United States

Department of

Agriculture

Animal and

Plant Health

Inspection

Service

Plant Protection

and Quarantine

Gypsy Moth 

Program Manual
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the 

basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, 

parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or 

part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply 

to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program 

information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 

(voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 

Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 

(TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Mention of companies or commercial products does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture over others not mentioned. USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard 

of any product mentioned. Product names are mentioned solely to report factually on available data and to 

provide specific information.

This publication reports research involving pesticides. All uses of pesticides must be registered by 

appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended.

CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, fish, or other 

wildlife—if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow 

recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.

Second Edition Issued May 2008
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Gypsy Moth Manual

Contents 1

Figures v

Tables vii

Introduction 1-1

Detection Survey 2-1

Delimiting Survey 3-1

Other Survey Tools 4-1

Preparing Specimens for Identification 5-1

Regulatory Section Introduction 6-1

Treatments 7-1

Hazardous Sites 8-1

Logs, Posts, Pulpwood, Bark, and Bark Products 9-1

Nursery Stock 10-1

Christmas Trees from Canada 11-1

Qualified Certified Applicators (QCAs) 12-1

Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs) 13-1

Mobile Homes and Associated Items 14-1

Control Section Introduction 15-1

Safety Precautions 16-1

Planning for Control Activities 17-1

Eradication Using Insecticides 18-1

Eradication Using Mass Trapping 19-1

Transition Area Section Introduction 20-1

Transition Area Definitions 21-1

Survey Activities 22-1

Transition Area Regulatory Activities 23-1

Criteria for Transfer of Areas 24-1

Asian Gypsy Moth 25-1

Leaflets and Other Materials on the Gypsy Moth A-1

Map of Generally Infested Areas B-1

Quarantine Areas C-1

How to Assemble Traps D-1

GM Survey Data and NAPIS E-1

Compliance Agreements (CAs) F-1

Insecticide Labels and MSDSs G-1
Contents

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Methods for Gypsy Moth Eradication H-1

Guidelines for Environmental Documents I-1

Public Meetings/Public Relations J-1

Checking and Calibrating Aircraft K-1

Nozzles and Pressures L-1

Procedures for Composting Bark M-1

Accurate Statement N-1

Certificate of Origin O-1

Checklist for Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs) P-1

Qualified Certified Applicator (QCA) Document Q-1

Emergency Action Notification (EAN) PPQ Form 523 R-1

Glossary Glossary-1

Index Index-1
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Gypsy Moth Manual

Figures 1

Figure 2-1 Example of Traps Plotted for Detection Survey 2-9

Figure 3-1 Example of Traps Plotted for Delimiting Survey 3-4

Figure 4-1 Example of a Larval Trap on a Host Tree 4-7

Figure 5-1 ARS-748 (Identification Request) 5-3

Figure 5-2 PPQ Form 391 (Specimens for Determination) 5-4

Figure D-1 Example of Step 2 for Assembling Delta Traps D-2

Figure D-2 Example of Step 3 for Assembling Delta Traps D-3

Figure D-3 Example of Step 4 for Assembling Delta Traps D-4

Figure D-4 Example of Step 5 for Assembling Delta Traps D-4

Figure D-5 Example of Step 6 for Assembling Delta Traps D-5

Figure D-6 Example of Step 2 for Assembling Milk Carton Traps D-6

Figure D-7 Example of Step 4 for Assembling Milk Carton Traps D-7

Figure D-8 Example of Step 5 for Assembling Milk Carton Traps D-8

Figure D-9 Example of Step 7 for Assembling Milk Carton Traps D-9

Figure E-1 Detection Survey (page 1 of 2) E-7

Figure E-1 Detection Survey (page 2 of 2) E-8

Figure E-2 Delimiting Survey Worksheet (page 1 of 2) E-9

Figure E-2 Delimiting Survey Worksheet (page 2 of 2) E-10

Figure F-1 Sample of PPQ Form 519—Compliance Agreement F-2

Figure I-1 Generic FONSI Form (page 1 of 2) I-14

Figure I-2 Generic FONSI Form (page 2 of 2) I-15

Figure I-2 Completed FONSI (page 1 of 2) I-16

Figure I-2 Completed FONSI (page 2 of 2) I-17

Figure K-1 Diagram of Spray Boom Flow Through Bleed Line to Outer Nozzles 

K-8

Figure L-1 Diagram of Spray Boom Flow Through Bleed Line to Outermost 

Nozzles L-2

Figure N-1 Example of Accurate Statement for Logs and Poles N-2

Figure N-2 Example of Accurate Statement for Pulpwood (or Wood Chips) 

N-3

Figure O-1 Certificate of Origin O-2

Figure Q-1 QCA Document Q-2

Figure R-1 Emergency Action Notification (EAN), PPQ Form 523 R-2
Figures

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09/2009-03 Gypsy Moth Manual vii

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Gypsy Moth Manual

Tables 1

Table 2-1 Distances for Various Trap Densities 2-9

Table 2-2 Hosts Preferred by All Larval Instars 2-10

Table 2-3 Nonpreferred Hosts 2-10

Table 2-4 Hosts Larvae Avoid 2-10

Table 3-1 Distances for Various Trap Densities 3-3

Table 3-2 Hosts Preferred by All Larval Instars 3-4

Table 3-3 Nonpreferred Hosts 3-5

Table 3-4 Hosts Larvae Avoid 3-5

Table 7-1 MB Treatment Schedule at NAP (In chamber or under a tarpaulin) 

for egg masses of Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) on such items 

as outdoor household articles (OHAs), quarry products, 

lumber, logs, and timber products 7-2

Table 10-1 MB Treatment Schedule (at NAP) for egg masses of Lymantria 

dispar (gypsy moth) on deciduous, dormant woody plants 

(except for broadleaved genera such as Azalea, Berberis, 

Camellia, Ilex, and Photinia) 10-4

Table 10-2 MB Treatment Schedule (at NAP) for Egg masses of Lymantria 

dispar (gypsy moth) on Dormant Evergreens (Including 

Conifers) and Certain Broadleaved Genera such as Azalea, 

Berberis, Camellia, Ilex, and Photinia 10-4

Table 10-3 MB Treatment Schedule at NAP (Chamber or Tarpaulin) for Egg 

Masses of Lymantria dispar on Cut Conifer Christmas Trees 

10-5

Table 11-1 Cut Christmas Trees or Boughs 11-1

Table 11-2 Cut Christmas Trees or Boughs from Ontario or Quebec 11-2

Table 11-3 Cut PINE Christmas Trees or Branches from Ontario or Quebec 

11-2

Table 11-4 Cut Christmas Trees or Branches OTHER THAN PINE from 

Ontario or Quebec 11-3

Table 11-5 Cut Christmas Trees or Branches from British Columbia, New 

Brunswick, or Nova Scotia 11-3

Table 11-6 Cut PINE Christmas Trees or Branches from British Columbia, 

New Brunswick, or Nova Scotia 11-4
Tables

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Table 11-7 Cut Christmas Trees or Branches OTHER THAN PINE from 

British Columbia, New Brunswick, or Nova Scotia 11-5

Table 11-8 Cut Christmas Trees or Branches from a Province OTHER THAN 

Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, New Brunswick, or Nova 

Scotia 11-6

Table 14-1 Prioritizing Risk from Transported Mobile Homes 14-8

Table 17-1 Responsibility for Eradication Costs 17-3

Table 17-2 Characteristics of the Early Instars of Gypsy Moth 17-6

Table 17-3 Planning Calendar for Gypsy Moth Activities 17-7

Table 19-1 Inter-Trap Distances for Mass Trapping 19-3

Table 19-2 Hosts Preferred by All Larval Instars 19-4

Table 19-3 Hosts of Later Larval Stages 19-4

Table 19-4 Hosts Larvae Avoid 19-4

Table 24-1 Trap Survey and Other Survey Results 24-2

Table C-1 List of Quarantine Areas C-1

Table E-1 Coding for Gypsy Moth Survey Data Entry into NAPIS E-4

Table F-1 Compliance Agreements F-1

Table G-1 Insecticide Distributors G-3

Table H-1 Application Rates of Foray® 48B and Foray® 48F H-12

Table H-2 Application Rates of Foray® 76B H-13

Table H-3 Application Rates of Thuricide® 48LV H-14

Table H-4 Application Rates of Thuricide® 76LV H-14

Table K-1 Swath Width for Airplane K-4

Table K-2 Swath Width for Helicopters K-5

Table K-3 Acres Covered Per Minute K-5
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Gypsy Moth Manual

1 Introduction 1

Contents

Purpose of the Gypsy Moth (GM) Program Manual 1-1

Damage Caused by the Gypsy Moth 1-2

Background on the Gypsy Moth 1-2

Cooperation in the Gypsy Moth Program 1-3

Dispersal of the Gypsy Moth 1-3

Potential Damage from the Gypsy Moth 1-3

Scope of the Gypsy Moth Program Manual 1-4

How to Use This Manual 1-5

Users of the Gypsy Moth Program Manual 1-6

Conventions 1-6

Reporting Problems 1-7

Related Documents 1-7

Preventative Safety Measures 1-8

Purpose of the Gypsy Moth (GM) Program Manual

APHIS–PPQ (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service–Plant Protection 

and Quarantine) is involved in the Gypsy Moth Program for the following 

reasons:

◆ To detect isolated infestations at low population levels

◆ To eradicate isolated infestations on State and private lands

◆ To prevent the artificial spread of gypsy moth to noninfested areas

The Gypsy Moth Program Manual is: 1) a source of information on the gypsy 

moth; and 2) a reference for methods and procedures for survey, regulatory, 

and control activities.

See Glossary on page Glossary-1 for definitions of terms such as artificial 

spread, and for abbreviations such as APHIS or PPQ.
Introduction

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Damage Caused by the Gypsy Moth

Gypsy moth is one of the most destructive pests of shade, fruit, and ornamental 

trees as well as hardwood forests. In the period of 1980 to 1989, the gypsy 

moth defoliated close to one million or more forested acres each year. (See

Leaflets and Other Materials on the Gypsy Moth on page A-1).

Besides being a pest of trees, gypsy moth larvae are a nuisance to people.

◆ Larvae of the gypsy moth excrete digested leaf material while feeding in 

the tree canopy. For this reason, people will avoid the use of wooded 

parks and yards during the larval season

◆ When disease kills the larvae, the dying larvae produce foul odors

◆ The nuisances caused by the gypsy moth hinder the ability of people to 

enjoy the outdoors, whether in their yards or at wooded parks

◆ When gypsy moth populations are dense, larvae become hyperactive 

during the day. Heavily infested areas teem with larvae on trees, 

telephone poles, vehicles, fences, houses, clotheslines, and above-ground 

swimming pools. People avoid going outdoors because of stepping on 

caterpillars crawling on sidewalks and in play areas.

Background on the Gypsy Moth

Accidentally introduced into the United States in 1869 in Medford, 

Massachusetts, the pest spread rapidly throughout New England. Within the 

period of 1869 to 1890, the gypsy moth quickly developed into a serious 

problem in Massachusetts. The damage caused by gypsy moth was one of the 

key reasons Congress passed the Plant Quarantine Act of 1912. 

The State of Massachusetts allotted money for eradication and then cut funding 

in 1900 when gypsy moth was almost eradicated. Had State funding continued, 

the gypsy moth problem may have been eradicated within State boundaries.

The gypsy moth is now widely established. See Map of Generally Infested 

Areas on page B-1, or Quarantine Areas on page C-1 (county-by-county 

listing).

Research development and implementation of survey, regulatory, and control 

programs have made the gypsy moth one of the most studied insects in the field 

of pest management.
Introduction

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Cooperation in the Gypsy Moth Program

Since the end of the last century, Federal, State, and local government agencies 

have worked cooperatively to control gypsy moth populations (by containment, 

suppression, or eradication, alone or in combination). Cooperative programs 

will continue to be the focus of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).

Dispersal of the Gypsy Moth

The most effective means of spreading gypsy moth in the last 10 to 15 years 

has been through the movement of Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs). 

(Around the turn of the century, wagons were the predominate means for 

transporting gypsy moth.) Today, 85 percent of new infestations have been 

through the movement of OHAs.

With the current mobility of our population, the sprawling suburbanization of 

once-forested areas, and the insidious nature of the pest, the job of preventing 

the establishment of isolated infestations by artificial spread is a difficult one. 

To contain the gypsy moth, an effective job will require the following: 1) 

public education on the problem; 2) public support in preventing gypsy moth 

movement; and 3) early detection and eradication of isolated infestations.

Despite all efforts, the gypsy moth has persisted and continues to extend its 

range. The gypsy moth is the only forest insect that is under Federal Domestic 

Quarantine (7 CFR 301.45).

Potential Damage from the Gypsy Moth

Potentially, all temperate hardwood growing areas of North America are at risk 

from attack by the gypsy moth. Despite all attempts to prevent its movement, 

the gypsy moth has been quite successful in increasing its range along the 

leading edge of the quarantine area.
Introduction

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Scope of the Gypsy Moth Program Manual

The manual is divided into nine sections:

 1. Introduction

 2. Surveys

 3. Regulatory

 4. Control

 5. Transition Area

 6. Asian Gypsy Moth

 7. Appendixes

 8. Glossary

 9. Index

Sections

The major divisions of the Gypsy Moth Program Manual are sections. Note 

that some of the sections are further divided into subsections.

All nine sections are tabbed. If large, the sections have a table of contents. 

Usually, each large section will contain an “Overview” and other subsections. 

Methods and procedures will be in the subsections. The “Overview” is a broad, 

general description of what is covered in the section. The subsections cover the 

rationale of a particular activity as well as the “how to” (procedures and 

material) necessary for performing tasks associated with each activity.

Appendixes

The appendixes contain information directly associated with gypsy moth 

activities. They provide useful, supplemental information adding to the 

thoroughness provided by the manual.

The Appendixes are as follows.

◆ Appendix A—Leaflets and Other Materials on the Gypsy Moth

◆ Appendix B—Map of Generally Infested Areas

◆ Appendix C—Quarantine Areas

◆ Appendix D—How to Assemble Traps

◆ Appendix E—GM Survey Data and NAPIS

◆ Appendix F—Compliance Agreements (CAs)
Introduction

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◆ Appendix G—Insecticide Labels and MSDSs

◆ Appendix H—Methods for Gypsy Moth Eradication

◆ Appendix I—Guidelines for Environmental Documents

◆ Appendix J—Public Meetings/Public Relations

◆ Appendix K—Checking and Calibrating Aircraft

◆ Appendix L—Nozzles and Pressures

◆ Appendix M—Procedures for Composting Bark

◆ Appendix N—Accurate Statement

◆ Appendix O—Certificate of Origin

◆ Appendix P—Checklist for Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

◆ Appendix Q—Qualified Certified Applicator (QCA) Document

◆ Appendix R—Emergency Action Notification (EAN) PPQ Form 523

How to Use This Manual

Look over the lists just given to get a feel for the scope and organization of the 

manual. Remember that the manual is divided into Sections and then further 

subdivided into subsections. Glance over the Appendixes to be familiar with 

their contents.

