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[Congressional Bills 118th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 3961 Introduced in Senate (IS)]

<DOC>

118th CONGRESS
  2d Session
                                S. 3961

 To amend the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 to reform 
 certain authorities and to provide greater transparency and oversight.

_______________________________________________________________________

                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                             March 14, 2024

 Mr. Durbin (for himself, Mr. Lee, Ms. Hirono, Mr. Daines, Mr. Wyden, 
  Ms. Lummis, Ms. Baldwin, Mr. Heinrich, Ms. Warren, Mr. Markey, Mr. 
  Tester, Mr. Sanders, and Mr. Welch) introduced the following bill; 
  which was read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 
 To amend the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 to reform 
 certain authorities and to provide greater transparency and oversight.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Security And 
Freedom Enhancement Act of 2024'' or the ``SAFE Act''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
TITLE I--PROTECTIONS FOR UNITED STATES PERSONS WHOSE COMMUNICATIONS ARE 
 COLLECTED UNDER SECTION 702 OF THE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE 
                              ACT OF 1978

Sec. 101. Query procedure reform.
Sec. 102. Quarterly reports.
Sec. 103. Accountability procedures for incidents relating to queries 
                            conducted by the Federal Bureau of 
                            Investigation.
Sec. 104. Prohibition on reverse targeting of United States persons and 
                            persons located in the United States.
Sec. 105. FISA court review of targeting decisions.
Sec. 106. Repeal of authority for the resumption of abouts collection.
Sec. 107. Extension of title VII of FISA; expiration of FISA 
                            authorities; effective dates.
 TITLE II--ADDITIONAL REFORMS RELATING TO ACTIVITIES UNDER THE FOREIGN 
                 INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT OF 1978

Sec. 201. Application for an order under the Foreign Intelligence 
                            Surveillance Act of 1978.
Sec. 202. Criminal penalties for violations of FISA.
Sec. 203. Increased penalties for civil actions.
Sec. 204. Agency procedures to ensure compliance.
Sec. 205. Limit on civil immunity for providing information, 
                            facilities, or technical assistance to the 
                            Government absent a court order.
     TITLE III--REFORMS RELATING TO PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE FOREIGN 
            INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE COURT AND OTHER COURTS

Sec. 301. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court reform.
Sec. 302. Public disclosure and declassification of certain documents.
Sec. 303. Submission of court transcripts to Congress.
Sec. 304. Contempt power of FISC and FISCR.
            TITLE IV--INDEPENDENT EXECUTIVE BRANCH OVERSIGHT

Sec. 401. Periodic audit of FISA compliance by Inspector General.
Sec. 402. Intelligence community parity and communications with Privacy 
                            and Civil Liberties Oversight Board.
    TITLE V--PROTECTIONS FOR UNITED STATES PERSONS WHOSE SENSITIVE 
 INFORMATION IS PURCHASED BY INTELLIGENCE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

Sec. 501. Limitation on intelligence acquisition of United States 
                            person data.
Sec. 502. Limitation on law enforcement purchase of personal data from 
                            data brokers.
Sec. 503. Consistent protections for demands for data held by 
                            interactive computing services.
Sec. 504. Consistent privacy protections for data held by data brokers.
Sec. 505. Protection of data entrusted to intermediary or ancillary 
                            service providers.
                         TITLE VI--TRANSPARENCY

Sec. 601. Enhanced reports by Director of National Intelligence.
              TITLE VII--LIMITED DELAYS IN IMPLEMENTATION

Sec. 701. Limited delays in implementation.

TITLE I--PROTECTIONS FOR UNITED STATES PERSONS WHOSE COMMUNICATIONS ARE 
 COLLECTED UNDER SECTION 702 OF THE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE 
                              ACT OF 1978

SEC. 101. QUERY PROCEDURE REFORM.

    (a) Mandatory Audits of United States Person Queries Conducted by 
Federal Bureau of Investigation.--
            (1) In general.--The Department of Justice shall conduct an 
        audit of a significant representative sample of covered 
        queries, as defined in paragraph (6) of section 702(f) of the 
        Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 
        1881a(f)), as redesignated and amended by subsection (b) of 
        this section, conducted during the 180-day period beginning on 
        the date of enactment of this Act, and during each 180-day 
        period thereafter.
            (2) Completion of audit.--Not later than 90 days after the 
        end of each 180-day period described in paragraph (1), the 
        Department of Justice shall complete the audit described in 
        such paragraph with respect to such 180-day period.
    (b) Restrictions Relating to Conduct of Certain Queries by Federal 
Bureau of Investigation.--Section 702(f) of the Foreign Intelligence 
Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1881a(f)) is amended--
            (1) by redesignating paragraph (3) as paragraph (6);
            (2) by inserting before paragraph (6) the following:
            ``(5) Querying procedures applicable to federal bureau of 
        investigation.--For any procedures adopted under paragraph (1) 
        applicable to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Attorney 
        General, in consultation with the Director of National 
        Intelligence, shall include the following requirements:
                    ``(A) Training.--A requirement that, prior to 
                conducting any query, and on an annual basis thereafter 
                as a prerequisite for continuing to conduct queries, 
                personnel of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 
                successfully complete training on the querying 
                procedures.
                    ``(B) Additional prior approvals for sensitive 
                queries.--A requirement that, absent exigent 
                circumstances, prior to conducting certain queries, 
                personnel of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 
                receive approval, at minimum, as follows:
                            ``(i) Approval from the Deputy Director of 
                        the Federal Bureau of Investigation if the 
                        query uses a query term reasonably believed to 
                        identify a United States elected official, an 
                        appointee of the President or the governor of a 
                        State, a United States political candidate, a 
                        United States political organization or a 
                        United States person prominent in such 
                        organization, or a United States media 
                        organization or a United States person who is a 
                        member of such organization.
                            ``(ii) Approval from an attorney of the 
                        Federal Bureau of Investigation if the query 
                        uses a query term reasonably believed to 
                        identify a United States religious organization 
                        or a United States person who is prominent in 
                        such organization.
                            ``(iii) Approval from an attorney of the 
                        Federal Bureau of Investigation for 2 or more 
                        queries conducted together as a batch job.
                    ``(C) Prior written justification.--A requirement 
                that--
                            ``(i) prior to conducting a covered query, 
                        personnel of the Federal Bureau of 
                        Investigation generate a written statement of 
                        the specific factual basis to support the 
                        reasonable belief that such query meets the 
                        standards required by the procedures adopted 
                        under paragraph (1); and
                            ``(ii) for each covered query, the Federal 
                        Bureau of Investigation shall keep a record of 
                        the query term, the date of the conduct of the 
                        query, the identifier of the personnel 
                        conducting the query, and such written 
                        statement.
                    ``(D) Affirmative election to include section 702 
                information in queries.--Any system of the Federal 
                Bureau of Investigation that stores unminimized 
                contents or noncontents obtained through acquisitions 
                authorized under subsection (a) together with contents 
                or noncontents obtained through other lawful means 
                shall be configured in a manner that--
                            ``(i) requires personnel of the Federal 
                        Bureau of Investigation to affirmatively elect 
                        to include such unminimized contents or 
                        noncontents obtained through acquisitions 
                        authorized under subsection (a) when running a 
                        query; or
                            ``(ii) includes other controls reasonably 
                        expected to prevent inadvertent queries of such 
                        unminimized contents or noncontents.''; and
            (3) in paragraph (6), as so redesignated--
                    (A) by redesignating subparagraph (B) as 
                subparagraph (C); and
                    (B) by inserting after subparagraph (A) the 
                following:
                    ``(B) The term `covered query' means a query 
                conducted--
                            ``(i) using a term associated with a United 
                        States person or a person reasonably believed 
                        to be located in the United States at the time 
                        of the query or the time of the communication 
                        or creation of the information; or
                            ``(ii) for the purpose of finding the 
                        information of a United States person or a 
                        person reasonably believed to be located in the 
                        United States at the time of the query or the 
                        time of the communication or creation of the 
                        information.''.
    (c) Prohibition on Warrantless Access to the Communications and 
Other Information of United States Persons and Persons Located in the 
United States.--Section 702(f) of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance 
Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1881a(f)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1)(A) by inserting ``and the limitations 
        and requirements in paragraph (2)'' after ``Constitution of the 
        United States'';
            (2) by striking paragraph (2) and inserting the following:
            ``(2) Prohibition on warrantless access to the 
        communications and other information of united states persons 
        and persons located in the united states.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Except as provided in 
                subparagraphs (B) and (C), no officer or employee of 
                the United States may access communications content, or 
                information the compelled disclosure of which would 
                require a probable cause warrant if sought for law 
                enforcement purposes inside the United States, acquired 
                under subsection (a) and returned in response to a 
                covered query.
                    ``(B) Exceptions for concurrent authorization, 
                consent, emergency situations, and certain defensive 
                cybersecurity queries.--
                            ``(i) In general.--Subparagraph (A) shall 
                        not apply if--
                                    ``(I) the person to whom the query 
                                relates is the subject of an order or 
                                emergency authorization authorizing 
                                electronic surveillance, a physical 
                                search, or an acquisition under this 
                                section or section 105, section 304, 
                                section 703, or section 704 of this Act 
                                or a warrant issued pursuant to the 
                                Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure by 
                                a court of competent jurisdiction;
                                    ``(II)(aa) the officer or employee 
                                accessing the communications content or 
                                information has a reasonable belief 
                                that--
                                            ``(AA) an emergency exists 
                                        involving an imminent threat of 
                                        death or serious bodily harm; 
                                        and
                                            ``(BB) in order to prevent 
                                        or mitigate the threat 
                                        described in subitem (AA), the 
                                        communications content or 
                                        information must be accessed 
                                        before authorization described 
                                        in subclause (I) can, with due 
                                        diligence, be obtained; and
                                    ``(bb) not later than 14 days after 
                                the communications content or 
                                information is accessed, a description 
                                of the circumstances justifying the 
                                accessing of the query results is 
                                provided to the Foreign Intelligence 
                                Surveillance Court, the congressional 
                                intelligence committees, the Committee 
                                on the Judiciary of the House of 
                                Representatives, and the Committee on 
                                the Judiciary of the Senate;
                                    ``(III) such person or, if such 
                                person is incapable of providing 
                                consent, a third party legally 
                                authorized to consent on behalf of such 
                                person, has provided consent for the 
                                access on a case-by-case basis; or
                                    ``(IV)(aa) the communications 
                                content or information is accessed and 
                                used for the sole purpose of 
                                identifying targeted recipients of 
                                malicious software and preventing or 
                                mitigating harm from such malicious 
                                software;
                                    ``(bb) other than malicious 
                                software and cybersecurity threat 
                                signatures, no communications content 
                                or other information are accessed or 
                                reviewed; and
                                    ``(cc) the accessing of query 
                                results is reported to the Foreign 
                                Intelligence Surveillance Court.
                            ``(ii) Limitations.--
                                    ``(I) Use in subsequent 
                                proceedings.--No communications content 
                                or information accessed under clause 
                                (i)(II) or information derived from 
                                such access may be used, received in 
                                evidence, or otherwise disseminated in 
                                any trial, hearing, or other proceeding 
                                in or before any court, grand jury, 
                                department, office, agency, regulatory 
                                body, legislative committee, or other 
                                authority of the United States, a 
                                State, or political subdivision 
                                thereof, except in a proceeding that 
                                arises from the threat that prompted 
                                the query.
                                    ``(II) Assessment of compliance.--
                                Not less frequently than annually, the 
                                Attorney General shall assess 
                                compliance with the requirements under 
                                subclause (I).
                    ``(C) Matters relating to emergency queries.--
                            ``(i) Treatment of denials.--In the event 
                        that communications content or information 
                        returned in response to a covered query are 
                        accessed pursuant to an emergency authorization 
                        described in subparagraph (B)(i)(I) and the 
                        subsequent application to authorize electronic 
                        surveillance, a physical search, or an 
                        acquisition pursuant to section 105(e), section 
                        304(e), section 703(d), or section 704(d) of 
                        this Act is denied, or in any other case in 
                        which communications content or information 
                        returned in response to a covered query are 
                        accessed in violation of this paragraph--
                                    ``(I) no communications content or 
                                information acquired or evidence 
                                derived from such access may be used, 
                                received in evidence, or otherwise 
                                disseminated in any investigation by or 
                                in any trial, hearing, or other 
                                proceeding in or before any court, 
                                grand jury, department, office, agency, 
                                regulatory body, legislative committee, 
                                or other authority of the United 
                                States, a State, or political 
                                subdivision thereof; and
                                    ``(II) no communications content or 
                                information acquired or derived from 
                                such access may subsequently be used or 
                                disclosed in any other manner without 
                                the consent of the person to whom the 
                                covered query relates, except in the 
                                case that the Attorney General approves 
                                the use or disclosure of such 
                                information in order to prevent the 
                                death of or serious bodily harm to any 
                                person.
                            ``(ii) Assessment of compliance.--Not less 
                        frequently than annually, the Attorney General 
                        shall assess compliance with the requirements 
                        under clause (i).
                    ``(D) Foreign intelligence purpose.--
                            ``(i) In general.--Except as provided in 
                        clause (ii) of this subparagraph, no officer or 
                        employee of the United States may conduct a 
                        covered query of information acquired under 
                        subsection (a) unless the query is reasonably 
                        likely to retrieve foreign intelligence 
                        information.
                            ``(ii) Exceptions.--An officer or employee 
                        of the United States may conduct a covered 
                        query of information acquired under this 
                        section if--
                                    ``(I)(aa) the officer or employee 
                                conducting the query has a reasonable 
                                belief that an emergency exists 
                                involving an imminent threat of death 
                                or serious bodily harm; and
                                    ``(bb) not later than 14 days after 
                                the query is conducted, a description 
                                of the query is provided to the Foreign 
                                Intelligence Surveillance Court, the 
                                congressional intelligence committees, 
                                the Committee on the Judiciary of the 
                                House of Representatives, and the 
                                Committee on the Judiciary of the 
                                Senate;
                                    ``(II) the person to whom the query 
                                relates or, if such person is incapable 
                                of providing consent, a third party 
                                legally authorized to consent on behalf 
                                of such person, has provided consent 
                                for the query on a case-by-case basis;
                                    ``(III)(aa) the query is conducted, 
                                and the results of the query are used, 
                                for the sole purpose of identifying 
                                targeted recipients of malicious 
                                software and preventing or mitigating 
                                harm from such malicious software;
                                    ``(bb) other than malicious 
                                software and cybersecurity threat 
                                signatures, no additional contents of 
                                communications acquired as a result of 
                                the query are accessed or reviewed; and
                                    ``(cc) the query is reported to the 
                                Foreign Intelligence Surveillance 
                                Court; or
                                    ``(IV) the query is necessary to 
                                identify information that must be 
                                produced or preserved in connection 
                                with a litigation matter or to fulfill 
                                discovery obligations in a criminal 
                                matter under the laws of the United 
                                States or any State thereof.
            ``(3) Documentation.--No officer or employee of the United 
        States may access communications content, or information the 
        compelled disclosure of which would require a probable cause 
        warrant if sought for law enforcement purposes inside the 
        United States, returned in response to a covered query unless 
        an electronic record is created that includes a statement of 
        facts showing that the access is authorized pursuant to an 
        exception specified in paragraph (2)(B)(i).
            ``(4) Query record system.--The head of each agency that 
        conducts queries shall ensure that a system, mechanism, or 
        business practice is in place to maintain the record described 
        in paragraph (3). Not later than 90 days after the date of 
        enactment of the SAFE Act, the head of each agency that 
        conducts queries shall report to Congress on its compliance 
        with this procedure.''.
    (d) Conforming Amendments.--
            (1) Section 603(b)(2) of the Foreign Intelligence 
        Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1873(b)(2)) is amended, in 
        the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking ``, 
        including pursuant to subsection (f)(2) of such section,''.
            (2) Section 706(a)(2)(A)(i) of the Foreign Intelligence 
        Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1881e(a)(2)(A)(i)) is 
        amended by striking ``obtained an order of the Foreign 
        Intelligence Surveillance Court to access such information 
        pursuant to section 702(f)(2)'' and inserting ``accessed such 
        information in accordance with section 702(b)(2)''.

