COURT OF APPEALS

EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

EL PASO, TEXAS

JUAN CARLOS VILLALVA,

 Appellant,

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

 Appellee.

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No. 08-13-00219-CR

Appeal from the

Criminal District Court No. 1

of Tarrant County, Texas 

(TC# 1318126D) 

O P I N I O N

Appellant Juan Carlos Villalva was found guilty of felony theft of a vehicle and sentenced 

to ten years in prison. See TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(e)(4)(A) (West Supp. 2014). 

Appellant complains on appeal that the cover sheets of the reporter’s record erroneously indicate 

trial took place in July 2013, when his trial actually occurred in June 2013. We conclude this 

inaccuracy is insufficient to affect Appellant’s substantial rights and does not impede our ability to 

conduct appellate review of the issues raised on appeal. Appellant also claims ineffective 

assistance of counsel because his trial attorney did not request a limiting instruction directing the 

jury to consider photographs of his tattooed arms only for the purpose of establishing his identity. 

We conclude Appellant has failed to meet his burden to establish that his trial counsel’s failure to 

request a limiting instruction rendered his performance deficient. Accordingly, we affirm 
2

Appellant’s conviction.1

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Vincent Thanh Vo and friends were leaving a restaurant one evening when they saw 

Appellant attempting to steal Vo’s motorcycle from the parking lot. They began yelling, causing 

Appellant to drop the motorcycle he’d been pushing across the parking lot. Appellant then ran

and jumped into a black Chevrolet Tahoe parked nearby, which immediately sped off. Arlington 

police officers arrived quickly on the scene, and after obtaining descriptions of the get-away 

vehicle, relayed the information to police dispatch. Shortly thereafter, two other police officers 

spotted the Tahoe on a nearby highway. The officers chased the vehicle, and it eventually pulled 

off to the side of the road. Appellant immediately jumped out of the vehicle and ran away.

One of the officers, Officer Fred Kemp, pursued Appellant on foot. During the chase, 

Appellant and Officer Kemp scaled two chain-link fences, both of which were topped with barbed 

wire. Both Appellant and Officer Kemp lacerated their arms as they climbed over. Officer 

Kemp lost sight of Appellant temporarily, but eventually found him crouched behind a nearby 

building.

After he was subdued by a Taser, Appellant was placed in an ambulance and transported to 

a hospital. Arlington Officer Edward Chappell assisted with transporting Appellant to the 

hospital, and while there, he took two photographs of Appellant showing the lacerations on his 

arms. At trial, the State showed the photographs to Officer Chappell, and asked if they accurately 

depicted how Appellant appeared at the time he was taken to the hospital.

Appellant’s attorney objected to the admission of the photographs. Defense counsel 

 

1 This case was transferred from our sister court in Fort Worth, and we decide it in accordance with the precedent of 

that court to the extent required by TEX.R.APP.P. 41.3.
3

argued that the photographs were not relevant and that they were more prejudicial than probative 

because they showed Appellant as being “highly tattooed.” Counsel asserted that the State was 

seeking to introduce the photographs merely to show that Appellant was tattooed.

2

 In response, 

the prosecutor argued that the photographs were relevant: (1) to demonstrate Appellant’s identity 

as the person that Officer Kemp had chased – pointing out that the injuries Appellant suffered 

during the chase were depicted in the photographs; and (2) to demonstrate Appellant’s 

“consciousness of guilt” – pointing out that the photographs of Appellant’s injuries demonstrated 

that Appellant had been willing to jump over two barbed wire fences, and endure the resulting 

injuries, in his attempt to avoid capture by the police. The prosecutor further stated that she had 

no plans to ask the officer or any other witness about “their belief or interpretation of any of those 

tattoos[.]”

The trial court overruled Appellant’s objection, and allowed the photographs into 

evidence. No jury instructions were given, or requested, to explain why the photographs were 

being introduced.

