108TH CONGRESS DOCUMENT " HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ! 1st Session No. 108–95

THE

CONSTITUTION

OF THE

UNITED STATES

OF AMERICA

As Amended 

Unratified Amendments 

Analytical Index

UNUM

E PLURIBUS

PRESENTED BY MR. NEY

June 20, 2003 • Ordered to be printed

UNITED STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON: 2003

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800

Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-001

ISBN 0-16-051424-X 


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House Doc. 108–95

The printing of the revised version of The Constitution of the 

United States of America As Amended (Document Size) is hereby 

ordered pursuant to H. Con. Res. 139 as passed on June 20, 2003, 

108th Congress, 1st Session. This document was compiled at the direction of Chairman Robert Ney of the Joint Committee on Printing, and printed by the U.S. Government Printing Office.

(III)

CONTENTS 

Historical Note ......................................................................................................... v 

Text of the Constitution .......................................................................................... 1

Amendments ............................................................................................................ 13

Proposed Amendments not ratified ........................................................................ 29

Index to the Constitution and amendments .......................................................... 33


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HISTORICAL NOTE 

The Delegates who convened at the Federal Convention on May 

25, 1787, quickly rejected the idea of revising the Articles of Confederation and agreed to construct a new framework for a national 

government. Throughout the summer months at the Convention in 

Philadelphia, delegates from 12 States debated the proper form 

such a government should take, but few questioned the need to establish a more vigorous government to preside over the union of 

States. The 39 delegates who signed the Constitution on September 

17, 1787, expected the new charter to provide a permanent guarantee of the political liberties achieved in the Revolution. 

Prior to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, an Articles of 

Confederation, drafted by the Continental Congress and approved 

by 13 States, provided for a union of the former British colonies. 

Even before Maryland became the last State to accede to the Articles in 1781, a number of Americans, particularly those involved in 

the prosecution of the Revolutionary War, recognized the inadequacies of the Articles as a national government. In the 1780s these 

nationally-minded Americans became increasingly disturbed by the 

Articles’ failure to provide the central government with authority 

to raise revenue, regulate commerce, or enforce treaties. 

Despite repeated proposals that the Continental Congress revise 

the Articles, the movement for a new national government began 

outside the Congress. Representatives of Maryland and Virginia, 

meeting at Mt. Vernon to discuss trade problems between the two 

States, agreed to invite delegates from all States to discuss commercial affairs at a meeting in Annapolis, Maryland, in September 

1786. Although delegates from only five States reached the Annapolis Convention, that group issued a call for a meeting of all States 

to discuss necessary revisions of the Articles of Confederation. Responding to this call and the endorsement of the Continental Congress, every State except Rhode Island selected delegates for the 

meeting in the State House at Philadelphia. 

The document printed here was the product of nearly 4 months 

of deliberations in the Federal Convention at Philadelphia. The 

challenging task before the delegates was to create a republican 

form of government that could encompass the 13 States and accommodate the anticipated expansion to the West. The distribution of 

authority between legislative, executive, and judicial branches was 

a boldly original attempt to create an energetic central government 

at the same time that the sovereignty of the people was preserved. 

The longest debate of the Convention centered on the proper 

form of representation and election for the Congress. The division 

between small States that wished to perpetuate the equal representation of States in the Continental Congress and the large States 

VI

that proposed representation proportional to population threatened 

to bring the Convention proceedings to a halt. Over several weeks 

the delegates developed a complicated compromise that provided 

for equal representation of the States in a Senate elected by State 

legislature and proportional representation in a popularly-elected 

House of Representatives. 

The conflict between large and small States disappeared in the 

early years of the republic. More lasting was the division between 

slave and free States that had been a disturbing undercurrent in 

the Convention debates. The Convention’s strained attempt to 

avoid using the word slavery in the articles granting recognition 

and protection to that institution scarcely hid the regional divisions 

that would remain unresolved under the terms of union agreed to 

in 1787. 

The debates in the State ratification conventions of 1787 and 

1788 made clear the need to provide amendments to the basic 

framework drafted in Philadelphia. Beginning with Massachusetts, 

a number of State conventions ratified the Constitution with the 

request that a bill of rights be added to protect certain liberties at 

the core of English and American political traditions. The First 

Congress approved a set of amendments which became the Bill of 

Rights when ratified by the States in 1791. The continuing process 

of amendment, clearly described in the note of the following text, 

has enabled the Constitution to accommodate changing conditions 

in American society at the same time that the Founders’ basic outline of national government remains intact. 

(1)

1This text of the Constitution follows the engrossed copy signed by Gen. Washington and the 

deputies from 12 States. The small superior figures preceding the paragraphs designate clauses, 

and were not in the original and have no reference to footnotes. 

The Constitution was adopted by a convention of the States on September 17, 1787, and was 

subsequently ratified by the several States, on the following dates: Delaware, December 7, 1787; 

Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; 

Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788; 

South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. 

Ratification was completed on June 21, 1788. 

The Constitution was subsequently ratified by Virginia, June 25, 1788; New York, July 26, 

1788; North Carolina, November 21, 1789; Rhode Island, May 29, 1790; and Vermont, January 

10, 1791. 

In May 1785, a committee of Congress made a report recommending an alteration in the Articles of Confederation, but no action was taken on it, and it was left to the State Legislatures 

to proceed in the matter. In January 1786, the Legislature of Virginia passed a resolution providing for the appointment of five commissioners, who, or any three of them, should meet such 

commissioners as might be appointed in the other States of the Union, at a time and place to 

be agreed upon, to take into consideration the trade of the United States; to consider how far 

a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interest 

and their permanent harmony; and to report to the several States such an act, relative to this 

great object, as, when ratified by them, will enable the United States in Congress effectually 

to provide for the same. The Virginia commissioners, after some correspondence, fixed the first 

Monday in September as the time, and the city of Annapolis as the place for the meeting, but 

only four other States were represented, viz: Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; the commissioners appointed by Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and 

Rhode Island failed to attend. Under the circumstances of so partial a representation, the commissioners present agreed upon a report, (drawn by Mr. Hamilton, of New York) expressing 

their unanimous conviction that it might essentially tend to advance the interests of the Union 

if the States by which they were respectively delegated would concur, and use their endeavors 

to procure the concurrence of the other States, in the appointment of commissioners to meet 

at Philadelphia on the Second Monday of May following, to take into consideration the situation 

of the United States; to devise such further provisions as should appear to them necessary to 

render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of the Union; and 

to report such an act for that purpose to the United States in Congress assembled as, when 

agreed to by them and afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of every State, would effectually provide for the same. 

Congress, on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resolution in favor of a convention, and 

the Legislatures of those States which had not already done so (with the exception of Rhode 

Island) promptly appointed delegates. On the 25th of May, seven States having convened, 

George Washington, of Virginia, was unanimously elected President, and the consideration of 

the proposed constitution was commenced. On the 17th of September, 1787, the Constitution as 

engrossed and agreed upon was signed by all the members present, except Mr. Gerry of Massachusetts, and Messrs. Mason and Randolph, of Virginia. The president of the convention transmitted it to Congress, with a resolution stating how the proposed Federal Government should 

Continued

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES1

WE THE PEOPLE of the United States, in Order to form a more 

perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, 

provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, 

and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United 

States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

SECTION 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested 

in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate 

and House of Representatives. 

2 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

be put in operation, and an explanatory letter. Congress, on the 28th of September, 1787, directed the Constitution so framed, with the resolutions and letter concerning the same, to ‘‘be 

transmitted to the several Legislatures in order to be submitted to a convention of delegates 

chosen in each State by the people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the convention.’’ 

On the 4th of March, 1789, the day which had been fixed for commencing the operations of 

Government under the new Constitution, it had been ratified by the conventions chosen in each 

State to consider it, as follows: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; 

New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New 

Hampshire, June 21, 1788; Virginia, June 25, 1788; and New York, July 26, 1788. 

The President informed Congress, on the 28th of January, 1790, that North Carolina had ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789; and he informed Congress on the 1st of June, 1790, 

that Rhode Island had ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Vermont, in convention, ratified 

the Constitution January 10, 1791, and was, by an act of Congress approved February 18, 1791, 

‘‘received and admitted into this Union as a new and entire member of the United States.’’ 2The part of this clause relating to the mode of apportionment of representatives among the 

several States has been affected by section 2 of amendment XIV, and as to taxes on incomes 

without apportionment by amendment XVI. 3This clause has been affected by clause 1 of amendment XVII. 

SECTION. 2. 1The House of Representatives shall be composed of 

Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several 

States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications 

requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State 

Legislature. 

2 No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an 

Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 

3 Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among 

the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by 

adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound 

to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, 

three fifths of all other Persons.2 The actual Enumeration shall be 

made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of 

the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, 

in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but 

each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such 

enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be 

entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and 

providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New 

Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia 

three. 

4When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, 

the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill 

such Vacancies. 

5The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and 

other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. 

SECTION. 3. 1The Senate of the United States shall be composed 

of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof.3 for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. 

2 Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of 

the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into 

three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be 

vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class 

at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the 

Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 3

4This clause has been affected by clause 2 of amendment XVIII. 

5This clause has been affected by amendment XX. 

second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation or otherwise, 

during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive 

thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting 

of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.4

3 No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the 

Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United 

States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that 

State for which he shall be chosen. 

4The Vice President of the United States shall be President of 

the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. 

5The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when 

he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. 

6The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. 

When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief 

Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the 

Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. 

7 Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further 

than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy 

any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but 

the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. 

SECTION. 4. 1The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections 

for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State 

by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by 

Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of 

chusing Senators. 

2The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year and 

such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,5 unless 

they shall by Law appoint a different Day. 

SECTION. 5. 1 Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of 

each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel 

the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under 

such Penalties as each House may provide. 

2 Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish 

its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the Concurrence of 

two thirds, expel a Member. 

3 Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from 

time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in 

their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the 

Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of 

one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. 

4 Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without 

the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to 

any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

SECTION. 6. 1The Senators and Representatives shall receive a 

Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and 

4 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

6This clause has been affected by amendment XXVII. 

paid out of the Treasury of the United States.6 They shall in all 

Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their 

respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; 

and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be 

questioned in any other Place. 

2 No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which 

he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority 

of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no 

Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a 

Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. 

SECTION. 7. 1 All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the 

House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur 

with Amendments as on other Bills. 

2 Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented 

to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign 

it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House 

in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at 

large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such 

Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the 

Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other 

House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved 

by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such 

Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and 

Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill 

shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any 

Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same 

shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the 

Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case 

it shall not be a Law. 

3 Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of 

the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except 

on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President 

of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall 

be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed 

by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. 

SECTION. 8. 1The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect 

Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide 

for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; 

but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout 

the United States; 

2To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; 

3To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the 

several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

4To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform 

Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; 

5To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, 

and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 5

7This clause has been affected by amendment XVI. 

6To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities 

and current Coin of the United States; 

7To establish Post Offices and post Roads; 

8To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing 

for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to 

their respective Writings and Discoveries; 

9To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; 

10To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the 

high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations; 

11To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and 

make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; 

12To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money 

to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; 

13To provide and maintain a Navy; 

14To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land 

and naval Forces; 

15To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of 

the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; 

16To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, 

and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the 

Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, 

the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the 

Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 

17To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over 

such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession 

of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the 

Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like 

Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of 

Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful buildings;—And 

18To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers 

vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United 

States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. 

SECTION. 9. 1The Migration or Importation of such Persons as 

any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall 

not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand 

eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on 

such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. 

2The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public 

Safety may require it. 

3 No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. 

4 No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be 

taken.7

5 No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any 

State. 

6 No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or 

Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall 

6 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or 

pay Duties in another. 

7 No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement 

and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money 

shall be published from time to time. 

8 No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And 

no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, 

without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, 

or foreign State. 

SECTION. 10. 1 No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or 

Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; 

emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a 

Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post 

facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant 

any Title of Nobility. 

2 No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any 

Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws: and the net 

Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or 

Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; 

and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Control of 

the Congress. 

3 No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty 

of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter 

into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such 

imminent Danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE. II. 

SECTION. 1. 1The executive Power shall be vested in a President 

of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the 

Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen 

for the same Term, be elected, as follows 

2 Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature 

thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person 

holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall 

be appointed an Elector. 

3The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by 

Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a 

List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for 

each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed 

to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the 

President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the 

Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open to all 

the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person 

having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such 

Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; 

and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have 

an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 7

8This clause has been superseded by amendment XII. 

9This clause has been affected by amendment XXV. 

immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no 

Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the 

said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in 

chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this 

Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of 

the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to 

a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be 

the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who 

have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the 

Vice President.8

4The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, 

and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall 

be the same throughout the United States. 

5 No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the 

United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, 

shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person 

be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of 

thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the 

United States. 

6 In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his 

Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office,9 the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and 

Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, 

and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

7The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a 

Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished 

during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he 

shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the 

United States, or any of them. 

8 Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the 

following Oath or Affirmation:—‘‘I do solemnly swear (or affirm) 

that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United 

States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.’’

SECTION. 2. 1The President shall be Commander in Chief of the 

Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United 

States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have 

Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the 

United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. 

2 He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of 

the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators 

present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice 

and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other pubVerDate Dec 13 2002 15:05 Aug 22, 2003 Jkt 087103 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 7601 Sfmt 7601 D:\DOCS\HD214.XXX APPS10 PsN: HD214
8 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

10This clause has been affected by amendment XI.

lic Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all 

other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not 

herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by 

Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such 

inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in 

the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. 

3The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that 

may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. 

SECTION. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or 

either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with 

Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such 

Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and 

other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United 

States. 

SECTION. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers 

of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment 

for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and 

Misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE. III. 

SECTION. 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be 

vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the 

Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, 

both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices 

during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their 

Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during 

their Continuance in Office. 

SECTION. 2. 1The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law 

and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United 

States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers 

and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States will be a 

party;—to Controversies between two or more States;—between a 

State and Citizens of another State;10—between Citizens of different States,—between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands 

under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. 

2 In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and 

Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme 

Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before 

mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, 

both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such 

Regulations as the Congress shall make. 

3The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall 

be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the 

said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 9

11This clause has been affected by amendment XIII. 

within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the 

Congress may by Law have directed. 

SECTION. 3. 1Treason against the United States, shall consist 

only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, 

giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt 

Act, or on Confession in open Court. 

2The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of 

Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of 

Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. 

ARTICLE. IV. 

SECTION. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State 

to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other 

State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, 

and the Effect thereof. 

SECTION. 2. 1The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all 

Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. 

2 A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other 

Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, 

shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from 

which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having 

Jurisdiction of the Crime. 

3 No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the 

Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any 

Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or 

Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom 

such Service or Labour may be due.11

SECTION. 3. 1 New States may be admitted by the Congress into 

this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the 

Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the 

Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the 

Congress. 

2The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United 

States, or of any particular State. 

SECTION. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in 

this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect 

each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) 

against domestic Violence. 

ARTICLE. V. 

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it 

necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on 

the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several 

States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, 

10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part 

of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three 

fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths 

thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be 

made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight 

shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the 

Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its 

Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE. VI. 

1 All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the 

Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United 

States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 

2This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which 

shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or 

which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, 

shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every 

State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or 

Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 

3The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the 

Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and 

judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several 

States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE. VII. 

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States 

so ratifying the Same.

DONE in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States 

present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our 

Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the 

Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth IN

WITNESS whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

GO. WASHINGTON—Presidt. 

and deputy from Virginia

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 11

[Signed also by the deputies of twelve States.] 

Delaware

GEO: READ

GUNNING BEDFORD JUN

JOHN DICKINSON

RICHARD BASSETT

JACO: BROOM

Maryland

JAMES McHENRY

DAN OF ST THOS JENIFER

DANL CARROLL.

Virginia

JOHN BLAIR—

JAMES MADISON JR.

North Carolina

WM BLOUNT

RICHD. DOBBS SPAIGHT. 

HU WILLIAMSON

South Carolina

J. RUTLEDGE

CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY

CHARLES PINCKNEY

PIERCE BUTLER.

Georgia

WILLIAM FEW

ABR BALDWIN

New Hampshire

JOHN LANGDON

NICHOLAS GILMAN

Massachsetts

NATHANIEL GORHAM

RUFUS KING

Connecticut

WM. SAML. JOHNSON

ROGER SHERMAN

New York

ALEXANDER HAMILTON

New Jersey

WIL: LIVINGSTON

DAVID BREARLEY.

WM. PATERSON. 

JONA: DAYTON

Pennsylvania

B FRANKLIN

THOMAS MIFFLIN

ROBT MORRIS

GEO. CLYMER

THOS. FITZSIMONS

JARED INGERSOLL

JAMES WILSON.

GOUV MORRIS

Attest: WILLIAM JACKSON Secretary 

(13)

12The first ten amendments of the Constitution of the United States (and two others, one of 

which failed of ratification and the other which later became the 27th amendment) were proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the First Congress on September 25, 1789. 

The first ten amendments were ratified by the following States, and the notifications of ratification by the Governors thereof were successively communicated by the President to Congress: 

New Jersey, November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North Carolina, December 22, 

1789; South Carolina, January 19, 1790; New Hampshire, January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 

28, 1790; New York, February 24, 1790; Pennsylvania, March 10, 1790; Rhode Island, June 7, 

1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791; and Virginia, December 15, 1791. 

Ratification was completed on December 15, 1791. 

The amendments were subsequently ratified by the legislatures of Massachusetts, March 2, 

1939; Georgia, March 18, 1939; and Connecticut, April 19, 1939. 13Only the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th articles of amendment had numbers assigned to them 

at the time of ratification. 

ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE 

LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT 

TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION 12

ARTICLE [I.] 13

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; of the right of the people peaceably 

to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE [II.] 

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free 

State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be 

infringed. 

ARTICLE [III.] 

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, 

without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a 

manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE [IV.] 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall 

not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable 

cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE [V.] 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand 

Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the 

14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor 

shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in 

jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case 

to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or 

property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be 

taken for public use, without just compensation. 

ARTICLE [VI.] 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to 

a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district 

shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed 

of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the 

witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining 

witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for 

his defense. 

ARTICLE [VII.] 

In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, 

and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any 

Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE [VIII.] 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 

nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE [IX.] 

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not 

be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE [X.] 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States 

respectively, or to the people. 

[ARTICLE XI.] 

The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed 

to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted 

against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or 

by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

The eleventh amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed 

to the legislatures of the several States by the Third Congress, on the 4th of March 

1794; and was declared in a message from the President to Congress, dated the 8th 

of January, 1798, to have been ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the 

States. The dates of ratification were: New York, March 27, 1794; Rhode Island, 

March 31, 1794; Connecticut, May 8, 1794, New Hampshire, June 16, 1794; Massachusetts, June 26, 1794; Vermont, between October 9, 1794 and November 9, 1794; 

Virginia, November 18, 1794; Georgia, November 29, 1794; Kentucky, December 7, 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 15

14This sentence has been superseded by section 3 of amendment XX. 

1794; Maryland, December 26, 1794; Delaware, January 23, 1795; North Carolina, 

February 7, 1795. 

Ratification was completed on February 7, 1795. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by South Carolina on December 4, 

1797. New Jersey and Pennsylvania did not take action on the amendment. 

[ARTICLE XII.] 

The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by 

ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall 

not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall 

name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall 

make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all 

persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for 

each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed 

to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the 

President of the Senate;—The President of the Senate shall, in the 

presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 

certificates and the votes shall then be counted;—The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors 

appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of 

those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall 

choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the 

President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation 

from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall 

consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and 

a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if 

the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth 

day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as 

President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.14—The person having the greatest number 

of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and 

if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers 

on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum 

for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of 

Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary 

to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of 

President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United 

States. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

The twelfth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to 

the legislatures of the several States by the Eighth Congress, on the 9th of December, 1803, in lieu of the original third paragraph of the first section of the second 

article; and was declared in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 25th 

of September, 1804, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 13 of the 17 States. 

The dates of ratification were: North Carolina, December 21, 1803; Maryland, December 24, 1803; Kentucky, December 27, 1803; Ohio, December 30, 1803; Pennsylvania, January 5, 1804; Vermont, January 30, 1804; Virginia, February 3, 1804; 

New York, February 10, 1804; New Jersey, February 22, 1804; Rhode Island, March 

16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

12, 1804; South Carolina, May 15, 1804; Georgia, May 19, 1804; New Hampshire, 

June 15, 1804. 

Ratification was completed on June 15, 1804. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Tennessee, July 27, 1804. 

The amendment was rejected by Delaware, January 18, 1804; Massachusetts, 

February 3, 1804; Connecticut, at its session begun May 10, 1804. 

ARTICLE XIII. 

SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as 

a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly 

convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject 

to their jurisdiction. 

SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 

appropriate legislation. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

The thirteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed 

to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-eighth Congress, on the 31st 

day of January, 1865, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, 

dated the 18th of December, 1865, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven of the thirty-six States. The dates of ratification were: Illinois, February 

1, 1865; Rhode Island, February 2, 1865; Michigan, February 2, 1865; Maryland, 

February 3, 1865; New York, February 3, 1865; Pennsylvania, February 3, 1865; 

West Virginia, February 3, 1865; Missouri, February 6, 1865; Maine, February 7, 

1865; Kansas, February 7, 1865; Massachusetts, February 7, 1865; Virginia, February 9, 1865; Ohio, February 10, 1865; Indiana, February 13, 1865; Nevada, February 16, 1865; Louisiana, February 17, 1865; Minnesota, February 23, 1865; Wisconsin, February 24, 1865; Vermont, March 9, 1865; Tennessee, April 7, 1865; Arkansas, April 14, 1865; Connecticut, May 4, 1865; New Hampshire, July 1, 1865; 

South Carolina, November 13, 1865; Alabama, December 2, 1865; North Carolina, 

December 4, 1865; Georgia, December 6, 1865. 

