* Pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 43(c), Kenneth S. Apfel is substituted for

John J. Callahan, former Acting Commissioner of Social Security, as the

defendant in this action.

** This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

JUL 17 1998

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

JUANITA MINNICK,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

KENNETH S. APFEL, Commissioner,

Social Security Administration, *

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 97-5184

(D.C. No. 96-CV-285-J)

(N.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT **

Before BALDOCK , EBEL , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
1 The parties agreed to disposition of the case by the magistrate judge

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1). Accordingly, our jurisdiction arises under

§ 636(c)(3) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

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argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.

Plaintiff appeals from an order of the magistrate judge 1 affirming the

Commissioner’s decision to deny her application for disability insurance benefits. 

The Commissioner concluded that plaintiff did not have a severe impairment on

or before December 31, 1991, the last day plaintiff satisfied the applicable

insured-status requirements and, consequently, denied benefits at step two of the

controlling five-step analysis. See generally Williams v. Bowen , 844 F.2d 748,

750-52 (10th Cir. 1988). We closely examine the record as a whole to determine

whether the Commissioner’s decision is supported by substantial evidence and

adheres to the governing legal standards. See Washington v. Shalala , 37 F.3d

1437, 1439 (10th Cir. 1994). The scope of our review, however, is limited to the

issues properly preserved and presented on appeal. See Berna v. Chater , 101 F.3d

631, 632-33 (10th Cir. 1996). Guided by these principles, we affirm the

Commissioner’s decision for the reasons that follow.

When the Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) decided this case in 1995,

plaintiff suffered from recently developed diabetes, controlled by medication,

alleged muscular-skeletal pain, and certain physical weaknesses suggestive of a
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previous cerebrovascular accident (CVA). We focus on the last condition, which

provides the sole basis for plaintiff’s judicial challenge to the denial of benefits. 

However, to understand that challenge, and to appreciate the administrative

determination against which it is directed, it will be helpful first to review the

medical record in general, chronological terms.

The medical record dates from 1977 through 1994, when the ALJ heard the

case. It includes notes from the late 1970’s reflecting complaints about fatigue,

weakness, and memory problems, though with “[e]xamination reveal[ing]

completely normal findings neurologically and from the vascular viewpoint.” 

Appendix (App.) II at 276. Minor, unrelated complaints prompted single visits in

the years 1980 through 1982. See id. Then there is a break until 1985, when

menstrual problems brought plaintiff back to her physician and ultimately resulted

in a hysterectomy. See id. at 235, 264-65, 276. After isolated visits in 1986,

1987, and 1989, see id. at 235, plaintiff next sought medical attention in 1993,

when a spate of reports dealing with various cardiovascular, neurological,

pulmonary, hematological, psychiatric, gastronomic, and muscular-skeletal

complaints appears in the record and continues through 1994. See generally id.

at 151-52; 172-276.

The earliest 1993 notes do not mention a CVA or CVA-related complaints. 

See id. at 235. Shortly thereafter, initial medical references to a possible CVA
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indicate a fairly recent occurrence. See id. at 207-08 (two May 1993 test reports

reciting CVA within the last year as reason for referral); see also id. at 244 (July

1993 report reciting history of stroke “1 1⁄2 - 2 years ago”). Moreover, the 1993

notes do not consistently reflect plaintiff’s representation of the incident as being

severe. Indeed, even in early 1994 plaintiff reiterated the characterization of her

suspected CVA as “a little stroke.” Id. at 232. After plaintiff filed her

application for social security benefits in mid-February 1994, however, the record

finally refers to the alleged 1990 CVA that would come to be the focus of this

disability-onset case. See id. at 246 (psychiatric report reciting patient history).

From that time on, plaintiff has held to her account of a stroke in November 1990

so severe that it left her physically incapacitated for up to a year, unable to speak

for even longer, and subject to residual weakening several years later.

The ALJ rejected this account as incredible in light of plaintiff’s medical

record, reasoning that any event at all like the one plaintiff alleged would have

prompted her to solicit some medical attention. Plaintiff asserted that she was

afraid to do so, after the death of her sister in a hospital in 1988. However, when

asked by the ALJ if she could explain why this same fear did not prevent her from

seeking medical attention in 1993 (for both severe and non-severe complaints),

plaintiff simply responded “no.” Id. at 50. Indeed, we note plaintiff saw
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a physician in 1989 as well, so her asserted post-1988 fear had been inoperative

before and after the alleged stroke.

