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[Congressional Bills 118th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 4178 Introduced in Senate (IS)]

<DOC>

118th CONGRESS
  2d Session
                                S. 4178

To establish artificial intelligence standards, metrics, and evaluation 
 tools, to support artificial intelligence research, development, and 
 capacity building activities, to promote innovation in the artificial 
 intelligence industry by ensuring companies of all sizes can succeed 
                  and thrive, and for other purposes.

_______________________________________________________________________

                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                             April 18, 2024

   Ms. Cantwell (for herself, Mr. Young, Mr. Hickenlooper, and Mrs. 
  Blackburn) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and 
   referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 
To establish artificial intelligence standards, metrics, and evaluation 
 tools, to support artificial intelligence research, development, and 
 capacity building activities, to promote innovation in the artificial 
 intelligence industry by ensuring companies of all sizes can succeed 
                  and thrive, and for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Future of 
Artificial Intelligence Innovation Act of 2024''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Sense of Congress.
Sec. 3. Definitions.
    TITLE I--VOLUNTARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STANDARDS, METRICS, 
       EVALUATION TOOLS, TESTBEDS, AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

   Subtitle A--Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute and Testbeds

Sec. 101. Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute.
Sec. 102. Program on artificial intelligence testbeds.
Sec. 103. National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department 
                            of Energy testbed to identify, test, and 
                            synthesize new materials.
Sec. 104. National Science Foundation and Department of Energy 
                            collaboration to make scientific 
                            discoveries through the use of artificial 
                            intelligence.
Sec. 105. Progress report.
                 Subtitle B--International Cooperation

Sec. 111. International coalition on innovation, development, and 
                            harmonization of standards with respect to 
                            artificial intelligence.
Sec. 112. Requirement to support bilateral and multilateral artificial 
                            intelligence research collaborations.
       Subtitle C--Identifying Regulatory Barriers to Innovation

Sec. 121. Comptroller General of the United States identification of 
                            risks and obstacles relating to artificial 
                            intelligence and Federal agencies.
   TITLE II--ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, CAPACITY 
                          BUILDING ACTIVITIES

Sec. 201. Public data for artificial intelligence systems.
Sec. 202. Federal grand challenges in artificial intelligence.

SEC. 2. SENSE OF CONGRESS.

    It is the sense of Congress that policies governing artificial 
intelligence should maximize the potential and development of 
artificial intelligence to benefit all private and public stakeholders.

SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act:
            (1) Agency.--The term ``agency'' has the meaning given such 
        term in section 3502 of title 44, United States Code, except 
        such term shall include an independent regulatory agency, as 
        defined in such section.
            (2) Artificial intelligence.--The term ``artificial 
        intelligence'' has the meaning given such term in section 5002 
        of the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020 
        (15 U.S.C. 9401).
            (3) Artificial intelligence blue-teaming.--The term 
        ``artificial intelligence blue-teaming'' means an effort to 
        conduct operational network vulnerability evaluations and 
        provide mitigation techniques to entities who have a need for 
        an independent technical review of the network security posture 
        of an artificial intelligence system.
            (4) Artificial intelligence model.--The term ``artificial 
        intelligence model'' means a component of an artificial 
        intelligence system that is a model--
                    (A) derived using mathematical, computational, 
                statistical, or machine-learning techniques; and
                    (B) used as part of an artificial intelligence 
                system to produce outputs from a given set of inputs.
            (5) Artificial intelligence red-teaming.--The term 
        ``artificial intelligence red-teaming'' means structured 
        adversarial testing efforts of an artificial intelligence 
        system to identify risks, flaws, and vulnerabilities of the 
        artificial intelligence system, such as harmful outputs from 
        the system, unforeseen or undesirable system behaviors, 
        limitations, or potential risks associated with the misuse of 
        the system.
            (6) Artificial intelligence risk management framework.--The 
        term ``Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework'' 
        means the most recently updated version of the framework 
        developed and updated pursuant to section 22A(c) of the 
        National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 
        278h-1(c)).
            (7) Artificial intelligence system.--The term ``artificial 
        intelligence system'' has the meaning given such term in 
        section 7223 of the Advancing American AI Act (40 U.S.C. 11301 
        note).
            (8) Critical infrastructure.--The term ``critical 
        infrastructure'' has the meaning given such term in section 
        1016(e) of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing 
        Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism 
        (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001 (42 U.S.C. 5195c(e)).
            (9) Federal laboratory.--The term ``Federal laboratory'' 
        has the meaning given such term in section 4 of the Stevenson-
        Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3703).
            (10) Foundation model.--The term ``foundation model'' means 
        an artificial intelligence model trained on broad data at scale 
        and is adaptable to a wide range of downstream tasks.
            (11) Generative artificial intelligence.--The term 
        ``generative artificial intelligence'' means the class of 
        artificial intelligence models that utilize the structure and 
        characteristics of input data in order to generate outputs in 
        the form of derived synthetic content. Such derived synthetic 
        content can include images, videos, audio, text, software, 
        code, and other digital content.
            (12) National laboratory.--The term ``National Laboratory'' 
        has the meaning given such term in section 2 of the Energy 
        Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801).
            (13) Synthetic content.--The term ``synthetic content'' 
        means information, such as images, videos, audio clips, and 
        text, that has been significantly modified or generated by 
        algorithms, including by artificial intelligence.
            (14) Testbed.--The term ``testbed'' means a facility or 
        mechanism equipped for conducting rigorous, transparent, and 
        replicable testing of tools and technologies, including 
        artificial intelligence systems, to help evaluate the 
        functionality, trustworthiness, usability, and performance of 
        those tools or technologies.
            (15) TEVV.--The term ``TEVV'' means methodologies, metrics, 
        techniques, and tasks for testing, evaluating, verifying, and 
        validating artificial intelligence systems or components.
            (16) Watermarking.--The term ``watermarking'' means the act 
        of embedding information that is intended to be difficult to 
        remove, into outputs generated by artificial intelligence, 
        including outputs such as text, images, audio, videos, software 
        code, or any other digital content or data, for the purposes of 
        verifying the authenticity of the output or the identity or 
        characteristics of its provenance, modifications, or 
        conveyance.