Ratification was completed on December 6, 1865. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Oregon, December 8, 1865; California, December 19, 1865; Florida, December 28, 1865 (Florida again ratified on 

June 9, 1868, upon its adoption of a new constitution); Iowa, January 15, 1866; New 

Jersey, January 23, 1866 (after having rejected the amendment on March 16, 1865); 

Texas, February 18, 1870; Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected the 

amendment on February 8, 1865); Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected 

it on February 24, 1865). 

The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Mississippi, December 4, 1865. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, 

and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United 

States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make 

or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities 

of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any 

person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor 

deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of 

the laws. 

SECTION 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the 

whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not 

taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of 

electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a 

State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any 

of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 17

15See amendment XIX and section 1 of amendment XXVI. 

age,15 and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, 

except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of 

representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the 

number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of 

male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 

SECTION 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in 

Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any 

office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any 

State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any 

State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, 

to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or 

comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of twothirds of each House, remove such disability. 

SECTION 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, 

authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any 

State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid 

of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim 

for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

SECTION 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed 

to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-ninth Congress, on the 13th 

of June, 1866. It was declared, in a certificate of the Secretary of State dated July 

28, 1868 to have been ratified by the legislatures of 28 of the 37 States. The dates 

of ratification were: Connecticut, June 25, 1866; New Hampshire, July 6, 1866; Tennessee, July 19, 1866; New Jersey, September 11, 1866 (subsequently the legislature 

rescinded its ratification, and on March 24, 1868, readopted its resolution of rescission over the Governor’s veto, and on Nov. 12, 1980, expressed support for the 

amendment); Oregon, September 19, 1866 (and rescinded its ratification on October 

15, 1868); Vermont, October 30, 1866; Ohio, January 4, 1867 (and rescinded its ratification on January 15, 1868); New York, January 10, 1867; Kansas, January 11, 

1867; Illinois, January 15, 1867; West Virginia, January 16, 1867; Michigan, January 16, 1867; Minnesota, January 16, 1867; Maine, January 19, 1867; Nevada, January 22, 1867; Indiana, January 23, 1867; Missouri, January 25, 1867; Rhode Island, February 7, 1867; Wisconsin, February 7, 1867; Pennsylvania, February 12, 

1867; Massachusetts, March 20, 1867; Nebraska, June 15, 1867; Iowa, March 16, 

1868; Arkansas, April 6, 1868; Florida, June 9, 1868; North Carolina, July 4 1868 

(after having rejected it on December 14, 1866); Louisiana, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected it on February 6, 1867); South Carolina, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected it on December 20, 1866). 

Ratification was completed on July 9, 1868. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Alabama, July 13, 1868; Georgia, 

July 21, 1868 (after having rejected it on November 9, 1866); Virginia, October 8, 

1869 (after having rejected it on January 9, 1867); Mississippi, January 17, 1870; 

Texas, February 18, 1870 (after having rejected it on October 27, 1866); Delaware, 

February 12, 1901 (after having rejected it on February 8, 1867); Maryland April 

4, 1959 (after having rejected it on March 23, 1867); California, May 6 1959; Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected it on January 8, 1867). 

18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

ARTICLE XV. 

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 

not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on 

account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article 

by appropriate legislation. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

The fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed 

to the legislatures of the several States by the Fortieth Congress, on the 26th of 

February, 1869, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated 

March 30, 1870, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-nine of the thirty-seven States. The dates of ratification were: Nevada, March 1, 1869; West Virginia, March 3, 1869; Illinois, March 5, 1869; Louisiana, March 5, 1869; North Carolina, March 5, 1869; Michigan, March 8, 1869; Wisconsin, March 9, 1869; Maine, 

March 11, 1869; Massachusetts, March 12, 1869; Arkansas, March 15, 1869; South 

Carolina, March 15, 1869; Pennsylvania, March 25, 1869; New York, April 14, 1869 

(and the legislature of the same State passed a resolution January 5, 1870, to withdraw its consent to it, which action it rescinded on March 30, 1970); Indiana, May 

14, 1869; Connecticut, May 19, 1869; Florida, June 14, 1869; New Hampshire, July 

1, 1869; Virginia, October 8, 1869; Vermont, October 20, 1869; Missouri, January 

7, 1870; Minnesota, January 13, 1870; Mississippi, January 17, 1870; Rhode Island, 

January 18, 1870; Kansas, January 19, 1870; Ohio, January 27, 1870 (after having 

rejected it on April 30, 1869); Georgia, February 2, 1870; Iowa, February 3, 1870. 

Ratification was completed on February 3, 1870, unless the withdrawal of ratification by New York was effective; in which event ratification was completed on February 17, 1870, when Nebraska ratified. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Texas, February 18, 1870; New Jersey, February 15, 1871 (after having rejected it on February 7, 1870); Delaware, 

February 12, 1901 (after having rejected it on March 18, 1869); Oregon, February 

24, 1959; California, April 3, 1962 (after having rejected it on January 28, 1870); 

Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected it on March 12, 1869). 

The amendment was approved by the Governor of Maryland, May 7, 1973; Maryland having previously rejected it on February 26, 1870. 

The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Tennessee, November 16, 1869. 

ARTICLE XVI. 

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment 

among the several States, and without regard to any census or 

enumeration. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

The sixteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed 

to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-first Congress on the 12th of 

July, 1909, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 

25th of February, 1913, to have been ratified by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of 

ratification were: Alabama, August 10, 1909; Kentucky, February 8, 1910; South 

Carolina, February 19, 1910; Illinois, March 1, 1910; Mississippi, March 7, 1910; 

Oklahoma, March 10, 1910; Maryland, April 8, 1910; Georgia, August 3, 1910; 

Texas, August 16, 1910; Ohio, January 19, 1911; Idaho, January 20, 1911; Oregon, 

January 23, 1911; Washington, January 26, 1911; Montana, January 30, 1911; Indiana, January 30, 1911; California, January 31, 1911; Nevada, January 31, 1911; 

South Dakota, February 3, 1911; Nebraska, February 9, 1911; North Carolina, February 11, 1911; Colorado, February 15, 1911; North Dakota, February 17, 1911; 

Kansas, February 18, 1911; Michigan, February 23, 1911; Iowa, February 24, 1911; 

Missouri, March 16, 1911; Maine, March 31, 1911; Tennessee, April 7, 1911; Arkansas, April 22, 1911 (after having rejected it earlier); Wisconsin, May 26, 1911; New 

York, July 12, 1911; Arizona, April 6, 1912; Minnesota, June 11, 1912; Louisiana, 

June 28, 1912; West Virginia, January 31, 1913; New Mexico, February 3, 1913. 

Ratification was completed on February 3, 1913. 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 19

16 Repealed by section 1 of amendment XXI. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Massachusetts, March 4, 1913; New 

Hampshire, March 7, 1913 (after having rejected it on March 2, 1911). 

The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Connecticut, 

Rhode Island, and Utah. 

[ARTICLE XVII.] 

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; 

and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State 

shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. 

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the 

Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of 

election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any 

State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. 

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part 

of the Constitution. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

The seventeenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-second Congress on the 

13th of May, 1912, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, 

dated the 31st of May, 1913, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 

48 States. The dates of ratification were: Massachusetts, May 22, 1912; Arizona, 

June 3, 1912; Minnesota, June 10, 1912; New York, January 15, 1913; Kansas, January 17, 1913; Oregon, January 23, 1913; North Carolina, January 25, 1913; California, January 28, 1913; Michigan, January 28, 1913; Iowa, January 30, 1913; 

Montana, January 30, 1913; Idaho, January 31, 1913; West Virginia, February 4, 

1913; Colorado, February 5, 1913; Nevada, February 6, 1913; Texas, February 7, 

1913; Washington, February 7, 1913; Wyoming, February 8, 1913; Arkansas, February 11, 1913; Maine, February 11, 1913; Illinois, February 13, 1913; North Dakota, February 14, 1913; Wisconsin, February 18, 1913; Indiana, February 19, 1913; 

New Hampshire, February 19, 1913; Vermont, February 19, 1913; South Dakota, 

February 19, 1913; Oklahoma, February 24, 1913; Ohio, February 25, 1913; Missouri, March 7, 1913; New Mexico, March 13, 1913; Nebraska, March 14, 1913; New 

Jersey, March 17, 1913; Tennessee, April 1, 1913; Pennsylvania, April 2, 1913; Connecticut, April 8, 1913. 

Ratification was completed on April 8, 1913. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Louisiana, June 11, 1914. 

The amendment was rejected by Utah (and not subsequently ratified) on February 

26, 1913. 

ARTICLE [XVIII].16

SECTION 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the 

manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, 

the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the 

United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for 

beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. 

SEC. 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 

SEC. 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been 

ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of 

the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven 

20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the 

Congress. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

The eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed 

to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-fifth Congress, on the 18th of 

December, 1917, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, 

dated the 29th of January, 1919, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of 

the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Mississippi, January 8, 1918; Virginia, 

January 11, 1918; Kentucky, January 14, 1918; North Dakota, January 25, 1918; 

South Carolina, January 29, 1918; Maryland, February 13, 1918; Montana, February 19, 1918; Texas, March 4, 1918; Delaware, March 18, 1918; South Dakota, 

March 20, 1918; Massachusetts, April 2, 1918; Arizona, May 24, 1918; Georgia, June 

26, 1918; Louisiana, August 3, 1918; Florida, December 3, 1918; Michigan, January 

2, 1919; Ohio, January 7, 1919; Oklahoma, January 7, 1919; Idaho, January 8, 1919; 

Maine, January 8, 1919; West Virginia, January 9, 1919; California, January 13, 

1919; Tennessee, January 13, 1919; Washington, January 13, 1919; Arkansas, January 14, 1919; Kansas, January 14, 1919; Alabama, January 15, 1919; Colorado, January 15, 1919; Iowa, January 15, 1919; New Hampshire, January 15, 1919; Oregon, 

January 15, 1919; Nebraska, January 16, 1919; North Carolina, January 16, 1919; 

Utah, January 16, 1919; Missouri, January 16, 1919; Wyoming, January 16, 1919. 

Ratification was completed on January 16, 1919. See Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U.S. 

368, 376 (1921). 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Minnesota on January 17, 1919; 

Wisconsin, January 17, 1919; New Mexico, January 20, 1919; Nevada, January 21, 

1919; New York, January 29, 1919; Vermont, January 29, 1919; Pennsylvania, February 25, 1919; Connecticut, May 6, 1919; and New Jersey, March 9, 1922. 

The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Rhode Island. 

ARTICLE [XIX]. 

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account 

of sex. 

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate 

legislation. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

The nineteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed 

to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-sixth Congress, on the 4th of 

June, 1919, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 

26th of August, 1920, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. 

The dates of ratification were: Illinois, June 10, 1919 (and that State readopted its 

resolution of ratification June 17, 1919); Michigan, June 10, 1919; Wisconsin, June 

10, 1919; Kansas, June 16, 1919; New York, June 16, 1919; Ohio, June 16, 1919; 

Pennsylvania, June 24, 1919; Massachusetts, June 25, 1919; Texas, June 28, 1919; 

Iowa, July 2, 1919; Missouri, July 3, 1919; Arkansas, July 28, 1919; Montana, August 2, 1919; Nebraska, August 2, 1919; Minnesota, September 8, 1919; New Hampshire, September 10, 1919; Utah, October 2, 1919; California, November 1, 1919; 

Maine, November 5, 1919; North Dakota, December 1, 1919; South Dakota, December 4, 1919; Colorado, December 15, 1919; Kentucky, January 6, 1920; Rhode Island, 

January 6, 1920; Oregon, January 13, 1920; Indiana, January 16, 1920; Wyoming, 

January 27, 1920; Nevada, February 7, 1920; New Jersey, February 9, 1920; Idaho, 

February 11, 1920; Arizona, February 12, 1920; New Mexico, February 21, 1920; 

Oklahoma, February 28, 1920; West Virginia, March 10, 1920; Washington, March 

22, 1920; Tennessee, August 18, 1920. 

Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Connecticut on September 14, 1920 

(and that State reaffirmed on September 21, 1920); Vermont, February 8, 1921; 

Delaware, March 6, 1923 (after having rejected in on June 2, 1920); Maryland, 

March 29, 1941 (after having rejected it on February 24, 1920, ratification certified 

on February 25, 1958); Virginia, February 21, 1952 (after having rejected it on February 12, 1920); Alabama, September 8, 1953 (after having rejected it on September 

22, 1919); Florida, May 13, 1969; South Carolina, July 1, 1969 (after having rejected 

it on January 28, 1920, ratification certified on August 22, 1973); Georgia, February 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 21

20, 1970 (after having rejected it on July 24, 1919); Louisiana, June 11, 1970 (after 

having rejected it on July 1, 1920); North Carolina, May 6, 1971; Mississippi, March 

22, 1984 (after having rejected it on March 29, 1920). 

ARTICLE [XX.] 

SECTION 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall 

end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators 

and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years 

in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been 

ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin. 

SEC. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, 

and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, 

unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 

SEC. 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the 

President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President 

elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been 

chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the 

President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President 

elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; 

and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither 

a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which 

one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified. 

SEC. 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the 

death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall 

have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of 

the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President 

whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. 

SEC. 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article. 

SEC. 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been 

ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of 

three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the 

date of its submission. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

The twentieth amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the legislatures of 

the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 2d day of March, 1932, 

and was declared, in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated on the 6th day 

of February, 1933, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. 

The dates of ratification were: Virginia, March 4, 1932; New York, March 11, 1932; 

Mississippi, March 16, 1932; Arkansas, March 17, 1932; Kentucky, March 17, 1932; 

New Jersey, March 21, 1932; South Carolina, March 25, 1932; Michigan, March 31, 

1932; Maine, April 1, 1932; Rhode Island, April 14, 1932; Illinois, April 21, 1932; 

Louisiana, June 22, 1932; West Virginia, July 30, 1932; Pennsylvania, August 11, 

1932; Indiana, August 15, 1932; Texas, September 7, 1932; Alabama, September 13, 

1932; California, January 4, 1933; North Carolina, January 5, 1933; North Dakota, 

January 9, 1933; Minnesota, January 12, 1933; Arizona, January 13, 1933, Montana, January 13, 1933; Nebraska, January 13, 1933; Oklahoma, January 13, 1933; 

Kansas, January 16, 1933; Oregon, January 16, 1933; Delaware, January 19, 1933; 

Washington, January 19, 1933; Wyoming, January 19, 1933; Iowa, January 20, 

1933, South Dakota, January 20, 1933; Tennessee, January 20, 1933; Idaho, January 21, 1933; New Mexico, January 21, 1933; Georgia, January 23, 1933; Missouri, 

January 23, 1933; Ohio, January 23, 1933; Utah, January 23, 1933. 

Ratification was completed on January 23, 1933. 

22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Massachusetts on January 24, 1933; 

Wisconsin, January 24, 1933; Colorado, January 24, 1933; Nevada, January 26, 

1933; Connecticut, January 27, 1933; New Hampshire, January 31, 1933; Vermont, 

February 2, 1933; Maryland, March 24, 1933; Florida, April 26, 1933. 

ARTICLE [XXI.] 

SECTION 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. 

SECTION 2. The transportation or importation into any State, 

Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use 

therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is 

hereby prohibited. 

SECTION 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have 

been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions 

in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven 

years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the 

Congress. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

The twenty-first amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the several 

states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 20th day of February, 1933, and was 

declared, in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated on the 5th day of December, 1933, to have been ratified by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification 

were: Michigan, April 10, 1933; Wisconsin, April 25, 1933; Rhode Island, May 8, 

1933; Wyoming, May 25, 1933; New Jersey, June 1, 1933; Delaware, June 24, 1933; 

Indiana, June 26, 1933; Massachusetts, June 26, 1933; New York, June 27, 1933; 

Illinois, July 10, 1933; Iowa, July 10, 1933; Connecticut, July 11, 1933; New Hampshire, July 11, 1933; California, July 24, 1933; West Virginia, July 25, 1933; Arkansas, August 1, 1933; Oregon, August 7, 1933; Alabama, August 8, 1933; Tennessee, 

August 11, 1933; Missouri, August 29, 1933; Arizona, September 5, 1933; Nevada, 

September 5, 1933; Vermont, September 23, 1933; Colorado, September 26, 1933; 

Washington, October 3, 1933; Minnesota, October 10, 1933; Idaho, October 17, 1933, 

Maryland, October 18, 1933; Virginia, October 25, 1933; New Mexico, November 2, 

1933; Florida, November 14, 1933; Texas, November 24, 1933; Kentucky, November 

27, 1933; Ohio, December 5, 1933; Pennsylvania, December 5, 1933; Utah, December 

5, 1933. 

Ratification was completed on December 5, 1933. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Maine, on December 6, 1933, and 

by Montana, on August 6, 1934. 

The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by South Carolina, 

on December 4, 1933. 

ARTICLE [XXII.] 

SECTION 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of 

President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term 

of which some other person was elected President shall be elected 

to the office of the President more than once. But this Article shall 

not apply to any person holding the office of President when this 

Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any 

person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as 

President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President 

during the remainder of such term. 

SEC. 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been 

ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of 

three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the 

date of its submission to the States by the Congress. 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 23

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

This amendment was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the 

Eightieth Congress on Mar. 21, 1947 by House Joint Res. No. 27, and was declared 

by the Administrator of General Services, on Mar. 1, 1951, to have been ratified by 

the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Maine, March 

31, 1947; Michigan, March 31, 1947; Iowa, April 1, 1947; Kansas, April 1, 1947; New 

Hampshire, April 1, 1947; Delaware, April 2, 1947; Illinois, April 3, 1947; Oregon, 

April 3, 1947; Colorado, April 12, 1947; California, April 15, 1947; New Jersey, April 

15, 1947; Vermont, April 15, 1947; Ohio, April 16, 1947; Wisconsin, April 16, 1947; 

Pennsylvania, April 29, 1947; Connecticut, May 21, 1947; Missouri, May 22, 1947; 

Nebraska, May 23, 1947; Virginia, January 28, 1948; Mississippi, February 12, 

1948; New York, March 9, 1948; South Dakota, January 21, 1949; North Dakota, 

February 25, 1949; Louisiana, May 17, 1950; Montana, January 25, 1951; Indiana, 

January 29, 1951; Idaho, January 30, 1951; New Mexico, February 12, 1951; Wyoming, February 12, 1951; Arkansas, February 15, 1951; Georgia, February 17, 1951; 

Tennessee, February 20, 1951; Texas, February 22, 1951; Nevada, February 26, 

1951; Utah, February 26, 1951; Minnesota, February 27, 1951. 

Ratification was completed on February 27, 1951. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by North Carolina on February 28, 

1951; South Carolina, March 13, 1951; Maryland, March 14, 1951; Florida, April 16, 

1951; Alabama, May 4, 1951. 

The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Oklahoma in 

June 1947, and Massachusetts on June 9, 1949. 

CERTIFICATION OF VALIDITY

Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of General Services 

that the amendment had become valid was made on Mar. 1, 1951, F.R. Doc. 51–

2940, 16 F.R. 2019. 

ARTICLE [XXIII.] 

SECTION 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of 

the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress 

may direct: 

A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the 

whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to 

which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no 

event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition 

to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for 

the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be 

electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District 

and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of 

amendment. 

SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 

appropriate legislation. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

This amendment was proposed by the Eighty-sixth Congress on June 17, 1960 

and was declared by the Administrator of General Services on Apr. 3, 1961, to have 

been ratified by 38 of the 50 States. The dates of ratification were: Hawaii, June 

23, 1960 (and that State made a technical correction to its resolution on June 30, 

1960); Massachusetts, August 22, 1960; New Jersey, December 19, 1960; New York, 

January 17, 1961; California, January 19, 1961; Oregon, January 27, 1961; Maryland, January 30, 1961; Idaho, January 31, 1961; Maine, January 31, 1961; Minnesota, January 31, 1961; New Mexico, February 1, 1961; Nevada, February 2, 1961; 

Montana, February 6, 1961; South Dakota, February 6, 1961; Colorado, February 

8, 1961; Washington, February 9, 1961; West Virginia, February 9, 1961; Alaska, 

February 10, 1961; Wyoming, February 13, 1961; Delaware, February 20, 1961; 

Utah, February 21, 1961; Wisconsin, February 21, 1961; Pennsylvania, February 28, 

1961; Indiana, March 3, 1961; North Dakota, March 3, 1961; Tennessee, March 6, 

1961; Michigan, March 8, 1961; Connecticut, March 9, 1961; Arizona, March 10, 

1961; Illinois, March 14, 1961; Nebraska, March 15, 1961; Vermont, March 15, 1961; 

24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

Iowa, March 16, 1961; Missouri, March 20, 1961; Oklahoma, March 21, 1961; Rhode 

Island, March 22, 1961; Kansas, March 29, 1961; Ohio, March 29, 1961. 

