USAFA Discovery #1999-02 (Apr-Jun 99)

Mathematics Teacher 31.4. Reprinted in the
Wisconsin Teacher of Mathematics 49.3.

Presentations:

HALLORAN, Margaret E. “Analysis of Foraging
and Caching Behavior by Abert Squirrels: When
the Grasshopper’s Strategy is Better Than the
Ants”. Pike’s Peak Chapter of Sigma Xi,
Colorado Springs, CO, Feb 99.

MILLIS, Barbara J. and Marie A. Revak.
“Assessment as a Two-Sided Coin: Student
Learning and Faculty Teaching.” Preparing
Future Faculty: Assessment and the Scholarship
of Teaching Conference, Boulder, CO, Jan 99.

MILLIS, Barbara and Jim Greenberg, "Advancing
Faculty, Departmental, and Institutional Vitality
through Qualitative Assessment,” Preconference
Workshop, AAHE Assessment Conference,
Assessment as Evidence of Learning: Serving
Student and Society, Denver, CO, June, 1999.

MILLIS, Barbara. "Using Interactive Focus
groups for Departmental Course and Program
Assessments," AAHE Assessment Conference,
Assessment as Evidence of Learning: Serving
Student and Society, Denver, CO, June, 1999.

MILLIS, Barbara. "Using Cooperative Activities
to Foster Deep Learning," (Offered Twice) and
“Assessing Courses through Interactive Student
Interviews," Teaching for a Change: Learning
without Limits Conference, Colorado Springs,
CO, June, 1999.

MILLIS, Barbara. "Cooperative Learning for
Teaching and Training," USAA, San Antonio, TX,
April 1999.

MILLIS, Barbara and C2C Joel Bolina, "Using
Interactive Focus Groups for Departmental
Course and Program Assessments," Educating
Leaders for our Nation, West Point, Apr 99.

MILLIS, Barbara and three USAFA Cadets,
"Student Leadership Teams," Educating Our
Nation's Leaders, West Point, April 1999.

MILLIS, Barbara. "Creating a Personal
Statement [for Medical School Applications],"
Workshops for DFB Cadets, March, 1999.

MILLIS, Barbara, Anita Gandolfo, and Laura
Border. "Cracking the Brass Ceiling? Women
Civilians at Two US Service Academies," Panel,
American Association of Higher Education
Annual Conference, Washington, DC, March,
1999.

MILLIS, Barbara. "Promoting Critical Thinking,"
Plenary Address, US Naval Academy, March,
1999.

MILLIS, Barbara. “Using Cooperative Activities
to Foster Deep Learning," US Naval Academy,
March, 1999

MILLIS, Barbara . "Writing for Publication,"
Pikes Peak Education and Innovation Research
Symposium, USAFA, January 1999.

MILLIS, Barbara. "Assessing Courses through
Classroom Observations and Interactive Student
Interviews," and "Promoting Critical Thinking

through Writing," 18" Annual Lilly Teaching
Conference, Oxford, OH, Nov 98.

MILLIS, Barbara and Phil Cottell. "Cooperative
Learning in Higher Education,” Preconference
Workshop, 18” Annual Lilly Teaching
Conference, Oxford, OH, Nov 98.

MILLIS, Barbara and Jim Greenberg.
“Collaborating to Assess Courses and Programs,"
Preconference Workshop, The 23” Annual
Conference of The Professional and
Organizational Network in Higher Education.
Snowbird Resort and Conference Center,
Snowbird, Utah October, 1998

MILLIS, Barbara . "Conducting Effective
Classroom Observations," USAFA Preparatory
School, October, 1998.

MILLIS, Barbara and Jim Solti. "An overview of
‘Boot Camp for Profs" DFAS Workshop, August
1998.

MILLIS, Barbara. "Cooperative Learning," Boot
Camp for Profs, July, 1998.

MILLIS, Barbara . Closing Plenary, "An
Interactive Student Interview Model for Course
and Program Assessment," Assessment: Another
Golden Opportunity, Colorado School of Mines,
Golden, Colorado, 11 April 1998.

MILLIS, Barbara and David Fitzkee. "Using
Interactive Focus Groups To Assess Programs
and Courses," Taking Teaching Seriously: AAHE
National Conference on Higher Education,
Atlanta, GA, 21-24 March 1998.

MILLIS, Barbara . Plenary address, "Shifting
Academic Gears: Guiding Student Learning in the
21% Century," Encuentro Intraauniversitario de
Desarrollo de Faculda, and Consultant for
conference of University of Puerto Rico System
to establish regional Teaching and Learning
Centers, Mayaguez, PR, 29-31 January, 1998.

STILES, Randy J., M. E. Halloran, and M. A.
Revak. “Computing at the United States Air Force
Academy.” Second Annual Ubiquitous Computing
Conference, Wake Forest University, NC,
January 1999.

Department of Engineering Mechanics

Publications:

BEAUMONT, P. W. R and Greer, Jr, J. M.
"Towards a Predictive Design Methodology for
Composite Laminate Patches Based on Physical
Modeling of Failure Processes," in Proceedings
of the 1998 FAA/DoD/NASA Conference on
Aging Aircraft, NASA/CP-1999-208982/Part 2,
pp. 545-553, Williamsburg, VA, 1998.

FREDELL, R., Guijt, C.B., And Mazza, J.J. “An
Integrated Bonded Repair System: A Reliable
Means of Giving New Life to Aging Airframes,”
Applied Composite Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 4,
pp. 269-277, July 1999.

GREER, JR., J.M. and Palazotto, A. N.
“Nonlinear Through-Thickness Behavior of Shells
Using 2-D Finite Elements", in Proceedings of the
40th AIAA SDM Conference, St Louis, April,
1999.