With a hard-copy manual, access the information about a particular activity by 

looking behind the appropriate tabs for the Table of Contents for the section 

(e.g., information on the Detection Survey Subsection is behind the Survey 

Tab).

With an online manual, access the information about a particular activity by 

selecting the hypertext link (the keyword in blue) and double-clicking on the 

link.
Introduction

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Users of the Gypsy Moth Program Manual

This manual will serve both as a field manual for employees performing 

program activities and as a reference for program managers and staff officers. 

Primary users of this manual will be Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) 

officers, staff officers, and State and Federal cooperators who are involved in 

carrying out the Gypsy Moth Program on a day-to-day basis.

Secondary users of the manual are Federal, State, county, and local regulatory 

officials, private industry, and part-time employees temporarily assigned to 

program activities.

Conventions

The major conventions used in this manual follow.

An example, when used, will appear in a box as follows.

This is a DANGER table. Indicates that people can easily be hurt or killed.

This is a WARNING table. Indicates that people could possibly be hurt or 

killed.

This is a CAUTION table. Indicates that people could possibly be endangered 

and slightly hurt.

This is a NOTICE table. Indicates a possibly dangerous situation, goods might 

be damaged.

Important

This is an IMPORTANT table. Indicates helpful information.
Introduction

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EXAMPLE: Examples are graphically placed in boxes within text as a means 

of visually separating this information from other information contained on the 

page.

Reporting Problems

If you disagree with the guidelines or policies contained in this manual and the 

problem is urgent, contact Domestic and Emergency Operations.

Domestic and Emergency Operations, Unit 134

4700 River Road

Riverdale, MD 20737

Tel: (301) 734-8247

Fax: (301) 734-8584

If you disagree with the guidelines or policies and the problem is not urgent, 

contact Domestic and Emergency Operations through channels.

Related Documents

The following documents are related to the Gypsy Moth Program.

◆ Aerial Application Manual

◆ APHIS Safety and Health Manual No. 203, dated May 27, 1983

◆ Appalachian Integrated Pest Management FEIS 1989

◆ Gypsy Moth Suppression and Eradication Projects—Final 

Environmental Impact Statement as Supplemented - 1985

◆ Code of Federal Regulations (7 CFR 301.45)

◆ “Don't Move Gypsy Moth” (Program Aid 1329)

◆ Environmental Assessments

◆ Gypsy Moth Proposal: Redirection of the Gypsy Moth Program and 

Attachment A—National Survey Plan for Gypsy Moth

◆ Insecticide Labels and Labelling

◆ Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)

◆ National memorandums of understanding (MOUs)
Introduction

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◆ State laws that allow access to private property

◆ State memorandums of understanding (MOUs)

◆ USDA Departmental Regulation No, 4400-1, Departmental 

Occupational Safety and Health Management, dated January 6, 1983

◆ USDA Departmental Regulation No. 4400-2, Hazard Communication 

Programs, dated October 14, 1986

◆ USDA Departmental Regulation No. 5023-1, Chemical Hazard 

Communication, dated October 10, 1986

◆ USDA Hazard Communication, A Guide for Federal Agencies, August 

1987

◆ Wildlife and Fisheries Regulations (Endangered Species Act)

Preventative Safety Measures

Safety measures involving personnel, the public, and the use of equipment are 

the responsibility of all persons working on the Gypsy Moth Program. 

Supervisors must advise employees of safety and health regulations and notify 

employees of known hazardous conditions. Employees must comply with all 

safety and health regulations. When necessary, wear protective equipment and 

report hazardous situations to your supervisor. Contact your supervisor 

immediately when an accident or personal injury has occurred.

Safety Reminders When Trapping

◆ Avoid contact with poisonous plants

◆ Beware of aggressive animals (e.g., dogs, bulls, etc.) near the trap site

◆ Carry plenty of drinking water

◆ If trapping in an area where Lyme disease is common, wear protective 

clothing against deer ticks. Inspect yourself and clothing after servicing 

traps in a deer tick area. Preventative measures are the usual way of 

avoiding Lyme disease. Contact your local public health officials for 

other preventative measures to take

◆ In areas with poisonous snakes, wear snake leggings and carry a snake 

bite kit

Under Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) policy, only 

certified pest control operators may use or supervise the application of 

insecticides used in regulatory and control activities.
Introduction

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◆ Respect resident’s property

◆ Use gates for entering properties, watch for electric fences

◆ Wear proper clothing (long pants, sturdy shoes or boots).

Vehicle Safety Reminders

◆ Always use your seat belts

◆ Carry sufficient repair tools (jack and lug wrench) and safety equipment 

(flares and first aid kit)

◆ Carry wooden blocks to block your tires when parking on a steep slope

◆ Check the condition of the vehicle before starting daily activities

◆ Check to see that passage is clear before backing up the vehicle

◆ Drive slowly when roads are unfamiliar, winding, narrow, or unpaved

◆ Keep your vehicle free of debris and unsecured items

◆ Obey the posted speed limits. DO NOT SPEED

◆ Select a safe parking place for the vehicle while servicing traps or when 

leaving the vehicle

◆ Tell your supervisor immediately whenever you are involved in an 

accident
Introduction

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Gypsy Moth Manual

2 Detection Survey 1

Contents

Introduction 2-1

Materials Needed for a Detection Survey 2-2

Planning the Detection Survey 2-2

Conducting the Detection Survey 2-8

Survey Records and Maps 2-15

Introduction

The purpose of a detection survey is to determine by trapping: 1) where 

isolated infestations of gypsy moth occur; and 2) where further delimiting 

surveys are required. Well-managed detection surveys will find isolated 

infestations of gypsy moths as soon as possible after introduction; small 

infestations of gypsy moth are less expensive and easier to eradicate than large 

infestations.

Due to differences in habitat, host availability, and the movement of Regulated 

Articles on page 6-1 from infested areas, not all areas within a State have the 

same potential for becoming infested. The risk of potential introduction will 

determine the areas in which a detection survey is needed. High-risk areas 

should include areas receiving Regulated Articles and containing preferred 

host trees. Before conducting the detection survey, the first task is to categorize 

areas within the State in regard to infestation risk.

The months in which a detection survey will start and end will depend on the 

climatic conditions in the area. Generally, detection surveys are started in late 

spring and continue until early autumn. Because pheromone traps in host trees 

are used in the typical detection survey, only male gypsy moths are trapped. 

Male moths emerge earlier than female moths. The male-attracting lure has no 

competition until the female moths emerge approximately one week later than 

the males. Therefore, the timing of the trap survey is critical; to be fully 

effective, traps must be in place before the female moths emerge.
Detection Survey

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Depending on seasonal weather conditions, male emergence will vary in an 

area by up to 10 days.

Materials Needed for a Detection Survey

The following is a list of materials needed to conduct a detection survey (you 

may not need all items listed).

◆ Colored pencils for mapping moth finds

◆ County or city road maps

◆ Delta Traps

◆ Disparlure (sex attractant for traps)

◆ First aid kit

◆ Grid overlay, calipers, or ruler

◆ PPQ Form 343 (Trapping Record) or local form

◆ PPQ Form 391 (Specimens for Determination) on page 5-4

◆ Trap record sheets

◆ Small backpack

◆ Snake leggings

◆ Staples, staple gun, roofing nails, hammer, string—where owners will 

not allow nails (for hanging traps)

◆ Surveyor’s flagging ribbon (marking tape), crayon, or marker for 

marking trap locations

◆ Tick repellent

Planning the Detection Survey

The steps involved in planning a detection survey follow.

Step 1—Categorize Areas Within a State (per the National Survey 

Plan)

Step 2—Determine Trapping Requirements

Step 3—Determine Survey Needs (Personnel and Supplies)
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 Step 3a—Formula For Determining Trap Needs

 Step 3b—Formula For Determining Personnel Needs

Step 4—Prepare a Trapping Budget

Step 1—Categorize Areas Within a State (per the National 

Survey Plan)

Use the criteria that follow to determine the total number of square miles in 

each category per county. The categories will determine the density and 

frequency of trapping in a particular area.

The following pages contain the detailed criteria for determining categories.

Category 1—Areas having high potential for introduction of gypsy moth 

(people and/or Regulated Articles moving from infested areas into 

noninfested areas); the area must have a suitable habitat (host trees) to 

support a gypsy moth population

Category 1 areas include the following:

◆ Affluent residential areas

◆ Cities with military bases or major universities

◆ Residential areas with high amount of relocations

◆ Wooded, suburban residential areas

EXAMPLE: Counties surrounding large metropolitan areas such as Chicago, 

San Francisco, Louisville, Atlanta, Raleigh, and Portland

For Category 1, the trapping density and frequency are as follows:

The National Survey Plan is a minimal survey which will detect infestations 

before expansive land areas have to be treated. PPQ will fund this plan up to 

50 percent based on available funding. Trapping densities can be increased 

with additional cooperator funding (Step 4—Prepare a Trapping Budget on 

page 2-7). 

Trapping density: One trap per square mile

Trapping frequency: Every two years
Detection Survey

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Category 2—Areas having moderate potential for introduction of gypsy 

moth; the area has a suitable habitat (host trees) to support a gypsy 

moth infestation

Category 2 areas include the following:

◆ Areas with moderate populations such as small cities

◆ Contiguous wooded areas that are accessible to people

◆ Large, urban areas with limited habitat

EXAMPLE: Blue Ridge areas of Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, North 

Carolina, and Georgia. Ozark areas of Missouri and Arkansas

For Category 2, the trapping density and frequency are as follows:

Category 3—Areas with a low risk of introduction and a suitable habitat 

to support an infestation

Category 3 areas include the following:

◆ Noncontiguous wooded areas

◆ Rural agricultural areas with widely scattered small towns

EXAMPLE: The corn belt areas of Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio

For Category 3, the trapping density and frequency are as follows:

Trapping density: One trap every four square miles (0.25 

traps per sq. mi.)

Trapping frequency: Every two years

Trapping density: One trap every four square miles (0.25 

traps per sq. mi.)

Trapping frequency: Every four years
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Category 4—Areas with a lack of habitat or potential for introduction

EXAMPLE: Great Plains grassland/wheat areas, semiarid high desert areas, 

and dry desert areas

For Category 4, the trapping density and frequency are as follows:

Category S (Special Site)—Sites where infestations are most likely to be 

artificially introduced

These are sites with a history of receiving Regulated Articles from Quarantine 

Areas and are also exposed to movement of infested vehicles (e.g., mobile 

homes, recreational vehicles) from Quarantine Areas.

Category S areas include the following:

◆ Campgrounds

◆ Mobile home parks

◆ Nurseries

◆ Saw mills and veneer mills

◆ State and Federal parks

◆ Tourist attractions 

For Category S, the trapping density and frequency are as follows:

Step 2—Determine Trapping Requirements

Plan to trap for gypsy moth in all categories except Category 4.

When determining trapping requirements, consider the frequency for trapping 

an area and the last time the area was trapped. If an area must be trapped every 

two years and the area was trapped last year, do not trap the area in the current 

year.

Trapping density: None of these areas should be trapped

Trapping frequency: NA

Trapping density: Random set (no more than four traps per 

site or per square mile)

Trapping frequency: Every two years
Detection Survey

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Step 3—Determine Survey Needs (Personnel and Supplies)

The following formulas will determine trap needs and personnel for survey 

activities:

Step 3a—Formula For Determining Trap Needs

Number of square miles in a category multiplied by number of traps per square 

mile (trap density). Divide the total by the trapping frequency (in years) to get 

the number of traps required per year.

EXAMPLE: Figure trap needs for Category 1 which is 250 sq. mi. in total area. 

For a Category 1 area which is 250 sq. mi. and trapped every two years, 125 

traps are needed.

Step 3b—Formula For Determining Personnel Needs

Divide the trap total by the number of traps a trap tender can service under the 

conditions experienced in a specific State. For detection surveys, a national 

average is 400 traps per trap tender. In mountainous areas, because of the 

terrain, the average falls to 250 traps per trap tender. (For delimiting surveys, 

the average is 750 traps per trap tender; for transition zone surveys, the average 

is 600 traps per trap tender.)

EXAMPLE: Figure how many trap tenders to hire for the season when 

conducting a detection survey that requires 1,200 traps.

# sq. mi. x trap density (# traps per sq. mi.) = total no. of traps required 

trapping frequency in years

250 sq mi x 1 (# traps per sq mi) = 250 = 125 traps

2 (trapping frequency) 2

trap total (= total number of traps) = total trap tenders required 

# of traps a trap tender can service

1,2000 traps (traps requiring service) = total no. of traps required 

400 (# of traps a trap tender can service)
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Step 4—Prepare a Trapping Budget

After determining the needed traps and trap tenders, prepare a trapping budget.

Budget for the following expenses (adjust for inflation, e.g., pay and mileage 

increases):

◆ Transportation costs for trap tender

◆ Trap tenders’ hours

◆ Trap and lure costs

◆ Other materials (staples, staplers, nails, hammers, maps)

If the criteria of the National Survey Plan (guidelines covered in this manual) 

are followed, APHIS pays half the cost of the survey; the State pays the 

remaining half.

EXAMPLE: You’re going to hire six trap tenders to service 2,550 traps and 

you need to determine costs. Using the above assumptions in figuring costs, 

calculate salary, mileage, traps, and a total.

Therefore, APHIS pays $15,765 toward the survey cost while the State pays 

the remaining $15,765 ($31,530 divided by 2).

If the State cannot contribute its half, PPQ will still pay half of the cost of the 

survey at National Survey Plan levels. In the preceding example, the State 

should pay $14,190—its half of the cost. But if the State could only contribute 

$7,000 (roughly one-quarter of the cost), APHIS would still pay $14,190. As a 

result, the total funding toward the survey is only $21,190 (roughly 

three-quarters of the total cost). So, the density or survey traps or the frequency 

of trapping must be cut by one-quarter unless funds can be found elsewhere.

Salary:

440 hours/person x 6 trap tenders x $6 = $15, 840.00

Mileage:

7,000 miles x 6 trap tenders x $0.321⁄2 = $13,650.00

Traps:

2,550 traps x $0.80 = + 2,040.00

Total $31,530.00
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Trapping cannot exceed the level of funding.

If the State wants to increase trapping density or frequency beyond the 

National Survey Plan, the State must bear the additional costs above its 50 

percent.

Conducting the Detection Survey

Here is an overview of the steps involved in conducting a detection survey: 

Step 1—Plot Trap Locations on a Map

Step 2—Select Sites for Placing Traps

Step 3—Set Traps and Mark Location

 Step 3a—Formula For Determining Trap Needs

 Step 3b—Formula For Determining Personnel Needs

Step 4—Check the Traps

Step 5—Submit Gypsy Moth Suspects

Step 6—Remove Traps

Step 7—Report Survey Results

Step 8—Complete Survey Maps

Step 9—Interpret Survey Results

Step 1—Plot Trap Locations on a Map

Plot trap locations well in advance of the survey season (late winter/early 

spring). Overlay a uniform grid on a map and mark the grid points. Using a 

grid to plot trap locations is important for ensuring proper trap distribution. 