SEC. 102. QUARTERLY REPORTS.

    Section 707 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 
(50 U.S.C. 1881f) is amended by adding at the end the following:
    ``(c) Quarterly Reports.--The Attorney General, in consultation 
with the Director of National Intelligence, shall submit to the 
congressional intelligence committees, the Committee on the Judiciary 
of the Senate, and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of 
Representatives a quarterly report, which shall include, for that 
quarter, disaggregated by each agency that conducts queries of 
information acquired under section 702, the following information:
            ``(1) The total number of covered queries (as defined in 
        section 702(f)(6)) conducted of information acquired under 
        section 702.
            ``(2) The number of times an officer or employee of the 
        United States accessed communications contents (as defined in 
        section 2510(8) of title 18, United States Code) or information 
        the compelled disclosure of which would require a probable 
        cause warrant if sought for law enforcement purposes in the 
        United States, returned in response to such queries.
            ``(3) The number of applications for orders relating to an 
        emergency authorization described in subclause (I) of section 
        702(f)(2)(B)(i) with respect to a person for which 
        communications contents or information relating to such person 
        were accessed under such subclause and the number of such 
        orders granted.
            ``(4) The number of times an exception subclause (II), 
        (III), or (IV) of section 702(f)(2)(B)(i) was asserted, 
        disaggregated by the subclause under which an exception was 
        asserted.''.

SEC. 103. ACCOUNTABILITY PROCEDURES FOR INCIDENTS RELATING TO QUERIES 
              CONDUCTED BY THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION.

    (a) In General.--Title VII of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance 
Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1881 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end 
the following:

``SEC. 709. ACCOUNTABILITY PROCEDURES FOR INCIDENTS RELATING TO QUERIES 
              CONDUCTED BY THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION.

    ``(a) In General.--The Director of the Federal Bureau of 
Investigation shall establish procedures to hold employees of the 
Federal Bureau of Investigation accountable for violations of law, 
guidance, and procedure governing queries of information acquired 
pursuant to section 702.
    ``(b) Elements.--The procedures established under subsection (a) 
shall include the following:
            ``(1) Centralized tracking of individual employee 
        performance incidents involving negligent violations of law, 
        guidance, and procedure described in subsection (a), over time.
            ``(2) Escalating consequences for such incidents, 
        including--
                    ``(A) consequences for initial incidents, 
                including, at a minimum--
                            ``(i) suspension of access to information 
                        acquired under this Act; and
                            ``(ii) documentation of the incident in the 
                        personnel file of each employee responsible for 
                        the violation; and
                    ``(B) consequences for subsequent incidents, 
                including, at a minimum--
                            ``(i) possible indefinite suspension of 
                        access to information acquired under this Act;
                            ``(ii) reassignment of each employee 
                        responsible for the violation; and
                            ``(iii) referral of the incident to the 
                        Inspection Division of the Federal Bureau of 
                        Investigation for review of potentially 
                        reckless conduct.
            ``(3) Clarification of requirements for referring 
        intentional misconduct and reckless conduct to the Inspection 
        Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation for 
        investigation and disciplinary action by the Office of 
        Professional Responsibility of the Federal Bureau of 
        Investigation.''.
    (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of contents for the Foreign 
Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.) is 
amended by inserting after the item relating to section 708 the 
following:

``Sec. 709. Accountability procedures for incidents relating to queries 
                            conducted by the Federal Bureau of 
                            Investigation.''.
    (c) Report Required.--
            (1) Initial report.--Not later than 180 days after the date 
        of enactment of this Act, the Director of the Federal Bureau of 
        Investigation shall submit to the Committee on the Judiciary of 
        the House of Representatives, the Committee on the Judiciary of 
        the Senate, and the congressional intelligence committees (as 
        such term is defined in section 801 of the Foreign Intelligence 
        Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1885)) a report detailing 
        the procedures established under section 709 of the Foreign 
        Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, as added by subsection 
        (a).
            (2) Annual report.--Not later than 1 year after the date of 
        enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, the Federal 
        Bureau of Investigation shall submit to the Committee on the 
        Judiciary of the House of Representatives, the Committee on the 
        Judiciary of the Senate, and the congressional intelligence 
        committees (as such term is defined in section 801 of the 
        Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1885)) 
        a report on any disciplinary actions taken pursuant to the 
        procedures established under section 709 of the Foreign 
        Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, as added by subsection 
        (a), including a description of the circumstances surrounding 
        each such disciplinary action, and the results of each such 
        disciplinary action.
            (3) Form.--The reports required under paragraphs (1) and 
        (2) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a 
        classified annex to the extent necessary to protect sources and 
        methods.

