DOE/ER-01 58

Summaries of FY 1982

Engineering Research

December 1982

U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Research

Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Division of Engineering, Mathematical

and Geosciences
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DOE/ER-01 58

UC-38

Summaries of FY 1982

Engineering Research

December 1982

U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Research

Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Division of Engineering, Mathematical

and Geosciences

Washington, D.C. 20545
FOREWORD

This report documents the BES Engineering Research program for

fiscal year 1982; it provides a summary for each of the program

projects in addition to a brief program overview. The report is

intended to provide staff of congressional committees, other executive departments, and other DOE offices with substantive program information so as to facilitate governmental overview and

coordination of Federal research programs. Of equal importance,

its availability facilitates communication of program information

to interested research engineers and scientists.

The organizational chart for the DOE Office of Energy Research

(OER) on the next page delineates the six Divisions within the

OER Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Each BES Division

administers basic, mission oriented research programs in the

area indicated by its title. The BES Engineering Research program is one such program; it is administered by the Engineering,

Mathematical and Geosciences Division of BES. Dr. Oscar P. Manley is technical manager of the Engineering Research program;

inquiries concerning the program may be addressed to him. The

Division phone number is (301) 353 5822. Dr. Manley can be contacted by phone at this number.

In preparing this report we asked the principal investigators to

submit summaries for their projects that were specifically applicable to fiscal year 1982. The summaries received have been

edited as necessary, but the press for timely publication made it

impractical to have the investigators review and approve the summaries prior to publication. For more information about a given

project, it is suggested that the investigators be contacted

directly.

James S. Coleman, Director

Division of Engineering,

Mathematical and Geosciences

Office of Basic Energy Sciences
OFFICE OF ENERGY RESEARCH

DIRECTOR

ALVIN TRIVELPIECE

DEPUTY DIRECTOR

JAMES S. KANE

OFFICE OF FIELD

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND

DIRECTOR TECHNOLOGY AFFAIRS

TONI GRAYSON JOSEPH STAFF

DEPUTY DIRECTOR CTO

JOSEPH E. MACHUREK JOEL SNOW

* ADVISORY AND INSTITUTIONAL

COORDINATION DIVISION

JAMES G. LING

* LABORATORY MANAGEMENT

DIVISION

ALAN B. CLAFLIN OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT

* UNIVERSITY AND INDUSTRY DIRECTOR

DIVISION J. RONALD YOUNG

RICHARD E. STEPHENS DEPUTY DIRECTOR

IRA M. ADLER

POLICY AND MANAGEMENT ANALYSES

DIVISION

OFFICE OF DALE C. STUBENRAUCH -ACTING

PROGRAM ANALYSIS OF-- * CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT SUPPORT DIVISION DIRECTOR LEWIS E. TEMPLE ACTING

GEORGE JORDY .FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

DEPUTY DIRECTOR DIVISION

JOHN F. KAUFMANN DELMAR D. MAYHEW -ACTING

. RESEARCH AND TECHNICAL .ACQUISITION MANAGEMENT

ASSESSMENT DIVISION DIVISION

JOHN R. POWERS ROBERT A. ZICH

* PROGRAM INTEGRATION ANALYSIS

DIVISION

MARVIN K. MOSS

OFFICE OF BASIC ENERGY OFFICE OF FUSION ENERGY OFFICE OF HIGH ENERGY OFFICE OF HEALTH AND

SCIENCES ACTING ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH

ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR JAMES S. KANE ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR

RICHARD H. KROPSCHOT DEPUTY ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR JAMES E. LEISS CHARLES EDINGTON

DEPUTY ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR JOHN F. CLARKE DEPUTY ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR D HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS DONALD K.STEVENS TOROIDAL CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS DIVISION JACOB W. THIESSEN ACTING

* ENGINEERING. MATHEMATICAL DIVISION WILLIAM A. WALLENMEYER . HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH

AND GEO SCIENCES DIVISION N. ANNE DAVIES . NUCLEAR PHYSICS DIVISION

JAMES S. COLEMAN · APPLIED PLASMA PHYSICS DIVISION MARTIN L. MINTHORN

* BIOLOGICAL ENERGY RESEARCH DIVISION ENLOE T. RITTER · HUMAN HEALTH AND ASSESSMENTS

DIVISION JAMES F. DECKER DIVISION

ROBERT RABSON * DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY JOSEPH R. BLAIR -ACTING

* CARBON DIOXIDE RESEARCH DIVISION · POLLUTANT CHARACTERIZATION AND

DIVISION ROBERT J. DOWLING SAFETY RESEARCH DIVISION

FREDERICK A. KOOMANOFF * MIRROR CONFINEMENT SYSTEM ROBERT W. WOOD

* CHEMICAL SCIENCES DIVISION DIVISION · ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH

ELLIOT S. PIERCE WILLIAM R. ELLIS DIVISION

· ADVANCED ENERGY PROJECTS · PLANNING AND PROJECTS HELEN M. McCAMMON

DIVISION DIVISION

RYSZARD GAJEWSKI MICHAEL ROBERTS

* MATERIALS SCIENCES DIVISION

LOUIS C. IANNIELLO
INTRODUCTION

The individual project summaries follow the program overview.

The summaries are ordered alphabetically by name of institution

and so the table of contents lists all of the institutions at

which projects were sponsored in fiscal year 1982.

The projects are numbered sequentially for individual identification in the indexes. Each project entry begins with a centered,

institutional-departmental heading. The project number precedes

the capitalized project title. The names of the investigators

are listed immediately below the title. The funding level for

fiscal year 1982 appears to the right of the title; it is followed by the budget activity number (e.g., 01-03). These numbers

categorize the projects for budgetary purposes and the categories

are described in the budget number index. The year in which the

project began and the anticipated duration in years are indicated

respectively by the first two and last digits of the sequence

directly below the budget activity number (e.g., 80-2). The summary description of the project completes the entry.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Program Overview ........................................... 1

Project Summaries ......................................... 6

Ames Laboratory ......................................... 6

Argonne National Laboratory .............................. 7

Battelle Columbus Laboratories ... ........................ 9

Biphase Energy Systems ................................... 10

Brown University ......................................... 11

University of California/LA ......................... ..... 12

Calspan Advanced Technology Center .................... .. 13

University of Chicago .......................... .......... 15

Clarkson College of Technology ......................... 16

Colorado School of Mines .................................. 17

Cornell University ....................................... 18

General Atomic Company ................................... 19

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory .................... 20

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ................ 22

Illinois Institute of Technology ... . ..................... 23

The University of Iowa ................................... 25

Jet Propulsion Laboratory ................................ 26

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ............................. 27

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory .................. 29

Los Alamos National Laboratory ........................... 31

University of Maryland ................................... 32

University of Massachusetts .............................. 33

Massachusetts Institute of Technology .................... 34

University of Michigan . ............................... 39

University of Minnesota . .............................. 40

National Bureau of Standards ............................. 41

City University of New York .............................. 43

Northwestern University .................................. 44

Pacific Northwest Laboratory ............................ 45

University of Pennsylvania .............................. 47

Pennsylvania State University ............................ 48

Rice University ....................................... 49

Rockefeller University .................................. 50

Rutgers University ........ ......... ................... 51

Sandia National Laboratories ............... ............. 52

Scientific Systems, Inc. .............. ....................... 54

SKF Industries, Inc. ..................................... 55

Stanford University ...................................... 56

Systems Engineering For Power, Inc. ..................... 62

T. S. Associates ......................................... 63

University of Texas at Austin ............................ 64

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ...... 65

University of Wisconsin .............................. .... 66

Budget Number Index . ....................................... 67

Project Titles ..................................... 69

Investigator Index ........................... .............. 74
PROGRAM OVERVIEW - 1 -

BES ENGINEERING RESEARCH

The BES Engineering Research program is one of the component

research programs which collectively constitute the DOE Basic

Energy Sciences program. The DOE Basic Energy Sciences program

supports energy related research in the physical and biological

sciences, engineering, and applied mathematics. The chief purpose

of the DOE Basic Energy Sciences program is to provide the fundamental scientific base on which identification and development of

future, national energy options will depend. The major product

of the program becomes part of the body of data and knowledge

upon which the applied energy technologies are founded; the product is knowledge relevant to energy exploration, production,

conversion and use.

The BES Engineering Research program was started in 1979 to help

resolve the numerous serious engineering issues arising from

efforts to meet U.S. energy needs. The program supports fundamental research on broad, generic topics in energy related

engineering--topics not as narrowly scoped as those addressed by

the shorter term engineering research projects sponsored by the

various DOE technology programs. Special emphasis is placed on

projects which, if successfully concluded, will benefit more than

one energy technology.

During the first year several workshops were sponsored for the

purpose of identifying energy related engineering research needs

and initial priorities. Representatives from industry, academic

institutions, national laboratories, and leading members of professional organizations (Engineering Societies Commission on

Energy, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of

Automotive Engineers, and Joint Automation and Control Committee)

participated in the workshops. In addition to the participants

in the workshops, staff representatives from the DOE technology

programs and other leading U.S. energy engineering experts made

significant contributions to the setting of program priorities.

There resulted from this process a strong confirmation of the

need for a long-range, fundamental engineering research program

with two major goals. The broad goals that were established by

this process for the BES Engineering Research program are:

1) To extend the body of knowledge underlying current

engineering practice so as to create new options for

enhancing energy savings and production, for prolonging useful equipment life, and for reducing costs

without degradation of industrial production and performance quality; and
PROGRAM OVERVIEW - 2 -

2) To broaden the technical and conceptual base for

solving future engineering problems in the energy

technologies.

In this process, it was further established that to achieve these

goals, the BES Engineering Research program should address the

following topics identified as essential to the progress of many

energy technologies:

1) Advanced Industrial Technology -- improvement of

energy conversion and utilization, opening new technological possibilities, and improvement of energy

systems.

2) Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Processes -- broadening of

understanding of heat transfer in non-steady flows,

methodology for reducing vibrations and noise in heat

exchangers, and engineering aspects of combustion.

3) Solid Mechanics -- continuum mechanics and crack propagation in structures.

4) Dynamics and Control of Processes and Systems --

development and use of information describing system

behavior (system models), performance criteria, and

theories of control optimization to achieve the best

possible system performance subject to known constraints.

In addition to the above topics, Geotechnical Engineering (mining), Electric Power Technology, Reliability and Risk Analysis,

and Novel Energy Related Engineering were endorsed as areas suitable for immediate initiation of engineering research projects.

Because of budgetary limitations, the implemented BES Engineering

Research program is somewhat less broad than the program

envisioned above. At present, equal emphasis is being placed on

three carefully selected, high priority research areas; namely,

1) Mechanical Sciences -- including tribology (basic

nature of friction reduction phenomena), heat

transfer, and solid mechanics (continuum mechanics

and crack propagation).

2) System Sciences -- including process control and

instrumentation.

3) Engineering Analysis -- including non-linear dynamics, data bases for thermophysical properties of

fluids, and modeling of combustion processes for

engineering application.
PROGRAM OVERVIEW - 3 -

These areas contain the most critical elements of the four topics

enumerated above; as such, they are of importance to energy technologies both in the short and long term, and therefore of

immediate programmatic interest. It should be noted that other

areas of basic research important to engineering are monitored

elsewhere in BES. For instance, fluid mechanics, especially turbulence and research on thermophysical properties, are among the

responsibilities of the Chemical Sciences Division, while microscopic aspects of fracture mechanics are in the domain of the

Material Sciences Division.

As resources permit, other high priority areas are being added to

the Engineering Research program. Thus in fiscal year 1983, a

significant portion of the real increment in available funds will

be used to fill a widely perceived gap between research on

advanced control systems and the developments in artificial

intelligence as they apply to energy systems. Further in the

future as funds become available, the program will address the

development of methodologies for simulating the scale-up of process plants. With the availability of an increasing data base,

new concepts in the mathematical theory of non-linear systems

offer opportunity for rapid advances in this relatively unexplored engineering field.

Research projects sponsored by the BES Engineering Research program are currently underway at universities, private sector

laboratories, and DOE national laboratories. In fiscal year 1982

the program operating funds available amounted to about $4 million. The distribution of these funds among various institutions

and by topical areas is illustrated on the next page. Project

funding levels are mostly in the range of $50,000 to $100,000 per

year. Typical duration of a project is three to four years, with

some projects expected to last as long as ten years or more.