    TITLE I--VOLUNTARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STANDARDS, METRICS, 
       EVALUATION TOOLS, TESTBEDS, AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

   Subtitle A--Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute and Testbeds

SEC. 101. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SAFETY INSTITUTE.

    (a) Establishment of Institute.--
            (1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date of 
        the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary of Commerce for 
        Standards and Technology (in this section referred to as the 
        ``Under Secretary'') shall establish an institute on artificial 
        intelligence.
            (2) Designation.--The institute established pursuant to 
        paragraph (1) shall be known as the ``Artificial Intelligence 
        Safety Institute'' (in this section referred to as the 
        ``Institute'').
            (3) Mission.--The mission of the Institute is as follows:
                    (A) To assist the private sector and agencies in 
                developing voluntary best practices for the robust 
                assessment of artificial intelligence systems.
                    (B) To provide technical assistance for the 
                adoption and use of artificial intelligence across the 
                Federal Government to improve the quality of government 
                services.
                    (C) To develop guidelines, methodologies, and best 
                practices to promote--
                            (i) development and adoption of voluntary, 
                        consensus-based technical standards or industry 
                        standards;
                            (ii) long-term advancements in artificial 
                        intelligence technologies; and
                            (iii) innovation in the artificial 
                        intelligence industry by ensuring that 
                        companies of all sizes can succeed and thrive.
    (b) Director.--The Under Secretary shall appoint a director of the 
Institute, who shall be known as the ``Director of the Artificial 
Intelligence Safety Institute'' (in this section referred to as the 
``Director'') and report directly to the Under Secretary.
    (c) Staff and Authorities.--
            (1) Staff.--The Director may hire such full-time employees 
        as the Director considers appropriate to assist the Director in 
        carrying out the functions of the Institute.
            (2) Use of authority to hire critical technical experts.--
        In addition to making appointments under paragraph (1) of this 
        subsection, the Director, in coordination with the Secretary of 
        Commerce, may make appointments of scientific, engineering, and 
        professional personnel, and fix their basic pay, under 
        subsection (b) of section 6 of the National Institute of 
        Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 275) to hire critical 
        technical experts.
            (3) Expansion of authority to hire critical technical 
        experts.--Such subsection is amended, in the second sentence, 
        by striking ``15'' and inserting ``30''.
            (4) Modification of sunset.--Subsection (c) of such section 
        is amended by striking ``the date that is 5 years after the 
        date of the enactment of this section'' and inserting 
        ``December 30, 2035''.
            (5) Agreements.--The Director may enter into such 
        agreements, including contracts, grants, cooperative 
        agreements, and other transactions, as the Director considers 
        necessary to carry out the functions of the Institute and on 
        such terms as the Under Secretary considers appropriate.
    (d) Consultation and Coordination.--In establishing the Institute, 
the Under Secretary shall--
            (1) coordinate with--
                    (A) the Secretary of Energy;
                    (B) the Secretary of Homeland Security;
                    (C) the Secretary of Defense;
                    (D) the Director of the National Science 
                Foundation; and
                    (E) the Director of the Office of Science and 
                Technology Policy; and
            (2) consult with the heads of such other Federal agencies 
        as the Under Secretary considers appropriate.
    (e) Functions.--The functions of the Institute, which the Institute 
shall carry out in coordination with the laboratories of the National 
Institute of Standards and Technology, are as follows:
            (1) Research, evaluation, testing, and standards.--The 
        following functions relating to research, evaluation, testing, 
        and standards:
                    (A) Conducting measurement research into system and 
                model safety, validity and reliability, security, 
                capabilities and limitations, explainability, 
                interpretability, and privacy.
                    (B) Working with the Department of Energy, the 
                National Science Foundation, public-private 
                partnerships, including the Artificial Intelligence 
                Safety Institute Consortium established under 
                subsection (f), and other private sector organizations 
                to develop testing environments and perform regular 
                benchmarking and capability evaluations, including 
                artificial intelligence red-teaming as the Director 
                considers appropriate.
                    (C) Working with consensus-based, open, and 
                transparent standards development organizations (SDOs) 
                and relevant industry, Federal laboratories, civil 
                society, and academic institutions to advance 
                development and adoption of clear, implementable, 
                technically sound, and technology-neutral voluntary 
                standards and guidelines that incorporate appropriate 
                variations in approach depending on the size of the 
                entity, the potential risks and potential benefits of 
                the artificial intelligence system, and the role of the 
                entity (such as developer, deployer, or user) relating 
                to artificial intelligence systems.
                    (D) Building upon the Artificial Intelligence Risk 
                Management Framework to incorporate guidelines on 
                generative artificial intelligence systems.
                    (E) Developing a companion resource to the Secure 
                Software Development Framework to incorporate secure 
                development practices for generative artificial 
                intelligence and for foundation models.
                    (F) Developing and publishing cybersecurity tools, 
                methodologies, best practices, voluntary guidelines, 
                and other supporting information to assist persons who 
                maintain systems used to create or train artificial 
                intelligence models to discover and mitigate 
                vulnerabilities and attacks.
                    (G) Coordinating or developing guidelines, metrics, 
                benchmarks, and methodologies for evaluating artificial 
                intelligence systems, including the following:
                            (i) Cataloging existing artificial 
                        intelligence metrics, benchmarks, and 
                        evaluation methodologies used in industry and 
                        academia.
                            (ii) Testing and validating the efficacy of 
                        existing metrics, benchmarks, and evaluations, 
                        as well as TEVV tools and products.
                            (iii) Funding and facilitating research and 
                        other activities in a transparent manner, 
                        including at institutions of higher education 
                        and other nonprofit and private sector 
