[Cite as Fonderlin v. Trumbull Family Fitness, 2023-Ohio-767.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

TRUMBULL COUNTY

NICOLE G. FONDERLIN,

INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF 

OF HER MINOR CHILD, J.P.,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

- vs -

TRUMBULL FAMILY FITNESS,

Defendant-Appellee.

CASE NO. 2022-T-0082

Civil Appeal from the

Court of Common Pleas

Trial Court No. 2021 CV 00462

O P I N I O N

Decided: March 13, 2023

Judgment: Reversed and remanded

Andrew S. Pollis, Milton and Charlotte Kramer Law Clinic Center, Case Western 

Reserve University School of Law, 11075 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106 (For 

Plaintiff-Appellant).

Robert S. Yallech and Brianna M. Prislipsky, Reminger Co., LPA, 11 Federal Plaza 

Central, Suite 1200, Youngstown, OH 44503 (For Defendant-Appellee).

MARY JANE TRAPP, J.

{¶1} This case stems from an alleged incident in which the minor son of 

appellant, Nicole Fonderlin (“Ms. Fonderlin”), was sexually assaulted by two other 

children in an unsupervised locker room while in the afterschool program of appellee, 

Trumbull Family Fitness (“TFF”). Ms. Fonderlin, individually and on behalf of her minor 

son (the “minor”), appeals the judgment of the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas 

that awarded summary judgment in favor of TFF. More specifically, the trial court found 
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TFF was entitled to judgment as a matter of law because Ms. Fonderlin failed to establish 

TFF, as a business, had a duty to protect the minor child from the unforeseeable criminal 

acts of third parties. 

{¶2} In her sole assignment of error, Ms. Fonderlin contends the trial court erred 

in applying a general premises liability framework to determine her negligence claim. She 

contends TFF voluntarily assumed a duty to supervise, and the trial court should have 

considered whether she raised a genuine issue of material fact as to TFF’s failure to 

exercise ordinary care in its supervision of the children in the locker room during its 

afterschool program. 

{¶3} After a careful review of the record and pertinent law, we find Ms. 

Fonderlin’s assignment of error to be with merit. Ms. Fonderlin sufficiently argued that 

TFF voluntarily undertook a duty to supervise in rendering its services as an afterschool 

program to survive summary judgment. Further, a review of her evidentiary quality 

materials submitted on summary judgment reveals she presented genuine issues of 

material fact as to whether TFF failed to adequately supervise the children in the locker 

rooms.

{¶4} The judgment of the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas is reversed 

and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Substantive and Procedural History

{¶5} In May 2021, Ms. Fonderlin filed a complaint in the Trumbull County Court 

of Common Pleas against TFF, bringing claims of negligence; negligent hiring, training, 

supervision, and retention; intentional and/or negligent infliction of emotional distress 

(“IIED”); consortium; as well as punitive damages. 
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{¶6} Factually, Ms. Fonderlin alleged that in 2019, her minor son, then eightyears old, participated in TFF’s “Afterschool Kids Club,” operating from 2:30 pm to 6:30 

pm. The Afterschool Kids Club included an option to enroll the children into a swim 

program. Before and after swimming, the children would change in TFF’s locker rooms 

that were reserved solely for the children. TFF did not have anyone supervising the 

children while they were changing. It was alleged that on one or more occasions, during 

the unsupervised locker room sessions, two older male children sexually abused, 

harassed, and assaulted her son. As a direct result, her son suffers from severe physical 

and emotional injuries, such as post-traumatic behaviors, traumatic flashbacks of abuse, 

difficulty sleeping, and educational disruption. 

{¶7} TFF filed a motion for summary judgment, in which it contended it had no 

duty to protect Ms. Fonderlin’s son from the unforeseen random acts of third parties. 