The BES Engineering Research projects stem almost without exception from unsolicited proposals. Proposals which anticipate

definite results in less than two years are usually referred to

the appropriate DOE technology program for consideration. Anyone

interested in submitting a proposal is encouraged to discuss his

ideas with the technical program manager prior to submission of a

formal proposal. Such discussion helps to establish whether or

not a potential project has a reasonable chance of being funded.

The primary considerations for possible support are the technical

quality of the proposal and the professional standing of the

principal investigators and staff. An effort is made to attract

first rate, younger research engineers and energy oriented

applied scientists. A high technical caliber of research is

maintained by requiring that the projects supported have potential for a significant contribution to energy-related engineering

science, or for an initial contribution to a new energy relevant

technology. Sponsored projects are selected primarily for their

relevance to DOE mission requirements; the contribution to energy

related higher education is an important but secondary consideration. Thus projects sponsored at universities are essentially
ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '82 BUDGET ($000's)

BY INSTITUTIONAL TYPE

UNIVERSITIES

/ NATIONAL \ 55%

LABORATORIES $ 2,338

35% \ (31 PROJECTS)

$1,470

(16 PROJECTS)

\~ / ~PRIVATE \

SECTOR

10 \ /

$425

(6 PROJECTS)

ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '82 BUDGET

BY TECHNICAL AREAS

($000's) % NUMBER OF PROJECTS

MECHANICAL SCIENCES 1,556 37% 24

SYSTEMS SCIENCES 1,510 36% 18

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 1,167 27% 10
PROGRAM OVERVIEW - 5 -

limited to advanced studies both theoretical and experimental

usually performed by faculty members, staff research scientists,

and doctoral candidates.
- 6 -

AMES LABORATORY

Iowa State University

Ames, Iowa 50011

01. A COMPOSITE, MULTIVIEWING $150,000 01-03

TRANSDUCER 81-3

James Corones, D. O. Thompson,

R. B. Thompson

The objective of this project is to demonstrate a first breadboard model of a multiviewing ultrasonic transducer suitable for

detecting and characterizing flaws in structural materials in

various applications. The successful development of the device

depends upon the combination of recent advances in ultrasonic

scattering and inversion theories with new concepts in transducer

configurations and excitation methods. An experimental composite

transducer simulator has been used as an aid in developing the

data acquisition and analysis protocol. It has been determined

that seven transducer elements which are multiplexed using both

pulse-echo and selected pitch-catch modes are sufficient to produce good flaw reconstructions. The data protocol fits the

inverted data to an ellipsoid of general shape (3 axes, 3

angles). Results obtained indicate that this combination produces a good reconstruction of a flaw's size, shape, and orientation. Work is currently in progress on a self-contained composite transducer and automated data protocol software.
- 7 -

ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Components Technology Division

Argonne, Illinois 60439

02. THEORETICAL/EXPERIMENTAL STUDY $30,000 01-02

OF STABILITY CONTROL 82-3

S. S. Chen, E. L. Reiss (Northwestern U),

J. A. Jendrzejczyk

Theoretical and experimental studies are aimed at enhancing the

understanding of nonlinear stability phenomena involving fluids,

solids, and their coupling. The objective is to develop methods

of controlling instability, and to explore the use of instability

mechanics in engineering design. Studies of the mathematics of

the modeled nonlinear systems are conducted at Northwestern

University. Experiments and related analyses are performed at

Argonne National Laboratory. The studies have been initiated

with the special fluid-elastic stability problem of a slender

elastic tube conveying fluid. In order to develop the required

mathematical techniques and to understand the mathematical and

physical phenomena that may occur, a simpler oscillator problem

has been analyzed in detail. In parallel with the theoretical

study experiments have been performed with a tube, fixed at the

upstream end and supported at a downstream location by a knifeedge support whose distance from the end can be varied. The

transition from one instability to another has been identified as

a function of the ratio of the downstream support location (distance from fixed end) to the total tube length. In addition,

tube natural frequency and damping were measured as a function of

flow velocity.
-8-

ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Components Technology Division

Argonne, Illinois 60439

03. ENGINEERING MODELS IN DYNAMIC $50,000 01-04

PLASTICITY 80-3

G. S. Rosenberg, H. C. Lin,

C. A. Kot

The objective is to develop a rational continuum basis for

describing the dynamic plastic deformation of materials subjected

to short duration, high intensity loading. A phenomenological

approach coupled with irreversible thermodynamics guides the

derivation of constitutive representations. Constitutive equations based on the endochronic theory of viscoplasticity with an

improved intrinsic time measure and including strain-rate effects

have been derived for one-dimensional and bixial (tensiontorsion) stress states. Applications of these constitutive formulations to one-dimensional wave propagation problems in thinwall tubes show good agreement with experimental data both during

loading and unloading. A critical review of endochronic formulations, their applications, and some of the criticisms of the

theory have also been completed. The analytical and numerical

studies indicate that the improved formulations widen the predictive scope of endochronic theory, while preserving its advantages, i.e., not having to define a yield surface and reducing

computational effort.
- 9 -

BATTELLE COLUMBUS LABORATORIES

Physical Metallurgy Section

505 King Avenue

Columbus, Ohio 43201

04. DAMAGE ACCUMULATION BY CRACK $ 0 01-04

GROWTH UNDER COMBINED 80-2

CREEP AND FATIGUE

C. E. Jaske

The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate methods

for assessing creep/fatigue crack growth under inelastic straining. A fracture-mechanics approach using the J-integral for

fatigue and the C* integral for creep is being employed. A computer program has been developed to calculate creep/fatigue crack

growth in laboratory specimens. A crack-tip-zone interaction

model was developed to account for interaction between creep and

fatigue during crack growth at high temperature. Experimental

work is being carried out on solution annealed Type 316 stainless

steel in air at 593 and 649 C. Cyclic-crack-growth-rate behavior

has been characterized both under continuous cycling conditions

and under conditions of hold times up to 1-hour long at peak tensile load during each fatigue cycle. It has been found that A J

can be used to characterize the fatigue-crack growth rate for

surface flaws in low-cycle fatigue specimens that are in the

range of 0.05 to 1.5 millimeters. Creep-crack-growth behavior

has been characterized for rates between 10-10 and 10- 7 meters

per second using the C* integral. Transient fatigue-crack-growth

rates after periods of creep have been characterized and the

behavior explained in terms of the crack-tip-zone interaction

model that has been developed. The initial results indicate that

the approach being used is a quite promising one. Further verification of the validity of this approach at lower cyclic and

creep-crack-growth rates that are particularly relevant to practical engineering problems needs to be evaluated in further work.
- 10 -

BIPHASE ENERGY SYSTEMS

2800 Airport Avenue

Santa Monica, CA 90405

05. TWO-PHASE FLOW RESEARCH $63,000 01-02

D. M. Rovner 80-3

This project is planned as a three year effort to carry out

research on two-phase nozzles and the interaction of the flow

from such a nozzle with a rotating separator. During the second

phase, which was completed in July of 1982, an investigation was

conducted to determine the efficiency of momentum transfer from

the two-phase jet to a rotating separator. Nozzle-thrust and

separator-torque measurements were used to determine the momentum

transfer. Nozzle/separator geometric parameters and nozzle-flow

parameters were varied and the effects on momentum transfer were

measured. The effect of the geometric parameters was wellpredicted by a control-volume analysis. The most important

nozzle-flow parameter appeared to be the slip velocity between

the two phases. In addition, measurements made at low mass

ratios of water-to-air revealed that there was transfer of momentum to the separator wheel from the gaseous phase. In a typical

case it was shown that up to 30% of the torque the gaseous phase

exerted on the separator wheel was measured. (The uncertainty is

due to the unknown velocity slip between the phases). During the

third phase of the project, interactions between a pickup and the

rotating liquid film on a separator will be studied. The focus

will be on measurement of drag exerted on the separator and

minimization of harmful wakes.
- 11 -

BROWN UNIVERSITY

Division of Engineering

Providence, Rhode Island 02912

06. IMPROVEMENT IN THE DESIGN $96,000 01-03

AND EXTENSION OF OPERATING 81-3

RANGE OF VISCOMETERS AND

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY CELLS

J. Kestin

This project continues the development of measurement of two

important transport properties, the viscosity and the thermal

conductivity. Work is underway on the modification of existing

instrumentation to extend the ranges of pressure and temperature

and to make measurements at combined high temperatures and pressures (300-400 C and 30-40 MPa) while retaining the accuracy of

0.1-0.5% which is the state-of-the-art for more modest conditions. Working simultaneously in the same carefully staged way,

the goal for thermal conductivity measurements is to develop

instrumentation that will cover the range up to 50 MPa and 600 C.

With each staged increase in capability, extensive measurements

are being made on selected substances to secure results before

the instruments are exposed to increased risk. New measurements

on the viscosity of H2 0 and D2 0 were performed up to 200 C to

create a basis for the search for a law of corresponding states.

Preliminary calculations seem to point to the existence of such a

law with appropriately chosen reference values. In the thermal

conductivity instrument measurements on the mixtures of Ar-CH 4

have been completed. The next step consists of a series of measurements on mixtures involving two gases of nearly identical

molecular weight but different structure. Measurements on N2-CO

show that the mixtures have the same viscosity as N2 or CO (both

nearly equal), but significantly different thermal conductivity.

This may prove of theoretical interest in statistical mechanics.

The selected substances are chosen to make a contribution to the

national energy program as well as to the development of methods

of calculation for use in science and industry.
- 12 -

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

School of Engineering and Applied Science

Department of Mechanics and Structures

Los Angeles, California 90024

07. FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN $55,000 01-02

UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM 82-3

POROUS BEDS

Ivan Catton

The research, covers two broad areas: 1) single-phase convection

in porous media and 2) two-phase convection in porous media. The

two areas of study are further sub-divided into a) forced convection, b) free convection, c) free/forced convection, d) fluidization under two-phase flow conditions and e) effects of bed nonuniformities. Layered porous media with intervening liquid

regions as well as layers with no through flow will be part of

the study. The objective of this research is to develop physical

understanding of the governing phenomena and models for prediction of heat transfer by theoretical and experimental means.

Current experimental and theoretical studies address single-phase

natural convection. The Prigogine approach using non-equilibrium

thermo-hydrodynamic stability theory has been used to predict the

Nusselt number for a porous layer heated from below. The experimental data confirm the predictions.
- 13 -

CALSPAN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY CENTER

Aerodynamic Research Department

Buffalo, New York 14225

08. THE EFFECT OF AIR FLOW INSIDE $ 110,000 01-01

A PNEUMATIC TIRE ON TEMPERATURE 81-3

BUILDUP AND ROLLING RESISTANCE

William J. Rae, George T. Skinner

The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of air

flow and heat transfer inside a pneumatic tire on the temperature

buildup and rolling resistance of the tire. The approach being

followed has three phases: in the first, detailed measurements

are being made of the flow velocities inside a tire under typical

operating conditions. The principal experimental apparatus being

used in these experiments is a set of hot-wire anemometers. In

addition, pressures and temperatures will be measured at selected

points. In the second phase, a computer program for predicting

this flow will be developed, and its results compared with the

experimental data. During the third phase, an energy-balance

model will be developed, by means of which the flow and heattransfer information developed in the first two phases will be

translated into quantitative knowledge about energy losses due to

the air flow. The overall result expected from this work is a

method for assessing quantitatively the energy balance of the

tire, as affected by load, road speed, inflation pressure, and

other parameters.
- 14 -

CALSPAN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY CENTER

Environmental Sciences Department

Buffalo, New York 14225

09. MITIGATION OF BIOFOULING $ 62,000 01-02

USING SURFACE COATINGS 80-3

R. E. Baier, A. E. Meyer,

R. W. King M. S. Fornalik

H. Gucinski

Surface-energy-control coatings on sensitive analytical plates

are being used inside novel flow cells, at known shear rates, to

evaluate the hypothesis that biofouling films on energy-transfer

equipment might be suppressed without the use of toxicants.