                        partners, to evaluate, develop, or improve TEVV 
                        capabilities, with rigorous scientific merit, 
                        for artificial intelligence systems.
                            (iv) Evaluating foundation models for their 
                        potential effect in downstream systems, such as 
                        when retrained or fine-tuned.
                    (H) Coordinating with counterpart institutions of 
                international partners and allies to promote global 
                interoperability in the development of research, 
                evaluation, testing, and standards relating to 
                artificial intelligence.
                    (I) Developing tools, methodologies, best 
                practices, and voluntary guidelines for identifying 
                vulnerabilities in foundation models.
                    (J) Developing tools, methodologies, best 
                practices, and voluntary guidelines for relevant 
                agencies to track incidents resulting in harm caused by 
                artificial intelligence systems.
            (2) Implementation.--The following functions relating to 
        implementation:
                    (A) Using publicly available and voluntarily 
                provided information, conducting evaluations to assess 
                the impacts of artificial intelligence systems, and 
                developing guidelines and practices for safe 
                development, deployment, and use of artificial 
                intelligence technology.
                    (B) Aligning capability evaluation and red-teaming 
                guidelines and benchmarks, sharing best practices, and 
                coordinating on building testbeds and test environments 
                with allies of the United States and international 
                partners and allies.
                    (C) Coordinating vulnerability and incident data 
                sharing with international partners and allies.
                    (D) Integrating appropriate testing capabilities 
                and infrastructure for testing of models and systems.
                    (E) Establishing blue-teaming capabilities to 
                develop mitigation approaches and partner with industry 
                to address risks and negative impacts.
                    (F) Developing voluntary guidelines on--
                            (i) detecting synthetic content, 
                        authenticating content and tracking of the 
                        provenance of content, labeling original and 
                        synthetic content, such as by watermarking, and 
                        evaluating software and systems relating to 
                        detection and labeling of synthetic content;
                            (ii) ensuring artificial intelligence 
                        systems do not violate privacy rights or other 
                        rights; and
                            (iii) transparency documentation of 
                        artificial intelligence datasets and artificial 
                        intelligence models.
                    (G) Coordinating with relevant agencies to develop 
                or support, as the heads of the agencies determine 
                appropriate, sector- and application-specific profiles 
                of the Artificial Intelligence Risk Management 
                Framework for different use cases, integrating end-user 
                experience and on-going development work into a 
                continuously evolving toolkit.
            (3) Operations and engagement.--The following functions 
        relating to operations and engagement:
                    (A) Managing the work of the Institute, developing 
                internal processes, and ensuring that the Institute 
                meets applicable goals and targets.
                    (B) Engaging with the private sector to promote 
                innovation and competitiveness.
                    (C) Engaging with international standards 
                organizations, multilateral organizations, and similar 
                institutes among allies and partners.
    (f) Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute Consortium.--
            (1) Establishment.--
                    (A) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the 
                date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary 
                shall establish a consortium of stakeholders from 
                academic or research communities, Federal laboratories, 
                private industry, including companies of all sizes with 
                different roles in the use of artificial intelligence 
                systems, including developers, deployers, and users, 
                and civil society with expertise in matters relating to 
                artificial intelligence to support the Institute in 
                carrying out the functions set forth under subsection 
                (e).
                    (B) Designation.--The consortium established 
                pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall be known as the 
                ``Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute 
                Consortium''.
            (2) Consultation.--The Under Secretary, acting through the 
        Director, shall consult with the consortium established under 
        this subsection not less frequently than quarterly.
            (3) Report to congress.--Not later than 2 years after the 
        date of the enactment of this Act, the Director of the National 
        Institute of Standards and Technology shall submit to the 
        Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the 
        Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of 
        the House of Representatives a report summarizing the 
        contributions of the members of the consortium established 
        under this subsection in support the efforts of the Institute.
    (g) Artificial Intelligence System Testing.--In carrying out the 
Institute functions required by subsection (a), the Under Secretary 
shall support and contribute to the development of voluntary, 
consensus-based technical standards for testing artificial intelligence 
system components, including, as the Under Secretary considers 
appropriate, the following:
            (1) Physical infrastructure for training or developing 
        artificial intelligence models and systems, including cloud 
        infrastructure.
            (2) Physical infrastructure for operating artificial 
        intelligence systems, including cloud infrastructure.
            (3) Data for training artificial intelligence models.
            (4) Data for evaluating the functionality and 
        trustworthiness of trained artificial intelligence models and 
        systems.
            (5) Trained or partially trained artificial intelligence 
        models and any resulting software systems or products.
    (h) Gifts.--
            (1) Authority.--The Director may seek, accept, hold, 
        administer, and use gifts from public and private sources 
        whenever the Director determines it would be in the interest of 
        the United States to do so.
            (2) Regulations.--The Director, in consultation with the 
        Director of the Office of Government Ethics, shall ensure that 
        authority under this subsection is exercised consistent with 
        all relevant ethical constraints and principles, including--
                    (A) the avoidance of any prohibited conflict of 
                interest or appearance of impropriety; and
                    (B) a prohibition against the acceptance of a gift 
                from a foreign government or an agent of a foreign 
                government.
    (i) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section shall be 
construed to provide the Director of the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology any enforcement authority that was not in 
effect on the day before the date of the enactment of this Act.