Attached to TFF’s motion was an excerpt of the minor’s deposition and an affidavit of 

Paulette Edington (“Ms. Edington”), the now former director of TFF. In the excerpt, the 

minor gave a description of the sexual assaults, and he stated that the older boys 

threatened him into cooperating. In her affidavit, Ms. Edington averred that she was 

employed as a director by TFF for 12 years; that there were never any previous 

allegations of any type of sexual assault; and that she never had any complaints of sexual 

misconduct occurring in any of TFF’s locker rooms.

{¶8} Ms. Fonderlin filed a response, in which she argued TFF had a duty to 

supervise the children in the locker rooms and that reasonable minds could find that TFF 

should have foreseen sexual misconduct and assault could occur if children were left 

unsupervised and naked in a locker room.
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{¶9} In support, Ms. Fonderlin filed the depositions of Ms. Edington, Aunjanae 

Warfield (“Ms. Warfield”), a TFF staff member, herself, and her son. In addition, Ms. 

Fonderlin attached to her response TFF’s personnel policies and practices, the TFF Kids 

Club 2021 handbook, which contains descriptions of TFF’s rules and reminders, the USA 

Hockey Locker Room Policy, as well as a report from the U.S. Department of Justice, 

entitled “Sexual Assault of Young Children as Reported to Law Enforcement: Victim, 

Incident, and Offender Characteristics.” 

{¶10} In her deposition, Ms. Edington relayed her history as an employee of TFF, 

where she spent seven of her 14 years as the youth programs director and seven years 

as the director or chief executive officer (“CEO”). She noted that TFF does not have to 

apply for any special licenses with the state of Ohio because it is not a day care. She 

described the youth area, which was located upstairs and separate from the other parts 

of TFF’s facility and included separate boys’ and girls’ locker rooms. Ms. Edington 

testified it was not acceptable to leave the children alone in a room without staff members 

present “because they’re kids.” The policy was to have a one to ten ratio of staff to 

children, with 20 being the maximum number of children. 

{¶11} Ms. Edington also outlined the staff training for the children’s locker rooms. 

The staff was instructed to stand in the doorway of each locker room so they “could hear 

everything that was going on.” Female staff members were instructed to get a male staff 

member to assist them if they heard the boys acting out in the boys’ locker room. The 

children swam towards the end of the day, and it took them approximately ten minutes to 

change out of their swim clothes prior to going home.
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{¶12} Ms. Edington recounted that the minor had problems with his alleged 

assailants, and the staff tried to keep them separated as much as possible. 

{¶13} In her deposition, Ms. Warfield, a former staff member, described her 

training and her supervision of the locker rooms. If she was watching the boys’ locker 

room, she would stand outside, watch, and listen. She would seek the assistance of a 

male staff member if the boys could not calm down. However, she could only recall TFF 

having one male staff member, and he was not always on shift when she needed 

assistance. She gave the children approximately ten minutes to change. She further 

noted that the children were not allowed to be in a room without a staff member or to roam 

freely. Ms. Warfield recalled several behavior issues between the minor and his 

assailants, one of whom had a problem with physical touching/hitting others. 

{¶14} The minor described the sexual assaults, which occurred four or five times 

in August and September 2019. The assaults occurred in the locker room after swimming 

when no one was around except for the minor, his friend, and the two assailants. When 

he participated in Kids Club in the year prior, there was a male staff member who would 

come into the locker room and watch the boys on one or two occasions. He was reluctant 

to disclose the incidents to anyone because he was fearful. Ultimately, he confided in 

one of his older sisters. 

{¶15} Ms. Fonderlin described her anger that the incidents occurred when she 

was “paying someone” to watch her child. Approximately three weeks into the program, 

she noticed she was waiting longer and longer for her son to come out of the locker room. 

This progressed from 20 to 35 to 45 minutes, and she decided to pull her son out of the 
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program. She also detailed the therapy and medications her son was taking because of 

the incidents. 

Summary Judgment is Awarded to TFF

{¶16} The trial court awarded summary judgment in favor of TFF. On Ms. 

