children’s health with an
emphasis on implementing steps to
reduce the number of children affected
by asthma from indoor environmental
continue its education and outreach
activities which implement portions of
“Asthma and the Environment: An
Action Plan to Protect Children,” the
inter-agency plan developed under the
President’s Task Force On
Environmental Health Risks and Safety
Risks to Children. EPA’s activities are
directed at increasing the extent to which
children with asthma, parents/caregivers,
and schools understand and take action
on the links between the condition of
their indoor environments and asthma.
EPA works in close collaboration with
CDC and the National Institutes of
Health (NIH) to help ensure that each
organization is conducting discrete
activities that complement those being
conducted by other organizations. In
addition, the Agency will continue its
efforts to improve indoor air quality in
Tribal lands. While many of the issues
are the same, radon, Environmental
Tobacco Smoke (ETS), increasing
incidents of asthma, Agency efforts
often require a greater focus on capacity
building and sensitivity to customs and
culture.

«@ Decrease the Quantity and Toxicity
of Waste

Pollution prevention and waste
minimization require a comprehensive
effort of minimizing the quantity and
toxicity of waste generated by industries,

52

the government and individual citizens.
EPA’s role includes several specific
activities addressing industrial hazardous
waste and municipal and industrial solid
waste.

In the hazardous waste arena,
regulated under RCRA Subtitle C, the
RCRA program focuses on the most
persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic
(PBT) chemicals, consistent with the
national and international priority on
reducing the presence of PBTs in the
environment. In 2001, the Agency will
encourage and support implementation
activities to meet our GPRA
commitment of reducing PBT chemicals
in RCRA hazardous waste, thereby
decreasing human and environmental
exposure to toxic wastes. This will
include waste reuse and recycling efforts
which preserve natural resources and
enhancement of industry partnerships to
minimize hazardous wastes by building
on the tools and coordination activities
already established.

The Agency will continue
reducing the barriers to safe recycling of
hazardous waste through changes to
recycling regulatory standards, and
ongoing outreach to stakeholders to
explore additional options.

EPA is also a leader in reducing
generation of municipal and industrial
solid waste regulated under RCRA
Subtitle D and improving the recovery
and conservation of materials through
source reduction and recycling. With our
stakeholders, we have promoted
financing and technology opportunities
for recycling/reuse businesses. In 2001,
the Agency will serve as a catalyst for
innovative source reduction and



Goal 7: Right-to-Know Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)
FY 2001

FY 2000 President's
Key Program Enacted Budget
Administrative Services $2,024.7 $2,128.2
Congressional Projects $1,968.5 $2,173.3
Congressional/Legislative Analysis $3,119.0 $3,274.6
Direct Public Information and Assistance $4,248.9 $4,789.3
Drinking Water Consumer Awareness $1,537.2 $1,595.8
EMPACT $9,691.5 $11,089.6
Environmental Education $7,271.1 $9,390.7
GLOBE $1,000.0 $1,000.0
Integrated Information Initiative $866.7 $30,936.0
NACEPT Support $1,822.5 $2,166.7
NAFTA Implementation $507.2 $603.7
National Association Liaison $322.4 $337.4
Pesticide Registration $4,019.3 $4,446.1
Pesticide Reregistration $4,018.1 $4,446.1
Regional Management $254.3 $405.5
Regional Operations and Liaison $598.3 $613.5
Reinvention Programs, Development and Coordination $0.0 $2,152.5
Rent, Utilities and Securities $849.8 $878.5
SBREFA $777.3 $801.9
Small Business Ombudsman $1,120.3 $1,162.6
Small, Minority, Women-Owned Business Assistance $2,188.3 $2,367.4
System Modernization $13,692.9 $13,692.9
Toxic Release Inventory / Right-to-Know $17,671.8 $17,647.7
TOTAL $79,570.1 $118,100.0

81



A Credible Deterrent to Pollutio: |
| Compliance with the Law

Strategic Goal: EPA will ensure full compliance with laws intended to protect human
health and the environment.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousands)
FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2001 - FY 2000
Enacted Request Delta
A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and $372,755.6 $403,771.5 $31,015.9
Greater Compliance with the Law
Enforcement Tools to Reduce Non-Compliance $323,338.2 $351,306.7 $27,968.5
Increase Use of Auditing, Self-Policing Policies $49,417.4 $52,464.8 $3,047.4
Total Workyears: 2,570.8 2,572.7 19
Means and Strategy: impact of enforcement activities and
assist in targeting areas that pose risks to
Many of the environmental human health or the environment,

improvements in this country during the
past three decades can be attributed to a
strong set of environmental laws and
EPA’s aggressive enforcement of them.
Due to the breadth and diversity of
private, public, and federal facilities
regulated by EPA under various statutes,
the Agency needs to target its
enforcement and compliance assurance
activities strategically to address the
most significant risks to human health
and the environment and to ensure that
certain populations do not bear a
disproportionate environmental burden.
A strong enforcement program identifies
non-compliance problems, punishes
violators, strives to secure a level
economic playing field for law-abiding
companies, and deters future violations.
EPA’s continued enforcement efforts
will be strengthened through the
development of measures to assess the

91

display patterns of non-compliance and

include disproportionately exposed
populations.

State, tribal and local
governments bear much of the

responsibility for ensuring compliance,
and EPA works in partnership with them
and other Federal agencies to promote
environmental protection. Further, EPA
cooperates with other nations to enforce
and ensure environmental regulations
compliance. At the Federal level, EPA
addresses its responsibilities under the
National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA) by seeking remedies for
potentially adverse impacts of major
actions taken by EPA and other Federal
agencies.

The Agency’s enforcement and
compliance assurance program uses


| ~ Preventing Pollution Reducing Risk in Communities,
| _ __Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems |

geographic areas. Within this context,
EPA pursues a variety of field activities
at the regional, state and local levels,
including the promotion of pesticide
environmental stewardship. EPA is also
addressing emerging threats such as
endocrine disruptors by developing and
implementing new screening tech-
nologies to assess a chemical’s hormonal
activity. Finally, EPA promotes the use
of sensible Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) and the prevention of misuse in
the panoply of uses within both the
urban and rural environments.

Much remains to be done to
safeguard our Nation’s communities,
homes, workplaces and ecosystems.
Preventing pollution through regulatory,
voluntary, and partnership actions --
educating and changing the behavior of
our public -- is a sensible and effective
approach to sustainable development
while protecting our nation’s health.
Two groups with significant potential to
effect environmental change are industry
and academia and the Agency pursues a
number of these pollution prevention
programs with both of the these groups.
Likewise, improved understanding of the
risks to health from airborne toxic
chemicals indoors may strengthen our
ability to reduce residents’ exposure
through voluntary changes in behavior
and through potential ~— product
reformulation.

Preventing pollution through
partnerships is central to the
Administration’s Chemical Right-to-
Know initiative launched in 1998. This
initiative provides the public with
information on the basic health and
environmental effects of the 2,800
highest production volume (HPV)

46

chemicals in the U.S. Most residents
come into daily contact with many of
these chemicals, yet relatively little is
known about their potential impacts.
Getting basic hazard testing information
is the focus of a the “HPV Challenge
Program”, a voluntary program
recognizing industry’s contribution to
the public knowledge base on these
prevalent chemicals. More than 211
companies have committed to
voluntarily provide these test data for
more than 1,152 of the HPV chemicals,
a remarkable expression of partnership
between government and the private
sector. Risks to children is a particular
focus, and the Agency will supplement
the information from industry with
additional testing to identify and address
chemicals of concern for children’s
health.

Children’s health is also the
continuing focus of the multi-agency
initiative begun in 2000 to combat
asthma in children. Efforts in 2001 will
target reductions in the presence of
indoor triggers of asthma, such as
environmental tobacco smoke and
biological contaminants, by educating
the public about the disease and the steps
they can take to reduce the severity and
frequency of asthma attacks. Additional
voluntary work will be undertaken by
schools to empower their students to
manage their asthma symptoms better,
by school personnel to improve the
indoor environments of their schools,
and by health-care personnel to
incorporate education about managing
environmental asthma triggers into
asthma treatment plans for their patients.
Partnerships with non-profit environ-
mental and public health organizations
with a particular focus on children are


compliance with the mandates of the Safe
Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments.
Some non-state recipients, such as the
District of Columbia and the tribes, will
receive their DWSRF allocations in the form

of grants. The DWSRFs will be
self-sustaining in the long run and will
directly help offset the rising costs of
ensuring safe drinking water supplies and
assist small communities in meeting their
responsibilities. The Administration’s goal
for the DWSRF is for the fund to provide an
average of $500.0 million in annual
financial assistance.

Supporting Alaska Native Villages

The President’s Budget requests
$15.0 million for Alaska native villages for
the construction of wastewater and drinking
water facilities to address very serious
sanitation problems. EPA will continue to
work with the Department of Health and
Human Services’ Indian Health Service, the
State of Alaska, and local communities to
provide needed financial and technical
assistance.

Assisting Needy Communities

The President’s Budget requests
$13.0 million for the construction of
wastewater treatment facilities for Bristol
County, MA, and New Orleans, LA. Funds
are targeted to these areas because of special
circumstances including financial hardship
and unique sewer system problems.

Goal 6: Reducing Cross-border
Environmental Risks — U.S./Mexico
Border

The President’s Budget requests a
of $100.0 million for water
along the US/

total
infrastructure projects

116

Mexico Border - an increase of $50.0
million from 2000. The goal of this
program is to reduce the incidence of
waterbome diseases and enhance water
quality along the Mexico border. The
communities along both sides of the Border
are facing unusual human health and
environmental threats because of the lack of
adequate wastewater and drinking water
facilities. EPA’s U.S./Mexico Border
program provides funds to support the
planning, design and construction of high
priority water and wastewater treatment
projects along the U.S./Mexico Border and
for wastewater projects.


Cover photos courtesy of Steve Delaney and Vivian Daub


(dollars in millions)

$643 $665

1995

In 2001, the President’s Budget
requests a total of $1,069.0 million for
20 ‘categorical’ program grants for state
and tribal governments. This is an
increase of $184.0 million over 2000.
These grants are part of EPA’s
Operating Programs even though they
are funded in the State and Tribal
Assistance Grant (STAG) appropriation
account. EPA will continue to pursue its
strategy of building and supporting state,
local and tribal capacity to implement,
operate, and enforce the Nation’s
environmental laws. Most environ-
mental laws envision establishment of a
decentralized nationwide structure to
protect public health and _ the
environment. In this way, environ-
mental goals will ultimately be achieved
through the actions, programs, and
commitments of state, tribal and local
governments, organizations and citizens.

In 2001, EPA will continue to
give more flexibility to state and tribal
governments to manage their environ-

$645

1996

109

$1,069

$885

$380

1997 1998 1999 2000

mental programs as well as provide
technical and financial assistance. First,
EPA and its state and tribal partners will
continue implementing the National
Environmental Performance Partnership
System (NEPPS). NEPPS is designed to
allow states more flexibility to operate
their programs with less interference
from the Federal government, while
increasing emphasis on measuring and
reporting environmental improvements.
Second, Performance Partnership Grants
(PPGs) will continue to allow states and
tribes funding flexibility to combine
categorical program grants to address
environmental priorities.

HIGHLIGHTS:
Water Quality Grant Programs

In 2001, the President’s Budget
requests a total of $494.5 million for

water quality program grants to help
state and tribes implement their water


yields fall and plant and animal life is
threatened.

The United States is committed
to honoring the 1989 Montreal Protocol
Treaty by phasing out domestic pro-
duction of ozone-depleting substances
(ODSs). EPA’s role stems from the
Protocol and Title VI of the Clean Air
Act Amendments of 1990. EPA helps
other countries find suitable alternatives
to ODSs , informs the public about the
dangers of overexposure to UV
radiation, and uses pollution prevention
strategies to require the recycling of
ODSs and hydroflourocarbons.

Research

EPA is working to provide the
capability to assess the vulnerability of
human health and ecosystems to climate-
induced stressors at the regional scale,
and to assess mitigation and adaptation
strategies. Research into the con-
sequences of global change (particularly
climate change and climate variability)
on human health and ecosystems will
improve our understanding of the nature
and extent of global change. The
knowledge gained from these assess-
ments (e.g. the impacts climate change
could have on the spread of vector-borne
and water-borne disease, changes in
landscape cover and the migration of
plant and animal species, and changes in
farm productivity and food distribution),
will allow policy makers to find the most
appropriate, science-based solutions to
reduce greenhouse gasses and to reduce
significant risks to human health and
ecosystems posed by climate change.

69

Highlights:

EPA’s continued leadership is
necessary to build international co-
operation and technical capacity
essential in preventing harm to the
global environment and ecosystems we
share with other nations. In 2001, EPA
will use a variety of approaches to
prevent harm to the global environment
and ecosystems.

To reduce environmental and
human health risks along the U.S./
Mexico border, EPA is working with the
border states and Mexico to target the
quality of air, drinking water and
wastewater treatment and hazardous
waste management and disposal. Nine
working groups will address key issues
while working closely with state and
local agencies on both sides of the
border. EPA will also support the
financing and construction of water,
wastewater treatment and solid waste
facilities.

EPA, through the Great Lakes
National Program Office (GLNPO), will
coordinate implementation of the eco-
system approach in the Great Lakes by
its Federal, state, tribal and local
partners, fully implementing a “com-
munity-based” approach. GLNPO and
its partners will act consistently with
goals of a new Great Lakes Strategy and
the Agency’s Strategic Plan. EPA, states
and local communities will strategically
target reductions of critical pollutants
through Remedial Action Plans for
Areas of Concern and through Lakewide
Management Plans for Lakes Ontario,
Michigan, Superior, and Erie.

Recognizing that no
country can resolve the problem of

single


Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems
@ In 2001, divert an additional 1% (for
a cumulative total of 30% or 67
million tons) of municipal solid
waste from land filling and
combustion, and maintain per capita

generation of RCRA municipal solid
waste at 4.3 pounds per day.

55


104


Strategic Goal: All Americans will have drinking water that is clean and safe to drink.
Effective protection of America's rivers, lakes, wetlands, aquifers, and coastal and ocean
waters will sustain fish, plants, and wildlife, as well as recreational, subsistence, and
economic activities. Watersheds and their aquatic ecosystems will be restored and
protected to improve public health, enhance water quality, reduce flooding, and provide

habitat for wildlife.
Resource Summary
(dollars in thousands)

FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2001 -FY 2000

Enacted Request Delta
Clean and Safe Water $3,491,587.3 _$2,754,826.5 ~8736,760.8
Safe Drinking Water, Fish and Recreational Waters $1,189,400.4 —$1,099,270.9 -$90,129.5
Conserve and Enhance Nation's Waters $381,485.2 $438,783.0 $57,2978
Reduce Loadings and Air Deposition $1,920,701.7 —$1,216,772.6 -$703,929.1
Total Workyears: 2,722.8 2,672.7 -50.1
Means and Strategy: EPA will continue to implement

To achieve the nation’s clean and
safe water goals, EPA will implement
the watershed approach in carrying out
its statutory authorities under the Safe
Drinking Water Act Amendments of
1996 and the Clean Water Act.
Protecting watersheds involves partic-
ipation by a wide variety of stake-
holders, a comprehensive assessment of
the condition of the watershed, and
implementation of solutions based on the
assessment of conditions and stakeholder
input. Full involvement of stakeholders
at all levels of government, the regulated
community, and the public is funda-
mental to the watershed approach. The
watershed approach helps EPA, its
Federal partners, states, tribes, local
governments, and other stakeholders to
implement tailored solutions and
maximize the benefits gained from the
use of increasingly scarce resources.

29

the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Amendments of 1996 that chart a new
and challenging course for EPA, states,
tribes, and water suppliers. The central
provisions of the Amendments include:
1) improving the way that EPA sets
drinking water safety standards and
develops regulations that are based on
good science and data, prioritization of
effort, sound risk assessment, and
effective risk management; 2)
establishing new prevention approaches,
including provisions for operator
certification, capacity development, and
source water protection; 3) providing
better information to consumers,
including consumer confidence/right-to-
know reports; and 4)capitalizing and
managing the drinking water state
revolving fund (DWSRF) program to
assist public water systems in meeting
drinking water standards.


the Clean Air Act and promulgating
regulations if needed and appropriate.

@ Implementing the reformulated gasoline
program in areas of 17 states and the
District of Columbia.

@ Using the Clean Air Partnership Fund to
demonstrate smart, multi-pollutant strat-
egies that reduce air toxics and other
pollutants.

Carbon Monoxide, Lead, Nitrogen Oxide
and Sulfur Dioxide

For all NAAQS pollutants, we will
continue to redesignate areas to attainment
as they meet the standards, carry out the
regular review of the NAAQS using the
Most current science, and ensure the
maintenance of NAAQSs in areas that have
clean air. For the CO, SO2, NOx and lead
NAAQSs, there are some states that have
areas that cannot meet the standards because
of some particular, source-specific problem.
These sources are often high-profile and
critical to the local economy. We will work
cross-Agency to develop strategies that help
them to comply while being sensitive to
economic and other issues.

EPA has established a permitting
program, run by the states, for air emission
sources to bring all the regulatory
requirements of a plant into one unified
operating permit document. There are also
permit programs for preconstruction review
of facilities. EPA will continue to simplify
and streamline the rules and guidance in
implementing these programs to simplify
their use by the industrial sources.

25

Acid Rain

In 2001, Phase II of the Acid Rain
Program will be in its second year of
operation, affecting 2,000 industrial and
utility sources. The Program also intends to
launch a multi-year effort to re-engineer the
information technology support structure in
order to meet current and future needs,
including increased emissions reporting and
verification, and allowance trading activ-
ities.

Research

EPA’s Tropospheric ozone research
program is focused on developing
information, methods, models and assess-
ments to support implementation of the
current ozone NAAQS and the required
review of the standard every five years.
This research will produce an initial external
review draft of the ozone Air Quality
Criteria Document (AQCD) for public
comment and Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) review, which will
help guide State Implementation Plans
(SIPs) on the current NAAQS. In 2001, the
Particulate Matter Research Program will
complete the final PM AQCD, in addition to
completing data collection for a PM
longitudinal panel study. Efforts will also
focus on completing a report on health
effects of concentrated ambient PM in
healthy animals and humans, in asthmatic
and elderly humans, and in animal models of
asthma and respiratory infection. This new
information will help move the Agency
toward its objective of reducing Americans’
exposure to harmful particulate matter.