Ratification was completed on March 29, 1961. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by New Hampshire on March 30, 1961 

(when that State annulled and then repeated its ratification of March 29, 1961). 

The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Arkansas on January 24, 1961. 

CERTIFICATION OF VALIDITY

Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of General Services 

that the amendment had become valid was made on Apr. 3, 1961, F.R. Doc. 61–

3017, 26 F.R. 2808. 

ARTICLE [XXIV.] 

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in 

any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for 

electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the 

United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax 

or other tax. 

SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 

appropriate legislation. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

This amendment was proposed by the Eighty-seventh Congress by Senate Joint 

Resolution No. 29, which was approved by the Senate on March 27, 1962, and by 

the House of Representatives on Aug. 27, 1962. It was declared by the Administrator of General Services on Feb. 4, 1964, to have been ratified by the legislatures 

of 38 of the 50 States. 

This amendment was ratified by the following States: 

Illinois, November 14, 1962; New Jersey, December 3, 1962; Oregon, January 25, 

1963; Montana, January 28, 1963; West Virginia, February 1, 1963; New York, February 4, 1963; Maryland, February 6, 1963; California, February 7, 1963; Alaska, 

February 11, 1963; Rhode Island, February 14, 1963; Indiana, February 19, 1963; 

Utah, February 20, 1963; Michigan, February 20, 1963; Colorado, February 21, 

1963; Ohio, February 27, 1963; Minnesota, February 27, 1963; New Mexico, March 

5, 1963; Hawaii, March 6, 1963; North Dakota, March 7, 1963; Idaho, March 8, 

1963; Washington, March 14, 1963; Vermont, March 15, 1963; Nevada, March 19, 

1963; Connecticut, March 20, 1963; Tennessee, March 21, 1963; Pennsylvania, 

March 25, 1963; Wisconsin, March 26, 1963; Kansas, March 28, 1963; Massachusetts, March 28, 1963; Nebraska, April 4, 1963; Florida, April 18, 1963; Iowa, April 

24, 1963; Delaware, May 1, 1963; Missouri, May 13, 1963; New Hampshire, June 

12, 1963; Kentucky, June 27, 1963; Maine, January 16, 1964; South Dakota, January 23, 1964; Virginia, February 25, 1977. 

Ratification was completed on January 23, 1964. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by North Carolina on May 3, 1989. 

The amendment was rejected by Mississippi (and not subsequently ratified) on 

December 20, 1962. 

CERTIFICATION OF VALIDITY

Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of General Services 

that the amendment had become valid was made on Feb. 5, 1964, F.R. Doc. 64–

1229, 29 F.R. 1715.

ARTICLE [XXV.] 

SECTION 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or 

of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. 

SEC. 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice 

President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 25

17So in original. Probably should be ‘‘departments’’. 

take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of 

Congress. 

SEC. 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro 

tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the 

powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a 

written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall 

be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President. 

SEC. 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the 

principal officers of the executive departments or of such other 

body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President 

pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable 

to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President 

shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as 

Acting President. 

Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro 

tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President 

and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department 17 or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, 

transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written 

declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers 

and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, 

assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the 

latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within 

twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines 

by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to 

discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President 

shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

This amendment was proposed by the Eighty-ninth Congress by Senate Joint Resolution No. 1, which was approved by the Senate on Feb. 19, 1965, and by the 

House of Representatives, in amended form, on Apr. 13, 1965. The House of Representatives agreed to a Conference Report on June 30, 1965, and the Senate agreed 

to the Conference Report on July 6, 1965. It was declared by the Administrator of 

General Services, on Feb. 23, 1967, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 39 

of the 50 States. 

This amendment was ratified by the following States: 

Nebraska, July 12, 1965; Wisconsin, July 13, 1965; Oklahoma, July 15, 1965; 

Massachusetts, August 9, 1965; Pennsylvania, August 18, 1965; Kentucky, September 15, 1965; Arizona, September 22, 1965; Michigan, October 5, 1965; Indiana, 

October 20, 1965; California, October 21, 1965; Arkansas, November 4, 1965; New 

Jersey, November 29, 1965; Delaware, December 7, 1965; Utah, January 17, 1966; 

West Virginia, January 20, 1966; Maine, January 24, 1966; Rhode Island, January 

28, 1966; Colorado, February 3, 1966; New Mexico, February 3, 1966; Kansas, February 8, 1966; Vermont, February 10, 1966; Alaska, February 18, 1966; Idaho, 

March 2, 1966; Hawaii, March 3, 1966; Virginia, March 8, 1966; Mississippi, March 

10, 1966; New York, March 14, 1966; Maryland, March 23, 1966; Missouri, March 

30, 1966; New Hampshire, June 13, 1966; Louisiana, July 5, 1966; Tennessee, JanuVerDate Dec 13 2002 15:05 Aug 22, 2003 Jkt 087103 PO 00000 Frm 00031 Fmt 7601 Sfmt 7601 D:\DOCS\HD214.XXX APPS10 PsN: HD214
26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

ary 12, 1967; Wyoming, January 25, 1967; Washington, January 26, 1967; Iowa, 

January 26, 1967; Oregon, February 2, 1967; Minnesota, February 10, 1967; Nevada, February 10, 1967. 

Ratification was completed on February 10, 1967. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Connecticut, February 14, 1967; 

Montana, February 15, 1967; South Dakota, March 6, 1967; Ohio, March 7, 1967; 

Alabama, March 14, 1967; North Carolina, March 22, 1967; Illinois, March 22, 1967; 

Texas, April 25, 1967; Florida, May 25, 1967. 

CERTIFICATION OF VALIDITY

Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of General Services 

that the amendment had become valid was made on Feb. 25, 1967, F.R. Doc. 67–

2208, 32 F.R. 3287. 

ARTICLE [XXVI.] 

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are 

eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or 

abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. 

SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 

appropriate legislation. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

This amendment was proposed by the Ninety-second Congress by Senate Joint 

Resolution No. 7, which was approved by the Senate on Mar. 10, 1971, and by the 

House of Representatives on Mar. 23, 1971. It was declared by the Administrator 

of General Services on July 5, 1971, to have been ratified by the legislature of 39 

of the 50 States. 

This amendment was ratified by the following States: Connecticut, March 23, 

1971; Delaware, March 23, 1971; Minnesota, March 23, 1971; Tennessee, March 23, 

1971; Washington, March 23, 1971; Hawaii, March 24, 1971; Massachusetts, March 

24, 1971; Montana, March 29, 1971; Arkansas, March 30, 1971; Idaho, March 30, 

1971; Iowa, March 30, 1971; Nebraska, April 2, 1971; New Jersey, April 3, 1971; 

Kansas, April 7, 1971; Michigan, April 7, 1971; Alaska, April 8, 1971; Maryland, 

April 8, 1971; Indiana, April 8, 1971; Maine, April 9, 1971; Vermont, April 16, 1971; 

Louisiana, April 17, 1971; California, April 19, 1971; Colorado, April 27, 1971; Pennsylvania, April 27, 1971; Texas, April 27, 1971; South Carolina, April 28, 1971; West 

Virginia, April 28, 1971; New Hampshire, May 13, 1971; Arizona, May 14, 1971; 

Rhode Island, May 27, 1971; New York, June 2, 1971; Oregon, June 4, 1971; Missouri, June 14, 1971; Wisconsin, June 22, 1971; Illinois, June 29, 1971; Alabama, 

June 30, 1971; Ohio, June 30, 1971; North Carolina, July 1, 1971; Oklahoma, July 

1, 1971. 

Ratification was completed on July 1, 1971. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Virginia, July 8, 1971; Wyoming, 

July 8, 1971; Georgia, October 4, 1971. 

CERTIFICATION OF VALIDITY

Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of General Services 

that the amendment had become valid was made on July 7, 1971, F.R. Doc. 71–

9691, 36 F.R. 12725.

ARTICLE [XXVII.] 

No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators 

and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. 

PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION

This amendment, being the second of twelve articles proposed by the First Congress on Sept. 25, 1789, was declared by the Archivist of the United States on May 

18, 1992, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 40 of the 50 States. 

This amendment was ratified by the following States: Maryland, December 19, 

1789; North Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 1790; DelaVerDate Dec 13 2002 15:05 Aug 22, 2003 Jkt 087103 PO 00000 Frm 00032 Fmt 7601 Sfmt 7601 D:\DOCS\HD214.XXX APPS10 PsN: HD214
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 27

ware, January 28, 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791; Virginia, December 15, 1791; 

Ohio, May 6, 1873; Wyoming, March 6, 1978; Maine, April 27, 1983; Colorado, April 

22, 1984; South Dakota, February 21, 1985; New Hampshire, March 7, 1985; Arizona, April 3, 1985; Tennessee, May 23, 1985; Oklahoma, July 10, 1985; New Mexico, February 14, 1986; Indiana, February 24, 1986; Utah, February 25, 1986; Arkansas, March 6, 1987; Montana March 17, 1987; Connecticut, May 13, 1987; Wisconsin, July 15, 1987; Georgia, February 2, 1988; West Virginia, March 10, 1988; 

Louisiana, July 7, 1988; Iowa, February 9, 1989; Idaho, March 23, 1989; Nevada, 

April 26, 1989; Alaska, May 6, 1989; Oregon, May 19, 1989; Minnesota, May 22, 

1989; Texas, May 25, 1989; Kansas, April 5, 1990; Florida, May 31, 1990; North Dakota, March 25, 1991; Alabama, May 5, 1992; Missouri, May 5, 1992; Michigan, May 

7, 1992; New Jersey, May 7, 1992. 

Ratification was completed on May 7, 1992. 

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Illinois on May 12, 1992. 

CERTIFICATION OF VALIDITY

Publication of the certifying statement of the Archivist of the United States that 

the amendment had become valid was made on May 18, 1992, F.R. Doc. 92–11951, 

57 F.R. 21187.

[EDITORIAL NOTE: There is some conflict as to the exact dates of 

ratification of the amendments by the several States. In some 

cases, the resolutions of ratification were signed by the officers of 

the legislatures on dates subsequent to that on which the second 

house had acted. In other cases, the Governors of several of the 

States ‘‘approved’’ the resolutions (on a subsequent date), although 

action by the Governor is not contemplated by article V, which required ratification by the legislatures (or conventions) only. In a 

number of cases, the journals of the State legislatures are not 

available. The dates set out in this document are based upon the 

best information available.] 

(29)

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION NOT 

RATIFIED BY THE STATES 

During the course of our history, in addition to the 27 amendments that have been ratified by the required three-fourths of the 

States, six other amendments have been submitted to the States 

but have not been ratified by them. 

Beginning with the proposed Eighteenth Amendment, Congress 

has customarily included a provision requiring ratification within 

seven years from the time of the submission to the States. The Supreme Court in Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433 (1939), declared 

that the question of the reasonableness of the time within which 

a sufficient number of States must act is a political question to be 

determined by the Congress. 

In 1789, twelve proposed articles of amendment were submitted 

to the States. Of these, Articles III–XII were ratified and became 

the first ten amendments to the Constitution, popularly known as 

the Bill of Rights. In 1992, proposed Article II was ratified and became the 27th amendment to the Constitution. Proposed Article I 

which was not ratified is as follows: 

‘‘ARTICLE THE FIRST

‘‘After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there 

shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall 

amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one-hundred Representatives, nor less than 

one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated 

by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor 

more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons.’’

Thereafter, in the 2d session of the Eleventh Congress, the Congress proposed the following article of amendment to the Constitution relating to acceptance by citizens of the United States of titles 

of nobility from any foreign government. 

The proposed amendment, which was not ratified by threefourths of the States, is as follows:

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, two thirds of both houses concurring, That the following 

section be submitted to the legislatures of the several states, which, when ratified 

by the legislatures of three fourths of the states, shall be valid and binding, as a 

part of the constitution of the United States.

If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive or retain any title 

of nobility or honour, or shall, without the consent of Congress, accept and retain 

any present, pension, office or emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, 

king, prince or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United 

States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or profit under them, 

or either of them.

The following amendment to the Constitution relating to slavery 

was proposed by the 2d session of the Thirty-sixth Congress on 

30 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

March 2, 1861, when it passed the Senate, having previously 

passed the House on February 28, 1861. It is interesting to note 

in this connection that this is the only proposed (and not ratified) 

amendment to the Constitution to have been signed by the President. The President’s signature is considered unnecessary because 

of the constitutional provision that on the concurrence of two-thirds 

of both Houses of Congress the proposal shall be submitted to the 

States for ratification.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following article be proposed to the Legislatures 

of the several States as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, 

which, when ratified by three-fourths of said Legislatures, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution, viz: 

‘‘ARTICLE THIRTEEN

‘‘No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give 

to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic 

institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws 

of said State.’’

A child labor amendment was proposed by the 1st session of the 

Sixty-eighth Congress on June 2, 1926, when it passed the Senate, 

having previously passed the House on April 26, 1926. The proposed amendment, which has been ratified by 28 States, to date, 

is as follows: 

JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE

UNITED STATES

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the 

following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United 

States, which, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several 

States, shall be valid to all intends and purposes as a part of the Constitution: 

‘‘ARTICLE—. 

‘‘SECTION 1. The Congress shall have power to limit, regulate, and prohibit the 

labor of persons under eighteen years of age. 

‘‘SECTION 2. The power of the several States is unimpaired by this article except 

that the operation of State laws shall be suspended to the extent necessary to give 

effect to legislation enacted by the Congress.’’

An amendment relative to equal rights for men and women was 

proposed by the 2d session of the Ninety-second Congress on March 

22, 1972, when it passed the Senate, having previously passed the 

House on October 12, 1971. The seven-year deadline for ratification 

of the proposed amendment was extended to June 30, 1982, by the 

2d session of the Ninety-fifth Congress. The proposed amendment, 

which was not ratified by three-fourths of the States by June 30, 

1982, is as follows: 

JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE

UNITED STATES RELATIVE TO EQUAL RIGHTS FOR MEN AND WOMEN

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the 

following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United 

States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution 

when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven 

years from the date of its submission by the Congress:

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 31

‘‘ARTICLE—

‘‘SECTION 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by 

the United States or by any State on account of sex. 

‘‘SEC. 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 

the provisions of this article. 

‘‘SEC. 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.’’

An amendment relative to voting rights for the District of Columbia was proposed by the 2d session of the Ninety-fifth Congress on 

August 22, 1978, when it passed the Senate, having previously 

passed the House on March 2, 1978. The proposed amendment, 

which was not ratified by three-fourths of the States within the 

specified seven-year period, is as follows:

JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION TO PROVIDE

FOR REPRESENTATION OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA IN THE CONGRESS. 

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the 

following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United 

States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution 

when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven 

years from the date of its submission by the Congress:

‘‘ARTICLE—

‘‘SECTION 1. For purposes of representation in the Congress, election of the President and Vice President, and article V of this Constitution, the District constituting 

the seat of government of the United States shall be treated as though it were a 

State. 

‘‘SEC. 2. The exercise of the rights and powers conferred under this article shall 

be by the people of the District constituting the seat of government, and as shall 

be provided by the Congress. 

‘‘SEC. 3. The twenty-third article of amendment to the Constitution of the United 

States is hereby repealed. 

‘‘SEC. 4. This article shall be inoperative, unless it shall have been ratified as an 

amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several 

States within seven years from the date of its submission.’’

(33)

1 Article of original Constitution or of amendment. 

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS

Article 1 Section Clause 

A 

Abridged. The privileges or immunities of citizens of the 

United States shall not be. [Amendments] ........................ 14 1 ..........

Absent members, in such manner and under such penalties 

as it may provide. Each House is authorized to compel 

the attendance of .................................................................. 1 5 1

Accounts of receipts and expenditures of public money shall 

be published from time to time. A statement of the .......... 1 9 7

Accusation. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall 

be informed of the cause and nature of the. [Amendments] .................................................................................... 6 .......... ..........

Accused shall have a speedy public trial. In all criminal 

prosecutions the. [Amendments] ......................................... 6 .......... ..........

He shall be tried by an impartial jury of the State and 

district where the crime was committed. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 6 .......... ..........

He shall be informed of the nature of the accusation. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 6 .......... ..........

He shall be confronted with the witnesses against him. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 6 .......... ..........

He shall have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. [Amendments] .............................. 6 .......... ..........

He shall have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 6 .......... ..........

Actions at common law involving over twenty dollars shall 

be tried by jury. [Amendments] .......................................... 7 .......... ..........

Acts, records, and judicial proceedings of another State. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the .. 4 1 ..........

Acts. Congress shall prescribe the manner of proving such 

acts, records, and proceedings ............................................. 4 1 ..........

Adjourn from day to day. A smaller number than a quorum 

of each House may ................................................................ 1 5 1

Adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place 

than that in which they shall be sitting. Neither House 

shall, during the session of Congress, without the consent of the other ................................................................... 1 5 4

Adjournment, the President may adjourn them to such 

time as he shall think proper. In case of disagreement 

between the two Houses as to ............................................. 2 3 ..........

Admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. The judicial power 

shall extend to all cases of ................................................... 3 2 1

Admitted by the Congress into this Union, but no new 

States shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction 

of any other State. New States may be .............................. 4 3 1

Nor shall any State be formed by the junction of two or 

more States, or parts of States, without the consent 

of the legislatures and of Congress .............................. 4 3 1

Adoption of the Constitution shall be valid. All debts and 

engagements contracted by the confederation and before 

the .......................................................................................... 6 .......... 1

Advice and consent of the Senate. The President shall have 

power to make treaties by and with the ............................. 2 2 2

34 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

To appoint ambassadors or other public ministers and 

consuls by and with the ................................................ 2 2 2

To appoint all other officers of the United States not 

herein otherwise provided for by and with the ........... 2 2 2

Affirmation. Senators sitting to try impeachments shall be 

on oath or .............................................................................. 1 3 6

To be taken by the President of the United States. 

Form of the oath or ....................................................... 2 1 8

No warrants shall be issued but upon probable cause 

and on oath or. [Amendments] ..................................... 4 .......... ..........

To support the Constitution. Senators and Representatives, members of State legislatures, executive and 

judicial officers, both State and Federal, shall be 

bound by oath or ............................................................ 6 .......... 3

Age. No person shall be a Representative who shall not 

have attained twenty-five years of ...................................... 1 2 2

No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained thirty years of .................................................... 1 3 3

Right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied 

or abridged by the United States or any State on account of age. [Amendments] ......................................... 26 1 ..........

Agreement or compact with another State without the consent of Congress. No State shall enter into any ................ 1 10 3

Aid and comfort. Treason against the United States shall 

consist in levying war against them, adhering to their 

enemies, and giving them .................................................... 3 3 1

Alliance or confederation. No State shall enter into any 

treaty of ................................................................................. 1 10 1

Ambassadors, or other public ministers and consuls. The 

President may appoint ......................................................... 2 2 2

The judicial power of the United States shall extend to 

all cases affecting .......................................................... 3 2 1

Amendments to the Constitution. Whenever two-thirds of 

both Houses shall deem it necessary, Congress shall propose ........................................................................................ 5 .......... ..........

On application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the 

States, Congress shall call a convention to propose ... 5 .......... ..........

Shall be valid when ratified by the legislatures of, or 

by conventions in, three-fourths of the States ............ 5 .......... ..........

Answer for a capital or infamous crime unless on presentment of a grand jury. No person shall be held to. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 5 .......... ..........

Except in cases in the land or naval forces, or in the 

militia when in actual service. [Amendments] ........... 5 .......... ..........

Appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as Congress shall 

make. In what cases the Supreme Court shall have ......... 3 2 2

Application of the legislature or the executive of a State. 

The United States shall protect each State against invasion and domestic violence on the ....................................... 4 4 ..........

Application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the States. 

Congress shall call a convention for proposing amendments to the Constitution. On the ...................................... 5 .......... ..........

Appointment. Of officers and authority to train the militia 

reserved to the States respectively ..................................... 1 8 16

Of such inferior officers as they may think proper in 

the President alone. Congress may by law vest the ... 2 2 2

In the courts of law or in the heads of departments. 

Congress may by law vest the ...................................... 2 2 2

Of Presidential and Vice-Presidential electors. District 

of Columbia to have power of. [Amendments] ............ 23 1 ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 35

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Apportionment of representation and direct taxation among 

the several States. Provisions relating to the .................... 1 2 3

Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on 

incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 16 .......... ..........

Of Representatives among the several States. Provisions 

relating to the. [Amendments] ......................................... 14 .......... ..........

Appropriate legislation. Congress shall have power to make 

all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution 

the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by the 

Constitution in the Government of the United States, or 

on any department or officer thereof .................................. 1 8 18

Congress shall have power to enforce the thirteenth article, prohibiting slavery by. [Amendments] ............... 13 2 ..........

Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of 

the fourteenth article by. [Amendments] .................... 14 5 ..........

Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of 

the fifteenth article by. [Amendments] ........................ 15 2 ..........

Congress and the several States shall have concurrent 

power to enforce the provisions of the eighteenth article. [Amendments] ...................................................... 18 2 ..........

Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of 

the nineteenth article. [Amendments] ......................... 19 .......... ..........

Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of 

the twenty-third article by. [Amendments] ................. 23 2 ..........

Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of 

the twenty-fourth article by. [Amendments] ............... 24 2 ..........

Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of 

the twenty-sixth article by. [Amendments] ................. 26 2 ..........

Appropriation of money for raising and supporting armies 

shall be for a longer term than two years. But no ............ 1 8 12

Appropriations made by law. No money shall be drawn 

from the Treasury but in consequence of ........................... 1 9 7

Approve and sign a bill before it shall become a law. The 

President shall ...................................................................... 1 7 2

He shall return it to the House in which it originated 

with his objections, if he does not ................................ 1 7 2

Armies, but no appropriation for that use shall be for a 

longer term than two years. Congress shall have power 

to raise and support ............................................................. 1 8 12

Armies. Congress shall make rules for the government and 

regulation of the land and naval forces .............................. 1 8 14

Arms shall not be infringed. A well-regulated militia being 

necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the 

people to keep and bear. [Amendments] ............................ 2 .......... ..........

Arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the 

same. Members shall in all cases, except treason, felony, 

and breach of the peace, be privileged from ....................... 1 6 1

Arsenals. Congress shall exercise exclusive authority over 

all places purchased for the erection of .............................. 1 8 17

Articles exported from any State. No tax or duty shall be 

laid on .................................................................................... 1 9 5

Arts by securing to authors and inventors their patent 

rights. Congress may promote the progress of science 

and the useful ....................................................................... 1 8 8

Assistance of counsel for his defense. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the. [Amendments] ......... 6 .......... ..........

Assumption of the debt or obligations incurred in aid of rebellion or insurrection against the United States. Provisions against the. [Amendments] ........................................ 14 4 ..........

36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No bill of ..... 1 9 3

Attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation 

of contracts. No State shall pass any bill of ....................... 1 10 1

Attainder of treason shall not work corruption of blood or 

forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted .. 3 3 2

Authors and inventors the exclusive right to their writings 

and inventions. Congress shall have power to secure to ... 1 8 8

B

Bail. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive 

fines nor cruel and unusual punishments imposed. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 8 .......... ..........

Ballot for President and Vice President. The electors shall 

vote by. [Amendments] ......................................................... 12 .......... ..........

Ballot. If no person have a majority of the electoral votes 

for President and Vice President, the House of Representatives shall immediately choose the President by. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 12 .......... ..........

Bankruptcies. Congress shall have power to pass uniform 

laws on the subject of ........................................................... 1 8 4

Basis of representation among the several States. Provisions relating to the. [Amendments] ................................... 14 2 ..........

Bear arms shall not be infringed. A well-regulated militia 

being necessary to the security of a free State, the right 

of the people to keep and. [Amendments] .......................... 2 .......... ..........

Behavior. The judges of the Supreme and inferior courts 

shall hold their offices during good ..................................... 3 1 ..........

Bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No ..... 1 9 3

Bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts. No State shall pass any .................... 1 10 1

Bills of credit. No State shall emit ......................................... 1 10 1

Bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 

Representatives. All ............................................................. 1 7 1

Bills which shall have passed the Senate and House of 

Representatives shall, before they become laws, be presented to the President ........................................................ 1 7 2

If he approve, he shall sign them: if he disapprove, he 

shall return them, with his objections, to that House 

in which they originated ............................................... 1 7 2

Upon the reconsideration of a bill returned by the 

President with his objections, if two-thirds of each 

House agree to pass the same, it shall become a law 1 7 2

Upon the reconsideration of a bill returned by the 

President, the question shall be taken by yeas and 

nays ................................................................................ 1 7 2

Not returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) shall, unless Congress adjourn, become laws ....................................................................... 1 7 2

Borrow money on the credit of the United States. Congress 

shall have power to .............................................................. 1 8 2

Bounties and pensions, shall not be questioned. The validity of the public debt incurred in suppressing insurrection and rebellion against the United States, including 

the debt for. [Amendments] ................................................. 14 4 ..........

Breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest while 

attending the session, and in going to and returning 

from the same. Senators and Representatives, except for 

treason, felony, and .............................................................. 1 6 1

Bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. The 

President, Vice President, and all civil officers shall be 

removed on impeachment for and conviction of treason ... 2 4 ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 37

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

C 

Capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on indictment 

of a grand jury, except in certain specified cases. No person shall be held to answer for a. [Amendments] .............. 5 .......... ..........

Capitation or other direct tax shall be laid unless in proportion to the census or enumeration. No .......................... 1 9 4

Captures on land and water. Congress shall make rules 

concerning ............................................................................. 1 8 11

Casting vote. The Vice President shall have no vote unless 

the Senate be equally divided ............................................. 1 3 4

Census or enumeration. Of the inhabitants shall be made 

within three years after the first meeting of Congress, 

and within every subsequent term of ten years thereafter 1 2 3

No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid except in 

proportion to the ............................................................ 1 9 4

Chief Justice shall preside when the President of the 

United States is tried upon impeachment. The ................. 1 3 6

Choosing the electors and the day on which they shall give 

their votes, which shall be the same throughout the 

United States. Congress may determine the time of ......... 2 1 4

Citizen of the United States at the adoption of the Constitution shall be eligible to the office of President. No 

person not a natural-born. ................................................... 2 1 5

Citizen of the United States. No person shall be a Senator 

who shall not have attained the age of thirty years, and 

been nine years a .................................................................. 1 3 3

No person shall be a Representative who shall not 

have attained the age of twenty-five years, and been 

seven years a ................................................................. 1 2 2

Right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged 

by the United States or any State on account of sex. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 19 .......... ..........

Right to vote shall not be denied or abridges by the 

United States or any State for failure to pay any poll 

tax or other tax. [Amendments] ................................... 24 1 ..........

Right to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the 

United States or any State to pay citizen eighteen 

years or older, on account of age. [Amendments] ....... 26 1 ..........

Citizenship. Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all 

the privileges and immunities of citizens of the several 

States ..................................................................................... 4 2 1

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, 

and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of 

the United States and of the State in which they reside. [Amendments] ....................................................... 14 1 ..........

No State shall make or enforce any law which shall 

abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of 

the United States. [Amendments] ................................ 14 1 ..........

Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, 

or property without due process of law. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 14 1 ..........

Nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the 

equal protection of the laws. [Amendments] ............... 14 1 ..........

Citizens or subjects of a foreign state. The judicial power of 

the United States shall not extend to suits in law or equity brought against one of the States by the citizens or 

another State or by. [Amendments] .................................... 11 .......... ..........

Civil officers of the United States shall, on impeachment 

for and conviction of treason, bribery, and other high 

crimes and misdemeanors be removed. All ........................ 2 4 ..........

38 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Claims of the United States or any particular State in the 

territory or public property. Nothing in this Constitution 

shall be construed to prejudice ............................................ 4 3 2

Classification of Senators. Immediately after they shall be 

assembled after the first election, they shall be divided 

as equally as may be into three classes .............................. 1 3 2

The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year .................. 1 3 2

The seats of the Senators of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year ............................................ 1 3 2

The seats of the Senators of the third class of the expiration of the sixth year ................................................. 1 3 2

Coin a tender in payment of debts. No state shall make 

anything but gold and silver ............................................... 1 10 1

Coin money and regulate the value thereof and of foreign 

coin. Congress shall have power to ..................................... 1 8 5

Coin of the United States. Congress shall provide for punishing the counterfeiting the securities and current ......... 1 8 6

Color, or previous condition of servitude. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or 

abridged by the United States or any State on account of 

race. [Amendments] .............................................................. 15 1 ..........

Comfort. Treason against the United States shall consist in 

levying war against them, and giving the enemies aid 

and ......................................................................................... 3 3 1

Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, and of their 

militia when in actual service. The President shall be ..... 2 2 1

Commerce with foreign nations, among the States, and 

with Indian tribes. Congress shall have power to regulate ......................................................................................... 1 8 3

Commerce or revenue. No preference shall be given to the 

ports of one State over those of another by any regulation of ..................................................................................... 1 9 6

Vessels clearing from the ports of one State shall not 

pay duties in those of another ...................................... 1 9 6

Commissions to expire at the end of the next session. The 

President may fill vacancies that happen in the recess of 

the Senate by granting ......................................................... 2 2 3

Common defense, promote the general welfare, &C. To insure the. [Preamble] ............................................................. .......... .......... ..........

Common defense and general welfare. Congress shall have 

power to provide for the ....................................................... 1 8 1

Common law, where the amount involved exceeds twenty 

dollars, shall be tried by jury. Suits at. [Amendments] .... 7 .......... ..........

No fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined 

in any court of the United States than according to 

the rules of the. [Amendments] .................................... 7 .......... ..........

Compact with another State. No State shall, without consent of Congress, enter into any agreement or .................. 1 10 3

Compact with a foreign power. No state shall, without the 

consent of Congress, enter into any agreement or ............ 1 10 3

Compensation of Senators and Representatives to be 

ascertained by law ................................................................ 1 6 1

Compensation of the President shall not be increased nor 

diminished during the period for which he shall be elected ........................................................................................... 2 1 7

Compensation of the judges of the Supreme and inferior 

courts shall not be diminished during their continuance 

in office .................................................................................. 3 1 ..........

Compensation. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just. [Amendments] .................................... 5 .......... ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 39

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. In 

criminal prosecutions the accused shall have. [Amendments] .................................................................................... 6 .......... ..........

Confederation. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or .................................................................................. 1 10 1

All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be valid 

against the United States under it, as under the ...... 6 .......... 1

Confession in open court. Conviction of treason shall be on 

the testimony of two persons to the overt act, or upon ..... 3 3 1

Congress of the United States. All legislative powers shall 

be vested in a ........................................................................ 1 1 ..........

Shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives 1 1 ..........

Shall assemble at least once in every year, which shall 

be on the first Monday of December, unless they by 

law appoint a different day .......................................... 1 4 2

May at any time alter regulations for elections of Senators and Representatives, except as to the places of 

choosing Senators .......................................................... 1 4 1

Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, 

and qualifications of its own members ........................ 1 5 1

A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to 

do business ..................................................................... 1 5 1

A smaller number may adjourn from day to day and 

compel the attendance of absent members ................. 1 5 1

Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a 

member ........................................................................... 1 5 2

Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings ....... 1 5 3

Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, 

without the consent of the other, adjourn for more 

than three days ............................................................. 1 5 4

Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation to be ascertained by law .............................. 1 6 1

They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and 

breach of peace, be privileged from arrest during attendance at their respective Houses, and in going to 

and returning from the same ....................................... 1 6 1

No Senator or Representative shall, during his term, 

be appointed to any civil office which shall have been 

created, or of which the emoluments shall have been 

increased, during such term ......................................... 1 6 2

No person holding any office under the United States, 

shall, while in office, be a member of either House of 

Congress ......................................................................... 1 6 2

All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 

House of Representatives ............................................. 1 7 1

Proceedings in cases of bills returned by the President 

with his objections ......................................................... 1 7 2

Shall have power to lay and collect duties, imposts, 

and excises, pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare ................................. 1 8 1

Shall have power to borrow money on the credit of the 

United States ................................................................. 1 8 2

To regulate foreign and domestic commerce, and with 

the Indian tribes ............................................................ 1 8 3

To establish uniform rule of naturalization and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies .................... 1 8 4

To coin money, regulate its value and the value of foreign coin, and to fix the standard of weights and 

measures ........................................................................ 1 8 5

40 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

To punish counterfeiting of securities and current coin 

of the United States ...................................................... 1 8 6

To establish post-offices and post-roads .......................... 1 8 7

To promote the progress of science and the useful arts 1 8 8

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court .. 1 8 9

To define and punish piracies and felonies on the high 

seas and to punish offenses against the law of nations ................................................................................ 1 8 10

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 

and make rules concerning captures on land and 

water ............................................................................... 1 8 11

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of 

money to that use shall be for a longer term than 

two years ........................................................................ 1 8 12

To provide and maintain a Navy ..................................... 1 8 13

To make rules for the government of the Army and 

Navy ............................................................................... 1 8 14

To call out the militia to execute the laws, suppress insurrections, and repeal invasions ................................ 1 8 15

To provide for organizing, arming, and equipping the 

militia ............................................................................. 1 8 16

To exercise exclusive legislation over the District fixed 

for the seat of government, and over forts, magazines, arsenals, and dockyards ..................................... 1 8 17

To make all laws necessary and proper to carry into 

execution all powers vested by the Constitution in 

the Government of the United States .......................... 1 8 18

No person holding any office under the United States 

shall accept of any present, emolument, office, or 

title of any kind from any foreign state, without the 

consent of ....................................................................... 1 9 8

May determine the time of choosing the electors for 

President and Vice President and the day on which 

they shall give their votes ............................................ 2 1 4

The President may, on extraordinary occasions, convene either House of ..................................................... 2 3 ..........

The manner in which the acts, records, and judicial 

proceedings of the States shall be prescribed by ........ 4 1 ..........

New States may be admitted by Congress into this 

Union .............................................................................. 4 3 1

Shall have power to make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ........................................ 4 3 2

Amendments to the Constitution shall be proposed 

whenever it shall be deemed necessary by two-thirds 

of both Houses of ........................................................... 5 .......... ..........

Shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 

the thirteenth amendment. [Amendments] ................. 13 2 ..........

Persons engaged in insurrection or rebellion against 

the United States disqualified for Senators or Representatives in. [Amendments] .................................... 14 3 ..........

But such disqualification may be removed by a vote of 

two-thirds of both Houses of. [Amendments] .............. 14 3 ..........

Shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 

the fourteenth amendment. [Amendments] ................ 14 5 ..........

Shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 

the fifteenth amendment. [Amendments] ................... 15 2 ..........

Shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 

the nineteenth amendment. [Amendments] ................ 19 .......... ..........

Sessions, time of assembling. [Amendments] ................. 20 2 ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 41

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

To direct appointment of electors for President and 

Vice President by District of Columbia. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 23 1 ..........

Shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 

the twenty-third amendment. [Amendments] ............. 23 2 ..........

Shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 

the twenty-fourth amendment. [Amendments] ........... 24 2 ..........

Confirmation by majority vote of Vice President nominated by the President where vacancy in office occurs. [Amendments] ...................................................... 25 2 ..........

Shall decide the issue of the inability of the President 

to discharge the powers and duties of his office. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 25 4 ..........

Shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 

the twenty-sixth amendment. [Amendments] ............. 26 2 ..........

No law, varying the compensation for the services of 

the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, 

until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. [Amendments] .................................................... 27 .......... ..........

Consent. No State shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in 

the Senate without its .......................................................... 5 .......... ..........

Consent of Congress. No person holding any office of profit 

or trust under the United States shall accept of any 

present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, 

from any king, prince, or foreign potentate, without the .. 1 9 8

No State shall lay any imposts, or duties on imports, 

except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws, without the ........................ 1 10 2

No State shall lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or 

ships of war in time of peace, without the .................. 1 10 3

No State shall enter into any agreement or compact 

with another State, or with a foreign power, without 

the ................................................................................... 1 10 3

No State shall engage in war unless actually invaded, 

or in such imminent danger as will not admit of 

delay, without the ......................................................... 1 10 3

No new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be 

formed by the junction of two or more States, or 

parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures thereof, as well as the ......................................... 4 3 1

Consent of the legislature of the State in which the same 

may be. Congress shall exercise exclusive authority over 

all places purchased for the erection of forts, magazines, 

arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings by the .. 1 8 17

Consent of the legislatures of the States and of Congress. 

No States shall be formed by the junction of two or more 

States or parts of States without the .................................. 4 3 1

Consent of the other. Neither House, during the session of 

Congress, shall adjourn for more than three days, nor to 

any other place than that in which they shall be sitting, 

without the ............................................................................ 1 5 4

Consent of the owner. No soldier shall be quartered in time 

of peace in any house without the. [Amendments] ............ 3 .......... ..........

Consent of the Senate. The President shall have power to 

make treaties, by and with the advice and ........................ 2 2 2

The President shall appoint ambassadors, other public 

ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, 

and all other officers created by law and not otherwise herein provided for, by and with the advice and 2 2 2

42 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Constitution, in the Government of the United States, or in 

any department or officer thereof. Congress shall have 

power to pass all laws necessary to the execution of the 

powers vested by the ............................................................ 1 8 18

Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President. No 

person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen at the 

time of the adoption of the ................................................... 2 1 5

Constitution. The President, before he enters upon the execution of his office, shall take an oath to preserve, protect, and defend the .............................................................. 2 1 8

Constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States. The 

judicial power shall extend to all cases arising under the 3 2 1

Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any 

claims of the United States, or of any State (in respect to 

territory or other property of the United States). Nothing 

in the ..................................................................................... 4 3 2

Constitution. The manner in which amendments may be 

proposed and ratified ........................................................... 5 .......... ..........

Constitution as under the Confederation shall be valid. All 

debts and engagements contracted before the adoption of 

the .......................................................................................... 6 .......... 1

Constitution and the laws made in pursuance thereof, and 

all treaties made, or which shall be made, by the United 

States, shall be the supreme law of the land. The ............ 6 .......... 2

The judges in every State, anything in the constitution 

or laws of a State to the contrary notwithstanding, 

shall be bound thereby .................................................. 6 .......... 2

Constitution. All officers, legislative, executive, and judicial, of the United States, and of the several States, shall 

be bound by an oath to support the .................................... 6 .......... 3

But no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification for any office or public trust ........................... 6 .......... 3

Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. The 

ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of the ..................................... 7 .......... ..........

Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to 

deny or disparage others retained by the people. The 

enumeration in the. [Amendments] .................................... 9 .......... ..........

Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. Powers 

not delegated to the United States by the. [Amendments] 10 .......... ..........

Constitution, and then engaged in rebellion against the 

United States. Disqualification for office imposed upon 

certain class of persons who took an oath to support the. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 14 3 ..........

Constitution. Done in convention by the unanimous consent 

of the States present, September 17, 1787 ......................... 7 .......... 2

Contracts. No State shall pass any ex post facto law, or law 

impairing the obligation of .................................................. 1 10 1

Controversies to which the United States shall be a party: 

between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different 

States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands 

under grants of different States; between a State or its 

citizens and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. The judicial power shall extend to .................................................... 3 2 1

Convene Congress or either House, on extraordinary occasions. The President may ..................................................... 2 3 ..........

Convention for proposing amendments to the Constitution. 

Congress, on the application of two-thirds of the legislatures of the States, may call a ............................................. 5 .......... ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 43

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States 

present on the 17th of September, 1787. Adoption of the 

Constitution in ...................................................................... 7 .......... 2

Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of the Constitution. The ratification of the ......... 7 .......... ..........

Conviction in cases of impeachment shall not be had without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present 1 3 6

Copyrights to authors for limited times. Congress shall 

have power to provide for .................................................... 1 8 8

Corruption of blood. Attainder of treason shall not work ..... 3 3 2

Counsel for his defense. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the assistance of. [Amendments] ............ 6 .......... ..........

Counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United 

States. Congress shall provide for the punishment of ....... 1 8 6

Courts. Congress shall have power to constitute tribunals 

inferior to the Supreme Court ............................................. 1 8 9

Courts of law. Congress may by law vest the appointment 

of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the heads of departments, or in the ........... 2 2 2

Courts as Congress may establish. The judicial power of 

the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court 

and such inferior ................................................................... 3 1 ..........

Courts. The judges of the Supreme and inferior courts shall 

hold their offices during good behavior .............................. 3 1 ..........

Their compensation shall not be diminished during 

their continuance in office ............................................ 3 1 ..........

Credit. No State shall emit bills of ......................................... 1 10 1

Credit of the United States. Congress shall have power to 

borrow money on the ............................................................ 1 8 2

Credit shall be given in every other State to the public 

acts, records, and judicial proceedings of each State. Full 

faith and ................................................................................ 4 1 ..........

Crime, unless on a presentment of a grand jury. No person 

shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous. [Amendments] ............................................................ 5 .......... ..........

Except in cases in the military and naval forces, or in 

the militia when in actual service. [Amendments] ..... 5 .......... ..........

Crimes and misdemeanors. The President, Vice President, 

and all civil officers shall be removed on impeachment 

for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other .................. 2 4 ..........

Crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be tried by 

jury. All ................................................................................. 3 2 3

They shall be tried in the State within which they may 

be committed .................................................................. 3 2 3

When not committed in a State, they shall be tried at 

the places which Congress may by law have provided 3 2 3

Criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have a speedy and 

public trial by jury in the State and district where the 

crime was committed. In all. [Amendments] ...................... 6 .......... ..........

He shall be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation. [Amendments] ............................................... 6 .......... ..........

He shall be confronted with the witnesses against him. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 6 .......... ..........

He shall have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. [Amendments] .............................. 6 .......... ..........

He shall have the assistance of counsel in his defense. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 6 .......... ..........

Criminate himself. No person as a witness shall be compelled to. [Amendments] ...................................................... 5 .......... ..........

Cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Excessive bail 

shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 8 .......... ..........

44 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

D 

Dangers as will not admit of delay. No State shall, without 

the consent of Congress, engage in war, unless actually 

invaded, or in such imminent .............................................. 1 10 3

Day on which they shall vote for President and Vice President, which shall be the same throughout the United 

States. Congress may determine the time of choosing the 

electors, and the ................................................................... 2 1 4

Day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members. A smaller number than a 

quorum of each House may adjourn from .......................... 1 5 1

Death, resignation, or inability of the President. In case of, 

powers and duties of his office shall devolve on the Vice 

President. .............................................................................. 2 1 6

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 25 .......... ..........