Plotting the trap locations on planned grids allows for results comparison from 

location to location. Randomly placed traps are effective only when trapping 

special sites (Category S—campgrounds, tourist attractions, rest stops, 

recreational areas).

When plotting trap locations on the map, consider the scale of the map and the 

trapping density required (e.g., Category 1 requires one trap per square mile, so 

plot a trap every square mile).

Devise a system to ensure proper trap distribution. Use a grid, a ruler, or 

calipers to plot trap locations on a map. Following the square mile blocks on 

most county or city maps is also a good system.

The scale on a county map is appropriate for the detection survey.

The following table shows distances for various trap densities.
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Once you have plotted trap locations on the map, number the traps. Number 

each trap consecutively within a county. Mark the trap number clearly on the 

map. 

The following figure shows traps plotted for a detection survey.

Table 2-1 Distances for Various Trap Densities

Traps per Square Mile Distance Between Traps (In feet)

0.25 10,560

1.00 5,280

Figure 2-1 Example of Traps Plotted for Detection Survey
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Step 2—Select Sites for Placing Traps

Using the map with the trapping sites plotted, select individual trap sites as 

close to the plot location as possible. Try to place all traps on preferred hosts. 

Host trees are grouped according to gypsy moth preference and are as follows: 

Step 3—Set Traps and Mark Location

Step 3a—Setting Traps

The timing for setting traps is critical. Set traps before male moths 

emerge. One way to gauge the date by which all traps must be set is to 

determine the earliest date “native” moths were caught in previous years.

Remove lure from its package one week before use in the field. Lures 

exposed to air before field use are more effective in trapping moths.

Table 2-2 Hosts Preferred by All Larval Instars

• Apple 

• Aspen

• Basswood

• Birch (except yellow and 

black) 

• Boxelder

• Larch

• Linden

• Mountain ash

• Oaks (all types)

• Speckled alder

• Sweet gum

• Willow

Table 2-3 Nonpreferred Hosts

• Beech

• Blueberry

• Chestnut

• Hemlock

• Locust

• Maple

• Pine

• Spruce

Table 2-4 Hosts Larvae Avoid

• Arborvitae 

• Ash

• Azalea

• Balsam fir

• Butternut

• Cedar

• Dogwood

• Elder

• Currant

• Grape

• Holly

• Honeysuckle

• Horsechestnut

• Juniper

• Poison ivy

• Red cedar

• Sycamore

• Tulip poplar

• Yellow poplar
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The approximate trap locations are already marked on a map. Use 

discretion in selecting the exact location of the traps. Many factors 

determine where to set a trap in a given area.

General Rules for Setting Traps

Consider the following general rules when setting traps.

 1. Male moths usually follow woodland edges and lines of tree growth. 

Moths do not frequent open areas where there are no trees or shrubs.

 2. If available, woodland edges are the best sites for trap placement. Traps 

are most effective when placed at or near a woodland corner. If there is a 

choice, place the trap on the windward side so the prevailing wind 

currents will carry the scent (pheromone) into the woods.

 3. If there are no woodlands or residential sites within a reasonable distance 

(500 to 1,000 feet) from the plotted map location, then the best location 

for a trap is at the end of a hedge row or tree leading to a wooded area.

 4. Place traps four to five feet high (or eye level if less than five feet) on tree 

trunks because most flight occurs near ground level. In areas frequented 

by small children or cattle, place the trap out of their sight and reach. 

Because of vandalism and pilferage, trap placement is especially 

important when trapping Category S areas (such as recreational parks, 

campgrounds, and tourist attractions).

 5. If possible, place traps in shady areas. Do not set the trap where foliage 

or branches will block the trap openings.

 6. Complete trap record including a sketch showing specific trap location.

 7. Avoid setting traps on or in the following situations.

A. Close to gravel road (place trap at least 50 feet away) 

B. Properties that are for sale 

C. Parks or open areas where people can easily see the traps 

D. Properties with aggressive dogs

E. Private property without the owner’s permission

F. School properties or along passageways where students walk

G. Sites that cannot be accurately described

H. Sites where farm animals may damage or destroy traps

I. Sites where road construction is scheduled or in progress

Directions for assembling traps are in Quarantine Areas on page C-1.
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J. Sites within locked gates

K. Sites obscured by tree branches

L. Trees having poison ivy vines

M. Trees marked for cutting or removal

The distance between traps depends on the selected trap density and the extent 

of favored host trees available. Place the traps in a uniform array on choice 

hosts or in a preferred habitat.

Step 3b—Marking Trap Locations

Mark trap locations to expedite trap tending as well as supervision. Use plastic 

flagging ribbon or marking crayon. To mark a trap location, tie a piece of 

flagging ribbon to a telephone pole, tree trunk, or other suitable object at the 

roadside. The ribbon should be visible from the road when approaching from 

either side. Mark trap location only when necessary because it might lead 

others to the trap causing vandalism.

Brightly colored plastic tape (fluorescent orange) has proven to be the best 

flagging ribbon. The marking crayon must be sufficiently soft to mark wet 

trees. Place a small piece of flagging ribbon near the trap.

In urban areas where streets are named and houses are numbered, use the house 

address for locating traps. Do not mark trap location with ribbons or marking 

crayons in urban areas. Also, use restraint in marking roadside rest areas, 

picnic areas, tourist attractions, and other high-use areas where the ribbon will 

detract from the site’s appearance.

Step 4—Check the Traps

Check each trap at least once during the trapping season; however, more 

frequent trap checking is preferred. Under ideal conditions, trap checking will 

start when the male moths start flying. Trap checking two weeks after the 

initial flight of the male moths is also desirable. Where vandalism is likely, 

check the traps more often. 

Plan your trap-checking route before leaving the office. Select a route that will 

eliminate overlapping travel.

When checking traps, have a supply of replacement traps to replace all 

vandalized and missing traps. When replacing a trap, number the replacement 

trap with the same number as the original trap with an additional indicator 

(such as the letter “R,” e.g., 416-R) highlighting that it is a replacement trap.
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Take the lure from its package one week before use and expose to air.

When checking traps, do the following.

 1. Check overall trap condition and replace badly damaged traps.

 2. When trap contains a suspect moth, remove the trap without disturbing 

the specimen. Note on the trap record sheet the date and exact location of 

recovery and inform the supervisor. 

 3. Record the trap inspection by noting the date on the trap and the PPQ 

Form 343 (Trapping Record) or local trap record sheet. 

 4. Write the following information on the trap: Trap numbers, county, 

trapper’s initials, date trap set, and each date the trap is checked. 

Check the traps by opening one triangle end. Look into the trap to see if there 

are any male moths. If a suspect male is present, remove and replace the trap. 

Always use lure that has been aired for one week.

Step 5—Submit Gypsy Moth Suspects

Submit the trap with the suspect moth to your supervisor or designated 

identifier. Record on the bottom of the trap the date, time, results, and any 

pertinent observation or action taken.

Record the date and all circumstances about the catch of suspect moths on the 

trap record sheet. Accurate information is essential to the trapping program. 

Complete the form each time you check the trap and find a gypsy moth. The 

data you report is as important as the trap placement.

Step 6—Remove Traps

At the end of the trapping season remove all traps set and examine each for 

gypsy moths. Carefully look for missing traps. If a trap number cannot be read, 

rewrite the number on the bottom of the trap.

When removing the trap, remove all other materials (string, nails, lures, 

staples, wire) used in trapping. Also, remove all flagging tape. Give all traps 

removed to the person in charge of the survey. For each trap containing a 

suspect moth, provide the following information: location (State, county, 

town); trap number; trap tender's name or identification number; date; and host 

tree name. Open traps on final check because moths can be missed when just 

MANAGERS: To roughly delimit small infestations, be ready to move rapidly to 

add or move traps as needed when gypsy moths are found. (See Step 

9—Interpret Survey Results)
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looking through the trap ends. Flatten empty, used traps and dispose of by 

burning in an incinerator or by burying at a sanitary landfill. Be sure to destroy 

the lures with the traps.

Step 7—Report Survey Results

See GM Survey Data and NAPIS on page E-1 for instructions on reporting 

survey data into the National Agricultural Pest Identification System (NAPIS). 

Do not report into NAPIS until you have all the data collected and summarized 

by county. NAPIS reports will summarize survey results by county.

Step 8—Complete Survey Maps

Record all positive trap catches on the survey field map. Survey maps with 

positive and negative finds are used for postseason review and decision 

making. Moth catch patterns will help when planning delimiting surveys in the 

next trapping season. At the end of the season, make permanent maps by 

transferring information from the field maps. Be neat, clear, and accurate when 

transferring information. It is very important that survey results are accurately 

placed on the map. 

Step 9—Interpret Survey Results

If you found gypsy moth during your survey, interpret the survey results. Trap 

catches of gypsy moth may warrant conducting a delimiting survey in the next 

year.

The decision to delimit in the following year is subject to local interpretation 

based on the following factors.

◆ Available resources

◆ Host vegetation

◆ Number trapped in current year

◆ Number trapped in previous year

◆ Potential for artificial dispersal

To help with the decision to delimit, increase trapping density to 16 traps per 

square mile in the immediate vicinity of a positive trap if enough time remains 

in the flight period and if resources permit.

For criteria and methods on delimiting, consult Delimiting Survey on page 

3-1.
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Survey Records and Maps

To document the detection survey, accurate and complete survey records and 

maps must be maintained.

Records

Maintain a record of all trap locations including any descriptive information 

needed to help locate traps (trap site map or PPQ Form 353). Include 

information such as date set, date inspected, and date removed, as well as trap 

catches. Record this information on a trap record sheet.

Keep a separate record of any egg-mass surveys conducted. Use local 

guidelines for proper record maintenance.

In developing local guidelines for survey records, determine what information 

is needed and the most efficient manner for recording each item.

Record all positive trap findings and verify trap locations on the map.

At the end of the survey season, report summary results by county into the 

NAPIS database. See GM Survey Data and NAPIS on page E-1 for 

instructions on reporting into NAPIS.

Maps

For detection surveys, county or city maps are satisfactory. The trap pattern 

will determine what map scale to use. 

Consecutively number every trap location within each county. The type, 

number, and distribution of maps will vary according to local needs. 

Prepare trap maps before the trapping season (the preferred method) using a 

grid system to assure proper trap distribution. Use a grid, calipers, a ruler, or an 

overlay to plot trap location. When you use the grid system of plotting trap 

locations before field placement, adjust trap locations in the field. Make 

corrections on all maps to show the actual trap locations.

When adding traps to positive trap sites, number the additional traps with the 

same number as the supplemented trap with a letter added. E.g., if trap 25 is 

supplemented, the first additional trap would be 25a, the second 25b, and so 

on.
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Staple or glue a map legend to each survey map to indicate the program 

starting date, completion date, name of trapper, and any other pertinent 

information.

When using maps for postseason decision making, show both negative and 

positive trap catches on the map. When determining the pattern of trap catches 

and establishing treatment boundaries, the negative traps are very important.

Revising Quarantine Maps

Revise quarantine maps annually on a schedule coordinated with revisions of 

the quarantine area. Use a State map with counties outlined to show proposed 

revisions to the quarantine map. 

Communicate quarantine revision information through channels to the 

Regional Office.

Regional Offices should submit proposed revisions of the maps to Program 

Support in Riverdale, Maryland.
12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 3-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

3 Delimiting Survey 1

Contents

Introduction 3-1

Important Features of the Delimiting Survey 3-1

Materials Needed for Conducting a Delimiting Survey 3-2

Steps for Conducting a Delimiting Survey 3-2

Records and Maps 3-9

Introduction

The delimiting survey will determine: 1) the presence or absence of an 

infestation; and 2) the approximate size of an infestation, if present. When a 

single trap (or several loosely associated traps) catch multiple moths, conduct a 

delimiting survey. The delimiting survey will usually be done in the following 

year.

Important Features of the Delimiting Survey

The standard delimiting survey trap array is 16 traps per square mile. Special 

circumstances, such as the presence of sensitive areas or habitats containing 

endangered species, may require a trap array of more than 16 traps per square 

mile.

Trapping is at 16 to 36 traps per square mile out to the next negative trap.

The positive trap (or positive traps) will be at the center of the trap array. The 

survey results from the detection survey will supply information for 

positioning the trap array.

When conducted after an eradication effort, a delimiting survey is called a 

posttreatment survey. Use the delimiting survey or mass trapping survey 

instructions for conducting a posttreatment survey. 
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Materials Needed for Conducting a Delimiting Survey

◆ Colored pencils for mapping moth finds

◆ County or city road maps

◆ Delta Traps

◆ Disparlure (sex attractant for traps)

◆ First aid kit

◆ Grid overlay, calipers, or ruler

◆ PPQ Form 343 (Trapping Record) or local form

◆ ARS-748 (Identification Request) on page 5-3 or PPQ Form 391 

(Specimens for Determination) on page 5-4

◆ Small backpack

◆ Snake leggings

◆ Staples, staple gun, roofing nails, hammer, string—where owners will 

not allow nails (for hanging traps)

◆ Surveyor's flagging ribbon (marking tape), crayon, or marker for 

marking trap locations

◆ Tick repellent

◆ Trap record sheets

You may not need all items listed.

Steps for Conducting a Delimiting Survey

Step 1—Plot Trap Locations on a Map

Step 2—Select Sites for Placing Traps

Step 3—Set Traps and Mark Locations

 Step 3a—Setting Traps

 Step 3b—Marking Trap Locations

Step 4—Check the Traps

Step 5—Submit Gypsy Moth Suspects

Step 6—Remove Traps
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Step 7—Report Survey Results

Step 8—Complete Survey Maps

Step 9—Interpret Survey Results

Step 1—Plot Trap Locations on a Map

Examine the map from the previous year’s detection survey showing all 

positive traps. When plotting trap locations on a new map, consider the scale of 

the map and the required trapping density (i.e., 16 to 36 traps per square mile). 

Center the grid on the suspect infestation. Generally, 1 to 4 square miles of 

delimiting will be sufficient or a 1⁄2- to 1-mile boundary (dependent on trapping 

category in use in the area of detection). If the suspect area is spread out, it will 

be necessary to trap a larger area.

Plot trap locations well in advance of the survey season (late winter/early 

spring). Plotting the traps on planned grids allows for results comparison from 

location to location. Do not place traps randomly in the field.

If the map does not have a grid, plot trap locations using a ruler or calipers. 

Following the square mile blocks on most county maps is also a good system. 

The scale on a topographic or similar large-scale map is appropriate for the 

delimiting survey.

The following table shows distances for various trap densities.