Air toxics research will provide
effects information, as well as the exposure,
source characterization, and other data to
quantify existing emissions, key pollutants,


108


Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2001
FY 2000 President's

Key Program Enacted Budget

Administrative Services $7,123.3 $7,549.4
Chesapeake Bay (CWAP) $20,308.9 $19,517.4
CWAP Related Research $2,646.9 $2,611.2
Drinking Water Implementation $29,668.5 $32,234.5
Drinking Water Regulations $33,230.5 $37,809.8
Effluent Guidelines (CWAP) $21,116.9 $23,610.1
EMPACT $125.0 $937.6
Great Lakes Cleanup Grants $0.0 $50,000.0
Great Lakes (CWAP) $3,263.7 $4,111.1
Gulf of Mexico (CWAP) $4,196.0 $4,019.5
Lake Champlain (CWAP) $2,187.3 $1,000.0
Long Island Sound (CWAP) $975.0 $500.0
Marine Pollution (CWAP) $7,580.0 $8,059.8
National Estuaries Program/Coastal Watersheds (CWAP) $18,029.2 $16,135.0
National Nonpoint Source Program Implementation (CWAP) $15,401.1 $16,944.3
NPDES Program (CWAP) $36,274.9 $41,592.0
Pacific Northwest (CWAP) $1,043.2 $1,064.8
Pfiesteria (CWAP) $100.0 $250.0
Project XL $220.5 $232.7
Regional Management $965.6 $1,117.2
Rent, Utilities and Securities $40,847.0 $45,304.8
Rural Water Technical Assistance $13,987.4 $688.0
Safe Drinking Water Research $47,367.6 $48,872.5
Source Water Protection (CWAP related) $10,302.3 $11,631.1
South Florida/Everglades (CWAP) $2,923.0 $2,938.4
State Nonpoint Source Grants (CWAP) $200,000.0 $250,000.0
State Pollution Control Grants (Section 106) (CWAP) $115,529.3 $160,529.3
State PWSS Grants $93,305.5 $93,305.5
State Underground Injection Control Grants $10,975.0 $10,975.0
State Water Quality Cooperative Agreements (CWAP) $19,000.0 $19,000.0
State Wetlands Program Grants (CWAP) $15,000.0 $15,000.0
UIC Program $9,594.9 $10,687.6
Water Infrastructure: Alaska Native Villages $30,000.0 $15,000.0
Water Infrastructure: Bristol County $2,000.0 $3,000.0
Water Infrastructure: CWSRF $1,345,421.3 $800,000.0
Water Infrastructure: DWSRF $820,000.0 $825,000.0
Water Infrastructure: New Orleans $3,800.0 $10,000.0
Water Quality Criteria and Standards (CWAP) $18,545.1 $22,765.0
Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment (CWAP) $9,762.6 $11,778.7
Watershed Research $7,481.8 $6,398.3
Wetlands (CWAP) $15,730.0 $17,315.2
TOTAL $3,036,029.3 $2,649,485.8

37



aspects of potentially responsible parties
(PRPs) at 70 percent of the new remedial
construction starts at non-Federal facility
Superfund sites on the National
Priorities List (NPL), and emphasize
fairness in the settlement process.
Where PRP negotiations fail, the Agency
will either pursue enforcement action to
compel PRP cleanup or use Trust Fund
dollars to remedy sites.

The 2001 President’s Budget
requests $150.0 million in mandatory
budget authority to pay for Orphan
shares at Superfund _ sites. The
Administration will support Superfund
legislative reforms that allow costs
attributable to identifiable but nonviable
parties at sites, and certain other
categories of costs, to be paid from the
Trust Fund in some cases where viable
PRPs are performing or paying for
cleanup under a settlement agreement.
In 1999, EPA made offers to compensate
settling parties, through forgiveness of
past costs and future oversight costs,
for orphan shares at all eligible remedial
design/remedial action and removal
sites.

Management and Support, other
Federal agencies, Research and
Development and Inspector General
form the remaining portion of the
Superfund 2001 President’s Budget
request. The President’s Budget
requests
workyears for management and support
activities. | These resources support
Agency-wide resource management and
control functions including: essential
infrastructure, contract administration,
financial accounting and other fiscal
operations. The President’s Budget
requests $151.8 million for our Federal

$138.1 million and 544.0 —

118

agency partners. The Agency works
with several other Federal agencies to
perform essential services in areas where

the Agency does not possess the
specialized expertise. The three largest
transfers from the Superfund program
are the Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry (ATSDR), National
Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences (NIEHS), and Department of
Justice (DOJ). The President’s Budget
also requests $47.6 million and 217.0
workyears transferred to Research and
Develop-ment for innovative cleanup
technology testing and the Inspector
General for program auditing.

LUST

The 2001 President’s Budget requests
$72.1 million and 81.9 workyears for the
Leaking Underground Storage Tank
(LUST) program. Approximately 85
percent of this will be used for state
cooperative agreements and support for
tribal cleanup. The Agency’s highest
priorities in the LUST program over the
next several years will be to address the
backlog of 168,900 cleanups (as of
September 1999), and to address LUST
sites that are difficult to remediate
because they are contaminated by
methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and
other oxygenates. In 2001 the Agency’s
goal is to complete 21,000 cleanups
under the supervision of EPA and its
State, local and tribal partners.


| Better Waste nagement, Restoration of Contaminated

Waste Sites and Emergency Response

responded to an average of 70 oil
spills and monitored 130 oil spill
cleanups in a typical year; and

¢ worked closely with states to prevent
or reduce risks from chemical
accidents.

In 2001, EPA will complete
construction at 75 Superfund sites and
will take action to address contamination
at 275 sites using removal authorities.
The Superfund enforcement program
will also obtain PRP commitments to
initiate work at 70% of construction
starts at non-Federal facility sites on the
NPL and to conduct or fund removals.

In 2001, the Superfund
redevelopment initiative will facilitate
the return of additional Superfund sites
to productive reuse. More than 170 sites
have already been brought back into
productive use and are generating
approximately 11,000 jobs and $255
million in annual income. The initiative
builds on administrative reforms to
explore future use opportunities with
local stakeholders before selecting a
cleanup remedy.

Enhancing the Agency’s current
ability to respond to a terrorist event is
an important element of the Agency’s
2001 Superfund request. Terrorist
threats could include _ biological,
chemical and radiological attacks on
populations in the United States. The
Agency is strengthening its  anti-
terrorism capabilities. The focus is on
improving the Agency’s response
capability, improving workforce safety,
and working effectively with our Federal
and local partners.

61

The Brownfields initiative
coordinates a federal approach to assist
our partners in better addressing
environmental site assessment and
cleanup. In 2001, the Agency will
provide additional funding and technical
support to 50 existing assessment
demonstration pilots. These pilots
provide states (including US.
territories), political subdivisions (in-
cluding cities, towns, and counties), and
federally recognized tribes with useful
information and new strategies for
promoting a unified approach to
environmental site assessment and
characterization, and redevelopment. In
addition, the Agency and its Federal
partners will select 10 new showcase
community pilots to serve as models to
demonstrate the benefits of interagency
cooperative efforts in addressing
environmental and economic issues
related to brownfields. Similar to the 16
showcase communities designated in
1998, the 10 new showcase communities
will capitalize on a multi-agency
partnership designed to provide a wide
range of support depending on the
particular needs of each community.

The Agency will also provide
funding to states for activities that are
part of brownfields site assessment
pilots. These activities include
facilitating communication among
brownfields pilots and with state
environmental authorities. In addition,
the Agency will provide funding for the
development and enhancement (or
augmentation) of state voluntary cleanup
programs. To further enhance a
community’s capacity to respond to
brownfields redevelopment, the Agency
will also make 70 awards to capitalize
brownfields cleanup revolving loan


localities, and tribal governments to protect
the nation’s water resources by providing
funds for the construction of drinking water
and wastewater treatment facilities. The
SRFs are two of the Agency’s premier tools
for building the financial capacity of our
partners.

Capitalizing the CWSRF

As part of the President’s environ-
mental initiatives, the Administration will
continue to capitalize the CWSRF. Through
this program, the federal government
provides financial assistance for wastewater
and other water projects, including nonpoint
sources, estuaries, stormwater, and
combined sewer overflows. Water
infrastructure projects contribute to direct
ecosystem improvements by lowering the
amount of nutrients and toxic pollutants in
all types of surface waters.

This budget request includes $800
million for the Clean Water State Revolving
Fund (CWSRF). This investment keeps
EPA on track with our commitment to meet
the goal for the CWSRF to provide an
average of $2.0 billion in annual financial
assistance. Indeed, the President’s Budget
calls for cumulative additional capitalization
of $3.2 billion in fiscal years 2002-2005,
which will enable the program to exceed the
Administration commitment. Over $17
billion has already been provided to
capitalize the CWSRF, more than twice the
original Clean Water Act authorized level of
$8.4 billion. Total SRF funds available for
loans since 1987, reflecting loan
repayments, state match dollars, and other
sources of funding, are approximately $30
billion, of which $26 billion having been
provided to communities as financial
assistance ($4.2 billion was available for
loans as of June 1999).

115

Using the CWSRF to Address the Highest
Priority Threats to our Waters

Pollution from nonpoint sources is
the largest cause of water pollution. In order
to better address the Nation’s most pressing
water quality problems, the Federal
government needs to provide incentives to
encourage more SRF resources to high
priority non-point projects.

In the Clean Water Action Plan
(CWAP), EPA committed to continue its
work with states to increase the number and
dollar amount of loans made through the
CWSRF for priority projects to prevent
polluted runoff. In 2001, the Agency is
proposing to allow states the option to
reserve up to 19 percent of their annual
CWSRF capitalization grants to provide
grant funding for implementation of non-
point source and estuary management
projects. Projects receiving grants assist-
ance must, to the maximum extent
practicable, rank highest on the state’s list of
prioritized projects eligible for funding
assistance. Grants may also be combined
with loans for eligible projects to help
communities which might otherwise find
loans unaffordable.

Appropriations language is also
proposed in the President’s Budget for an
increase to the tribal share of the CWSRF
from 0.5 to 1.5 percent.

Capitalizing the DWSRF

In 2001, the President is requesting
$825.0 million for the DWSRF, which is an
increase of $5.0 million over 2000. Through
the DWSRF program, states will provide
loans to finance improvements to
community water systems and to restructure
small systems so that they can achieve


| Expansion of Americans’ Right-to Know About Their
| Environment

years, there has been a_ significant
decrease in the amount of toxic materials
released into the environment, according
to TRI reporting by facilities.

In October 1999, EPA finalized a
tule to lower the TRI reporting threshold
for certain persistent bioaccumulative
toxics (PBT) chemicals and to add other
PBT chemicals to the section 313 list of
toxic chemicals reported under TRI.
PBT chemicals are of particular concen
not only because they are toxic but also
because they may remain in the
environment for a long period of time,
are not readily destroyed, and may build
up or accumulate in plant, animal tissue,
and in cases involving mercury,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and
lead, human tissue. Currently, facilities
that manufacture or process less then
25,000 pounds or otherwise use less than
10,000 pounds of a listed chemical do
not need to report releases. Lowering
these thresholds for PBTs will assure
that we get reporting on a larger fraction
of the releases of these chemicals. In
August 1999, EPA proposed a rule to
lower the threshold for reporting lead
releases to TRI. Lead remains in the
environment for long periods of time
and, at high levels, is toxic to humans.
Currently, facilities are not required to
report their lead and lead compound
releases unless they manufacture or
process more than 25,000 pounds or use
more than 10,000 pounds. Under the
proposed rule, the reporting threshold
would be lowered to 10 pounds. This
would substantially increase TRI
reporting by industry by about 1,390
facilities or about 15,000 reports.

79

EPA will ensure that small,
minority and women-owned businesses
receive a “fair share” of Agency
procurement dollars. This “fair share”
may be received either directly or
indirectly through EPA grants, contracts,
cooperative agreements, or interagency
agreements. Pursuant to P.L. 102-389,
the Agency has a national goal of 8%
utilization of minority and women- -
owned businesses in the total value of
Agency procurements and financial
assistance agreements. This activity will
enhance the ability of small, minority
and women-owned businesses to
participate in the Agency’s objective to
protect public health.

Research

In 2001, the Agency will provide
guidance for risk assessment to improve
the scientific basis for decision making.
To achieve this goal, the Agency’s Risk
Assessment Forum will focus in three
areas: cumulative risk assessment,
ecological risk assessment, and risk
assessments for children. Efforts will
result in technical guidance on the
identification of appropriate age
groupings for exposure assessments for
children, technical issue papers, and a
framework for preparing cumulative risk
assessments. The Agency will also
collect, manage, and present environ-
mental information for the benefit of the
Agency and the public in order to
enhance the availability and utility of
data, information, and tools for decision
making. To that end, the Agency will
develop new and/or update Agency
consensus human health assessments of
21 environmental substances of high
priority to EPA and make them publicly
available on IRIS.


P Clean Water

also continue reorienting its point source
programs towards a watershed focus.

The CWSRF is a_ significant
financial tool for achieving clean and
safe water and for helping to meet the
significant needs for wastewater
infrastructure over the next 20 years. All
50 states and U.S. territories have
benefitted from this and other
wastewater funding. This budget request
includes $800 million for the Clean
Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF).
This investment keeps EPA on track
with our commitment to meet the goal
for the CWSRF to provide an average of
$2.0 billion in annual financial
assistance. Indeed, the President’s
Budget calls for cumulative additional
capitalization of $3.2 billion in fiscal
years 2002-2005, which will enable the
program to exceed the Administration
commitment. Over $17 billion has
already been provided to capitalize the
CWSRF, more than twice the original
Clean Water Act authorized level of $8.4
billion. Total SRF funds available for

loans since 1987, reflecting loan
repayments, state match dollars, and
other sources of funding, are

approximately $30 billion, of which $26
billion having been provided to
communities as financial assistance
($4.2 billion was available for loans as
of June 1999).

To further support the objectives
of the Clean Water Action Plan, the
Agency proposes for 2001 to allow
states to reserve up to an amount equal
to 19% of their CWSRF capitalization
grants to provide grants of no more than
60% of the costs of implementing
eligible nonpoint source and estuary
management projects. Projects receiving

31

grant assistance must, to the maximum
extent practicable, rank highest on the
state’s list used to prioritize projects
eligible for assistance. States may make
these grants using either a portion of
their capitalization grant itself, or using
other funds in their state revolving fund
(e.g, state match, repayments, bond
proceeds). Grants may also be com-
bined with loans for eligible projects for
communities which might otherwise find
loans unaffordable.

EPA is assisting states and tribes
to characterize risks, rank priorities, and
implement a mix of voluntary and
regulatory approaches through improved
state nonpoint source management
programs. Working with EPA, states
and tribes are strengthening their
nonpoint source programs to ensure that
needed nonpoint source controls are
implemented to achieve and maintain
beneficial uses of water. States will
continue to implement coastal nonpoint
source programs approved by EPA and
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration under the Coastal Zone
Act Reauthorization Amendments, and
to work with the U.S. Department of
Agriculture to promote implementation
of Farm Bill programs consistent with
state nonpoint source management needs
and priorities. EPA will also provide
tools to states to assess and strengthen
controls on air deposition sources of
nitrogen, mercury, and other toxics.

With respect to wetlands, EPA
will work with Federal, state, tribal,
local, and private sector partners on
protection and community-based restor-
ation of wetlands, and with its Federal
partners to avoid, minimize, and
compensate for wetland losses through


Strategic Goal:

EPA will establish a management infrastructure that will set and
implement the highest quality standards for effective internal management and fiscal
responsibility.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousands)
FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2001 - FY 2000
Enacted Request Delta
Effective Management $447,231.0 $464,598.9 $17,367.9 .
Executive Leadership $33,547.1 $37,066.7 $3,519.6
Management Services, Administrative, and $
Stewardship $198,776.4 $220,125.2 21,348.8
Building Operations, Utilities and New
Construction $171,375.0 $161,518.1 -$9,856.9
Provide Audit and Investigative
Products and Services $43,532.5 $45,888.9 $2,356.4
Total Workyears: 2,228.4 2,256.2 278
Means and Strategy: ¢ Ensuring a high level of integrity and

The Agency will continue to provide
vision and leadership as well as direction
and policy oversight for all its programs
and partnerships. In doing so, EPA’s
strategy will focus on:

@ Recognizing the special vulnerability
of children to environmental risks
and facilitating the intensified
commitment to protect children’s
health;

@ Preparing EPA for future challenges
by building the skills of its
workforce and fostering diversity;

@ Building and managing safe and
healthy workplaces;

97

accountability in the management of
grants and contracts;

¢@ Encouraging testing and adopting
innovative tools and technologies to
achieve better protection of human
health and the environment at less
cost;

¢ Changing the way we do business by
working collaboratively with
stakeholders, cutting red tape and
finding ways to work smarter and
more efficiently, and managing for
better results; and

« Performing independent evaluations
of Agency programs.

The Agency will continue its
commitment to protect children’s health


and will help farmers transition - without
disrupting production - to safer sub-
stitutes and alternative farming practices.
Expanded support for tolerance
reassessments will reduce the risks to
public health from older pesticides.
Reassessing existing tolerances ensures
food safety, especially for infants and
children and ensures that all pesticides
registered for use meet the most current
health standards. This budget request
also enhances FQPA-related science
through scientific assessments of
cumulative risk, including funds for
validation of testing components of the
Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program.

Summary

The Environmental Protection
Agency’s 2001 Annual Plan and Budget
Request supports innovative, common-
sense, cost-effective programs to ensure
a healthy environment and healthy

communities for the 218t Century. To
accomplish our mission, we will
continue to strengthen our partnerships
with states, tribes, local communities,
and other stakeholders. This budget
request builds on the environmental
progress of the Administration, and
provides the American public with the
environmental and health protections
they need and deserve.

12


]

Expansion of Americans’ Right-to Know About Their
; Environment |

2001 Annual Performance Goals:

¢ In 2001, ensure that EPA’s policies,
programs and activities address
disproportionately exposed and
under-represented population issues
so that no segment suffers
disproportionately from adverse
health and environmental effects.

@ In 2001, improve public access to
compliance and enforcement
documents and data through
multimedia data integration projects
and other studies, analyses and
communication/outreach activities.

@ In 2001, provide guidance for risk
assessment to improve the scientific
basis of environmental decision
making.

@ In 2001, process all submitted
facility chemical release reports;
publish annual summary of TRI data;
provide improved information to the
public about TRI chemicals; and
maximize public access to TRI
information.

80


Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

regulatory and programmatic approaches
through regional projects, and multi-
stakeholder processes.

Project XL provides regulated
entities a gateway to work with EPA, its
co-regulators, and other stakeholders to
develop and implement alternative
environmental management strategies
that achieve superior environmental
performance in exchange for regulatory
flexibility. These initiatives offer a
balance between the uncertainty in
testing promising new approaches and
safeguards to ensure the protection of
human health and the environment.
These pilots, if successful, will be
integrated into our system of
environmental protection. Sector-based
and facility-based approaches will offer
valuable supplements to traditional
media-specific environmental policy
and, along with place-based and
pollutant-based approaches, offer a
menu of solutions to environmental
issues.

Highlights:

Research for Ecosystem Assessment and
Restoration

In order to balance the growth of
human activity and the need to protect
the environment, it is important to
understand the current condition of
ecosystems, what stressors are changing
that condition, what are the effects of
those changes, and what can be done to
prevent, mitigate, or adapt to those
changes. By the end of 2001, EPA will
establish baseline conditions from which
changes, and ultimately trends, in the

86

ecological condition of the Nation’s
estuaries can be confidently doc-
umented, and from which the results of.
environmental management policies can.
be evaluated at regional scales. As part
of this effort, EPA will issue a report
describing the condition of the Nation’s
estuaries. This report will provide EPA
with information needed to determine
existing conditions and to develop
baseline information from which we can
demonstrate the success of watershed
management policies.

Research for Human Health Risk
Assessment

An important aim of human
health research in 2001 will be
development of initial measurements,
methods and models to evaluate
exposures and effects of environmental
contaminants, particularly in children.
The Agency will continue to support a
children’s research program specifically
targeted to address major areas of
uncertainty and susceptibility. An
important element of the program is the
children’s research centers. These nine
university-based research centers
explore a range of children’s risk issues,
including childhood asthma and
development disorders. Other children’s
research focus on data gaps and
endocrine disruptors. A major product
of this research in 2001 will be guidance
on improving pharmacokinetic model
usage for children. The research
undertaken in this goal supports the
ongoing efforts of the Interagency
President’s Task Force on Environ-
mental Health Risks and Safety Risks to
Children.