Laboratory trials identified coatings with usefully long lifetimes when subjected to flowing artificial seawater. Experimental data show a possible minimum biofouling condition for surface

layers with 20-30 mN/m critical surface tensions. An apparently

universal pattern of microfouling was observed on all test

materials. The sequence of events occurs within the well known

"induction period" before deterioration of fluid friction factors

or heat exchange are noted by conventional measurements, but a

heat-exchange version of the test flow cells shows evidence of

improved sensitivity to these critical early events. In field

tests biofouling films with secondary silicate overlayers formed

on all test surfaces. However unlike unheated steel surfaces

these films could be easily removed from heat exchanger grade

stainless steel to about 22 mN/m. It was noted that iron carbonate and iron hydroxide components served as "transition"

layers from the biofouling precursor films to the glassy outermost deposits, suggesting a new plan of attack for fouling control additives. Field studies are in progress at the coal-fired

Niagara Mohawk power plant on the Niagara River, confirming and

extending the data base for fresh Great Lakes quality water.
- 15 -

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

Enrico Fermi Institute

Chicago, Illinois 60637

10. FUNDAMENTALS AND TECHNIQUES $ 95,000 01-06

OF NONIMAGING OPTICS FOR 81-3

SOLAR ENERGY CONCENTRATION

R. Winston, J. O'Gallagher

Nonimaging optics has led to the development of solar concentrators which have greatly relaxed optical tolerances and in many

cases do not need to track the sun. The objectives of this

research are further development of the theoretical formalism and

its application to useful new concentrator designs such as

improved solutions for minimizing or eliminating intercept losses

in cases where the energy absorber must be isolated from the concentrator and in studies of nonimaging elements for hybrid systems. Of particular significance is recent work which shows

explicitly that the brightness theorem in geometrical optics (the

analogue of Liouville's theorem) applies in the physical optics

domain as well. Thus it can be shown that the claims advanced

for several proposed unconventional concentrator designs involving holographic elements must be carefully evaluated and in many

cases cannot be true. Theoretical work is continuing in an

effort to derive a general expression for the energy flow inside

a concentrator from boundary conditions imposed by the location

of reflecting and refracting surfaces.
- 16 -

CLARKSON COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Potsdam, New York 13676

11. BURSTING IN STEADY AND $ 66,000 01-02

PULSATING TURRBULENT PIPE FLOW 82-3

J. B. McLaughlin, R. J. Nunge

The objectives of the research project are: (1) to gain an understanding of the effects of externally imposed pressure pulsations

on turbulence structure and momentum, heat, and mass transfer in

turbulent pipe flow; and (2) to determine the feasibility of

exploiting such effects to increase the efficiency of heat

exchangers and similar devices. A combination of computer modelling and laboratory experiments is pursued. The computer modelling involves the numerical simulation of a nonlinear, threedimensional, time-dependent model of the Navier-Stokes equation

in which a plug flow condition is imposed on the axial component

of the velocity in the core of the pipe. The model predicts the

effects of pulsations on the time-averaged transport and on the

wall-region eddies. Some of the predictions will be tested in

laboratory experiments on a fully developed turbulent pipe flow.

The experiments involve measurements of flow rates, pressure gradients, local pressures, and local wall shear stresses.
- 17 -

COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES

Department of Chemical and

Petroleum-Refining Engineering

Golden, Colorado 80401

12. RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER $ 45,000 01-02

IN OIL SHALE RETORTING 81-2

Michael C. Jones

Successful modeling of oil shale retorting and other fossil fuel

conversion processes depends upon an accurate knowledge of the

transport processes occurring. Among these are the transport of

heat between combustion gases and rock particles and the axial

transport of heat along the retort. At the temperatures of the

combustion zone in a retort, the dominant mode of heat transport

between combustion gases and solids is radiation. The objective

of this project is to provide a basis for modeling by experimental.measurements and by evaluation of models of the heat transfer

processes. The experimental method is to observe the propagation

down a packed bed of inlet gas temperature disturbances, and to

infer interphase heat transfer coefficients and axial conductivities by comparison with the results of a differential equation

model containing those parameters. The comparison may be made in

time, Laplace, or frequency domains. The effect of gas radiation

will be determined by performing the experiment with carbon dioxide rich mixtures and with non-radiating gas (nitrogen or argon)

as a control. Preliminary measurements on a two inch diameter

bed led to the conclusion that heat loss at that diameter may

predominate. Therefore a larger diameter bed with improved insulation is being constructed for this project. It aims at a temperature capability exceeding two thousand degrees Fahrenheit in

order to guarantee the predominance of radiative transfer and to

provide much needed high temperature interphase heat transfer

data. This apparatus is now undergoing preliminary testing and

methods of parameter evaluation for frequency response experiments are being tested.
- 18 -

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering

Ithaca, New York 14853

13. COMBUSTION CONTROL WITH $ 115,000 01-03

SMAXT SENSORS 81-2

G. J. Wolga, F. C. Gouldin

The objective of this project is to develop a "smart" spectroscopic sensor suitable for monitoring gaseous combustion products

by differential infrared absorption spectroscopy and to use the

sensor to demonstrate closed loop combustion control of a twoburner furnace. The sensor is a computer controlled tunable

acoustooptic infrared filter with sufficient resolution to

resolve individual vibration-rotation absorption lines in the 5-

6.5 micron spectral region. It will be self calibrating with

respect to temperature changes and thus the sensor can operate

unattended indefinitely. A tunable filter obtained from Westinghouse is currently being tested using a single frequency CO laser

to calibrate the tuning curve of the filter and to determine the

temperature dependence of the tuning curve. Subsequently,

infrared differential absorption spectroscopy will be demonstrated in an absorption cell; a flat flame burner; a turbulent,

swirl burner; and, finally, on the combustion products of a twoburner furnace. This furnace will be fueled through control

valves adjusted by a computer with the spectroscopic sensor providing quantitative information on combustion product concentrations sufficient to optimize furnace efficiency. Design and construction of the test burners is underway.
- 19 -

GENERAL ATOMIC COMPANY

10955 John Jay Hopkins Drive

San Diego, California 92121

14. FLUID MECHANICS OF ACOUSTIC $ 75,000 01-02

RESONANCE IN HEAT EXCHANGER 82-2

TUBE BUNDLES

R. D. Blevins

The purpose of this study is to develop a predictive fluid

mechanic model for acoustic resonance in shell and tube heat

exchangers. Acoustic resonance in heat exchangers is the result

of acoustic oscillations of gas in sympathy with periodic fluctuations in the flow over tubes. In the experimental phase of

the program, a simulated tube bundle is being constructed which

will be tested in air flow. Direct measurements of the onset of

resonance, intensity and mode of acoustic pressure will made with

microphones, and measurements of the exciting fluid dynamic fluctuations about the tube will be made with hot wire anemometers.

The results will be processed on-line using fast Fourier

transforms. In the theoretical phase of the program, a linear

acoustic model for the phenomenon will be developed using acoustic source and dissipation terms and a calculated acoustic mode

shape. The experimental results will then be used to refine the

acoustic source and dissipation terms, develop a fundamental

understanding of the fluid dynamic and acoustic interaction. A

nonlinear model for the self excitation will then be developed

using Lighthill's formulation for aerodynamic sound in interaction with the coherent structures in the flow due to vortex shedding from the tubes.
- 20 -

IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Materials Technology Division

Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415

15. NDE IMAGING RESEARCH $ 50,000 01-03

D. D. Keiser, J. A. Seydel, 79-3

B. A. Barna, J. A. Johnson

This project encompasses the development of data acquisition and

processing techniques for improved ultrasonic imaging of reflectors in structural materials. The approach is to develop image

processing computer codes that correct artifacts arising from

interface variations and transducer field effects. Work to date

has successfully integrated surface mapping algorithms and synthetic aperture techniques to provide images that significantly

improve both positional accuracy and image resolution over unprocessed images. The processing algorithms have not only been

applied to longitudinal ultrasonic waves but also to shear wave

or angle beam data where the phase history of the signal is more

complex. Subtle variations in the phase and frequency behavior

across the sonic aperture have been related to reflector and

sound field characteristics. A more complete understanding of

the mechanisms of this behavior is being pursued and should provide information that will better characterize the reflectors.

The increased accuracy in location and resolution that is the

objective of this research will provide an optimum basis for

fracture mechanics evaluations and resultant improvement in the

safety of structural components.
- 21 -

IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Materials Technology Division

Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415

16. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF $100,000 01-04

ELASTIC-PLASTIC FRACTURE 81-3

D. D. Keiser, V. W. Storhok

W. G. Reuter

The objective is to improve design and analytical techniques for

predicting the integrity of flawed structural components. The

research is primarily experimental, with analytical evaluation

guiding the direction of experimental testing. Tests are being

conducted on a material exhibiting a range of fracture toughness

but essentially constant yield and ultimate tensile strength. As

test temperature increases, the specimen configuration-fracture

toughness relationship will comply initially with requirements

for linear elastic-fracture mechanics and eventually extend

beyond the range of a J-controlled field. Presently, compact

tension (3-point bend specimens will also be used in the future)

are being used to develop state-of-the-art fracture mechanics

data on the lower shelf (K ), transition zone (J , J-R curves,

etc.), and on the upper shelf (J , J-R curves, etc.). Results

from the lower shelf and transition region are being used to

predict failure conditions for specimens containing surface

flaws. Predictions are then compared with experimental test

data. These comparisons are presently underway for the first

series of 6.4 mm thick surface-flawed specimens. Fabrication of

additional surface-flawed specimens of 6.4 and 12.7 mm thickness

is in progress.
- 22 -

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

Department of Chemical Engineering

Urbana, Illinois 61801-3791

17. CONDITIONS FOR DROPWISE CONDENSATION $ 53,000 01-02

ON ELECTROPLATED GOLD 80-3

J. W. Westwater

This research is concerned with the use of thin coatings of gold,

or possibly other noble metals, to produce dropwise condensation

of steam on copper. Dropwise condensation is preferred to filmwise condensation, because it has much larger heat transfer coefficients. Numerous tests have been done with gold surfaces deposited by electroplating and by vacuum deposition. Analyses of

the surface was by Auger spectroscopy and by electron microscopy.

Success with gold has led to extension of the research to silver

coatings. Distinct differences have been discovered. The

minimum thickness of gold required for good dropwise condensation

is 100 nm, whereas for silver it is 150 nm. A gold thickness of

200 nm will produce dropwise condensation for 12,000 hr. before

deterioration of the surface is noted. With silver, a thickness

of 300 nm begins to deteriorate in 200 hr., and a thickness of

3000 nm is required to achieve 1200 hr. To date the tests support a hypothesis that the role of the noble metal layer is to

provide an oxide-free surface to which a trace of organic

material can adhere firmly. The work is being directed to identify the source of the organic absorbent.
- 23 -

ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Chicago, Illinois 60616

18. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FRICTION- $79,000 01-02

INDUCED VIBRATION AND WEAR 82-2

V. Aronov, A. F. D'Souza

S. Kalpakjian

The objective of this project is to improve our understanding of

the influence of system rigidity and vibrations on friction and

wear. There is increasing evidence, both from our previous studies and from the very limited literature available, that in

addition to the role of various physical, chemical and mechanical

parameters, the dynamic characteristics of the equipment or

machinery involved also have a significant influence on wear.

This project involves an interdisciplinary study to investigate

the interactions between friction-induced vibration and wear.

The major experimental parameters are the normal and tangential

rigidity in a sliding system and different lubricating conditions, with observations and analysis of wear surfaces and particles with scanning electron microscopy. Among the subjects being

studied are the regimes of load and speed at which transitions

from mild to severe wear occur with self-excited vibrations. A

stability theory is being developed to explain the onset of different types of vibrations. Physical and mathematical models of

oscillations are also being developed, including the effects of

surface alterations due to wear.
- 24 -

ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electrical Engineering

Chicago, Illinois 60616

19. METHOD OF VIBRATIONAL CONTROL $ 74,000 01-03

IN THE PROBLEM OF STABILIZATION 80-3

OF CHEMICAL REACTORS

S. M. Meerkov

The objective of this research is to develop the vibrational control technique for complex nonlinear dynamic systems with multiple steady states and limit cycles. From the mathematical point

of view, the goal of the project is to analyze the effects of

fast parametric oscillations on the system's dynamics. During

the second year of the project, the vibrational control theory

was extended to a broad class of nonlinear systems. This extension was based on the reduction of a nonlinear system with fast

parametric oscillations to a so called standard form through a

substitution, generated by an auxiliary differential equation.