SEC. 102. PROGRAM ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TESTBEDS.

    (a) Definitions.--In this section:
            (1) Appropriate committees of congress.--The term 
        ``appropriate committees of Congress'' means--
                    (A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and 
                Transportation and the Committee on Energy and Natural 
                Resources of the Senate; and
                    (B) the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology 
                of the House of Representatives.
            (2) Director.--The term ``Director'' means the Director of 
        the National Science Foundation.
            (3) Institute.--The term ``Institute'' means the Artificial 
        Intelligence Safety Institute established by section 101.
            (4) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary 
        of Energy.
            (5) Under secretary.--The term ``Under Secretary'' means 
        the Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology.
    (b) Program Required.--Not later than 180 days after the date of 
the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall, in coordination 
with the Secretary and the Director, establish and commence carrying 
out a testbed program to encourage collaboration and support 
partnerships between the National Laboratories, the National Institute 
of Standards and Technology, the National Artificial Intelligence 
Research Resource pilot program established by the Director of the 
National Science Foundation, or any successor program, and public and 
private sector entities, including companies of all sizes, to conduct 
research and development, tests, evaluations, and risk assessments of 
artificial intelligence systems, including measurement methodologies 
developed by the Institute.
    (c) Activities.--In carrying out this program, the Under Secretary 
shall, in coordination with the Secretary--
            (1) use the advanced computing resources, testbeds, and 
        expertise of the National Laboratories, the Institute, the 
        National Science Foundation, and private sector entities to run 
        tests and evaluations on the capabilities and limitations of 
        artificial intelligence systems;
            (2) use existing solutions to the maximum extent 
        practicable;
            (3) develop automated and reproducible tests, evaluations, 
        and risk assessments for artificial intelligence systems to the 
        extent that is practicable;
            (4) assess the computational resources necessary to run 
        tests, evaluations, and risk assessments of artificial 
        intelligence systems;
            (5) research methods to effectively minimize the 
        computational resources needed to run tests, evaluations, and 
        risk assessments of artificial intelligence systems;
            (6) consider developing tests, evaluations, and risk 
        assessments for artificial intelligence systems that are 
        designed for high-, medium-, and low-computational intensity; 
        and
            (7) prioritize identifying and evaluating scenarios in 
        which the artificial intelligence systems tested or evaluated 
        by a testbed could be deployed in a way that poses security 
        risks, and either establishing classified testbeds, or 
        utilizing existing classified testbeds, at the National 
        Laboratories if necessary, including with respect to--
                    (A) autonomous offensive cyber capabilities;
                    (B) cybersecurity vulnerabilities in the artificial 
                intelligence software ecosystem and beyond;
                    (C) chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, 
                critical infrastructure, and energy-security threats or 
                hazards; and
                    (D) such other capabilities as the Under Secretary 
                determines necessary.
    (d) Consideration Given.--In carrying out the activities required 
by subsection (c), the Under Secretary shall, in coordination with the 
Secretary, take under consideration the applicability of any tests, 
evaluations, and risk assessments to artificial intelligence systems 
trained using primarily biological sequence data, including those 
systems used for gene synthesis.
    (e) Metrics.--The Under Secretary, in collaboration with the 
Secretary, shall develop metrics--
            (1) to assess the effectiveness of the program in 
        encouraging collaboration and supporting partnerships as 
        described in subsection (b); and
            (2) to assess the impact of the program on public and 
        private sector integration and use of artificial intelligence 
        systems.
    (f) Use of Existing Program.--In carrying out the program required 
by subsection (a), the Under Secretary may, in collaboration with the 
Secretary and the Director, use a program that was in effect on the day 
before the date of the enactment of this Act.
    (g) Evaluation and Findings.--Not later than 3 years after the 