Clean Water State Revolving Fund

This budget request includes
$800 million for the Clean Water State
Revolving Fund (CWSRF). This
investment keeps EPA on track with our
commitment to meet the goal for the
CWSRF to provide an average of $2.0
billion in annual financial assistance.
Indeed, the President’s Budget calls for
cumulative additional capitalization of
$3.2 billion in fiscal years 2002-2005,
which will enable the program to exceed
the Administration commitment. Over
$17 billion has already been provided to
capitalize the CWSRF, more than twice
the original Clean Water Act authorized
level of $8.4 billion. Total SRF funds
available for loans since 1987, reflecting
loan repayments, state match dollars,
and other sources of funding, are
approximately $30 billion, of which $26
billion having been provided to
communities as financial assistance
($4.2 billion was available for loans as
of June 1999).

Drinking Water State Revolving Fund

The Drinking Water State
Revolving Fund (DWSRF) request of
$825 million keeps the Administration
on track to provide an average of $500
million a year to states and tribes to
modernize drinking water systems.

U.S./Mexico Border

This request includes $100
million for water and wastewater
projects along the U.S./Mexico Border.
With these resources, the Agency
provides grant assistance to address the
environmental and public health
problems associated with untreated

industrial and municipal sewage on the
border.

Legislative Proposals

This budget request includes
three legislative proposals that would
provide states with flexibility in
operating their CWSRFs, as well as
demonstrating the Admin-istration’s
longstanding commitment to protect
public health and the environ-ment on
tribal lands.

@ 19% Set-Aside. The Agency pro-
poses to allow states to reserve up to
19% of their CWSRF capitalization
grants to address polluted runoff
through grants of no more than 60%
of the costs of implementing
nonpoint source and _— estuary
management projects. This set-aside
will provide states with flexibility to
help address the leading cause of
water pollution -- polluted runoff.

¢ Tribal Wastewater Grants. To
improve public health and water
quality in Indian Country, the
Agency proposes to increase the
percentage of CWSRF funds
reserved for wastewater grants to
tribes from 0.5 percent to 1.5 percent
for 2001 and beyond. This will
substantially increase the amount of
funds available to tribes for
wastewater treatment project grants.

¢ Tribal Nonpoint Source Grants. In
this budget request, the Agency is
proposing to permanently eliminate
the statutory one-third of one percent
cap on Clean Water Act Section 319
Nonpoint Source Pollution grants
that may be awarded to tribes.


continued protection of public health.

The State and Tribal Assistance
Grants (STAG) Appropriation provides
financial assistance to states, municipalities
and tribal governments to fund a variety of
drinking water, water, and wastewater
infrastructure projects. These funds are
essential to fulfill the federal government’s
commitment to help our state, tribal and
local partners obtain adequate funding to
construct the facilities required to comply
with federal environmental requirements.
States and localities rely on a variety of
revenue sources to finance their environ-
mental programs and to pay for the facilities
needed to keep the water clean and safe
from harmful contaminants.

Providing STAG funds through State
Revolving Fund (SRF) programs, EPA
works in partnership with the states to
provide low-cost loans to municipalities for
infrastructure construction. SRF funds are
also provided as grants to tribal governments
to help them address their water, drinking
water, and wastewater needs. Special Needs
projects also provide focused wastewater
grant assistance to local areas facing
extraordinary needs.

The President’s Budget requests a
total of $1,753.0 million in 2001 for EPA’s
Water Infrastructure programs, a decrease of
$807.8 million from 2000. Of the total
water infrastructure request, $1,653.0
million will support EPA’s Goal 2: Clean
and Safe Water, and $100.0 million will
support EPA’s Goal 6: Reduction of Global
and Cross-border Environmental Risks. The
$807.8 million decrease is the net result of a
$540.4 million reduction in the Clean Water
State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) and
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund
(DWSRF) programs, a $309.5 million

114

reduction in 2000 Congressional earmarks, a
net $7.8 million decrease for Special Needs
projects, including $15.0 million for water
and wastewater projects for Alaska native
villages and a $50.0 million increase for the
U.S./Mexico Border Fund.

The resources requested in this
budget will enable the Agency, in
conjunction with EPA’s state, local, and
Tribal partners, to achieve several important
goals for 2001. Some of these goals
include:

- Maintain the percent (91) of the
population served by community
drinking water systems that will
receive drinking water meeting all
health-based standards that were in
effect as of 1994. This represents an
increase, up from 83% in 1994;

- 500 projects funded by the Clean
Water SRF will initiate operations,
including 300 projects providing
secondary treatment, advanced treat-
ment, Combined Sewer Operation
correction (treatment), and/or storm
water treatment. Cumulatively,
6,200 State Revolving Fund funded
projects will have initiated oper-
ations since program inception.

Goal 2: Enhancing Human Health
through Clean and Safe Water

Capitalizing Clean Water and Drinking
Water State Revolving Funds

The Clean Water and Drinking
Water State Revolving Fund programs
demonstrate a true partnership between
states, localities, and the federal
government. These programs provide
Federal financial assistance to states,


Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

priorities, court orders and legislative
mandates. EPA’s research program will
increase our understanding of environ-
mental processes and our capability to
assess environmental risks — not only to
human health, but also to ecosystems.

In the, area of ecosystem
protection research, EPA will strive to
establish baseline conditions from which
changes, and ultimately trends, in the
ecological condition of the Nation’s
estuaries can be confidently
documented, and from which the results
of environmental management policies
can be evaluated at regional scales.
Currently, there is a patchwork of
monitoring underway in the estuaries of
the US. Due to differences in
objectives, methods, monitoring designs
and needs, these data cannot be
combined to estimate, with known
confidence, the magnitude or extent of
improvement or degradation regionally
or nationally in this economically critical

resource. Therefore, the ability to
demonstrate success or failure of
increasingly flexible watershed

management policies, regionally and
nationally, is also not possible. By the
end of 2001, the methods, designs and
summary of existing monitoring
programs will be in place to develop the
baseline required to address these
weaknesses. This work is an important
step toward providing the scientific
understanding to measure, model,
maintain, or restore, at multiple scales,
the integrity and sustainability of
ecosystems.

In order to improve the scientific
basis to identify, characterize, assess,

84

and manage environmental exposures
that pose the greatest health risks to the
American public, EPA is committed to
developing and verifying innovative
methods and models for assessing the
susceptibilities of populations to
environmental agents, aimed at en-
hancing current risk assessment and
management strategies and guidance.
The Agency will develop initial
measurements, methods, and models to
evaluate exposures and effects of
environmental contaminants, particularly
in children. Many of the current human
health risk assessment methods, models,
and data bases are based on environ-
mental risks for adults. The goal of this
research is to address the risks of
environmental contaminants in children.
This information will be useful in
determining whether children are more
susceptible to environmental risks than
adults and how to assess risks to
children.

EPA’s leadership role in
environmental protection requires a
continuing, vigilant search for emerging
issues to protect both human and
ecosystem health. The Agency will
continue to strive to establish research
capability and mechanisms to anticipate
and identify environmental or other
changes that may portend future risk.
EPA is currently attempting to focus
some of its planning processes and
research more expansively on the future.
EPA is currently investigating with the
help of the National Academy for Public
Administration (NAPA) a number of
futures methodologies for their potential
use in strategic, multi-year, and annual
planning efforts. Benefits will include


pollution control programs. This amount
represents a total increase of $145.0
million over 2000 for three specific
initiatives:

¢@ Great Lakes Grant Program

A new initiative in the amount of
$ 50 million is requested to increase the
pace of achieving cleanups and restoring
the Nation’s Great Lakes. Funds will
support matching grants (with the
Federal share not to exceed 60 percent of
project costs) to state and local
governments to implement a variety of
activities including cleanup of
contaminated sediments, storm water
controls, wetlands restoration, acqui-
sition of green ways and buffers, and
other polluted runoff control measures in
designated “areas of concern.”

¢@ Water Pollution Control Grants

A $45 million increase is
requested for section 106 water quality
program management grants targeted
specifically to help states develop Total
Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for
their impaired waterbodies. These
TMDL allocations will serve as the basis
for comprehensive implementation plans
that integrate both point and nonpoint
source controls to achieve water quality
objectives. States would be required to
provide at least 40 percent of state
TMDL program costs.

@ Nonpoint Source Grants

A $50 million increase is
requested for non-point source (Section
319) grants. This will enable states with
approved, upgraded nonpoint source
programs to receive additional funding

110

to implement Water Restoration Action
Strategies. These strategies are response
plans for waters not meeting Clean
Water Act requirements.

Elimination of Tribal Cap on
Non-Point Sources

In 2001, the President’s Budget
is proposing to permanently eliminate
the stautory one-third-of-one-percent cap
on Clean Water Act Section 319
Nonpoint Source Pollution grants that
may be awarded to tribes. Tribes
applying for and receiving Section 319
grants have steadily increased from two
in 1991 to 11 in 1999. Twenty-two
tribes have met the _ eligibility
Tequirements to receive Section 319
grants. This proposal recognizes the
increasing demand on the limited pool of
Section 319 grant funds for tribal
nonpoint source program needs.

Information Integration Initiative

In 2001, the President’s Budget
Tequests $16.0 million to help establish
an integrated environmental information
system. This initiative will provide a
fundamentally new approach to
management of environmental data and
information. Building on work already
begun in several states, EPA would
work with our State partners and the
private marketplace to build a single,
integrated multi-media information
system that would reduce the burden of
environmental reporting, while
providing the highest quality of
environmental data at the national level.
The majority of the requested funds
would go to the states to advance the
development of this system. The new
approach will also accelerate EPA's


Goal 9: Credible Deterrent Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)
FY 2001

FY 2000 President's
Key Program Enacted Budget
Administrative Services $5,144.2 $5,444.6
Civil Enforcement $82,350.9 $92,090.1
Civil Enforcement - CWAP/AFO Related $935.6 $1,008.6
Common Sense Initiative $448.6 $471.8
Compliance Assistance and Centers $22,549.7 $23,711.8
Compliance Incentives $5,195.7 $5,679.1
Compliance Monitoring $56,404.2 $67,519.5
Criminal Enforcement $37,128.8 $41,530.2
Enforcement Training $5,705.4 $5,728.2
NEPA Implementation $9,901.4 $10,711.9
Project XL $2,635.4 $2,880.0
RCRA State Grants $43,222.7 $43,222.7
Regional Management $1,058.8 $1,101.7
Rent, Utilities and Securities $38,719.6 $44,878.2
State Pesticides Enforcement Grants $19,911.6 $19,911.6
State Toxics Enforcement Grants $7,364.2 $7,364.2
TOTAL $338,676.8 $373,254.2

95



~ Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminate
Waste Sites and Emergency Response

metals, acid gases and particulate matter
from these sources. These efforts will
further reduce the indirect exposure
(primarily through the food chain) to
hazardous constituents in emissions,
especially to children. Phase I
implementation efforts accelerate in
2001 and focus on the transition from
RCRA to CAA air emissions permitting
and tracking of facility progress. In
2000, EPA will initiate work on Phase II
MACT standards for hazardous waste
burning boilers. In 2001, the Agency
will continue efforts to pursue
development of the Phase II rule. Like
Phase I, the Phase II rule will address
emissions of dioxins, furans, heavy
metals, and particulate matter.

In 2001, the Agency will work
with states and industry to complete the
development of voluntary guidelines for
industrial non-hazardous waste
management. These voluntary guide-
lines address a range of issues including
groundwater contamination, air
emissions, and alternatives to waste
disposal. Although the states implement
the municipal solid waste (MSW)
landfill regulatory programs, the Agency
establishes minimum national standards
for state compliance. The Agency also
reviews and approves state MSW
landfill permit programs. The Agency
will continue to work with states to
ensure that facilities have approved
controls in place to prevent dangerous
releases to air, soil, groundwater and
surface water. These activities will
provide a uniform application of
minimal safe management standards to
help ensure that sufficient controls are in
place.

63

In 2001, the Agency’s priorities
in the UST program are to: 1) prevent
leaks from USTs; 2) ensure that USTs
are managed properly and meet
appropriate technical requirements; and
3) clean up releases from LUSTs. The
Agency will work to ensure that 70% of
USTs are in compliance with EPA and
state leak detection requirements and
that 93% of USTs are in compliance
with the December 22, 1998, re-
quirements to upgrade, close, or replace
substandard tanks. The Agency also
plans to complete 21,000 LUST
cleanups under the supervision of EPA
and its state, local, and tribal partners.

Reducing chemical accidents is
vital to ensure that communities are not
exposed to hazardous materials. The
Agency continues its efforts to help
states and local emergency planning
committees implement the risk man-
agement plan (RMP) program. EPA has
made steady progress in this area and in
2001 it will delegate the program to
seven additional states for a cumulative
total of 20. To reach this goal, EPA will
provide technical assistance grants,
technical support, outreach, and training
to state and local emergency planning
committees. Through these activities,
states, local communities and individuals
will be better prepared to prevent and
prepare for chemical accidents.

Oil spills pose risks to human
health and the environment. The Federal
oil spill program prevents, responds to
and monitors oil spills that occur in the
waters of the United States and adjoining
shorelines. Over 24,000 spills are
reported annually, about half of these in
the inland zone which is EPA’s
jurisdiction. EPA responds to approx-


: ; agement, Restoration of Contaminated _
ites and Emergency Response

objective is met by having the capability
to successfully respond.

The goal of the UST program is
to prevent, detect, and correct leaks from
USTs containing petroleum and haz-
ardous substances. The strategy for
achieving this goal is to promote and
enforce compliance with the regulatory
requirements aimed at preventing and
detecting UST releases. States have the
primary responsibility for ensuring that
UST facilities (except those on Indian
lands) are brought into compliance. The
Agency’s primary role is to provide
technical and financial support to states’
UST programs. EPA has the primary
responsibility for implementation of the
UST program on Indian lands.

For facilities that currently
manage hazardous wastes, EPA ensures
human health and _— environmental
protection through the issuance of
RCRA hazardous waste permits. The
RCRA program reduces the risk of
exposures to dangerous hazardous
wastes by establishing a “cradle-to-
grave” waste management framework.
This framework regulates the handling,
transport, treatment, storage, and
disposal of hazardous waste, ensuring
that communities are not exposed to
hazards through improper management.
Significant progress has been made by
hazardous waste management facilities
having appropriate controls in place to
minimize the threat of exposure to
hazardous substances. To date, 47 of 50
states, Guam and the District of
Columbia are authorized to issue
permits. The authorization of states for
all portions of the RCRA program,
including regulations that address waste
management issues included in permits,

59

is an important Agency goal. In
addition, the Agency has developed a
strategy to address solid waste and
hazardous waste on Indian lands. A
highlight of this strategy is the
interagency project to address issues
surrounding open dumps and their
cleanup, the primary waste management
concern for tribes.

The Agency’s chemical emer-
gency preparedness and prevention
program addresses the risks associated
with the manufacture, transportation,
storage and use of hazardous chemicals
to prevent and mitigate chemical
releases. The program also implements
right-to-know initiatives to inform the
public about chemical hazards and
encourages actions at the local level to
reduce risk. Section 112(r) of the Clean
Air Act requires an estimated 36,000
facilities to develop comprehensive risk
management plans (RMPs) and submit
them to EPA, state agencies, and Local
Emergency Planning Committees. The
Agency believes that states are best
suited to implement the RMP program
because they benefit directly from its
success and they often have established
relationships with the communities that
may be at risk.

The oil spill program prevents,
prepares for, and responds to oil spills
mandated and authorized in the Clean
Water Act and Oil Pollution Act of
1990. EPA utilizes its appropriated
monies to protect inland waterways
through oil spill prevention, _pre-
paredness, and enforce compliance at
450,000 non-transportation-related oil
storage facilities that EPA regulates.
When necessary, the Agency undertakes
oil spill response, which is funded


steady progress toward the goal while
providing the time to identify measures
that will obtain the last increment to
fully achieve the goal.

Maintaining accountability with
flexibility - Ensuring that there is no
backsliding in the progress already made
to meeting the Clean Air goal is critical.
We will also use the Act’s flexibility to
develop innovative measures such as the
NO, trading program (which builds on
the acid rain program) to help states,
tribes, and local governments reduce
ozone precursor emissions at the lowest
cost. Under innovative provisions of
Title Il, EPA for the first time
established vehicle emission standards
and fuel quality standards simul-
taneously.

Promulgating regulations which
maximize emission reductions while
giving consideration to cost, lead time,
safety, and energy impacts - EPA will
review existing standards where appro-
priate to ensure the long-term goals of
the Clean Air Act are met.

Fostering technical innovations where
they provide clear environmental
benefits - Market-based approaches
provide “niches” for many types of
technologies; no one size will fit all.
Sources can improvise, innovate, and
otherwise be creative in reducing
emissions. We will promote such
technological innovation and _ then
disseminate it to others to show how
they can get needed reductions.

Building partnerships - There are
numerous forms of partnerships, all of
which we have used at one point or
another in implementing the Clean Air

21

Act:

using public outreach to educate
people on air problems and encourage
them to work to solve them; involving
broad-based groups, such as the multi-

state Ozone Transport Assessment
Group, to study a problem and provide
recommendations to EPA on ways to
solve it; working with organizations like
the National Academy of Sciences
(NAS) on both short-term and long-term
research priorities; and engaging in
Tegulatory negotiations to bring
stakeholders to work on a problem and
address a specific regulatory issue. We
will continue to use these types of
partnerships as appropriate to implement
the Clean Air Act.

¢ Anticipating upcoming issues and
ensuring that research is underway in
those areas. For instance, the Agency is
seeking to better understand the root
causes of the environmental and human
health problems created by air toxics in
urban areas, thereby improving the
ability to weigh alternative strategies for
solving those problems. Research will
be devoted to the development of
currently unavailable health effects and
exposure information to determine risk
and develop alternative strategies for
maximizing risk reductions. Based on
this research we will be able to model
and characterize not only the current
toxics risks and compare national
program alternatives, but also identify
regional and local “hot spots,” and
model alternative strategies to assist
states and localities in solving their air
and water toxics problems.

Using these strategies, we will work
with areas that have the worst problems to
develop strategies accounting for unique
local conditions that may hinder them from


Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
ee Homes, \ Workplaces and Ecosystems _|

training for workers, employers, and
pesticide applicators and handlers.
Training and certification of applicators

of restricted use pesticides further
ensures that workers and other
vulnerable groups are protected from
undue pesticide exposure and _ risk.
Recertification requirements keep their
knowledge current with label changes
and application improvements. The
Groundwater Strategy, a cooperative
effort with states and regions to develop
Pesticide Management Plans (PMPs),
will further efforts to prevent pesticide
pollution of surface and groundwaters.
The Endangered Species program will
enlist the support of the agricultural
community and other interested groups
to protect wildlife and critical habitats
from pesticides. This voluntary program
is carried out through communications
and outreach efforts and in coordination
with other Federal agencies. The PESP
and IPM play pivotal roles in moving the
nation to the use of safe pest control
methods, including reduced risk
pesticides. These closely related
programs promote risk reduction through
collaborative efforts with stakeholders to
utilize safer alternatives to traditional
chemical methods of pest control.