The resulting averaged equation is shown to characterize properly

the original dynamics if the small parameter (a ratio of the

period of parametric oscillations to the rise time of the system)

is less then 0.16. The developed theory was applied to the sensitivity analysis of the vibrationally controlled Continuous

Stirred Tank and Catalytic reactors. It was shown that fast

oscillations of any parameter lead to a positive vibrational control effect.
- 25 -

THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

Division of Energy Engineering

Iowa City, Iowa 52242

20. CONVECTIVE AND RADIATIVE $ 0 01-02

TRANSFER FOR TURBULENT 79-3

FLOW IN ENERGY SYSTEMS

T. F. Smith, C. J. Chen

The overall objective of this research is an examination of the

interaction of convective and radiative heat transfer for turbulent flow of a radiatively participating gas through circular

ducts. Within this objective, the specific aims are: 1) formulation of the conservation equations for mass, momentum, and

energy transport in a manner suitable for the intended applications and for solution on a digital computer, 2) identification

and development of appropriate models to describe turbulent and

radiative transport properties, 3) development of solution techniques which are efficient, convenient, and accurate, 4) acquisition and analysis of velocity, temperature, and heat flux results

in order to identify the contribution and significance of the

various transport mechanisms, and 5) development of limiting

cases and simplified models which would be suitable for engineering design studies. The past year's efforts have been concerned

with formulation of the radiative energy exchange model, acquiring results for laminar flow of a radiatively participating gray

gas, and testing of the finite analytic numerical scheme for

flows in circular ducts and cavities. Current research addresses

radiative transfer in real gases and incorporation of turbulent

models in the numerical scheme.
- 26 -

JET PROPULSION LABORATORY

California Institute of Technology

Pasadena, CA 91109

21. THIN FILM CHEMICAL SENSORS BASED $30,000 01-03

ON ELECTRON TUNNELING 82-3

J. Lambe, S. K. Khanna

The objective of this three year program is to understand the

physical mechanism of detection underlying a totally new chemical

detection concept which utilizes electron tunneling as the sensing mechanism. The technical approach involves investigations of

the tunneling spectrum (second derivative of current with respect

to voltage versus voltage) of metal-metal oxide-metal (e.g., AlAl 0 -Au) tunnel junctions which are exposed to chemicals such as

halogens. Some of the other key questions to be addressed in

this project are: 1) what are the ultimate sensitivity and

selectivity,; and 2) what are the contributions of the insulating

layer and the top porous metal electrode. These electrical measurements, in addition to surface and interface studies (SIMS,

LEEDS) should help us to understand the detection mechanism. A

successful program can pave the way for the development of a compact thin film electronic chemical sensor for use in the automation of the chemical processes, and hence, to increase reliability and productivity. An oil free ultra high vacuum system ( 10

Torr) was assembled and made operational to fabricate tunnel

junctions and an inelastic electron tunneling spectrometer is

being constructed to measure the tunneling spectrum of the tunnel

junctions.
- 27 -

LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY

Energy and Environment Division

University of California

Berkeley, California 94720

22. CON:TROLLED COMBUSTION $150,000 01-05

A. K. Oppenheim 79-6

The principal objective of this study is the acquisition of fundamental knowledge required for the development of controlled

combustion systems. Such systems offer the prospect of maximizing thermal energy conversion efficiency, minimizing pollutant

emissions, and optimizing the tolerance to a wide variety of

fuels. For this purpose a thorough understanding of ignition--the

initiation of a self-sustained exothermic process of combustion-

-is for this purpose of essential importance. The major objective

of the experimental program is to determine the role of active

radicals played in the course of ignition. This is accomplished

by the use of a high frequency response molecular beam mass spectrometer that has been designed and built especially for this

purpose. The results will be interpreted on the basis of a

thermo-chemical analysis as set forth by Semenov and FrankKamenetskii for ignition in a closed system. This is supplemented by numerical modeling of flame propagation in turbulent

flow. The experimental testing program is in progress with flash

photolysis of NO used to ignite a helium diluted hydrogen-oxygen

mixture. In the concomitant analytical studies we have been able

to deduce the classical first and second ignition limits by

appropriate scaling of the thermal relaxation time.
- 28 -

LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY

Physics Division and

Accelerator and Fusion Division

University of California

Berkeley, California 94720

23. STUDIES IN NONLINEAR DYNAMICS $ 75,000 01-06

Allan N. Kaufman, Henry D. I. Abarbanel 80-3

This project involves studies of fundamental properties of non

linear dynamical systems which arise in physical situations of

importance to energy research. Three main subjects are being

explored. First, theoretical studies to generalize the WKB

representation of wave phenomena are in progress. In this work,

caustics are avoided by working in a space of enlarged dimensionality. Propagation of short wave length signals is then

treated in a regular, non-linear fashion in phase space. Second,

the transport properties of conservative and dissipative nonlinear systems described by systems of ordinary differential

equations are investigated. Transport equations have been

derived and the transport coefficients expressed as integrals

over correlation functions of state space. Transport properties

of fluids which allow a reasonable mode truncation (Galerkin

approximation) are given by these methods. Current work is

focused on evaluating the asymptotic attractors and computing

physically important correlation functions on the attractor.

Third, investigations of analytic techniques for determining the

position in parameter space and nature of bifurcations from

periodic orbits are underway. Analytic methods based on center

manifold theory and Poincare normal forms are being developed to

study the stability of limit cycles which arise in a Hopf bifurcation from steady orbits. Applications to fluid flow and oscillations in non-linear phenomena of importance to energy systems

are the testing grounds for the mathematical techniques.
- 29 -

LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY

P. 0. Box 808 L-311

Livermore, California 94550

24. AUTOMATIC CHARACTERIZATION AND $ 100,000 01-03

CONTROL OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS 79-3

Jack W. Frazer,

David J. Balaban, Hal R. Brand,

Stanley M. Lanning, Julia L. Wang

Significant progress has been made on all of the major goals of

the program. Many graphic representations necessary for data

interpretation and to support modeling have been developed

including among others, 4-D representations of chemical reactions, splines-under-tension for sparce data surface representation, 3-D color level surfaces with advanced lighting models, and

quantitative color representations for chemical vapor deposition

processes. Parameter estimation efforts includes both linear and

non-linear estimation as applied to the study of complex chemical

reactions where the study was conducted entirely under computer

control. Much has been learned about the indentifiability problem for non-linear chemical systems. Preliminary results leads

us to question much of the published kinetic data. A good LISP

interpreter for utilization on LSI-11 computers has been

developed. To date there has been completion of one expert system and near completion on a second. Artificial intelligence was

thus used to solve two practical problems in chemical experimentation. In the area of control strategies, non-linear chemical

models of the process in a specific control algorithm have been

included. This demonstrates the use of chemical models in the

Smith predictor control strategies. New effort is being directed

to more advanced uses of artificial intelligence in control of

experimentation, data analysis, parameter estimation, process

control, and for automatic code generation.
- 30 -

LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Engineering Division

P. 0. Box 808

Livermore, CA 94550

25. PROCESSING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF $100,000 01-03

SCATTERED SIGNALS FROM ACOUSTIC TARGETS 82-4

B. Maxfield, E. Miller

We have begun in FY 1982 a study to develop a fundamental understanding of acoustic scattering from targets having relevance to

material strength, for example flaws in metal components and

welding faults, and to process such target signatures for possible automatic material characterization in nondestructive evaluation (NDE). This work is related to instrumentation development

for NDE and more specifically with electromagnetic/acoustic

scattering, and signal processing research. LLNL is currently

involved in both areas using internal funds (engineering

research) as well as reimbursable support (from various DOD agencies, and NRC).
- 31 -

LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY

Electronics Division

Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545

26. DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED $100,000 01-03

THERMIONIC CIRCUITS 82-3

B. McCormick, D. Wilde,

D. Lynn, R. Dooley

The object of this project is to develop electronics that are

capable of operating in both high-temperature and high-radiation

environments while maintaining levels of circuit sophistication,

integration, and reliability demanded of modern electronics. The

approach taken for these active electronic gain devices has been

to use the intrinsically high-temperature phenomenon of thermionic emission in conjunction with the thin-film technology of

integrated circuits to produce microminiature vacuum triodes.

High-temperature tests have been conducted at 500 C for approximately 13,000 hours with no degradation in device characteristics. Devices have been subjected to total radiation doses of 10

neutrons/cm and 2.5 x 10 rad and radiation pulses of 1.4 x 10

neutrons/cm /s and 1.2 x 10 rad/s with no upset or damage. The

onset of device upset occurs at 10 rad/s, but the devices

recover immediately. These tests have been conducted up to 10

rad/s, and the devices in all cases display immediate recovery.

It was determined that the source of resistive leakage between

elements was due to the reduction and deposition of hydrocarbons

present in the photoresist used to define the cathode pattern.

The cathode development process and the cathode coating are being

changed to reduce the hydrocarbons present resulting in a leakage

reduction (two orders of magnitude) to a level acceptable for

circuit development.
- 32 -

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

Department of Mechanical Engineering

College Park, Maryland 20742

27. NUMERICAL MODELING OF $ 40,000 01-02

TURBULENT ENERGY RELATED FLOWS 81-2

B. S. Berger, P. S. Bernard

The objective of this research effort is computational modeling

of turbulent energy related fluid flows with a view to the calculation of the lift and drag forces acting on the individual tubes

of a heat exchanger tube bank. The MVC turbulence closure has

served as the basis for the computation. Results derived from the

previous year's research have appeared in four journal publications. The first two pertain to the derivation of the closure

field equations in 3-D and their specialization to cylindrical

geometries. The second two are studies of dissipation in the

boundary layer involving microscales, correlation tensors and the

balance of turbulent energy in the linear wall region. Current

efforts have concentrated on the numerical aspects of the application of the MVC closure to cross flows over circular cylinders.

In this regard the computation of velocity correlations from vorticity correlations is of particular importance and has led to

successful theoretical and computational studies of the symmetry

of correlation functions, the numerical integration of Green's

functions and the computation of velocity fluctuations from vorticity fluctuations. These results have been incorporated in a

computer code which is undergoing numerical verification for the

crossflow problem.
- 33 -

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

Chemical Engineering Department

Goessmann Laboratory

Amherst, Massachusetts 01003

28. SHORT-CUT PROCEDURES FOR THE $ 65,000 01-03

SIMULTANEOUS DESIGN OF A 81-2

PROCESS AND ITS CONTROL SYSTEMS

J. M. Douglas, M. F. Malone

The economic impact of disturbances and the steady-state operability of several chemical processes has been analyzed. The

short-cut design and performance models compare well with more

accurate computer aided designs. Therefore, this methodology is

well-suited for use in preliminary design and process development. Sensitivity and approximate optimal designs in the presence of disturbances indicate that cost savings can be significant (e.g. in the manufacture of benzene from toluene or acetone

from isopropanol). Steady-state optimal designs indicate that

complex distillation column arrangements, such as sidestream

columns with or without strippers or multiple feeds can be more

economical than traditional designs. An operability and control

analysis of processes which use these complex columns is therefore desirable. Short-cut models for these separations for use

in whole-plant models are being developed.
- 34 -

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity

Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139

29. A STUDY OF REDUCED ORDER MODEL $ 45,000 01-03

REFERENCE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR 82-3

IMPROVED PROCESS CONTROL

David E. Hardt

The objective of this research is to provide a method for easy

design of control systems when the plant involved is highly variable in both structure and parameter values. This typifies many

manufacturing processes, which in general are highly sensitive to

intrinsic properties of the infeed material, have poorly understood or controlled boundary conditions, and often have highly

non-linear characteristics. In addition, the disturbances most

frequent in a manufacturing process are best characterized as

parameter changes rather than state variable changes. The choice

of a parameter adaptive control paradigm is obvious since it has

the property of optimizing system response characteristics in the

face of wide plant parameter variations. Model Reference Adaptive Systems enjoy an ease of design and performance specification, and again seem applicable; however, there is a restriction

within current theory that the plant be characterized in its

structure well enough to have a reference model of identical

order. This restriction implies a static plant structure and

more a priori knowledge than is often present. In this research

the implication of a reduced order (or mis-matched) reference

model is being investigated. Initial work has involved looking

at the effect of mismatch and the extent to which non-perfect

model following can be quantified. Some preliminary experimental

work has also been done on a welding control system to test the

robustness of various existing forms of model reference controller design.
- 35 -