GREER, JR., J. M. and Palazotto, AN. “Tire
Contact Using Two-Dimensional Finite
Elements," Journal of Engineering Mechanics,
Vol. 124, No. 3, pp. 348-357, March, 1998.

MULLER, R., Fredell, R.S. “Analysis of Multiple
Bonded Patch interaction: Simple Design
Guidelines for Multiple Bonded Repairs in Close
Proximity,” Applied Composite Materials, Vol. 6,
Issue 4, pp. 217-237, Jul 99.

MOLLER, R., Fredell, R.S., Guijt, C.B., And
Dally, J. “Experimental Verification of Rose's
Constant K Solution in Bonded Crack Patching,”
Applied Composite Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 4,
pp. 205-216, July 1999.

PAI, P.F., Palazotto, A\N., and Greer, J.M.
“Polar Decomposition and Appropriate Strains
and Stresses for Nonlinear Structural Analyses,"
Computers & Structures, Vol. 66, pp. 823-840,
1998,

VERHOEVEN, S., Guijt, C.B., and Viot, A. “In
Service Effects on Bonded Composite Patches,”
in Proceedings of the 1998 USAF ASIP
Conference, San Antonio, TX, Dec 98.

VLOT, A., Verhoeven, S., Woerden, H. J. M.,
Guijt, C. B., Greer, Jr., J. M. "Fiber Metal
Laminate Patches for Bonded Repair of Aircraft
Fuselages", in Proceedings of the International
Conference on Aeronautical Fatigue (ICAF)
Conference, Seattle, Jul 99.

Department of Foreign Languages
Publications:

PALA. A, L. "US Arms Transfer Policy for Latin
America: Lifting the Ban on Fighter Aircraft.”
Airpower Joumal, Spring 1999.

SUPINSKI, S. B. and M. Verano. “CD-Based
Material for Beginning and Intermediate Foreign
Language Students.” Proceedings of the
Intemational Association of Science and
Technology in Education International
Conference on Computers and Advanced
Technology in Education (CATE'99),
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

SUPINSKI, S. B. and M. Verano. “CD-Based
Material for Beginning and Intermediate Foreign
Language Students.” USAFA Educator, USAFA
CO, Spring 1999.

SUPINSKI, S. B.. “An Experimental Comparison
of Strategies Using Cooperative Learning and
Interactive Video: Lessons for the Interactive
Classroom." Journal of Interactive Learning
Research, Vol. 10 (2). 1999.

HUGHES, H. ‘Build the Culture Bridge.“ People's
Daily National Newspaper, Apr 12, 99.

Presentations:



USAFA Discovery #1999-02 (Apr-Jun 99)

USAFA Research Points Of Contact

To learn more about research at the United States Air Force Academy, we encourage you to visit our Web site at www.usafa.af.mil/dfe. If you want to
focus on a particular department or effort you might want to contact the associated Department Research Director. Each phone extension is preceded
by (719)-333 commercial or 333 DSN. Each e-mail is followed by @usafa.af.mil

Phone Phone

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Discovery
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USAFA Discovery #1999-02 (Apr-Jun 99)

DROHAN, T. A. US-Japan Security Relations:
Toward an Equivalent Partnership. International
Institute of Policy Studies Monograph, Summer
1999.

Presentations:

DROHAN, T. A. "The US-Japan Defense
Guidelines: Adjusting the Alliance for the Twenty-
First Century." National Institute of Defense
Studies of Japan, Tokyo, Japan, 21 May 1999.

KRUPNICK, C. A. “Nuclear Notions in Europe:
Prospects for Development of a European
Nuclear Common Foreign and Security Policy.”
European Community Studies Association Bi-
ennial Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, 2-5 Jun 99.

SCHRUM, J. J. “The German Speaking New
Right: Culture Clashes in a European Context.”
European Community Studies Association Bi-
ennial Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, 2-5 Jun 99.

Department of Aeronautics

Publications:

BRANDT, S. and W. Crisler. "Teaching the Nine
Technologies of Conceptual Aircraft De-sign."
Service Academies Conference, Apr 99.

MORTON, S. and P. Beran. "Hopf-Bifurcation
Analysis of Airfoil Flutter at Transonic Speeds."
Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 36, No. 2, Mar 99.

WOLF, J., J. Baughn, M. Anderson, and J.
Mayhew. "Hysteresis and Uncertainty of
Thermochromic Liquid Crystal Temperature
Measurement Based on Hue." Proc 5th
ASME/JSME Joint Thermal Eng Conf, Mar 99.

Presentations:

CRISLER, W. "X-38 Stability Derivative
Experimental Results.’ NASA X-38 Aerodynamics
Group Meeting, Houston, TX, May 1999.

MORROW, J., C. Cain, and D. Kaercher.
“Active Control of a Delta Wing." 1999 AIAA
Region V Student Conference, Minneapolis MN
US, April 1999.

TUITE, J. "Mathematically Efficient Solution
Techniques for Optimizing a System of Non-linear
Equations Representing the Performance and
Cost of a Non-ideal Gas Turbine Engine."
Department of Aeronautics Brownbag Series,
USAFA, CO, May 1999.

Department of Biology
Publications:

DEFUSCO, R. and C. Burney. “BAM (Bird
Avoidance Model) 101.” Flying Safety, 55(4):12-
15 Apr 99.

OBRINGER, J., Stephen Phipps, and Martin
Johnson. "Genetic Induction of Cultured Human
Cells by High Energy Ultrashort Pulse Laser-
Light." AAAS SWARM Proceedings Apr 99.

ROSS, M. “The treatment of low back pain in a
middle-aged recreational athlete”. Athletic
Therapy Today, (4) 2: 22:1999

ROSS, M. “Effect of lower extremity position and
stretching on hamstring muscle flexibility”.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,
13 (2):124:1999

Presentations:

DEFUSCO, R. "Birds and Flight Safety in the
Middle East." Proceedings of International
Meeting, Tel Aviv, Israel, Apr 99.