start of this program, the Under Secretary shall, in collaboration with 
the Secretary--
            (1) evaluate the success of the program in encouraging 
        collaboration and supporting partnerships as described in 
        subsection (b), using the metrics developed pursuant to 
        subsection (e);
            (2) evaluate the success of the program in encouraging 
        public and private sector integration and use of artificial 
        intelligence systems by using the metrics developed pursuant to 
        subsection (e); and
            (3) submit to the appropriate committees of Congress the 
        evaluation supported pursuant to paragraph (1) and the findings 
        of the Under Secretary, the Secretary, and the Director with 
        respect to the testbed program.
    (h) Consultation.--In carrying out subsection (b), the Under 
Secretary shall consult, as the Under Secretary considers appropriate, 
with the following:
            (1) Industry, including private artificial intelligence 
        laboratories, companies of all sizes, and representatives from 
        the United States financial sector.
            (2) Academia and institutions of higher education.
            (3) Civil society.
            (4) Third-party evaluators.
    (i) Establishment of Foundation Models Test Program.--In carrying 
out the program under subsection (b), the Under Secretary shall, acting 
through the Director of the Institute and in coordination with the 
Secretary of Energy, carry out a test program to provide vendors of 
foundation models the opportunity to voluntarily test foundation models 
across a range of modalities, such as models that ingest and output 
text, images, audio, video, software code, and mixed modalities, 
relative to the Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework, by--
            (1) conducting research and regular testing to improve and 
        benchmark the accuracy, efficacy, and bias of foundation 
        models;
            (2) conducting research to identify key capabilities, 
        limitations, and unexpected behaviors of foundation models;
            (3) identifying and evaluating scenarios in which these 
        models could pose risks;
            (4) establishing reference use cases for foundation models 
        and performance criteria for assessing each use case, including 
        accuracy, efficacy, and bias metrics;
            (5) enabling developers and deployers of foundation models 
        to evaluate such systems for risks, incidents, and 
        vulnerabilities if deployed in such use cases;
            (6) coordinating public evaluations, which may include 
        prizes and challenges, to evaluate foundation models; and
            (7) as the Under Secretary and the Secretary consider 
        appropriate, producing public-facing reports of the findings 
        from such testing for a general audience.
    (j) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section shall be 
construed to require a person to disclose any information, including 
information--
            (1) relating to a trade secret or other protected 
        intellectual property right;
            (2) that is confidential business information; or
            (3) that is privileged.

SEC. 103. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY AND DEPARTMENT 
              OF ENERGY TESTBED TO IDENTIFY, TEST, AND SYNTHESIZE NEW 
              MATERIALS.

    (a) Testbed Authorized.--The Secretary of Commerce, acting through 
the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and 
the Secretary of Energy shall jointly establish a testbed to identify, 
test, and synthesize new materials to advance materials science and to 
support advanced manufacturing for the benefit of the United States 
economy through the use of artificial intelligence, autonomous 
laboratories, and artificial intelligence integrated with emerging 
technologies, such as quantum hybrid computing and robotics.
    (b) Support for Accelerated Technologies.--The Secretary of 
Commerce and the Secretary of Energy shall ensure that technologies 
accelerated using the testbed established pursuant to subsection (a) 
are supported by advanced algorithms and models, uncertainty 
quantification, and software and workforce development tools to produce 
benchmark data, model comparison tools, and best practices guides.
    (c) Public-Private Partnerships.--In carrying out subsection (a), 
the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Energy shall, in 
consultation with industry, civil society, and academia, enter into 
such public-private partnerships as the Secretaries jointly determine 
appropriate.
    (d) Resources.--In carrying out subsection (a), the Secretaries may 
use resources from National Laboratories and the private sector.

SEC. 104. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION AND DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 
              COLLABORATION TO MAKE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES THROUGH THE 
              USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.