Table 3-1 Distances for Various Trap Densities

Traps per Square Mile Distance Between Traps (in feet)

16 1,320

25 1,056

36 880
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Once trap locations are plotted on the map, number the traps. Number each 

trap consecutively within a county. Mark the trap number clearly on the map.

Step 2—Select Sites for Placing Traps

Using the map with the trapping sites plotted, select individual trap sites as 

close to the plot locations as possible. Try to place all traps on preferred hosts. 

Host trees are grouped according to gypsy moth preference and are as follows: 

Figure 3-1 Example of Traps Plotted for Delimiting Survey

Table 3-2 Hosts Preferred by All Larval Instars

• Apple 

• Aspen

• Basswood

• Birch (except yellow and 

black) 

• Boxelder

• Larch

• Linden

• Mountain ash

• Oaks (all types)

• Speckled alder

• Sweet gum

• Willow
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Step 3—Set Traps and Mark Locations

Step 3a—Setting Traps

The timing for setting traps is critical. Set traps before male moths 

emerge. One way to gauge the date by which all traps must be set is to 

determine the earliest date “native” moths were caught in previous years.

Remove lure from package one week before use in the field. Lures 

exposed to air before field use are more effective in trapping moths.

The approximate trap locations are already marked on a map. Use 

discretion in selecting the exact location of the traps. Many factors 

determine where to set a trap in a given area.

General Rules For Setting Traps

 1. Male moths usually follow woodland edges and lines of tree growth. 

Moths do not frequent open areas where there are no trees or shrubs.

 2. If available, woodland edges are the best sites for trap placement. Traps 

are most effective when placed at or near a woodland corner. If there is a 

choice, place the trap on the windward side so the prevailing wind 

currents will carry the scent (pheromone) into the woods.

 3. If there are no woodlands or residential sites within a reasonable distance 

(500 to 1,000 feet) from the plotted location, the best location for a trap 

is at the end of a hedge row or tree line leading to a wooded area.

Table 3-3 Nonpreferred Hosts

• Beech

• Blueberry

• Chestnut

• Hemlock

• Locust

• Maple

• Pine

• Spruce

Table 3-4 Hosts Larvae Avoid

• Arborvitae 

• Ash

• Azalea

• Balsam fir

• Butternut

• Cedar

• Dogwood

• Elder

• Currant

• Grape

• Holly

• Honeysuckle

• Horsechestnut

• Juniper

• Poison ivy

• Red cedar

• Sycamore

• Tulip poplar

• Yellow poplar
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 4. Place traps four to five feet high (or eye level if less than five feet) on tree 

trunks because most flight occurs near ground level. In areas frequented 

by small children or cattle, place the trap out of their sight and reach. 

Because of vandalism and pilferage, trap placement is especially 

important when trapping Category S areas (such as recreational parks, 

campgrounds, and tourist attractions).

 5. If possible, place traps in shady areas. Do not set the trap where foliage 

or branches will block the trap openings.

 6. Complete trap record including a sketch showing specific trap location.

 7. Avoid setting traps on or in the following situations.

A. Close to gravel road (place trap at least 50 feet away)

B. Properties that are for sale

C. Parks or open areas where people can easily see the traps

D. Properties with aggressive dogs

E. Private property without the owner’s permission

F. School properties or along passageways where students walk

G. Sites that cannot be accurately described

H. Sites where farm animals may damage or destroy traps

I. Sites where road construction is scheduled or in progress

J. Sites within locked gates

K. Sites obscured by tree branches 

L. Trees having poison ivy vines

M. Trees marked for cutting or removal

The distance between traps depends on the selected trap density. If possible, 

place the traps on preferred hosts or in a preferred habitat; however, never 

disrupt the required trap array.

Step 3b—Marking Trap Locations

Marked trap locations will aid both trap tenders and supervisors. To mark a 

trap location, use plastic flagging ribbon (or marking crayon). Tie a piece of 

flagging ribbon to a telephone pole, tree trunk, or other suitable object at the 

roadside. The flagging ribbon should be visible from the road when 

approaching from either side. Mark trap locations only when necessary 

because marked traps are prone to vandalism.

Brightly colored plastic tape (fluorescent orange) has proven to be the best 

flagging ribbon. The marking crayon must be sufficiently soft to mark wet 

trees. Place a small piece of flagging ribbon near the trap.
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In urban areas where streets are named and houses are numbered, use the house 

address for locating traps. Do not mark trap location with ribbons or marking 

crayons in urban areas. Also, use restraint in marking roadside rest areas, 

picnic areas, tourist attractions, and other high-use areas where the ribbon will 

detract from the site’s appearance.

Step 4—Check the Traps

After setting all traps, check them on a regular schedule every 10 to 14 days, if 

possible. If a regular schedule is not possible, check each trap site at least once 

during the trapping season. Check traps more frequently when determining the 

timing of male emergence (pupae to adult) and when the risk of infestation or 

vandalism is likely.

Plan your trap-checking route before leaving the office. Select a route that will 

eliminate overlapping travel.

When checking traps, have a supply of replacement traps to replace all 

vandalized and missing traps. If you replace a trap, number the replacement 

trap with the same number as the original trap, with an additional indicator 

(such as the letter “R,” e.g., 416-R) highlighting that it is a replacement trap. 

Remember to take the lure from the package and expose to air one week before 

use.

When checking traps, do the following.

 1. Check overall trap condition and replace badly damaged traps.

 2. Check the traps by opening one triangle end. Look into the trap to see if 

there are any male moths. 

 3. When a trap contains a suspect moth, remove the trap without disturbing 

the specimen. Note on the trap record sheet the date and exact location of 

recovery and inform the supervisor.

 4. Record the trap inspection by noting the date on the trap and the PPQ 

Form 343 (Trapping Record) or local trap record sheet.

Step 5—Submit Gypsy Moth Suspects

Submit the trap with the suspect moth to your supervisor or designated 

identifier. Record on the bottom of the trap the date, time, results, and any 

pertinent observation or action taken.

MANAGERS: To delimit small infestations precisely, be ready to move rapidly 

to add or move traps as needed when gypsy moths are found.
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Record the date and all circumstances about the catch of suspect moths on the 

trap record sheet. Accurate information is essential to the trapping program. 

Complete the form each time you check the trap and find a gypsy moth. The 

data reported is as important as the trap placement. Remember, positive finds 

may result in the area being declared as gypsy moth infested.

Step 6—Remove Traps

At the end of the trapping season, remove all traps and examine for gypsy 

moths. Carefully look for missing traps. If a trap number cannot be read, 

rewrite the number on the bottom of the trap. 

When removing the trap, remove all other materials (string, nails, staples, wire) 

used in trapping. Also, remove all flagging tape. Give all traps removed to the 

person in charge of the survey. For each trap containing a suspect moth, 

provide the following information: location (State, county, town); trap number; 

trap tender’s name or identification number; date; and host tree, if known. 

Open traps on final check because moths can be missed when just looking 

through the trap ends. Flatten empty, used traps and dispose of by burning in an 

incinerator or by burying at a sanitary landfill.

Step 7—Report Survey Results

See GM Survey Data and NAPIS on page E-1 for instructions on reporting 

survey data into NAPIS. Do not report into NAPIS until you have all the data 

collected and summarized by county. NAPIS reports will summarize survey 

results by county.

Step 8—Complete Survey Maps

Record all positive trap catches on the survey field map. Survey maps with 

positive and negative finds are used for postseason review and decision 

making. At the end of the season, make permanent maps by transferring 

information from the field maps. Be neat, clear, and accurate when transferring 

information. It is very important that survey results are accurately placed on the 

map.

Step 9—Interpret Survey Results

If the traps do not find gypsy moth during the delimiting survey, assume there 

is no detectable infestation in the area delimited. If the traps have positive 

finds, exclude the boundary traps containing single moths so the remaining 

traps delimit the probable boundaries of the infestation. Generally, traps 

containing the highest densities of gypsy moths reveal the center of the 

infestation.

Inform cooperators and supervisors (such as the Senior PPQ Officer, the State 

Plant Health Director (SPHD), or the Regional Program Manager) of the 

infestation. Begin to plan for an eradication effort.
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Records and Maps

Records

Maintain a record of all trap locations including any descriptive information 

needed to help locate traps; use a trap site map or PPQ Form 353. Maintain 

information such as date set, date inspected, and date removed; maintain a 

record of trap catches. Record this information on a trap record sheet.

Keep a separate record of any egg-mass surveys conducted. Use local 

guidelines for proper record maintenance.

In developing local guidelines for survey records, determine what information 

is needed and the most efficient manner for recording each item.

Record all positive trap findings and verify trap location on the map.

At the end of the survey season, report summary results by county into the 

NAPIS database. See GM Survey Data and NAPIS on page E-1 for 

instructions on preparing data for NAPIS.

Maps

For planning, conducting, and recording a delimiting survey, a topographic 

map from the U.S. Geological Survey with a scale of 1:24,000 is satisfactory. 

On a city map, the scale should be at least two inches per mile. A recent map 

showing forested areas and new construction is preferable. Maps of a different 

scale may be used.

Consecutively number every trap location within each county. The type, 

number, and distribution of maps will vary according to local needs.

Prepare trap maps before the trapping season (the preferred method) using a 

grid system to assure proper trap distribution. Use a grid, calipers, a ruler, or an 

overlay to plot trap location. When you use the grid system of plotting trap 

locations before field placement, adjust trap locations in the field. Make 

corrections on all maps to show the actual trap locations.

When adding traps to positive trap sites, number the additional traps with the 

same number as the supplemented trap with a letter added. E.g., if trap 25 is 

supplemented, the first additional trap would be 25a, the second 25b, and so 

on. When traps are set in recommended grid densities, there is usually no need 

for supplemental traps.
Delimiting Survey

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Staple or glue a map legend to each survey map to indicate the program 

starting date, completion date, name of trapper, and any other pertinent 

information.

When using maps for postseason decision making, show both negative and 

positive trap catches on the map. When determining the pattern of trap catches 

and establishing treatment boundaries, the negative traps are very important.

Revising Quarantine Maps

Revise quarantine maps annually on a schedule coordinated with revisions of 

the quarantine area. Use a State map with counties outlined to show proposed 

revisions to the quarantine map.

Communicate quarantine revision information through channels to the 

Regional Office.

Regional Offices should submit proposed revisions of the maps to PPQ 

Program Support in Riverdale, Maryland.
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Gypsy Moth Manual

4 Other Survey Tools 1

Contents

Introduction 4-1

Egg-Mass Survey 4-1

Basic Procedures for Egg-Mass Surveys 4-3

Larval Trapping Survey 4-6

Introduction

This section contains information on survey methods that do not use 

pheromone traps. Specifically, this subsection covers procedures for two 

survey methods:

◆ Egg-mass surveys

◆ Larval trapping surveys

Egg-mass surveys and larval trapping surveys are often done to supplement an 

adult trapping survey and confirm that reproducing populations are present.

Egg-Mass Survey

Purpose of Egg-Mass Surveys

Egg-mass surveys are done for several reasons.

◆ To confirm an infestation by providing convincing evidence (egg masses) 

that reproduction has occurred

◆ To determine the population level in a specific area so the status may be 

changed (e.g., noninfested to Transition Area; Transition Area to 

generally infested Regulated Area)

◆ To determine the population level near a high-risk site so the correct 

control and/or regulatory actions can be applied
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When to Survey

The best time to conduct an egg-mass survey is after leaf drop; however, 

egg-mass surveys can be done anytime after the females have finished 

depositing eggs. A preliminary survey may help to determine if the females are 

present and laying eggs; the buff egg masses and the white female moths are 

easy to see on tree trunks and branches.

Where to Survey

Egg-mass surveys, which involve the counting of egg masses, are useful in 

areas with moderate or high infestation levels.

Egg-mass surveys are particularly desirable when: 1) egg masses are the only 

life stage present; 2) survey results are needed immediately, as for treatment 

decisions; and/or 3) populations are high enough to make the effort 

worthwhile.

Usually, egg-mass surveys will not detect low-level populations with 

reliability; therefore, egg-mass surveys are of limited value in areas with 

low-level populations. (Larval trapping is a better survey method in areas with 

light levels of infestation.)

Egg-mass surveys in the following areas are most likely to detect infestations.

◆ Areas adjacent to and downwind from known infested areas

◆ Areas close to known infested areas, particularly those areas where traps 

catch numerous moths

◆ Areas downstream from known infested areas

◆ Areas, such as Federal and State parks, used by recreational vehicles

◆ Areas where contacts suspect possible introduction because of observed 

defoliation, sightings of females, or some other indicator 

◆ Areas where establishments receive Regulated Articles

◆ Areas where numerous household moves occur

◆ Areas with preferred hosts

How to Survey

A well-established infestation may exist even though few, if any, egg masses 

are easily seen. Therefore, surveyors must know the characteristics of the egg 

masses and the preferred egg-laying sites.

Leaflets and Other Materials on the Gypsy Moth on page A-1 has 

information on the characteristics of the egg masses.
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Preferred egg-laying sites are in the following locations:

◆ In bark cavities, under loose bark, and in bark crevices

◆ On branches on the ground or on the underside of any type of ground 

litter, such as tin cans

◆ On logs—including firewood

◆ On Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs), such as birdhouses and picnic 

tables

◆ On signs

◆ On stone walls and in the crevices of stone walls

◆ On the underside of rocks not tight to the ground

◆ On tree trunks in sheltered spots, such as under limbs

◆ Under the siding and eaves of buildings

In fact, egg masses may be found anywhere near trees in areas with preferred 

hosts.

Larval skins and pupal cases may be found even when egg masses are not.

Basic Procedures for Egg-Mass Surveys

The following sections discuss the three basic procedures for egg-mass 

surveys.

 1. Egg-Mass Surveys Using Targeted Visual Surveys (Transects)

 2. Egg-Mass Surveys Using Small Plots

 3. Egg-Mass Surveys Using General Observation Technique

Egg-Mass Surveys Using Targeted Visual Surveys 

(Transects)

Egg-mass surveys for regulatory purposes are usually targeted visual surveys. 

Targeted Visual Surveys (transects) examine an area of 50 feet by 20 feet, 10 

feet on either side of a 50-foot centerline. The total area examined is 1,000 ft2, 

roughly equivalent to the 1,089 ft2 in the 1/40 of a acre plots in the next 

technique.
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Before the egg-mass survey, do the following:

 1. Know how to identify and locate the egg masses.

 2. Select the sites where gypsy moth egg masses are most likely to be (use 

the criteria on the previous page).

 3. Inform others of your intended survey area.

Procedure for the targeted visual survey—at each survey site, do the following:

 1. Select an object, such as a tree or rock, 50 feet away.

 2. Walk slowly toward the selected object, scanning 10 feet to each side, in 

front, and overhead. Examine all preferred egg-laying sites. (See How to 

Survey on page 4-2.)

 3. Count all observed egg masses.

 4. Record all critical information, such as number of egg masses, site, 

method, and date of survey. 