MCDONOUGH, P. and C. Powel. "Effectiveness
of Bioresorbable and Non-bioresorbable Barrier
Membranes in Guided Tissue Regeneration." Tri-
Beta Biological Society, Grand Junction, CO, Apr
99.

NOYD, R. "Mycorrhizal Fungi: Its how they're all
connected." Pikes Peak Mycological Society,
Colorado Springs, CO, May 17, 99.

OBRINGER, J., Stephen Phipps, and Martin
Johnson. "Genetic Induction of Cultured Human
Cells by High Energy Pulsed Laser-Light
Exposure." AAAS SWARM Meeting, Santa Fe,
NM, April 1999.

OBRINGER, J. "The Human Genome Project."
AAAS SWARM Meeting, Santa Fe, NM, Apro9.
ROSS, J. and S. Wartner. “Tracking
Dendroctonus ponderosae Through Dying
Forests: A Statistical Survey." Tri-Beta Bio-
logical Meeting, Grand Junction, CO, Apr 99.

SULLIVAN, R. "Instrumant Pane! Scanning
Analysis in the F-117A Stealth." Tri-Beta
Biological Meeting, Grand Junction, CO, April
1999. (Cadet)

WESTMORELAND, D. & A. Moseley. The Cost
of Bright Egg Coloration in American Robin
Nests, 1999 Wilson Ornithological Meetings.
Watertown, ME. May 99.

Department of Computer Science
Publications:

CHAMILLARD, A. T. and D. Karolick. “Using
Learning Style Data in an Introductory Computer
Science Course." Proceedings of the Thirtieth
SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer
Science Education (SIGCSE ‘99), Mar 99.

CARLISLE, M. C. “Graphics for Free.” SIGCSE
Bulletin, June 99.

WHITE, G. B, and R. E. Sward. “Developing an
Undergraduate Lab for Information Warfare and
Computer Security.” Proceedings of the 1" World
Conference on Information Security Education,
June 1999.

Presentations:

CHAMILLARD, A. T. and D. Karolick. “Using
Learning Style Data in an Introductory Computer
Science Course.” Thirtieth SIGCSE Technical
Symposium on Computer Science Education
(SIGCSE 99), March 1999.

MOORE, J. A. and G. B. White. “Information
Warfare Lab.” Educating Our Nation's Leaders,
April 1999.

4
WHITE, G. B. and R. E. Sward. “Developing an
Undergraduate Lab for Information Warfare and
Computer Security.” 1%" World Conference on
Information Security Education, June 1999.

Education Directorate

Publications:

MILLIS, Barbara. "Using Cases to Promote
Adult Leaning," in R. L Logan & R. Fromberg
(Eds), Peers in the Classroom: Case Studies in
Adult Higher Education, Stillwater, OK: New
Forums Press, 1999.

Terrie Nolinske and Barbara Millis, “Cooperative
Leaming as an Approach to Pedagogy,”
American Journal of Occupational Therapy. Vol
53(1), Jan/Feb 1999

MILLIS, Barbara and Philip G. Cottell,
Cooperative Leaming for Higher Education
Faculty. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press, 1998.

MILLIS, Barbara. "Using Collaborative
Technology To Promote Learning,” in Connie
Staley, Teaching College Success, Wadsworth,
1998.

MILLIS, Barbara. "Conducting Cooperative
Focus Groups," Cooperative Leaning and
College Teaching, Vol 9 (2), Winter, 1998.

MILLIS, Barbara. "Good Practice in Cooperative
Technology," Cooperative Leaming and College
Teaching, Vol 8 (2), Winter, 1997.

MILLIS, Barbara and Neil Davidson. “Motivating
Through Cooperative Learning Techniques,"
Futures Research Quarterly. Vol 13 (3), Fall,
1997.

MILLIS, Barbara. “Evaluating a Consultation
Program for Part-Time Adjunct Faculty" and
“Using Case Studies To Train Instructional
Consultants," in Kathleen Brinko & Robert
Menges (Eds), Practically Speaking: A
Sourcebook for Instructional Consultants in
Higher Education. Stillwater, OK: New Forums
Press, 1997.

MILLIS, Barbara. "Bringing Closure: Some
Rapid Report-Out Methods" and "Send-a-
Problem," Cooperative Leaming and College
Teaching, Vol 7 (3), Spring, 1997.

REVAK, Marie A., “USAF Academy Assessment
Catalog: Hot Off the Press." USAFA Educator 7.3

REVAK, Marie A., ‘Ten Ways to Get Feedback
on Your Teaching." USAFA Educator 7.2.

STILES, Randy J., M. E. Halloran, and M. A.
Revak. "Computing at the United States Air
Force Academy.” Journal for Computer
Enhanced Leaming 99.2.

REVAK, Marie A., “Assessment in Little Bites.”
Mathematica Militaris 8.3.

REVAK, Marie A., “Got a Minute? Do
Assessment.” USAFA Educator 7.1.

REVAK, Marie A., “Focus on Assessment ...
Writing a Better Test: Part |." Colorado


USAFA Discovery #1999-02 (Apr-Jun 99)

SUTHERLAND, R. L. “Free Homepages for
Teachers and Students.” Montana Association of
Language Teachers, Great Falls, Montana,
October 1998.

SUTHERLAND, R. L. and T. Sutherland. “Do
the Web with Windows: Word, FrontPage '98,
Internet Explorer.” Technology in Edu-cation
Conference, Snowmass, CO, Jul 98.

SUTHERLAND, R. L. A. Brehm, A, Y. Guajardo,
E. Donnelly. “The Colorado Language
Improvement Project: A Web Archive for the
World.” Colorado Congress of Foreign Language
Teachers, Feb 1999, Denver, CO.