Antimicrobial  sterilants and
disinfectants are used to kill
microorganisms on surfaces and objects
in hospitals, schools, restaurants and
homes. Antimicrobials require
appropriate labeling and handling to
ensure safety and efficacy. EPA remains
focused on accurate product labeling and
product efficacy and on meeting other
requirements for antimicrobial sterilants
set forth by FQPA.

50

|

@ Reduce Lead Poisoning

EPA is part of the Federal effort
to address lead poisoning and elevated

blood levels in children by assisting in,
and in some cases guiding, Federal
activities aimed at reducing the exposure
of children in homes with lead-based
paint. During FY 2001, EPA will
continue implementing its
comprehensive program to reduce the
incidence of lead poisoning and elevated
blood levels in children nationwide. The
Agency has established a national
program to oversee the training and
certification of lead-based paint
abatement and inspection professionals.
Many states and several tribes have been
authorized by EPA to administer and
enforce this program. EPA is responsible
for administering and enforcing the
program in the remainder of the states
and tribal lands.

In 2001, EPA will finalize two
new proposed regulations addressing
renovation activities in housing, and lead
paint removal from buildings, bridges
and steel structures. EPA will also issue
final regulations that will allow for safe
and cost-effective disposal of lead
painted debris. EPA, the Department of
Housing and Urban Development
(HUD), and the Department of Justice
(DOJ) continue to enforce regulations
requiring the disclosure of information
about lead-based paint during real estate
transactions. EPA recently issued a final
rule that requires contractors to provide
lead hazard information to consumers
before renovation or remodeling in
homes built before 1978.


capacity and expertise of the tribes to
run their own environmental programs.

Research

In 2001, research will continue to
develop exposure data, health risk
assessment methodologies, and control
technologies to improve the
characterization of health risks and
reduce community exposures to
environmental chemical stressors. For
example, health effects research will
continue to focus on developing
mechanistically-based predictive models
for human health risk assessment, such
as structure-activity relationship (SAR)
models to help determine testing needs
under Section 5 of TSCA, which
addresses new chemicals. The Agency
will also issue guidance on the use of
SAR computer technologies in 2001.

2001 Annual Performance Goals:

¢@ In 2001, 890,000 additional people
will be living in healthier residential
indoor environments.

¢ In 2001, 2,580,000 students, faculty
and staff will experience improved
indoor air quality in their schools.

In 2001, baseline environmental
information will be collected by 34%
of tribes (covering 50% of Indian
Country).

@ In 2001, administer Federal
programs and oversee state
implementation of programs for
lead-based paint abatement
certification and training in 50 states

Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
; Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

54

and on tribal lands, to reduce
exposure to lead-based paint and
ensure significant decreases in
children’s blood levels by 2005.

In 2001, ensure that of the up to
1,800 new chemicals and
microorganisms submitted by indus-
try each year, those that are
introduced in commerce are safe to
humans and the environment for
their intended uses.

In 2001, protect homes,
communities, and workplaces from
harmful exposure to pesticides and
related pollutants through improved
cultural practices and enhanced
public education, resulting in a
reduction (to be determined) in the
incidences of pesticide poisonings
reported nationwide.

In 2001, the quantity of Toxic
Release Inventory (TRI) pollutants
released, disposed of, treated or
combusted for energy recovery,
(normalized for changes in industrial
production) will be reduced by 200
million pounds, or 2%, from 2000
reporting levels.

In 2001, EPA will initiate safety
teviews on chemicals already in
commerce by obtaining data on an
additional 10% of the 2,800 HPV
chemicals on the master test list, as
part of the implementation of a
comprehensive strategy for
screening, testing, classifying and
managing the risks posed by
commercial chemicals.


Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

Strategic Goal: EPA will develop and apply the best available science for addressing
current and future environmental hazards, as well as new approaches toward improving
environmental protection.

Resource Summary
(dollars in thousands)

FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2001 vs FY 2000

Enacted Request Delta
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Env. Risk $330,510.3 $328,757.7 ~$1,752.6
and Greater Innovation to Address Env. Problems
Research for Ecosystem Assessment and $120,401.8 $115,130.3 -$5,271.5
Restoration
Research for Human Health Risk Assessment $53,678.0 $58,324.7 $4,646.7
Research to Detect Emerging Risk Issues $46,106.5 $54,357.3 $8,250.8
Pollution Prevention and New Technology $68,172.4 $52,564.4 -$15,608.0
For Environmental Protections
Increase Use of Integrated, Holistic, $9,286.8 $17,088.5 $7,801.7
Partnership Approaches
Increase Opportunities for Sector $19,703.4 $15,921.3 -$3,782.1
Based Approaches
Regional Enhancement of Ability to $6,089.0 $7,756.8 $1,667.8
Quantify Environmental Outcomes
Science Advisory Board Peer Review $2,861.7 $2,674.0 ~$187.7
Incorporate Innovative Approaches $4,210.7 $4,940.4 $729.7
to Environmental Management
Total Workyears: 1,057.5 1,048.6 8.9
Means and Strategy: starting point, the Agency draws input

EPA is continuing to ensure that
it is a source of sound scientific and
technical information, and that it is on
the leading edge of environmental
protection innovations that will allow
achievement of our strategic objectives.
The Agency consults a number of expert
sources, both internal and external, and
uses several deliberative steps in
planning its research programs. As a

83

from the EPA Strategic Plan, available
research plans, EPA program offices and
regions, Federal research partners, and
outside peer advisory bodies such as the
Science Advisory Board (SAB) and
others. This input is used internally by
cross-office teams that prioritize
research areas using risk and other
factors such as National Science and
Technology Council (NSTC) research
and development priorities, client office


16


Site assessment is the first step in
determining whether a site meets the
criteria for placement on the National
Priorities List (NPL) or for removal
action to prevent, minimize or mitigate
significant threats. The Agency also
provides outreach and education to the
surrounding communities to improve
their direct involvement in every phase
of the cleanup process and
understanding of potential site risk, such
as risks posed by radioactive materials.

One of Superfund’s major
program goals is to have responsible
parties pay for and conduct cleanups at
abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites. The Superfund enforcement
program maximizes Potentially
Responsible Party (PRP) participation
and is committed to reforms, which
increase fairness, reduce transaction
costs and promote economic
redevelopment. The Agency also seeks
to recover costs associated with a site
cleanup from responsible parties when
trust fund monies have been expended.

Brownfields are abandoned,
idled, or under-used industrial and
commercial properties and are not
traditional Superfund sites as they are
not generally highly contaminated and
present lesser health risks. Economic
changes over several decades have left
thousands of communities with these
contaminated properties and abandoned
sites. In several important ways, the
Agency’s Brownfields Initiative
encourages the redevelopment of these
sites by addressing concerns such as
environmental liability and cleanup,
infrastructure declines, and changing
development priorities.

58

A significant number of in-
dustrial sites are addressed by the RCRA
corrective action program, administered
by EPA and the authorized states. These
include some of the most intractable and
controversial cleanup projects in the
country. Approximately 3,500 industrial
facilities must undergo a cleanup under
the RCRA program. Out of these
facilities, the Agency has identified
1,712 facilities as high priority - where
people or the environment are likely to
be at significant current or potential risk.
The Agency is pursuing a strategy for
addressing the worst facilities first, as
reflected in the strategic goal.

The leaking underground storage
tank (LUST) program promotes rapid
and effective responses to releases from
USTs containing ~~ petroleum _—i by
enhancing state, local and tribal
enforcement and response capability.
Corrective actions at sites where UST
releases have contaminated soil and/or
groundwater is a key element of the
UST/LUST program. Nearly all
corrective actions are undertaken by
UST owners and operators under the
supervision of state or local agencies.
EPA oversees these activities on Indian
lands.

The other objective of this goal is
to prevent, reduce, and respond to
releases, spills, accidents or
emergencies. Through the UST and
RCRA permitting and __ inspection
programs, the Agency and its partners
manage the practices of thousands of
facilities. When releases do occur, EPA
employees and those of its partners, who
are properly trained and properly
equipped, will ensure that the Agency’s

- Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated |

Waste Sites and Emergency Response


EPA has developed a series of ten strategic, long-term goals in its Strategic
Plan. These goals, together with the underlying principles that will be used to
achieve them, define the Agency’s planning, budgeting, analysis, and accountability
process.

@ Clean Air: The air in every American

community will be safe and healthy to
breathe. In particular, children, the elderly,
and people with respiratory ailments will
be protected from the health risks of
breathing polluted air. Reducing air
pollution will also protect the environment,
resulting in many benefits, such as
restoring life in damaged ecosystems and
reducing health risks to those whose
subsistence depends directly on those
ecosystems.

Clean and Safe Water: All Americans
will have drinking water that is clean and
safe to drink. Effective protection of
America's rivers, lakes, wetlands, aquifers,
and coastal and ocean waters will sustain
fish, plants, and wildlife, as well as
recreational, subsistence, and economic
activities. Watersheds and their aquatic
ecosystems will be restored and protected
to improve public health, enhance water
quality, reduce flooding, and provide
habitat for wildlife.

Safe Food: The foods Americans eat will
be free from unsafe pesticide residues.
Children will especially be protected from
the health threats posed by pesticide
residues, because they are among the most
vulnerable groups in our society.

¢ Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk

in Communities, Homes, Workplaces
and Ecosystems: Pollution prevention
and risk management strategies aimed at
cost-effectively eliminating, reducing, or
minimizing emissions and contamination
will result in cleaner and safer
environments in which all Americans can
reside, work, and enjoy life. EPA will
safeguard ecosystems and promote the
health of natural communities that are
integral to the quality of life in this Nation.

Better Waste Management, Restoration
of Contaminated Waste Sites, and
Emergency Response: America’s wastes
will be stored, treated, and disposed of in
ways that prevent harm to people and to
the natural environment. EPA will work
to clean up previously polluted sites,
restoring them to uses appropriate for
surrounding communities, and respond to
and prevent waste-related or industrial
accidents.

Reduction of Global and Cross-Border
Environmental Risks: The United States
will lead other nations in successful,
multilateral efforts to reduce significant
risks to human health and ecosystems from
climate change, stratospheric ozone
depletion, and other hazards of inter-
national concern.


Expansion of America Right-to Know About Their
Environment : |

Strategic Goal: Easy access to a wealth of information about the state of their local
environment will expand citizen involvement and give people tools to protect their
families and their communities as they see fit. Increased information exchange between
scientists, public health officials, businesses, citizens, and all levels of government will
foster greater knowledge about the environment and what can be done to protect it.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2001-FY 2000

Enacted Request Delta
Expansion of Americans' Right-to-Know About their $159,640.1 $185,109. $25,469.0
Environment
Increase Quality/Quantity of Education, $98,700.3 $120,751.8 $22,051.5

Outreach, Data Availability

Improve Public's Ability to Reduce Exposure $37,839.7 $39,605.9 $1,766.2
Enhance Ability to Protect Public Health $23,100.1 $24,751.4 $1,651.3
Total Workyears: 818.4 809.5 8.9

Means and Strategy:

The purpose of this goal is to
empower the American public with
information, enabling them to make
informed decisions regarding environ-
mental issues in their communities.
EPA will accomplish this goal through
three strategic objectives: expand
environmental education, outreach and
data availability; improve the public’s
ability to reduce exposure; and enhance
the public’s ability to protect health and
the environment. These objectives will
be met by expanding the range of data it
collects and improving the quality and
usability of the data. The Agency will
also ensure the data are widely available
through the Internet, mass media and
other sources.

Right-to-Know has become a
part of EPA’s mission. The Agency has

75

accelerated its efforts to improve the
accuracy of its data, and to reduce the
burdens to industry associated with
reporting. Also, the Agency is working
to enhance the coordination of data
collection activities with states and to
improve data collection methods and the
use of the latest technologies to
consolidate information on a single
Internet site.

The Agency has redesigned its
internal structure to better meet
information demands. EPA’s new
approach to information management
employs a single program manager and

office responsible for information
management, policy and information
technology stewardship across the

Agency. This Office is responsible for


EPA has
provide states and tribes tools and
information to assist them in protecting

increased efforts to

their residents from health risks
associated with contaminated recre-
ational waters and noncommercially-
caught fish. These tools will help reduce
health risks, including risks to sensitive
populations such as children and
subsistence and recreational anglers.
EPA activities include development of
criteria, enhanced fish tissue monitoring,
risk assessment, and development of fish
and shellfish consumption advisories.
EPA will also establish improved safety
guidelines and pollution indicators so
that local authorities can monitor their
recreational waters in a cost-effective
way and close them to public use when
necessary to protect human health. For
beaches, EPA’s three-part strategy is to
strengthen beach standards and testing,
improve the scientific basis for beach
assessment, and develop methods to
inform the public about beach
conditions.

The President’s Clean Water
Action Plan (CWAP), announced in
February 1998, calls for more than 100
specific key actions by EPA and by
many other Federal agencies with either
water quality responsibilities or activities
that have an impact on water quality.
These key actions cover most aspects of
the water program at EPA. The Action
Plan mobilizes Federal, state, and local
agencies to achieve the Nation’s clean
water goals through the watershed
approach, brings a sharp focus to the
critical actions that are required, and
establishes deadlines for meeting these
commitments over the next several
years. For 2001, EPA requests $762

30

million for the CWAP and an additional
$21.5 million in related funding.

Key to the watershed approach is
continuation of EPA-developed scien-
tifically-based water quality standards
and criteria under the Clean Water Act.
Where water quality standards are not
being met, EPA will work with states
and tribes to improve implementation of
total maximum daily load (TMDL)
programs that establish the analytical
basis for watershed-based decisions on
the need for additional pollution
reductions. EPA will continue to
develop and revise national effluent
guideline limitations and standards,
capitalize and manage the Clean Water
State Revolving Fund (CWSRF)
program and other funding mechanisms,
streamline the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permit program, and revise the NPDES
and water quality standards regulations
to achieve progress toward attainment of
water quality standards and support
implementation of TMDLs in impaired
water bodies. The Agency will continue
to work on reducing the NPDES permit
backlog, in partnership with states, by
targeting permitting activities toward
those facilities posing the greatest risk to
the environment. In addition, the Agency
will continue to expand its training and
electronic information activities to
improve the efficiency and effectiveness
of the NPDES program. These
strategies and activities are particularly
important as the NPDES program faces
significant new demands with the
implementation of the phase II storm
water rule, the strategy for animal
feeding operations and coverage of
additional wet-weather sources contrib-
uting to pollution problems. EPA will


Administration officials, the Inter-

governmental Panel on Climate
Change, and the Framework Con-
vention on Climate Change.

In 2001, in close cooperation with
USDA, identify and develop specific
opportunities to sequester carbon in
agricultural soils, forests, other
vegetation and commercial products,
with collateral benefits for  pro-
ductivity and the environment, with
carbon removal potential of up to 40
MMTCE by 2010.

In 2001, Great Lakes ecosystem
components will improve, including
progress on fish contaminants, beach
toxics, air toxics, and trophic status.

In 2001, increase the number of
residents (approximately 11 million
total) of the Mexico border area who
are protected from health risks,
beach pollution and damaged
ecosystems from nonexistent and
failing water and wastewater
treatment infrastructure by providing
improved water and wastewater
service.

In 2001, assess the consequences of
global change (particularly climate
change and climate variability) on
human health and ecosystems.

In 2001, successfully conclude
international negotiations on a global
convention on persistent organic
pollutants (POPs), and initiate
priority capacity building projects in
key developing countries.

In 2001, complete pilot reports on
the implementation of environmental

73

laws and regulations in four develop-
ing countries.

In 2001, enhance environmental
management and institutional cap-
abilities in priority countries.


Goal 5: Waste Management Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)
FY 2001
FY 2000 President's

Key Program Enacted Budget

Administrative Services $16,213.0 $16,215.9
Assessments $83,857.7 $83,204.7
ATSDR Superfund Support $70,000.0 $64,000.0
Brownfields $92,215.1 $91,626.7
Civil Enforcement $1,298.5 $1,360.1
Community Right-to-Know (Title III) $4,797.5 $5,137.5
Compliance Assistance and Centers $867.5 $726.3
EMPACT $35.5 $436.0
Federal Facilities $27,750.6 $29,803.8
Federal Preparedness $11,028.2 $12,854.8
Hazardous Substance Research: Haz Sub Research Centers $2,504.7 $2,594.5
Hazardous Substance Research: (SITE) $7,017.3 $5,932.0
Hazardous Waste Research $5,379.8 $6,880.8
Leaking Underground Storage Tank Cooperative Agreements $56,466.8 $58,050.0
NIEHS Superfund Support $60,000.0 $48,526.7
Oil Spills Preparedness, Prevention and Response $11,820.4 $12,560.3
Other Federal Agencies Superfund Support $10,000.0 $10,585.0
Planning and Resource Management $0.0 $31.8
Project XL $117.4 $126.7
RCRA Corrective Action $36,610.5 $40,062.8
RCRA Permitting $15,724.4 $16,311.6
RCRA State Grants $52,302.5 $60,302.5
Regional Managment $1,398.6 $1,328.1
Rent, Utilities and Securities $52,610.5 $55,061.1
Risk Management Plans $7,242.8 $7,913.5
Superfund Remedial Actions $499,799.0 $543,682.9
Superfund Removal Actions $200,860.3 $199,218.0
Superfund: Cost Recovery $30,269.1 $32,886.4
Superfund: Justice Support $28,663.5 $28,663.5
Superfund: Maximize PRP Involvement (including reforms) $82,009.6 $86,040.1
Underground Storage Tanks State Grants $11,944.7 $11,944.7
Underground Storage Tanks (UST) $6,203.9 $6,906.4
Waste Combustion $4,438.3 $4,677.5
TOTAL $1,491,447.7 — $1,545,652.7

66



Plea Air

Implementation of reinstated 1-hour
ozone NAAQS - Develop and approve
measures to attain and maintain the
1-hour standard for nonattainment areas.
Redesignate areas that meet standards to
attainment.

Completion of the process for
designation of attainment and non-
attainment areas for the 8-hour ozone
NAAQS.

Using the Clean Air Partnership Fund,
demonstration of smart, multi-pollutant
strategies that reduce ozone, PM, and
other pollutants, including greenhouse

gases.

Implementation of ozone control meas-
ures through an Economic Incentive Pro-
gram.

Continuation of outreach efforts to
promote public awareness of the Air
Quality index and the effects of
pollution.

Continued implementation of the PM-10
standards, including the collection and
review of air quality data, processing
state clean air plans, and redesignating
areas with clean air.

Development and implementation of
standards, plans, strategies, and actions
to preserve air quality and prevent
further degradation in areas with the
potential to be designated nonattainment
in the future.

Development and refinement of analysis
tools for use by states and tribes,
including for development of mobile
and stationary source emissions data and
inventories.

23

Implementation of the Tier 2 vehicle and
fuel regulations. The Agency will make
a substantial investment in developing
and evaluating new technologies to

reduce PM emissions from diesel
engines, including engine design
enhancements, alternative after-

treatment controls and fuel reform-
ulations.

¢@ Demonstration of the feasibility of
diesel-engine control technology, as
recently done for gasoline powered
sports utility vehicles as part of the Tier
2 rulemaking. Laboratory capabilities
will be upgraded to keep pace with
rapidly changing control technology,
emissions reductions, and measurement
needs and technology.