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Nuclear Engineering

Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139

30. HYDRODYNAMIC PREDICTION OF $ 54,000 01-02

MULTIDIMENSIONAL SINGLE- AND 82-3

TWO-PHASE FLOW IN ROD ARRAY

N. E. Todreas, D. B. Ebeling-Koning,

J. T. Robinson

The objective of this research is to develop basic constitutive

laws for the hydrodynamics of flow oblique to rod arrays. A

thorough knowledge of the flow field within heat exchanging components comprised of rod arrays (i.e., heat exchangers, steam

generators, nuclear reactor cores, condensers) is of primary

importance to maintaining a high component efficiency, lifetime,

and operational performance. Much thermal-hydraulic design and

operational performance analysis of these energy components is

being performed with discretized computer models. The recent

advancements in high-speed digital computers and numerical computational methods have facilitated the expansion of these

thermal-hydraulic codes from one- to two- and three-dimensional

multiphase flow analysis. These new codes require as input constitutive laws of multidimensional, single- and two-phase flow

fields within rod arrays such as those being developed in this

project. Specifically, constitutive relations for single-phase

flow resistance, two-phase flow resistance, and relative phasic

motion (slip) will be developed based on pressure, velocity, and

void fraction profile measurements using atmospheric air/water

within vertical test sections comprised of rod arrays inclined at

0, 30, 45, and 90 degrees to the direction of flow. The sensitivity of component performance to the improved constitutive laws

will also be assessed. Tasks completed this year have been (1)

the design and construction of the test loop and instrumentation;

and (2) completion of preliminary single-phase flow measurements

and two-phase flow field observations.
- 36 -

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Center for Advanced Engineering Study

Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139

31. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE $ 0 01-06

METHODS OF THERMOECONOMICS 79-3

Myron Tribus, Yehia M. El-Sayed

Thermoeconomics is the combination of "second law analysis"

(thermodynamics) with the methods of engineering economy to

improve energy intensive systems. The method originated about 25

years ago in the design of sea water demineralization systems.

According to the method fluxes of thermodynamic value (essergy)

and economic value (money) are traced from the boundaries to the

interior where the tradeoffs between irreversibility and amortization may be studied with greater clarity. The purpose of this

project was to develop the method in its greatest generality,

apply it to practical industrial problems and disseminate the

results. The project is now in the final year of a three year

program. During the first year the methods were re-formulated

and a few industrial problems were solved. During the second year

three publications were prepared and accepted. A keynote address

was given for a conference devoted to Thermoeconomics. Informal

talks were given to several industrial groups. During the third

year consultation and advice were given to Sandia Laboratories

regarding a central receiver solar system. Contracts were negotiated with three industrial companies. It was our hope that the

solutions to their problems could form the basis for publications

but now we find they object to even revealing their sponsorship!

Two reports are now in preparation. The first deals with an

extension of our use of Lagrange multipliers through the use of

"constraint modifiers". A second report develops the principles

behind "costing equations". Their release is planned for early

1983. Last year, as a result of our lectures and publications,

we had several inquiries regarding how best to introduce these

methods to industrial personnel. Proposals for continuing the

work are now before two corporations.
- 37 -

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity

Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139

32. IMPROVEMENT OF RELIABILITY $ 0 01-03

OF WELDING BY IN-PROCESS 79-3

SENSING AND CONTROL

Koichi Masubuchi, Henry M. Paynter,

David E. Hardt, William C. Unkel

The ultimate objective of this research effort is to improve the

reliability of welding by developing "smart" welding machines. A

smart welding machine is equipped with sensors, artificial intelligence, and actuators for reducing welding errors by one or two

orders of magnitude. These results are obtained by achieving

closed-loop control of the weld itself, thereby insuring consistent quality despite variations in preparation, thermal

environment, and joint geometry. The current three-year project,

which can be regarded as Phase 1 of the overall program, consists

of two major tasks as follows: 1) development of a fundamental

understanding of welding arcs and basic control strategies, and

2) development of prototype smart welding machines. Significant

developments during the first two years include the ability to

manipulate the momentum of the arc plasma so as to control the

mechanical and thermal input, and the concept of weld puddle

mechanical impedance to control penetration. Current work

focuses on using these concepts to develop a prototype smart

welder.
- 38 -

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139

33. PISTON RING FRICTION AND $125,000 01-01

VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY 80-3

D. P. Hoult, J. M. Rife

This project addresses the development of a physical model for

piston ring-lubricant system design. The experimental base will

come from a series of experiments to be conducted in a high speed

photographic rig, a friction engine, and from flow visualization

models. During the first year, a theoretical model was developed

to describe the motion of the piston ring in a groove during the

operation of a four cycle engine. This model is based conceptually on the work of Rangert, and is three dimensional with three

degrees of freedom. The model predicts oil film thickness, oil

consumption and friction throughout the cycle. At present the

calculations have been in the quasi-steady regime. The turning

points of the ring motion, when it changes orientation, remain to

be studied in detail. The second major area of research was the

design and construction of a test facility for the visualization

of piston ring motion. Preliminary runs have been made to develop

the experimental methodology. During the next year experiments

will be used to evaluate, calibrate and extend the model.
- 39 -

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering

and Applied Mechanics

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109

34. LOSS CHARACTERISTICS OF $ 0 01-01

CORD RUBBER COMPOSITES 80-2

S. K. Clark, Farhad Tabaddor*

The general objective of this work is to develop analytical

methods suitable for the prediction of the hysteretic loss

characteristics of textile cord-rubber composites commonly used

in industrial products, with particular reference to pneumatic

tires. The theories presently available for the prediction of

composite elastic moduli have been modified for the viscoelastic

case by inclusion of complex material properties, and the results

have been used to predict loss characteristics of such composite

materials under cyclic stressing. These analytical predictions

are now being compared with experimental data obtained from tubular specimens covering a wide range of geometric and material

construction variables. One summary of the present status of

this work is being published under the title "Viscoelastic Loss

Characteristics of Cord Rubber Composites" in the Proceedings of

the Fourth International Congress on Vehicle Structural Mechanics, by the Society of Automotive Engineers. Further comparisons

of experimental data with calculation will be published at the

International Symposium on Constitutive equations to be held at

the University of Arizona January 11-12, 1983. Test work is

still continuing on both torsion and bending effects.

*B. F. Goodrich Tire Company
- 40 -

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

35. FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER WITH $ 72,000 01-02

IMPINGING JETS AND WALL JETS 81-3

R. J. Goldstein

This project is planned to provide information on flow of impinging jets and wall jets. Measurements of the heat transfer in the

region of impingement will be obtained for single jets entering a

still ambient, for jets entering a crossflow, and for various

two-dimensional arrays of jets. In addition to quantitative heat

transfer measurements for these flows, visualization techniques

will be used to provide insight into the mechanism of the

interaction of the jets and the local wall shear. A laserDoppler anemometer is being developed to provide detailed measurements of velocity distributions, velocity fluctuations, and

Reynolds stresses in a plane wall jet. Design of this system is

complete and construction is nearing completion. Such measurements should provide precision data for testing the validity of

turbulent transport models that have been suggested. To date,

significant data have been obtained with a single jet; the

results of several series of tests have been correlated with

equations for both the peak heat transfer coefficient and the

average heat transfer coefficient over various regions from the

center of impingement. Also, some data have been taken for a

two-dimensional array of small jets impinging on a heat transfer

surface. During these latter studies, a liquid crystal system

was developed for studying the features of single and multiple

jet rows on a flat surface. Development of the liquid crystal

technique and study of the pressure distribution near individual

jets on an impinging jet plate is a new element introduced into

the project as the effort got underway. It should add significantly to the initially planned scope of the project.
- 41 -

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Office of Standard Reference Data

Washington, D.C. 20234

36. SUPPORT OF CRITICAL $400,000 01-05

DATA COMPILATIONS 80-6

David R. Lide Jr.

The Office of Standard Reference Data administers a collaborative

interagency program for preparation of compilations of physical

and chemical reference data. Each project supported is expected

to lead to a publishable data compilation containing recommended

values and accuracy estimates for the data set in question. Projects active during fiscal year 1982 include work on thermophysical properties of air and its components; high temperature vaporization of metal oxides; electrochemical equilibrium data on

iron-water systems; thermodynamic properties of vanadium-niobium

alloys; and refractive indices of optical materials; thermodynamic properties of ethylene; properties of non-aqueous solvents for battery development; solubility of coal-derived compounds; limit of superheat of liquids; chemical kinetics of

excited species; atomic transition probabilities of highly ionized atoms; X-ray production cross sections; and alloy phase

diagrams for systems of copper, alkali metals, and rare earths.

This project is included in the BES ENGINEERING RESEARCH program

for administrative convenience. Coordination with NBS is accomplished in collaboration with the BES Chemical Sciences and

Materials Sciences divisions. BES FY 1982 funds for the project

were provided by the Chemical Sciences and Materials Sciences

divisions.
- 42 -

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Thermophysics Division

Washington, D.C. 20234

37. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF $200,000 01-03

HYDROCARBON MIXTURES 80-6

H. J. Raveche, N. Olien

This project aims at the development of accurate measurement

capabilities for the thermophysical properties of complex, multiphase, fluid mixtures containing hydrocarbons. The research is

being done jointly by the Thermophysical Properties Division, at

the NBS-Boulder facility and the Thermophysics Division at NBSGaithersburg, both within the NBS Center for Chemical Engineering. The properties involved are PVT (pressure-volumetemperature), phase equilibria (liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid

equilibria) and transport properties (viscosity and thermal conductivity). The apparatus will be designed for use in corrosive,

highly corrosive, and sometimes toxic and flammable fluids with

measurements extending to high temperatures (900 K) and high

pressures (30 MPa and in some cases 70 MPa). Current work

involves: 1) construction of a constant-flow phase equilibria

apparatus covering the range 300-800 K with pressures to 30 MPa

or more; 2) construction of a multicomponent-multiphase nonsampling cell for temperatures to 470 K and pressures to 10 MPa;

3) design and construction of new phase equilibria apparatus to

cover the range 250-350 K with pressures to 20 MPa; 4) automation of an existing Burnett PVT apparatus for the range 270-470K;

5) construction of a magnetic balance densimeter for the range

270-470 K with pressures to MPa; 6) design of a torsional crystal

viscometer for the range 300-750 K with pressures to 50 MPa or

more; and 7) initiate design of high temperature thermal conductivity apparatus. Future work will include completion of the

apparatus, performance testing, and the start of measurements on

systems relating to long-term energy needs, such as polarnonpolar mixtures found in the reaction products of the conversion of solid fuels to liquid and gaseous fuels and chemical

feedstocks. In addition, other measurement techniques will be

explored such as acoustic properties, light scattering, etc.
- 43 -

CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

The City College

Department of Chemical Engineering

New York, New York 10031

38. TOPICS OF INTERFACE MECHANICS $200,000 01-06

Benjamin Levich 81-3

This project is planned as a three-year, systematic investigation

in the field of interface mechanics. The work has encompassed

two principal efforts: one is concerned with transport and stability problems of interface mechanics; the other is concerned

with the theory of turbulence and its applications. Studies of

transport and stability problems are continuing and include: 1)

Interface stability of thin liquid films, 2) Transport and dynamical properties of a fluid-solid interface, 3) Spreading of the

films of insoluble, surface-active substances on a liquid surface, 4) Interfacial instability of an interface in the presence

of an oscillatory pressure gradient, and 5) Noise and fluctuation

phenomena in chemically reactive mixtures near critical points.