    (a) In General.--The Director of the National Science Foundation 
(referred to in this section as the ``Director'') and the Secretary of 
Energy (referred to in this section as the ``Secretary'') shall 
collaborate to support new translational scientific discoveries and 
advancements for the benefit of the economy of the United States 
through the use of artificial intelligence, including artificial 
intelligence integrated with emerging technologies, such as quantum 
hybrid computing and robotics.
    (b) Public-Private Partnerships.--In carrying out subsection (a), 
the Director and the Secretary shall enter into such public-private 
partnerships as the Director and the Secretary jointly determine 
appropriate.
    (c) Resources.--In carrying out subsection (a), the Director and 
the Secretary may accept and use resources from the National 
Laboratories, resources from the private sector, and academic 
resources.

SEC. 105. PROGRESS REPORT.

    Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, 
the Director of the Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute shall, in 
coordination with the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of 
Energy, submit to Congress a report on the implementation of this 
subtitle.

                 Subtitle B--International Cooperation

SEC. 111. INTERNATIONAL COALITION ON INNOVATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND 
              HARMONIZATION OF STANDARDS WITH RESPECT TO ARTIFICIAL 
              INTELLIGENCE.

    (a) In General.--The Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of State, 
and the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (in 
this section referred to as the ``Director''), in consultation with the 
heads of relevant agencies, shall jointly seek to form an alliance or 
coalition with like-minded governments of foreign countries--
            (1) to cooperate on approaches to innovation and 
        advancements in artificial intelligence and ecosystems for 
        artificial intelligence;
            (2) to coordinate on development and use of interoperable 
        international standards or harmonization of standards with 
        respect to artificial intelligence;
            (3) to promote adoption of common artificial intelligence 
        standards;
            (4) to develop the government-to-government infrastructure 
        needed to facilitate coordination of coherent global 
        application of artificial intelligence safety standards, 
        including, where appropriate, putting in place agreements for 
        information sharing between governments; and
            (5) to involve private-sector stakeholders from partner 
        countries to help inform coalition partners on recent 
        developments in artificial intelligence and associated 
        standards development.
    (b) Criteria for Participation.--In forming an alliance or 
coalition of like-minded governments of foreign countries under 
subsection (a), the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of State, and 
the Director, in consultation with the heads of relevant agencies, 
shall jointly establish technology trust criteria--
            (1) to ensure all participating countries that have a high 
        level of scientific and technological advancement;
            (2) to ensure all participating countries commit to using 
        open international standards; and
            (3) to support the governance principles for international 
        standards as detailed in the World Trade Organization Agreement 
        on Technical Barriers to Trade, done at Geneva April 12, 1979, 
        on international standards, such as transparency, openness, and 
        consensus-based decision-making.
    (c) Consultation on Innovation and Advancements in Artificial 
Intelligence.--In forming an alliance or coalition under subsection 
(a), the Director, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of 
State shall consult with the Secretary of Energy and the Director of 
the National Science Foundation on approaches to innovation and 
advancements in artificial intelligence.
    (d) Security and Protection of Intellectual Property.--The 
Director, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of State shall 
jointly ensure that an alliance or coalition formed under subsection 
(a) is only formed with countries that--
            (1) have in place sufficient intellectual property 
        protections, safety standards, and risk management approaches 
        relevant to innovation and artificial intelligence; and
            (2) develop and coordinate research security measures, 
        export controls, and intellectual property protections relevant 
        to innovation, development, and standard-setting relating to 
        artificial intelligence.
    (e) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section shall be 
construed to prohibit anyone from participating in other international 
standards bodies.

SEC. 112. REQUIREMENT TO SUPPORT BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL ARTIFICIAL 
              INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH COLLABORATIONS.

    (a) In General.--The Director of the National Science Foundation 
shall support bilateral and multilateral collaborations to facilitate 
innovation in research and development of artificial intelligence.
    (b) Alignment With Priorities.--The Director shall ensure that 
collaborations supported under subsection (a) align with the priorities 
of the Foundation and United States research community and have the 
potential to benefit United States prosperity, security, health, and 
well-being.
    (c) Requirements.--The Director shall ensure that collaborations 
supported under subsection (a)--
            (1) support innovation and advancement in research on the 
        development and use of artificial intelligence;
            (2) facilitate international collaboration on innovation 
        and advancement in artificial intelligence research and 
        development, including data sharing, expertise, and resources; 
        and
            (3) leverage existing National Science Foundation programs, 
        such as the National Science Foundation-supported National 
        Artificial Intelligence Research Institutes and Global Centers 
        programs.
    (d) Coordination of Security Measures and Export Controls.--When 
entering into agreements in order to support collaborations pursuant to 
subsection (a), the Director shall ensure that participating countries 
have developed and coordinated security measures and export controls to 
protect intellectual property and research and development.

       Subtitle C--Identifying Regulatory Barriers to Innovation

SEC. 121. COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES IDENTIFICATION OF 
              RISKS AND OBSTACLES RELATING TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 
              AND FEDERAL AGENCIES.