SUPINSKI, S. B. and M. Verano. “CD-Based
Material for Beginning and Intermediate Foreign
Language Students.” Intemational Association of
Science and Technology in Education
International Conference on Computers and
‘Advanced Technology in Education (CATE’99),
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 1999.

SUPINSKI, S. B. "Cooperative Leaming and
Technology." USAFA CEE Presentation Series,
April 1999.

SUPINSKI, S. B. “Air Force Language Link and
On-line Russian Language Maintenance and
Development Study." Colorado Springs College
of Engineering and Applied Sciences General
Advisory Board Meeting, University of Colorado,
January 1999.

HAMMOUD, S. D. and Karen Standridge.
“Islam: The Faith and the Culture: A Lecture for
the Humanities." Pikes Peak Community College,
Downtown Siudio, Colorado Springs, CO, Apri!
1999.

HAMMOUD, S. D. “Language Policy and Identity
Issues in Morocco.” American Council for the
Study of Islamic Societies, Villanova University,
Villanova, PA, April 1999.

GUARJARDO, Y. "Development & Use of
Multimedia Courseware Using HTML." Pikes
Peak Educational Innovations and Research
Symposium (PPEIRS), United States Air Force
Academy, CO, January 1999.

GUARJARDO, Y. and R. Keaton. "Integrating
Content-based Instruction into
Intermediate/Advanced Classes: Working
Towards National Standards.” Colorado
Japanese Language Education Association
(CJLEA), UCCS, Colorado Springs CO, January
1999,

AMES, J., R. Canton and B. Pristelski.
“Development & Use of Multimedia Courseware
Using HTML." Southwest Conference on
Language Teaching (SWCOLT), Reno NV, April
99.

YEVSUKOV, L. S.. “Rethinking the Legacy of
War. Biblical Themes in World War II Russian
Literature.” National Convention of the American
Association of Teachers of Slavic and East
European Languages (AATSEEL), Chicago IL,
December 1998.

Department of Management

Publications:

BARKER, J. and J. VanDevender. "Leadership
and Decision Processing in Twenty-First Century
Technical Organizations." Out-of-the-Box
Leadership: Transforming the 21% Century,
March 1999.

BARKER, J. and K. Domenici. "Mediation
Practices for Knowledge Based Teams."
Mediation: Perspectives, Skills, Domains, May
1999

KING, D, "Encouraging Active Student Learning:
Making Investing Relevant and Real." DFE
Technical Report, Apri! 1999.

KING, D. "Interpreting Shadows: Arms Contro!
and Defense Planning in a Rapidly Changing
Multi-polar World." INSS Occasional Paper #26,
June 1999.

Presentations:

ANNA, A. and M. Hornyak. "Potential Impacts of
Professional Employer Organizations." Institute
for Management Accountants-Rocky Mountain
Region, USAFA, CO, February 1999.

BAKER, S., S. Green, J. Lowe, and V. Francis.
“Strategic Mission Implementations: A Value
Focused Approach." Military Operations
Research Society Symposium 66, West Point
NY, June 1999.

BARKER, J. and E. McKinney. "Communication,
Values, and Quickstart Teams." Tenth
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology,
Columbus, OH, May 99

CHESLEY, J., C. Koberg, and D. Chappel.
"Mentoring: Do Learning Styles Really Matter?.”
American Society of Business and Behavioral
Science, Las Vegas, NV, Feb 99

CHESLEY, J. "Using the Balanced Scorecard as
an Assessment Tool." Institute of Management
Accountants Quarterly Meet, Colorado Springs,
CO, Feb 99.

DOE, D. and W. Jennings. "Accounting
Revolution in the Federal Government.” Institute
for Management Accountants-Rocky Mountain
Region, Colorado Springs, CO, February 1999.

HEPPARD, K., S. Green, and P. Slotter.
“Distance Learning: Lessons Learned From the
Trenches." 1999 Micro-Computers in Education
Conference, Tempe, AZ, Mar 99

HEPPARD, K. “Software Development
Performance Measurement." Lawson Software;
Minneapolis, MN, February 1999.

KING, D. "Encouraging Active Student Leaning:
Making Investing Relevant and Real." Pikes Peak
Educational Innovations, Colorado Springs, CO,
January 1999.

THORNTON, J. and S. Green. "Towards a
Standardized ‘messy’ Problem for Measuring
Critical Thinking in Accounting." Proceedings,
Western American Accounting Association, May
1999.

Department of Mathematical Sciences

Publications:

CLASEN, R. and D. Hall. "Web-Based
Mathematica Projects for Calculus." AACE
Mathematics/Science Education and Technology,
March 1999.

HADFIELD, S. "CMOC J3S/T Testbank Ver 1.2."
June 1999.

HADFIELD, S. "USAFA Research Tracking Ver
1.06." USAFA Software, February 1999.

HADFIELD, S. "USAFA Research Tracking Ver
1.07." April 1999.

KLINE, B., Teri J Murphy, and Jonathan J
White. “Using Mathematica with Multivariable
Calculus." ASEE Proceedings, April 1999.
SCHOOFF, R. and S. Cass. "Athena Alternative
Launch Site Selection.” Space Technology and
Applications Int'l Forum 99, February 1999.

SCHOOFF, R. and Y. Haimes. "Dynamic
Multistage Software Estimation." EEE
Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics,
May 1999.

WARNER, B. and J. Rutledge. "Accepting the
Chips Ahoy Guarantee." Chance, Jan 99.

WARNER, B. and M. Revak. "Meet me in the
middle." Colorado Mathematics Teacher, March
1999.

WILSON, F. “Assessment Philosophy and
Techniques." USAFA Educator, May 99.