@ Investigation and characterization of
particulate formation during the combus-
tion process, the impact of known trends
in vehicle engine design and after
treatment control techniques, and
determination of the leading edge oppor-
tunities for additional controls.

Assessments of the emission control

potential of vehicles powered by
technologies such as lean-burn and/or
fuel-efficient technologies, including

diesel engines equipped with advanced
after-treatment systems, gasoline direct
injection engines, and other technologies
that show promise for significant
advances in fuel economy and meeting
the Tier 2 standards in the post-2004
time frame. In this assessment the
Agency will maintain a “systems”
perspective, considering the progress of
advanced vehicle technologies in the
context of the role that sulfur in fuels
plays in enabling the introduction of
these advanced technologies or max-


danger to human health and the
environment. This task involves a
comprehensive review of existing
pesticide use as stipulated by the
reregistration provision, as well as a
comprehensive reassessment and update
of existing tolerances within ten years,
as required by FQPA.

Through developing and using
the latest scientific advances in health
risk assessment practices, EPA is
ensuring current uses meet the test of a
reasonable certainty of no harm, as
stipulated by FQPA. This includes the
incorporation of new scientific data
relating to the effects of endocrine
disruption.

New registration actions result in
more pesticides on the market that meet
FQPA standards, which brings the
Agency closer to the objective of
reducing adverse risks from pesticide
use. tolerance reassessments may mean
mandatory use changes because a
revision in the allowable residue levels
can involve changes in pesticide
application patterns, changes in the
foods the pesticides may be applied to,
and other risk management methods. As
measured by the number of tolerances
that have been reassessed, the Agency’s
progress in the tolerance reassessment
program directly serves the objective of
reducing the use of pesticides that do not
meet the new standards, on food.

Finally, in addition to setting the
requirements of continued legal use of
agricultural pesticides, EPA works in
partnership with USDA, FDA and the
states toward the broader effort to
prevent the misuse of pesticides.

40

More information about EPA’s
food safety efforts is available on the
Office of Pesticides Program’s website

at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides.

Research

Current approaches to human
health risk assessment focus on single
pesticides and do not adequately account
for cumulative risks arising from
complex exposure patterns and human
variability due to age, gender, pre-
existing disease, health and nutritional
status, and genetic predisposition.
Existing tools for controlling and
preventing exposure are limited to
certain processes and materials.

The FQPA identifies clear
science needs consistent with the
evaluation of all potential routes and
pathways of exposures to pesticides, and
resulting health effects, particularly for
sensitive subpopulations and considering
effects from cumulative exposures.

These needs are overtaxing
existing tools. To meet them, in 2001,
research will continue to focus on
developing and validating methods to
identify and characterize, and models to
predict, the potential increased
susceptibility to human health effects
experienced by infants and children;
identifying and understanding major
exposure routes and pathways and
processes, and developing theoretical
and experimentally based multipathway
exposure models for pesticides and other
toxic substances; and addressing the
adequacy of current risk assessment
methods and providing the necessary
risk assessment guidance. Pesticide
exposure and effects data, risk


through a reimbursable agreement with
the U.S. Coast Guard.

Research

The 2001 research program
supports the Agency’s objective of
reducing or controlling risks to human
health and the environment at
contaminated waste sites by accelerating
scientifically defensible and  cost-
effective decisions for cleanup at
complex sites, mining sites, marine
spills, and Brownfields. The research
program will: 1) provide improved
methods and dose-response models for
estimating risks from complex mixtures
contaminating soils and groundwater; 2)
provide improved methods for
measuring, monitoring, and character-
izing complex waste sites in soils and
groundwater; and 3) develop more
reliable technologies for cleanup of
contaminated soils and groundwater. In
2001, EPA will also deliver the annual
Superfund Innovative Technology and
Evaluation (SITE) report to Congress,
which provides program/project status
and cost savings information.

Waste identification, combustion,
and waste management constitute the
three major areas of research in 2001 as
the Agency works towards preventing
releases by proper facility management.
Waste identification research will
conduct multimedia, multi-pathway
exposure modeling and environmental
fate and transport-physical estimation in
support of the hazardous waste
identification rule (HWIR). Waste
management research will work on
developing more cost-effective ways to
manage/recycle non-hazardous wastes
and will examine other remediation

60

Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated |

technologies while combustion research
continues to focus on characterizing and
controlling releases of nickel from waste
combustion.

Highlights

In 2001, EPA and state cleanup
actions will protect human health by
reducing the effects of uncontrolled
releases on local populations and
sensitive environments. The Agency
will continue to build on past successes
in cleaning up sites. The following
accomplishments provide examples of
what has been done by the Agency to
achieve its goal:
¢ cleaned up more than 670 Superfund

National Priority Sites;

@ secured PRP commitments, over the
life of the Superfund program, with
an estimated value of $16.2 billion
($13.5 billion in response settlements
and $2.7 billion in cost recovery
settlements);

resolved potential liability of 21,000
small volume waste contributing
parties through 1999;

@ completed about 6,000 Superfund
removal response actions from 1982
through 1999;

@ saved more than $277 million in
potential costs by working closely
with Department of Defense to clean
up or close contaminated bases;

@ signed 307 agreements for
brownfields assessment _ pilots
through 1999;

targeted 1,712 high priority RCRA
sites for aggressive risk reduction;

¢@ brought more than 80 percent
(approximately 600,000) of the
regulated USTs into compliance with
new regulatory standards;


and strategies for cost effective risk
management. In 2001, air toxics research
will focus on completing three draft
toxicological reviews and assessments of
high priority air toxics for external review as
well as validating a physiologically-based
model for neurotoxic air toxics and
developing microenvironment and neigh-
borhood scale exposure models. These
products will yield new information that will
be essential to effectively and efficiently
decreasing future risk to the American
public through reduced air toxics emissions.

2001 Annual Performance Goals:

@ In 2001, 5 million tons of SO2 emissions
from utility sources will be reduced from
the 1980 baseline.

@ In 2001, 2 million tons of NOx from
coal-fired utility sources will be reduced
from levels before implementation of
Title IV of the Clean Air Act
Amendments.

# In 2001, air toxics emissions nationwide
from stationary and mobile sources
combined will be reduced by 5% from
2000 (for a cumulative reduction of 35%
from the 1993 level of 4.3 million tons
per year.)

@ In 2001, maintain healthy air quality for
33.4 million people living in 43 areas
attaining the ozone standard, increase by
1.9 million the number of people living
in areas with healthy air quality that
have attained the standard; and certify
that 5 new areas have attained the 1-hour
standard for ozone.

@ In 2001, EPA will develop the
infrastructure to implement the Clean
Air Partnership Fund, which will

26

demonstrate smart _multi-pollutant
approaches that reduce greenhouse
gases, air toxics, soot, and smog.

In 2001, maintain healthy air quality for
1.26 million people living in 13 areas
attaining the PM standards, and increase
by 60 thousand the number of people
living in areas with healthy air quality
that have attained the standard.

In 2001, maintain healthy air quality for
28.8 million people living in 62 areas
attaining the CO, SO2, NO2, and lead
standards, and increase by 16.4 million
the number of people living in areas with
healthy air quality that have attained the
standard.

In 2001, provide new information on the
atmospheric concentrations, human ex-
posure, health effects and mechanisms of
toxicity of particulate matter, and facil-
itate PM NAAQS review through Air
Quality Criteria Document development
and consultation.


A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater ;
Compliance with the _ :

compliance assistance tools that will
support initiatives targeted toward
improving compliance in specific
industrial and commercial sectors or
with certain regulatory requirements.

State and Tribal Capacity

A strong state and tribal
enforcement and compliance assurance

presence contributes to creating
deterrence and to reducing non-
compliance. In 2001, the enforcement

and compliance assurance programs will
work with and support state agencies
implementing authorized, delegated, or
approved environmental programs.
Consistent with regulations and EPA
policy, the Agency will provide an
appropriate level of oversight and
guidance to states to ensure that
environmental regulations are fairly and
consistently enforced across the nation.

The Agency provides grant
funding, oversight, training and technical
assistance to states and tribes. The state
and tribal grant programs are designed to
build environmental partnerships with
states and tribes and strengthen their
ability to address environmental and
public health threats. These threats
include contaminated drinking water,
pesticides in food, hazardous waste,
toxic substances and air pollution.

2001 Annual Performance Goals

¢@ In 2001, maintain and improve the
quality and accuracy of EPA’s
enforcement and compliance data
to identify noncompliance and focus

93

on human health and environmental
problems.

°

In 2001, improve the capacity of
states, localities and tribes to conduct
enforcement and —_ compliance
programs. EPA will provide training
as well as assistance with state and
tribal inspections to build capacity,
including implementation of the
inspector credentials program for
tribal law enforcement personnel.

In 2001, EPA will — direct
enforcement actions to maximize
compliance and address
environmental and human health
problems; 75% of concluded
enforcement actions will require
environmental or human health

improvements such as_ pollutant
reductions and/or changes in
practices at facilities.

In 2001, EPA will conduct 15,000
inspections, 550 criminal inves-
tigations, and 150 civil investigations
targeted to areas that pose risks to
human health or the environment,
display patterns of non-compliance
or include disproportionately ex-
posed populations.

In 2001, increase opportunities
through new targeted sector
initiatives for industries to volun-
tarily self-disclose and correct
violations on a corporate-wide basis.

In 2001, promote the use of
Environmental Management Systems
(EMS) to address known compliance


I Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities, —

| Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystem _ ;

being used to bring about voluntary
reductions in exposure to asthma triggers
found indoors.

Reducing indoor air pollution is a
high priority for the Agency. U.S.
residents spend most of their time
indoors and the pollutants indoors can be
in much higher concentrations than what
occurs outside. Further, poor indoor air
quality is implicated in childhood
asthma. Recent studies indicate nearly 1
of 13 school age children have asthma.
Over the last 20 years the number of
deaths from asthma has increased three-
fold. Partnerships, technology transfer
and public awareness are key tools in
reducing indoor air pollution.

Also central to the Agency’s
work under this goal in 2001 will be
increased attention on documenting and
taking action to reduce risk from
persistent, bioaccumulative and highly
toxic chemicals (PBTs) and from
chemicals that have endocrine disruption
effects. PBT chemicals are of particular
concern not only because they are toxic
but also because they may remain in the
environment for a long period of time,
are not readily destroyed, and may build
up or accumulate in plant or animal
tissue, and in cases involving mercury,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and
lead, in human tissue. Pollution
prevention and controlling releases are
the mainstays of protection for
chemicals that exhibit these effects.

The Agency mixes both
regulatory and voluntary methods to
accomplish its job. For example, each
year the New Chemicals program
reviews and manages the risks of
approximately 1,800 new chemicals and

40 products of biotechnology that enter
the marketplace. This new chemical
review process not only . protects the
public from the immediate threats of
harmful chemicals, like PCBs, from
entering the marketplace but it has also
contributed to changing the behavior of
the chemical industry, making industry
more aware and responsible for the
impact these chemicals have on human
health and the environment. This
awareness has led industry to produce
safer “greener” alternative chemicals and
pesticides. Fewer harmful chemicals are
entering the marketplace and our
environment today because of the New
Chemical Program.

The Design for the Environment
(DfE) and Green Chemistry Programs
build on and expand the new chemistry
efforts. They target industry and
academia to maximize the impact of the
Agency’s pollution prevention efforts.
Our DfE program forms partnerships
with industry to find sensible solutions
to prevent pollution. In one example,
taking a sector approach, EPA has
worked with the electronics industry to
reduce the use of formaldehyde and
other toxic chemicals from the
manufacture of printed wiring boards.

The Pollution Prevention (P2)
Framework developed in 1998 and 1999
is another example of EPA successfully
influencing industry’s approach to
chemical selection prior to commer-
cialization. The P2 Framework inte-
grates analytical methods and tools that
help predict risks of chemicals, based on
chemical structure; allows stakeholders
to evaluate and compare chemical
choices and to identify environmentally
preferable products and processes; and


Increased Community-Based
Approaches

In 2001, EPA will continue to
strengthen local partnerships to address
serious environmental risks to human
health and ecosystems. Regional
Geographic Initiatives (RGI) are an
approach EPA Regional offices use to
partner with states, local governments,
private organizations, and others to solve
environmental problems. The work
targets specific environmental problems
identified as high risks to human health
and ecosystems, which are not
adequately addressed by other Agency
resources.

Increased Facility and Sector-Based
Strategies

EPA’s strategy for improving our
system of environmental protection is to
pilot innovative approaches designed to
achieve better protection at less cost and,
if successful, integrate those pilots into
our core practices. Through Project XL,
the Agency has a number of innovative
ideas that are being tested or
implemented in various environmental
programs that will lead to changes in
rules, permits, information management,
environmental stewardship, enforcement
and compliance assurance, stakeholder
involvement and Agency culture. For
example, in Project XL, EPA is testing
ways to streamline permitting so
manufacturers can respond more quickly
to market demands. In another XL
project, EPA is testing alternative ways
to implement air regulations to
encourage downtown redevelopment and
reduce the pressure for sprawl.

Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems

88

A sector-based approach to
solving environmental issues comple-
ments EPA’s analytic toolbox, including
community-based, pollutant-based, and
traditional media-based approaches.
Sector approaches can be used to solve
environmental issues as a sole approach,
or can be used to complement other
approaches to focus on a_ particular
source of a particular pollutant in a
particular ecosystem. By using these
approaches together to target Agency
efforts, focused results are achieved in
the most cost-effective and efficient
manner possible. By utilizing a sector
approach in a collaborative manner, one
can garner the information and resources
to deal with issues more holistically;
tailor efforts to the particular
characteristics of each sector; identify
related groups of stakeholders with
interest in a set of issues; link EPA’s
efforts with those of other agencies; and
craft new approaches to environmental
protection. Sustainable industry pro-
grams serve as incubators and
developers of innovative approaches to
environmental policy-making, and test
alternative regulatory and programmatic
approaches through regional projects and
multi-stakeholder processes.

Science Advisory Board Peer Review
and Consultations

The Agency will continue to
support the activities, principally peer
reviews, of the Science Advisory Board
(SAB), which provides independent
technical advice to Congress and the
Administrator on scientific, engineering,
and economic issues that serve as the
underpinnings for Agency positions,


@ In 2001, 70 percent of USTs will be
in compliance with EPA/State leak
detection requirements; and 93
percent of USTs will be in com-
pliance with EPA/State December
22, 1998 requirements to upgrade,
close or replace substandard tanks .

¢@ In 2001, EPA and its partners will
complete 75 Superfund cleanups
(construction completions) to
achieve the overall goal of 900
construction completions by the end
of 2002.

@ In 2001, ensure trust fund
stewardship by getting PRPs to
initiate or fund the work and recover
costs from PRPs when EPA expends
trust fund monies. Address cost
recovery at all NPL and non-NPL
sites with a statute of limitations
(SOL) on total past costs equal to or
greater than $200,000.

@ In 2001, maximize all aspects of
PRP participation which includes
maintaining PRP work at 70 percent
of the new remedial construction
starts at  non-Federal Facility
Superfund, and emphasize fairness in
the settlement process.

@ In 2001, continue to make formerly
contaminated parcels of land
available for residential, commercial,
and industrial reuse by addressing
liability concerns through the
issuance of comfort letters and
Prospective Purchaser Agreements
(PPAs).

¢ In 2001, sign Interagency agree-
ments (IAGs) in 18 months or less

| «Better Wast nagement, Restoration of Contaminated |
I Waste Sites and Emergency Response ;

65

from final listing on the NPL (but no
later than 180 days after completion
of the first remedial investigation
/feasibility study (RI/FS)).

In 2001, provide technical infor-
mation to support scientifically
defensible and cost-effective decis-
ions for cleanup of complex sites,
hard-to-treat wastes, mining, oil
spills near shorelines, and Brown-
fields to reduce risk to human health
and the environment.


| ~ Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental
Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

from research direction to regulations.

The agenda of SAB activities is
derived from requests from Congress
and the Agency, as well as some self-
initiated activities aimed at highlighting
attention to areas of concern that may
have escaped Agency attention or may
be incompletely addressed by individual
Agency office programs.

The SAB's broad objective is to
help the Agency to "do the right science"
and to use the results of that science
appropriately and effectively in making
regulatory decisions. In so doing, the
SAB promotes sound science within the
Agency and a wider recognition of the
quality of that science outside the
Agency. In this regard, the SAB is
active in consulting with the Agency on
how to incorporate science appropriately
and effectively into the new approaches
the Agency is using to make
environmental decisions.

The use of the SAB for peer
reviews also supports the Agency-wide
commitment to sound science based on
rigorous peer-review, a commitment that
has been re-emphasized as a result of
GAO findings in 1997 that such efforts
are applied unevenly within the Agency.
In addition, the SAB’s activities provide
the kind of support described in the 1999
National Academy of Sciences report,
“Evaluating Federal Research Programs:
Research and the Government Perform-
ance and Results Act", which concludes
that the most effective way of evaluating
a federal research program is by expert
review, which includes quality review,
relevance review, and bench-marking.

89

2001 Annual Performance Goals:

@ In 2001, establish baseline condi-
tions from which changes, and
ultimately trends, in the ecological
condition of the Nation's estuaries
can be confidently documented, and
from which the results of environ-
mental management policies can be
evaluated at regional scales.

@ In 2001, develop, evaluate, and
deliver technologies and approaches
that eliminate, minimize, or control
high risk pollutants from multiple
sectors. Emphasis will be placed on
preventive approaches for industries
and communities having difficulty
meeting control/emission/ effluent
standards.

@ EPA will implement significant
improvements to core Agency
functions identified as high environ-
mental or economic impact iden-
tified during FY 2000 priority setting
(Project XL).


and represent a dramatic increase in
support for Great Lakes states’ and
communities’ efforts to preserve and
enhance their waterways.

The Administration’s Clean
Water Action Plan provides a
comprehensive strategy for assessing
and restoring the Nation’s most impaired
watersheds. Fundamental to the
Agency’s efforts to conserve and
enhance the Nation’s waters is the
management of water quality resources
on a watershed basis, with the full
involvement of all stakeholders include-
ing communities, individuals, bus-
inesses, state and local governments, and
tribes. A key priority for 2001 will be
continued emphasis on development and
implementation of Watershed Restor-
ation Action Strategies (WRAS) in those
waters identified by the states as most in
need of restoration. By the end of 2001,
the third year of its availability to states,
incremental funding under the Clean
Water Act Section 319 grants program
will have provided $350 million in
environmental improvement projects in
these impaired waters. Starting in 2000,
these incremental section 319 funds are
only available to states with approved
upgraded section 319 programs, as
specified in the CWAP. EPA will also
encourage, using a watershed approach,
the establishment of additional planning
groups or partnerships to develop local
comprehensive plans for managing
dredged material in an environmentally
sound manner. Furthermore, EPA will
be an active participant in the develop-
ment of these plans.

Habitat restoration and protection
is another key component of the Clean
Water Action Plan. By 2001, with

34

EPA’s support, the National Estuary
Program will have preserved, restored,
or created an additional 50,000 acres of
habitat, including sea grass and shellfish
beds. In 2001, EPA will continue
implementing the national assessments
regarding the causes of, and appropriate
management responses to, harmful algal
blooms and hypoxia. EPA will also be
working with the Invasive Species
Council on the national and agency-
specific action plan to implement the
Invasive Species Executive Order.