    (a) Report Required.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States 
shall submit to Congress a report on regulatory impediments to 
innovation in artificial intelligence systems.
    (b) Contents.--The report submitted pursuant to subsection (a) 
shall include the following:
            (1) Significant examples of Federal statutes and 
        regulations that directly affect the innovation of artificial 
        intelligence systems, including the ability of companies of all 
        sizes to compete in artificial intelligence, which should also 
        account for the effect of voluntary standards and best 
        practices developed by the Federal Government.
            (2) An assessment of challenges that Federal agencies face 
        in the enforcement of provisions of law identified pursuant to 
        paragraph (1).
            (3) An evaluation of the progress in government adoption of 
        artificial intelligence and use of artificial intelligence to 
        improve the quality of government services.
            (4) Based on the findings of the Comptroller General with 
        respect to paragraphs (1) through (4), such recommendations as 
        the Comptroller General may have for legislative or 
        administrative action to increase the rate of innovation in 
        artificial intelligence systems.

   TITLE II--ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, CAPACITY 
                          BUILDING ACTIVITIES

SEC. 201. PUBLIC DATA FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS.

    (a) List of Priorities.--
            (1) In general.--To expedite the development of artificial 
        intelligence systems in the United States, the Director of the 
        Office of Science and Technology Policy shall, acting through 
        the National Science and Technology Council and the Interagency 
        Committee established or designated pursuant to section 5103 of 
        the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020 (15 
        U.S.C. 9413), develop a list of priorities for Federal 
        investment in creating or improving curated, publicly available 
        Federal Government data for training and evaluating artificial 
        intelligence systems.
            (2) Requirements.--
                    (A) In general.--The list developed pursuant to 
                paragraph (1) shall--
                            (i) prioritize data that will advance novel 
                        artificial intelligence systems in the public 
                        interest; and
                            (ii) prioritize datasets unlikely to 
                        independently receive sufficient private sector 
                        support to enable their creation, absent 
                        Federal funding.
                    (B) Datasets identified.--In carrying out 
                subparagraph (A)(ii), the Director shall identify 20 
                datasets to be prioritized.
            (3) Considerations.--In developing the list under paragraph 
        (1), the Director shall consider the following:
                    (A) Applicability to the initial list of societal, 
                national, and geostrategic challenges set forth by 
                subsection (b) of section 10387 of the Research and 
                Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 
                19107), or any successor list.
                    (B) Applicability to the initial list of key 
                technology focus areas set forth by subsection (c) of 
                such section, or any successor list.
                    (C) Applicability to other major United States 
                economic sectors, such as agriculture, health care, 
                transportation, manufacturing, communications, weather 
                services, and positive utility to small and medium 
                United States businesses.
                    (D) Opportunities to improve datasets in effect 
                before the date of the enactment of this Act.
                    (E) Inclusion of data representative of the entire 
                population of the United States.
                    (F) Potential national security threats to 
                releasing datasets, consistent with the United States 
                Government approach to data flows.
                    (G) Requirements of laws in effect.
                    (H) Applicability to the priorities listed in the 
                National Artificial Intelligence Research and 
                Development Strategic Plan of the National Science and 
                Technology Council, dated October 2016.
                    (I) Ability to use data already made available to 
                the National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource 
                Pilot program or any successor program.
            (4) Public input.--Before finalizing the list required by 
        paragraph (1), the Director shall implement public comment 
        procedures for receiving input and comment from private 
        industry, academia, civil society, and other relevant 
        stakeholders.
    (b) National Science and Technology Council Agencies.--The head of 
each agency with a representative included in the Interagency Committee 
pursuant to section 5103(c) of the National Artificial Intelligence 
Initiative Act of 2020 (15 U.S.C. 9413(c)) or the heads of multiple 
agencies with a representative included in the Interagency Committee 
working cooperatively, consistent with the missions or responsibilities 
of each Executive agency--
            (1) subject to the availability of appropriations, shall 
        award grants or otherwise establish incentives, through new or 
        existing programs, for the creation or improvement of curated 
        datasets identified in the list developed pursuant to 
        subsection (a)(1), including methods for addressing data 
        scarcity;
            (2) may establish or leverage existing initiatives, 
        including public-private partnerships, to encourage private 
        sector cost-sharing in the creation or improvement of such 
        datasets;
            (3) may apply the priorities set forth in the list 
        developed pursuant to subsection (a)(1) to the enactment of 
        Federal public access and open government data policies;
            (4) in carrying out this subsection, shall ensure 
        consistency with Federal provisions of law relating to privacy, 
        including the technology and privacy standards applied to the 
        National Secure Data Service under section 10375(f) of the 
        Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 
        U.S.C. 19085(f)); and
            (5) in carrying out this subsection, shall ensure data 
        sharing is limited with any country that the Secretary of 
        Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the 
        Secretary of State, and the Director of National Intelligence, 
        determines to be engaged in conduct that is detrimental to the 
        national security or foreign policy of the United States.
    (c) Availability of Datasets.--Datasets that are created or 
improved by Federal agencies may be made available to the National 
Artificial Intelligence Research Resource pilot program established by 
the Director of the National Science Foundation in accordance with 
Executive Order 14110 (88 Fed. Reg. 75191; relating to safe, secure, 
and trustworthy development and use of artificial intelligence), or any 
successor program.
    (d) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this subsection shall be 
construed to require the Federal Government or other contributors to 
disclose any information--
            (1) relating to a trade secret or other protected 
        intellectual property right;
            (2) that is confidential business information; or
            (3) that is privileged.