Presentations:

CLASEN, R. "Web-Based Mathematica Projects
for Calculus." Pikes Peak Educational
Innovations, Colorado Springs, CO, Jan 99.

HALES, W., T. Curtis, D. Hiers, and N. Leap. "A
Value-Focused Thinking Solution for Street
Repair Decisions." INFORMS Nationa! Meeting,
Cincinnati, OH, May 1999.

KLINE, B. "Geometric Intuition in Complex
Variables a la Mathematica." Joint Mathematics
Meetings, January 1999.

LANE, D., M. Bohn, and K. Bergeron. "Chaos in
Lasers." Regional MAA Conference, Alamosa,
CO, May 1999

LANE, D., M. Bohn, and K. Bergeron. "Chaos in
Lasers." Service Academies Conference,
Annapolis, Maryland, March 1999.

LITWHILER, D., S. Hadfield, K. Bergeron, and
J. Rutledge. "The Air Force Academy Teacher
Observation Program - An Evolution Spanning 32
Years." 16th Annual Chairpersons Conference,
Orlando, FL, USA, February 1999.

PARKER, M. "How did the Traveling Salesman
Color the Graph: Combinatorial Optimization."
Mesa State College Brown Bag Seminar, Grand
Junction, CO, March 1999.

RUTLEDGE, J. and B. Warner. "Using the Beta
Distribution on Confidence Intervals for
Proportions." QPRC, New York, May 1999.

SCHOOFF, R. and S. Cass. "Alternative Launch


DISTRIBUTION STATEMENTA
ed for Public Release

ibution Unlimited
#1999-02 (Apr-Jun 99)

USAFA Discovery is published quarterly by the faculty of the US Air Force Academy (USAFA). It contains reports on USAFA
cadet and faculty research, a complete list of current USAFA research points of contact, and a summary of recent awards and
publications. All written material contained within reflects the opinions of the authors and editors and does not necessarily
reflect current US Air Force or USAFA policy.

Cadets involved in research at the

United States Air Force Academy's
Department of Astronautics have
helped uncover the properties of a
newly discovered path to the Moon that
is more efficient than previously
discovered methods.

Trajectories taken by spacecraft on
their way to the Moon have typically
taken one of the most efficient paths
known. This trajectory is named after
Walter Hohmann who developed the
mathematics behind the trajectory in
1925. As space travel became a reality,
this trajectory, or close approximations,
has been used extensively to transfer
spacecraft from one orbit to another.
When lunar missions were designed,
the Hohmann transfer method was also
applied in order to get to the Moon
using the smallest rockets possible
(Figure 1).

of the \

Mann Hohman

Transfer

Figure 1 — Hohmann Transfer

In the 1960's, methods were
developed that allowed even more
efficiency to be gained over the
Hohmann transfer scenario by using
gravity assists (or swing-bys). These
gravity assists are accomplished by
flying past a planet or asteroid on the
way to the spacecraft’s destination. The
gravity assists allow the spacecraft to
take some of the energy from the body
that it passes in order to increase its
own velocity.

However, when traveling from the
Earth to the Moon there are no large
bodies to swing by. So the traditional
Hohmann transfers to the Moon
continue to be used in most cases.

Recently, though, a few different
efficiency improving methods have been
pieced together to form what is called a
Ballistic Capture Transfer (BCT). A
BCT trajectory uses less fuel than the
Hohmann transfer for lunar missions
and is shown in Figure 2.

Cc

Moon at
First
Annrnach

Figure 2 — Ballistic Capture Transfer

In this scenario, a spacecraft fires
its engine from a near Earth parking
orbit (A) to send it toward the Moon.
When it reaches the Moon it uses a
gravity assist to propel itself even
further away from the Earth (B). As the
spacecraft gets further from the Earth
the gravitational pull of the Earth slows it
down and causes it to return. However,
near its furthest point (C) the Sun’s
gravitational pull causes the orbit to
change shape so that as the spacecraft
comes back it follows a path that closely
parallels the Moon’s orbit for several
days (D).

While the spacecrait is traveling
near the Moon at roughly the same
velocity, the Moon captures the
spacecratt in it's gravitational pull (E).
The spacecraft is then in orbit around
the Moon.

A New Path to the Moon

This new method is more complex
than the Hohmann transfer, but from a
fuel perspective it is more efficient. The
Hohmann transfer requires the
spacecraft engine to fire once at Earth
to start its journey, and another engine
firing to slow the spacecraft down and
enter an orbit around the Moon. This
new BCT trajectory still requires the
engine to fire at the Earth to begin the
transfer, but it approaches the Moon in
such a way that the second engine firing
is not necessary.

The longer travel time, larger
distances from Earth and the added
complexities are the trade-off for the
improved fuel performance of the BCT.
Since this new type of orbit has only
been known about since the early
1990's, not much investigation has gone
into it to help understand the various
properties of this orbit.

In order to help reduce the
complexity problem, over the past few
years the Department of Astronautics
has been studying this trajectory to help
determine its viability as a standard
transfer.

Some of the work done to date
includes:

1) an investigation into the feasibility
of using the BCT for small satellite
missions to the Moon, Cadet 1" Class
(C1C) Johnston A. Coil

2) an analysis of the effects of engine
burn errors for BCT’s, C1C Stephen
J. Pinchak

3) an investigation of lunar capture
conditions, Earth departure

In this issue:

_ Leadarticle: A New Path fo he Noor
(pages 1-2) :
Department Research News ee 3)
Publications and Presentations (pages 4-7)
parameters and several other aspects
of BCT trajectories, Dr. Scott Dahlke
Much of this work has been done
in an effort to evaluate this trajectory as
an option for use on a future USAF
Academy small satellite mission. The
Department of Astronautics is looking

\AAADHD\ OW



USAFA Discovery #1999-02 (Apr-Jun 99)

Site Selection." 36th Space Congress
Proceedings, Cape Canaveral, FL USA, Aprg9.