A key element of the Agency’s
effort to achieve its overarching goal of
clean and safe water is the reduction of
pollutant discharges from point sources
and nonpoint sources. The National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
program (which includes NPDES
permits, urban wet weather, large animal
feeding operations, mining, the
pretreatment program for non-domestic
wastewater discharges into municipal
sanitary sewers, and biosolids
management controls) establishes con-
trols on pollutants discharged from point
sources into waters of the United States.
Key annual performance goals for 2001
are to reduce industrial discharges of
toxic pollutants by 4 million pounds,
nonconventional pollutants by 370
million pounds, and conventional
pollutants by 386 million pounds as
compared to 1992 reduction levels. To
ensure that all point sources are covered
by current permits, EPA has developed a
backlog reduction strategy under which
89 percent of major permittees and 66
percent of minor permittees will have
current permits in place by 2001. EPA
will also begin evaluating data received
from the first round of monitoring from
All monitoring sites under the National


Overview of the 2001 Budget

inesses while protecting the global
environment for future generations.

Protecting our Children

The Administration remains
dedicated to providing children with the
health protections they need through for
the Children’s Health Initiative, which is
funded in 2001 at over $67 million.
Children are among the most vulnerable
members of our society, and prolonged
exposure to toxins in our environment
increases the risks to their health.
Through the Children’s Health Initiative,
the Agency supports research to develop
a better understanding of children’s
vulnerabilities and improve its ability to
assess their health risks. The Agency
also focuses on children’s exposure to
toxins in the environment. The budget
continues to support the 2000 Children’s
Asthma Initiative and an interagency

2001 Children’s Lead Poisoning
Initiative.
Providing for Communities

Promoting Smart Growth through
Better America Bonds

To better protect America’s
communities, the Administration is
again proposing Better America Bonds
that states, tribes, and local governments
can use to preserve open space, protect
water quality, and clean up abandoned
industrial sites. Through this Initiative,
the Administration will provide the
authority to issue $2.15 billion in bonds
to state, local, and tribal governments in
2001.

10

Creating a New Source of Environ-
mental Information: The Information
Integration Initiative

This Administration has made a
commitment to empower the public with
environmental information on toxic
releases in their communities. This
information is a powerful tool for the
public to take action to ensure that their
local environment is safe and healthy.
This budget request expands on the
public’s right-to-know about their
environment with the Information
Integration Initiative. This Initiative will
provide $30 million for the Agency to
work with the states to develop and
make public integrated environmental
data, providing the public with an
unprecedented level of integrated
information on local environments

“across the Nation.

Cleaning Up Toxic Waste

Keeping Superfund Working Fair,
Fast and Cost-Effective

This budget continues a com-
mitment to clean up toxic waste sites
with a request of $1.45 billion for
Superfund cleanups. Funding will
provide resources to mitigate the effects
of uncontrolled releases on local
populations and sensitive environments.
This budget request keeps us on track
with Superfund site cleanups. Currently,
91% of the 1,412 final sites on the
Superfund National Priorities List (NPL)
are either undergoing cleanup con-
struction (remedial or removal) or are
completed. Combined with continuing
administrative reforms, these funds will
help meet the President’s goal of 900
clean up completions by 2002.


: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,
Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems —__ |

control technologies to mitigate and
eliminate human exposures to these
stressors. To meet this need, the 2001
research program will develop exposure
data, health tisk assessment
methodologies, and control technologies
to improve the characterization of health
risks and reduce community exposures
to environmental chemical stressors.

Highlights:

EPA seeks to prevent pollution at
the source as the first choice in
managing environmental risks to humans
and ecosystems. Where pollution pre-
vention at the source is not a viable
alternative, the Agency will employ risk
management and remediation strategies
in a cost effective manner. Reducing
pollution at the source will be carried out
using a multi-media approach in the
following environmental problem areas:

@ Reduce Public and Ecosystem
Exposure to Pesticides

Reducing risk from exposure to
pesticides requires a multi-faceted
approach. Beyond being exposed
through the food we eat, the general
public, applicators, and farm workers
may be exposed through direct handling,
groundwater contamination or aerial
spray. One intent of the Food Quality
Protection Act (FQPA) is to protect the
public by shifting the nation toward safer
pesticide use. Appropriate transition
strategies to safer pesticides are
important to the nation to avoid
disruption of food supply or sudden
changes in the market that could result
from abruptly terminating the use of a
pesticide before well-targeted safer
equivalents can be identified and made

available. For these reasons, the
Strategic Agricultural _— Partnership
initiative continues to be an important
priority in 2001. The Strategic
Agricultural Partnership assists in
developing alternative pest management
tools and effective implementation
approaches. The Agency will work
closely with industry, agricultural
pesticide users and other stakeholders to
develop an effective transition to the
safer pesticides and pest management
practices envisioned by the FQPA. In
2001, the initiative will expand efforts to
reach more farmers, encourage them to
adopt safer pesticides, use environmental
stewardship and integrated _ pest
management practices, and adopt a
“whole farm” approach to environmental
protection.

In 2001, through the Certification
and Training (C&T) and Worker
Protection (WP) programs, EPA will
continue increasing agricultural workers’
awareness and knowledge of the dangers
of pesticides and good worker safety
practices. EPA will continue to protect
the Nation’s ecosystems and reduce
impacts to endangered species through
the Pesticide Environmental Stewardship
Program (PESP), and integrated pest
management (IPM). The Agency will
emphasize efforts with our tribal
partners to address pesticide issues and
enhance the development of tribal
technical capacity, particularly in the
areas of risk management, worker safety,
training, and pollution prevention.

Together, the WP and the C&T
programs address the problem of worker
pesticide exposure. These programs
safeguard workers from occupational
exposure to pesticides by providing


Congress eliminated the cap for fiscal
year 2000 only. Tribes applying for and
receiving Section 319 grants have
steadily increased from two in 1991 to
eleven in 1999. Twenty two tribes have
met the eligibility requirements to
receive Section 319 grants. This
proposal recognizes the increasing
demand on the limited pool of Section
319 grant funds for Tribal nonpoint
source program needs.

Cleaning America’s Air
Clean Air Partnership Fund

One of the Administration’s most
important public health commitments is
to improve the air that Americans
breathe. Over one-third of Americans
still live in areas where the air does not
meet the new air quality standards. The
2001 budget request includes $85
million for the Clean Air Partnership
Fund. This initiative will foster
public-private partnerships to help

- communities achieve their own clean air

goals in ways that make the best sense
for them.

The Clean Air Partnership Fund
will:

@ be a catalyst for innovative local,
state, and private partnerships for air
pollution reductions;

¢@ demonstrate locally managed,
self-supporting programs _ that
achieve early integrated reductions in
soot, smog, air toxics, and
greenhouse gases;

@ be used to capitalize local revolving
funds and other financial mech-
anisms that investment and pollution
reduction; and

@ stimulate technology innovation.

The Clean Air Partnership Fund
will fund more optimal, multi-pollutant
control strategies. Currently, businesses
and municipalities often invest in short-
term, single-pollutant control ap-
proaches. The Partnership will en-
courage many industries, such as electric
utilities and the transportation sector, to
pursue comprehensive criteria pollutant
reductions while improving energy and
operational efficiencies, thereby also
reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Air Grants to States and Tribes

This budget provides $222.9
million in state and tribal air grants. Of
these resources, $5 million will be for
state, tribal, and regional planning
bodies to implement programs to address
regional haze and integrate those
programs with approaches to reducing
ozone and fine particulate matter.

Meeting the Climate Change Challenge

This budget request of $227.3
million for EPA’s portion of the Climate
Change Technology Initiative (CCTI)
continues the Administration’s com-
mitment, through this multi-Agency
program, to address the significant threat
that global warming poses to public
health and the environment. This
investment will reduce greenhouse gas
emissions through investments in energy
efficient technologies, as well as
partnerships with businesses, schools,
state and local governments, and other
organizations. This initiative promotes
voluntary measures and common-sense
approaches to reduce energy use and
energy bills for consumers and bus-


ment methodology, program policies and
effective risk reduction measures. In
2001, the Agency will continue
developing the framework for the
Tegistration review program.

Research

In 2001, research will continue to
develop pesticides exposure and effects
data, risk assessment methods and
models for children, and control
technologies needed to comply with the
requirements of FQPA. One area of
increased attention will be cumulative
tisk. Research will be enhanced to
address some of the complex issues and
uncertainties in this area. The Agency
will begin to develop a systematic
approach for determining cumulative
tisk for a given set of exposure
conditions, beginning with less complex
paradigms and building toward the more
complex, including consideration of
different temporal dimensions of
exposure.

FY 2001 Annual Performance Goals

@ In 2001, complete reassessment of a
cumulative 66 percent (560) of these
848 tolerances of special concern in
protecting the health of children.

@ In 2001, EPA will reassess an
additional 1,200 of the 9,721 existing
pesticide tolerances to ensure that
they meet the statutory standard of
“reasonable certainty of no harm”
(for a cumulative 60 percent).

@ In 2001, decrease adverse risk from
agricultural uses from 1995 levels
and assure that new pesticides that

43

enter the market are safe for humans
and the environment.




We also will work

reaching attainment.
with states, tribes, and local governments to
ensure that work they are doing on the PM
and ozone standards effectively targets both
pollutants, as well as regional haze, to
maximize the effectiveness of control

strategies. On the national level, we will
continue to establish Federal standards to
require cleaner motor vehicles, fuels and
non-road equipment that are cost effective
and technically feasible. We also will target
source characterization work, especially
development and improvement of emission
factors, that is essential for the states, tribes
and local agencies to develop strategies to
meet the standards. We will look closely at
urban areas to determine the various sources
of toxics that enter the air, water, and soil
and determine the best manner to reduce the
total toxics risk in these urban areas. We
will also focus on research that would
inform and enhance our regulatory decisions
as well as research that would explore
emerging areas.

Research

To reach the objective of attaining
the NAAQS for tropospheric ozone,
additional research is planned to improve
current models of emissions and atmos-
pheric processes in order to identify
effective control strategies. In 2001, EPA
will develop tropospheric ozone precursor
measurements methods, emissions-based air
quality models, observation based modeling
methods, and source emissions information
to guide State Implementation Plan (SIP)
development under the current NAAQS. In
support of Agency efforts to attain the
NAAQS for PM, in 2001, research will
provide new information on the atmospheric
concentrations, human exposure, health
effects and mechanisms of toxicity of
particulate matter, and will facilitate PM

22

NAAQS review through the development
and consultation process involved in the
formulation of a PM Air Quality Criteria
Document.

Air toxics research will seek to
understand further the root causes of the air
toxics environmental and human health
problems in urban areas, thereby improving
the ability to weigh alternative strategies for
solving those problems. Efforts will focus
on providing new information and methods
to estimate human exposure and health
effects from high priority urban air toxics, as
well as on completing health assessments for
the highest priority hazardous air pollutants,
including fuel/fuel additives. With this
information the Agency will be in a better
position to determine risk and develop
alternative strategies for maximizing risk
reductions.

Highlights:
Ozone/Particulate Matter/Regional Haze

Ground-level ozone, fine PM and
regional haze have many similarities. All
three problems result from their formation
under certain atmospheric conditions in the
presence of gases, such as NOx and VOCs,
emitted by the same types of sources.
Because of these similarities, there are
opportunities for integrated strategies for
reducing pollutant emissions in the most
cost-effective ways.

In 2001, EPA will assist states, tribes
and local governments in devising additional
stationary source and mobile source
strategies to reduce ozone and particulate
matter. Some specific activities and
initiatives in this program will include:


Strategic Goal: The air in every American community will be safe and healthy to
breathe. In particular, children, the elderly, and people with respiratory ailments will be
protected from health risks of breathing polluted air. Reducing air pollution will also
protect the environment, resulting in many benefits, such as restoring life in damaged
ecosystems and reducing health risks to those whose subsistence depends directly on
those ecosystems.

Resource Summary
(dollars in thousands)

FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2001 - FY 2000
Enacted Request Delta
Clean Air $540,965.5 $647,514.2 $106,548.7
Attain NAAQS for Ozone and PM $382,105.9 $455,169.9 $73,064.0
Reduce Emissions of Air Toxics $95,123.4 $132,939.4 $37,816.0
Attain NAAQS for CO, SO2, NO2, Lead $44,103.4 $39,111.4 -$4,992.0
Acid Rain $19,632.8 $20,293.5 $660.7
Total Workyears: 1,857.9 1,856.6 13
Means and Strategy: @ Nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Inritates the
lung and contributes to the formation of
Criteria Pollutants ground-level ozone, acidic deposition,

EPA develops standards to protect
public health and the environment that limit
concentrations of the most widespread
pollutants (known as criteria pollutants),
which are linked to many serious health and
environmental problems:

¢@ Ground-level ozone. Causes respiratory
illness, especially in active children;
aggravates respiratory illnesses such as
asthma; causes damage to vegetation and
contributes to visibility problems.

@ Sulfur dioxide (SO2). Aggravates the
symptoms of asthma and is a major
contributor to acid rain.

17

and visibility problems.

# Carbon monoxide (CO). Interferes with
the delivery of oxygen to body tissues,
particularly affecting people with
cardiovascular diseases.

@ Lead. Causes nervous system damage,
especially in children, leading to reduced
intelligence.

@ Particulate Matter (PM). Linked to
premature death in the elderly and
people with cardiovascular disease and
to respiratory illness in children; affects
the environment through visibility
impairment.


@ Expansion of Americans’ Right to

Know About Their Environment: Easy
access to a wealth of information about the
state of their local environment will expand
citizen involvement and give people tools
to protect their families and their
communities as they see fit. Increased
information exchange between scientists,
public health officials, businesses, citizens,
and all levels of government will foster
greater knowledge about the environment
and what can be done to protect it.

Sound Science, Improved Under-
standing of Environmental Risk, and
Greater Innovation to Address
Environmental Problems: EPA will
develop and apply the best available
science for addressing current and future
environmental hazards, as well as new
approaches toward improving environ-
mental protection.

A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and
Greater Compliance with the Law:
EPA will ensure full compliance with laws
intended to protect human health and the
environment.

Effective Management: EPA will
establish a management infrastructure that
will set and implement the highest quality
standards for effective intemal manage-
ment and fiscal responsibility.


(dollars in millions)

Water and Air Infrastructure Financing

Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF)
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF)

Mexican Border Projects
Special Needs Projects
Clean Air Partnership Fund

TOTAL:

Water and Air Infrastructure Funds

EPA’s Clean Air Partnership Fund
and Water Infrastructure Financing request
totals $1,838.0 million. Funds in these
programs support three goals in 2001: Clean
Air, Clean and Safe Water, and Reducing
Cross-Border Environmental Threats.

Clean Air Partnership Fund

In 2001 the Administration is
launching an investment of $85.0 million for
the Clean Air Partnership Fund — a program
that provides financing for smart, multi-
pollutant control strategies that will reduce
air pollution as well as greenhouse gases,
and provide healthy clean air to local
citizens as soon as possible. Funds will be
for projects demonstrating simultaneous
early reductions in smog, soot or air toxics,
as well as greenhouse gases.

Recognizing that cost restraints often
play a part in businesses and municipalities
investing in short-term, single pollutant
strategies, the Clean Air Partnership Fund
will encourage many industries to
demonstrate long-range comprehensive
pollution reduction strategies. Grants will

113

FY 2001
FY 2000 President’s
Enacted Budget
$1,345.4 $800.0
_ $820.0 $825.0
$50.0 $100.0
$345.3 $28.0
$0.0 $85.0
$2,560.8 $1,838.0
be made available to states, local

governments, and tribes under existing
authority.

Water Infrastructure Financing

EPA’s water infrastructure financing
efforts support two of EPA’s strategic goals:
Clean and Safe Water, and Reducing Global
and Cross-border Environmental Risks. The
Nation’s cities face a challenge to keep our
tivers, streams, and beaches free from
untreated sewage. Vast quantities of
pollution contaminate residential areas and
wildlife habitats along our border with
Mexico. In Alaska native villages, more
than 20,000 households lack even the most
rudimentary 20th century sanitation facilities
and technology.

In hundreds of cities and towns, the
systems for ensuring safe drinking water lag
behind modern demands. In some cases, the
costs associated with meeting national
standards for drinking water quality
(‘maximum contaminant levels’) have
outstripped a community’s investment in
drinking water treatment and distributions
systems. In other cases, aging and deterior-
ated systems need to be restored to ensure


tives of the program are to monitor and
report on other countries implementation
of environmental laws and regulations,
identify technical assistance needs and
coordinate its provision, and counsel
U.S. firms on local environmental laws
and conditions. By identifying targets
for technical assistance, EPA will help
developing countries apply cleaner and
more cost-effective environmental
practices and technologies. For both the
U.S. and other countries, the program
will demonstrate that global economic
integration and environmental protection
can go together.

Research

EPA will assess the possible
effects of global change, such as changes
in climate and climate variability,
changes in land use, changes in UV
radiation and changes on air quality,
water quality, ecosystem health, and
public health. EPA will also examine
possible adaptation strategies that could
enable communities to take advantage of
opportunities and reduce the risks
associated with global change. The
outcome of these assessments will help
inform decision-making _ regarding
strategies to address these possible
changes.

Annual Performance Goals:

@ In 2001, greenhouse gas emissions
will be reduced from projected levels
by approximately 66 MMTCE per
year through EPA partnerships with
businesses, schools, State and local
governments, and other organ-
izations thereby offsetting growth in
greenhouse gas emissions above
1990 level by about 20%.

@ In 2001, provide assistance to at least
75 developing countries to facilitate
emissions reductions, and toward
achieving the requirements of the
Montreal Protocol.

@ In 2001, restrict domestic con-
sumption of class II HCFCs below
15,240 Ozone Depleting Potential
(ODP)-weighted metric tonnes (ODP
MTs) and restrict domestic exempted
production and import of newly
produced class I CFCs and halons
below 60,000 ODP MTs.

@ In 2001, reduce energy consumption
from projected levels by more than
70 billion kilowatt hours, resulting in
over $9 billion in energy savings to
consumers and businesses.

@ In 2001, for 60% of children in
SunWise Schools, the dose of
ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to which
they are exposed will be reduced by
50% thus decreasing the risk of
future UvV-related health effects,
including skin cancer, eye damage,
and suppression of the immune
system.

@ In 2001, demonstrate technology for
an 80 MPG mid-size family sedan
that has low emissions and is safe,
practical, and affordable.

@ In 2001, assist 10 to 12 developing
countries and countries with econ-
omies in transition in developing
strategies and actions for reducing
emissions of greenhouse gases and
enhancing carbon sequestration.