During closing arguments, attorneys for both sides focused on the issue of identity, 

debating whether Appellant was in fact the person seen taking Vo’s motorcycle, and whether the 

arresting officers had pulled over the right Tahoe later that night. In discounting the defense 

argument that the officers may have pulled over the wrong Tahoe, the prosecutor focused on the 

fact that Appellant had fled from police after the Tahoe was pulled over, demonstrating his 

“consciousness of guilt.” The prosecutor further emphasized that the injuries Appellant sustained 

during the flight were indicative of “how badly he wanted to get away from the police.” She 

 

2 We note that although Appellant intimates that the tattoos may have been of a negative nature, and therefore may 

have created a negative image of the Appellant in the minds of the jurors, there is nothing in the record to suggest the 

tattoos had any symbolic significance that would have caused the jury any particular concern.
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reminded the jury that they had been given photographs to establish that Appellant was the same 

person who had been transported to the hospital for treatment of those injuries suffered during the 

chase.

DISCUSSION

Inaccuracies in the Court Reporter’s Record

In his first point of error, Appellant claims that he is entitled to a new trial because of a 

conflict in the appellate record regarding when his trial took place. Appellant points out that the 

cover sheet of each volume of the reporter’s record states that his trial took place on July 24-26, 

2013, whereas virtually all other court documents in the clerk’s record indicate the trial actually 

took place on June 24-26, 2013. Appellant further notes that the court reporter also mistakenly 

indicated in the first volume of the record that voir dire took place on April 24, 2013. Appellant 

contends this conflict between the reporter’s record and the clerk’s record makes it impossible to 

determine when his trial actually took place and renders the entire appellate record unreliable, 

entitling him to a new trial. We disagree. 

As Appellant acknowledges, virtually every document in the clerk’s record, including the 

judgment of conviction, the jury’s verdict, the docket sheet, the trial court’s certification of his

right to appeal, and Appellant’s own notice of appeal, indicates that the trial took place on June 

24-26, 2013. In addition, even the court reporter’s “reporter log” indicates that the trial began on 

June 24, 2013. From this, we conclude that the court reporter simply made a procedural or 

typographical error when she placed the July dates on the cover sheets of the reporter’s record.

Further, as the State points out, Appellant has cited no authority for the proposition that the 

court reporter’s error necessitates a new trial. A party is entitled to a new trial for problems 
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involving the reporter’s record only when a “significant” portion of a reporter’s record is lost or 

destroyed, and even then a party is not entitled to a new trial unless he can demonstrate that the 

missing portion of a record cannot be replaced by agreement and is necessary to the resolution of 

the appeal. TEX.R.APP.P. 34.6(f); see Routier v. State, 112 S.W.3d 554, 571–72 (Tex.Crim.App.

2003); Issac v. State, 989 S.W.2d 754, 757 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999); see also Jimenez v. State, 307 

S.W.3d 325, 334 (Tex.App. – San Antonio 2009, pet. ref’d) (“If the missing portion of the record is 

not necessary to the appeal’s resolution, then the loss of that portion of the record is harmless and a 

new trial is not required.”).

Unlike situations in which a reporter’s record is missing, inaccuracies in the record are 

governed by Rule 34.6(e), which contains no requirement that a new trial be granted when an 

inaccuracy appears. Instead, Rule 34.6(e)(3) states that when an inaccuracy comes to light after 

the reporter’s record has been filed in the court of appeals and the parties cannot agree on how to

correct the inaccuracy, the appellate court “may submit” the dispute to the trial court for resolution. 

TEX.R.APP.P. 34.6(e)(3). Given the permissive language of this Rule, we do not believe it is 

necessary to submit all such matters to the trial court for resolution. Instead, submission to the 

trial court is necessary only when there is a substantive dispute regarding the state of the evidence 

that might affect our ability to conduct an appellate review. See Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 

666, 677 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007) (the purpose of Rule 34.6 is to “ensure[] that the record on appeal 

accurately reflects all of the evidence that was seen by, used by, or considered by the trial judge at 

the time he made a ruling”); see also Blondett v. State, 921 S.W.2d 469, 477 (Tex.App. – Houston 

[14th Dist.] 1996, pet. ref’d) (“The purpose of [predecessor to Rule 34.6(e)] is to create an accurate 

record on appeal.”).
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In the present case, the court reporter’s error in placing the wrong dates on the cover sheets

was simply a procedural or technical error, which does not, in and of itself, raise any questions 

regarding whether the remainder of the appellate record otherwise accurately reflects the

substantive state of the evidence presented below. See Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 677, n.48 

(“appellate courts must construe [the rules governing correction of the appellate record] liberally 

so their decisions ‘turn on substance rather than procedural technicality’”) (quoting Gallagher v. 