Congress may provide by law for the case of the removal .............................................................................. 2 1 6

[Amendments] ................................................................ 25 .......... ..........

Debt of the United States, including debts for pensions and 

bounties incurred in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. The validity of the public. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 14 4 ..........

Debts. No State shall make anything but gold and silver 

coin a tender in payment of ................................................. 1 10 1

Debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. Congress shall have power to 

pay the ................................................................................... 1 8 1

Debts and engagements contracted before the adoption of 

this Constitution shall be as valid against the United 

States, under it, as under the Confederation ..................... 6 .......... 1

Debts or obligations incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or claims for the loss or 

emancipation of any slave. Neither the United States nor 

any State shall assume or pay any. [Amendments] .......... 14 4 ..........

Declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and 

make rules concerning captures on land and water. Congress shall have power to ..................................................... 1 8 11

Defense, promote the general welfare, &c. To insure the 

common. [Preamble] ............................................................. .......... .......... ..........

Defense and general welfare throughout the United States. 

Congress shall have power to pay the debts and provide 

for the common ..................................................................... 1 8 1

Defense. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have 

the assistance of counsel for his. [Amendments] ............... 6 .......... ..........

Delaware entitled to one Representative in the first Congress ....................................................................................... 1 2 3

Delay. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, engage in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent 

danger as will not admit of .................................................. 1 10 3

Delegated to the United States, nor prohibited to the 

States, are reserved to the States or to the people. The 

powers not. [Amendments] .................................................. 10 .......... ..........

Deny or disparage others retained by the people. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not 

be construed to. [Amendments] ........................................... 9 .......... ..........

Departments upon any subject relating to their duties. The 

President may require the written opinion of the principal officers in each of the executive ................................. 2 2 1

Departments. Congress may by law vest the appointment of 

inferior officers in the heads of ........................................... 2 2 2

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 45

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Direct tax shall be laid unless in proportion to the census 

or enumeration. No capitation or other .............................. 1 9 4

Direct taxes and Representatives, how apportioned among 

the several States ................................................................. 1 2 3

Disability of the President and Vice President. Provisions 

in case of the ......................................................................... 2 1 6

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 25 .......... ..........

Disability. No person shall be a Senator or Representative 

in Congress, or presidential elector, or hold any office, 

civil or military, under the United States, or any State, 

who having previously taken an oath as a legislative, executive, or judicial officer of the United States, or of any 

State, to support the Constitution, afterward engaged in 

insurrection or rebellion against the United States. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 14 3 ..........

But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each 

House, remove such. [Amendments] ............................ 14 3 ..........

Disagreement between the two Houses as to the time of adjournment, the President may adjourn them to such time 

as he may think proper. In case of ..................................... 2 3 ..........

Disorderly behavior. Each House may punish its members 

for ........................................................................................... 1 5 2

And with the concurrence of two-thirds expel a member ................................................................................... 1 5 2

Disparage others retained by the people. The enumeration 

in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or. [Amendments] ........................................ 9 .......... ..........

Disqualifiation. No Senator or Representative shall, during 

the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any 

office under the United States which shall have been created or its emoluments increased during such term ......... 1 6 2

No person holding any office under the United States 

shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office ........................................................... 1 6 2

No person shall be a member of either House, presidential elector, or hold any office under the United 

States, or any State, who, having previously sworn 

to support the Constitution, afterward engaged in insurrection or rebellion. [Amendments] ........................ 14 3 ..........

But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each 

House, remove such disability. [Amendments] ........... 14 3 ..........

District of Columbia. Congress shall exercise exclusive legislation in all cases over the ................................................ 1 8 17

Electors for President and Vice President, appointment 

in such manner as the Congress may direct. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 23 1 ..........

Dockyards. Congress shall have exclusive authority over all 

places purchased for the erection of .................................... 1 8 17

Domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, &c. 

To insure. [Preamble] ........................................................... .......... .......... ..........

Domestic violence. The United States shall protect each 

State against invasion and .................................................. 4 4 ..........

Due process of law. No person shall be compelled, in any 

criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without. [Amendments] 5 .......... ..........

No State shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or 

property without. [Amendments] ................................. 14 1 ..........

Duties and powers of the office of President, in case of his 

death, removal, or inability to act, shall devolve on the 

Vice President ....................................................................... 2 1 6

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 25 .......... ..........

46 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

In case of the disability of the President and Vice 

President, Congress shall declare what officer shall 

act ................................................................................... 2 1 6

[Amendments] ................................................................ 25 .......... ..........

Duties, imposts, and excises. Congress shall have power to 

lay and collect taxes ............................................................. 1 8 1

Shall be uniform throughout the United States ............. 1 8 1

Duties shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No 

tax or ..................................................................................... 1 9 5

Duties in another State. Vessels clearing in the ports of one 

State shall not be obliged to pay ......................................... 1 9 6

On imports and exports, without the consent of Congress, except where necessary for executing its inspection laws. No State shall lay any .......................... 1 10 2

The net produce of all such duties shall be for the use 

of the Treasury of the United States ........................... 1 10 2

All laws laying such duties shall be subject to the revision and control of Congress ........................................ 1 10 2

Duty of tonnage without the consent of Congress. No State 

shall lay any .......................................................................... 1 10 3

E 

Eighteenth Amendment. Repeal. [Amendments] ................... 21 1 ..........

Election of President and Vice President. Congress may determine the day for the ........................................................ 2 1 4

Shall be the same throughout the United States. The 

day of the ....................................................................... 2 1 4

Elections. The right of citizens of the United States to vote 

in shall not be denied or abridged by the United States 

or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or 

other tax. [Amendments] ..................................................... 24 1 ..........

Elections for Senators and Representatives. The legislatures of the States shall prescribe the times, places, and 

manner of holding ................................................................ 1 4 1

But Congress may, at any time, alter such regulations, 

except as to the places of choosing Senators ............... 1 4 1

Returns and qualifications of its own members. Each 

House shall be the judge of the .................................... 1 5 1

Senators elected by the people. [Amendments] .............. 17 1 ..........

Electors for members of the House of Representatives. 

Qualifications of .................................................................... 1 2 1

Electors for Senators. Qualifications of. [Amendments] ....... 17 1 ..........

Electors for President and Vice President. Each State shall 

appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may 

direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of 

Senators and Representatives to which the State may be 

entitled in the Congress ....................................................... 2 1 2

But no Senator or Representative, or person holding 

an office of trust or profit under the United States, 

shall be appointed an elector ........................................ 2 1 2

Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors and the day on which they shall give their votes 2 1 4

Which day shall be the same throughout the United 

States .............................................................................. 2 1 4

The electors shall meet in their respective States and 

vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one 

of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the 

same State with themselves. [Amendments] .............. 12 .......... ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 47

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

The District of Columbia to appoint, in such manner as 

the Congress may direct, a number of electors equal 

to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the District would be entitled if a 

State. [Amendments] ..................................................... 23 1 ..........

Electors shall name, in their ballots, the person voted for 

as President; and in distinct ballots the person voted for 

as Vice President. [Amendments] ....................................... 12 .......... ..........

They shall make distinct lists of the persons voted for 

as President and of persons voted for as Vice President, which they shall sign and certify, and transmit 

sealed to the seat of government, directed to the 

President of the Senate. [Amendments] ...................... 12 .......... ..........

No person having taken an oath as a legislative, executive or judicial officer of the United States, or of any 

State, and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, shall be an elector 14 3 ..........

But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each 

House, remove such disability. [Amendments] ........... 14 3 ..........

Emancipation of any slave shall be held to be illegal and 

void. Claims for the loss or. [Amendments] ....................... 14 4 ..........

Emit bills of credit. No State shall ......................................... 1 10 1

Emolument of any kind from any king, prince, or foreign 

state, without the consent of Congress. No person holding any office under the United States shall accept any .. 1 9 8

Enemies. Treason shall consist in levying war against the 

United States, in adhering to, or giving aid and comfort 

to their ................................................................................... 3 3 1

Engagements contracted before the adoption of this Constitution shall be valid. All debts and ................................. 6 .......... 1

Enumeration of the inhabitants shall be made within three 

years after the first meeting of Congress, and within 

every subsequent term of ten years thereafter .................. 1 2 3

Ratio of representation not to exceed one of every 

30,000 until the first enumeration shall be made ...... 1 2 3

Income tax authorized without regard to. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 16 .......... ..........

Enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not 

be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the 

people. The. [Amendments] ................................................. 9 .......... ..........

Equal protection of the laws. No State shall deny to any 

person within its jurisdiction the. [Amendments] ............. 14 1 ..........

Equal suffrage in the Senate. No State shall be deprived 

without its consent, of its ..................................................... 5 .......... ..........

Establishment of this Constitution between the States ratifying the same. The ratification of nine States shall be 

sufficient for the ................................................................... 7 .......... ..........

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 8 .......... ..........

Excises. Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, 

duties, imposts, and ............................................................. 1 8 1

Shall be uniform throughout the United States. All duties, imposts, and ........................................................... 1 8 1

Exclusive legislation, in all cases, over such district as may 

become the seat of government. Congress shall exercise .. 1 8 17

Over all places purchased for the erection of forts, 

magazines, arsenals, dock-yards and other needful 

buildings. Congress shall exercise ............................... 1 8 17

Executive of a State. The United States shall protect each 

State against invasion and domestic violence, on the application of the legislature or the ........................................ 4 4 ..........

48 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Executive and judicial officers of the United States and of 

the several States shall be bound by an oath to support 

the Constitution .................................................................... 6 .......... 3

Executive departments. On subjects relating to their duties 

the President may require the written opinions of the 

principal officers in each of the ........................................... 2 2 1

Congress may by law vest the appointment of inferior 

officers in the heads of .................................................. 2 2 2

Executive power shall be vested in a President of the 

United States of America. The ............................................ 2 1 1

Expel a member. Each House, with the concurrence of twothirds, may ............................................................................ 1 5 2

Expenditures of public money shall be published from time 

to time. A regular statement of the receipts and ............... 1 9 7

Exportations from any State. No tax or duty shall be laid 

on ........................................................................................... 1 9 5

Exports or imports, except upon certain conditions. No 

State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duties on .................................................................................... 1 10 2

Laid by any State, shall be for the use of the Treasury. 

The net produce of all duties on ................................... 1 10 2

Shall be subject to the revision and control of Congress. All laws of the States laying duties on ............. 1 10 2

Ex post facto law shall be passed. No bill of attainder or .... 1 9 3

Ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts. No State shall pass any bill of attainder ................ 1 10 1

Extraordinary occasions. The President may convene both 

Houses, or either House of Congress, on ............................ 2 3 ..........

F 

Faith and credit in each State shall be given to the acts, 

records, and judicial proceedings of another State. Full ... 4 1 ..........

Felony, and breach of the peace. Members of Congress 

shall not be privileged from arrest for treason .................. 1 6 1

Felonies committed on the high seas. Congress shall have 

power to define and punish piracies and ............................ 1 8 10

Fines. Excessive fines shall not be imposed. [Amendments] 8 .......... ..........

Foreign coin. Congress shall have power to coin money, fix 

the standard of weights and measures, and to regulate 

the value of ........................................................................... 1 8 5

Foreign nations, among the States, and with the Indian 

tribes. Congress shall have power to regulate commerce 

with ........................................................................................ 1 8 3

Foreign power. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, enter into any compact or agreement with any ...... 1 10 3

Forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 

Attainder of treason shall not work .................................... 3 3 2

Formation of new States. Provisions relating to the ............. 4 3 1

Form of government. The United States shall guarantee to 

every State in this Union a republican ............................... 4 4 ..........

And shall protect each of them against invasion; and 

on application of the legislature or of the executive 

(when the legislature cannot be convened), against 

domestic violence ........................................................... 4 4 ..........

Forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful 

buildings. Congress shall exercise exclusive authority 

over all places purchased for the erection of ...................... 1 8 17

Freedom of speech or the press. Congress shall make no law 

abridging the. [Amendments] .............................................. 1 .......... ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 49

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms 

shall not be infringed. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a. [Amendments] ......................... 2 .......... ..........

Fugitives from crime found in another State shall, on demand, be delivered up to the authorities of the State 

from which they may flee .................................................... 4 2 2

Fugitives from service or labor in one State, escaping into 

another State, shall be delivered up to the party to 

whom such service or labor may be due ............................. 4 2 3

G 

General welfare and secure the blessings of liberty, &c. To 

promote the. [Preamble.] ...................................................... .......... .......... ..........

General welfare. Congress shall have power to provide for 

the common defense and ...................................................... 1 8 1

Georgia shall be entitled to three Representatives in the 

first Congress ........................................................................ 1 2 3

Gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts. No 

State shall make anything but ............................................ 1 10 1

Good behavior. The judges of the Supreme and inferior 

courts shall hold their offices during .................................. 3 1 ..........

Government. The United States shall guarantee to every 

State in this Union a republican form of ............................ 4 4 ..........

And shall protect each of them against invasion, and 

on application of the legislature or of the executive 

(when the legislature cannot be convened) against 

domestic violence ........................................................... 4 4 ..........

Grand jury. No person shall be held to answer for a capital 

or otherwise infamous crime, unless on the presentment 

of a. [Amendments] .............................................................. 5 .......... ..........

Except in cases arising in the land and naval forces, 

and in the militia when in actual service. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 5 .......... ..........

Guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form 

of government. The United States shall ............................. 4 4 ..........

And shall protect each of them against invasion; and 

on application of the legislature or of the executive 

(when the legislature cannot be convened), against 

domestic violence ........................................................... 4 4 ..........

H 

Habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless in cases of rebellion or invasion. The writ of ........................................... 1 9 2

Heads of departments. Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of inferior officers in the .................................... 2 2 2

On any subject relating to their duties, the President 

may require the written opinion of the principal officers in each of the executive departments .................. 2 2 1

High crimes and misdemeanors. The President, Vice President, and all civil officers shall be removed on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other ........ 2 4 ..........

House of Representatives. Congress shall consist of a Senate and ................................................................................... 1 1 ..........

Shall be composed of members chosen every second 

year ................................................................................. 1 2 1

Qualifications of electors for members of the ................. 1 2 1

No person shall be a member who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and been seven 

years a citizen of the United States ............................. 1 2 2

50 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

The executives of the several States shall issue writs of 

election to fill vacancies in the ..................................... 1 2 4

Shall choose their Speaker and other officers ................ 1 2 5

Shall have the sole power of impeachment .................... 1 2 5

Shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members ........................................ 1 5 1

A majority shall constitute a quorum to do business .... 1 5 1

Less than a majority may adjourn from day to day, 

and compel the attendance of absent members .......... 1 5 1

May determine its own rules of proceedings .................. 1 5 2

May punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, 

with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member 1 5 2

Shall keep a journal of its proceedings ........................... 1 5 3

Shall not adjourn for more than three days during the 

session of Congress without the consent of the Senate ................................................................................... 1 5 4

Members shall not be questioned for any speech or debate in either House or in any other place ................. 1 6 1

No person holding any office under the United States 

shall, while holding such office, be a member of the .. 1 6 2 

No person, while a member of either House, shall be 

appointed to an office which shall have been created 

or the emoluments increased during his membership 1 6 2 

All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the ......... 1 7 1 

The votes for President and Vice President shall be 

counted in the presence of the Senate and. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 12 .......... ..........

If no person have a majority of electoral votes, then 

from the three highest on the list the House of Representatives shall immediately, by ballot, choose a 

President. [Amendments] ............................................. 12 .......... ..........

They shall vote by States, each State counting one 

vote. [Amendments] ...................................................... 12 .......... ..........

A quorum shall consist of a member or members from 

two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the 

States shall be necessary to the choice of a President. [Amendments] ...................................................... 12 .......... ..........

No person having as a legislative, executive, or judicial 

officer of the United States, or of any State, taken an 

oath to support the Constitution, and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United 

States, shall be a member of the. [Amendments] ....... 14 3 ..........

But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each 

house, remove such disability. [Amendments] ............ 14 3 ..........

I 

Imminent danger as will not admit of delay. No State shall, 

without the consent of Congress, engage in war, unless 

actually invaded or in such .................................................. 1 10 3

Immunities. Members of Congress shall, in all cases except 

treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged 

from arrest during their attendance at the session of 

their respective houses, and in going and returning from 

the same ................................................................................ 1 6 1

No soldier shall be quartered in any house without the 

consent of the owner in time of peace. [Amendments] 3 .......... ..........

No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of life and 

limb for the same offense. [Amendments] ................... 5 .......... ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 51

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, 

and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of 

the United States and of the State in which they reside. [Amendments] ....................................................... 14 1 ..........

No State shall make or enforce any law which shall 

abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of 

the United States. [Amendments] ................................ 14 1 ..........

Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, 

or property without due process of law. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 14 1 ..........

Nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the 

equal protection of the law. [Amendments] ................ 14 1 ..........

Impeachment. The President may grant reprieves and pardons except in cases of ......................................................... 2 2 1

The House of Representatives shall have the sole 

power of .......................................................................... 1 2 5 

Impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, and 

other high crimes and misdemeanors. The President, 

Vice President, and all civil officers shall be removed 

upon ....................................................................................... 2 4 ..........

Impeachments. The Senate shall have the sole power to try 

all ........................................................................................... 1 3 6 

The Senate shall be on oath, or affirmation, when sitting for the trial of ........................................................ 1 3 6 

When the President of the United States is tried the 

Chief Justice shall preside ............................................ 1 3 6 

No person shall be convicted without the concurrence 

of two-thirds of the members present .......................... 1 3 6 

Judgment shall not extend beyond removal from office 

and disqualification to hold office ................................ 1 3 7 

But the party convicted shall be liable to indictment 

and punishment according to law ................................ 1 3 7 

Importation of slaves prior to 1808 shall not be prohibited 

by the Congress .................................................................... 1 9 1

But a tax or duty of ten dollars for each person may be 

imposed on such ............................................................ 1 9 1 

Imports or exports except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws. No State shall, 

without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on .................................................................................... 1 10 2

Imports or exports laid by any State shall be for the use of 

the Treasury. The net produce of all duties on .................. 1 10 2

Imports or exports shall be subject to the revision and control of Congress. All laws of States laying duties on ......... 1 10 2

Imposts and excises. Congress shall have power to lay and 

collect taxes, duties .............................................................. 1 8 1

Shall be uniform throughout the United States. All 

taxes, duties ................................................................... 1 8 1 

Inability of the President. The powers and duties of his office shall devolve on the Vice President. In case of the 

death, resignation, or ........................................................... 2 1 6

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 25 .......... ..........

The Vice President shall succeed to the office of the 

President. In case of the death, resignation, or removal, or [Amendments] ............................................... 25 .......... ..........

Inability of the President or Vice President. Congress may 

provide by law for the case of the removal, death, resignation, or ............................................................................ 2 1 6

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 25 .......... ..........

52 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Income taxes. Congress shall have power to lay and collect 

without apportionment among the several States, and 

without regard to any census or enumeration. [Amendments] .................................................................................... 16 .......... ..........

Indian tribes. Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with the ...................................................................... 1 8 3

Indictment or presentment of a grand jury. No person shall 

be held to answer for a capital or infamous crime unless 

on [Amendments] .................................................................. 5 .......... ..........

Except in cases arising in the land and naval forces, 

and in the militia when in actual service. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 5 .......... ..........

Indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to 

law. The party convicted in case of impeachment shall 

nevertheless be liable and subject to .................................. 1 3 7

Infamous crime unless on presentment or indictment of a 

grand jury. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or [Amendments] ........................................................... 5 .......... ..........

Inferior courts. Congress shall have power to constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ................................. 1 8 9

Inferior courts as Congress may establish. The judicial 

power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court and such .......................................................... 3 1 ..........

The judges of both the Supreme and inferior courts 

shall hold their offices during good behavior .............. 3 1 ..........

Their compensation shall not be diminished during 

their continuance in office ............................................ 3 1 ..........

Inferior officers, Congress, if they think proper, may by law 

vest the appointment of in the President alone, in the 

courts of law, or in the heads of Departments ................... 2 2 2

Inhabitant of the State for which he shall be chosen. No 

person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained 

the age of thirty years, been nine years a citizen of the 

United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an .... 1 3 3

Insurrection or rebellion against the United States. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or 

presidential elector, or hold any office, civil or military, 

under the United States, or any State, who, having 

taken an oath as a legislative, executive, or judicial officer of the United States, or of a State, afterwards engaged in. [Amendments] ...................................................... 14 3 ..........

But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each 

House, remove such disabilities. [Amendments] ........ 14 3 ..........

Debts declared illegal and void which were contracted 

in aid of. [Amendments] ............................................... 14 4 ..........

Insurrections and repel invasions. Congress shall provide 

for calling forth the militia to suppress .............................. 1 8 15

Intoxicating liquors. Prohibition of manufacture, sale, 

transportation, importation, or exportation of. [Amendments] .................................................................................... 18 1 ..........

Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment. [Amendments] ........ 21 1 ..........

Transportation or importation into any State, Territory 

or possession, for delivery or use therein in violation 

of their laws, prohibited. [Amendments] ..................... 21 2 ..........