Fonderlin’s claim of negligence, the trial court found that TFF was under no duty to protect 

Ms. Fonderlin’s son from unanticipated criminal activity. The trial court reviewed that 

under the “totality-of-the-circumstances” test, in order to impose a duty upon a business, 

third-party criminal acts must be foreseeable. The court relied on the fact that TFF was 

not aware of any similar prior incidents or allegations of sexual assault; therefore, there 

was no evidence that TFF knew or should have known that the two minors would sexually 

assault Ms. Fonderlin’s son. Similarly, Ms. Fonderlin’s claim of IIED also failed since 

there was no evidence TFF could foresee this type of criminal activity. Lastly, Ms. 

Fonderlin’s derivative loss of consortium claim necessarily failed as a matter of law. 

{¶17} Ms. Fonderlin raises one assignment of error on appeal:

{¶18} “The trial court erred in granting Defendant-Appellee Trumbull Family 

Fitness’s motion for summary judgment.”

Summary Judgment Standard of Review

{¶19} This court reviews de novo a trial court’s order granting summary

judgment. Hapgood v. Conrad, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2000-T-0058, 2002-Ohio-3363, ¶

13. A reviewing court will apply the same standard a trial court is required to apply, which

is to determine whether any genuine issues of material fact exist and whether the moving

party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.
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{¶20} “The jurisprudence of summary judgment standards has placed burdens on

both the moving and the nonmoving party. In Dresher v. Burt[, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 662

N.E.2d 264 (1996)], the Supreme Court of Ohio held that the moving party seeking

summary judgment bears the initial burden of informing the trial court of the basis for the

motion and identifying those portions of the record before the trial court that demonstrate

the absence of a genuine issue of fact on a material element of the nonmoving party’s

claim. The evidence must be in the record or the motion cannot succeed. The moving

party cannot discharge its initial burden under Civ.R. 56 simply by making a conclusory

assertion that the nonmoving party has no evidence to prove its case but must be able to

specifically point to some evidence of the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C) that affirmatively

demonstrates that the nonmoving party has no evidence to support the nonmoving party’s

claims. If the moving party fails to satisfy its initial burden, the motion for summary

judgment must be denied. If the moving party has satisfied its initial burden, the

nonmoving party has a reciprocal burden outlined in the last sentence of Civ.R. 56(E) to

set forth specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial. If the nonmoving party

fails to do so, summary judgment, if appropriate, shall be entered against the nonmoving

party based on the principles that have been firmly established in Ohio for quite some

time in Mitseff v. Wheeler (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 112[, 526 N.E.2d 798].” Welch v.

Ziccarelli, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2006-L-229, 2007-Ohio-4374, ¶ 40.

TFF’s Duty

{¶21} In her sole assignment of error, Ms. Fonderlin contends the trial court erred 

in awarding summary judgment to TFF because it applied a general premises liability 

framework to determine her negligence claim. She contends that TFF voluntarily 
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undertook a duty to supervise, and the trial court should have determined if she raised a 

genuine issue of material fact as to whether TFF exercised ordinary care in its supervision 

of the children in the locker rooms. 

{¶22} In order to recover on a negligence claim, a plaintiff must prove that (1) the 

defendant owed the plaintiff a duty, (2) the defendant breached that duty, and (3) the 

breach of the duty proximately caused the plaintiff’s injury. Chambers v. St. Mary’s

School, 82 Ohio St.3d 563, 565, 697 N.E.2d 198 (1998).

{¶23} It is axiomatic that duty is an essential element of a claim for relief for 

negligence. Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Family Counseling Ctr., 77 Ohio St.3d 284, 

293, 673 N.E.2d 1311 (1977). While the scope and extent of a duty is a question of fact, 

the existence of such a duty is a question of law. See Mussivand v. David, 45 Ohio St.3d 

314, 318, 544 N.E.2d 265 (1989). A duty may be established by common law, legislative 

enactment, or by the particular facts and circumstances of the case. Eisenhuth v.

Moneyhon, 161 Ohio St. 367, 119 N.E.2d 440 (1954), paragraph one of the syllabus.