Fire Ins. Exchange, 950 S.W.2d 370, 371 (Tex.1997) (per curiam)). Appellant has not pointed to 

any other inaccuracies in the record. The court reporter’s error is merely an isolated one and has

no bearing on the accuracy of the appellate record as a whole. We therefore conclude there is no 

need to submit this matter to the trial court for resolution under Rule 34.6(e)(3). 

We also conclude that the court reporter’s technical error has no bearing on the validity of 

Appellant’s conviction or his substantive rights. In particular, we note that the error in no way 

affects our ability to conduct an appellate review of Appellant’s remaining point of error, and we 

can perceive of no other rights that might have been affected by this isolated inaccuracy in the 

record. As the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has noted, the “appropriate standard of harm is 

to disregard an error unless a substantial right has been affected.” Johnson v. State, 43 S.W.3d 1, 

4 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001) (citing TEX.R.APP.P. 44.2(b) (any error that does not affect a defendant’s 

substantial rights must be disregarded)); see also Johnson v. State, 82 S.W.3d 471, 473 (Tex.App.

– Austin 2002, no pet.) (the failure of the court reporter to record a bench conference was a 

procedural defect or irregularity, which did not affect any of the defendant’s substantial rights). 

Finding no error affecting Appellant’s substantive rights, we therefore overrule Appellant’s first 

point of error. 
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Trial Counsel’s Failure to Request a Limiting Instruction

In his second point of error, Appellant contends his trial attorney rendered ineffective 

assistance of counsel by failing to request a limiting instruction concerning the two photographs

taken at the hospital, which showed not only the lacerations Appellant suffered on his arms after 

the police chase, but also that his arms were tattooed. Appellant does not challenge the trial 

court’s decision to admit the photographs into evidence, apparently acknowledging they were 

relevant to establish Appellant’s identity as the person who fled from police and to demonstrate his 

consciousness of guilt due to his flight from police. However, Appellant contends his trial 

counsel was ineffective because he failed to request a limiting instruction directing the jury to 

consider the photographs only for the “limited purposes of identity and flight as articulated by the 

prosecutor, and not consider them for any other purpose.”

Standard of Review and the Need for a Developed Record

Citing the United States Supreme Court’s opinion in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 

668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), Appellant correctly points out that in order to sustain 

a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, the record must demonstrate that: (1) the trial 

counsel’s performance was below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) the defendant 

was thereby prejudiced by the trial counsel’s deficient performance. Appellant further recognizes 

that it is the defendant’s burden to “prove by a preponderance of the evidence that counsel’s 

representation fell below the standard of prevailing professional norms, and that there is a 

reasonable probability that but for counsel’s deficiency the result of the trial would have been 

different.” McFarland v. State, 928 S.W.2d 482, 500 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996).

Review of counsel’s performance is highly deferential, and we must make every effort to 
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eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight. Wood v. State, 4 S.W.3d 85, 87 (Tex.App. – Fort 

Worth 1999, pet. ref’d) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065). In addition,

“[a]llegations of ineffective assistance of counsel must be firmly founded in the record because the 

reviewing court may not speculate about counsel’s trial strategy.” Wood, 4 S.W.3d at 87 (citing 

Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994)).

In part because of the need to ascertain trial counsel’s strategy, courts have long recognized 

that the record on direct appeal is generally insufficient to show that counsel’s performance was

deficient under Strickland; consequently, ineffective assistance claims are usually best addressed 

by a post-conviction writ of habeas corpus. Lopez v. State, 80 S.W.3d 624, 630 (Tex.App. – Fort 

Worth 2002), aff’d, 108 S.W.3d 293 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003) (citing Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 

808, 813-14 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999)).