SEC. 104. PROHIBITION ON REVERSE TARGETING OF UNITED STATES PERSONS AND 
              PERSONS LOCATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

    Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 
(50 U.S.C. 1881a) is amended--
            (1) in subsection (b)(2)--
                    (A) by striking ``may not intentionally'' and 
                inserting the following: ``may not--
                    ``(A) intentionally''; and
                    (B) in subparagraph (A), as designated by 
                subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, by striking ``if 
                the purpose of such acquisition is to target a 
                particular, known person reasonably believed to be in 
                the United States;'' and inserting the following: ``if 
                a significant purpose of such acquisition is to target 
                1 or more United States persons or persons reasonably 
                believed to be located in the United States at the time 
                of acquisition or communication, unless--
                            ``(i)(I) there is a reasonable belief that 
                        an emergency exists involving an imminent 
                        threat of death or serious bodily harm;
                            ``(II) the information is necessary to 
                        mitigate that threat;
                            ``(III) a description of the targeting is 
                        provided to the Foreign Intelligence 
                        Surveillance Court, the congressional 
                        intelligence committees, the Committee on the 
                        Judiciary of the Senate, and the Committee on 
                        the Judiciary of the House of Representatives 
                        in a timely manner; and
                            ``(IV) any information acquired from such 
                        targeting is used, received in evidence, or 
                        otherwise disseminated solely in an 
                        investigation by or in a trial, hearing, or 
                        other proceeding in or before a court, grand 
                        jury, department, office, agency, regulatory 
                        body, legislative committee, or other authority 
                        of the United States, a State, or political 
                        subdivision thereof, that arises from the 
                        threat that prompted the targeting; or
                            ``(ii) the United States person or persons 
                        reasonably believed to be located in the United 
                        States at the time of acquisition or 
                        communication has provided consent to the 
                        targeting, or if such person is incapable of 
                        providing consent, a third party legally 
                        authorized to consent on behalf of such person 
                        has provided consent;'';
            (2) in subsection (d)(1), by amending subparagraph (A) to 
        read as follows:
                    ``(A) ensure that--
                            ``(i) any acquisition authorized under 
                        subsection (a) is limited to targeting persons 
                        reasonably believed to be non-United States 
                        persons located outside the United States; and
                            ``(ii) except as provided in subsection 
                        (b)(2), targeting 1 or more United States 
                        persons or persons reasonably believed to be in 
                        the United States at the time of acquisition or 
                        communication is not a significant purpose of 
                        an acquisition; and'';
            (3) in subsection (h)(2)(A)(i), by amending subclause (I) 
        to read as follows:
                                    ``(I) ensure that--
                                            ``(aa) an acquisition 
                                        authorized under subsection (a) 
                                        is limited to targeting persons 
                                        reasonably believed to be non-
                                        United States persons located 
                                        outside the United States; and
                                            ``(bb) except as provided 
                                        in subsection (b)(2), a 
                                        significant purpose of an 
                                        acquisition is not to target 1 
                                        or more United States persons 
                                        or persons reasonably believed 
                                        to be in the United States at 
                                        the time of acquisition or 
                                        communication; and''; and
            (4) in subsection (j)(2)(B), by amending clause (i) to read 
        as follows:
                            ``(i) ensure that--
                                    ``(I) an acquisition authorized 
                                under subsection (a) is limited to 
                                targeting persons reasonably believed 
                                to be non-United States persons located 
                                outside the United States; and
                                    ``(II) except as provided in 
                                subsection (b)(2), a significant 
                                purpose of an acquisition is not to 
                                target 1 or more United States persons 
                                or persons reasonably believed to be in 
                                the United States at the time of 
                                acquisition or communication; and''.

SEC. 105. FISA COURT REVIEW OF TARGETING DECISIONS.

    Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 
(50 U.S.C. 1881a) is amended--
            (1) in subsection (h)(2)--
                    (A) in subparagraph (D)(ii), by striking ``and'' at 
                the end;
                    (B) in subparagraph (E), by striking the period at 
                the end and inserting ``; and''; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following:
                    ``(F) include a random sample of targeting 
                decisions and supporting written justifications from 
                the prior year, using a sample size and methodology 
                that has been approved by the Foreign Intelligence 
                Surveillance Court.''; and
            (2) in subsection (j)(1)--
                    (A) by striking ``subsection (g)'' each place it 
                appears and inserting ``subsection (h)''; and
                    (B) in subparagraph (A), as amended by subparagraph 
                (A) of this paragraph, by inserting ``, including 
                reviewing the random sample of targeting decisions and 
                written justifications submitted under subsection 
                (h)(2)(F),'' after ``subsection (h)''.

SEC. 106. REPEAL OF AUTHORITY FOR THE RESUMPTION OF ABOUTS COLLECTION.

    (a) In General.--Section 702(b)(5) of the Foreign Intelligence 
Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1881a(b)(5)) is amended by striking 
``, except as provided under section 103(b) of the FISA Amendments 
Reauthorization Act of 2017''.
    (b) Conforming Amendments.--
            (1) Foreign intelligence surveillance act of 1978.--Section 
        702(m) of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 
        U.S.C. 1881a(m)) is amended--
                    (A) in the subsection heading, by striking 
                ``Reviews, and Reporting'' and inserting ``and 
                Reviews''; and
                    (B) by striking paragraph (4).
            (2) FISA amendments reauthorization act of 2017.--Section 
        103 of the FISA Amendments Reauthorization Act of 2017 (Public 
        Law 115-118; 132 Stat. 10) is amended--
                    (A) by striking subsection (b) (50 U.S.C. 1881a 
                note); and
                    (B) by striking ``(a) In General.--''.

SEC. 107. EXTENSION OF TITLE VII OF FISA; EXPIRATION OF FISA 
              AUTHORITIES; EFFECTIVE DATES.

    (a) Effective Dates.--Section 403(b) of the FISA Amendments Act of 
2008 (Public Law 110-261; 122 Stat. 2474) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1) (50 U.S.C. 1881 note)--
                    (A) by striking ``April 19, 2024'' and inserting 
                ``December 31, 2027''; and
                    (B) by striking ``, as amended by section 101(a) 
                and by the FISA Amendments Reauthorization Act of 
                2017,'' and inserting ``, as most recently amended,''; 
                and
            (2) in paragraph (2) (18 U.S.C. 2511 note), in the matter 
        preceding subparagraph (A), by striking ``April 19, 2024'' and 
        inserting ``December 31, 2027''.
    (b) Conforming Amendments.--Section 404(b) of the FISA Amendments 
Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-261; 122 Stat. 2476), is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1)--
                    (A) in the heading, by striking ``April 19, 2024'' 
                and inserting ``December 31, 2027''; and
                    (B) by striking ``, as amended by section 101(a) 
                and by the FISA Amendments Reauthorization Act of 
                2017,'' and inserting ``, as most recently amended,'';
            (2) in paragraph (2), by striking ``, as amended by section 
        101(a) and by the FISA Amendments Reauthorization Act of 
        2017,'' and inserting ``, as most recently amended,''; and
            (3) in paragraph (4)--
                    (A) by striking ``, as added by section 101(a) and 
                amended by the FISA Amendments Reauthorization Act of 
                2017,'' both places it appears and inserting ``, as 
                added by section 101(a) and as most recently 
                amended,''; and
                    (B) by striking ``, as amended by section 101(a) 
                and by the FISA Amendments Reauthorization Act of 
                2017,'' both places it appears and inserting ``, as 
                most recently amended,''.

 TITLE II--ADDITIONAL REFORMS RELATING TO ACTIVITIES UNDER THE FOREIGN 
                 INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT OF 1978

SEC. 201. APPLICATION FOR AN ORDER UNDER THE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE 
              SURVEILLANCE ACT OF 1978.

    (a) Requirement for Sworn Statements for Factual Assertions.--
            (1) Title i.--Subsection (a)(3) of section 104 of the 
        Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1804) 
        is amended by striking ``a statement of'' and inserting ``a 
        sworn statement of''.
            (2) Title iii.--Subsection (a)(3) of section 303 of the 
        Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1823) 
        is amended by striking ``a statement of'' and inserting ``a 
        sworn statement of''.
            (3) Section 703.--Subsection (b)(1)(C) of section 703 of 
        the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 
        1881b) is amended by striking ``a statement of'' and inserting 
        ``a sworn statement of''.
            (4) Section 704.--Subsection (b)(3) of section 704 of the 
        Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1881c) 
        is amended by striking ``a statement of'' and inserting ``a 
        sworn statement of''.
            (5) Applicability.--The amendments made by this subsection 
        shall apply with respect to applications made on or after the 
        date that is 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act.
    (b) Description of Techniques Carried Out Before Application.--
            (1) Title i.--Subsection (a) of section 104 of the Foreign 
        Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1804) is 
        amended--
                    (A) in paragraph (8), by striking ``; and'' and 
                inserting a semicolon;
                    (B) in paragraph (9), by striking the period at the 
                end and inserting a semicolon; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(10) with respect to a target who is a United States 
        person, a statement summarizing the investigative techniques 
        carried out before making the application;''.
            (2) Applicability.--The amendments made by this subsection 
        shall apply with respect to applications made on or after the 
        date that is 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act.
    (c) Requirement for Certain Justification Prior to Extension of 
Orders.--
            (1) Applications for extension of orders under title i.--
        Subsection (a) of section 104 of the Foreign Intelligence 
        Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1804), as amended by this 
        Act, is further amended by adding at the end the following:
            ``(11) in the case of an application for an extension of an 
        order under this title for a surveillance targeted against a 
        United States person, a summary statement of the foreign 
        intelligence information obtained pursuant to the original 
        order (and any preceding extension thereof) as of the date of 
        the application for the extension, or a reasonable explanation 
        of the failure to obtain such information;''.
            (2) Applications for extension of orders under title iii.--
        Subsection (a) of section 303 of the Foreign Intelligence 
        Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1823) is amended--
                    (A) in paragraph (7), by striking ``; and'' and 
                inserting a semicolon;
                    (B) in paragraph (8), by striking the period at the 
                end and inserting a semicolon; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(9) in the case of an application for an extension of an 
        order under this title in which the target of the physical 
        search is a United States person, a summary statement of the 
        foreign intelligence information obtained pursuant to the 
        original order (and any preceding extension thereof) as of the 
        date of the application for the extension, or a reasonable 
        explanation of the failure to obtain such information;''.
            (3) Applicability.--The amendments made by this subsection 
        shall apply with respect to applications made on or after the 
        date that is 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act.
    (d) Requirement for Justification of Underlying Criminal Offense in 
Certain Applications.--
            (1) Title i.--Subsection (a)(3)(A) of section 104 of the 
        Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1804) 
        is amended by inserting before the semicolon at the end the 
        following: ``, and, in the case of a target that is a United 
        States person alleged to be acting as an agent of a foreign 
        power (as described in section 101(b)(2)(B)), that a violation 
        of the criminal statutes of the United States as referred to in 
        section 101(b)(2)(B) has occurred or will occur''.
            (2) Title iii.--Subsection (a)(3)(A) of section 303 of the 
        Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1823) 
        is amended by inserting before the semicolon at the end the 
        following: ``, and, in the case of a target that is a United 
        States person alleged to be acting as an agent of a foreign 
        power (as described in section 101(b)(2)(B)), that a violation 
        of the criminal statutes of the United States as referred to in 
        section 101(b)(2)(B) has occurred or will occur''.
            (3) Applicability.--The amendments made by this subsection 
        shall apply with respect to applications made on or after the 
        date that is 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act.
    (e) Required Disclosure of Relevant Information in Foreign 
Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Applications.--
            (1) In general.--The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 
        of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.) is amended by adding at the 
        end the following:

        ``TITLE IX--REQUIRED DISCLOSURE OF RELEVANT INFORMATION

``SEC. 901. DISCLOSURE OF RELEVANT INFORMATION.

    ``The Attorney General or any other Federal officer or employee 
making an application for a court order under this Act shall provide 
the court with--
            ``(1) all information in the possession of the Government 
        that is material to determining whether the application 
        satisfies the applicable requirements under this Act, including 
        any exculpatory information; and
            ``(2) all information in the possession of the Government 
        that might reasonably--
                    ``(A) call into question the accuracy of the 
                application or the reasonableness of any assessment in 
                the application conducted by the department or agency 
                on whose behalf the application is made; or
                    ``(B) otherwise raise doubts with respect to the 
                findings that are required to be made under the 
                applicable provision of this Act in order for the court 
                order to be issued.''.
            (2) Clerical amendment.--The table of contents for the 
        Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 is amended by 
        adding at the end the following:

        ``TITLE IX--REQUIRED DISCLOSURE OF RELEVANT INFORMATION

``Sec. 901. Disclosure of relevant information.''.
    (f) Certification Regarding Accuracy Procedures.--
            (1) Certification regarding accuracy procedures.--Title IX 
        of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, as added 
        by subsection (e) of this section, is amended by adding at the 
        end the following:

``SEC. 902. CERTIFICATION REGARDING ACCURACY PROCEDURES.