Six studies dealing with problems involving the theory of turbulence and its applications have been undertaken: 1) Small

scale, high frequency properties of a randomly stirred fluid, 2)

The Hamiltonian formulation of the Euler equation and subsequent

constraints on the properties of randomly stirred fluids, 3)

Interaction of surface and internal waves in the theory of weak

turbulence, 4) Bifurcation of wave patterns in reaction-diffusion

systems, 5) A modified amplitude equation of Rayleigh-Benard convection, and 6) Nonlinear instability in a rotating fluid with a

horizontal temperature gradient. A number of papers reporting

results have been prepared and submitted for publication.
- 44 -

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Chemical Engineering Department

Evanston, Illinois 60201

39. CONVECTIVE BOILING HEAT TRANSFER $50,000 01-02

IN NARROW ANNULAR GAPS 81-2

S. G. Bankoff, R. S. Tankin,

M. C. Yuen

Commercial nuclear steam generators are subject to accelerated

stress-corrosion due to thermal cycling in the crevices between

the boiler tubes and tubesheets, probably resulting from periodic

rewetting and dryout. The objective of this research is to study

boiling heat transfer in these short narrow gaps, using a twoloop system, with a primary water side operating at 17 bars, and

the secondary steam-water side up to 7 bars. Heat transfer coefficients over the full range of conditions, from subcooled

nuclear boiling to dispersed droplet-flow conditions, will be

measured. Improved correlations, taking into account the crevice

L/D effect, will be thus obtained. A theoretical analysis of the

periodic dryout and rewet phenomenon is also planned.
- 45 -

PACIFIC NORTHWEST LABORATORY

Engineering Physics Department

Richland, Washington 99352

40. AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELING FOR $ 50,000 01-03

NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING 79-3

R. B. Melton

The objective of this project is to develop improved nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques by using digital signal processing

and pattern recognition. A recent accomplishment was the

development of a new approach for classifying NDT waveforms by

modeling the waveforms using techniques from modern spectrum

analysis. It was then shown that these models can be used to

construct digital filters that are spectrally matched to each

category of data. These matched filters can in turn be used to

classify data from unknown sources. This technique is an

improvement over conventional pattern recognition in that the

matched filters are realized as recursive digital filters which

are easily implemented in hardware. Future work will extend the

use of parametric modeling and establish a general procedure for

generating inverse filters to deconvolve system characteristics

from observed data.
- 46 -

PACIFIC NORTHWEST LABORATORY

Engineering Physics Department

Richland, Washington 99352

41. HOLOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF $100,000 01-02

THERMAL-NONEQUILIBRIUM VAPOR 81-3

GENERATION IN TWO-PHASE FLOWS

J. M. Creer, J. M. Bates,

B. B. Brenden, J. L. Daniel

The principal objective of the research is to gain a basic understanding of the thermal nonequilibrium vapor generation process.

Nonequilibrium vapor generation is known to have major implications in the analysis of postulated Loss of Coolant Accidents

(LOCA) for light water nuclear reactors as well as being important to the analysis and development of alternate energy sources

such as geothermal, liquified natural gas, and solar. Single and

double pulse holographic optical recording techniques and associated image analysis capabilities are being utilized to permit

detailed three-dimensional characterization of two-phase flow

fields in regions of thermodynamic nonequilibrium. Two-phase flow

fields will be formed in rapidly depressurizing, recirculating

flow through a specially designed convergent-divergent nozzle

assembly. The first two years of the proposed three-year project

have been devoted to optimizing holocamera systems, developing

appropriate software for a semiautomated contrast scanner/image

analysis system, and designing and procuring hardware for FY 1983

tests in a closed loop high pressure/temperature thermal

hydraulic facility.
- 47 -

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Department of Electrical

Engineering and Science

Philadelphia, PA 19104

42. HIGH TEMPERATURE CHEMICALLY $100,000 01-03

SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC DEVICES 82-3

J. N. Zemel, I. R. Lauks,

S. Yuen, J. Wei

Monitoring the chemical environment in an aqueous saline solution

is a major problem in geothermal environments. Additionally, the

kinetic behavior of aqueous solutions in the temperature range

from 0-250 C and pressures from 0-5000 psi have not been fully

investigated. The purpose of this program is to develop the

scientific and technological knowledge which will permit real

time analysis of the chemical behavior of aqueous saline solutions in this temperature and pressure regime.

The approach adopted has been to develop a chemically sensitive

electronic device based on a specially designed and constructed

gate controlled diode (ICD). These devices have been demonstrated to operate up to 200 C. IrO reactively sputtered films

have been shown to survive 200 C at 4000 psi in distilled water

for periods in excess of four hours without any observable degradation.

In the past six months, a four element (ion) structure has been

designed and preliminary data obtained on its operation. Continuing measurements on IrO stared in water for a year showed

that the layers would survive with a pH response that was reproducible to better than 10mV. Continued efforts are planned on

characterizing the IrO layers and completing the four element

sensor.
- 48 -

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

University Park, Pennsylvania 16802

43. THE OFFSET STRIP FIN-- $ 10,000 01-02

A GENERALIZED UNDERSTANDING 79-3

OF ITS PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

Ralph L. Webb

This research is concerned with developing a generalized method

to predict the friction factor of the offset-strip-fin that is

used in compact heat exchangers. Data on eight geometrical

arrays has been completed. The major work completed in the past

year is the development of a theoretical model to predict the

friction factor. This model assumes laminar flow on the fin surface, and in the wake region. The model predicts the low Reynolds number data of the eight test arrays within 12%. The

model underpredicts the data in the higher Reynolds number

region, because the assumption of laminar flow is violated. A

semi-empirical correlation was developed to allow prediction of

the friction factor over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The

theoretical model and correlation were shown to do a good job of

predicting the friction factor in actual heat exchanger

geometries. After completing several sets of data, the program

will be done.
- 49 -

RICE UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Houston, Texas 77251

44. MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION $ 41,000 01-05

OF LIQUID MIXTURE THERMAL 82-3

CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY

R. L. Rowley

Accurate liquid mixture thermal conductivities and shear viscosities will be measured in binary and ternary liquid mixtures as a

function of temperature and composition with emphasis on those

systems containing at least one polar component. The experimental data will be used to develop further, test and refine a local

compositional model for prediction of multicomponent liquid mixture transport properties that properly accounts for the observed

composition and temperature behavior. In spite of the importance

of these mixture properties in energy technology, existing models

and correlations are either inaccurate and inadequate or require

multiple adjustable parameters on each specific system. A highprecision capillary viscometer is now in operation. Binary and

ternary viscosity studies are being conducted over a wide temperature and pressure range to test a newly developed local composition model for shear viscosity. In particular, ternary predictions are being compared to experimental data to test the use

of binary interaction terms in ternary systems. A new parallel

plate, steady state, thermal conductivity cell capable of making

rapid and accurate determinations of liquid mixture thermal conductivity is in the final stages of design. This apparatus will

allow accumulation of heretofore almost nonexistent ternary mixture data for refinement of the local composition model already

developed and tested on binary mixtures.
- 50 -

ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY

Department of Physics and Mathematics

1230 York Avenue

New York, New York 10021

45. SOME BASIC RESEARCH $ 61,000 01-06

PROBLEMS RELATED TO ENERGY 81-2

Kenneth M. Case, E.G.D. Cohen,

Mark Kac

This project is concerned with investigations of three specific

areas: 1) The prediction and evaluation of thermophysical data of

fluids and fluid mixtures, 2) The statistical problems which

arise in oil exploration, and 3) Study of the applications of

nonlinear evolution equations. Work is underway to construct a

model which can give a first approximation to the transport properties of fluid mixtures in their dependence on size and mass of

the constituent particles. Work is also underway to develop and

test various methods of estimating the number of oil pools in an

area from a number of random drillings. The nonlinear evolution

equations being investigated describe a very large number of

energy related processes. One such equation, the so-called SineGordon equation, has been under study and a number of previously

unknown results for the equation have been found.
- 51 -

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanics and Materials Science

Piscataway, New Jersey 08854

46. STRESS CREEP OF STRUCTURAL $ 33,000 01-04

METALS 81-2

G. J. Weng

The project is concerned with the study of creep behavior of

structural metals at elevated temperature. Traditionally, creep

deformation has been studied exclusively either from the

phenomenological standpoint without looking into the properties

of microstructure, or from the metallurgical standpoint without

much concern with the macroscopic behavior under combined stress.

This project, taking the physics of microscopic deformation as

the basis, but aim at the overall macroscopic behavior to provide

a physically consistent theory to describing the creep deformation under practical working conditions. The first result established a theory capable of describing the unified timeindependent plastic deformation and time-dependent creep deformation for structural metals under relatively high stress at an

elevated temperature. Another result is directed toward the elucidation and prediction of enhanced tensile creep deformation of

structural metals when a cyclic torsional strain is also acting

on the material. This consequence of creep acceleration is particularly relevant to design. The study of relaxation behavior

is currently underway.
- 52 -

SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES

Device Research Division

Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185

47. HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS $ 45,000 01-03

R. J. Chaffin, L. R. Dawson, 80-3

D. R. Myers, T. E. Zipperian,

This project addresses fundamental engineering questions relevant

to the development of high temperature (up to 500 C) electronics

for energy technologies. Included are sensors, passive components, and active semiconductor devices which provide electronic gain. The work has concentrated on gallium phosphide (GaP)

and aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) semiconductor diodes and

on gallium phosphide/aluminum gallium phosphide (GaP/AlGaP)

heterojunctiondiodes and bipolar transistors. An ion-implanted,

p n homojunction diode was successfully fabricated in GaP. A

heterojunction GaP/AlGaP biolar transistor has shown useful

transistor action from -195 C to 550 C. Initial results from

this project have shown that it is possible to build active semiconductor devices for very high temperatures. Future plans

include developing stable metallization systems for these devices

and developing device geometries and processing techniques compatible with a high-temperature integrated circuit technology.
- 53 -

SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES

Combustion Sciences Directorate

Thermofluids Division

Livermore, California 94550

48. CONVECTIVE DROPLET VAPORIZATION $100,000 01-05

AND COMBUSTION 81-3

B. R. Sanders, H. A. Dwyer,

A. R. Kerstein,

The technical goal of this project is to develop a complete

analysis of liquid droplet vaporization and combustion processes

through single droplet modeling and a statistical approach to

multidroplet interactions. First, an analysis of liquid droplet

vaporization and combustion will be developed by solving the coupled shear-driven recirculation flow within the droplet and the

external convective gas-phase flow past the droplet, where a differential velocity exists between the droplet and free stream.

Second, a statistical approach will be developed to study the

combustion of a large ensemble of droplets whose locations and

sizes are randomly distributed. The detailed solution of individual droplet heating and vaporization will be used as empirical

inputs to the statistical spray combustion model. The single

droplet numerical model has been extended to include variable

transport properties in liquid and gas phases, complete separated

fluid mechanics, and mass transport at the droplet surface.

Additionally, a combusting spray was modeled where droplet

interactions influence the connectedness of the flame zone

(localized pockets of flame vs. a single connected continuum).

Percolation theory has been used to identify the transition

between these regimes, and to derive the dynamics of this transition as burnout proceeds in a simple spray geometry. This is the

first known application of statistical methods to the problem of

flame zone connectedness, a previously unresolved question of

long standing.
- 54 -

SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMS, INC.

54 Rindge Avenue Extension

Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140

49. ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS $ 0 01-03

MODELING TECHNIQUES FOR 80-2

EFFICIENCY AND STABILITY ANALYSIS

J. Baillieul, R. B. Washburn

The objective of this research project is to develop a theoretical framework for the design and control of pulse-modulated

energy conversion systems, and to identify and analyze stability

problems for such systems. A particular kind of instability which

has been shown to occur in nonlinear feedback models of pulsemodulated energy conversion networks involves bounded, aperiodic,

non-asymptotically stable motions. This type of chaotic behavior

has been the primary focus of the first year research effort.

While a complete theory of chaotic dynamics does not currently

exist, a large body of literature is now available in prominent

mathematics and physics journals. Work is being done to extend

existing theory, and to find ways to tailor new and classical

results to the nonlinear feedback models which describe energy

conversion circuits. Both continuous and discrete time models

are being considered, and the connections with classical problems

in ergodic theory are being explored.
- 55 -

SKF INDUSTRIES, INC.