Egg-Mass Surveys Using Small Plots

Before the egg-mass survey, do the following:

 1. Know how to identify and locate the egg masses.

 2. Plan to place plots at the sites where gypsy moth egg masses are most 

likely to be. (Use the criteria from Where to Survey on page 4-2.) Plots 

must be at least 300 feet apart. If circular, the plots will have a radius of 

18.6 feet; therefore, they will be 1/40 of a acre (1,089 ft2).

 3. Prepare a stake which will be driven into the center of the circular plot; 

this stake will have a radius-marking line of 18.6 feet attached. With its 

attached line stretched, this stake will help locate points within, on, and 

outside the circumference of each plot. (If four additional stakes are 

placed, equidistant, on the circumference, these stakes, along with the 

center stake, will form quadrants.)

 4. Inform others of your intended survey area.

Procedure for the small-plot egg-mass survey—at each survey site, do the 

following:

 1. Place the stake in the center of the plot.

 2. Use the attached line to establish the circumference of the plot (or 

boundary of the quadrants).

 3. Examine the plot (or quadrant). Start on a known radius and work around 

the circle. Scan in front, to the sides, and overhead. Examine all preferred 

egg-laying sites (See How to Survey on page 4-2.)
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 4. Count all observed egg masses.

 5. Record all critical information, such as number of egg masses, site, 

method, and date of survey.

Egg-Mass Surveys Using General Observation Technique

Before the egg-mass survey, do the following:

 1. Know how to identify and locate the egg masses.

 2. Select a positive trap (or select an area suspected of being infested) as a 

starting point.

 3. Arrange to have additional help to speed the survey.

 4. Inform others of your intended survey area.

Procedure for the general observation technique—at each survey site, do the 

following:

 1. Start at the positive trap (or within the area suspected of being infested).

 2. Examine transit lines placed on the main compass points (north, 

northeast, east, southeast, south, southwest, west, and northwest). 

Examine all preferred egg-laying sites (See How to Survey on page 4-2) 

out to a distance of 0.5 miles.

 3. Count all observed egg masses.

 4. Record all critical information, such as number of egg masses, site, 

method, and date of survey.

No more than two days should be spent at any one site unless unusual 

circumstances warrant a longer evaluation time.

Egg-Mass Surveys For Regulatory Purposes

Typically eggs-mass surveys for regulatory purposes are done in areas 

surrounding establishments handling Regulated Articles. These surveys allow 

the environs of the establishments to be examined.

The following environs are of particular interest:

◆ Areas in and around campgrounds

◆ Forest edges near Christmas tree plantations

◆ Forest edges near mills

◆ Forest edges near nurseries
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Each egg-mass survey for regulatory purposes will provide information to 

guide quarantine decisions for the establishment handling the Regulated 

Articles. Typical quarantine decisions involve the following:

◆ Is gypsy moth present in the environs of the establishment?

◆ If gypsy moth is present, do the environs of the establishment need to be 

treated?

Before the survey, know what egg masses look like and where to find them. 

To assess population levels at each survey site, use the Egg-Mass Surveys 

Using Targeted Visual Surveys (Transects) on page 4-3 to survey for egg 

masses. Walk in areas with preferred host trees, if possible.

Procedure for the Survey for Regulatory Purposes

 1. Begin the survey in areas that are of importance (forest edges, 

campgrounds, campground edges).

 2. Select an object transecting an area with preferred hosts.

 3. Walk slowly toward the selected object, scanning in front, to the sides, 

and overhead. Examine all preferred egg-laying sites (See How to Survey

on page 4-2).

 4. Count all observed new egg masses.

 5. Record all critical information, such as number of egg masses, site, 

method, and date of survey.

 6. Repeat above steps as needed in the environs of the establishment.

 7. Determine the appropriate regulatory action.

Larval Trapping Survey

Purpose

Larval trapping has the following uses:

◆ To assess gypsy moth larval development

◆ To contribute to research (contributions to research are not funded by 

PPQ)

◆ To determine the presence or absence of a reproducing population
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◆ To determine where and when to apply control methods (chemical or 

behavioral methods for eradication)

◆ To evaluate treatments

If desired, use larval trapping along with or in place of egg-mass surveys to 

determine an area to be treated.

Larval trapping takes advantage of that later instars seeking hiding places. The 

larval trap offers an artificial hiding place for the larvae (Figure 4-1 on page 

4-7).

How to Trap Larvae

Place traps by stapling (or tying) at chest height the upper corners of pieces of 

tar paper or burlap to host trees to form a skirt. The burlap or tar paper should 

be at least nine inches wide and long enough to go around the trunk of the tree. 

Ensure the burlap or tar paper completely encircles the tree trunk, but remains 

loose fitting. If white oak is present, use this tree for larval trapping.

Place the larval traps on the trunk of a tree shortly before egg hatch is 

predicted.

Figure 4-1 Example of a Larval Trap on a Host Tree
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After larvae emerge, check under the burlap or tar paper for larvae and pupae. 

Larval traps should be checked two or three times a week. Larvae should be 

collected, identified, counted, and recorded by tree site.

For best results, check during daylight hours (preferably between 10 a.m. and 3 

p.m.) on hot, sunny days.

The larval traps should also be checked after the larval period because the 

larvae often pupate under the covering of the larval trap.
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Gypsy Moth Manual

5 Preparing Specimens for 

Identification 1

Contents

Introduction 5-1

Mailing Instructions for Specimens 5-1

Completing PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination 5-5

Distributing the PPQ Form 391 5-6

Introduction

This section contains instructions for preparing and sending gypsy moth 

specimens.

Mailing Instructions for Specimens

Materials Needed

To preserve, record, and distribute specimens, have the following materials 

readily available:

◆ Approved killing agents

◆ ARS-748 (Identification Request) on page 5-3 or

PPQ Form 391 (Specimens for Determination) on page 5-4

◆ Pill boxes

◆ Shipping boxes or mailing tubes (envelopes)

◆ Vials for instars in ethyl alcohol

If no one in a work station has authority to identify gypsy moth, the specimens 

must be sent to the Area Identifier for confirmation.
Preparing Specimens for Identification

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Adults from Traps

Use the following procedure when a suspected gypsy moth is found in a delta 

or a milk-carton trap.

 1. Remove the whole trap without disturbing the moth.

 2. Disassemble the trap and cut out the trap section containing the 

suspected gypsy moth.

 3. Place the cut-out trap section in a pill box.

 4. Send the pill box and a completed PPQ Form 391 (Specimens for 

Determination) to the appropriate Area Identifier.

As an alternative, replace the trap; send the assembled trap with the specimen 

and a completed ARS-748 (Identification Request) on page 5-3 or PPQ Form 

391 (Specimens for Determination) on page 5-4 to the appropriate Area 

Identifier.

All Other Life Stages

 1. If the larvae are to be sent, boil the larvae in water before placing them in 

70 percent ethyl alcohol. If pupae or egg masses are to be sent, place 

directly in 70 percent ethyl alcohol without boiling.

 2. Using a soft lead pencil, write the collection number on bond paper and 

place the marked paper in the vial with the specimen.

 3. Send each vial containing specimens with a completed PPQ Form 391 

(Specimens for Determination) on page 5-4 or ARS-748 (Identification 

Request) on page 5-3 to the Area Identifier.
Preparing Specimens for Identification

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Figure 5-1 ARS-748 (Identification Request)
Preparing Specimens for Identification

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Figure 5-2 PPQ Form 391 (Specimens for Determination)
Preparing Specimens for Identification

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Completing PPQ Form 391, Specimens for 

Determination

Information on how to complete each block follows.

Block 1—Fill in a unique identification number beginning with the last two 

digits of the year, followed by the collector’s initial, followed by the collector’s 

number. 

For example, 08-JD-001

(last two digits of 2008, collector John Doe, collector number 001).

Blocks 2-14—Fill in as appropriate.

Block 15—Indicate number of specimens submitted and their condition when 

collected (alive or dead) under the appropriate life stage heading.

Block 16—Enter any of the following: pheromone trap, larval trap, or visual 

search.

Block 17—If sampling involved trapping, list the specific type of trap and lure 

used, e.g., Delta Trap, Disparlure.

Block 18—Fill in.

Blocks 19-21—Leave blank.

Block 22—Fill in the type of survey conducted: detection, delimiting, 

egg-mass, larval Trapping. Also, if this specimen is a New County Record or a 

New State Record, write the word “URGENT” and handle as directed in 

M390.516.

Block 23—Enter tentative identification for gypsy moth: Lymantria dispar.

Block 24—Leave blank.
Preparing Specimens for Identification

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Distributing the PPQ Form 391

Distribute the PPQ Form 391 as follows:

 1. Send the original and four copies with the sample to the Area Identifier.

 2. Retain the yellow copy in the files of the work station.
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Gypsy Moth Manual

6 Regulatory Section 

Introduction 1

Contents

Purpose of Regulatory Activities 6-1

Regulatory Methods 6-1

Public Relations 6-3

Review of Subsections 6-4

Purpose of Regulatory Activities

The purpose of regulatory activities is to prevent the artificial spread (spread 

caused by human activity) of the gypsy moth from quarantine areas to 

noninfested areas. Quarantine areas are listed in Quarantine Areas on page 

C-1.

Regulatory Methods

Preventing the artificial spread of gypsy moth is accomplished by inspecting 

and treating, if necessary, Regulated Articles (defined below). Regulated 

Articles may be infested by any life stage of the gypsy moth—egg masses, 

larvae, pupae, and/or adult.

Regulated Articles

The following regulated articles require inspection and certification:

◆ Christmas trees

◆ Logs, posts, pulpwood, bark, and bark products

◆ Mobile homes and associated items

◆ Nursery stock

◆ Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

Through inspection and treatment of Regulated Articles, the risk of 

transporting gypsy moth to noninfested areas is minimized.
Regulatory Section Introduction

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Regulatory Factors

Regulatory factors will vary depending on the following:

◆ Documentation required

◆ Movement of Regulated Articles from hazardous sites

◆ Personnel available for inspections

◆ Public relations activities

◆ Treatments available for the Regulated Articles

◆ Types of Regulated Articles and quantity in the shipment

Movement from Hazardous Sites

The movement of Regulated Articles from hazardous sites (sites where gypsy 

moth is present either on the Regulated Articles or in the vicinity) is a high-risk 

activity. Nevertheless, an establishment may move Regulated Articles from a 

hazardous site, if the establishment meets certain conditions.

Numbers of Regulated Articles Shipped

The quantity of Regulated Articles to be shipped will affect regulatory 

activities. If establishments regularly ship large quantities of Regulated 

Articles outside the quarantine area, the establishments must operate under a 

Compliance Agreement (CA). If establishments infrequently ship Regulated 

Articles from a quarantine area, PPQ and/or State personnel will inspect and 

certify individual shipments. Therefore, this section provides information on 

CAs by referring to Compliance Agreements (CAs) on page F-1 which 

contains sample CAs for various establishments.

Personnel Available

The personnel available will affect regulatory activities. Because of limited 

PPQ resources, the following individuals, if authorized, may inspect, treat, and 

certify Regulated Articles:

◆ Employees of establishments under CAs

◆ PPQ officers

◆ Private citizens

◆ Qualified Certified Applicators (QCAs)

◆ State personnel (State plant regulatory personnel)
Regulatory Section Introduction

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PPQ officers will still inspect Regulated Articles, especially those shipped by 

individuals and those shipped infrequently. However, many inspections will be 

done by: 1) State personnel; 2) private citizens inspecting OHAs; 3) employees 

of establishments operating under CAs; and 4) QCAs, pesticide applicators 

certified to inspect OHAs and mobile homes.

All inspectors—whether PPQ officers, State personnel, QCAs, or employees of 

establishments under CAs—must follow the instructions in this manual to 

permit the movement of Regulated Articles.

Documentation

The movement of Regulated Articles from a quarantine area into or through a 

noninfested area will require documentation by one of the following:

◆ PPQ Form 527 (Sticky Back Certificate) (for nursery stock)

◆ PPQ Form 530 (Limited Permit)

◆ PPQ Form 540 (Certificate)

◆ Qualified Certified Applicator (QCA) Document on page Q-1

◆ Rubber Stamp Certificate (for nursery stock)

◆ Self-Inspection Checklist, from Program Aid Number 1329 “Don’t 

Move Gypsy Moth” (for OHAs)

◆ Signed Accurate Statement on page N-1 (for logs, pulpwood, and wood 

chips)

Public Relations

Public and industry compliance with the gypsy moth regulations is based on: 1) 

awareness of the existence of the regulations; 2) knowledge about the contents 

of the regulations; and 3) voluntary cooperation with the regulations.

To have a successful regulatory program, PPQ officers, State personnel, and/or 

other cooperators must inform the public and industry of: 1) the gypsy moth 

regulations; and 2) ways to comply with the gypsy moth regulations. PPQ 

officers, State personnel, and other cooperators will provide the public with 

information on the gypsy moth regulations through the following:

◆ Contact with the media—radio, television, and newspapers

◆ Distribution of other information, such as the Gypsy Moth Quarantine 

Map—available at the following Web site:
Regulatory Section Introduction

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http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/maps/gypmoth.pdf

◆ Pamphlet distribution, such as “Don’t Move Gypsy Moth,” Program Aid 

1329

◆ Personal contact with establishments handling Regulated Articles

Contact with establishments must cover all potential means for moving gypsy 

moth. The following are some, but not all, of the establishments that must be 

contacted:

◆ Campgrounds

◆ Christmas tree plantations

◆ Independent loggers

◆ Logging and pulpwood companies

◆ Lumber mills

◆ Mobile home parks

◆ Moving companies and independent movers

◆ Nurseries

◆ Nursery stock brokers

◆ Truck and trailer rental companies

Review of Subsections

The following subsections in this manual will help to explain regulatory 

procedures to cooperators, private industry, and the public.