On appeal, plaintiff contends the ALJ did not follow the directives set out

in Social Security Ruling (SSR) 83-20, which “state[s] the policy and describe[s]

the relevant evidence to be considered when establishing the onset date of

disability.” 1983 WL 31249 at *1. More specifically, she complains that the ALJ

(1) failed to call a medical advisor to assist in assessing her allegations regarding

the November 1990 stroke, and (2) ignored lay testimony, and particularly her

own declaration of onset, that supported those allegations.

The cited ruling recognizes that, when dealing with a progressively

worsening condition, it is sometimes necessary to make an inference about the

onset of disability “prior to the date of the first recorded medical examination.” 

Id. at *3. If this situation arises, and the pertinent medical record is ambiguous,

the ALJ should call on the services of a medical advisor to inform his or her

inferential judgment. See Reid v. Chater , 71 F.3d 372, 374 (10th Cir. 1995)

(applying SSR 83-20); accord Spellman v. Shalala , 1 F.3d 357, 362-63 (5th Cir.

1993) (citing cases). This is not such a case, for two reasons.

First, on plaintiff’s own account, the asserted 1990 stroke did not involve

a progressive condition at all. Rather, she alleges the occurrence of a discrete and

immediately disabling event that, but for the lack of (expected) contemporaneous
2 Plaintiff argues only that an immediate and totally disabling CVA occurred

in November 1990, and has not claimed that, should this account be found

incredible, perhaps a less severe CVA occurred sometime later in the insured

period prior to December 1991. Given this all-or-nothing approach, we have no

occasion here to consider SSR 83-20's application to progressively improving

conditions, where a medical advisor’s opinion might assist the ALJ in working

backward from current, resolving symptoms to a prior disability within a broad

range of possible onset dates. 

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treatment, would have been amenable to definitive dating without any need for the

uncertain retroactive/inferential determination with which SSR 83-20 is

concerned. Whether such an event actually occurred at all is not a question that

calls for a medical advisor’s opinion about when certain but gradual deterioration

may have reached the point of disability. 2

 In short, the ALJ was entitled to assess

and reject this allegation like any other fact not borne out by the surrounding

circumstances.

Second, we are not dealing with the onset of a disabling impairment that

can fairly be characterized as occurring “prior to the date of the first recorded

medical examination.” 1983 WL 31249 at *3. Plaintiff has a lengthy medical

record extending before and after the alleged onset date; she cannot seek reversal

of the ALJ’s determination under SSR 83-20 simply by pointing to a fractional

interim period -- less than four years in a seventeen-year record -- during which,

without credible explanation, she did not secure the medical attention her alleged

condition would clearly have prompted anyone to seek. Cf. James v. Chater ,
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96 F.3d 1341, 1343 (10th Cir. 1996) (holding claimant’s invocation of SSR 83-20

frivolous where “there were pertinent examinations both before and after the

alleged onset date”). On the contrary, the ALJ properly relied on just this

omission in finding that the alleged 1990 stroke did not happen.

We have little to add with respect to the ALJ’s treatment of plaintiff’s

formal declaration of disability and the lay testimony elicited in support thereof. 

The ALJ considered this evidence, but rejected it as incredible in light of

plaintiff’s contemporaneous conduct and the medical record (which, moreover, to

the extent the “personal histories” in the reports are patient-derived, reflects flatly

inconsistent statements by plaintiff herself). In the determination of onset, as in

disability cases generally, the medical record is primary; the claimant’s averments

and proffered testimony are probative only to the extent consistent with the

medical evidence. See 1983 WL 31249 at *2, *3; see also Reid , 71 F.3d at 373. 

We discern no error in the consideration of plaintiff’s evidence and, accordingly,

we defer to the ALJ’s assessment of its credibility. See Kepler v. Chater , 68 F.3d

387, 391 (10th Cir. 1995); see also Casias v. Secretary of Health & Human Servs. ,

933 F.2d 799, 801 (10th Cir. 1991) (noting ALJ is “optimally positioned to

observe and assess witness credibility”). 
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The judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District

of Oklahoma is AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court

Bobby R. Baldock

Circuit Judge