In the majority of instances, the record on direct appeal is “simply undeveloped” and 

cannot adequately reflect the failings of trial counsel or “explain any trial strategy” upon which 

counsel’s decisions may have been based. Id.; see also Kennedy v. State, 402 S.W.3d 796, 799 

(Tex.App. – Fort Worth 2013, pet ref’d), cert. denied, 135 S.Ct. 752 (2014) (“If counsel’s reasons 

for his conduct do not appear in the record and there is at least the possibility that the conduct could 

have been grounded in legitimate trial strategy, we will defer to counsel’s decisions and deny relief 

on an ineffective-assistance claim on direct appeal.”); Hines v. State, 144 S.W.3d 90, 93 (Tex.App. 

– Fort Worth 2004, no pet.) (“When the record is silent as to possible trial strategies undertaken by 

defense counsel, we will not speculate on the reasons for those strategies.”).

This concept as it applies to the present case is best illustrated by what occurred in Ex parte 

Varelas, 45 S.W.3d 627 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001). In Varelas, the defendant initially filed a direct 
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appeal of his conviction, complaining that his trial attorney had failed to request a limiting 

instruction that would have directed the jury to only consider extraneous offense evidence for the 

limited purpose of showing the defendant’s state of mind at the time of the offense. In discussing 

its opinion on direct appeal, the Court noted that it had trouble understanding why trial counsel did 

not request a limiting instruction of this nature, as the trial court would have been required to give 

the instruction if requested; however, the Court declined to conclude that trial counsel had been 

ineffective for failing to request the instruction because the record on appeal did not reflect trial 

counsel’s strategy in failing to request the instruction. In the direct appeal, the Court went on to 

hold that, “because of the strong presumptions that trial counsel’s conduct falls within the wide 

range of reasonable professional assistance and that such conduct might be sound trial strategy, we 

must conclude, in light of an otherwise silent record, that appellant failed to meet his burden of

showing that his trial counsel’s assistance was ineffective.” Varelas, 45 S.W.3d at 632 (quoting 

Varelas v. State, No. 72178, slip op. at 8 (Tex.Crim.App. March 4, 1997)).

Defense Counsel’s Failure to Request a Limiting Instruction

Although Appellant recognizes that, as in Varelas, most cases will best be resolved in a 

post-conviction proceeding where counsel’s trial strategy may be revealed, he nevertheless points 

out that there may be certain instances in which a trial attorney’s shortcomings are so deficient that 

they are apparent from the record on direct appeal, thereby rendering the need for a post-trial

evidentiary hearing unnecessary. See, e.g., Garcia v. State, 712 S.W.2d 249, 253 (Tex.App. – El 

Paso 1986, pet. ref’d) (reversing defendant’s conviction on direct appeal based on ineffective 

assistance of counsel where the trial court admitted prejudicial evidence that was clearly 

inadmissible and no objection from defense counsel appeared on the record). It is a “rare” case, 
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however, in which the record on direct appeal will be sufficient to demonstrate that an attorney’s 

conduct was deficient; in order to make such a finding, the court must essentially conclude that 

there was “no reasonable trial strategy” that could have justified trial counsel’s actions. Andrews 

v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 103 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). Appellant believes this is one of those “rare” 

cases. We disagree. 

First, we note that Appellant has not cited any authority for the proposition that the trial 

court would have been required to give a limiting instruction under these circumstances even if 

requested. The Rules of Evidence provide that “[i]f the court admits evidence that is admissible 

... for a purpose – but not ... for another purpose – the court, on request, must restrict the evidence 

to its proper scope and instruct the jury accordingly.” TEX.R.EVID. 105(a). Although Appellant 

states that the jury should have been instructed that they were only to view the photographs for the

limited purposes of identity and flight, “and not consider them for any other purpose,” Appellant 

does not make clear what the prohibited “other purpose” was.