    ``(a) Definition of Accuracy Procedures.--In this section, the term 
`accuracy procedures' means specific procedures, adopted by the 
Attorney General, to ensure that an application for a court order under 
this Act, including any application for renewal of an existing order, 
is accurate and complete, including procedures that ensure, at a 
minimum, that--
            ``(1) the application reflects all information that might 
        reasonably call into question the accuracy of the information 
        or the reasonableness of any assessment in the application, or 
        otherwise raises doubts about the requested findings;
            ``(2) the application reflects all material information 
        that might reasonably call into question the reliability and 
        reporting of any information from a confidential human source 
        that is used in the application;
            ``(3) a complete file documenting each factual assertion in 
        an application is maintained;
            ``(4) the applicant coordinates with the appropriate 
        elements of the intelligence community (as defined in section 3 
        of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3003)), 
        concerning any prior or existing relationship with the target 
        of any surveillance, search, or other means of investigation, 
        and discloses any such relationship in the application;
            ``(5) before any application targeting a United States 
        person (as defined in section 101) is made, the applicant 
        Federal officer shall document that the officer has collected 
        and reviewed for accuracy and completeness supporting 
        documentation for each factual assertion in the application; 
        and
            ``(6) the applicant Federal agency establish compliance and 
        auditing mechanisms to address, on an annual basis, the 
        efficacy of the accuracy procedures that have been adopted and 
        report such findings to the Attorney General.
    ``(b) Statement and Certification of Accuracy Procedures.--Any 
Federal officer making an application for a court order under this Act 
shall include with the application--
            ``(1) a description of the accuracy procedures employed by 
        the officer or the officer's designee; and
            ``(2) a certification that the officer or the officer's 
        designee has collected and reviewed for accuracy and 
        completeness--
                    ``(A) supporting documentation for each factual 
                assertion contained in the application;
                    ``(B) all information that might reasonably call 
                into question the accuracy of the information or the 
                reasonableness of any assessment in the application, or 
                otherwise raises doubts about the requested findings; 
                and
                    ``(C) all material information that might 
                reasonably call into question the reliability and 
                reporting of any information from any confidential 
                human source that is used in the application.
    ``(c) Necessary Finding for Court Orders.--A judge may not enter an 
order under this Act unless the judge finds, in addition to any other 
findings required under this Act, that the accuracy procedures 
described in the application for the order, as required under 
subsection (b)(1), are actually accuracy procedures as defined in this 
section.''.
            (2) Technical amendment.--The table of contents for the 
        Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, as amended by 
        subsection (e) of this section, is amended by adding at the end 
        the following:

``Sec. 902. Certification regarding accuracy procedures.''.
    (g) Prohibition on Use of Certain Information.--Section 104 of the 
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1804) is 
amended by adding at the end the following:
    ``(e) The statement of facts and circumstances under subsection 
(a)(3) may only include information obtained from the content of a 
media source or information gathered by a political campaign if--
            ``(1) such information is disclosed in the application as 
        having been so obtained or gathered;
            ``(2) with regard to information gathered from the content 
        of a media source, the application includes an explanation of 
        the investigative techniques used to corroborate the 
        information; and
            ``(3) with regard to information gathered by a political 
        campaign, such information is not the sole source of the 
        information used to justify the applicant's belief described in 
        subsection (a)(3).''.
    (h) Limitation on Issuance of Order.--Section 105(a) of the Foreign 
Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1805(a)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (3), by striking ``; and'' and inserting a 
        semicolon;
            (2) in paragraph (4), by striking the period and inserting 
        ``; and''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(5) for an application that is based, in whole or in 
        part, on information obtained from the content of a media 
        source or information gathered by a political campaign--
                    ``(A) such information is disclosed in the 
                application as having been so obtained or gathered;
                    ``(B) with regard to information gathered from the 
                content of a media source, the application includes an 
                explanation of the investigative techniques used to 
                corroborate the information; and
                    ``(C) with regard to information gathered by a 
                political campaign, such information is not the sole 
                source of the information used to justify the 
                applicant's belief described in section 104(a)(3).''.

SEC. 202. CRIMINAL PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF FISA.

    (a) In General.--Section 109 of the Foreign Intelligence 
Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1809) is amended--
            (1) in subsection (a)--
                    (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by 
                striking ``intentionally'';
                    (B) in paragraph (1)--
                            (i) by inserting ``intentionally'' before 
                        ``engages''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``or'' at the end;
                    (C) in paragraph (2)--
                            (i) by inserting ``intentionally'' before 
                        ``disclose''; and
                            (ii) by striking the period at the end and 
                        inserting a semicolon; and
                    (D) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(3) knowingly submits any document to or makes any false 
        statement before the court established under section 103(a) or 
        the court established under section 103(b), knowing such 
        document or statement to contain--
                    ``(A) a false material declaration; or
                    ``(B) a material omission; or
            ``(4) knowingly discloses the existence of an application 
        for an order authorizing surveillance under this title, or any 
        information contained therein, to any person not authorized to 
        receive such information, except insofar as such disclosure is 
        authorized by statute or executive order setting forth 
        permissible disclosures by whistleblowers.''; and
            (2) in subsection (c), by striking ``five'' and inserting 
        ``8''.
    (b) Rule of Construction.--This section and the amendments made by 
this section may not be construed to interfere with the enforcement of 
section 798 of title 18, United States Code, or any other provision of 
law regarding the unlawful disclosure of classified information.

SEC. 203. INCREASED PENALTIES FOR CIVIL ACTIONS.

    (a) Increased Penalties.--Section 110 of the Foreign Intelligence 
Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1810) is amended by striking 
subsection (a) and inserting the following:
    ``(a) actual damages, but not less than liquidated damages equal to 
the greater of--
            ``(1) if the aggrieved person is a United States person, 
        $10,000 or $1,000 per day for each day of violation; or
            ``(2) for any other aggrieved person, $1,000 or $100 per 
        day for each day of violation;''.
    (b) Reporting Requirement.--Title I of the Foreign Intelligence 
Surveillance Act of 1978 is amended by inserting after section 110 the 
following:

``SEC. 110A. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR CIVIL ACTIONS.

    ``(a) Report to Congress.--If a court finds that a person has 
violated this Act in a civil action under section 110, the head of the 
agency that employs that person shall report to Congress on the 
administrative action taken against that person pursuant to section 607 
or any other provision of law.
    ``(b) FISC.--If a court finds that a person has violated this Act 
in a civil action under section 110, the head of the agency that 
employs that person shall report the name of such person to the court 
established under section 103(a). Such court shall maintain a list of 
each person about whom it received a report under this subsection.''.

SEC. 204. AGENCY PROCEDURES TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE.

    (a) Agency Procedures To Ensure Compliance.--Title VI of the 
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1871 et seq.) 
is amended by adding at the end the following:

``SEC. 605. AGENCY PROCEDURES TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE.

    ``The head of each Federal department or agency authorized to 
acquire foreign intelligence information under this Act shall establish 
procedures--
            ``(1) setting forth clear rules on what constitutes a 
        violation of this Act by an officer or employee of that 
        department or agency; and
            ``(2) for taking appropriate adverse personnel action 
        against any officer or employee of the department or agency who 
        engages in a violation described in paragraph (1), including 
        more severe adverse personnel actions for any subsequent 
        violation by such officer or employee.''.
    (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of contents for the Foreign 
Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 is amended by inserting after the 
item relating to section 604 the following:

``Sec. 605. Agency procedures to ensure compliance.''.
    (c) Report.--Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of 
this Act, the head of each Federal department or agency that is 
required to establish procedures under section 605 of the Foreign 
Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, as added by subsection (a) of 
this section, shall report to Congress on the implementation of such 
procedures.

SEC. 205. LIMIT ON CIVIL IMMUNITY FOR PROVIDING INFORMATION, 
              FACILITIES, OR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO THE GOVERNMENT 
              ABSENT A COURT ORDER.

    Section 2511(2)(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended--
            (1) in subparagraph (ii), by striking clause (B) and 
        inserting the following:
                    ``(B) a certification in writing--
                            ``(i) by a person specified in section 
                        2518(7) or the Attorney General of the United 
                        States;
                            ``(ii) that the requirements for an 
                        emergency authorization to intercept a wire, 
                        oral, or electronic communication under section 
                        2518(7) have been met; and
                            ``(iii) that the specified assistance is 
                        required,''; and
            (2) by striking subparagraph (iii) and inserting the 
        following:
                            ``(iii) For assistance provided pursuant to 
                        a certification under subparagraph (ii)(B), the 
                        limitation on causes of action under the last 
                        sentence of the matter following that 
                        subparagraph shall only apply to the extent 
                        that the assistance ceased at the earliest of 
                        the time the application for a court order was 
                        denied, the time the communication sought was 
                        obtained, or 48 hours after the interception 
                        began.''.

     TITLE III--REFORMS RELATING TO PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE FOREIGN 
            INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE COURT AND OTHER COURTS

SEC. 301. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE COURT REFORM.