{¶24} We agree with Ms. Fonderlin that the trial court erred as a matter of law in 

concluding that the duty owed was that of an ordinary business to an invitee. Ms. 

Fonderlin, in fact, made a general claim of negligence pursuant to 2 Restatement of the 

Law 2d, Torts (1965), Section 323, “Negligent Performance of Undertaking to Render 

Services,” which states:

{¶25} “One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services

to another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of the other’s person

or things, is subject to liability to the other for physical harm resulting from his failure to

exercise reasonable care to perform his undertaking, if
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{¶26} “* * *

{¶27} “(b) the harm is suffered because of the other’s reliance upon the

undertaking.”1

{¶28} As the Seventh District aptly explained in Douglass v. Salem Community

Hosp., 153 Ohio App.3d 350, 794 N.E.2d 107 (7th Dist.2003): 

{¶29} “The theory of recovery under Section 323(b) is that ‘when one undertakes

a duty voluntarily, and another reasonably relies on that undertaking, the volunteer is

required to exercise ordinary care in completing the duty.’ Kerr-Morris v. Equitable Real

Estate Invest. Mgt., Inc. (1999), 136 Ohio App.3d 331, 335, 736 N.E.2d 552. In other

words, ‘[a] voluntary act, gratuitously undertaken, must be * * * performed with the

exercise of due care under the circumstances.’ Briere v. Lathrop Co. (1970), 22 Ohio

St.2d 166, 172, * * * 258 N.E.2d 597. This theory of negligence does not require proof of

a special relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant, or proof of somewhat

overwhelming circumstances. This type of negligence follows the general rules for finding

negligence, with the addition of one extra element of proof, that of reasonable reliance by

the plaintiff on the actions of the defendant.” Id. at ¶ 74; see also Brink v. Giant Eagle,

2017-Ohio-7960, 98 N.E.3d 822, ¶ 44 (11th Dist.). 

{¶30} In addition, the Supreme Court of Ohio has consistently held that children 

have a special status in tort law and that duties of care owed to children are different from 

duties owed to adults, remarking that “‘the amount of care required to discharge a duty

1. Section 323(b) is a general claim of negligence rather than a claim of a special relationship giving rise 

to a duty, such as Section 314A of the Restatement of the Law of Torts 2d, “Special Relations Giving Rise 

to Duty to Aid or Protect.” At least one Ohio court has reversed summary judgment under Section 314A, 

after finding the appellant had established sufficient evidence of genuine issues of material fact as to 

whether an adult who temporarily cared for another’s child had a special duty to protect and was negligent 

in doing so. See Peyer v. Ohio Water Service Co., 130 Ohio App.3d 426, 720 N.E.2d 195 (7th Dist.1998). 
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owed to a child of tender years is necessarily greater than that required to discharge a

duty owed to an adult under the same circumstances. This is the approach long followed

by this court and we see no reason to abandon it. “Children of tender years, and youthful

persons generally, are entitled to a degree of care proportioned to their inability to foresee

and avoid the perils that they may encounter. * * *.”’ Di Gildo v. Caponi (1969), 18 Ohio

St.2d 125, 127, * * * 247 N.E.2d 732 * * *, quoting Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 512 (1959),

Negligence, Section 21.” Bennett v. Stanley, 92 Ohio St.3d 35, 39, 748 N.E.2d 41 (2001) 

(determining when a possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm to children 

trespassing thereon caused by an artificial condition upon the land). 

{¶31} For instance, in Brodie v. Summit Cty. Children Servs. Bd., 51 Ohio St.3d 

112, 554 N.E.2d 1301 (1990), in determining whether the children services board and its 

employees negligently failed to perform the duties imposed upon them by R.C. 2151.421 

(the official child abuse reporting, investigation, and disposition statute), the Supreme 

Court of Ohio noted the United States Supreme Court’s observation that “‘[i]t may well be

that, by voluntarily undertaking to protect [a child] * * * against a danger it concededly

played no part in creating, the State acquired a duty under state tort law to provide him

with adequate protection against that danger. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323

(1965) (one who undertakes to render services to another may in some circumstances

be held liable for doing so in a negligent fashion); see generally W. Keeton, D. Dobbs, R.