Invasion. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, 

engage in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay ............................... 1 10 3

The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless in case of rebellion or ............................................ 1 9 2

Invasion and domestic violence. The United States shall 

protect each State against ................................................... 4 4 ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 53

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Invasions. Congress shall provide for calling forth the militia to suppress insurrections and repel .............................. 1 8 15

Inventors and authors in their inventions and writings. 

Congress may pass laws to secure for limited times exclusive rights to .................................................................... 1 8 8

Involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, 

abolished in the United States. Slavery and. [Amendments] .................................................................................... 13 1 ..........

J 

Jeopardy of life and limb for the same offense. No person 

shall be twice put in. [Amendments] .................................. 5 .......... ..........

Journal of its proceedings. Each House shall keep a ........... 1 5 3

Judges in every State shall be bound by the Constitution, 

the laws and treaties of the United States, which shall 

be the supreme law of the land ........................................... 6 .......... 2

Judges of the Supreme and inferior courts shall hold their 

offices during good behavior ................................................ 3 1 ..........

Their compensation shall not be diminished during 

their continuance in office ............................................ 3 1 ..........

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to 

hold any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United 

States ..................................................................................... 1 3 7

But the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable 

and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law .............................................. 1 3 7

Judicial power of the United States. Congress shall have 

power to constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme 

Court ...................................................................................... 1 8 9

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 

in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as 

Congress may from time to time ordain and establish .................................................................................. 3 1 ..........

The judges of the Supreme and inferior courts shall 

hold their offices during good behavior ....................... 3 1 ..........

Their compensation shall not be diminished during 

their continuance in office ............................................ 3 1 ..........

It shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising 

under the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the 

United States ................................................................. 3 2 1

To all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ......................................................... 3 2 1

To all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ...... 3 2 1

To controversies to which the United States shall be a 

party ............................................................................... 3 2 1

To controversies between two or more States ................ 3 2 1

To controversies between a State and citizens of another State ..................................................................... 3 2 1

[Amendments] ................................................................ 11 .......... ..........

To controversies between citizens of different States .... 3 2 1

To citizens of the same State claiming lands under 

grants of different States .............................................. 3 2 1

To controversies between a State or its citizens and 

foreign states, citizens, or subjects .............................. 3 2 1

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall 

be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original 

jurisdiction ..................................................................... 3 2 2

54 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

In all other cases before mentioned, it shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with 

such exceptions and under such regulations as Congress shall make ............................................................ 3 2 2

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, 

shall be by jury .............................................................. 3 2 3

The trial shall be held in the State where the crimes 

shall have been committed ........................................... 3 2 3

But when not committed in a State, the trial shall be 

at such place or places as Congress may by law have 

directed ........................................................................... 3 2 3

The judicial power of the United States shall not be 

held to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 

States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or 

subjects of any Foreign State. [Amendments] ............ 11 .......... ..........

Judicial proceedings of every other State. Full faith and 

credit shall be given in each State to the acts, records, 

and ......................................................................................... 4 1 ..........

Congress shall prescribe the manner of proving such 

acts, records, and proceedings ...................................... 4 1 ..........

Judicial and executive officers of the United States and of 

the several States shall be bound by an oath to support 

the Constitution .................................................................... 6 .......... 3

Judiciary. The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction in all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State may be a 

party ...................................................................................... 3 2 2

The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction 

both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and 

regulations as Congress may make ............................. 3 2 2

Junction of two or more States or parts of States without 

the consent of the legislatures and of Congress. No State 

shall be formed by the .......................................................... 4 3 1

Jurisdiction of another State. No new State shall, without 

the consent of Congress, be formed or erected within the 4 3 1

Jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions 

and under such regulations as Congress may make. The 

Supreme Court shall have appellate ................................... 3 2 2

Jurisdiction. In all cases affecting ambassadors and other 

public ministers and consuls, and in cases where a State 

is a party, the Supreme Court shall have original ............ 3 2 2

Jury. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by .................................................................. 3 2 3

In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have a 

speedy and public trial by. [Amendments] .................. 6 .......... ..........

All suits at common law, where the value exceeds 

twenty dollars, shall be tried by. [Amendments] ........ 7 .......... ..........

Where a fact has been tried by a jury it shall not be 

reexamined except by the rules of the common law. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 7 .......... ..........

Just compensation. Private property shall not be taken for 

public use without. [Amendments] ..................................... 5 .......... ..........

Justice, insure domestic tranquility, &c. To establish. [Preamble] .................................................................................... .......... .......... ..........

L 

Labor, in one State escaping into another State shall be delivered up to the party to whom such service or labor 

may be due. Fugitives from service or ................................ 4 2 3

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 55

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Land and naval forces. Congress shall make rules for the 

government and regulation of the ....................................... 1 8 14

Law and fact, with exceptions and under regulations to be 

made by Congress. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction as to ............................................................ 3 2 2

Law of the land. The Constitution, the laws made in pursuance thereof, and treaties of the United States, shall be 

the supreme .......................................................................... 6 .......... 2

The judges in every State shall be bound thereby ......... 6 .......... 2

Law of nations. Congress shall provide for punishing offenses against the ................................................................. 1 8 10

Laws. Congress shall provide for calling forth the militia to 

suppress insurrection, repel invasion, and to execute the 1 8 15

Laws and treaties of the United States. The judicial power 

shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under 

the Constitution, or the ........................................................ 3 2 1

Laws necessary to carry into execution the powers vested 

in the government, or in any department or officer of the 

United States. Congress shall make all ............................. 1 8 18

Legal tender in payment of debts. No State shall make anything but gold and silver coin a .......................................... 1 10 1

Legislation in all cases over such district as may become 

the seat of government. Congress shall exercise exclusive 1 8 17

Over all places purchased for the erection of forts, 

magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful 

buildings. Congress shall exercise exclusive ............... 1 8 17

Legislation. Congress shall have power to make all laws 

necessary and proper for carrying into execution all the 

powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of 

the United States or in any department or officer thereof 1 8 18

Congress shall have power to enforce the thirteenth 

amendment, prohibiting slavery, by appropriate. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 13 2 ..........

Congress shall have power to enforce the fourteenth 

amendment by appropriate. [Amendments] ................ 14 5 ..........

Congress shall have power to enforce the fifteenth 

amendment by appropriate. [Amendments] ................ 15 2 ..........

Congress and the several States shall have concurrent 

power to enforce the eighteenth amendment by appropriate. [Amendments] .............................................. 18 2 ..........

Congress shall have power to enforce the nineteenth 

amendment by appropriate. [Amendments] ................ 19 .......... ..........

Congress shall have power to enforce the twenty-third 

amendment by appropriate. [Amendments] ................ 23 2 ..........

Congress shall have power to enforce the twenty-fourth 

amendment by appropriate. [Amendments] ................ 24 2 ..........

Congress shall have power to enforce the twenty-sixth 

amendment by appropriate. [Amendments] ................ 26 2 ..........

Legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in Congress. All ................................................................................ 1 1 ..........

Legislature, or the Executive (when the legislature cannot 

be convened). The United States shall protect each State 

against invasion and domestic violence, on the application of the .............................................................................. 4 4 ..........

Legislatures of two-thirds of the States, Congress shall call 

a convention for proposing amendments to the Constitution. On the application of the ............................................ 5 .......... ..........

Letters of marque and reprisal. Congress shall have power 

to grant .................................................................................. 1 8 11

No State shall grant ......................................................... 1 10 1

Liberty to ourselves and our posterity, &c. To secure the 

blessings of. [Preamble] ....................................................... .......... .......... ..........

56 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Life, liberty, and property without due process of law. No 

person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a 

witness against himself, nor be deprived of. [Amendments] .................................................................................... 5 .......... ..........

No State shall abridge the privileges or immunities of 

citizens of the United States, nor deprive any person 

of. [Amendments] .......................................................... 14 1 ..........

Life or limb for the same offense. No person shall be twice 

put in jeopardy of. [Amendments] ....................................... 5 .......... ..........

Loss or emancipation of any slave shall be held illegal and 

void. Claims for the. [Amendments] ................................... 14 4 ..........

M 

Magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings. Congress shall have exclusive authority over all 

places purchased for the erection of .................................... 1 8 17

Majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do 

business. A ............................................................................ 1 5 1

But a smaller number may adjourn from day to day 

and may be authorized to compel the attendance of 

absent members ............................................................. 1 5 1

Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. 

When the choice of a President shall devolve on the 

House of Representatives, a quorum shall consist of a 

member or members from two-thirds of the States; but a. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 12 .......... ..........

When the choice of a Vice President shall devolve on 

the Senate, a quorum shall consist of two-thirds of 

the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the 

whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 12 .......... ..........

Maritime jurisdiction. The judicial power shall extend to 

all cases of admiralty and .................................................... 3 2 1

Marque and reprisal. Congress shall have power to grant 

letters of ................................................................................ 1 8 11

No State shall grant any letters of .................................. 1 10 1

Maryland entitled to six Representatives in the first Congress ....................................................................................... 1 2 3

Massachusetts entitled to eight Representatives in the first 

Congress ................................................................................ 1 2 3

Measures. Congress shall fix the standard of weights and .. 1 8 5

Meeting of Congress. The Congress shall assemble at least 

once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first 

Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a 

different day .......................................................................... 1 4 2

Meeting of Electors. The Electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot for President and Vice 

President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. [Amendments] 12 .......... ..........

District of Columbia, electors for President and Vice 

President appointed by District. [Amendments] ......... 23 1 ..........

Members of Congress and of State legislatures shall be 

bound by oath or affirmation to support the Constitution 6 .......... 3

Militia to execute the laws, suppress insurrections, and 

repel invasions. Congress shall provide for calling forth 

the .......................................................................................... 1 8 15

Congress shall provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the ................................................................... 1 8 16

Congress shall provide for governing such part of them 

as may be employed by the United States .................. 1 8 16

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 57

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Reserving to the States the appointment of the officers 

and the right to train the militia according to the 

discipline prescribed by Congress ................................ 1 8 16

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security 

of a free State, the right of the people to keep and 

bear arms shall not be infringed. [Amendments] ....... 2 .......... ..........

Misdemeanors. The President, Vice President, and all civil 

officers shall be removed on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and ............. 2 4 ..........

Money on the credit of the United States. Congress shall 

have power to borrow ........................................................... 1 8 2

Regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin. Congress shall have power to coin ..................................... 1 8 5

Shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence 

of appropriations made by law. No .............................. 1 9 7

Shall be published from time to time. A regular statement and account of receipts and expenditures of 

public .............................................................................. 1 9 7

For raising and supporting armies. No appropriation of 

money shall be for a longer term than two years ....... 1 8 12

N 

Nations. Congress shall have power to regulate commerce 

with foreign ........................................................................... 1 8 3

Congress shall provide for punishing offenses against 

the law of ....................................................................... 1 8 10

Natural-born citizen, or a citizen at the adoption of the 

Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President. 

No person except a ............................................................... 2 1 5

Naturalization. Congress shall have power to establish a 

uniform rule of ...................................................................... 1 8 4

Naturalized in the United States, and subject to their jurisdiction, shall be citizens of the United States and of 

the States in which they reside. All persons born, or. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 14 1 ..........

Naval forces. Congress shall make rules and regulations 

for the government and regulation of the land and .......... 1 8 14

Navy. Congress shall have power to provide and maintain 

a ............................................................................................. 1 8 13

New Hampshire entitled to three Representatives in the 

first Congress ........................................................................ 1 2 3

New Jersey entitled to four Representatives in the first 

Congress ................................................................................ 1 2 3

New States may be admitted by Congress into this Union .. 4 3 1

But no new State shall be formed within the jurisdiction of another State without the consent of Congress ............................................................................... 4 3 1

Nor shall any State be formed by the junction of two or 

more States or parts of States, without the consent 

of the legislatures and of Congress .............................. 4 3 1

New York entitled to six Representatives in the first Congress ....................................................................................... 1 2 3

Nobility shall be granted by the United States. No title of .. 1 9 8

No State shall grant any title of ...................................... 1 10 1

Nominations for office by the President. The President 

shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent 

of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors and other public officers .............................................................................. 2 2 2

He may grant commissions to fill vacancies that happen in the recess of the Senate, which shall expire at 

the end of their next session ........................................ 2 2 3

58 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

The President shall nominate a successor to the Vice 

President whenever a vacancy in office occurs 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 25 2 ..........

North Carolina entitled to five Representatives in the first 

Congress ................................................................................ 1 2 3

Number of electors for President and Vice President in each 

State shall be equal to the number of Senators and Representatives to which such State may be entitled in Congress ....................................................................................... 2 1 2

O 

Oath of office of the President of the United States. Form 

of the ...................................................................................... 2 1 8

Oath or affirmation. No warrants shall be issued but upon 

probable cause supported by. [Amendments] ..................... 4 .......... ..........

Oath or affirmation to support the Constitution. Senators 

and Representatives, members of State legislatures, executive and judicial officers of the United States and of 

the several States, shall be bound by ................................. 6 .......... 3

But no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification for office ............................................................ 6 .......... 3

The Senators when sitting to try impeachment shall be 

on .................................................................................... 1 3 6

Objections. If he shall not approve it, the President shall 

return the bill to the House in which it originated with 

his .......................................................................................... 1 7 2

Obligation of contracts. No State shall pass any ex post 

facto law, or law impairing the ........................................... 1 10 1

Obligations incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 

against the United States to be held illegal and void. All 

debts or. [Amendments] ....................................................... 14 4 ..........

Offense. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of life or 

limb for the same. [Amendments] ....................................... 5 .......... ..........

Offenses against the law of nations. Congress shall provide 

for punishing ......................................................................... 1 8 10

Against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. The President may grant reprieves or pardons 

for .................................................................................... 2 2 1

Office under the United States. No person shall be a member of either House while holding any civil ........................ 1 6 2

No Senator or Representative shall be appointed to 

any office under the United States which shall have 

been created, or its emoluments increased, during 

the term for which he is elected ................................... 1 6 2

Or title of any kind from any king, prince, or foreign 

State, without the consent of Congress. No person 

holding any office under the United States shall accept of any present, emolument ................................... 1 9 8

Office of President, in case of his removal, death, resignation, or inability, shall devolve on the Vice President. 

The powers and duties of the .............................................. 2 1 6

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 25 .......... ..........

During the term of four years. The President and Vice 

President shall hold ...................................................... 2 1 1

Of trust or profit under the United States shall be an 

elector for President and Vice President. No person 

holding an ...................................................................... 2 1 2

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 59

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Civil or military under the United States, or any State, 

who had taken an oath as a legislative, executive, or 

judicial officer of the United States, or of any State, 

and afterward engaged in insurrection or rebellion. 

No person shall be a Senator, Representative or 

President elector, or hold any. [Amendments] ............ 14 3 ..........

Officers in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in 

the heads of Departments. Congress may vest the appointment of inferior ............................................................ 2 2 2

Of the United States shall be removed on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other 

high crimes and misdemeanors. The President, Vice 

President, and all civil .................................................. 2 4 ..........

The House of Representatives shall choose their 

Speaker and other ......................................................... 1 2 5

The Senate, in the absence of the Vice President, shall 

choose a President pro tempore, and also their other 1 3 5

Offices becoming vacant in the recess of the Senate may be 

filled by the President, the commissions to expire at the 

end of the next session ......................................................... 2 2 3

One-fifth of the members present, be entered on the journal 

of each House. The yeas and nays shall, at the desire of 1 5 3

Opinion of the principal officers in each of the Executive 

Departments on any subject relating to their duties. The 

President may require the written ..................................... 2 2 1

Order, resolution, or vote (except on a question of adjournment) requiring the concurrence of the two Houses, shall 

be presented to the President. Every .................................. 1 7 3

Original jurisdiction, in all cases affecting ambassadors, 

other public ministers, and consuls, and in which a State 

may be a party. The Supreme Court shall have ................ 3 2 2

Overt act, or on confession in open court. Conviction of 

treason shall be on the testimony of two witnesses to the 3 3 1

P 

Pardons, except in cases of impeachment. The President 

may grant reprieves and ...................................................... 2 2 1

Patent rights to inventors. Congress may pass laws for securing ..................................................................................... 1 8 8

Peace. Members of Congress shall not be privileged from 

arrest for treason, felony, and breach of the ...................... 1 6 1

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, keep 

troops or ships of war in time of .................................. 1 10 3

No soldier shall be quartered in any house without the 

consent of the owner in time of. [Amendments] ......... 3 .......... ..........

Pennsylvania entitled to eight Representatives in the first 

Congress ................................................................................ 1 2 3

Pensions and bounties shall not be questioned. The validity 

of the public debt incurred in suppressing insurrection 

and rebellion against the United States, including the 

debt for. [Amendments] ........................................................ 14 4 ..........

People, peaceably to assemble and petition for redress of 

grievances, shall not be abridged by Congress. The right 

of the. [Amendments] ........................................................... 1 .......... ..........

To keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. A wellregulated militia being necessary to the security of a 

free State, the right of the. [Amendments] ................. 2 .......... ..........

To be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures 

shall not be violated. The right of the. [Amendments] 4 .......... ..........

60 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

People. The enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution shall not be held to deny or disparage others retained by the. [Amendments] .............................................. 9 .......... ..........

Powers not delegated to the United States, nor prohibited to the States, are reserved to the States or to 

the. [Amendments] ........................................................ 10 .......... ..........

Perfect Union, &c. To establish a more. [Preamble] ............. .......... .......... ..........

Persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable 

searches and seizures. The people shall be secure in 

their. [Amendments] ............................................................ 4 .......... ..........

Persons, as any State may think proper to admit, shall not 

be prohibited prior to 1808. The migration or importation 

of such ................................................................................... 1 9 1 

But a tax or duty of ten dollars shall be imposed on 

the importation of each of such .................................... 1 9 1 

Petition for the redress of grievances. Congress shall make 

no law abridging the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to. [Amendments] ............................................. 1 .......... ..........

Piracies and felonies committed on the high seas. Congress 

shall define and punish ........................................................ 1 8 10 

Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Neither House during the session shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor 

to any other ........................................................................... 1 5 4

Places of choosing Senators. Congress may by law make or 

alter regulations for the election of Senators and Representatives, except as to the .............................................. 1 4 1 

Poll tax. The right of citizens of the United States to vote 

shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or 

any State by reason of failure to pay. [Amendments] ....... 24 1 ..........

Ports of one State over those of another. Preference shall 

not be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to 

the .......................................................................................... 1 9 6 

Vessels clearing from the ports of one State shall not 

pay duties in another .................................................... 1 9 6 

Post offices and post roads. Congress shall establish ........... 1 8 7 

Powers herein granted shall be vested in Congress. All legislative ................................................................................... 1 1 ..........

Powers vested by the Constitution in the Government or in 

any Department or officer of the United States. Congress 

shall make all laws necessary to carry into execution the 1 8 18 

Powers and duties of the office shall devolve on the Vice 

President, on the removal, death, resignation, or inability 

of the President. The ............................................................ 2 1 6 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 25 .......... ..........

Powers not delegated to the United States nor prohibited to 

the States are reserved to the States and to the people. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 10 .......... ..........

The enumeration of certain rights in this Constitution 

shall not be held to deny or disparage others retained by the people. [Amendments] ........................... 9 .......... ..........

Preference, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, shall 

not be given to the ports of one State over those of another ....................................................................................... 1 9 6 

Prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular State in the territory or property of the United 

States. Nothing in this Constitution shall ......................... 4 3 2 

Present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever 

from any king, prince, or foreign State. No person holding any office under the United States shall, without the 

consent of Congress, accept any .......................................... 1 9 8 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 61

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases 

arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when 

in actual service. No person shall be held to answer for a 

capital or otherwise infamous crime unless on a. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 5 .......... ..........

President of the United States. The Senate shall choose a 

President pro tempore when the Vice President shall exercise the office of ................................................................. 1 3 5 

Additional provision for succession through act of Congress. [Amendments] ..................................................... 20 4 ..........

Succession in case of death. [Amendments] ................... 20 3 ..........

Succession in case of failure to be chosen or qualified. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 20 3 ..........

Term of office, beginning and ending. [Amendments] ... 20 1 ..........

The Chief Justice shall preside upon the trial of the .... 1 3 6 

Shall approve and sign all bills passed by Congress before they shall become laws .......................................... 1 7 2 

Shall return to the House in which it originated, with 

his objections, any bill which he shall not approve .... 1 7 2 

If not returned within ten days (Sundays excepted), it 

shall become a law, unless Congress shall adjourn 

before the expiration of that time ................................ 1 7 2 

Every order, resolution, or vote which requires the concurrence of both Houses, except on a question of adjournment, shall be presented to the ........................... 1 7 3 

If disapproved by him, shall be returned and proceeded 

on as in the case of a bill .............................................. 1 7 3 

The executive power shall be vested in a ....................... 2 1 1 

He shall hold his office during the term of four years ... 2 1 1 

In case of the removal of the President from office, or 

of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge 

the duties of his office, the Vice President shall perform the duties of .......................................................... 2 1 6 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 25 .......... ..........

Congress may declare, by law, in the case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability of the President, what officer shall act as ...................................... 2 1 6 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 25 .......... ..........