Department of Physics
Publications:

CHUN, F. K., D. J. Knipp, M. G. McHarg, G. Lu,
B. A. Emery, S. Vennerstrom, and O. A.
Troshichev. “Polar cap index as a proxy for
hemispheric Joule heating.” Geophys. Res. Lett,
Apr 99.

PATTERSON, B. M., T. Takekoshi, T. & R. J.
Knize. "Measurement of the photoionization
cross section of the 6P3/2 state of cesium."
Physical Review, March 1999.

Presentations:

CHUN, F. K., M. G. McHarg, D. J. Knipp, S.
Billings, G. Lu, B. A. Emery, and A. D.
Richmond. “Global AMIE patterns as a function
of IMF and geomagnetic activity.” 1999 Geospace
Environ, Modeling Workshop, Snowmass, CO,
Jun 99,

CHUN, F. K., M. G. McHarg, D. J. Knipp, S.
Billings, G. Lu, B. A. Emery, and A. D.
Richmond. “Global AMIE pattems as a function
of IMF and geomagnetic activity.” 1999 CEDAR
Workshop, Boulder, CO, Jun 99.

CHUN, F. K., M. G. McHarg, D. J. Knipp, S.
Billings, G. Lu, B. A. Emery, and A. D.
Richmond. “Comparison of AMIE pattems to
Weimer potentials and Hardy conductances.”
1999 Spring AGU Meeting, Boston, MA.

MCHARG, M. G., M. D. Johnson, and H.
Stenbaek-Nielsen. “High speed sixteen channel
photometer design for auroral observations.”
1999 Spring AGU Meeting, Boston, MA.

CHUN, F. K., M. G. McHarg, D. J. Knipp, S.
Billings, G. Lu, B. A. Emery, and A. D.
Richmond. “Global AMIE patterns as a function
of IMF and geomagnetic activity.” 1999 NOAA
Space Environment Center Space Weather Week

Research-to-Ope-rations Meeting, Boulder, CO,
19-23 Apr 99.

WETTERER, C.J. & S. Majcen. "Asteroid
Astrometry and Photometry at the US Air Force
Academy Observatory." Minor Planet
Amateur/Professional Workshop, Lowell
Observatory, Flagstaff AZ, April 1999.

PATTERSON, E.T. "Using the Web for Teaching
and Learning Physics: Win, Lose, or Draw?",
Colloquium for University of Nebraska
Department of Physicsand Astronomy and all-
faculty “Just-in-Time Teaching" Workshop,
Lincoln, NE, April 1999.

Department of Political Science
Publications:

BOLT, P. J. “Taiwan-Mainland Relations in the
1990s.” Taiwan on the Move, eds. Jeh-Hang Lai
and George T. Yu. Chungli, Republic of China:
Institute of History, National Central University,
1988.

JONES, V. D. "The Pain of Organizational
Change: Managing Reinvention.” Public
Management Reform and Innovation: Research,
Theory, and Application, eds. H. George
Frederickson and Jocelyn M. Johnston.
Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press,
1999.

KNOTT, S. F. "Secrecy: The American Ex-
perience.” The Review of Politics, Spring 99.

MURRAY, D. J. and B. J. Vallance. Book
review of Richard Shultz, Roy Godson, and
George H. Quester, eds., Security Studies for the
21st Century (Washington: Brassey's, 1997).
Armed Forces and Society, Winter 99.

Presentations:

CARRESE, P. 0. Co-directed a two-day
academic conference on "Statesmanship,
Character, and the Defense of Liberty" in Aspen,
June 1999, for The Liberty Fund.

JONES, V. D. “Regional Governance: New
Approaches for Governing Regions Within the
US.” Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public
Affairs, Syracuse University, NY, Jan 99.

JONES, V. D. “Government Reform and
Reengineering: Preparing for Transformational
Change.” State of Colorado Office of Innovation
and Technology, February 1999.

JONES, V. D. "Downsizing the Federal
Government: What We Have Learned.” George
Bush School of Government and Public Service,
Texas A&M University, Mar 99.

KINZER, J. E, “NATO's Enlargement Recon-
sidered.” Fond du Lac, Wisconsin chapter of the
Foreign Policy Association, Mar 99.

KNOTT, S. F. "Alexander Hamilton in the
‘American Mind." USAFA American Studies
Colloquium, March 1999.

McCARTHY, J. P. “Battlespace infosphere.”
Network-Centric Naval Forces of the National
Research Council, March 1999.

McCARTHY, J. P. “The Political Implications of
‘the Revolution in Military Affairs.” Olin Lecture,
USS. Air Force Academy, Mar 99.

MURRAY, D. J. “A Strategic Planning Framework
for Planning Theater Operations in the Post Cold
War Environment.” Army War College, April
1999.

PILCH, F. T. “Teaching Students Interview
Techniques." Midwest Political Science
Association Meeting, April 1999.

VALLANCE, B. J. “Are Civic Associations Making
a Difference in Russia?" Rocky Mountain
Association of Slavic Studies and the Wester
Social Sciences Association Annual Conference,
April 1999.


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carers

RST PATEL
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YSAFA Diseqvery #1999-02 (Apr-Jun 99)
into a lunar mission to follow its current
Earth orbiting satellite project.