@ In 2001, provide analysis,
assessment, and reporting support to


Goal 1: Clean Air Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)
FY 2001

FY 2000 President's
Key Program Enacted Budget
Acid Rain: CASTNET $4,000.0 $4,000.0
Acid Rain: Program Implementation $10,606.3 $12,287.1
Administrative Services $4,250.4 $4,463.9
Air Toxics: Characterization $8,452.9 $9,503.7
Air Toxics: Implementation $5,081.7 $5,692.0
Air Toxics: Research $18,121.7 $17,406.4
Air, State, Local and Tribal Assistance Grants $209,758.8 $214,758.8
Children's Health $1,000.0 $1,000.0
Clean Air Partnership Fund $0.0 $85,000.0
Common Sense Initiative $135.6 $237.2
EMPACT $2,969.1 $2,720.6
Mobile Sources $48,056.9 $56,123.8
Ozone $29,696.0 $32,092.2
Particulate Matter $26,421.2 $33,226.4
Particulate Matter Research $62,300.5 $65,267.9
Project XL $390.5 $0.0
Regional Haze $1,851.5 $2,233.0
Regional Management $244.2 $405.5
Rent, Utilities and Securities $21,852.9 $23,917.2
Stationary Sources $16,566.5 $17,812.9
Tropospheric Ozone Research $6,273.7 $8,543.4
TOTAL $478,030.4 $596,692.0

27



Agency Workyear Decrease in 2001

Co Operating Programs
Trust Funds

17,280 17,106 17,508 17,082 17,152 17,739 18,110 18,100 18,050

jk

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

NOTE: FY 1993 through 1999 reflect actual FTE usage.

13


the Clean Water Act Section 404 and
Farm Bill programs.

Through continuing implemen-
tation of Clean Water Action Plan
priorities, watershed restoration action
strategies will be implemented in high
priority watersheds across the nation that
will enable local leaders to take a
stronger role in setting priorities and
solving water quality problems that
affect the quality of life in their
communities. EPA will work with
states, tribes, municipalities, and the
regulated community to ensure that the
Phase II rules for the stormwater
program are implemented to solve
problems caused by sediment and other
pollutants in our waters. EPA will also
establish criteria for nutrients (i.e.,
nitrogen and phosphorus) so that more
states can develop water quality
standards that protect waters from
harmful algal blooms such as pfiesteria,
dead zones, and fish kills, which develop
as a result of an excess of these
nutrients. EPA will work with States to
fund priority watershed projects through
the CWSRF to reduce nonpoint and
estuary pollution. The Agency will also
work to reduce nonpoint source
pollution from failing septic systems.

Research

EPA’s research efforts will
continue to strengthen the scientific
basis for drinking water standards
through the use of improved methods
and new data to better evaluate the risks
associated with exposure to chemical
and microbial contaminants in drinking
water. To support the Safe Drinking
Water Act (SDWA) and its 1996
Amendments, the Agency’s drinking
water research will develop dose-

32

response information on disinfected by-
products (DBPs), waterborne pathogens,
arsenic and other drinking water
contaminants for characterization of
potential exposure risks from consuming
tap water, including an increased focus
on filling key data gaps and developing
methods for chemicals and microbial
pathogens on the Contaminant Candidate
List (CCL). The Agency will develop
and evaluate cost-effective treatment
technologies for removing pathogens
from water supplies while minimizing
DBP formation, and for maintaining the
quality of treated water in the
distribution system and preventing the
intrusion of microbial contamination.
By reducing uncertainties and improving
methods associated with the assessment
and control of risks posed by exposure to
microbial contaminants in drinking
water, EPA is providing the scientific
basis necessary to protect human health
and ensure that by 2005, 95 percent of
the population served by community
water systems will receive water that
meets drinking water standards in place
in 1994.

Research to support the develop-
ment of ecological criteria will improve
our understanding of the struc-ture,
function and characteristics of aquatic
systems, and will evaluate exposures to
stressors and their effects on those
systems. This research can then be used
to improve risk assessment methods to
develop aquatic life, habitat, and wildlife
criteria) Through the development of a
framework for diagnosing adverse
effects of chemical pollutants in surface
waters, EPA will be able to evaluate the
risks posed by chemicals that persist in
the environment and accumulate in the
food chain, threatening wildlife and


research lab at Research Triangle Park in
North Carolina. New construction and
renovation activities will continue at the
New Headquarters project. EPA will
also address critical repairs in EPA
facilities related to employee health and
safety. These facilities provide the tools
essential for researching innovative
solutions to current and future
environmental problems and enhancing
our understanding of environmental
tisks. The Agency will also implement a
Laboratories for the 21 Century “Labs
21" initiative, which will include a
demonstration fuel cell project at EPA’s
Ft. Meade laboratory. This is an
initiative in accordance with the
Executive Order issued on June 3, 1999,
that set energy and pollution targets for
all federal facilities, including
laboratories.

The Office of Inspector General
(OIG) will conduct and supervise
independent and objective audits and
investigations relating to Agency
programs and operations. The OIG will
also review and make recommendations
regarding existing and proposed
legislation and regulations. The Office
of Audit will conduct four types of
audits: program, financial statement,
assistance agreement, and contract
audits. The Office of Investigations will
perform four types of investigations:
program integrity, assistance agreement,
contract and procurement, and employee
integrity investigations. In addition, the
OIG will provide advisory/consulting
services and program evaluations.
Combined, these activities promote
economy, efficiency, and effectiveness
within the Agency, and prevent and
detect fraud, waste, and abuse. The OIG
will keep the EPA Administrator and

101

Congress fully informed of problems
and deficiencies identified in Agency

programs and operations and the
necessity for corrective actions.

2001 Annual Performance Goals:

¢ In 2001, EPA will install a
demonstration fuel cell at Ft. Meade
Laboratory.

@ In 2001, EPA will ensure personnel
are relocated to mew space as
scheduled.

@ In 2001, EPA will ensure that all

new and ongoing construction
projects are progressing and
completed as scheduled.

¢ In 2001, EPA continues improving
how it measures progress in
achieving its strategic objectives and
annual goals by increasing external
performance goals and measures
characterized as outcomes by 4% in
the 2002 Annual Performance Plan.

@ In 2001, EPA's fiscal management,
processes, operation, and systems
reflect sound financial management
principles.

@ In 2001, evaluate the effectiveness of
the economic guidance issued in
2000, "A Practical Guide to Valuing
Children's Health Effects."

¢@ In 2001, provide independent audits,
evaluations, and advisory services,
responsive to customers and clients,
leading to improved economy,
efficiency and effectiveness in


[ Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater si
Compliance with the Law

and performance problems.

¢@ In 2001, ensure compliance with
legal requirements for proper hand-
ling of hazardous waste imports and
exports.

94


In 2001, The Agency's Budget Totals $7.3 Billion

(dollars in millions)

Better America Bonds

| Operating Programs

| Trust Funds

Water and Air Infrastructure

> Vs
RU Ry

* Total dollars for 2001 reflect offsetting recepts.
** Better America Bonds - In 200] the Adminstration is proposing bond authority of $2.15 billion.

14



evaluating the environmental results of
its program activities. Highlights of
expected Agency 2001 achievements in
effective management are:

@ The Agency will continue to
improve the accountability process
that provides timely performance
information used in strategic and
annual planning and budget
formulation.

@ EPA will maintain a clean audit
opinion of the Agency’s financial
statements that demonstrates the
highest caliber resource stewardship
and gives credibility and reliability
to the Agency financial information.

@ EPA will substantially complete the
implementation of a new payroll
system that will reduce processing
costs and burdens through use of
efficient technology.

¢@ EPA will begin implementation of a
long term solution for the
replacement of the Agency’s major
financial system and ancillary
specialized systems that will better
integrate these systems with other
Agency resource databases and
administrative systems.

The Agency will continue to
strengthen pre-award and post-award
management of assistance agreements.
For example, by 2001, in addition to
planning to eliminate the close-out
backlog of non-construction grant
ending before September 30, 2000, EPA
will eliminate the entire close-out
backlog for interagency agreements that
ended before September 30, 1997. In
addition, in 2001, the Agency will

100

continue to improve efficiencies in the
contract process, while saving taxpayers
dollars, through use of performance-
based contracts and reduced use of cost

reimbursable contracts. All new
contracts will be evaluated for possible
award or conversion to performance
based contracts. In addition, the Agency
will put increased emphasis on contract
oversight, including speeding up the
contract process through fast-track
system enhancements and automation
efforts.

In 2001, the Agency will
continue its workforce development
strategy. The purpose of this initiative is
to attract, recruit, develop and deploy
EPA’s employees to address the critical
environmental issues of the 21* century.
This initiative will implement a support
staff development pilot to improve the
professionalism and performance of our
clerical workforce; will identify and
develop career tracks for employees
skills and tools requirements needed to
fully develop in their chosen occupation;
and will develop leadership skills in
employees throughout the organization
while improving the managerial
competencies of our line managers. A
significant component of the initiative is
the EPA Intern Program that is designed
to hire diverse, high performing
individuals who will become part of the
Agency’s future leadership.

The Agency’s building
operations and new construction budget
ensures a healthy, safe and secure work
environment for its employees, and
integrates pollution prevention and state-
of-the-art technology into its daily
activities. The Agency will complete
construction of the new consolidated


105


Environmental Protection Agency
Summary of Agency Resources

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2001 Delta
FY 2000 President's FY 2001 vs.

Agency Programs by Goal Enacted Budget FY 2000

1. Clean Air $540,965.5 $562,514.2 $21,548.7
2. Clean & Safe Water $980,822.0 $1,101,826.5 $121,004.5
3. Safe Food $82,285.2 $86,056.5 $3,771.3
4. Preventing Pollution $277,597.3 $301,046.3 $23,449.0
5. Better Waste Management $252,700.1 $268,637.0 $15,936.9
6. Global & Cross Border $187,865.8 $325,070.5 $137,204.7
7. Right-to-Know $155,931.6 $181,421.2 $25,489.6
8. Sound Science $326,055.8 $323,990.6 ($2,065.2)
9. Credible Deterrent $355,924.5 $384,236.1 $28,311.6
10. Effective management $372,137.8 $381,703.4 $9,565.6
Subtotal Operating Programs $3,532,285.6 $3,916,502.3 $384,216.7
5. Better Waste Management $1,369,672.5 $1,411,210.6 $41,538.1
7. Right-to-Know $3,708.5 $3,687.9 ($20.6)
8. Sound Science $4,454.5 $4,767.1 $312.6
9. Credible Deterrent $16,831.1 $19,535.4 $2,704.3
10. Effective Management $75,093.2 $82,895.5 $7,802.3
Subtotal Trust Funds: $1,469,759.8 $1,522,096.5 $52,336.7
1. Clean Air $0.0 $85,000.0 $85,000.0
2. Clean & Safe Water $2,510,765.3 $1,653,000.0 ($857,765.3)
6. Global and Cross Border $50,000.0 $100,000.0 $50,000.0
Subtotal Water and Air Infrastructure Financing —_$2,560,765.3 $1,838,000.0 ($722,765.3)
Grand Total Discretionary $7,562,810.7 $7,276,598.8 1\ ($286,211.9)
Superfund Orphan Share (mandatory) $0.0 $150,000.0 $150,000.0
GRAND TOTAL Budget Authority $7,562,810.7 $7,426,598.8 ($136,211.9)
Better America Bond Authority $0.0 $2,150,000.0 $2,150,000.0

1\ Does not include $20 million in offsetting receipts

121


to reduce
greenhouse gases and other pollutants.

emissions of

programs

U.S. leadership is also required
to initiate international agreements and
actions to reduce or eliminate the
environmental releases of persistent
toxic substances such as DDT, PCBs or
dioxins, which travel great distances in
the environment and threaten human
health and the environment. Although
the U.S. has controlled many of these
substances domestically for some time,
we remain vulnerable to them in part
because many other countries still use
them, thus contributing to transboundary
flows back into the U.S. By marshaling
and coordinating government and private
sector programs with other developed
countries and key international
organizations (i.e., the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Develop-
ment and United Nations Environmental
Program), EPA is leading the way for
international action to control the use
and transboundary migration of these
substances. EPA has made significant
progress in negotiating a legally binding
global convention on persistent organic
pollutants (POPs) and in helping to
establish international capacity building
programs which will facilitate mean-
ingful developing country compliance
with this convention.

Climate Change

Carbon dioxide and other green-
house gases are produced by burning
coal, oil, and natural gas to heat our
homes, power our cars, and illuminate
our cities. Deforestation and land
clearing also contribute to the production
of greenhouse gases. These gases which
persist in the environment may have

68

several environmental effects: rising
atmospheric and ocean temperatures
may ultimately change weather patterns;
thereby increasing droughts, pre-
cipitation, flooding, heat waves and
raising sea levels. Although the precise
magnitude, timing, and regional patterns
are uncertain, it is likely that climate
change will have adverse consequences
for human health, including: increasing
the number of deaths associated with -
heat waves and other weather pattern
disruptions; increasing incidence of
allergic disorders; and increasing
diseases that thrive in warmer climates,
such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue
fever, encephalitis, and cholera.

Since the early 1990s, EPA has
been building partnerships —_ with
businesses in all sectors to meet the 1992
Framework Convention on Climate
Change (FCCC) objective to stabilize
greenhouse gas emissions. EPA also
plays a major role in the President’s
Climate Change Technology Initiative
(CCTI), which is designed to stimulate
the adoption of energy efficient tech-
nologies and the use of renewable
energy.

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

In the stratosphere, ozone pro-
tects us from harmful sun rays.
Anthropogenic chemicals are respon-
sible for depleting ozone in the
stratosphere. Depletion of this ozone
layer means more exposure to these
harmful rays, particularly ultraviolet
radiation. The human health con-
sequences are increases in skin cancers
and cataracts, and impairment to the
immune system. Ecologically, crop


Goal 6: Global and Cross Border Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)
FY 2001

FY 2000 President's
Key Program Enacted Budget
Administrative Services $2,405.8 $2,556.3
CCTI: Buildings $42,640.9 $80,063.8
CCTI: Carbon Removal $1,000.0 $3,410.0
CCTI: Industry $21,991.7 $63,686.1
CCTI: International Capacity Building $5,594.4 $10,576.2
CCTI: State & Local Climate Change $2,508.0 $4,525.0
CCTI: Transportation $29,604.8 $65,084.0
Climate Change Research $20,592.2 $22,726.3
Commission for Environmental Cooperation - CEC $3,222.5 $3,263.5
EMPACT $947.8 $76.5
Environment and Trade $518.0 $4,606.4
Global Toxics $535.0 $588.4
Great Lakes National Program Office (CWAP) $15,077.6 $13,196.7
International Brownfields $168.0 $173.0
International Safe Drinking Water $793.0 $848.0
Multilateral Fund $12,000.0 $21,000.0
Partnership with Industrial and Other Countries $6,855.6 $5,776.3
Rent, Utilities and Securities $4,298.7 $4,747.7
U.S. - Mexico Border $4,142.3 $5,176.2
Water Infrastructure: Mexico Border $50,000.0 $100,000.0
TOTAL $224,896.3 $412,080.4

74



Air Toxics Reductions

Emissions Reductions from Full Implementation of MACT Standards

Tons per year

Tons per year

600,001
Pre-MACT ErnissiggfiostMACT Emissid

500,001

HON Sovent Ory Cleaning Gasol
Ceanng oY Ceanne Ser pution

80% 60% 50% 5%

The fine particles also contribute to
reduced visibility in national parks and
elsewhere.

Air quality has continued to improve
during the past 10 years for all six
pollutants. Nationally, air quality
concentration data taken from thousands of
monitoring stations across the country has
continued to show improvement since
the1980s for ozone, PM, CO, NO», SO, and
lead.

0
a 991 MH 1998
nor
Cr
nism
ruse
02
[Any NAAQS (1-47 03)
‘Any NAAQS (2-47 0)
° 50 100 150
millions of people living in Counties with
monitored fevels above the NAAQS,

19

° Es C
Shipbuilding Secondary Chrome Feeling
Etectropiat FON
MagnettalingGiggs Pt eWcod
san Rei

24% 51% 72% 80% 99% 60% >29%

In fact, all the years throughout the
1990s have shown better air quality than any
of the years in the 1980s. This steady trend
of improvement resulted in spite of weather
conditions in the 1990s which were
generally more conducive to higher
pollution levels, especially ground-level
ozone formation. Emissions of hazardous
air pollutants have also been reduced
significantly. Actions since the Clean Air
Act was amended in 1990, have reduced air
toxic emissions by over 1 million tons
annually, a greater than 25 percent
reduction. The primary programs respon-
sible for the reductions include the
Maximum Achievable Control Technology
(MACT) standards and the reformulated
gasoline programs.

The dramatic improvements in
emissions and air quality occurred
simultaneously with significant increases in
economic growth and population. The


Agency business practices and
attainment of its environment goals.

102


imizing their effectiveness.

@ Initiation of in-use performance eval-
uations of national low emission
vehicles (NLEVs) sold in northeast
states to determine durability, predictive
value for Tier 2, and potential recall for
any emission system defects.

@ Expansion of the efforts of EPA’s
Transportation Air Quality (TRAQ)
Center in assisting state and local
communities in developing  trans-
portation strategies and voluntary mobile
source programs that respond to unique
local conditions so that attainment can
be reached. Specifically, the TRAQ
Center will provide transportation
program information and tools, technical
assistance, key contacts and funding
sources, and partnership opportunities.

@ EPA will also operate the NOx
Allowance and Emissions Tracking
Systems for the NOx Budget Program,
as requested by the 12 States of the
Ozone Transport Region. The Acid
Rain Program will also administer the
Emission and Allowance Tracking
Systems for a NOx reduction program
involving emissions trading across 22
States.

¢ Evaluation of state and tribal particulate
monitoring.

¢@ Working with states and tribes on
technical analyses and activities related
to regional planning and developing
state and tribal implementation plans.

Targeting Air Toxics Risks in Urban Areas

In 2001, EPA will develop strategies
and rules to help states reduce emissions and

24

exposure to hazardous air pollutants,
particularly in urban areas, and reduce
harmful deposition in water bodies. Some
specific activities and initiatives in this
program include:

¢

Promulgating 25 MACT standards and a
tule for heavy-duty highway diesel
vehicles and cleaner diesel fuel.

Ensuring compliance with the
promulgated MACT standards including
developing implementation tools for 10
MACT standards and building tribal
capacity to address air toxics.

Implementing an ambient air toxics
measurement and monitoring program to
better quantify ambient air toxic levels
and characterize human exposures;
updating and improving the National
Toxics Inventory; evaluating and
improving models of the impacts of air
toxics on a national scale.

In partnership with states, enhancing and
expanding the existing toxics monitoring
network, which will be implemented
through a peer-reviewed strategy
developed with the states. Soliciting
HAP emission inventory information
from states to improve the National
Toxics Inventory.

Completing residual risk assessments for
all 2-year MACT standards; continuing
residual risk assessments for all 4-year
MACT standards.

Completing regulatory determinations
for electric utilities.

Evaluating the need for further
regulations to control mobile source air
toxics as required by section 202(I) of


| Preventing Pollution and Reducing | Risk in Communities,
a Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

recycling in many industrial sectors,
including waste reduction opportunities
for construction and demolition debris,
food wastes, tires, electronics
equipment, carpet, transport packaging,
and plastic beverage packaging.

@ Assess Conditions in Indian Country

EPA places particular priority on
working with Federally recognized tribes
on a government- to-government basis to
improve environmental conditions in
Indian country in a manner that affirms
the vital trust responsibility that EPA has
with some 554 Tribal governments. The
Agency will concentrate on building
Tribal infrastructure and completing a
documented baseline assessment of
environmental conditions in Indian
country to enable EPA/Tribes to identify
high priority human health and
environmental risks. These assessments
will provide a blueprint for planning
future activities through the development
of Tribal/EPA Environmental Agree-
ments (TEAs) or similar tribal
environmental plans to address and
support priority environmental multi-
media concerns in Indian country. By
the end of 2001, EPA expects to
complete key reforms to the Agency’s
data infrastructure to address tribes. By
the end of 2001, EPA will also complete
a baseline assessment of 38 percent of
Indian country using existing
information. | EPA anticipates that
existing information will provide a
sufficient basis for sound environmental
planning and program implementation in
some areas. In other areas, EPA
anticipates the baseline assessment will
identify key data gaps for resolution. By
the end of 2000, EPA will have invested
$2.1 million in these activities.