    (a) Requirement for Same Judge To Hear Renewal Applications.--
Section 103(a)(1) of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 
(50 U.S.C. 1803(a)(1)) is amended by adding at the end the following: 
``To the extent practicable, no judge designated under this subsection 
shall hear a renewal application for electronic surveillance under this 
Act, which application was previously granted by another judge 
designated under this subsection, unless the term of the judge who 
granted the application has expired, or that judge is otherwise no 
longer serving on the court.''.
    (b) Use of Amici Curiae in Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 
Proceedings.--
            (1) Expansion of appointment authority.--
                    (A) In general.--Section 103(i)(2) of the Foreign 
                Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 
                1803(i)(2)) is amended--
                            (i) by striking subparagraph (A) and 
                        inserting the following:
                    ``(A) shall, unless the court issues a finding that 
                appointment is not appropriate, appoint 1 or more 
                individuals who have been designated under paragraph 
                (1), not fewer than 1 of whom possesses privacy and 
                civil liberties expertise, unless the court finds that 
                such a qualification is inappropriate, to serve as 
                amicus curiae to assist the court in the consideration 
                of any application or motion for an order or review 
                that, in the opinion of the court--
                            ``(i) presents a novel or significant 
                        interpretation of the law;
                            ``(ii) presents significant concerns with 
                        respect to the activities of a United States 
                        person that are protected by the first 
                        amendment to the Constitution of the United 
                        States;
                            ``(iii) presents or involves a sensitive 
                        investigative matter;
                            ``(iv) presents a request for approval of a 
                        new program, a new technology, or a new use of 
                        existing technology;
                            ``(v) presents a request for 
                        reauthorization of programmatic surveillance; 
                        or
                            ``(vi) otherwise presents novel or 
                        significant civil liberties issues; and''; and
                            (ii) in subparagraph (B), by striking ``an 
                        individual or organization'' each place the 
                        term appears and inserting ``1 or more 
                        individuals or organizations''.
                    (B) Definition of sensitive investigative matter.--
                Section 103(i) of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance 
                Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1803(i)) is amended by adding at 
                the end the following:
            ``(12) Definition.--In this subsection, the term `sensitive 
        investigative matter' means--
                    ``(A) an investigative matter involving the 
                activities of--
                            ``(i) a domestic public official or 
                        political candidate, or an individual serving 
                        on the staff of such an official or candidate;
                            ``(ii) a domestic religious or political 
                        organization, or a known or suspected United 
                        States person prominent in such an 
                        organization; or
                            ``(iii) the domestic news media; or
                    ``(B) any other investigative matter involving a 
                domestic entity or a known or suspected United States 
                person that, in the judgment of the applicable court 
                established under subsection (a) or (b), is as 
                sensitive as an investigative matter described in 
                subparagraph (A).''.
            (2) Authority to seek review.--Section 103(i) of the 
        Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 
        1803(i)), as amended by paragraph (1) of this subsection, is 
        amended--
                    (A) in paragraph (4)--
                            (i) in the paragraph heading, by inserting 
                        ``; authority'' after ``Duties'';
                            (ii) by redesignating subparagraphs (A), 
                        (B), and (C) as clauses (i), (ii), and (iii), 
                        respectively, and adjusting the margins 
                        accordingly;
                            (iii) in the matter preceding clause (i), 
                        as so redesignated, by striking ``the amicus 
                        curiae shall'' and inserting the following: 
                        ``the amicus curiae--
                    ``(A) shall'';
                            (iv) in subparagraph (A)(i), as so 
                        redesignated, by inserting before the semicolon 
                        at the end the following: ``, including legal 
                        arguments regarding any privacy or civil 
                        liberties interest of any United States person 
                        that would be significantly impacted by the 
                        application or motion''; and
                            (v) by striking the period at the end and 
                        inserting the following: ``; and
                    ``(B) may seek leave to raise any novel or 
                significant privacy or civil liberties issue relevant 
                to the application or motion or other issue directly 
                impacting the legality of the proposed electronic 
                surveillance with the court, regardless of whether the 
                court has requested assistance on that issue.'';
                    (B) by redesignating paragraphs (7) through (12) as 
                paragraphs (8) through (13), respectively; and
                    (C) by inserting after paragraph (6) the following:
            ``(7) Authority to seek review of decisions.--
                    ``(A) FISA court decisions.--
                            ``(i) Petition.--Following issuance of an 
                        order under this Act by the court established 
                        under subsection (a), an amicus curiae 
                        appointed under paragraph (2) may petition the 
                        court to certify for review to the court 
                        established under subsection (b) a question of 
                        law pursuant to subsection (j).
                            ``(ii) Written statement of reasons.--If 
                        the court established under subsection (a) 
                        denies a petition under this subparagraph, the 
                        court shall provide for the record a written 
                        statement of the reasons for the denial.
                            ``(iii) Appointment.--Upon certification of 
                        any question of law pursuant to this 
                        subparagraph, the court established under 
                        subsection (b) shall appoint the amicus curiae 
                        to assist the court in its consideration of the 
                        certified question, unless the court issues a 
                        finding that such appointment is not 
                        appropriate.
                    ``(B) FISA court of review decisions.--An amicus 
                curiae appointed under paragraph (2) may petition the 
                court established under subsection (b) to certify for 
                review to the Supreme Court of the United States any 
                question of law pursuant to section 1254(2) of title 
                28, United States Code.
                    ``(C) Declassification of referrals.--For purposes 
                of section 602, a petition filed under subparagraph (A) 
                or (B) of this paragraph and all of its content shall 
                be considered a decision, order, or opinion issued by 
                the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court or the 
                Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review 
                described in section 602(a).''.
            (3) Access to information.--
                    (A) Application and materials.--Section 103(i)(6) 
                of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 
                (50 U.S.C. 1803(i)(6)) is amended by striking 
                subparagraph (A) and inserting the following:
                    ``(A) In general.--
                            ``(i) Right of amicus.--If a court 
                        established under subsection (a) or (b) 
                        appoints an amicus curiae under paragraph (2), 
                        the amicus curiae--
                                    ``(I) shall have access, to the 
                                extent such information is available to 
                                the Government, to--
                                            ``(aa) the application, 
                                        certification, petition, 
                                        motion, and other information 
                                        and supporting materials, 
                                        including any information 
                                        described in section 901, 
                                        submitted to the court 
                                        established under subsection 
                                        (a) in connection with the 
                                        matter in which the amicus 
                                        curiae has been appointed, 
                                        including access to any 
                                        relevant legal precedent 
                                        (including any such precedent 
                                        that is cited by the 
                                        Government, including in such 
                                        an application);
                                            ``(bb) an unredacted copy 
                                        of each relevant decision made 
                                        by the court established under 
                                        subsection (a) or the court 
                                        established under subsection 
                                        (b) in which the court decides 
                                        a question of law, without 
                                        regard to whether the decision 
                                        is classified; and
                                            ``(cc) any other 
                                        information or materials that 
                                        the court determines are 
                                        relevant to the duties of the 
                                        amicus curiae; and
                                    ``(II) may make a submission to the 
                                court requesting access to any other 
                                particular materials or information (or 
                                category of materials or information) 
                                that the amicus curiae believes to be 
                                relevant to the duties of the amicus 
                                curiae.
                            ``(ii) Supporting documentation regarding 
                        accuracy.--The court established under 
                        subsection (a), upon the motion of an amicus 
                        curiae appointed under paragraph (2) or upon 
                        its own motion, may require the Government to 
                        make available the supporting documentation 
                        described in section 902.''.
                    (B) Clarification of access to certain 
                information.--Section 103(i)(6) of the Foreign 
                Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 
                1803(i)(6)) is amended--
                            (i) in subparagraph (B), by striking 
                        ``may'' and inserting ``shall''; and
                            (ii) by striking subparagraph (C) and 
                        inserting the following:
                    ``(C) Classified information.--An amicus curiae 
                designated or appointed by the court shall have access, 
                to the extent such information is available to the 
                Government, to unredacted copies of each opinion, 
                order, transcript, pleading, or other document of the 
                court established under subsection (a) and the court 
                established under subsection (b), including, if the 
                individual is eligible for access to classified 
                information, any classified documents, information, and 
                other materials or proceedings.''.
                    (C) Consultation among amici curiae.--Section 
                103(i)(6) of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 
                of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1803(i)(6)) is amended--
                            (i) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as 
                        subparagraph (E); and
                            (ii) by inserting after subparagraph (C) 
                        the following:
                    ``(D) Consultation among amici curiae.--An amicus 
                curiae appointed under paragraph (2) by the court 
                established under subsection (a) or the court 
                established under subsection (b) may consult with 1 or 
                more of the other individuals designated by the court 
                to serve as amicus curiae pursuant to paragraph (1) of 
                this subsection regarding any of the information 
                relevant to any assigned proceeding.''.
            (4) Effective date.--The amendments made by this subsection 
        shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act and 
        shall apply with respect to proceedings under the Foreign 
        Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.) 
        that take place on or after, or are pending on, that date.

SEC. 302. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE AND DECLASSIFICATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS.

    (a) Submission to Congress.--Section 601(c)(1) of the Foreign 
Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1871(c)) is amended by 
inserting ``, including declassified copies that have undergone review 
under section 602'' before ``; and''.
    (b) Timeline for Declassification Review.--Section 602(a) of the 
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1872(a)) is 
amended--
            (1) by inserting ``, to be concluded not later than 180 
        days after the issuance of such decision, order, or opinion,'' 
        after ``(as defined in section 601(e))''; and
            (2) by inserting ``or results in a change of application of 
        any provision of this Act or a novel application of any 
        provision of this Act'' after ``law''.

SEC. 303. SUBMISSION OF COURT TRANSCRIPTS TO CONGRESS.

    Section 601(c) of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 
(50 U.S.C. 1871(c)), as amended by section 302 of this Act, is 
amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1), by striking ``; and'' and inserting a 
        semicolon;
            (2) in paragraph (2), by striking the period at the end and 
        inserting ``; and''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(3) for any matter at which a court reporter is present 
        and creates a transcript of a hearing or oral argument before 
        the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court or the Foreign 
        Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review, a copy of each such 
        transcript not later than 45 days after the government's 
        receipt of the transcript or the date on which the matter 
        concerning such hearing or oral argument is resolved, whichever 
        is later.''.

SEC. 304. CONTEMPT POWER OF FISC AND FISCR.

    (a) In General.--Chapter 21 of title 18, United States Code, is 
amended--
            (1) in section 402, by inserting after ``any district court 
        of the United States'' the following: ``, the Foreign 
        Intelligence Surveillance Court, the Foreign Intelligence 
        Surveillance Court of Review,''; and
            (2) by adding at the end the following:
``Sec. 404. Definitions
    ``For purposes of this chapter--
            ``(1) the term `court of the United States' includes the 
        Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court or the Foreign 
        Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review; and
            ``(2) the terms `Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court' 
        and `Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review' have 
        the meanings given those terms in section 601(e) of the Foreign 
        Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1871(e)).''.
    (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of sections for chapter 21 of 
title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the 
following:

``404. Definitions.''.
    (c) Report.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of 
this Act, and annually thereafter, the Foreign Intelligence 
Surveillance Court and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of 
Review (as those terms are defined in section 601(e) of the Foreign 
Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1871(e))) shall 
jointly submit to Congress a report on the exercise of authority under 
chapter 21 of title 18, United States Code, by those courts during the 
1-year period ending on the date that is 60 days before the date of 
submission of the report.

            TITLE IV--INDEPENDENT EXECUTIVE BRANCH OVERSIGHT

SEC. 401. PERIODIC AUDIT OF FISA COMPLIANCE BY INSPECTOR GENERAL.

    (a) Report Required.--Title VI of the Foreign Intelligence 
Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1871 et seq.), as amended by 
section 204 of this Act, is amended by adding at the end the following:

``SEC. 606. PERIODIC AUDIT OF FISA COMPLIANCE BY INSPECTOR GENERAL.

    ``Not later than June 30 of the first calendar year that begins 
after the date of enactment of this section, and every 5 years 
thereafter, the Inspector General of the Department of Justice shall--
            ``(1) conduct an audit of alleged or potential violations 
        and failures to comply with the requirements of this Act, and 
        any procedures established pursuant to this Act, which shall 
        include an analysis of the accuracy and completeness of 
        applications and certifications for orders submitted under each 
        of sections 105, 303, 402, 502, 702, 703, and 704; and
            ``(2) submit to the Select Committee on Intelligence of the 
        Senate, the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate, the 
        Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of 
        Representatives, and the Committee on the Judiciary of the 
        House of Representatives a report on the audit required under 
        paragraph (1).''.
    (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of contents for the Foreign 
Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, as amended by section 204 of 
this Act, is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 
605 the following:

``Sec. 606. Periodic audit of FISA compliance by Inspector General.''.

SEC. 402. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY PARITY AND COMMUNICATIONS WITH PRIVACY 
              AND CIVIL LIBERTIES OVERSIGHT BOARD.