Keeton & D. Owen, Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 56 (5th ed 1984)

(discussing “special relationships” which may give rise to affirmative duties to act under

the common law of tort).’” Id. at 115-116, quoting DeShaney v. Winnebago Cty. Dept. of

Social Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 201-202, 109 S.Ct. 998, 103 L.Ed.2d 249 (1989).
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{¶32} Other jurisdictions have similarly upheld claims for relief for negligence

where caretakers failed to adequately supervise children in their care. For instance, in

Todd v. First Baptist Church of West Point, 993 So.2d 827 (Miss.2008), the Supreme

Court of Mississippi reversed the circuit court’s award of summary judgment after it found

the plaintiffs introduced genuine issues of material fact as to whether a daycare worker

was negligent in her duty to adequately supervise where one child was severely injured

by another child and the daycare worker admitted to leaving the children unsupervised. 

Id. at ¶ 15.

{¶33} Similarly, in Leger v. Stockton Unified School Dist., 202 Cal.App.3d 1448,

249 Cal.Rptr. 688 (1988), a California appellate court reversed the defendants’ general

demurrer to the plaintiff’s complaint where the plaintiff-student alleged he was assaulted

by a nonstudent in an unsupervised restroom of the high school. Id. at 1452-1453. The

court found that the plaintiff had no obligation to plead prior acts of violence occurred in

the restroom where his allegations sufficiently stated the harm was reasonably

foreseeable in the absence of supervision or a warning. Id. at 1460.

{¶34} Likewise, in J.H. v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist., 183 Cal.App.4th

123, 107 Cal.Rptr.3d 182 (2010), a California appellate court reversed the award of

summary judgment to defendants because the defendant school district had a duty to use

ordinary care in supervising the children in the afterschool program. The student was

attacked and sexually assaulted by other students, and there were, at most, two

supervisors watching the children. Id. at 129. The court held that the plaintiff presented

evidence that she sustained injuries and that whether the defendants were negligent in

their supervision in the afterschool program, whether the negligence was a proximate
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cause of the plaintiff’s injuries, and whether those injuries were an unreasonable risk of

harm that was foreseeable by the defendants were questions for the trier of fact. Id. at

148. 

{¶35} A review of Ms. Fonderlin’s response to TFF’s motion for summary 

judgment, supported by evidentiary quality material, reveals she raised genuine issues of 

material fact as to whether TFF assumed a duty to supervise and whether it violated this 

duty by failing to exercise ordinary care in its supervision of the children in the locker 

room. The evidence submitted on summary judgment revealed that TFF’s policy was to 

leave no child unattended; that there was specific staff training for locker room 

supervision, which included leaving the children alone for no more than ten minutes; that 

the afterschool program was short-staffed; that the boys’ locker room was unsupervised; 

that Ms. Fonderlin’s son and his alleged assailants did not get along and the staff tried to 

keep them separated; and that Ms. Fonderlin’s son and his two assailants were in the 

locker room unsupervised for much longer than ten minutes.

{¶36} Whether TFF undertook the duty to supervise and failed in that duty is a 

question of material fact that must survive summary judgment. As we often state, and 

which bears repeating, “Since summary judgment denies the party his or her ‘day in

court’[,] it is not to be viewed lightly as docket control or as a ‘little trial.’” Welch, supra,

at ¶ 40. 

{¶37} Thus, there are genuine issues as to the material facts and the inferences 

which may be properly drawn therefrom, and TFF was not entitled to summary judgment 

as a matter of law. 
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{¶38} The judgment of the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas is reversed, 

and the matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

MATT LYNCH, J.,

EUGENE A. LUCCI, J.,

concur.