◆ Contents on page 7-1

❖ Pesticide certification

❖ Safety

❖ Treatments for egg masses

❖ Treatments for larvae
Regulatory Section Introduction

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◆ Hazardous Sites on page 8-1

❖ Hazardous sites definition

❖ Movement of Regulated Articles from hazardous sites

❖ Inspection of hazardous sites

❖ Inspection results

❖ Treatment of hazardous site

❖ Documentation

◆ Logs, Posts, Pulpwood, Bark, and Bark Products on page 9-1

❖ Lists of commercial products

❖ Operation under compliance agreements (CAs)

❖ Inspection procedures for logs

❖ “Laid out” method of inspection

❖ Time of inspection

❖ Shipment under CAs

❖ Receiving mills under CAs

❖ Inspection procedures for pulpwood and bark

❖ Treatments

❖ Hazardous site classification

❖ Documentation

❖ Signed “Accurate Statement”

◆ Nursery Stock on page 10-1

❖ Purpose of nursery stock section

❖ Operation under compliance agreements

❖ Procedures for small lots

❖ Procedures for large lots

❖ Nurseries and Christmas tree farms as hazardous sites

❖ Spray treatments for large lots

❖ Fumigation for large lots

◆ Christmas Trees from Canada on page 11-1
Regulatory Section Introduction

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◆ Qualified Certified Applicators (QCAs) on page 12-1

❖ Definition of QCAs

❖ Qualifications of QCAs

❖ Training of QCAs

❖ Authorization under compliance agreements (CAs)

❖ Substandard performance

◆ Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs) on page 13-1

❖ Definition of Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

❖ Monitoring the shipment of OHAs

❖ Self-Inspection by homeowners or renters

❖ Inspection by QCAs under compliance agreements (CAs)

❖ Preinspection procedure

❖ Inspection procedure

❖ Treatments

❖ Documentation for the OHA inspections

◆ Mobile Homes and Associated Items on page 14-1

❖ Regulation and mobile homes

❖ Preparation for the regulation of mobile homes

❖ Preinspection procedure

❖ Safety and inspections

❖ Inspection procedure

❖ Treatments

❖ Documents for mobile home inspections

❖ Use of the documents for mobile home inspections
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Gypsy Moth Manual

7 Treatments 1

Contents

Pesticide Certification 7-1

Safety 7-1

Treatments for Egg Masses 7-2

Treatments for Larvae 7-3

Pesticide Certification

It is PPQ policy that all PPQ officers and QCAs who apply pesticides must be 

certified as pesticide applicators. In addition to all the treatments in the Gypsy 

Moth Program Manual, all PPQ officers must be familiar with the following.

◆ Aerial Application Manual

◆ PPQ Treatment Manual

◆ Standard Pesticide Users Guide (Bert L. Bohmont)

Only the treatments listed in this manual and the PPQ Treatment Manual are to 

be used for regulatory treatments. 

Safety

All pesticides must be handled safely. Safety precautions are on the labels for 

the pesticides. Additional information on the safe handling of pesticides is in 

the Introduction on page 1-1 and the Control Section Introduction on page 

15-1. Insecticide Labels and MSDSs on page G-1 is of particular importance 

because all cautions and application information stated on the labels and in the 

MSDSs are incorporated into this manual by reference. Methods for Gypsy 

Moth Eradication on page H-1 is also of particular importance.
Treatments

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Treatments for Egg Masses

Approved treatments for gypsy moth egg masses are as follows:

◆ Fumigation

◆ Physical removal after spraying

◆ Physical removal (only on OHAs)

Fumigation

Methyl bromide (MB) fumigation is approved for use on egg masses. Fumigate 

only when temperatures are above 40 °F. See the PPQ Treatment Manual for 

procedural instructions on conducting MB fumigations.

On page 2.21 in the PPQ Treatment Manual is a list of the materials needed for 

a MB fumigation.

Nursery Stock on page 10-1 contains the Treatment Schedules for nursery 

stock and cut Christmas trees.

Methyl Bromide (MB) at NAP (Chamber or Tarpaulin)

Apply Golden Natur’l Spray Oil to an egg mass, using: 1) a sprayer with an 

adjustable nozzle; 2) a paint brush; or 3) a similar brush. Thoroughly saturate 

the egg masses to the point of runoff so the egg mass is “soaked.” The Golden 

Natur’l Spray Oil will penetrate rapidly destroying even the innermost eggs.

Table 7-1 MB Treatment Schedule at NAP (In chamber or under a tarpaulin) for 

egg masses of Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) on such items as 

outdoor household articles (OHAs), quarry products, lumber, 

logs, and timber products

Temperature

Dosage 

Rate

(lb/1000 ft3

)

Minimum Concentration Readings (oz.) At:

0.5 hr 4 hrs 8 hrs 12 hrs 16 hrs

50°F or above 3.5 lbs 42 28

2.5 lbs 30 20 14

2 lbs 24 16 12 12 10

40-49°F 4.5 lbs 54 36

3.25 lbs 38 26 18

2.25 lbs 30 20 14 14 12

Bold lines indicate FIFRA Section 18 Exemptions
Treatments

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Physical Removal After Spraying

After applying Golden Natur’l Spray Oil to an egg mass, remove the egg mass 

by using a wire brush or paint scraper. Be sure to vigorously brush or scrape all 

of the egg mass from the surface.

Golden Natur’l Spray Oil is available from Stoller Enterprises, Inc.

Stoller Enterprises, Inc.

8582 Katy Freeway

Houston, TX 77024

(713) 464-5580

Physical Removal (Only on OHAs)

Use a wire brush or paint scraper to remove an egg mass from an OHA. Be 

sure to brush or scrape vigorously to remove all of the egg mass; however, do 

not brush or scrape so vigorously that the OHA is damaged.

Treatments for Larvae

Ground Treatments for Larvae

Ground treatments for gypsy moth larvae can be applied by: 1) mist blower; or 

2) hydraulic sprayer.

See Insecticide Labels and MSDSs on page G-1 for information on insecticide 

treatments from the ground.

Aerial Treatments for Larvae

See the following appendixes for information on aerial application of 

insecticides:

◆ Insecticide Labels and MSDSs on page G-1

◆ Methods for Gypsy Moth Eradication on page H-1

◆ Guidelines for Environmental Documents on page I-1

◆ Public Meetings/Public Relations on page J-1

◆ Checking and Calibrating Aircraft on page K-1

◆ Nozzles and Pressures on page L-1
Treatments

7-4 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-02

PPQ

When to Treat Larvae

Apply the insecticide after general egg hatch is completed in the area.

Apply the insecticide when first, second, and third instar larvae are present. 

Proper timing of the application is essential. Insecticide effectiveness is 

reduced when the larvae are beyond the third instar. The normal larval period is 

from about April 15 to June 15—a few days earlier in southern sections of the 

quarantine area and a few days later in more northern sections.

When nursery stock is to be moved, apply the insecticide as instructed on 

previous page and, if possible, immediately before movement.
12/2008-02 Gypsy Moth Manual 8-1

PPQ

Gypsy Moth Manual

8 Hazardous Sites 1

Contents

Hazardous Site Definition 8-1

Movement of Regulated Articles from Hazardous Sites 8-2

Inspection of Hazardous Sites 8-2

Inspection Results 8-3

Treatment of Hazardous Sites 8-3

Documentation 8-4

Hazardous Site Definition

A hazardous site is a site where the gypsy moth is present on the premises, on 

Regulated Articles, and/or in the surrounding area. Hazardous sites are likely 

to provide a pathway for artificial spread to noninfested areas.

Hazardous sites include, but are not limited to, the following sites from which 

regulated articles are moved.

◆ Christmas tree plantations

◆ Log, pulpwood, and wood chip mills and associated yards

◆ Logging sites

◆ Military bases (due to infested vehicles and cargo)

◆ Mobile home parks

◆ Nurseries

◆ Recreational areas
Hazardous Sites

8-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-02

PPQ

Movement of Regulated Articles from Hazardous 

Sites

PPQ officers or State personnel will usually inspect hazardous sites under 

compliance agreements (CAs). Typical CAs for hazardous sites are in 

Compliance Agreements (CAs) on page F-1.

Regulated Articles can be moved from a hazardous site under a CA without 

inspection of individual shipments when either of the following occur:

 1. The hazardous site is inspected and found NOT to be a potential pathway 

for the artificial spread of the gypsy moth (no gypsy moth infestations 

found); or

 2. The hazardous site is inspected and found to be a potential pathway for 

the artificial spread of the gypsy moth (an infestation found), and treated 

with an approved insecticide to eliminate the risk.

Inspection and treatment are discussed in detail in the following section.

Inspection of Hazardous Sites

Time of Inspection

Inspections occur after leaf fall, because egg masses are no longer hidden by 

the leaves.

Inspections often occur during and after blow-in (usually the months of April 

through June) to detect larvae.

For regulatory purposes, inspections can occur anytime during the shipping 

season.

To determine if multiple inspections are necessary, inspectors will rely on their 

knowledge of:(1) current population densities in the immediate area; 2) 

previous history of the hazardous site; and 3) the results of a current inspection 

of the hazardous site.

Method of Inspection

When inspecting hazardous sites, inspect the premises, all Regulated Articles, 

and all preferred hosts in the surrounding area for signs of gypsy moth.
Hazardous Sites

12/2008-02 Gypsy Moth Manual 8-3

PPQ

Inspection Results

Inspectors will use their judgment and the following criteria to determine if 

conditions favor the artificial spread of gypsy moth.

 1. One egg mass (or more) found on the Regulated Articles or within 3 

meters (10 feet) of the articles.

 2. Twelve or more egg masses per hectare (5 per acre) are found within 

approximately 30 meters (100 feet) of the articles.

 3. Heavy larval infestations found within 1,600 meters (1 mile) which 

could result in infestation through blow-in or larval migration into the 

site.

When any of the above conditions (or similar threatening conditions) exist, a 

PPQ officer can issue an Emergency Action Notification (EAN), PPQ Form 

523 on page R-2. The EAN will state the required action(s) that must be 

performed to allow shipment. See the PPQ Treatment Manual for more 

information on the EAN.

Treatment of Hazardous Sites

Insecticide applications to hazardous sites may be either: 1) aerial applications; 

or 2) ground applications by hydraulic sprayers or mist blowers.

Aerial applications are usually preferred to ground applications. Aerial 

applications give better insecticidal coverage to the forest canopy and 

surrounding areas. Aerial applications are usually used to treat in or near the 

following hazardous sites: recreational areas; mills; nurseries; and Christmas 

tree plantations.

Ground application using a hydraulic sprayer is the preferred method for 

treating mobile home parks or isolated areas in nurseries.

When to Treat

Apply the insecticide when general egg hatch is completed in the area. Make 

applications when first, second, and third instar larvae are present. Proper 

timing of the treatment is essential. Pesticide effectiveness is reduced when the 

larvae are beyond the third instar. Insecticide application for larvae is most 

effective from about May 1 to June 15—a few weeks earlier in southern 

sections of the quarantine area. Best results are obtained if application can be 
Hazardous Sites

8-4 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-02

PPQ

delayed until general foliage of preferred hosts is one–third to one–half grown. 

If possible, apply treatments immediately before movement of Regulated 

Articles.

Treating the Hazardous Site

Treat the infested portion of the hazardous site. Treat the surrounding area to a 

depth equal to the effective range of the spray equipment in use. A minimum 

depth of 70 feet will usually suffice to keep migrating late instar larvae from 

reinfesting the site. If reinfestation does occur, additional treatments will be 

necessary. In heavily infested sites, 2 or 3 applications 7 to 10 days apart may 

be necessary.

Documentation

After a hazardous site treatment, a PPQ officer will determine the effectiveness 

of the treatment. If the treatment was (and is) effective, the PPQ officer will 

note the action taken on the EAN and then rescind the EAN.
09/2009-03 Gypsy Moth Manual 9-1

PPQ

Gypsy Moth Manual

9 Logs, Posts, Pulpwood, 

Bark, and Bark Products 1

Contents

Lists of Commercial Products 9-1

Operation under Compliance Agreements 9-2

Inspection Procedure for Logs 9-2

The “Laid Out” Method of Inspection 9-3

Time of Inspection 9-3

Shipment Under Compliance Agreements 9-4

Receiving Mills Under Compliance Agreements 9-4

Inspection Procedures for Pulpwood and Bark 9-4

Treatments 9-5

Hazardous Site Classification 9-6

Documentation 9-6

Signed Accurate Statement 9-6

Lists of Commercial Products

At establishments operating under Compliance Agreements (CAs), employees 

of the establishments may inspect and certify the following commercial 

products.

◆ Bark and bark products

◆ Logs (includes logs for veneer, saw timber, etc.)

◆ Posts

◆ Pulpwood (includes bolts, edgings, trimmings, slabs, etc.)

◆ Other forest products

Alone or together, APHIS and State personnel will monitor the CAs.
Logs, Posts, Pulpwood, Bark, and Bark Products

9-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 09/2009-03

PPQ

Operation under Compliance Agreements

Employees will only be able to inspect and certify when their establishment is 

under a CA and when the employees have successfully completed training. 

Examples of CAs are in Compliance Agreements (CAs) on page F-1.

PPQ officers and/or State personnel will train the employees of the cooperating 

establishments.

Operating under CAs after successfully completing training, employees will be 

able to do the following.

◆ Complete the appropriate documents

◆ Inspect logs according to a standardized procedure

◆ Ship pulpwood and bark products according to a standardized procedure

◆ Treat, if necessary, in a safe and effective manner

On an as-needed basis, PPQ officers and/or State personnel will monitor the 

employees of the cooperating establishments to ensure compliance.

Inspection Procedure for Logs

Log inspectors (whether PPQ officers, State personnel, or employees of 

cooperating establishments) will examine all the surface area—100 percent 

inspection—of each log in the shipment.

During the piece-by-piece inspection, inspectors will examine all exposed 

surfaces and crevices for egg masses, larvae, and pupae. If any life stage of 

gypsy moth is present, inspectors will apply, before shipment, a suitable 

treatment listed in the section on Treatments on page 7-1.

The “laid out” method allows examination of the entire surface area of all the 

logs.

If inspections are not practical because of costs or some other factor, logs can 

be debarked to remove all the life stages.
Logs, Posts, Pulpwood, Bark, and Bark Products

09/2009-03 Gypsy Moth Manual 9-3

PPQ

The “Laid Out” Method of Inspection

Using this method, inspectors will examine the logs when the logs are “laid 

out,” i.e., the logs will be arranged in parallel rows with three to four feet 

between the rows.

The procedure for a “laid out” inspection follows.

 1. Plan in advance to have the logs “laid out” and personnel and equipment 

on hand to turn the logs.

 2. Walk between the rows examining the upper surface of logs in the near 

row and the side surface of logs in the next row. If eggs masses are found, 

spray with Golden Natur'l Spray Oil and remove. If larvae or pupae are 

found, remove the larvae and pupae.

 3. Have the logs turned, so that the upper surface becomes the bottom.

 4. Repeat Step 2 and examine (and treat if necessary) the surfaces that were 

not previously examined.

 5. Safeguard the logs: 1) by arranging immediate shipment by shippers 

under CA; or 2) by storing under cover followed by shipment by shippers 

under CA.

 6. Document the inspection.

Logs may be moved when: 1) the entire surface area is inspected; and 2) the 

logs are either free of life stages or treated to eliminate the life stages.

Time of Inspection

During the five months from April through August, inspection and treatment, if 

necessary, must be done no more than five days prior to shipment, preferably 

on the shipping day. If the inspected logs are not shipped immediately, the 

Log inspection involves work in a log-handling yard, so obey the following 

safety precautions.

◆ Always wear a hardhat and steel-toe workboots

◆ Always listen and watch for yard equipment

◆ Because log stacks are often unstable, never go on or near log stacks
Logs, Posts, Pulpwood, Bark, and Bark Products

9-4 Gypsy Moth Manual 09/2009-03

PPQ

establishment must safeguard the logs to prevent infestation or reinfestation of 

the logs. The establishment can safeguard the logs by storage in closed 

containers or by storage at least one-hundred feet from vegetation.