    (a) Whistleblower Protections for Members of Intelligence Community 
for Communications With Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board.--
Section 1104 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3234) is 
amended--
            (1) in subsection (b)(1), in the matter before subparagraph 
        (A), by inserting ``the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight 
        Board,'' after ``Inspector General of the Intelligence 
        Community,''; and
            (2) in subsection (c)(1)(A), in the matter before clause 
        (i), by inserting ``the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight 
        Board,'' after ``Inspector General of the Intelligence 
        Community,''.
    (b) Parity in Pay for Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board 
Staff and the Intelligence Community.--Section 1061(j)(1) of the 
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (42 U.S.C. 
2000ee(j)(1)) is amended by striking ``except that'' and all that 
follows through the period at the end and inserting ``except that no 
rate of pay fixed under this subsection may exceed the highest amount 
paid by any element of the intelligence community for a comparable 
position, based on salary information provided to the chairman of the 
Board by the Director of National Intelligence.''.

    TITLE V--PROTECTIONS FOR UNITED STATES PERSONS WHOSE SENSITIVE 
 INFORMATION IS PURCHASED BY INTELLIGENCE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

SEC. 501. LIMITATION ON INTELLIGENCE ACQUISITION OF UNITED STATES 
              PERSON DATA.

    (a) Definitions.--In this section:
            (1) Appropriate committees of congress.--The term 
        ``appropriate committees of Congress'' means--
                    (A) the congressional intelligence committees (as 
                defined in section 3 of the National Security Act of 
                1947 (50 U.S.C. 3003));
                    (B) the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate; 
                and
                    (C) the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of 
                Representatives.
            (2) Covered data.--The term ``covered data'' means data, 
        derived data, or any unique identifier that--
                    (A) is linked to or is reasonably linkable to a 
                covered person; and
                    (B) does not include data that--
                            (i) is lawfully available to the public 
                        through Federal, State, or local government 
                        records or through widely distributed media;
                            (ii) is reasonably believed to have been 
                        voluntarily made available to the general 
                        public by the covered person; or
                            (iii) is a specific communication or 
                        transaction with a targeted individual who is 
                        not a covered person.
            (3) Covered person.--The term ``covered person'' means an 
        individual who--
                    (A) is reasonably believed to be located in the 
                United States at the time of the creation or 
                acquisition of the covered data; or
                    (B) is a United States person.
            (4) Intelligence community.--The term ``intelligence 
        community'' has the meaning given such term in section 3 of the 
        National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3003).
            (5) State, united states, united states person.--The terms 
        ``State'', ``United States'', and ``United States person'' have 
        the meanings given such terms in section 101 of the Foreign 
        Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1801).
    (b) Limitation.--
            (1) In general.--Subject to paragraphs (2) through (7), an 
        element of the intelligence community may not acquire a dataset 
        that includes covered data.
            (2) Authorization pursuant to court order.--An element of 
        the intelligence community may acquire covered data if the 
        collection has been authorized by an order or emergency 
        authorization issued pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence 
        Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.) or title 18, 
        United States Code, by a court of competent jurisdiction 
        covering the period of the acquisition, subject to the use, 
        dissemination, querying, retention, and other minimization 
        limitations required by such authorization.
            (3) Authorization for employment-related use.--An element 
        of the intelligence community may acquire covered data about an 
        employee of, or applicant for employment by, an element of the 
        intelligence community for employment-related purposes, 
        provided that--
                    (A) access to and use of the covered data is 
                limited to such purposes; and
                    (B) the covered data is destroyed at such time as 
                it is no longer necessary for such purposes.
            (4) Exception for compliance purposes.--An element of the 
        intelligence community may acquire covered data for the purpose 
        of supporting compliance with collection limitations and 
        minimization requirements imposed by statute, guidelines, 
        procedures, or the Constitution of the United States, provided 
        that--
                    (A) access to and use of the covered data is 
                limited to such purpose; and
                    (B) the covered data is destroyed at such time as 
                it is no longer necessary for such purpose.
            (5) Exception for life or safety.--An element of the 
        intelligence community may acquire covered data if there is a 
        reasonable belief than an emergency exists involving an 
        imminent threat of death or serious bodily harm and the covered 
        data is necessary to mitigate that threat, provided that--
                    (A) access to and use of the covered data is 
                limited to addressing the threat; and
                    (B) the covered data is destroyed at such time as 
                it is no longer necessary for such purpose.
            (6) Exception for consent.--An element of the intelligence 
        community may acquire covered data if--
                    (A) each covered person linked or reasonably 
                linkable to the covered data, or, if such person is 
                incapable of providing consent, a third party legally 
                authorized to consent on behalf of the person, has 
                provided consent to the acquisition and use of the data 
                on a case-by-case basis;
                    (B) access to and use of the covered data is 
                limited to the purposes for which the consent was 
                provided; and
                    (C) the covered data is destroyed at such time as 
                it is no longer necessary for such purposes.
            (7) Exception for nonsegregable data.--An element of the 
        intelligence community may acquire a dataset that includes 
        covered data if the covered data is not reasonably segregable 
        prior to acquisition, provided that the element of the 
        intelligence community complies with the minimization 
        procedures in subsection (c).
    (c) Minimization Procedures.--
            (1) In general.--The Attorney General shall adopt specific 
        procedures that are reasonably designed to minimize the 
        acquisition and retention, and to restrict the querying, of 
        covered data that is not subject to 1 or more of the exceptions 
        set forth in subsection (b).
            (2) Acquisition and retention.--The procedures adopted 
        under paragraph (1) shall require elements of the intelligence 
        community to exhaust all reasonable means--
                    (A) to exclude covered data not subject to 1 or 
                more exceptions set forth in subsection (b) from 
                datasets prior to acquisition; and
                    (B) to remove and delete covered data not subject 
                to 1 or more exceptions set forth in subsection (b) 
                prior to the operational use of the acquired dataset or 
                the inclusion of the dataset in a database intended for 
                operational use.
            (3) Destruction.--The procedures adopted under paragraph 
        (1) shall require that if an element of the intelligence 
        community identifies covered data not subject to 1 or more 
        exceptions set forth in paragraphs (2) through (6) of 
        subsection (b), such covered data shall be promptly destroyed.
            (4) Querying.--
                    (A) In general.--Except as provided in 
                subparagraphs (B) and (C), no officer or employee of an 
                element of the intelligence community may conduct a 
                query of covered data, including covered data already 
                subjected to minimization, in an effort to find records 
                of or about a particular covered person.
                    (B) Exceptions.--Subparagraph (A) shall not apply 
                to a query related to a particular covered person if--
                            (i) such covered person is the subject of a 
                        court order or emergency authorization issued 
                        under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 
                        of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.) or title 18, 
                        United States Code, that would authorize the 
                        element of the intelligence community to compel 
                        the production of the covered data, during the 
                        effective period of that order;
                            (ii) the purpose of the query is to 
                        retrieve information about an employee of, or 
                        applicant for employment by, an element of the 
                        intelligence community, provided that any 
                        covered data accessed through such query is 
                        used only for such purpose;
                            (iii) the query is conducted for the 
                        purpose of supporting compliance with 
                        collection limitations and minimization 
                        requirements imposed by statute, guidelines, 
                        procedures, or the Constitution of the United 
                        States, provided that any covered data accessed 
                        through such query is used only for such 
                        purpose;
                            (iv) the officer or employee of an element 
                        of the intelligence community carrying out the 
                        query has a reasonable belief that an emergency 
                        exists involving an imminent threat of death or 
                        serious bodily harm, and that in order to 
                        prevent or mitigate such threat, the query must 
                        be conducted before a court order can, with due 
                        diligence, be obtained, provided that any 
                        covered data accessed through such query is 
                        used only for such purpose; or
                            (v) such covered person or, if such person 
                        is incapable of providing consent, a third 
                        party legally authorized to consent on behalf 
                        of the person has consented to the query, 
                        provided that any use of covered data accessed 
                        through such query is limited to the purposes 
                        for which the consent was provided.
                    (C) Special rule for nonsegregable datasets.--For a 
                query of a dataset acquired under subsection (b)(7)--
                            (i) each query shall be reasonably designed 
                        to exclude personal data of covered persons, 
                        unless the query is subject to an exception set 
                        forth in paragraph (4); and
                            (ii) any personal data of covered persons 
                        returned pursuant to a query that is not 
                        subject to an exception set forth in paragraphs 
                        (2) through (7) of subsection (b) shall not be 
                        reviewed and shall immediately be destroyed.
    (d) Prohibition on Use of Data Obtained in Violation of This 
Section.--Covered data acquired by an element of the intelligence 
community in violation of subsection (b), and any evidence derived 
therefrom, may not be used, received in evidence, or otherwise 
disseminated in any investigation by or in any trial, hearing, or other 
proceeding in or before any court, grand jury, department, office, 
agency, regulatory body, legislative committee, or other authority of 
the United States, a State, or political subdivision thereof.
    (e) Reporting Requirement.--
            (1) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the date of 
        the enactment of this Act, the Director of National 
        Intelligence shall submit to the appropriate committees of 
        Congress and the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board a 
        report on the acquisition of datasets that the Director 
        anticipates will contain information of covered persons that is 
        significant in volume, proportion, or sensitivity.
            (2) Contents.--The report submitted pursuant to paragraph 
        (1) shall include the following:
                    (A) A description of the covered person information 
                in each dataset.
                    (B) An estimate of the amount of covered person 
                information in each dataset.
            (3) Notifications.--After submitting the report required by 
        paragraph (1), the Director shall, in coordination with the 
        Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, 
        notify the appropriate committees of Congress of any changes to 
        the information contained in such report.
            (4) Availability to the public.--The Director shall make 
        available to the public on the website of the Director--
                    (A) the unclassified portion of the report 
                submitted pursuant to paragraph (1); and
                    (B) any notifications submitted pursuant to 
                paragraph (3).
    (f) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section shall authorize 
an acquisition otherwise prohibited by the Foreign Intelligence 
Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.) or title 18, United 
States Code.

SEC. 502. LIMITATION ON LAW ENFORCEMENT PURCHASE OF PERSONAL DATA FROM 
              DATA BROKERS.