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HQ USAFA/DFAS

For more information, contact: 2354 Fairchild

Dr. Scott R. Dahike

USAFA, CO 80840
scott.dahike @ usafa.af.mil
(719) 333-4462

Department Research News

Department of Behavioral Sciences

During the first half of this year, Aptima, Inc. (Woburn MA),
collaborated with faculty and students at USAFA to complete the
first in what we hope will be a long series of studies to investigate
fundamental human-performance issues in Command and Control
(C2) decision making. Our collaboration brings together Aptima
researchers, engineers and technologies, with expert faculty and
high-quality students from the Behavioral Science and Leadership
(DFBL) and Management (DFM) departments at the Academy. Our
initial efforts centered on team-performance research using
Aptima’s DDD team-in-the-loop simulation as an experimental
platform, high quality USAFA cadet participants, and innovations in
performance assessment in simulation-based experimentation.
Our collaborative work has thus far been supported through
Aptima’s Phase I! SBIR, A System to Enhance Team Decision
Making Performance (contract F41624-98-C-6010) and related
funding, but has generated AFOSR interest outside the scope of
that contract. Over the coming months, Aptima and USAFA will
continue to work together under Aptima’s Phase II contract, and
hope to acquire additional support to broaden our research scope.
This fall, we will also integrate follow-on studies and related
research more closely with the curricular goals of select courses.
We have already begun to integrate our AWACS team-
organization studies into the curriculum of a Fall ‘99 Leadership
course. Tniz integration will provide research and educational
benefits by providing broader access to quality teams of cadets,
and exposing those cadets to the inner workings of behavioral
research through participation as subjects, data analysis, and
application of results.

One of the goals of training at USAFA, in general, and the
Leadership Reaction Course (LAC), in particular, is having cadets
learn how to solve problems effectively as a team. One relatively
new idea in the reaim of social psychology is that of "teamthink," in
which members of a team focus on the individual 8&/or strengths of
each team member and uses the diversity of the group to help
solve problems. In a research project being conducted by
members of the Department of Leadership and Behavioral
Sciences, the effects of a brief intervention meant to train basic
cadets in a teamthink approach to solving problems as presented
by the LRC are being examined . The subjects will be
approximately 1000 basic cadets participating in Basic Cadet
Training. There are three conditions - the experimental condition in
which a 5-minute training session on teamthink is presented, a
control condition in which a 5-minute training session on core
values is presented, and a no-treatment contro! condition in which
there is no intervention whatsoever. The main dependent variable
is level of success on a difficult group problem solving task that is
part of the LRC and that has only an approximately 50% successful
completion rate. The hypothesis is that the teams that receive the
teamthink training will successfully complete more components of
the solution to a group problem-solving task than groups that
receive a similar intervention focusing on core values or no
intervention at all. If a brief intervention in team-think is effective in
enhancing problem-solving at the LRC, this may have implications
for additions to our curriculum in leadership, management, and
other courses that require cadets to solve problems in groups.

LCDR Russell Shilling was appointed to the Steering
Committee for the Crew System Ergonomics Information Analysis
Center (CSERIAC). CSERIAC provides a variety of products and

services to government, industry, and academia to promote the
use of ergonomics in the design of human-operated equipment.
CSERIAC is one of more than 20 Information Analysis Centers that
provide technical information services in a variety of subject areas.

Department of Engineering Mechanics
Bonded Repair to Stiffened Panels

The focus of this research is how to repair damaged aircraft
structure with composite patches. Today, cracks in USAF aircraft
are routinely repaired with riveted doublers or, in cases where such
a repair is not practical, the damaged part is often replaced
(sometimes at great expense). An alternative method of repair,
whose use is becoming more widespread in recent years, is to
bond a composite patch over the damage site. This technique is
often referred to as “crack patching.” Some of the advantages of
crack patching over riveted repairs are lighter weight, no drilling
new holes for rivets (more damage!), and a lower repair profile.

When the Air Force discovered that many of its C-141B
Starlifters had wing cracks just after DESERT STORM, 45 of the
aircraft were grounded, and the remaining 198 were put on severe
flight restrictions (see http://www.af.mil/news/Jan1995/N19950
130_070.html). These wing cracks had to be repaired or the
affected wing panels replaced. Riveted repairs were not an option
due to the complex structural geometry in the vicinity of the cracks
and the high loads on the wing panels, so bonded repairs were
used. Though some badly damaged wing planks were replaced,
the majority of the repairs were bonded composite patches that
were applied both inside the wings and outside. Warner-Robins
Air Logistic Center (GA) performed the majority of the repair work.
(WR-ALC has a mobile repair capability that travels the world
making advanced bonded repairs to USAF aircraft. In addition to
the C-141B, bonded repairs have been performed on C-130, B-1B,
and F-16 aircraft.)

Follow-on research to this repair effort is ongoing at the
USAFA Center for Aircraft Structural Life Extension (CAStLE). This
research, headed up by Mr. Cornelis Guijt and
Mr. Stephan Verhoeven, has afforded cadets a chance to get
involved in Air Force research of the highest relevance. Cadets
have been involved in measuring the strains in stiffened panels
that simulate the C-141B wing skin. Their strain surveys have led
to a more accurate assessment of the fidelity of these specimens.
Other ongoing work at the CASTLE includes studying the growth of
cracks in the panels when subjected to fatigue loading. Both
Patched and un-patched panels are included in these studies.

Department of English

Major Thomas W. Krise, Associate Professor and Executive Officer
of the Air Force Humanities Institute, has assembled, edited, and
written an introduction to an anthology of Caribbean literature,
forthcoming shortly from the University of Chicago Press.

Although the colonies in the West Indies were as important to
the expanding British empire as those in North America, writings
from the British West Indies have been conspicuously absent from
anthologies of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British
literature. In this first literary anthology dedicated to the region,


USAFA Discovery #1999-02 (Apr-Jun 99)

Major Krise gathers important but little-known descriptions, poems,
narratives, satires, and essays written in and about this culturally
rich and politically tempestuous region.