The President shall receive a compensation which 

shall not be increased nor diminished during his 

term, nor shall he receive any other emolument from 

the United States .......................................................... 2 1 7 

Before he enters upon the execution of his office he 

shall take an oath of office ........................................... 2 1 8 

Shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy 

and of the militia of the States when called into actual service ..................................................................... 2 2 1 

He may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal 

officer in each of the Executive Departments ............. 2 2 1 

He may grant reprieves or pardons for offenses, except 

in cases of impeachment ............................................... 2 2 1 

He may make treaties by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, two-thirds of the Senators 

present concurring ......................................................... 2 2 2 

He may appoint, by and with the advice and consent of 

the Senate, ambassadors, other public ministers and 

consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other 

officers whose appointments may be authorized by 

law and not herein provided for ................................... 2 2 2 

Congress may vest the appointment of inferior officers 

in the .............................................................................. 2 2 2 

62 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

He may fill up all vacancies that may happen in the 

recess of the Senate by commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session ............................ 2 2 3

He shall give information to Congress of the state of 

the Union, and recommend measures ......................... 2 3 ..........

On extraordinary occasions he may convene both 

Houses or either ............................................................ 2 3 ..........

In case of disagreement between the two Houses as to 

the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to 

such time as he may think proper ............................... 2 3 ..........

He shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ............................................................................... 2 3 ..........

He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed 2 3 ..........

He shall commission all the officers of the United 

States .............................................................................. 2 3 ..........

On impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors, shall be 

removed from office. The .............................................. 2 4 ..........

No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of 

the United States at the adoption of the Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of ............................ 2 1 5

No person shall be elected to office more than twice. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 22 .......... ..........

No person who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years and been fourteen years a resident of 

the United States shall be eligible to the office of ...... 2 1 5

Congress to decide the issue of the President’s ability 

to discharge the powers and duties of his office 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 25 4 ..........

Declaration of his inability to discharge the powers 

and duties of his office [Amendments] ........................ 25 3 ..........

Nomination of successor to the Vice President whenever a vacancy in the office of the Vice President occurs [Amendments] ....................................................... 25 2 ..........

Succession of Vice President to office in case of death, 

resignation, removal, or inability of President to discharge the powers and duties of his office [Amendments] ............................................................................. 25 .......... ..........

President and Vice President. Manner of choosing. Each 

State by its legislature, shall appoint a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the 

Congress ................................................................................ 2 1 2

No Senator or Representative or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States shall 

be an elector ................................................................... 2 1 2

Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors and the day on which they shall give their 

votes, which day shall be the same throughout the 

United States ................................................................. 2 1 4

The electors shall meet in their respective States and 

vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one 

of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the 

same State with themselves. [Amendments] .............. 12 .......... ..........

They shall name in distinct ballots the person voted 

for as President and the person voted for as Vice 

President. [Amendments] ............................................. 12 .......... ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 63

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

They shall make distinct lists of the persons voted for 

as President and as Vice President, which they shall 

sign and certify and transmit sealed to the President 

of the Senate at the seat of government. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 12 .......... ..........

The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of 

the Senate and House of Representatives, open all 

the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 12 .......... ..........

The person having the greatest number of votes shall 

be the President, if such number be a majority of the 

whole number of electors appointed. [Amendments] .. 12 .......... ..........

If no person have such majority, then from the persons 

having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on 

the list of those voted for as President, the House of 

Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, 

the President. [Amendments] ....................................... 12 .......... ..........

In choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by 

States, the representation from each State having 

one vote. [Amendments] ............................................... 12 .......... ..........

A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or 

members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 12 .......... ..........

But if no choice shall be made before the 4th of March 

next following, then the Vice President shall act as 

President, as in the case of the death or disability of 

the President. [Amendments] ....................................... 12 .......... ..........

The District of Columbia shall appoint, in such manner as the Congress may direct, a number of electors 

equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the District would be entitled 

if a State. [Amendments] .............................................. 23 1 ..........

President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless the 

Senate be equally divided. The Vice President shall be .... 1 3 4

President pro tempore. In the absence of the Vice President 

the Senate shall choose a ..................................................... 1 3 5

When the Vice President shall exercise the office of 

President of the United States, the Senate shall 

choose a .......................................................................... 1 3 5

President to transmit his declaration of inability to discharge the powers and duties of his office to [Amendments] ............................................................................. 25 3 ..........

Vice President and a majority of the principal officers 

of the executive departments to transmit their declaration of the President’s inability to discharge the 

powers and duties of his office to [Amendments] ....... 25 4 ..........

Press. Congress shall pass no law abridging the freedom of 

speech or of the. [Amendments] .......................................... 1 .......... ..........

Previous condition of servitude. The right of citizens of the 

United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by 

the United States, or by any State, on account of race, 

color, or. [Amendments] ....................................................... 15 1 ..........

Primary elections. The right of citizens of the United States 

to vote in shall not be denied or abridged by the United 

States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll 

tax or other tax. [Amendments] .......................................... 24 1 ..........

Private property shall not be taken for public use without 

just compensation. [Amendments] ...................................... 5 .......... ..........

64 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Privilege. Senators and Representatives shall, in all cases 

except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session 

of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning 

from the same ....................................................................... 1 6 1 

They shall not be questioned for any speech or debate 

in either House in any other place .............................. 1 6 1 

Privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States.

The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the 

privileges and immunities of the citizens of the several 

States ..................................................................................... 4 2 1 

No soldier shall be quartered in any house without the 

consent of the owner in time of peace. [Amendments] 3 .......... ..........

No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of life and 

limb for the same offense. [Amendments] ................... 5 .......... ..........

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, 

and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of 

the United States and of the State in which they reside. [Amendments] ....................................................... 14 1 ..........

No State shall make or enforce any law which shall 

abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of 

the United States. [Amendments] ................................ 14 1 ..........

No State shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or 

property without due process of law. [Amendments] 14 1 ..........

Nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the 

equal protection of its laws. [Amendments] ................ 14 1 ..........

Prizes captured on land or water. Congress shall make 

rules concerning .................................................................... 1 8 11 

Probable cause. The right of the people to be secure in 

their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated. And 

no warrant shall issue for such but upon. [Amendments] 4 .......... ..........

Process of law. No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived 

of life, liberty, or property, without due. [Amendments] ... 5 .......... ..........

No State shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or 

property, without due. [Amendments] ......................... 14 1 ..........

Process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. In all criminal 

prosecutions the accused shall have. [Amendments] ......... 6 .......... ..........

Progress of science and useful arts. Congress shall have 

power to promote the ........................................................... 1 8 8 

Property of the United States. Congress may dispose of and 

make all needful rules and regulations respecting the 

territory or ............................................................................ 4 3 3 

Property, without due process of law. No person shall be 

compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against 

himself; nor shall he be deprived of his life, liberty, or 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 5 .......... ..........

No State shall abridge the privileges or immunities of 

citizens of the United States; nor deprive any person 

of his life, liberty, or. [Amendments] ........................... 14 1 ..........

Prosecutions. The accused shall have a speedy and public 

trial in all criminal. [Amendments] .................................... 6 .......... ..........

He shall be tried by a jury in the State or district 

where the crime was committed. [Amendments] ........ 6 .......... ..........

He shall be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation. [Amendments] ............................................... 6 .......... ..........

He shall be confronted with the witnesses against him. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 6 .......... ..........

He shall have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses. [Amendments] ................................................... 6 .......... ..........

He shall have counsel for his defense. [Amendments] .. 6 .......... ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 65

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Protection of the laws. No State shall deny to any person 

within its jurisdiction the equal. [Amendments] ............... 14 1 ..........

Public debt of the United States incurred in suppressing 

insurrection or rebellion shall not be questioned. The validity of the. [Amendments] ................................................. 14 4 ..........

Public safety must require it. The writ of habeas corpus

shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion 

or invasion the ...................................................................... 1 9 2 

Public trial by jury. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have a speedy and. [Amendments] .................. 6 .......... ..........

Public use. Private property shall not be taken for, without 

just compensation. [Amendments] ...................................... 5 .......... ..........

Punishment according to law. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal 

from, and disqualification for, office; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and ................................................... 1 3 7 

Punishments inflicted. Excessive bail shall not be required 

nor excessive fines imposed nor cruel and unusual. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 8 .......... ..........

Q 

Qualification for office. No religious test shall ever be required as a ............................................................................ 6 .......... 3 

Qualifications of electors of members of the House of Representatives shall be the same as electors for the most 

numerous branch of the State legislature .......................... 1 2 1 

Qualifications of electors of Senators shall be the same as 

electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. [Amendments] .......................................................... 17 1 ..........

Qualifications of members of the House of Representatives. 

They shall be twenty-five years of age, seven years a citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant of the State 

in which chosen .................................................................... 1 2 2 

Of Senators. They shall be thirty years of age, nine 

years a citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant of the State in which chosen ............................... 1 3 3 

Of its own members. Each House shall be the judge of 

the election, returns, and .............................................. 1 5 1 

Of the President. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of 

the adoption of the Constitution, shall be eligible to 

the office of President ................................................... 2 1 5 

Neither shall any person be eligible to the office of 

President who shall not have attained the age of 

thirty-five years and been fourteen years a resident 

within the United States .............................................. 2 1 5 

Of the Vice President. No person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to 

that of Vice President. [Amendments] ......................... 12 .......... ..........

Quartered in any house without the consent of the owner 

in time of peace. No soldier shall be. [Amendments] ........ 3 .......... ..........

Quorum to do business. A majority of each House shall 

constitute a ............................................................................ 1 5 1 

But a smaller number than a quorum may adjourn 

from day to day and may be authorized to compel 

the attendance of absent members .............................. 1 5 1

Of the House of Representatives for choosing a President shall consist of a member or members from 

two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the 

States shall be necessary to a choice. [Amendments] 12 .......... ..........

66 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Quorum to elect a Vice President by the Senate. Twothirds of the whole number of Senators shall be a. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 12 .......... ..........

A majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a 

choice. [Amendments] ................................................... 12 .......... ..........

R 

Race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The right of 

citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied 

or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of. [Amendments] ....................................................... 15 1 ..........

Ratification of amendments to the Constitution shall be by 

the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States or 

by conventions in three-fourths of the States, accordingly 

as Congress may propose ..................................................... 5 .......... ..........

Ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient to establish the Constitution between the States so 

ratifying the same ................................................................ 7 .......... ..........

Ratio or representation until the first enumeration under 

the Constitution shall be made not to exceed one for 

every thirty thousand ........................................................... 1 2 3

Ratio of representation shall be apportioned among the 

several States according to their respective numbers, 

counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. [Amendments] ......................... 14 2 ..........

But when the right to vote for Presidential electors or 

members of Congress, or the legislative, executive, 

and judicial officers of the State, except for engaging 

in rebellion or other crime, shall be denied or 

abridged by a State, the basis of representation shall 

be reduced therein in the proportion of such denial 

or abridgment of the right to vote. [Amendments] ..... 14 2 ..........

Rebellion against the United States. Persons who, while 

holding certain Federal and State offices, took an oath to 

support the Constitution, afterward engaged in insurrection or rebellion, disabled from holding office under the 

United States. [Amendments] ............................................. 14 3 ..........

But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each 

House remove such disability. [Amendments] ............ 14 3 ..........

Debts incurred for pensions and bounties for services 

in suppressing the rebellion shall not be questioned. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 14 4 ..........

All debts and obligations incurred in aid of the rebellion, and all claims for the loss or emancipation of 

slaves, declared and held to be illegal and void. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 14 4 ..........

Rebellion or invasion. The writ of habeas corpus shall not 

be suspected except when the public safety may require 

it in cases of .......................................................................... 1 9 2

Receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. A regular statement of .............. 1 9 7

Recess of the Senate. The President may grant commissions, which shall expire at the end of the next session, 

to fill vacancies that may happen during the .................... 2 2 3

Reconsideration of a bill returned by the President with his 

objections. Proceedings to be had upon the ........................ 1 7 2

Records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. Full 

faith and credit shall be given in each State to the acts .. 4 1 ..........

Congress shall prescribe the manner of proving such 

acts, records, and proceedings ...................................... 4 1 ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 67

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Redress of grievances. Congress shall make no law abridging the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to 

petition for the. [Amendments] ........................................... 1 .......... ..........

Regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

The time, places, and manner of holding elections for 

Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed by the 

legislatures of the States, but Congress may at any time 

by law make or alter such ................................................... 1 4 1

Regulations of commerce or revenue. Preference to the 

ports of one State over those of another shall not be 

given by any .......................................................................... 1 9 6

Religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Congress 

shall make no law respecting the establishment of. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 1 .......... ..........

Religious test shall ever be required as a qualification for 

any office or public trust under the United States. No ..... 6 .......... 3

Removal of the President from office. The same shall devolve on the Vice President. In case of the ........................ 2 1 6

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 25 .......... ..........

The Vice President shall succeed to the office of the 

President. In case of the death, resignation, inability, or [Amendments] .................................................... 25 .......... ..........

Representation. No State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate .......................... 5 .......... ..........

Representation and direct taxation, how apportioned among 

the several States ................................................................. 1 2 3

Representation until the first enumeration under the Constitution not to exceed one for every thirty thousand. The 

ratio of ................................................................................... 1 2 3

Representation in any State. The executive thereof shall 

issue writs of election to fill vacancies in the .................... 1 2 4

Representation among the several States shall be according 

to their respective numbers, counting the whole number 

of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. 

The ratio of. [Amendments] ................................................. 14 2 ..........

But where the right to vote in certain Federal and 

State elections is abridged for any cause other than 

rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation 

shall be reduced. [Amendments] .................................. 14 2 ..........

Representatives. Congress shall consist of a Senate and 

House of ................................................................................. 1 1 ..........

Qualifications of electors of members of the House of ... 1 2 1

No person shall be a Representative who shall not 

have attained the age of twenty-five years, been 

seven years a citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant of the State in which he shall be choosen .... 1 2 2

And direct taxes, how apportioned among the several 

States .............................................................................. 1 2 3

Executives of the State shall issue writs of election to 

fill vacancies in the House of ....................................... 1 2 4

Shall choose their Speaker and other officers. The 

House of ......................................................................... 1 2 5

Shall have the sole power to impeachment. The House 

of ..................................................................................... 1 2 5

The times, places, and manner of choosing Representatives shall be prescribed by the legislatures of the 

States .............................................................................. 1 4 1

But Congress may make by law at any time or alter 

such regulations except as to the places of choosing 

Senators ......................................................................... 1 4 1

And Senators shall receive a compensation, to be 

ascertained by law ......................................................... 1 6 1

68 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of 

the peace, be privileged from arrest during attendance at the session of the House, and in going to and 

returning from the same ............................................... 1 6 1

Shall not be questioned in any other place for any 

speech or debate. Members of the House of ................ 1 6 1

No member shall be appointed during his term to any 

civil office which shall have been created, or the 

emoluments of which shall have been increased, during such term ................................................................. 1 6 2

No person holding any office under the United States 

shall, while holding such office, be a member of the 

House of ......................................................................... 1 6 2

All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 

House of ......................................................................... 1 7 1

No Senator or Representative shall be an elector for 

President or Vice President .......................................... 2 1 2

No law, varying the compensation for the services of 

the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, 

until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. [Amendments] .................................................... 27 .......... ..........

Representatives shall be bound by an oath or affirmation to 

support the Constitution of the United States. The Senators and ............................................................................... 6 .......... 3

Representatives among the several States. Provisions relative to the apportionment of. [Amendments] ................... 14 2 ..........

Representatives and Senators. Prescribing certain disqualifications for office as. [Amendments] .................................. 14 3 ..........

But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each 

House, remove such disqualification. [Amendments] 14 3 ..........

Reprieves and pardons except in cases of impeachment. The 

President may grant ............................................................. 2 2 1

Reprisal. Congress shall have power to grant letters of 

marque and ........................................................................... 1 8 11

No State shall grant any letters of marque and ............ 1 10 1

Republican form of government. The United States shall 

guarantee to every State in this Union a ........................... 4 4 ..........

And shall protect each of them against invasion; and 

on the application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), 

against domestic violence ............................................. 4 4 ..........

Reserved rights of the States and the people. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. [Amendments] ................................................................ 9 .......... ..........

The powers not delegated to the United States by the 

Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are 

reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 10 .......... ..........

Resignation of the President. The duties and powers of his 

office shall devolve on the Vice President. In case of the 

death ...................................................................................... 2 1 6

Congress may by law provide for the case of the removal, death .................................................................. 2 1 6

The Vice President shall succeed to the office of the 

President. In case of the death, removal, inability, or 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 25 .......... ..........

Resolution, or vote (except on a question of adjournment) 

requiring the concurrence of the two Houses shall, before 

it becomes a law, be presented to the President. Every 

order ...................................................................................... 1 7 3

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 69

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives. 

All bills for raising ................................................................ 1 7 1

Revenue. Preference shall not be given to the ports of one 

State over those of another by any regulations of commerce or ................................................................................. 1 9 6

Rhode Island entitled to one Representative in the first 

Congress ................................................................................ 1 2 3

Right of petition. Congress shall make no law abridging the 

right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition 

for the redress of grievances. [Amendments] ..................... 1 .......... ..........

Right to keep and bear arms. A well-regulated militia being 

necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the 

people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 2 .......... ..........

Rights in the Constitution shall not be construed to deny 

or disparage others retained by the people. The enumeration of certain. [Amendments] ............................................. 9 .......... ..........

Rights not delegated to the United States nor prohibited to 

the States are reserved to the States or to the people. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 10 .......... ..........

Rules of its proceedings. Each House may determine the .... 1 5 2

Rules and regulations respecting the territory or other 

property of the United States. Congress shall dispose of 

and make all needful ............................................................ 4 3 2

Rules of the common law. All suits involving over twenty 

dollars shall be tried by jury according to the. [Amendments] .................................................................................... 7 .......... ..........

No fact tried by a jury shall be re-examined except according to the. [Amendments] ...................................... 7 .......... ..........

S 

Science and the useful arts by securing to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their writings and discoveries. Congress shall have power to promote the progress 

of ............................................................................................ 1 8 8

Searches and seizures shall not be violated. The right of 

the people to be secure against unreasonable. [Amendments] .................................................................................... 4 .......... ..........

And no warrants shall be issued but upon probable 

cause, on oath or affirmation, describing the place to 

be searched and the persons or things to be seized. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 4 .......... ..........

Seat of Government. Congress shall exercise exclusive legislation in all cases over such district as may become the .. 1 8 17

Securities and current coin of the United States. Congress 

shall provide for punishing the counterfeiting of the ........ 1 8 6

Security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and 

bear arms shall not be infringed. A well-regulated milita 

being necessary to the. [Amendments] ............................... 2 .......... ..........

Senate and House of Representatives. The Congress of the 

United States shall consist of a ........................................... 1 1 ..........

Senate of the United States. The Senate shall be composed 

of two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature for six years .................................................................. 1 3 1

The Senate shall be composed of two Senators from 

each State, elected by the people thereof, for six 

years. [Amendments] .................................................... 17 1 ..........

Qualifications of electors of Senators. [Amendments] ... 17 1 ..........

70 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

If vacancies happen during the recess of the legislature 

of a State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the 

legislature ...................................................................... 1 3 2

When vacancies happen the exective authority of the 

State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies; provided, that the legislature of any State may 

empower the executive thereof to make temporary 

appointment until the people fill the vacancies by 

election as the legislature may direct. [Amendments] 17 2 ..........

The Vice President shall be President of the Senate, 

but shall have no vote unless the Senate be equally 

divided ............................................................................ 1 3 4

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a 

President pro tempore in the absence of the Vice 

President or when he shall exercise the office of 

President ........................................................................ 1 3 5

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they 

shall be on oath or affirmation ..................................... 1 3 6

When the President of the United States is tried the 

Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be 

convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of 

the members present ..................................................... 1 3 6

It shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and 

qualifications of its own members ............................... 1 5 1

A majority shall constitute a quorum to do business, 

but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, 

and may be authorized to compel the attendance of 

absent members ............................................................. 1 5 1

It may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish a 

member for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds expel a member ....................... 1 5 2

It shall keep a journal of its proceedings and from time 

to time publish the same, except such parts as may 

in their judgment require secrecy ................................ 1 5 3

It shall not adjourn for more than three days during a 

session without the consent of the other House ......... 1 5 4

It may propose amendments to bills for raising revenue, but such bills shall originate in the House of 

Representatives ............................................................. 1 7 1

The Senate shall advise and consent to the ratification 

of all treaties, provided two-thirds of the members 

present concur ............................................................... 2 2 2

It shall advise and consent to the appointment of ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges 

of the Supreme Court, and all other officers not 

herein otherwise provided for ....................................... 2 2 2

It may be convened by the President on extraordinary 

occasions ......................................................................... 2 3 1

No State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its 

equal suffrage in the Senate ........................................ 5 .......... ..........

Senators. They shall, immediately after assembling, under 

their first election, be divided into three classes, so that 

the seats of one-third shall become vacant at the expiration of every second year ..................................................... 1 3 2

No person shall be a Senator who shall not be thirty 

years of age, nine years a citizen of the United 

States, and an inhabitant when elected of the State 

for which he shall be choosen ....................................... 1 3 3

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 71

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

The times, places, and manner of choosing Senators 

may be fixed by the legislature of a State, but Congress may by law make or alter such regulations, except as the places of choosing ....................................... 1 4 1

If vacancies happen during the recess of the legislature 

of a State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the 

legislature ...................................................................... 1 3 2

If vacancies happen the executive authority of the 

State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies; provided, that the legislature of any State may 

empower the executive thereof to make temporary 

appointment until the people fill the vacancies by 

election as the legislature may direct. [Amendments] 17 2 ..........