SEC. 202. FEDERAL GRAND CHALLENGES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.

    (a) List of Priorities for Federal Grand Challenges in Artificial 
Intelligence.--
            (1) List required.--Not later than 1 year after the date of 
        the enactment of this Act, the Director of the Office of 
        Science and Technology Policy shall, acting through the 
        National Science and Technology Council and the Interagency 
        Committee established or designated pursuant to section 5103 of 
        the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020 (15 
        U.S.C. 9413), in consultation with industry, civil society, and 
        academia, establish a list of priorities for Federal grand 
        challenges in artificial intelligence that seek--
                    (A) to expedite the development of artificial 
                intelligence systems in the United States; and
                    (B) to stimulate artificial intelligence research, 
                development, and commercialization that solves or 
                advances specific, well-defined, and measurable 
                challenges.
            (2) Contents.--The list established pursuant to paragraph 
        (1) may include the following priorities:
                    (A) To overcome challenges with engineering of and 
                applied research on microelectronics, including through 
                integration of artificial intelligence with emerging 
                technologies, such as machine learning and quantum 
                computing, or with respect to the physical limits on 
                transistors, electrical interconnects, and memory 
                elements.
                    (B) To promote transformational or long-term 
                advancements in computing and artificial intelligence 
                technologies through--
                            (i) next-generation algorithm design;
                            (ii) next-generation compute capability;
                            (iii) generative and adaptive artificial 
                        intelligence for design applications;
                            (iv) photonics-based microprocessors and 
                        optical communication networks, including 
                        electrophotonics;
                            (v) the chemistry and physics of new 
                        materials;
                            (vi) energy use or energy efficiency;
                            (vii) techniques to establish 
                        cryptographically secure content provenance 
                        information; or
                            (viii) safety and controls for artificial 
                        intelligence applications.
                    (C) To develop artificial intelligence solutions, 
                including through integration among emerging 
                technologies such as quantum computing and machine 
                learning, to overcome barriers relating to innovations 
                in advanced manufacturing in the United States, 
                including areas such as--
                            (i) materials, nanomaterials, and 
                        composites;
                            (ii) rapid, complex design;
                            (iii) sustainability and environmental 
                        impact of manufacturing operations;
                            (iv) predictive maintenance of machinery;
                            (v) improved part quality;
                            (vi) process inspections;
                            (vii) worker safety; and
                            (viii) robotics.
                    (D) To develop artificial intelligence solutions in 
                sectors of the economy, such as expanding the use of 
                artificial intelligence in maritime vessels, including 
                in navigation and in the design of propulsion systems 
                and fuels.
                    (E) To develop artificial intelligence solutions to 
                improve border security, including solutions relevant 
                to the detection of fentanyl, illicit contraband, and 
                other illegal activities.
            (3) Periodic updates.--The Director shall update the list 
        established pursuant to paragraph (1) periodically as the 
        Director determines necessary.
    (b) Federal Investment Initiatives Required.--Subject to the 
availability of appropriations, the head of each agency with a 
representative on the Interagency Committee pursuant to section 5103(c) 
of the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020 (15 
U.S.C. 9413(c)) or the heads of multiple agencies with a representative 
on the Interagency Committee working cooperatively, shall, consistent 
with the missions or responsibilities of each agency, establish 1 or 
more prize competitions under section 24 of the Stevenson-Wydler 
Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3719), challenge-based 
acquisitions, or other research and development investments that each 
agency head deems appropriate consistent with the list of priorities 
established pursuant to subsection (a)(1).
    (c) Timing and Announcements of Federal Investment Initiatives.--
The President, acting through the Director, shall ensure that, not 
later than 1 year after the date on which the Director establishes the 
list required by subsection (a)(1), at least 3 prize competitions, 
challenge-based acquisitions, or other research and development 
investments are announced by heads of Federal agencies under subsection 
(b).
    (d) Requirements.--Each head of an agency carrying out an 
investment initiative under subsection (b) shall ensure that--
            (1) for each prize competition or investment initiative 
        carried out by the agency under such subsection, there is--
                    (A) a positive impact on the economic 
                competitiveness of the United States;
                    (B) a benefit to United States industry;
                    (C) to the extent possible, leveraging of the 
                resources and expertise of industry and philanthropic 
                partners in shaping the investments; and
                    (D) in a case involving development and 
                manufacturing, use of advanced manufacturing in the 
                United States; and
            (2) all research conducted for purposes of the investment 
        initiative is conducted in the United States.
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