Technology Services Division

1100 First Avenue

King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406

50. LUBRICATION OF ENGINEERING $ 0 01-01

SURFACES - II 80-2

J. I. McCool

The objective is to study on the characterization of bearing surfaces for applications in the design of high performance traction

drives, gears,.bearings, etc.. Software developed in a previous

project uses a simulation model to determine the real contact

area, load, and asperity pressure when two microscopically rough

surfaces are brought into contact. These values measure the

severity of the contact and hence the propensity for wear and

surface fatigue. The model is driven by nine parameters (bispectral moments) which describe the statistical microgeometry of a

general anisotropic surface. The model assumes that the surface

heights, shapes, and curvatures follow a multidimensional gaussian distribution and that the surface asperities are mechanically and statistically independent. In the current project the

effort has been devoted to: 1) quantification of the random and

systematic errors incurred in processing stylus profile data to

obtain the nine surface parameters as functions of the processing

parameters, e.g., sampling frequency and sample length; 2)

assessing the effect of the multidimensional gaussian assumption

on predictions of the contact conditions; 3) assessing the effect

of the assumption of mechanical and statistical independence of

asperities; and 4) developing rules for setting a filter pass

band for surface profile processing to yield values of the roughness parameters appropriate for specific applications.
- 56 -

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Division of Applied Mechanics

Stanford, California 94305

51. ENERGY CHANGES IN $ 90,000 01-04

TRANSFORMING SOLIDS 82-4

George Herrmann, David M. Barnett

A. Golebiewska-Herrmann

This project, is concerned with enlarging our capabilities in

analyzing energy changes accompanying diverse deformation and

fracture processes in solids. A powerful method for characterizing energy changes of cracks and voids is based on (material)

conservation laws. The basic quantity of interest in this connection is the so-called material momentum tensor, which plays a

role analogous to the stress tensor. Several problems are

currently under study. One involves energy changes associated

with a circular void near a traction-free plane boundary; another

explores the type and number of conservation integrals which

might be established in shell theories. The calculation of the

redistribution of solute impurity atoms near a stationary edge

dislocation has been performed. Similar computations by previous

investigators either erred mathematically or neglected toaccount

properly for conservation of solute mass. The results of this

calculation are significant for understanding a variety of physical phenomena ranging from impurity strengthing mechanisms in

solids to gettering of impurities in semiconducting materials.

The extension of this calculation to a moving edge dislocation is

currently being undertaken in order to predict both solute redistribution and the solute drag force on the moving edge dislocation. An initial study of the proper prescription for defining

chemical potentials of mobile diffusing species in inhomogeneously non-hydrostatically stressed solids is also being made.
- 57 -

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Edward Ginzton Laboratory

Stanford, California 94305

52. HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSDUCERS $ 88,000 01-03

G. S. Kino 81-3

This research project has as its aim the development of highfrequency acoustic transducers suitable for nondestructive testing. During the year we have developed new kinds of acoustic

transducer arrays suitable for use with acoustic imaging systems.

These shear wave arrays use a metal buffer rod of the same

material as that being examined and excite a shear wave at an

angle of approximately 45 degrees to the surface. By this means

we can make excellent contact to the material being examined and

obtain very good acoustic wave images of cracks and other flaws

in the materials. We have also been developing new techniques

for the design of transducers in the 10-100 MHz range. In particular, we have arrived at new methods for constructing 50 MHz

transducers, making use of our adaptive theory for the design of

electrical and acoustic matching circuits. We have developed new

techniques for constructing very thin piezoelectric layers for

operating at 50 MHz. We are also constructing new types of

focused transducers with the aim of making quantitative measurements of material properties with a 50 MHz acoustic microscope.
- 58 -

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Mechanical Engineering Department

Stanford, California 94305

53. A NEW METHOD FOR PREDICTING $ 62,000 01-04

MULTIAXIAL FATIGUE DAMAGE 81-3

D. V. Nelson

The objective of this project is to develop an improved, method

for predicting the fatigue life of components which experience

multiaxial cyclic straining. Existing methods are known to have

deficiencies, such as an inability to account properly for the

fatigue damage due non-proportional straining, often encountered

in service. A test program is underway to provide a critical

check of a promising new method which relates computed multiaxial

cyclic plastic work to fatigue life, using only uniaxial fatigue

and cyclic stress-strain properties as data input. Specimens of

A533B pressure vessel steel are being tested in deflectioncontrolled, combined bending and torsion, applied both in-phase

and 90 degree out-of-phase, at two different fixed ratios of

bending-to-torsion strain, and at a number of different strain

amplitudes to produce lives ranging between 10 to 10 cycles.

The life to formation and subsequent growth rate of cracks from

0.1 mm size till fracture (10 mm size) are being recorded.

Future tests will use specimens made from Type 304 stainless

steel. In addition to providing a check of the plastic work

approach, the data being generated in this project, as well as

data being received from other researchers, will also be used to

evaluate two other recently proposed life prediction methods,

both of which assume multiaxial fatigue behavior is governed by

critical combinations of maximum shear strain amplitude and the

normal strains acting on planes of maximum shear.
- 59 -

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemistry

Stanford, California 94305

54. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL $45,000 01-06

RESEARCH ON EFFICIENCY OF CHEMICAL, 82-4

THERMAL AND COUPLED PROCESSES

J. Ross

Periodic perturbations of oscillatory reactions lead to resonance

effects and the possibility of increased efficiency in energy

transduction and power production. This research program is concerned with the coupling of chemical reactions with thermal and

other engines; and resonances due to inertial effects, due to

chemical reactions, and due to both causes. Conditions are

sought for a given cyclic engine near resonances which maximize

defined efficiencies and minimize dissipation. Research is

planned on optimization of cycles for combined thermal and chemical engines and a search for upper limit theorems of the efficiency of chemical engines with non-zero throughput (reaction

rates). The first year of the program consists of theoretical

studies.
- 60 -

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering

Stanford, California 94305

55. MOMENTUM AND HEAT TRANSFERS $73,000 01-02

IN A COMPLEX, BUT WELL-DEFINED 81-3

TURBULENT FLOW

R. L. Street

A basic study of a three-dimensional, variable density, recirculating flow being conducted in a lid-driven cavity. A unique

facility has been created to provide an extremely well-regulated

flow. Water is the working fluid. The objectives of the

research are to provide 1) a complete data base for a range of

conditions (laminar, turbulent, forced convection, etc.) in a

complex recirculating flow, 2) deeper insight into the physical

processes governing heat and momentum transport in such flow, and

3) a critical evaluation of the performance of numerical simulation models in predicting the experimental results. Flow visualization has been carried out for flows in which the fluid is

either 1) homogeneous or 2) stably stratified. General flow

features have been established for Reynolds numbers up to 10,000,

e.g., the number of identifiable eddy structures, the presence of

Taylor-Gortler-type (TGT) vortices, and the strength and the

development of the thermocline in the stratified cases. Direct

heat flux measurements and LDA measurements of velocities are

being made. Comparison has been made with both two- and threedimensional numerical codes. Some codes fail to represent accurately the flow because of defects in their formulations. However, several correctly formulated codes do reproduce the experimental results for laminar flows quite well, except for the TGT

vortices which are not found in the numerical results. Turbulent

flow cases and code modifications are to be examined.
- 61 -

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Mechanical Engineering Department

Stanford, California 94305

56. OPTIMAL ENGINEERING DESIGN $ 70,000 01-03

WITH UNCERTAIN PARAMETERS 81-2

Douglass J. Wilde

Choosing the right sizes of system components, an important phase

of any engineering design, becomes difficult when parameters --

requirements, properties, and costs -- cannot be predicted with

certainty. This research aims to provide exact or approximate

closed-form solutions of every deterministic problem generated by

a change in design parameters, and to strengthen the foundations

upon which a useful and rigorous probabilistic design optimization theory can be constructed. During the project's second year

an article on hidden monotonicity was published as one result

from the previous year's study of a magnetohydrodynamics plant

optimization. Another paper extending the previous year's work

on Gauss' algorithm in mechanism design exposed such pathologies

as degeneracy and multiplicity, and showed how to handle them.

Some promising new results applicable to optimization of the difficult signomial functions of engineering design are now under

development.
- 62 -

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR POWER, INC.

226 Maple Avenue West

Vienna, Virginia 22180

57. SPATIAL CORRELATION FACTORS $ 62,000 01-03

IN WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS 81-2

G. L. Blankenship,

L. H. Fink

Two aspects of the dynamics of wind energy systems are being considered in this study. Both are related to the impacts of spatial correlation in the variations of the wind energy distribution on the dynamical behavior of wind turbine systems. In the

first case the paths of an array of wind turbines distributed

over a large, contiguous area raises the possibility of energy

exchanges among the machines through electromechanical interconnections in response to random variations in the space-time distribution of wind energy. The potential destabilizing effect of

non-uniform energy distributions under both transient and steady

state conditions is of special interest. It has been shown that

certain coupling geometries promote energy exchanges, and hence

instabilities, and that others have the reverse effect. In the

second part of this study the effects of local turbulence in the

wind flow on the dynamics of a single wind turbine are of

interest. Given the blade dimensions (150-300 ft) and flexibilities associated with large turbines and other features of the

turbine design, it is not unlikely that local, random variations

in wind energy distribution across the swept area of the blades

could induce oscillatory behavior in the electrical output of the

turbine. Assuming that the local turbulence fluctuations are

random and rapidly varying, exact stability boundaries have been

computed for a linear model of the blade/wind dynamics. Current

research is aimed at improving the model and understanding the

coupling of these effects to the generator electromechanical system.
- 63 -

T. S. ASSOCIATES, INC.

Suite 200

11065 Little Patuxent Parkway

Columbia, Maryland 21044

58. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE HYDRAULIC $ 0 01-01

DESIGN OF ROTARY DRILL BITS 81-1

USED IN DEEP-HOLE DRILLING

T. R. Sundaram

The general objective is to develop a phenomenological model for

the hydraulic removal of broken rock "chips" from the cutting

faces of diamond drill bits used for drilling deep holes through

hard rock formations. The overall effectiveness of the drilling,

as well as the bit life itself, depend not only on the breaking

of the rock by the diamond cutters, but also on the speedy removal, by a circulating mud slurry, of the rock fragments away from

the cutting zone. Therefore an understanding of the chip-removal

process, and of the proper procedures for the provision of flow

channels on the bit face to control the flushing action, are

important elements in improving drilling technology. In order to

facilitate practical application of the results being developed,

they are being expressed in terms of current industry practices.

Work to date has concentrated on identifying the fluid dynamical

phenomena that need to be included in a comprehensive model.
- 64 -

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN

Center for Studies in Statistical Mechanics

Austin, Texas 78712

59. BIFURCATIONS AND FLUCTUATIONS $100,000 01-06

IN FAR FROM EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS 81-3

Ilya Prigogine

In many instances, physico-chemical systems give rise to selforganization and complex behavior. Bifurcations and fluctuations

constitute the basic mechanism of evolution far from thermodynamic equilibrium. The purpose of this research is to explore

the implications of bifurcations and fluctuations in the modeling, design and stability of complex systems of interest in physics and engineering. Special emphasis is being placed on the

following two aspects. First, the effects of temperature fluctuations on the performance of chemical reactors is being examined

in connection with the onset of explosive behavior. Second, the

coupling between a complex system and its environment is being

considered. Previous work has shown the possibility of a new

type of transition induced by environmental noise and external

fields. The repercussion of these transitions is being studied

for systems involving multiphotonic steps.
- 65 -

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

Depts. of Engineering Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

Blacksburg, Virginia 24061

60. HEAT TRANSFER IN $59,000 01-02

OSCILLATORY FLOW 82-4

D. P. Telionis, T. E. Diller

The response of the velocity field and heat transfer of a single

cylinder and bundles of cylinders to forced oscillations of the

mean stream is investigated. Parallel experiments are conducted

both in a wind tunnel and a water tunnel. In the first facility

the emphasis will be given to heat transfer, whereas in the

second the flow will be examined in detail via Laser-Doppler

Velocimetry and Flow Visualization. Analytical efforts will be

based on numerical integrations of boundary layer equations and

special mathematical tools for modeling the flow and heat

transfer in the wake of the cylinders. Special attention will be

directed at determining the range of parameters in which the

overall heat transfer is improved with simultaneous decrease of

the flow resistance. A scaled-down version of the proposed

oscillating tunnel has been designed, constructed and calibrated.