    Section 2702 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding 
at the end the following:
    ``(e) Prohibition on Obtaining in Exchange for Anything of Value 
Personal Data by Law Enforcement Agencies.--
            ``(1) Definitions.--In this subsection and subsection (f)--
                    ``(A) the term `covered governmental entity' means 
                a law enforcement agency of a governmental entity;
                    ``(B) the term `covered organization' means a 
                person who--
                            ``(i) is not a governmental entity; and
                            ``(ii) is not an individual;
                    ``(C) the term `covered person' means an individual 
                who--
                            ``(i) is reasonably believed to be located 
                        inside the United States at the time of the 
                        creation of the covered personal data; or
                            ``(ii) is a United States person, as 
                        defined in section 101 of the Foreign 
                        Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 
                        U.S.C. 1801);
                    ``(D) the term `covered personal data' means 
                personal data relating to a covered person;
                    ``(E) the term `electronic device' has the meaning 
                given the term `computer' in section 1030(e);
                    ``(F) the term `lawfully obtained public data' 
                means personal data obtained by a particular covered 
                organization that the covered organization--
                            ``(i) reasonably understood to have been 
                        voluntarily made available to the general 
                        public by the covered person; and
                            ``(ii) obtained in compliance with all 
                        applicable laws, regulations, contracts, 
                        privacy policies, and terms of service;
                    ``(G) the term `obtain in exchange for anything of 
                value' means to obtain by purchasing, to receive in 
                connection with services being provided for monetary or 
                nonmonetary consideration, or to otherwise obtain in 
                exchange for consideration, including an access fee, 
                service fee, maintenance fee, or licensing fee; and
                    ``(H) the term `personal data'--
                            ``(i) means data, derived data, or any 
                        unique identifier that is linked to, or is 
                        reasonably linkable to, an individual or to an 
                        electronic device that is linked to, or is 
                        reasonably linkable to, 1 or more individuals 
                        in a household;
                            ``(ii) includes anonymized data that, if 
                        combined with other data, can be linked to, or 
                        is reasonably linkable to, an individual or to 
                        an electronic device that identifies, is linked 
                        to, or is reasonably linkable to 1 or more 
                        individuals in a household; and
                            ``(iii) does not include--
                                    ``(I) data that is lawfully 
                                available through Federal, State, or 
                                local government records or through 
                                widely distributed media; or
                                    ``(II) a specific communication or 
                                transaction with a targeted individual 
                                who is not a covered person.
            ``(2) Limitation.--
                    ``(A) In general.--
                            ``(i) Prohibition.--Subject to clauses (ii) 
                        through (x), a covered governmental entity may 
                        not obtain in exchange for anything of value 
                        covered personal data if--
                                    ``(I) the covered personal data is 
                                directly or indirectly obtained from a 
                                covered organization; or
                                    ``(II) the covered personal data is 
                                derived from covered personal data that 
                                was directly or indirectly obtained 
                                from a covered organization.
                            ``(ii) Exception for certain compilations 
                        of data.--A covered governmental entity may 
                        obtain in exchange for something of value 
                        covered personal data as part of a larger 
                        compilation of data which includes personal 
                        data about persons who are not covered persons, 
                        if--
                                    ``(I) the covered governmental 
                                entity is unable through reasonable 
                                means to exclude covered personal data 
                                from the larger compilation obtained; 
                                and
                                    ``(II) the covered governmental 
                                entity minimizes any covered personal 
                                data from the larger compilation, in 
                                accordance with subsection (f).
                            ``(iii) Exception for whistleblower 
                        disclosures to law enforcement.--Clause (i) 
                        shall not apply to covered personal data that 
                        is obtained by a covered governmental entity 
                        under a program established by an Act of 
                        Congress under which a portion of a penalty or 
                        a similar payment or bounty is paid to an 
                        individual who discloses information about an 
                        unlawful activity to the Government, such as 
                        the program authorized under section 7623 of 
                        the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to 
                        awards to whistleblowers in cases of 
                        underpayments or fraud).
                            ``(iv) Exception for cost reimbursement 
                        under compulsory legal process.--Clause (i) 
                        shall not apply to covered personal data that 
                        is obtained by a covered governmental entity 
                        from a covered organization in accordance with 
                        compulsory legal process that--
                                    ``(I) is established by a Federal 
                                or State statute; and
                                    ``(II) provides for the 
                                reimbursement of costs of the covered 
                                organization that are incurred in 
                                connection with providing the record or 
                                information to the covered governmental 
                                entity, such as the reimbursement of 
                                costs under section 2706.
                            ``(v) Exception for employment-related 
                        use.--Clause (i) shall not apply to covered 
                        personal data about an employee of, or 
                        applicant for employment by, a covered 
                        governmental entity that is--
                                    ``(I) obtained by the covered 
                                governmental entity for employment-
                                related purposes;
                                    ``(II) accessed and used by the 
                                covered governmental entity only for 
                                employment-related purposes; and
                                    ``(III) destroyed at such time as 
                                the covered personal data is no longer 
                                needed for employment-related purposes.
                            ``(vi) Exception for use in background 
                        checks.--Clause (i) shall not apply to covered 
                        personal data about a covered person that is--
                                    ``(I) obtained by a covered 
                                governmental entity for purposes of 
                                conducting a background check of the 
                                covered person with the written consent 
                                of the covered person;
                                    ``(II) accessed and used by the 
                                covered governmental entity only for 
                                background check-related purposes; and
                                    ``(III) destroyed at such time as 
                                the covered personal data is no longer 
                                needed for background check-related 
                                purposes.
                            ``(vii) Exception for lawfully obtained 
                        public data.--Clause (i) shall not apply to 
                        covered personal data that is obtained by a 
                        covered governmental entity if--
                                    ``(I) the covered personal data is 
                                lawfully obtained public data; or
                                    ``(II) the covered personal data is 
                                derived from covered personal data that 
                                solely consists of lawfully obtained 
                                public data.
                            ``(viii) Exception for life or safety.--
                        Clause (i) shall not apply to covered personal 
                        data that is obtained by a covered governmental 
                        entity if there is a reasonable belief than an 
                        emergency exists involving an imminent threat 
                        of death or serious bodily harm to a covered 
                        person and the covered data is necessary to 
                        mitigate that threat, provided that--
                                    ``(I) access to and use of the 
                                covered personal data is limited to 
                                addressing the threat; and
                                    ``(II) the covered personal data is 
                                destroyed at such time as it is no 
                                longer necessary for such purpose.
                            ``(ix) Exception for compliance purposes.--
                        Clause (i) shall not apply to covered personal 
                        data that is obtained by a covered governmental 
                        entity for the purpose of supporting compliance 
                        with collection limitations and minimization 
                        requirements imposed by statute, guidelines, 
                        procedures, or the Constitution of the United 
                        States, provided that--
                                    ``(I) access to and use of the 
                                covered personal data is limited to 
                                such purpose; and
                                    ``(II) the covered personal data is 
                                destroyed at such time as it is no 
                                longer necessary for such purpose.
                            ``(x) Exception for consent.--Clause (i) 
                        shall not apply to covered personal data that 
                        is obtained by a covered governmental entity 
                        if--
                                    ``(I) each covered person linked or 
                                reasonably linkable to the covered 
                                personal data, or, if such covered 
                                person is incapable of providing 
                                consent, a third party legally 
                                authorized to consent on behalf of the 
                                covered person, has provided consent to 
                                the acquisition and use of the data on 
                                a case-by-case basis;
                                    ``(II) access to and use of the 
                                covered personal data is limited to the 
                                purposes for which the consent was 
                                provided; and
                                    ``(III) the covered personal data 
                                is destroyed at such time as it is no 
                                longer necessary for such purposes.
                    ``(B) Indirectly acquired records and 
                information.--The limitation under subparagraph (A) 
                shall apply without regard to whether the covered 
                organization possessing the covered personal data is 
                the covered organization that initially obtained or 
                collected, or is the covered organization that 
                initially received the disclosure of, the covered 
                personal data.
            ``(3) Limit on sharing between agencies.--An agency of a 
        governmental entity that is not a covered governmental entity 
        may not provide to a covered governmental entity covered 
        personal data that was obtained in a manner that would violate 
        paragraph (2) if the agency of a governmental entity were a 
        covered governmental entity, unless the covered governmental 
        entity would have been permitted to obtain the covered personal 
        data under an exception set forth in paragraph (2)(A).
            ``(4) Prohibition on use of data obtained in violation of 
        this section.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Covered personal data obtained 
                by or provided to a covered governmental entity in 
                violation of paragraph (2) or (3), and any evidence 
                derived therefrom, may not be used, received in 
                evidence, or otherwise disseminated by, on behalf of, 
                or upon a motion or other action by a covered 
                governmental entity in any investigation by or in any 
                trial, hearing, or other proceeding in or before any 
                court, grand jury, department, officer, agency, 
                regulatory body, legislative committee, or other 
                authority of the United States, a State, or a political 
                subdivision thereof.
                    ``(B) Use by aggrieved parties.--Nothing in 
                subparagraph (A) shall be construed to limit the use of 
                covered personal data by a covered person aggrieved of 
                a violation of paragraph (2) or (3) in connection with 
                any action relating to such a violation.
    ``(f) Minimization Procedures.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Attorney General shall adopt 
        specific procedures that are reasonably designed to minimize 
        the acquisition and retention, and to restrict the querying, of 
        covered personal data, and prohibit the dissemination of 
        information derived from covered personal data.
            ``(2) Acquisition and retention.--The procedures adopted 
        under paragraph (1) shall require covered governmental entities 
        to exhaust all reasonable means--
                    ``(A) to exclude covered personal data that is not 
                subject to 1 or more of the exceptions set forth in 
                clauses (iii) through (x) of subsection (e)(2)(A) from 
                the data obtained; and
                    ``(B) to remove and delete covered personal data 
                described in subparagraph (A) not subject to 1 or more 
                exceptions set forth in clauses (iii) through (x) of 
                subsection (e)(2)(A) after a compilation is obtained 
                and before operational use of the compilation or 
                inclusion of the compilation in a dataset intended for 
                operational use.
            ``(3) Destruction.--The procedures adopted under paragraph 
        (1) shall require that, if a covered governmental entity 
        identifies covered personal data in a compilation described in 
        clause (ii) of subsection (e)(2)(A) not subject to 1 or more 
        exceptions set forth in clauses (iii) through (x) of such 
        subsection, the covered governmental entity shall promptly 
        destroy the covered personal data and any dissemination of 
        information derived from the covered personal data shall be 
        prohibited.
            ``(4) Querying.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Except as provided in 
                subparagraphs (B) and (C), no officer or employee of a 
                covered governmental entity may conduct a query of 
                personal data, including personal data already 
                subjected to minimization, in an effort to find records 
                of or about a particular covered person.
                    ``(B) Exceptions.--Subparagraph (A) shall not apply 
                to a query related to a particular covered person if--
                            ``(i) such covered person is the subject of 
                        a court order or emergency authorization issued 
                        under this title that would authorize the 
                        covered governmental entity to compel the 
                        production of the covered personal data, during 
                        the effective period of that order;
                            ``(ii) the purpose of the query is to 
                        retrieve information obtained by a covered 
                        governmental entity under a program established 
                        by an Act of Congress under which a portion of 
                        a penalty or a similar payment or bounty is 
                        paid to an individual who discloses information 
                        about an unlawful activity to the Government, 
                        such as the program authorized under section 
                        7623 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 
                        (relating to awards to whistleblowers in cases 
                        of underpayments or fraud), provided that any 
                        covered personal data accessed through such 
                        query is used only for such purpose;
                            ``(iii) the purpose of the query is to 
                        retrieve information about an employee of, or 
                        applicant for employment by, a covered 
                        governmental entity that has been obtained by 
                        the covered governmental entity for employment-
                        related purposes, provided that any covered 
                        personal data accessed through such query is 
                        used only for such purposes;
                            ``(iv) the purpose of the query is to 
                        retrieve information obtained by a covered 
                        governmental entity for purposes of conducting 
                        a background check of the covered person with 
                        the written consent of the covered person, 
                        provided that any covered personal data 
                        accessed through such query is used only for 
                        such purposes;
                            ``(v) the purpose of the query is to 
                        retrieve, and the query is reasonably designed 
                        to retrieve, only lawfully obtained public 
                        data, and only lawfully obtained public data is 
                        accessed and used as a result of the query;
                            ``(vi) the officer or employee of a covered 
                        governmental entity carrying out the query has 
                        a reasonable belief that an emergency exists 
                        involving an imminent threat of death or 
                        serious bodily harm, and in order to prevent or 
                        mitigate that threat, the query must be 
                        conducted before a court order can, with due 
                        diligence, be obtained, provided that any 
                        covered personal data accessed through such 
                        query is used only for such purpose;
                            ``(vii) the query is conducted for the 
                        purpose of supporting compliance with 
                        collection limitations and minimization 
                        requirements imposed by statute, guidelines, 
                        procedures, or the Constitution of the United 
                        States, provided that any covered personal data 
                        accessed through such query is used only for 
                        such purpose; or
                            ``(viii) such covered person or, if such 
                        covered person is incapable of providing 
                        consent, a third party legally authorized to 
                        consent on behalf of the covered person has 
                        consented to the query, provided that any use 
                        of covered personal data accessed through such 
                        query is limited to the purposes for which the 
                        consent was provided.
                    ``(C) Special rule for compilations of data.--For a 
                query of a compilation of data obtained under 
                subsection (e)(2)(A)(ii)--
                            ``(i) each query shall be reasonably 
                        designed to exclude personal data of covered 
                        persons, unless the query is subject to an 
                        exception set forth in subparagraph (B); and
                            ``(ii) any personal data of covered persons 
                        returned pursuant to a query that is not 
                        subject to an exception set forth in clauses 
                        (ii) through (iii) of subsection (e)(2)(A) 
                        shall not be reviewed and shall immediately be 
                        destroyed.''.