Highlights of Major Krise’s volume include several of the
earliest protests against slavery; a superb ode by the Cambridge-
educated Afro-Jamaican poet Francis Williams; James Grainger's
extended georgic poem, The Sugar Cane; Frances Seymour's
poignant tale of the Englishman Inkle who sells his Indian savior-
lover Yarico into slavery; and several descriptions of the West
Indies during the early years of settlement.

Department of Foreign Lanquages

Air Force Language Link: On-Line Russian Language
Maintenance and Development establishes a prototype for Air
Force Language Link (AFLL), an online Web archive to provide Air
Force personnel worldwide with information and authentic
materials for maintaining and improving foreign language skills.
The technologies employed should apply to other disciplines to
foster lifelong learning in virtually all subject matter areas.

Major Stanley Supinski is conducting research on the use of
three common educational and communication technologies -- the
Internet, compact disk, and email --to study the feasibility of
delivering Russian Language maintenance and development in a
distance learning mode. Thirty subjects across the Air Force (From
Misawa AB, Japan to Langley AFB, Virginia), and several who are
deployed or TDY (Bosnia, Vicenza, and others), are participating in
the 24-week course. The students will work in cooperative teams
of five, using interactive courseware obtained primarily from a CD.
They will also interact with each other and a native-Russian course
moderator located in Colorado Springs, as well as receive
additional, dynamic lessons from a course bulletin board. This truly
virtual classroom and course should make optimal use of these
technologies while reducing the need to send personnel for
expensive in-residence courses. The course should also support
the Air Force strategy of "Global Engagement" by increasing
Foreign Area Officer and other linguists' Defense Language
Proficiency Test scores. The study and course will be completed in
July.

Human-Environmental Research Center (HERC)

During the past year, the HERC:

« Established the AFRL Operating Location in Biology when Dr.
Ann Cox arrived in March. We also undertook the hiring of a
contract research assistant. Mike Kirk joined us in June.

e  Metwith scientists at the Soldier Service Center (SSC) and at
the Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine
(USARIEM) at Natick MA to coordinate joint research efforts.
We drafted an MOA for USAFA-USARIEM research
collaboration and initiated in July the first USARIEM
collaborative research protocol, involving the USARIEM lab on
Pike's Peak in a study of the effects of acclimatization to
moderate altitude on performance at high altitude.

e Co-sponsored with IITA and DFE the in-house Pikes Peak
Educational Innovations and Research Symposium (PPEIRS)
in January. Edited and published the Proceedings as a
USAFA technical report.

« Hosted visits and presentations by Dr. John Stern,
Washington University, St Louis; Prof. Wolf Boucsein, U.
Wuppertal, Germany; Dr. Alan Gevins, EEG Systems Lab,
San Francisco; Maj Neal Baumgartner, Human Performance,

Force Enhancement and Fitness Division, Department of
Aerospace Physiology and Human Performance, USAF
School of Aerospace Medicine; Dr. Stan Barnett, CSIRO, New
South Wales, Australia; Dr. Jefferson Koonce; Center for
Applied Human Factors in Aviation, University of Central
Florida; and Dr. Bjorn Cedervall, Karolinska Institute,
Stockholm.

¢ Supported faculty TDYs to the DOD Human Factors
Engineering Technical Advisory Group (HFE TAG) meetings,
the Aerospace Medical Association meeting, the Computer-
Human Interaction meeting, the Rocky Mountain
Bioengineering Symposium, and the Aviation Psychology
meeting.

e Reviewed a draft of the AF Inspection Agency's Eagle Look
report on Human Systems Integration in Air Force acquisition.

« Acquired at no cost the Navy's Automated Portable Test
System (APTS) for computerized cognitive testing, and the
Basic Flight Instruction Tutoring System (BFITS). Both
programs are in use in fledgling research efforts.

e Drafted and revised the questionnaire for the IITA faculty
notebook computer study. Analyzed and reported the
demographic data. Completed 20 workstation ergonomics
consults for notebook and desktop computer users.

« Created and hosted Airmanship Research Seminars for
USAFA faculty and staff.

Dr. Cox conducted a successful pilot study with an international

team at Colorado State University. Cell synchronies (by centrifugal

elutriation) and comet assays were performed in the laboratories of

Drs. John T. Lett and Susan M. LaRue at Colorado State

University. Dr. Stanley B. Barnett (Commonwealth Scientific and

Industrial Organisation, Australia) was supported in this endeavor

by the Asian Office of Aerospace Research and Development or

AOARD (AFOSR) in Tokyo, and Dr Cox was supported by

AFRL/HEDB. Besides further characterizing the very sensitive

L5178Y S/S cell line's (and its transfected offspring’s) responses to

toxic agents, it is hoped that we will be able to measure DNA

damage and repair in neural cells using the comet assay.

34" Education Group

C1C Jeffrey J. Schrum presented his paper, “The German
Speaking New Right: Culture Clashes in a European Context,” at
the European Community Studies Association (ECSA) Conference
from 2-5 June 1999, held in Pittsburgh, PA. ECSA is one of the
foremost scholarly organizations in the United States that follows
European issues. Cadet Schrum was chosen to attend the
conference as a result of a contest sponsored by the Western
European Study Group of the Academy (WEASG) and organized
by Lt Col Peter J. Heinz (DFF), President of the WEASG, and Dr.
Charles Krupnick of the 34" Education Group. The trip was funded
by a grant from the McDermott Foundation.

Lt Col Clayton K. S. Chun of the 34” Education Squadron was
awarded the 1999 US Army Historical Foundation Award for his
article “Winged Interceptor: Politics and Strategy in the
Development of the Bomarc Missile,” published in Air Power
History, Winter 1998.

Publications and Presentations

34" Education Group

CHUN, C. K. S. "Spending Your Nickel: How the
Federal Government Evaluates Major

Publications:

Investments and Programs.” Journal of Applied
Management and Entrepreneurship, Jan 99.