Design modifications have led to a well-defined sinusoidally

oscillating flow. The necessary elements for modifications of

the VPI water tunnel have been designed and fabricated. Preliminary tests of heat transfer and flow measuring equipment have

been conducted.
- 66 -

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

Department of Chemical Engineering

Madison, Wisconsin 53706

61. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS $130,000 01-03

DESIGN AND CONTROL STRATEGIES 80-3

FOR ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY

IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES

M. Morari, W. H. Ray, D. F. Rudd

The process industries are a major consumer of energy and the

improvement of energy efficiency is an important goal. Process

modifications aiming at a reduction of energy consumption tend to

make a plant more integrated and thus more difficult to operate.

In practice, the primary objective is not only steady state

energy efficiency but that the plant is flexible, operable and

controllable, i.e. resilient. The research goals are to develop

design strategies for resilient processes and operating policies

for highly integrated plants. The particular subtasks are: 1)

Synthesis of resilient energy management networks, 2) Development

of control strategies for integrated distillation columns, and 3)

Development of control and optimization procedures for systems

with high parametric sensitivity (chemical reactors). The latter

two tasks involve an extensive experimental verification phase.

The development of interactive user-friendly CAD packages incorporating the fundamental theoretical developments are under way.
67

BUDGET NUMBER INDEX

Number

01-01

Includes projects concerned with research related to friction and

wear. See project numbers:

8, 18, 33, 34, 50, and 58

01-02

Includes projects concerned with research on the effects of turbulence, vibrations and noise, and heat transfer. See project

numbers:

2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 17, 20, 27, 30, 35, 39, 41, 43, 55, and 60

01-03

Includes projects concerned with research on adaptive control systems, non-linear systems, modeling, sensors for hostile environments, and NDE instrumentation. See project numbers:

1, 6, 13, 15, 19, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 37, 40, 42, 47, 49,

52, 56, 57, and 61

01-04

Includes projects concerned with research on the macroscopic

aspects of elastoplastic deformations and of crack propagation in

structural materials. See project numbers:

3, 4, 16, 46, 51, and 53

01-05

Includes projects concerned with research on data bases, lean mixture ignitions, and modeling of real combustion systems. See project numbers:

22, 36, 44, and 48
-68 -

01-06

Includes projects concerned with research on analysis of nonimaging optics, and noise and fluctuations in non-linear systems.

See project numbers:

10, 23, 31, 38, 45, 54, and 59
- 69 -

PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

01-01

THE EFFECT OF AIR FLOW INSIDE A PNEUMATIC

TIRE ON TEMPERATURE BUILDUP AND ROLLING

RESISTANCE ............................................ 8

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FRICTION-INDUCED VIBRATION

AND WEAR .... ... ... ................... ......... 18

PISTON RING FRICTION AND VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY ................ ........................... 33

LOSS CHARACTERISTICS OF CORD RUBBER COMPOSITES ............................ ............. 34

LUBRICATION OF ENGINEERING SURFACES - II ...... 50

IMPROVEMENTS IN THE HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF

ROTARY DRILL BITS USED IN DEEP-HOLE DRILLING .. 56

01-02

THEORETICAL/EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STABILITY

CONTROL ........................................ 2

TWO-PHASE FLOW RESEARCH ............................ 5

FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN UNIFORM AND

NON-UNIFORM POROUS BEDS ........... .......... 7

MITIGATION OF BIOFOULING USING SURFACE

COATINGS · ·............................. 9

BURSTING IN STEADY AND PULSATING TURBULENT

PIPE FLOW ...................................... 11

RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN OIL SHALE

RETORTING ...... ............................... 12

FLUID MECHANICS OF ACOUSTIC RESONANCE IN

HEAT EXCHANGER TUBE BUNDLES ...... .......... 14

CONDITIONS FOR DROPWISE CONDENSATION ON

ELECTROPLATED GOLD ............................ 17
- 70 -

PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

01-02

CONVECTIVE AND RADIATIVE TRANSFER FOR TURBULENT FLOW IN ENERGY SYSTEMS ................. 20

NUMERICAL MODELING OF TURBULENT ENERGY

RELATED FLOWS ................................ 27

HYDRODYNAMIC PREDICTION OF MULTIDIMENSTIONAL

SINGLE-AND TWO-PHASE FLOW IN ROD ARRAY ........ 30

FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER WITH IMPINGING

JETS AND WALL JETS ............................ 35

CONVECTIVE BOILING HEAT TRANSFER IN NARROW

ANNULAR GAPS ...... ............................ 39

HOLOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF THERMALNONEQUILIBRIUM VAPOR GENERATION IN TWOPHASE FLOWS ................................... 41

THE OFFSET STRIP FIN - A GENERALIZED UNDERSTANDING OF ITS PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS ... 43

MOMENTUM AND HEAT TRANSFERS IN A

COMPLEX, BUT WELL-DEFINED TURBULENT FLOW ...... 55

HEAT TRANSFER OF OSCILLATORY FLOW ............. 60

01-03

A COMPOSITE MULTIVIEWING TRANSDUCER ........... 1

IMPROVEMENT IN THE DESIGN AND EXTENSION OF

OPERATING RANGE OF VISCOMETERS AND THERMAL

CONDUCTIVITY CELLS ............................ 6

COMBUSTION CONTROL WITH SMART SENSORS ......... 13

NDE IMAGING RESEARCH ................................. 15

METHOD OF VIBRATIONAL CONTROL IN THE PROBLEM OF STABILIZATION OF CHEMICAL REACTORS ..... 19

THIN FILM CHEMICAL SENSORS BASED ON ELECTRON

TUNNELING ..................................... 21
- 71 -

PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

01-03

AUTOMATIC CHARACTERIZATION AND CONTROL OF

COMPLEX SYSTEMS ............................... 24

PROCESSING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SCATTERED

SIGNALS FROM ACOUSTIC TARGETS ......... ....... 25

DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED THERMIONIC

CIRCUITS ...................................... 26

SHORT-CUT PROCEDURES FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS

DESIGN OF A PROCESS AND ITS CONTROL SYSTEMS ... 28

A STUDY OF REDUCED ORDER MODEL REFERENCE

CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR IMPROVED PROCESS CONTROL .. 29

IMPROVEMENT OF THE RELIABILITY OF WELDING

BY IN-PROCESS SENSING AND CONTROL ............. 32

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBON

MIXTURES . . ............................... 37

AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELING FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE

TESTING .......... ........................ 40

HIGH TEMPERATURE CHEMICALLY SENSITIVE

ELECTRONIC DEVICES ................... ......... . 42

HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS .................. 47

ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS MODELING TECHNIQUES

FOR EFFICIENCY AND STABILITY ANALYSIS ......... 49

HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSDUCERS .................... 52

OPTIMAL ENGINEERING DESIGN WITH UNCERTAIN

PARAMETERS ..................... ............. 56

SPATIAL CORRELATION FACTORS IN WIND ENERGY

SYSTEMS ....................................... 57
- 72 -

PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

01-04

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS DESIGN AND CONTROL

STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN

THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES ........................ 61

ENGINEERING MODELS IN DYNAMIC PLASTICITY ..... 3

DAMAGE ACCUMULATION BY CRACK GROWTH UNDER

COMBINED CREEP AND FATIGUE .................... 4

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF ELASTIC-PLASTIC

FRACTURE ...................................... 16

STRESS CREEP OF STRUCTURAL METALS ............ 46

ENERGY CHANGES IN TRANSFORMING SOLIDS ......... 51

A NEW METHOD FOR PREDICTING MULTIAXIAL

FATIGUE DAMAGE ............................... . 53

01-05

CONTROLLED COMBUSTION ......................... 22

SUPPORT OF CRITICAL DATA COMPILATIONS ......... 36

MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF LIQUID MIXTURE

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY ............ 44

CONVECTIVE DROPLET VAPORIZATION AND COMBUSTION. 48

01-06

FUNDAMENTALS AND TECHNIQUES OF NONIMAGING

OPTICS FOR SOLAR ENERGY CONCENTRATION ......... 10

STUDIES IN NONLINEAR DYNAMICS ................. 23

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHODS OF

THERMOECONOMICS ..... ......................... ........... 31
- 73 -

PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

01-04

TOPICS OF INTERFACE MECHANICS ................. 38

SOME BASIC RESEARCH PROBLEMS RELATED TO

ENERGY .......................... .............. 45

EXPERIMENTAL & THEORETICAL RESEARCH ON

EFFICIENCY OF CHEMICAL THERMAL AND COUPLED

PROCESSES ..................................... 54

BIFURCATIONS AND FLUCTUATIONS IN FAR FROM

EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS ........................... 59
- 74 -

INVESTIGATOR INDEX

Abarbanel, H. D. I. 23 Kac, M. 45

Aronov, V. 18 Kalpakjian, S. 18

Baier, R. E. 09 Kaufman, A. N. 23

Baillieul, J. 49 Keiser, D. D. 15, 16

Balaban, D. J. 24 Kerstein, A. R. 48

Bankoff, S. G. 39 Kestin, J. 06

Barna, B. A. 15 Khanna, S. K. 21

Barnett, D. M. 51 King, R. W. 09

Bates, J. M. 41 Kino, G. S. 52

Berger, B. S. 27 Kot, C. A. 03

Bernard, P. S. 27 Lambe, J. 21

Blankenship, G. L. 57 Lanning, S. M. 24

Blevins, R. D. 14 Lauks, I. R. 42

Brand, H. R. 24 Levich, B. 38

Brenden, B. B. 41 Lide D. R. 36

Case, K. M. 45 Lin, H. C. 03

Catton, I. 07 Lynn, D. 26

Chaffin, R. J. 47 Malone, M. F. 28

Chen, C. J. 20 Masubuchi, K. 32

Chen, S. S. 02 McCool, J. I. 50

Clark, S. K. 34 McCormick, B. 26

Cohen, E. G. D. 45 McLaughlin, J. B. 11

Corones, J. 01 Meerkov, S. M. 19

Creer, J. M. 41 Melton, R. B. 40

D'Souza, A. F. 18 Meyer, A. E. 09

Daniel, J. L. 41 Morari, M. 61

Dawson, L. R. 47 Myers, D. R. 47

Diller, T. E. 60 Nelson, D. V. 53

Dooley, R. 26 Nunge, R. J. 11

Douglas, J. M. 28 O'Gallagher, J. 10

Dwyer, H. A. 48 Olien, N. 37

Ebeling-Koning D. B. 30 Oppenheim, A. K. 22

El-Sayed, Y. M. 31 Paynter, H. M. 32

Fink, L. H. 57 Prigogine, I. 59

Fornalik, M. S. 09 Rae, W. J. 08

Frazer, J. W. 24 Ray W. H. 61

Goldstein, R. J. 35 Ravenche, H. J. 37

Golebiewska-Herrmann, A. 51 Reiss, E. L. 02

Gouldin, F. C. 13 Reuter, W. G. 16

Gucinski, H. 09 Rife, J. M. 33

Hardt, D. E. 29, 32 Rudd, D. F. 61

Herrmann, G. 51 Robinson, J. T. 30

Hoult, D. P. 33 Rosenberg, G. S. 03

Jaske, C. E. 04 Ross, J. 54

Jendrzejczyk, J. A. 02 Rovner, D. M. 05

Johnson, J. A. 15 Rowley, R. L. 44

Jones, M. C. 12 Sanders, B. R. 48
- 75 

-

Seydel, J. A. 15 Washburn, R. B. 49

Skinner, G. T. 08 Webb, R. L. 43

Smith, T. F. 20 Wei, J. 42

Storhok, V. W. 16 Weng, G. J. 46

Street, R. L. 55 Westwater, J. W. 17

Sundaram, T. R. 58 Wilde, D. 26

Tabaddor, F. 34 Wilde, D. J. 56

Tankin, R. S. 39 Winston, R. 10

Telionis, D. P. 60 Wolga, G. J. 13

Thompson, D. 0. 01 Yuen, M. C. 39

Thompson, R. B. 01 Yuen, S. 42

Todreas, N. E. 30 Zemel, J. N. 42

Tribus, M. 31 Zipperian, T. E. 47

Unkel, W. C. 32

Wang, J. L. 24
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