During the seven months from September through March, inspection and 

treatment, if necessary, must be done fourteen days or less prior to shipment, 

provided the logs are shipped before April.

Shipment Under Compliance Agreements

Shippers under CAs will be able to move logs; the criteria in the CAs will 

regulate the shipping practices. Compliance Agreements (CAs) on page F-1

contains an example of a CA for shippers.

Receiving Mills Under Compliance Agreements

Receiving mills in noninfested areas will be able to receive logs if the receiving 

mills are under CAs regulating handling practices; in addition, the receiving 

mills must accept logs only from loggers under CAs and shippers under CAs. 

Compliance Agreements (CAs) on page F-1 contains an example of a CA for a 

receiving mill.

Inspection Procedures for Pulpwood and Bark

Inspection Procedures

Inspectors (whether PPQ officers, State personnel, or employees of 

cooperating establishments) will not be able to examine the entire surface area 

of the shipment. 

Pulpwood and bark may be moved if: 1) fumigated; or 2) moved to receiving 

mills under CAs by shippers under CAs.

Fumigation

See Treatments on page 7-1 or the PPQ Treatment Manual.
Logs, Posts, Pulpwood, Bark, and Bark Products

09/2009-03 Gypsy Moth Manual 9-5

PPQ

Movement to Receiving Mills

Movement of pulpwood and bark from a quarantine area to a noninfested area 

involves special handling by: 1) employees at the sending site; 2) employees of 

the shipping companies; and 3) employees at the receiving mill.

Employees at establishments shipping from a quarantine area must inspect the 

shipment to ensure the following.

◆ Only shippers who are under CAs will transport the regulated articles

◆ Shipments will leave the quarantine area covered during the blow-in 

season (April to August)

◆ Shipments will leave the quarantine area covered with complete 

documentation

◆ Shipments will only go to receiving mills under CAs when the receiving 

mills are in noninfested areas

Employees of shipping companies must inspect the shipment to ensure the 

following.

◆ Shipments, when originating in quarantine areas, will only go to 

receiving mills in noninfested areas when the receiving mills are under 

CAs

◆ Shipments will go under cover and without delay

Employees of the receiving mills under CAs must inspect to ensure the 

following.

◆ Shipments from quarantine areas will arrive from suppliers under CAs 

and with correct documentation

◆ Shipments from quarantine area will be processed immediately 

(preferably) or within five days during the five months from April 

through August

◆ Shipments will arrive under cover and without delay.

Treatments

Treatments are discussed in Treatments on page 7-1.

Procedures for composting bark are in Procedures for Composting Bark on 

page M-1.
Logs, Posts, Pulpwood, Bark, and Bark Products

9-6 Gypsy Moth Manual 09/2009-03

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Hazardous Site Classification

Under the CAs, establishments that frequently ship logs, pulpwood, bark, or 

any forest producer out of a quarantine area will provide access to PPQ and/or 

State employees to examine the premises (including all Regulated Articles) 

and the surrounding areas.

Hazardous Sites on page 8-1 contains information on: 1) scouting the 

premises and the surrounding area of an establishment; and 2) classifying an 

establishment.

Documentation

To ship logs, pulpwood, or bark, three types of documents are acceptable.

 1. PPQ Form 540 (Certificate)—for use by PPQ officers and State 

personnel

 2. PPQ Form 530 (Limited Permit)—for use by PPQ officers and State 

personnel

 3. A signed Accurate Statement on page N-1—for use by inspectors 

employed by cooperating establishments

Signed Accurate Statement

Accurate Statement on page N-1 contains an Accurate Statement for logs and 

an Accurate Statement for pulpwood (or bark).
12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 10-1

PPQ

Gypsy Moth Manual

10 Nursery Stock 1

Contents

Purpose of the Nursery Stock Section 10-1

Operation Under Compliance Agreements 10-1

Procedures for Small Lots 10-2

Procedures for Large Lots 10-2

Nurseries and Christmas Tree Farms as Hazardous Sites 10-3

Spray Treatments for Large Lots 10-3

Fumigation for Large Lots 10-3

Purpose of the Nursery Stock Section

The procedures outlined below are used to certify: 1) trees and shrubs grown 

outdoors in a nursery; and 2) Christmas trees grown as “balled and burlapped” 

nursery stock. 

Operation Under Compliance Agreements

If operating under CAs, nurseries and Christmas trees plantations will be able 

to ship Regulated Articles into a noninfested area. An example of a CA for a 

nursery or Christmas tree plantation is in Compliance Agreements (CAs) on 

page F-1.

Operating under CAs, workers at nurseries and Christmas tree plantations will 

do the following:

◆ Complete the appropriate documents

◆ Examine Regulated Articles according to a standardized procedure, if 

necessary

“Trees and shrubs that have been continuously grown in a greenhouse under 

conditions where no gypsy moth infestation would be possible as determined 

by an inspector may be issued a certificate without piece-by-piece inspection.” 

See 7 CFR 301.45-5(a) and (a) (4).
Nursery Stock

10-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

◆ Safeguard plants from reinfestation

◆ Treat in a safe and effective manner all plants to be shipped, if necessary

◆ Treat in a safe and effective manner the surrounding area, if necessary

On an as-needed basis, PPQ officers and/or State personnel will monitor the 

techniques, treatments, and documents of the cooperating establishments to 

ensure compliance.

Procedures for Small Lots

Small lots of regulated plants from a quarantine area must be inspected on a 

piece-by-piece basis by either: 1) workers at the establishments under PPQ 

direction; 2) PPQ officers; or 3) State personnel. For example, piece-by-piece 

inspection is used for assembly-yard inspection of articles such as collected 

native plant material.

During a piece-by-piece inspection, inspect all bark including the crevices 

where egg masses may be attached. When egg masses or larvae are found, treat 

either by: 1) physical removal after spraying with Golden Natur’l Spray Oil; or 

2) insecticide application. The preferred treatment for egg masses will be 

physical removal after spraying with Golden Natur’l Spray Oil. (See the 

instructions Treatments on page 7-1).

Procedures for Large Lots

Large lots of regulated plants from a quarantine area are usually not inspected 

on a piece-by-piece basis. Large lots of regulated plants are treated by: 1) 

treating the nursery or Christmas tree plantation as a hazardous site; 2) 

spraying the regulated stock with an insecticide; or 3) fumigating the regulated 

stock.
Nursery Stock

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 10-3

PPQ

Nurseries and Christmas Tree Farms as Hazardous 

Sites

If establishments frequently ship nursery-grown trees and shrubs or Christmas 

trees out of the quarantine area, the establishments will be treated as hazardous 

sites. See instructions on Inspection of Hazardous Sites on page 8-2 for: 1) 

inspecting premises and surrounding areas; and 2) certifying establishments 

with or without treatment.

Spray Treatments for Large Lots

For larvae on plants in large lots, the following insecticides and others are 

registered for spray treatments: acephate; carbaryl; diflubenzuron; phosmet; 

spinosad; and tebufenozide.

See Insecticide Labels and MSDSs on page G-1 for more information on 

these insecticides.

Fumigation for Large Lots

See the PPQ Treatment Manual for procedural instructions on conducting 

methyl bromide (MB) fumigations. 

Trees and shrubs can be fumigated with MB at natural atmospheric pressure 

(NAP) using either a short or long exposure schedule. Do not use MB 

containing chloropicrin. 

Some evergreen species, especially narrow-leafed evergreens and some 

azaleas, may be injured by MB fumigation. Plants in a dormant state are more 

tolerant to fumigation.

APHIS will not be responsible for damage of any type that results from a 

fumigation or an attempted fumigation.
Nursery Stock

10-4 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

Table 10-1 MB Treatment Schedule (at NAP) for egg masses of Lymantria dispar

(gypsy moth) on deciduous, dormant woody plants (except for 

broadleaved genera such as Azalea, Berberis, Camellia, Ilex, and 

Photinia)

Temperature

Dosage Rate

(lb/1,000 ft3

)

Minimum Concentration 

Readings (oz.) At:

All others

90-96°F 2 lbs 2 hrs

80-89°F 2.5 lbs 2 hrs

70-79°F 3 lbs 2 hrs

60-69°F 3 lbs 2.5 hrs

50-59°F 3 lbs 3 hrs

40-49°F 3 lbs 3.5 hrs

This table is similar to treatment T201-d-1 in the Treatment Manual.

Table 10-2 MB Treatment Schedule (at NAP) for Egg masses of Lymantria dispar

(gypsy moth) on Dormant Evergreens (Including Conifers) and 

Certain Broadleaved Genera such as Azalea, Berberis, Camellia, 

Ilex, and Photinia

Temperature

Dosage Rate 

(lb/1,000 ft3

)

Minimum Concentration Readings (oz.) 

At:

90-96°F 1.5 lbs 2 hrs

80-89°F 2 lbs 2 hrs

70-79°F 2.5 lbs 2 hrs

60-69°F 2.5 lbs 2.5 hrs

50-59°F 2.5 lbs 3 hrs

40-49°F 2.5 lbs 3.5 hrs

This table is similar to treatment T201-b-1 in the Treatment Manual.
Nursery Stock

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 10-5

PPQ

Table 10-3 MB Treatment Schedule at NAP (Chamber or Tarpaulin) for Egg 

Masses of Lymantria dispar on Cut Conifer Christmas Trees

Temperature

Dosage 

Rate

(lb/1000 

ft3

)

Minimum Concentration Readings (oz.) at:

0.5 hr 2.5 hrs 3 hrs 4 hrs 4.5 hrs

75°F or above 1.5 lbs 18 12 — — —

70-74°F 2 lbs 24 16 — — —

60-69°F 2.5 lbs 30 — 24 — —

60-69°F 3 lbs 36 24 — — —

50-59°F 3 lbs 36 — — 24 —

50-59°F 4 lbs 48 32 — — —

40-49°F 3.5 lbs 42 — — — 28

40-49°F 5 lbs 60 40 — — —

This table is similar to treatment T313-d-1 in the Treatment Manual.

ON PINE: If treating pine Christmas trees for both gypsy moth egg masses 

and the pine shoot beetle, use the schedule for the pine shoot beetle because 

it is more potent.
Nursery Stock

10-6 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ
12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 11-1

PPQ

Gypsy Moth Manual

11 Christmas Trees from 

Canada 1

Contents

Introduction 11-1

Cut Christmas Trees or Boughs 11-1

Cut Christmas Trees or Boughs from Ontario or Quebec 11-2

Cut PINE Christmas Trees or Branches from Ontario or Quebec 11-2

Cut Christmas Trees or Branches OTHER THAN PINE from Ontario or 

Quebec 11-3

Cut Christmas Trees or Branches from British Columbia, New Brunswick, or 

Nova Scotia 11-3

Cut PINE Christmas Trees or Branches from British Columbia, New 

Brunswick, or Nova Scotia 11-4

Cut Christmas Trees or Branches OTHER THAN PINE from British 

Columbia, New Brunswick, or Nova Scotia 11-5

Cut Christmas Trees or Branches from a Province OTHER THAN Ontario, 

Quebec, British Columbia, New Brunswick, or Nova Scotia 11-6

Introduction

Christmas trees coming from Canada are conifers. The term “conifers” refers 

to cone-bearing trees. Common examples include pine, fir, spruce, hemlock, 

and Douglas fir.

Use the following decision tables to take the appropriate course of action.

Table 11-1 Cut Christmas Trees or Boughs

If from: Then:

The Province of Ontario or Quebec GO to Table 11-2

The Province of British Columbia, New Brunswick, or Nova Scotia GO to Table 11-5

A province other than Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, New 

Brunswick, or Nova Scotia

GO to Table 11-8
Christmas Trees from Canada

11-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

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Table 11-2 Cut Christmas Trees or Boughs from Ontario or Quebec

If: Then:

A pine species (e.g., white pine, Scotch or Scots pine) GO to Table 11-3

Not a pine species (e.g., fir, spruce, hemlock, Douglas fir) GO to Table 11-4

Table 11-3 Cut PINE Christmas Trees or Branches from Ontario or Quebec

If destined to: And: Then:

CT, DE, DC, MD, 

MA, NH, NJ, NY, 

PA, RI, or VT

Accompanied by either of these documents:

• A Canadian Phytosanitary Certificate with one of the following 

Additional Declarations (ADs): 

(1) “The trees were inspected and found free from Tomicus 

piniperda, pine shoot beetle.” or

(2) “The trees were grown in an area not known to be infested 

by Tomicus piniperda, pine shoot beetle.” or

(3) “The trees have been treated with methyl bromide to kill 

Tomicus piniperda, pine shoot beetle.” The details of the 

treatment must be recorded in the treatment block.

• A Canadian Certificate of Origin1

 stating, “The trees were 

grown in an area not known to be infested by pine shoot beetle.”

The certificates must also state the county or MRC,2

 and 

province where the trees were grown.

1 The Certificate of Origin must be addressed to the Plant Protection Organization of the United 

States, and must contain the following statement: “The (items) described below are products of 

Canada, produced in the county of (name of county) in the province of (name of province) in an 

area where gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, does not occur.” The Certificate of Origin must also 

contain the following information:

Exporter’s name

Exporter’s address

Description of the product, including quantity, species, and common name 

Exporter’s identification number

Exporters must print their name and sign and date the Certificate of Origin.

2 MRC = Municipalité régionale de comté. This is a level of local government in the province of 

Quebec.

RELEASE

Lacks the documents described above CONTACT 

PPQ

Other than a 

State listed 

above

Accompanied by a Canadian Phytosanitary Certificate with one

of the following Additional Declarations (ADs):

(1) “The trees were inspected and found free from Tomicus 

piniperda, pine shoot beetle.” or

(2) “The trees were grown in an area not known to be infested 

by Tomicus piniperda, pine shoot beetle.” or

(3) “The trees have been treated with methyl bromide to kill 

Tomicus piniperda, pine shoot beetle.” The details of the 

treatment must be recorded in the treatment block.

RELEASE

Lacks a Canadian Phytosanitary Certificate with one of the 

above ADs

CONTACT 

PPQ
Christmas Trees from Canada

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 11-3

PPQ

Table 11-4 Cut Christmas Trees or Branches OTHER THAN PINE from Ontario or 

Quebec

If destined to: And: Then:

CT, DE, DC, MD, 

MA, NH, NJ, NY, 

PA, RI, or VT

RELEASE

Other than a 

state listed 

above

Accompanied by either of these documents:

• A Canadian Phytosanitary Certificate with one of the 

following Additional Declarations (ADs):

(1) “The trees were inspected and found free from 

Lymantria dispar, gypsy moth.” or 

(2) “The trees have been treated with methyl bromide to 

kill Lymantria dispar, gypsy moth.” The details of the 

treatment must be recorded in the treatment block.

• A Canadian Certificate of Origin1

The certificates must also state the county or MRC2, and 

province where the trees were grown.