In 2001, EPA is requesting an
additional $10 million (total of $52.6
million) for Indian General Assistance
Program grants. These resources will
allow at least 80 additional tribes to
support at least one or two persons
working in their community to build a
strong, sustainable environment for the
future. These people perform vital work
by assessing the status of a tribe’s -
environmental condition and developing
the infrastructure for an environmental
program tailored to that tribe’s needs.
Another key role of this workforce is to
alert EPA of serious conditions requiring
attention in the near term so that, in
addition to assisting in the building of
tribal environmental capacity, EPA can
work with the tribe to respond to
immediate public health and ecological
threats.

In accordance with the
President’s 1994 Memorandum and its
own longstanding policy, EPA is
considering additional approaches for
how EPA and tribes might work together
to protect public health and the
environment in Indian country. As part
of that effort, EPA is proposing
appropriations language that would
provide another tool to implement its
Federal programs while removing
existing legal and procedural
impediments to working directly and
effectively with tribal governments. The
proposed language would allow EPA to
award cooperative agreements to
federally recognized tribes or intertribal
consortia if authorized by their tribal
members to assist the Administrator in
implementing Federal environmental
programs for tribes. The proposed
language would improve environmental
protection while also building the


by targeting resources towards its many
diverse children’s activities, including
working to assure that EPA’s health-

based standards consider risks to
children and to continue to develop
sound scientific methods for addressing
risks to children from exposure to
environmental pollutants. The Agency
will also provide policy direction and
guidance on equal employment
opportunity and civil rights. The
Agency’s Administrative Law Judges
and its Environmental Appeals Board
Judges will issue decisions on
administrative complaints and environ-
mental adjudications, respectively, in a
timely manner.

To achieve effective
management of and accountability for
EPA’s fiscal resources, the Agency will
improve capabilities to make cost-
effective investments for environmental
results. EPA will build on the success of
its integrated planning, budgeting,
analysis and accountability program
while continuing to enhance its ability to
provide the highest quality fiscal
resources § management. EPA
collaborates extensively with partners
and stakeholders to forge the
partnerships required for shared
approaches to meeting the challenges of
the Government Performance and
Results Act (GPRA). EPA consults with
internal customers on fiscal management
services to meet their needs for
timeliness, efficiency and quality.

The Agency will continue to
invest in human resources to ensure that
it has the scientific and technology skills
needed for the future, and that the
workforce reflects the talents and
perspectives of a growing multi-cultural

98

society. This strategy will enable EPA
to attract, retain and further develop a
diverse workforce prepared to meet the

- Agency’s current and future challenges.

The Agency will provide a
quality work environment that places
high value on employee safety and
security and the design and
establishment of state-of-the-art
laboratories. These facilities provide the
tools essential for researching innovative
solutions to current and future
environmental problems and enhancing
our understanding of environmental
risks. Plans for building operations and
new construction support existing
infrastructure requirements that ensure
healthy, safe and secure work
environments and reflect pollution
prevention values of EPA, in addition to
fulfilling the scientific and functional
requirements of our programs. EPA has
adopted an aggressive strategy to utilize
energy savings performance contracts in
order to reduce energy consumption
significantly over the next five years.

In the contracts area, Agency
efforts focus on selecting the appropriate
contract vehicle to deliver the best value
for the taxpayer. Performance based
contracts allow the Government to
manage for results, not process. Under
this system the Government pays for
results, not effort or process, and
contractors are encouraged to determine
the best and most cost effective ways to
fulfill the Government’s needs.
Performance based contracts save time
and money for the Agency by reducing
unnecessary contract administration
costs. This is accomplished by moving
away from cost reimbursement and level
of effort to fixed price completion


_Clean Water __

also develop and provide effective beach
evaluation tools necessary timely and
informed decisions on beach advisories
and closures.

2001 Annual Performance Goals:

@ In 2001, water quality will improve
on a watershed basis such that 550 of
the Nation's 2,150 watersheds will
have greater than 80 percent of
assessed waters meeting all water
quality standards, up from 500
watersheds in 1998.

@ In 2001, 500 projects funded by the
Clean Water SRF will initiate
operations, including 300 projects
providing secondary treatment,
advanced treatment, CSO correction
(treatment), and/or storm water
treatment. Cumulatively, 6,200 SRF
funded projects will have initiated
operations since program inception.

@ In 2001, restore and protect estuaries
through the implementation of
Comprehensive Conservation and
Management Plans (CCMPs).

@ In 2001, industrial discharges of
pollutants to the nation's waters will
be significantly reduced through
implementation of effluent guide-
lines.

¢@ In 2001, current NPDES permits
reduce or eliminate discharges into
the nation's waters of (1) in-
adequately treated discharges from
municipal and industrial facilities;
and (2) pollutants from urban storm
water, CSOs, and CAFOs.

36

In

@ In 2001, assure that states and tribes
have effective, up-to-date water
quality standards programs adopted

in accordance with the Water Quality
Standards regulation and the Water
Quality Standards program priorities.

2001, reduce exposure to
contaminated recreation waters by
increasing the information available
to the public and decision-makers.
(Supports CWAP)

¢@ In 2001, maintain percent of the
population served by water systems
that will receive drinking water
meeting all health-based standards
that were in effect as of 1994.


improvements are a result of effective
implementation of clean air laws and
regulations, as well as improvements in the
efficiency of industrial technologies.

While substantial progress has been
made, it is important not to lose sight of the
magnitude of the air pollution problem that
still remains. Despite great progress in air
quality improvement, in 1998 there were
still approximately 59 million people
nationwide who lived in counties with
Monitored air quality levels that did not
meet the primary National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQSs) set to protect
public health.

On May 14, 1999, the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
issued an opinion (modified on October 29,
1999) that calls into question EPA’s ability
to adopt and enforce the new ozone and PM
NAAQSs that were issued in July 1997.
EPA strongly disagrees with this decision
and, with the Department of Justice, has
filed a petition asking the Supreme Court to
overturn the decision. The case does not
affect the pre-existing NAAQS, which have
not yet been met in a number of areas.

To continue to reduce air pollution,
the Clean Air Act sets specific targets for the
mitigation of each air pollution problem.
The Act also mandates the air quality
monitoring that helps us measure progress.
In addition, the Act lays out a specific
roadmap for achieving those goals - what we
the Agency and our partners -- states, tribes,
and local governments -- have to do to clean
up the air. One constant across the titles in
the Act is that the pollution control
strategies and programs it contains are all
designed to get the most cost-effective
reductions early on. The early reductions
program in toxics, Phase 1 of the Acid Rain

20

program, Tier I auto emission standards,
more stringent standards on diesel exhaust
from trucks and buses, the reformulated
gasoline program, and the MACT standards
program were all designed to achieve early
reductions, making our air cleaner and safer
to breathe. The problems that remain are
some of the most difficult to solve.

We have developed strategies to
address this difficult increment and
overcome the barriers that have hindered
progress in the past. We will use the
flexibility built into the Clean Air Act,
which is not wedded to hard and fast
formulas or specific technological require-
ments.

We will focus our efforts on:

¢ Coupling ambitious goals with steady
progress - The emphasis will be on the
goal of achieving near-term actions
towards meeting the standards, while
giving states, tribes, and local
governments time to come up with more
difficult measures. We recognize that it
will be difficult for some areas of the
country to attain the new NAAQSs for
ozone and fine particles, and we believe
it will take more than individual state
efforts to achieve the needed emission
reductions. We will work with states,
tribes, and local governments to identify
ways to achieve interim reductions,
principally through regional strategies,
national measures, and the air toxics and
acid rain programs by building on cross-
pollutant emission reductions.

These strategies will move many
areas steadily toward the goal of
achieving near-term attainment. For
those areas where additional measures
are required, this work will provide


imately 70 significant spills a year and
monitors the work of others at
approximately 130 additional spills a
year. To reduce the risk of hazardous
exposure to people and the environment,
the Agency aims to prevent oil spills
from occurring, prepare for oil spills that
do occur, and respond to spills when
necessary.

Research

In 2001, exposure research will
be conducted to reduce uncertainties
associated with soil/groundwater sam-
pling and analysis and to reduce the time
and cost associated with site
characterization and site remediation
activities. | Assessment research will
evaluate the magnitude of the risks
posed by contaminants to human health
and the ecosystem, the contributions of
multiple exposure pathways, the
bioavailability of adsorbed contaminants
and treatment residuals and the
toxicological properties of contaminant
mixtures. Risk management research
will be conducted to develop and
demonstrate more effective and less
costly remediation technologies
involving complex sites and hard-to-treat
wastes.

Research in support of the
hazardous waste identification rule
(HWIR) will focus on reducing the
uncertainty associated with exposure
assessment model predictions by
providing improved process level data
and models for quantifying pollutant
interactions in a variety of natural
systems. The research also provides
consultation on sampling and sample
design related to compliance with
proposed exit levels in support of the

64

| Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated |
_ Waste es and Emergency Response

proposed HWIR. In 2001, EPA will
update the HWIR99 modeling meth-
odology for delisting hazardous wastes.
Additionally, waste management re-
search will be conducted to improve the
management of both solid and hazardous
wastes. This includes development
and/or evaluation of more cost-effective
waste treatment, containment, and
recycling processes, along with technical
guidance on their design and
implementation.

2001 Annual Performance Goals:

@ In 2001, 106 more hazardous waste
management facilities will have
approved controls in place to prevent
dangerous releases to air, soil, and
groundwater, for an approximate
total of 70% of 2,900 facilities.

@ In 2001, 172 (for a cumulative total
of 821 or 48 percent) of high priority
RCRA facilities will have human
exposures controlled and 172 (for a
cumulative total of 784 or 46
percent) of high priority RCRA
facilities will have groundwater
releases controlled.

@ In 2001, complete 21,000 Leaking
Underground Storage Tank (LUST)
Cleanups for a cumulative total of
271,000 cleanups since 1987.

¢@ In 2001, EPA will provide additional
site assessment funding to 50
communities, resulting in a
cumulative total of 2,100 sites
assessed, the generation of 5,400
jobs, and the leveraging of $1.8
billion in cleanup and redevelopment
funds.



(dollars in millions)

FY 2001 FY 2001
FY 2000 FY 2000 President’s President’s
Enacted Enacted FTE Budget Budget FTE
Response $917.6 1,701.9 $964.0 1,680.8
Enforcement $140.0 1,144.9 $148.6 1,137.4
Management & Support $124.7 547.5 $138.1 544.0
Other Federal Agencies $168.7 0.0 $1518 0.0
Transfers
IG $11.0 100.0 $11.7 95.4
R&D $38.0 123.9 $35.9 121.6
Superfund Total $1,400.0 3,618.2 $1,450.0 3,582.2
LUST $70.0 82.3 $72.1 81.9
Trust Funds Total: $1,470.0 3,700.5 $1,522.1 3,661.1
Superfund Orphan Shares $0.0 0.0 $150.0 0.0
SUPERFUND cleanups at NPL sites to achieve the

In 2001, the President’s Budget
requests a total of $1,450.0 million in
discretionary budget authority, $150.0
million in mandatory budget authority
and 3,582.2 workyears for Superfund.
Currently, 91 percent of 1,412 sites on
the Superfund final national priorities
list (NPL) are either undergoing cleanup
construction (remedial or removal) or
are completed.

The 2001 Budget provides
$964.0 million and 1,680.8 workyears
for Superfund cleanups and Brown-
fields redevelopment. The Agency’s
Superfund cleanup program addresses
public health and environmental threats
from uncontrolled releases of hazardous
substances. In 2001, EPA and its
partners will complete 75 Superfund

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overall goal of 900 construction
completions by the end of 2002. The
2001 Budget provides funding for the
Brownfields Initiative. Brownfields are
abandoned, dled, or under-used
industrial and commercial properties,
and are not traditional Superfund sites as
they are not generally highly
contaminated and present lesser health
risks. The Agency’s Brownfields
Initiative encourages the redevelopment
of these sites by addressing concerns
such as environmental liability and
cleanup, infrastructure declines and
changing development priorities.

The 2001 President’s Budget
requests $148.6 million and 1,137.4
workyears for the Superfund
Enforcement program. The Agency
will continue its efforts to maximize all


The President’s Budget continues
the 27 Century Research Fund, which
demonstrates _— the Administration’s
commitment to science and technology
and to enhancing high-priority civilian
research and development activities.

BACKGROUND:

+

This Fund supports key environmental
and research programs, and promotes
stability and growth for the highest
priority research efforts.

EPA’s entire research and
development program and the Climate
Change Technology Initiative are
included in the 2/* Century Research
Fund.

The Fund includes major research and
development performed by Federal
agencies and includes National
Science and Technology Council
initiatives.

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For three decades, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its
partners have made significant strides in controlling pollution and other
environmental risks to human health and the environment. The air, land, and water
are now safer for all Americans due to our Nation’s investment in environmental
protection.

The Environmental Protection
Agency’s 2001 Annual Plan and Budget
Request of $7.257 billion in
discretionary budget authority, and
18,050 Full Time Equivalencies (FTE),
builds on our commitment to protect the
environment and public health with
common-sense programs that promote
environmental health and _— sustain
economic growth. This budget request
maintains the Administration’s dedi-
cation to ensure that the air, water, and
land are safe and healthy, and that the
American public has the health
protections they need and deserve.

Cleaning America’s Water

Over the past three decades, our
Nation has made significant progress in
water pollution prevention and cleanup.
While we have substantially cleaned
many of our most polluted waterways,
and provided safer drinking water for
millions of U.S. residents, significant
challenges remain. This budget request
addresses the challenge to provide clean
and safe water in every American
community.

Great Lakes Initiative

The Great Lakes, our Nation’s
most significant and beautiful water
resources, will receive $50 million in the
President’s Budget for a new Initiative
that will continue the progress we have

made in their cleanup and restoration.
Through this initiative, states and
municipalities will be eligible to
compete for grants to improve water
quality through stormwater pollution
control, wetlands restoration and
contaminated sediment remediation at
identified “areas of concern.” State or
local governments will be required to
provide at least 40 percent of total
project costs.

Helping States Ensure Clean Water,
Address Runoff

For water, the President’s 2001
Budget bolsters the successes we have
achieved by providing $250 million in
grants, a $50 million increase, to address
polluted runoff, which is currently the
largest threat to our Nation’s water
quality.

Helping States Restore Polluted Waters

This budget request strengthens
our efforts to identify and restore
polluted waterways with $161 million in
Pollution Control (Section 106) grants, a
$45 million increase over 2000,
specifically targeted to help states
develop pollution allocation and
implementation plans (known as Total
Maximum Daily Loads, or TMDLs) for
some 20,000 waterways across the
Nation. States would be required to
provide at least 40 percent of TMDL
program costs.


96


assessment methods and models for
children, and control technologies
developed by 2001 will help to improve
the Agency’s ability to fully comply
with the requirements of FQPA,
particularly requirements related to
susceptible subpopulations and cum-
ulative risk.

Highlights
Reduce Agricultural Pesticides Risk

The FFDCA and the FIFRA
authorize EPA to set terms and
conditions of pesticide registration,
marketing and use. EPA will use these
authorities to reduce the use of pesticides
with the highest potential to cause cancer
or neurotoxic effects, including those
which pose particular risks to children.

New food/feed use pesticides are
registered after an extensive review and
evaluation of human health and
ecosystem studies and data, applying the
most recent scientific advances in risk
assessment. The Registration program
includes registration activities, such as
setting tolerances, registering new active
ingredients, new uses, and handling
experimental use permits and emergency
exemptions.

In 2001, the Agency will
continue to decrease the risk the public
faces from agricultural pesticides (from
1995 levels) through the regulatory
review of new pesticides, including
reduced risk pesticides and
biopesticides. EPA expedites the
registration of reduced risk pesticides,
which pose lower potential dietary risks
to consumers, lower risks to agricultural
workers, and reduce potential risk to the

41

earth’s ozone
aquatic organisms or wildlife. These
accelerated pesticide reviews provide an
incentive for industry to develop,
register, and use lower risk pesticides.
Additionally, the availability of these
reduced risk pesticides provides alter-
natives to older, potentially more
harmful products currently on the
market.

layer, groundwater,

Reduce Food Use of Pesticides Not
Meeting Current Standards

FQPA requires the Agency to
revise its risk assessment practices to
incorporate additional safeguards to
ensure the adequate protection of
children’s health and that of other
vulnerable groups, such as tribes, and to
reevaluate some 9,721 food residue
tolerances approved before the passage
of FQPA. The Agency has met its first
statutory mandate, to reassess 33 percent
of these tolerances by August 1999. In
2001, the Agency will continue toward
its 10-year statutory deadline of
reassessing all 9,721 tolerances by
reassessing an additional 1,200 tol-
erances. The Agency will also continue
screening and testing pesticides for their
potential to disrupt the endocrine system.

The tolerance reassessment pro-
cess strives to address the highest-risk
pesticides first. Using data surveys
conducted by the USDA, the FDA and
other sources, EPA has identified a
group of “top 20" foods consumed by
children and matched those with the
tolerance reassessments required for
pesticides used on those foods. The
Agency has begun to track its progress
in determining appropriate tolerances for
these pesticides under the new FQPA


Goal 10: Effective Management Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)
FY 2001

FY 2000 President's
Key Program Enacted Budget
Administrative Law $2,470.3 $2,465.0
Administrative Services $35,053.0 $38,993.7
Assistance Agreement Audits $7,349.3 $5,363.9
Assistance Agreement Investigations $2,762.8 $2,771.1
Civil Rights/Title VI Compliance $1,331.7 $1,404.5
Contract and Procurement Investigations $3,005.1 $2,986.3
Contract Audits $5,439.5 $5,358.0
EMPACT $599.7 $526.1
Employee Integrity Investigations $991.8 $923.2
Environmental Appeals Board $1,880.8 $1,865.2
Environmental Finance Center Grants (EFC) $1,250.0 $480.0
Financial Statement Audits $4,334.3 $4,256.6
Immediate Office of the Administrator $3,729.8 $3,008.2
Information Technology Management $15,689.9 $14,641.4
Planning and Resource Management $44,079.9 $53,739.9
Planning, Analysis, and Results - IG $0.0 $1,615.8
Program Audits $11,025.6 $12,791.6
Program Evaluation - IG $1,636.3 $2,774.1
Program Integrity Investigations $1,471.7 $1,486.3
Regional Management $6,080.0 $6,762.1
Regional Program Infrastructure $29,883.3 $28,670.4
Regional Science and Technology $1,372.5 $1,372.5
Rent, Utilities and Securities $30,616.8 $37,867.7
TOTAL $212,054.1 $232,123.6

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Goal 3: Safe Food Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2001
FY 2000 President's

Key Program Enacted Budget
Administrative Services $977.1 $1,014.7
Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program $6,565.3 $5,741.4
Pesticide Registration $21,126.3 $25,014.4
Pesticide Reregistration $25,316.6 $28,945.2
Pesticide Residue Tolerance Reassessments $11,597.8 $7,722.7
Rent, Utilities and Securities $4,118.3 $8,197.5
TOTAL $69,701.4 $76,635.9

44