They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and 

breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during 

their attendance at the session of the Senate and in 

going to and returning from the same ......................... 1 6 1

Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation to be ascertained by law .............................. 1 6 1

Senators and Representatives shall not be questioned 

for any speech or debate in either House in any 

other place ...................................................................... 1 6 1

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time 

for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil 

office under the United States which shall have been 

created, or of which the emoluments shall have been 

increased during such term .......................................... 1 6 2

No person holding any office under the United States 

shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office ........................................................... 1 6 2

No Senator or Representative or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States shall 

be an elector for President and Vice President ........... 2 1 2

Senators and Representatives shall be bound by an 

oath or affirmation to support the Constitution ......... 6 .......... 3

No person shall be a Senator or Representative who, 

having, as a Federal or State officer, taken an oath 

to support the Constitution, afterward engaged in rebellion against the United States. [Amendments] ...... 14 3 ..........

But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each 

House, remove such disability. [Amendments] ........... 14 3 ..........

No law, varying the compensation for the services of 

the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, 

until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. [Amendments] .................................................... 27 .......... ..........

Service or labor in one State, escaping into another State, 

shall be delivered up to the party to whom such service 

or labor may be due. Fugitives from ................................... 4 2 3

Servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the 

party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist in the 

United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Neither slavery nor involuntary. [Amendments] ............... 13 1 ..........

Servitude. The right of citizens of the United States to vote 

shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or 

by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of. [Amendments] .......................................................... 15 1 ..........

Sex. Right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or 

abridged by the United States or any State on account 

of. [Amendments] .................................................................. 19 .......... ..........

72 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Ships of war in time of peace, without the consent of Congress. No State shall keep troops or ................................... 1 10 3

Silver coin a tender in payment of debts. No State shall 

make anything but gold and ................................................ 1 10 1

Slave. Neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any. [Amendments] ............................................ 14 4 ..........

Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment 

for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist in the United States, or any places 

subject to their jurisdiction. Neither. [Amendments] ........ 13 1 ..........

Soldiers shall not be quartered, in time of peace, in any 

house without the consent of the owner. [Amendments] .. 3 .......... ..........

South Carolina entitled to five Representatives in the first 

Congress ................................................................................ 1 2 3

Speaker and other officers. The House of Representatives 

shall choose their .................................................................. 1 2 5

Speaker of the House of Representatives. President to transmit his declaration of inability to discharge the powers 

and duties of his office to [Amendments] ........................... 25 3 ..........

Vice President and a majority of the principal officers 

of the executive departments to transmit their declaration of the President’s inability to discharge the 

powers and duties of his office to [Amendments] ....... 25 4 ..........

Speech or of the press. Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of. [Amendments] ...................................... 1 .......... ..........

Speedy and public trial by a jury. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have a. [Amendments] .................. 6 .......... ..........

Standard of weights and measures. Congress shall fix the .. 1 8 5 

State of the Union. The President shall, from time to time, 

give Congress information of the ........................................ 2 3 ..........

State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers of 

the United States, shall take an oath to support the Constitution. All members of the several .................................. 6 .......... 3

States. When vacancies happen in the representation from 

any State, the executive authority shall issue writs of 

election to fill such vacancies .............................................. 1 2 4

When vacancies happen in the representation of any 

State in the Senate, the executive authority shall 

issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 17 2 ..........

Congress shall have power to regulate commerce 

among the several ......................................................... 1 8 3

No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ....................................................................... 1 10 1

Shall not grant letters of marque and reprisal .............. 1 10 1

Shall not coin money ........................................................ 1 10 1

Shall not emit bills of credit ............................................ 1 10 1

Shall not make anything but gold and silver coin a 

tender in payment of debts ........................................... 1 10 1

Shall not pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, 

or law impairing the obligation of contracts ............... 1 10 1

Shall not grant any title of nobility ................................. 1 10 1

Shall not, without the consent of Congress, lay any duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ...... 1 10 2

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 73

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Shall not, without the consent of Congress, lay any 

duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time 

of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with 

another State or with a foreign power, or engage in 

war unless actually invaded or in such imminent 

danger as will not admit of delay ................................ 1 10 3

Full faith and credit in every other State shall be 

given to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of each State ................................................... 4 1 ..........

Congress shall prescribe the manner of providing such 

acts, records, and proceedings ...................................... 4 1 ..........

Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges 

and immunities of citizens in the several States ........ 4 2 1

New States may be admitted by Congress into this 

Union .............................................................................. 4 3 1

But no new State shall be formed or erected within the 

jurisdiction of another State ......................................... 4 3 1

Nor any State formed by the junction of two or more 

States or parts of States, without the consent of the 

legislatures as well as of Congress .............................. 4 3 1

No State shall be deprived, without its consent, of its 

equal suffrage in the Senate ........................................ 5 .......... ..........

Three-fourths of the legislatures of the States, or conventions of three-fourths of the States, as Congress 

shall prescribe, may ratify amendments to the Constitution .......................................................................... 5 .......... ..........

The United States shall guarantee a republican form 

of government to every State in the Union ................. 4 4 ..........

They shall protect each State against invasion .............. 4 4 ..........

And on application of the legislature, or the executive 

(when the legislature cannot be convened), against 

domestic violence ........................................................... 4 4 ..........

The ratification by nine States shall be sufficient to establish the Constitution between the States so ratifying the same .................................................................. 7 .......... ..........

When the choice of President shall devolve on the 

House of Representatives, the vote shall be taken by 

States. [Amendments] ................................................... 12 .......... ..........

But in choosing the President the vote shall be taken 

by States, the representation from each State having 

one vote. [Amendments] ............................................... 12 .......... ..........

A quorum for choice of President shall consist of a 

member or members from two-thirds of the States, 

and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to 

a choice. [Amendments] ................................................ 12 .......... ..........

States or the people. Powers not delegated to the United 

States, nor prohibited to the States, are reserved to the. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 10 .......... ..........

Succession to the offices of the President and Vice President. [Amendments] ............................................................. 25 .......... ..........

Suffrage in the Senate. No State shall be deprived without 

its consent of its equal ......................................................... 5 .......... ..........

No denial of right to vote on account of sex. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 19 .......... ..........

Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall 

exceed $20, shall be tried by jury. [Amendments] ............. 7 .......... ..........

In law or equity against one of the States, by citizens 

of another State, or by citizens of a foreign State. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not extend to. [Amendments] .................................................. 11 .......... ..........

Suppress insurrections and repel invasions. Congress shall 

provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws ... 1 8 15

74 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Suppression of insurrection or rebellion shall not be questioned. The public debt, including the debt for pensions 

and bounties, incurred in the. [Amendments] ................... 14 4 ..........

Supreme Court. Congress shall have power to constitute 

tribunals inferior to the ....................................................... 1 8 9

And such inferior courts as Congress may establish. 

The judicial power of the United States shall be 

vested in one .................................................................. 3 1 ..........

The judges of the Supreme Court and inferior courts 

shall hold their offices during good behavior .............. 3 1 ..........

The compensation of the judges shall not be diminished during their continuance in office ...................... 3 1 ..........

Shall have original jurisdiction. In all cases affecting 

ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, 

and in which a State may be a party, the ................... 3 2 2

Shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and 

the fact, with such exceptions and regulations as 

Congress may make. The .............................................. 3 2 2

Supreme law of the land. This Constitution, the laws made 

in pursuance thereof, and the treaties of the United 

States, shall be the ............................................................... 6 .......... 2

The judges in every State shall be bound thereby ......... 6 .......... 2

T 

Tax shall be laid unless in proportion to the census or enumeration. No capitation or other direct .............................. 1 9 4

Tax on incomes authorized without apportionment among 

the several States, and without regard to any census or 

enumeration. [Amendments] ............................................... 16 .......... ..........

Tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any 

State. No ................................................................................ 1 9 5

Tax. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 

not be denied or abridged by the United States or any 

State by reason of failure to pay. [Amendments] .............. 24 1 ..........

Taxes (direct) and Representatives, how apportioned among 

the several States ................................................................. 1 2 3

Taxes, duties, imposts, and excises. Congress shall have 

power to lay ........................................................................... 1 8 1

They shall be uniform throughout the United States .... 1 8 1

Temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature. If vacancies happen in the Senate in the recess 

of the legislature of a State, the executive of the State 

shall make ............................................................................. 1 3 2

Tender in payment of debts. No State shall make anything 

but gold and silver coin a ..................................................... 1 10 1

Terms of four years. The President and Vice President 

shall hold their offices for the ............................................. 2 1 1

Term of office. President, not more than twice. [Amendments] .................................................................................... 22 .......... ..........

Term for which he is elected. No Senator or Representative 

shall be appointed to any office under the United States 

which shall have been created or its emoluments increased during the ................................................................ 1 6 2

Territory or other property of the United States. Congress 

shall dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the .............................................................. 4 3 2

Test as a qualification for any office or public trust shall 

ever be required. No religious ............................................. 6 .......... 3

Testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on 

confession in open court. No person shall be convicted of 

treason except on the ........................................................... 3 3 1

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 75

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Three-fourths of the legislatures of the States, or conventions in three-fourths of the States, as Congress shall 

prescribe, may ratify amendments to the Constitution .... 5 .......... ..........

Tie. The Vice President shall have no vote unless the Senate be equally divided .......................................................... 1 3 4

Times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators 

and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by 

the legislature thereof .......................................................... 1 4 1

But Congress may at any time by law make or alter 

such regulations, except as to the places of choosing 

Senators ......................................................................... 1 4 1

Title of nobility. The United States shall not grant any ....... 1 9 8

No State shall grant any .................................................. 1 10 1

Title of any kind, from any king, prince, or foreign State, 

without the consent of Congress. No person holding any 

office under the United States shall accept of any ............ 1 9 8

Tonnage without the consent of Congress. No State shall 

lay any duty of ...................................................................... 1 10 3

Tranquility, provide for the common defense, &c. To insure 

domestic. [Preamble] ............................................................ .......... .......... ..........

Treason shall consist only in levying war against the 

United States, or in adhering to their enemies, giving 

them aid and comfort ........................................................... 3 3 1

No person shall, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 

open court, be convicted of ............................................ 3 3 1

Congress shall have power to declare the punishment 

of ..................................................................................... 3 3 2

Shall not work corruption of blood. Attainder of ............ 3 3 2

Shall not work forfeiture, except during the life of the 

person attainted. Attainder of ...................................... 3 3 2

Treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

The President, Vice President, and all civil officers shall 

be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of ..................................................................................... 2 4 1

Treason, felony, and breach of the peace. Senators and Representatives shall be privileged from arrest while attending or while going to or returning from the sessions of 

Congress, except in cases of ................................................. 1 6 1

Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by 

law. No money shall be drawn from the ............................. 1 9 7

Treaties. The President shall have power, with the advice 

and consent of the Senate, provided two-thirds of the 

Senators present concur, to make ....................................... 2 2 2

The judicial power shall extend to all cases arising 

under the Constitution, laws, and ............................... 3 2 1

They shall be the supreme law of the land, and the 

judges in every State shall be bound thereby ............. 6 .......... 2

Treaty, alliance, or confederation. No State shall enter into 

any ......................................................................................... 1 10 1

Trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further 

than to removal from, and disqualification for, office; but 

the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment .................................................................. 1 3 7

Trial by jury. All crimes, except in cases of impeachment, 

shall be tried by jury ............................................................ 3 2 3

Such trial shall be held in the State within which the 

crime shall have been committed ................................. 3 2 3

But when not committed within a State, the trial shall 

be at such a place as Congress may by law have directed .............................................................................. 3 2 3

76 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have a 

speedy and public. [Amendments] ............................... 6 .......... ..........

Suits at common law, when the amount exceeds $20, 

shall be by. [Amendments] ........................................... 7 .......... ..........

Tribunals, inferior to the Supreme Court. Congress shall 

have power to constitute ...................................................... 1 8 9

Troops or ships of war in time of peace without the consent 

of Congress. No State shall keep ......................................... 1 10 3

Trust or profit under the United States, shall be an elector 

for President and Vice President. No Senator, Representative, or person holding any office of .................................. 2 1 2

Two-thirds of the members present. No person shall be 

convicted on an impeachment without the concurrence of 1 3 6

Two-thirds, may expel a member. Each House, with the 

concurrence of ....................................................................... 1 5 2

Two-thirds. A bill returned by the President with his objections, may be repassed by each House by a vote of ........... 1 7 2

Two-thirds of the Senators present concur. The President 

shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of 

the Senate, to make treaties, provided ............................... 2 2 2

Two-thirds of the legislatures of the several States. Congress shall call a convention for proposing amendments 

to the Constitution on the application of ............................ 5 .......... ..........

Two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary. Congress shall propose amendments to the Constitution 

whenever ............................................................................... 5 .......... ..........

Two-thirds of the States. When the choice of a President 

shall devolve on the House of Representatives, a quorum 

shall consist of a member or members from. [Amendments] .................................................................................... 12 .......... ..........

Two-thirds of the whole number of Senators. A quorum of 

the Senate, when choosing a Vice President, shall consist 

of. [Amendments] .................................................................. 12 .......... ..........

Two-thirds may remove the disabilities imposed by the 

third section of the fourteenth amendment. Congress, by 

a vote of. [Amendments] ...................................................... 14 3 ..........

Two years. Appropriations for raising and supporting armies shall not be for a longer term than ............................ 1 8 12 

U 

Union. To establish a more perfect. [Preamble] .................... .......... .......... ..........

The President shall, from time to time, give to Congress information of the state of the ............................ 2 3 1

New States may be admitted by Congress into this ...... 4 3 1

But no new States shall be formed or erected within 

the jurisdiction of another ............................................ 4 3 1

Unreasonable searches and seizures. The people shall be 

secured in their persons, houses, papers, and effects 

against. [Amendments] ........................................................ 4 .......... ..........

And no warrants shall be issued but upon probable 

cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the 

persons or things to be seized. [Amendments] ............ 4 .......... ..........

Unusual punishments inflicted. Excessive bail shall not be 

required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 8 .......... ..........

Use without just compensation. Private property shall not 

be taken for public. [Amendments] ..................................... 5 .......... ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 77

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

Useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and 

inventors the exclusive right to their writings and inventions. Congress shall have power to promote the progress 

of science and the ................................................................. 1 8 8 

V 

Vacancies happening in the representation of a State. The 

executive thereof shall issue writs of election to fill .......... 1 2 4

Vacancies happening in the representation of a State in the 

Senate. The executive thereof shall issue writs of election 

to fill. [Amendments] ............................................................ 17 2 ..........

Vacancies happening in the Senate in the recess of the legislature of a State. How filled ............................................. 1 3 2

Vacancies that happen during the recess of the Senate, by 

granting commissions which shall expire at the end of 

the next session. The President shall have power to fill ... 2 2 3

Validity of the public debt incurred in suppressing insurrection against the United States, including debt for pensions and bounties, shall not be questioned. [Amendments] .................................................................................... 14 4 ..........

Vessels bound to or from the ports of one State, shall not be 

obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another State ...... 1 9 6

Veto of a bill by the President. Proceedings of the two 

Houses upon the ................................................................... 1 7 2

Vice President of the United States shall be President of 

the Senate ............................................................................. 1 3 4

He shall have no vote unless the Senate be equally divided ............................................................................... 1 3 4

The Senate shall choose a President pro tempore in the 

absence of the ................................................................ 1 3 5

He shall be chosen for the term of four years ................ 2 1 1

The number and the manner of appointing electors for 

President and ................................................................. 2 1 2

In case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability 

of the President, the powers and duties of his office 

shall devolve on the ....................................................... 2 1 6

[Amendments] ................................................................ 25 .......... ..........

Congress may provide by law for the case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability both of the 

President and ................................................................. 2 1 6

[Amendments] ................................................................ 25 .......... ..........

On impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, 

and other high crimes and misdemeanors, shall be 

removed from office. The .............................................. 2 4 ..........

Vice President. The manner of choosing the. The electors 

shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot 

for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, 

shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. [Amendments] ........................................................... 12 .......... ..........

Additionial provision for succession through act of Congress. [Amendments] ..................................................... 20 4 ..........

Nomination by President in case of vacancy in office. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 25 2 ..........

Term of office, beginning and ending. [Amendments] ... 20 1 ..........

The electors shall name, in distinct ballots, the person 

voted for as Vice President. [Amendments] ................ 12 .......... ..........

They shall make distinct lists of the persons voted for 

as Vice President, which lists they shall sign and 

certify, and send sealed to the seat of Government, 

directed to the President of the Senate. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 12 .......... ..........

78 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of 

the Senate and House of Representatives, open all 

the certificates, and the votes shall be then counted. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 12 .......... ..........

The person having the greatest number of votes shall 

be Vice President, if such number be a majority of 

the whole number of electors. [Amendments] ............. 12 .......... ..........

If no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the 

Vice President. [Amendments] ..................................... 12 .......... ..........

A quorum for this purpose shall consist of two-thirds of 

the whole number of Senators; and a majority of the 

whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 12 .......... ..........

But if the House shall make no choice of a President 

before the 4th of March next following, then the Vice 

President shall act as President, as in the case of the 

death or other constitutional disability of the President. [Amendments] ...................................................... 12 .......... ..........

No person constitutionally ineligible as President shall 

be eligible as. [Amendments] ....................................... 12 .......... ..........

In case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability 

of the President, the powers and duties of his office 

shall succeed to [Amendments] .................................... 25 .......... ..........

Nomination by President of successor in event of vacancy in office of [Amendments] .................................. 25 2 ..........

Violence. The United States shall guarantee to every State 

a republican form of government, and shall protect each 

State against invasion and domestic .................................. 4 4 ..........

Virginia entitled to ten Representatives in the first Congress ....................................................................................... 1 2 3

Vote. Each Senator shall have one ......................................... 1 3 1

The Vice President, unless the Senate be equally divided, shall have no ...................................................... 1 3 4

Requiring the concurrence of the two Houses (except 

upon a question of adjournment) shall be presented 

to the President. Every order, resolution, or .............. 1 7 3

Shall not be denied or abridged by the United States 

or by any State on account of race, color, or previous 

condition of servitude. The right of citizens of the 

United States to. [Amendments] .................................. 15 1 ..........

Right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged 

by the United States or any State on account of sex. 

[Amendments] ................................................................ 19 .......... ..........

Shall not be denied or abridged by the United States 

or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax 

or other tax. The right of citizens of the United 

States to. [Amendments] .............................................. 24 1 ..........

Right of citizens who are eighteen years of age or older 

to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United 

States or any State, on account of age. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 26 1 ..........

Vote of two-thirds. Each House may expel a member by a .. 1 5 2

A bill vetoed by the President may be repassed in each 

House by a ..................................................................... 1 7 2

No person shall be convicted on an impeachment except by a ......................................................................... 1 3 6

Whenever both Houses shall deem it necessary, Congress may propose amendments to the Constitution 

by a ................................................................................. 5 .......... ..........

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 79

INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS—

Continued

Article 1 Section Clause 

The President may make treaties with the advice and 

consent of the Senate, by a ........................................... 2 2 2

Disabilities incurred by participation in insurrection or 

rebellion, may be relieved by Congress by a. [Amendments] ............................................................................. 14 3

W 

War, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 

concerning captures on land and water. Congress shall 

have power to declare ........................................................... 1 8 11

For governing the land and naval forces. Congress 

shall have power to make rules and articles of .......... 1 8 14

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, unless 

actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 

not admit of delay, engage in ....................................... 1 10 3

War against the United States, adhering to their enemies, 

and giving them aid and comfort. Treason shall consist 

only in levying ...................................................................... 3 3 1

Warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, on oath or 

affirmation, describing the place to be searched, and the 

person or things to be seized. No. [Amendments] ............. 4 ..........

Weights and measures. Congress shall fix the standard of .. 1 8 5

Welfare and to secure the blessings of liberty, &c. To promote the general. [Preamble] .............................................. .......... .......... ..........

Welfare. Congress shall have power to provide for the common defense and general ..................................................... 1 8 1

Witness against himself. No person shall, in a criminal 

case, be compelled to be a. [Amendments] ......................... 5 .......... ..........

Witnesses against him. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall be confronted with the. [Amendments] ........... 6 .......... ..........

Witnesses in his favor. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have compulsory process for obtaining. 

[Amendments] ....................................................................... 6 .......... ..........

Witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open 

court. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on 

the testimony of two ............................................................. 3 3 1

Writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless in case 

of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it .. 1 9 2

Writs of election to fill vacancies in the representation of 

any State. The executives of the State shall issue ............ 1 2 4

Written opinion of the principal officer in each of the Executive Departments on any subject relating to the duties 

of his office. The President may require the ...................... 2 2 1

Y 

Yeas and nays of the members of either House shall, at the 

desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the 

journals .................................................................................. 1 5 3

The votes of both Houses upon the reconsideration of a 

bill returned by the President with his objections 

shall be determined by .................................................. 1 7 2

Æ