In Agbogwe, the court was faced with a similar argument that defense counsel was 

ineffective for failing to request an instruction directing the jury to disregard certain evidence. 

Agbogwe v. State, 414 S.W.3d 820, 838 (Tex.App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.). The 

appellant made “no argument” to explain how the evidence was admissible for one purpose but not 

for another, and thereby failed to demonstrate that a limiting instruction would have been required 

by Rule 105 if requested. Id. at 838-39. Therefore, Appellant did not meet “his burden of 

demonstrating, by a preponderance of the evidence, that defense counsel rendered ineffective 

assistance when he failed to request a limiting instruction[.]” Id. at 839. We similarly conclude 

that Appellant has failed to provide virtually any argument to support a conclusion that the trial 
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court would have been required to give a limiting instruction regarding the photographs if 

requested by trial counsel.

In any event, we need not base our decision on this factor alone, because even if an 

instruction to disregard would have been appropriate, we do not have a sufficient record on direct 

appeal from which to discern whether counsel had a reasonable trial strategy for not requesting a 

limiting instruction under these circumstances.

In an analogous situations involving extraneous offense evidence, virtually all courts have 

declined to make a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal based on a trial 

attorney’s failure to request a limiting instruction even when an instruction would have been 

required if requested. These courts recognize that a trial attorney may have had a reasonable basis 

for not requesting a limiting instruction and in the absence of a record revealing trial counsel’s 

strategy, have declined to hold that trial counsel’s failure to request a limiting instruction 

amounted to ineffective assistance of counsel. See, e.g., Gone v. State, 54 S.W.3d 27, 33-34

(Tex.App. – Texarkana 2001, pet. ref’d); Ali v. State, 26 S.W.3d 82, 88 (Tex.App. – Waco 2000, 

no pet.); see also Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 250 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007) (“[T]he decision 

of whether to request a limiting instruction concerning the proper use of certain evidence, 

including extraneous offenses, may be a matter of trial strategy.”).

Further, several courts have noted that a trial attorney may reasonably decide, as part of her

trial strategy, not to request a limiting instruction because a limiting instruction may actually have 

the effect of bringing unwanted attention to the extraneous offense evidence, and thereby have a 

negative impact on the defendant’s case. See, e.g., Cueva v. State, 339 S.W.3d 839, 875 

(Tex.App. – Corpus Christi 2011, pet. ref’d) (trial counsel may have had a legitimate belief that 
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requesting a limiting instruction “would have only highlighted the objectionable testimony”); 

Agbogwe, 414 S.W.3d at 837-38 (it is reasonable to conclude that defense counsel decided that 

seeking a limiting instruction directing the jury to disregard extraneous offense evidence would 

only bring further attention to the objectionable evidence); Webb v. State, 995 S.W.2d 295, 301 

(Tex.App. – Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (defense counsel may have purposely decided not 

to request a limiting instruction regarding extraneous offense evidence to prevent further attention 

being drawn to the offenses); see also McNeil v. State, 452 S.W.3d 408, 415 (Tex.App. – Houston 

[1st Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d) (record reflected that trial counsel reasonably declined to request a 

limiting instruction regarding extraneous offenses because he did not want “any further attention 

to be drawn to potential extraneous offenses or misconduct committed by the defendant”).

Similarly, in the present case, although the record is silent on this point, we believe that 

Appellant’s trial counsel may have had a reasonable trial strategy for not requesting a limiting 

instruction regarding the photographs in question. A limiting instruction may have brought 

unwanted attention to Appellant’s tattoos – the very thing that Appellant wished to avoid. 

Accordingly, we disagree with Appellant’s claim that this is one of those “rare” cases in which the 

record on direct appeal reveals that trial counsel’s conduct fell below an objective standard of 

reasonableness under Strickland. We are unable to conclude from the record before us that trial 

counsel’s failure to request a limiting instruction rendered his performance ineffective. We

therefore overrule Appellant’s second point of error.

CONCLUSION

The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

STEVEN L. HUGHES, Justice
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July 8, 2015

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.

(Do Not Publish)