SEC. 503. CONSISTENT PROTECTIONS FOR DEMANDS FOR DATA HELD BY 
              INTERACTIVE COMPUTING SERVICES.

    (a) Definition.--Section 2711 of title 18, United States Code, is 
amended--
            (1) in paragraph (3)(C), by striking ``and'' at the end;
            (2) in paragraph (4), by striking the period at the end and 
        inserting a semicolon; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(5) the term `online service provider' means a provider 
        of electronic communication service, a provider of remote 
        computing service, any information service, system, or access 
        software provider that provides or enables computer access by 
        multiple users to a computer server, including specifically a 
        service or system that provides access to the Internet and such 
        systems operated or services offered by libraries or 
        educational institutions; and''.
    (b) Required Disclosure.--Section 2703 of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended--
            (1) in subsection (a), in the first sentence, by striking 
        ``a provider of electronic communication service'' and 
        inserting ``an online service provider'';
            (2) in subsection (c)--
                    (A) in paragraph (1), in the matter preceding 
                subparagraph (A), by striking ``a provider of 
                electronic communication service or remote computing 
                service'' and inserting ``an online service provider''; 
                and
                    (B) in paragraph (2), in the matter preceding 
                subparagraph (A), by striking ``A provider of 
                electronic communication service or remote computing 
                service'' and inserting ``An online service provider''; 
                and
            (3) in subsection (g), by striking ``a provider of 
        electronic communications service or remote computing service'' 
        and inserting ``an online service provider''.
    (c) Limitation on Voluntary Disclosure.--Section 2702(a) of title 
18, United States Code, is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1), by striking ``a person or entity 
        providing an electronic communication service to the public'' 
        and inserting ``an online service provider'';
            (2) in paragraph (2), by striking ``a person or entity 
        providing remote computing service to the public'' and 
        inserting ``an online service provider''; and
            (3) in paragraph (3), by striking ``a provider of remote 
        computing service or electronic communication service to the 
        public'' and inserting ``an online service provider''.

SEC. 504. CONSISTENT PRIVACY PROTECTIONS FOR DATA HELD BY DATA BROKERS.

    Section 2703 of title 18, United States Code is amended by adding 
at the end the following:
    ``(i) Covered Personal Data.--
            ``(1) Definitions.--In this subsection, the terms `covered 
        personal data' and `covered organization' have the meanings 
        given such terms in section 2702(e).
            ``(2) Limitation.--Unless a governmental entity obtains an 
        order in accordance with paragraph (3), the governmental entity 
        may not require a covered organization that is not an online 
        service provider to disclose covered personal data if a court 
        order would be required for the governmental entity to require 
        an online service provider to disclose such covered personal 
        data that is a record of a customer or subscriber of the online 
        service provider.
            ``(3) Orders.--
                    ``(A) In general.--A court may only issue an order 
                requiring a covered organization that is not an online 
                service provider to disclose covered personal data on 
                the same basis and subject to the same limitations as 
                would apply to a court order to require disclosure by 
                an online service provider.
                    ``(B) Standard.--For purposes of subparagraph (A), 
                a court shall apply the most stringent standard under 
                Federal statute or the Constitution of the United 
                States that would be applicable to a request for a 
                court order to require a comparable disclosure by an 
                online service provider of a customer or subscriber of 
                the online service provider.''.

SEC. 505. PROTECTION OF DATA ENTRUSTED TO INTERMEDIARY OR ANCILLARY 
              SERVICE PROVIDERS.

    (a) Definition.--Section 2711 of title 18, United States Code, as 
amended by section 503 of this Act, is amended by adding at the end the 
following:
            ``(6) the term `intermediary or ancillary service provider' 
        means an entity or facilities owner or operator that directly 
        or indirectly delivers, transmits, stores, or processes 
        communications or any other covered personal data (as defined 
        in section 2702(e) of this title) for, or on behalf of, an 
        online service provider.''.
    (b) Prohibition.--Section 2702(a) of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1), by striking ``and'' at the end;
            (2) in paragraph (2)(B), by striking ``and'' at the end;
            (3) in paragraph (3), by striking the period at the end and 
        inserting ``; and''; and
            (4) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(4) an intermediary or ancillary service provider may not 
        knowingly disclose--
                    ``(A) to any person or entity the contents of a 
                communication while in electronic storage by that 
                intermediary or ancillary service provider; or
                    ``(B) to any governmental entity a record or other 
                information pertaining to a subscriber to or customer 
                of, a recipient of a communication from a subscriber to 
                or customer of, or the sender of a communication to a 
                subscriber to or customer of, the online service 
                provider for, or on behalf of, which the intermediary 
                or ancillary service provider directly or indirectly 
                delivers, transmits, stores, or processes 
                communications or any other covered personal data (as 
                defined in subsection (e)).''.

                         TITLE VI--TRANSPARENCY

SEC. 601. ENHANCED REPORTS BY DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE.

    (a) In General.--Section 603(b) of the Foreign Intelligence 
Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1873(b)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (2)(C), by striking the semicolon and 
        inserting ``; and'';
            (2) by redesignating paragraphs (3) through (7) as 
        paragraphs (6) through (10), respectively;
            (3) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following:
            ``(3) a description of the subject matter of each of the 
        certifications provided under section 702(h);
            ``(4) statistics revealing the number of persons targeted 
        and the number of selectors used under section 702(a), 
        disaggregated by the certification under which the person was 
        targeted;
            ``(5) the total number of directives issued pursuant to 
        section 702(i)(1), disaggregated by each type of electronic 
        communication service provider described in section 
        701(b)(4);'';
            (4) in paragraph (9), as so redesignated, by striking 
        ``and'' at the end;
            (5) in paragraph (10), as so redesignated, by striking the 
        period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and
            (6) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(11)(A) the total number of disseminated intelligence 
        reports derived from collection pursuant to section 702 
        containing the identities of United States persons, regardless 
        of whether the identities of the United States persons were 
        openly included or masked;
            ``(B) the total number of disseminated intelligence reports 
        derived from collection not authorized by this Act and 
        conducted under procedures approved by the Attorney General 
        containing the identities of United States persons, regardless 
        of whether the identities of the United States persons were 
        openly included or masked;
            ``(C) the total number of disseminated intelligence reports 
        derived from collection pursuant to section 702 containing the 
        identities of United States persons in which the identities of 
        the United States persons were masked;
            ``(D) the total number of disseminated intelligence reports 
        derived from collection not authorized by this Act and 
        conducted under procedures approved by the Attorney General 
        containing the identities of United States persons in which the 
        identities of the United States persons were masked;
            ``(E) the total number of disseminated intelligence reports 
        derived from collection pursuant to section 702 containing the 
        identities of United States persons in which the identities of 
        the United States persons were openly included; and
            ``(F) the total number of disseminated intelligence reports 
        derived from collection not authorized by this Act and 
        conducted under procedures approved by the Attorney General 
        containing the identities of United States persons in which the 
        identities of the United States persons were openly included;
            ``(12) the number of queries conducted in an effort to find 
        communications or information of or about 1 or more United 
        States persons or persons reasonably believed to be located in 
        the United States at the time of the query or the time of the 
        communication or creation of the information, where such 
        communications or information were obtained under procedures 
        approved by the Attorney General and without a court order, 
        subpoena, or other legal process established by statute;
            ``(13) the number of criminal proceedings in which the 
        Federal Government or a government of a State or political 
        subdivision thereof entered into evidence or otherwise used or 
        disclosed in a criminal proceeding any information obtained or 
        derived from an acquisition conducted under procedures approved 
        by the Attorney General and without a court order, subpoena, or 
        other legal process established by statute; and
            ``(14) a good faith estimate of what percentage of the 
        communications that are subject to the procedures described in 
        section 309(b)(3) of the Intelligence Authorization Act for 
        Fiscal Year 2015 (50 U.S.C. 1813(b)(3))--
                    ``(A) are retained for more than 5 years; and
                    ``(B) are retained for more than 5 years because, 
                in whole or in part, the communications are 
                encrypted.''.
    (b) Repeal of Nonapplicability to Federal Bureau of Investigation 
of Certain Requirements.--Section 603(d) of the Foreign Intelligence 
Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1873(d)) is amended--
            (1) by striking paragraph (2); and
            (2) by redesignating paragraph (3) as paragraph (2).
    (c) Conforming Amendment.--Section 603(d)(1) of the Foreign 
Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1873(d)(1)) is amended 
by striking ``paragraphs (3), (5), or (6)'' and inserting ``paragraph 
(6), (8), or (9)''.

              TITLE VII--LIMITED DELAYS IN IMPLEMENTATION

SEC. 701. LIMITED DELAYS IN IMPLEMENTATION.

    (a) Definition.--In this section, the term ``appropriate committees 
of Congress'' means--
            (1) the congressional intelligence committees (as defined 
        in section 3 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 
        3003));
            (2) the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate; and
            (3) the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of 
        Representatives.
    (b) Authority.--The Attorney General may, in coordination with the 
Director of National Intelligence as may be appropriate, delay 
implementation of a provision of this Act or an amendment made by this 
Act for a period of not more than 1 year upon a showing to the 
appropriate committees of Congress that the delay is necessary--
            (1) to develop and implement technical systems needed to 
        comply with the provision or amendment; or
            (2) to hire or train personnel needed to comply with the 
        provision or amendment.
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