1 The Certificate of Origin must be addressed to the Plant Protection Organization of the United 

States, and must contain the following statement: “The (items) described below are products of 

Canada, produced in the county of (name of county) in the province of (name of province) in an 

area where gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, does not occur.” The Certificate of Origin must also 

contain the following information:

Exporter’s name

Exporter’s address

Description of the product, including quantity, species, and common name 

Exporter’s identification number

Exporters must print their name and sign and date the Certificate of Origin.

2 MRC = Municipalité régionale de comté. This is a level of local government in the province of 

Quebec.

Lacks the documents described above CONTACT PPQ

Table 11-5 Cut Christmas Trees or Branches from British Columbia, New 

Brunswick, or Nova Scotia

If:

A pine species (e.g., white pine, Scotch or Scots pine) GO to Table 11-6

Not a pine species (e.g., fir, spruce, hemlock, Douglas fir) GO to Table 11-7
Christmas Trees from Canada

11-4 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

Table 11-6 Cut PINE Christmas Trees or Branches from British Columbia, New 

Brunswick, or Nova Scotia

If destined to: And: Then:

CT, DE, DC, MD, 

MA, NH, NJ, NY, 

PA, RI, or VT

RELEASE

Other than a 

State listed 

above

Accompanied by either of these documents:

• A Canadian Phytosanitary Certificate with one of the 

following Additional Declarations:

(1) “The trees were inspected and found free from 

Lymantria dispar, gypsy moth.” or 

(2) “The trees have been treated with methyl bromide to 

kill Lymantria dispar, gypsy moth.” The details of the 

treatment must be recorded in the treatment block.

• A Canadian Certificate of Origin1

The certificates must also state the county and province 

where the trees were grown.

1 The Certificate of Origin must be addressed to the Plant Protection Organization of the United 

States, and must contain the following statement: “The (items) described below are products of 

Canada, produced in the county of (name of county) in the province of (name of province) in an 

area where gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, does not occur.” The Certificate of Origin must also 

contain the following information:

Exporter’s name

Exporter’s address

Description of the product, including quantity, species, and common name 

Exporter’s identification number

Exporters must print their name and sign and date the Certificate of Origin.

Lacks the documents described above CONTACT PPQ
Christmas Trees from Canada

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 11-5

PPQ

Table 11-7 Cut Christmas Trees or Branches OTHER THAN PINE from British 

Columbia, New Brunswick, or Nova Scotia

If destined to: And: Then:

CT, DE, DC, MD, 

MA, NH, NJ, NY, 

PA, RI, or VT

RELEASE

Other than a 

State listed 

above

Accompanied by either of these documents:

• A Canadian Phytosanitary Certificate with one of the 

following Additional Declarations:

(1) “The trees were inspected and found free from 

Lymantria dispar, gypsy moth.” or 

(2) “The trees have been treated with methyl bromide to 

kill Lymantria dispar, gypsy moth.” The details of the 

treatment must be recorded in the treatment block.

• A Canadian Certificate of Origin1

The certificates must also state the county and province 

where the trees were grown.

1 The Certificate of Origin must be addressed to the Plant Protection Organization of the United 

States, and must contain the following statement: “The (items) described below are products of 

Canada, produced in the county of (name of county) in the province of (name of province) in an 

area where gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, does not occur.” The Certificate of Origin must also 

contain the following information:

Exporter’s name

Exporter’s address

Description of the product, including quantity, species, and common name 

Exporter’s identification number

Exporters must print their name and sign and date the Certificate of Origin.

Lacks the documents described above CONTACT PPQ
Christmas Trees from Canada

11-6 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

Table 11-8 Cut Christmas Trees or Branches from a Province OTHER THAN 

Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, New Brunswick, or Nova Scotia

If: Then:

Accompanied by either of these documents:

• A Canadian Phytosanitary Certificate with the following Additional 

Declaration: “The trees were grown in an area not known to be infested by 

gypsy moth.”

• A Canadian Certificate of Origin1

The certificates must also state the county and province where the trees 

were grown.

1 The Certificate of Origin must be addressed to the Plant Protection Organization of the United 

States, and must contain the following statement: “The (items) described below are products of 

Canada, produced in the county of (name of county) in the province of (name of province) in an 

area where gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, does not occur.” The Certificate of Origin must also 

contain the following information:

Exporter’s name

Exporter’s address

Description of the product, including quantity, species, and common name 

Exporter’s identification number

Exporters must print their name and sign and date the Certificate of Origin

RELEASE

Lacks the documents described above CONTACT PPQ
12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 12-1

PPQ

Gypsy Moth Manual

12 Qualified Certified 

Applicators (QCAs) 1

Contents

Definition of Qualified Certified Applicators (QCAs) 12-1

Qualifications of QCAs 12-1

Training QCAs 12-1

Authorization Under Compliance Agreements 12-2

Substandard Performance 12-2

Definition of Qualified Certified Applicators (QCAs)

Qualified Certified Applicators (QCAs) are pesticide applicators certified by 

the USDA to inspect both Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs), which include 

recreational vehicles (RVs), and mobile homes.

Qualifications of QCAs

Each QCA must hold a valid pesticide applicator’s license for each State in 

which the QCA works. If a State revokes the pesticide applicator’s license of 

an individual, that individual cannot continue to be a QCA.

Training QCAs

QCAs will be trained by: 1) USDA personnel; 2) State personnel; or preferably 

3) both USDA and State personnel. Licensing will always be the responsibility 

of the State agency that licenses pesticide applicators.
Qualified Certified Applicators (QCAs)

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QCAs must be able to do the following:

◆ Complete and distribute the appropriate documents

◆ Inspect OHAs and mobile homes according to a standardized 

procedure

◆ Treat, if necessary, in a safe and effective manner.

Authorization Under Compliance Agreements

QCAs will work under Compliance Agreements (CAs). An example of a CA 

for a QCA can be located in Compliance Agreements (CAs) on page F-1.

The PPQ Plant Health Director (PHD) in each State will be responsible for 

initiating and monitoring the certification of QCAs under CAs. In each State, 

the PPQ PHD will maintain a list of current QCAs.

Substandard Performance

If a QCA fails to perform inspections or treatments adequately, the PPQ PHD 

will revoke the CA and the authority of the QCA to inspect and certify OHAs 

and mobile homes. 
12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 13-1

PPQ

Gypsy Moth Manual

13 Outdoor Household 

Articles (OHAs) 1

Contents

Definition of Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs) 13-1

Monitoring the Shipment of OHAs 13-1

Self-Inspection by Homeowners or Renters 13-2

Inspection by QCAs Under Compliance Agreements (CAs) 13-2

Preinspection Procedure 13-3

Inspection Procedure 13-4

Treatments 13-5

Documentation for the OHA Inspections 13-6

Definition of Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs) include any article associated with a 

household that has been kept outside the home. OHAs include, but are not 

limited to, the following: outdoor furniture; firewood; barbecue grills; 

doghouses; boats; hauling trailers; garbage containers; bicycles; tires; garden 

tools; tents; awnings; and recreational vehicles (RVs).

Checklist for Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs) on page P-1 (and Program 

Aid Number 1329— “Don’t Move Gypsy Moth”) contains a list of OHAs that 

are often infested and must be inspected. However, any list is likely to be 

incomplete, because the gypsy moth females can lay their eggs on anything 

and the larvae of gypsy moth can rest or pupate on anything.

Monitoring the Shipment of OHAs

When OHAs are to be shipped from a quarantine area into or through a 

noninfested area, the OHAs must be treated as Regulated Articles. Prior to the 

move, OHAs must be inspected (and treated, if necessary).

To regulate the movement of OHAs from quarantine areas, PPQ and/or State 

personnel will contact the following establishments.
Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

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◆ All moving companies in the State

◆ All truck and trailer rental companies in the State

◆ Media—radio, television, and newspapers

At all the establishments, PPQ and/or State personnel will distribute 

information, such as the “Don’t Move Gypsy Moth” Program Aid, and explain 

the gypsy moth quarantine. At the moving companies and truck and trailer 

rental companies, PPQ and/or State personnel will leave: 1) information for 

distribution to homeowners and renters who must be regulated; and 2) a current 

list of QCAs authorized to work in the State.

Because OHAs are the most likely means of artificial spread, a strong public 

relations campaign is particularly important. The public must be informed 

through the media. PPQ personnel can obtain assistance in dealing with the 

media from Legislative and Public Affairs (LPA), a unit within APHIS.

Self-Inspection by Homeowners or Renters

PPQ officers, State personnel, employees of moving companies, or employees 

of rental companies must contact, well before their moves, the homeowners or 

renters who must be regulated. The homeowners or renters who must be 

regulated are the homeowners or renters who are moving OHAs from a 

quarantine area into or through a noninfested area. The homeowners and 

renters who must be regulated must be informed of their right to inspect their 

own OHAs.

Homeowners or renters who must be regulated can inspect their own OHAs if 

they use the procedures in Program Aid Number 1329, “Don’t Move Gypsy 

Moth.” In each State, homeowners and renters who must be regulated can 

obtain this Program Aid from PPQ officers, State personnel, employees of 

moving companies, or employees of rental companies.

Inspection by QCAs Under Compliance Agreements 

(CAs)

If the homeowners or renters who must be regulated do not desire to conduct a 

self-inspection, QCAs under CAs can inspect OHAs. (See Qualified Certified 

Applicators (QCAs) on page 12-1.)
Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 13-3

PPQ

Operating under CAs, QCAs who inspect OHAs will be: 1) trained by PPQ or 

State personnel; 2) licensed as pesticide applicators in each State in which they 

operate; 3) responsible to PPQ personnel for preparation and distribution of 

certifying documents; and 4) monitored by PPQ or State personnel to ensure 

the quality of inspections.

Preinspection Procedure

Step 1—Ask the Homeowner or Renter Who Must be Regulated to 

do the Following

Step 2—Assemble All Tools Necessary for the Inspection

Step 1—Ask the Homeowner or Renter Who Must be 

Regulated to do the Following

◆ Assemble all OHAs and other articles to be inspected or at least make the 

OHAs and other articles accessible for an easy inspection

◆ Identify all OHAs and other articles to be inspected.

Step 2—Assemble All Tools Necessary for the Inspection

◆ Certifying documents—to record the inspection

◆ Drop cloth—to lie on when examining the undersides of OHAs

◆ Flashlight, preferably a small, high-intensity flashlight—to illuminate 

nooks and crannies

◆ Hand mirror, preferably small and plastic-covered for safety—to 

examine the undersides of OHAs

◆ Paint scraper, preferably small and flexible—to scrap off egg masses

◆ Probe, preferably thin and flexible, possibly a screwdriver—to probe 

nooks and crannies

◆ Tools, such as Phillips and standard screwdrivers—to disassemble 

OHAs, if necessary

◆ Tools, such as a tire lug-nut wrench, a jack, and blocks—to remove 

wheels to check wheel wells and brakes, if necessary

◆ Workclothes, such as coveralls
Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

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Inspection Procedure

Step 1—Examine the Vegetation Around the OHAs for Indications 

About the Gypsy Moth Population

Step 2—Thoroughly Examine Each OHA—and any Household 

Article—That Has Been Outdoors

Step 3—Treat the Infested Articles; as an Alternative, Infested 

Articles can be Treated During Their Examination

Step 4—Safeguard the Inspected Articles

Step 5—Document the Inspection

Step 1—Examine the Vegetation Around the OHAs for 

Indications About the Gypsy Moth Population

Infested OHAs are more likely when there are indications of a large 

population. However, even when there is no indication of a gypsy moth 

population, infestation of OHAs is still possible. Therefore, always do a 

thorough examination of each article.

Step 2—Thoroughly Examine Each OHA—and any Household 

Article—That Has Been Outdoors

The examination of each article (OHA or any exposed article) must cover all 

the surface area, including nooks and crannies. Use probes and flashlights to 

examine the nooks and crannies. Turn articles over to examine the lower 

surfaces. Remember that gypsy moth females favor sheltered surfaces for egg 

laying. If the articles cannot be turned over, examine by crawling underneath 

on a drop cloth, using a hand mirror, and/or probing with a screwdriver.

If necessary, disassemble articles likely to harbor the gypsy moth. Pay special 

attention to articles in close proximity to egg masses, larvae, or pupae.

Although they may not be typical OHAs, be sure to examine the following 

articles as if they were OHAs:

◆ Articles left outside

◆ Articles stored in areas open to the outside

◆ Articles stored in areas with an opening to the outside

◆ Articles stored indoors, but used outdoors

As articles are examined, separate the infested from the noninfested.
Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 13-5

PPQ

Step 3—Treat the Infested Articles; as an Alternative, Infested 

Articles can be Treated During Their Examination

See Treatments on page 13-5.

Step 4—Safeguard the Inspected Articles

Ideally, inspections will be done on moving day during the egg-laying and 

larval-dispersal periods from April through August. However, if any inspection 

is not done on moving day and if the gypsy moth will have an opportunity to 

reinfest the articles, the articles must be safeguarded from reinfestation.

Safeguard the inspected articles by one or more of the following means:

◆ Cover with tarpaulin or plastic bags

◆ Pack immediately in moving van or truck and enclose or cover

◆ Store articles indoors.

Disposable plastic bags will safeguard articles for several days before a move. 

On moving day, the disposable plastic bags are removed from the protected 

articles and left behind.

Step 5—Document the Inspection

See Documentation for the OHA Inspections on page 13-6.

Treatments

Physical Removal of Egg Masses (Preferred for OHAs)

Use a wire brush or paint scraper to remove an egg mass from an OHA. Be 

sure to brush or scrape vigorously to remove all of the egg mass; however, do 

not brush or scrape so vigorously that the OHA is damaged.

Physical Removal of Egg Masses after Spraying

Apply Golden Natur’l Spray Oil to an egg mass, using: 1) a sprayer with an 

adjustable nozzle; 2) a paint brush; or 3) a similar brush. Thoroughly saturate 

the egg masses to the point of runoff so the egg mass is “soaked.” The Golden 

Natur’l Spray Oil will penetrate rapidly destroying even the innermost eggs. 

Then, physically remove the egg mass, using a wire brush or paint scraper. 

Vigorously brush or scrape all of the egg mass from the surface.

The methods above are preferred over insecticide use or fumigation.
Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

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Fumigation of Egg Masses

Treatments for Egg Masses on page 7-2 contains the Treatment Schedule for 

OHAs.

Spraying of Larvae

When removing larvae by brush or paint scrapper is not practical, either of two 

insecticide may be used:

◆ Acephate (Orthene Tree and Ornamental Spray)

◆ Ficam W

Follow label instructions carefully.

Documentation for the OHA Inspections

Four types of documents are acceptable.

 1. PPQ Form 540 (Certificate) For PPQ and State Personnel

 2. PPQ Form 530 (Limited Permit) for PPQ and State personnel 

(particularly useful for treated, but possibly infested, RVs)

 3. QCA document plus an attached copy of the document (Qualified 

Certified Applicator (QCA) Document on page Q-1)

 4. Self-Inspection Checklist (in Program Aid Number 1329)—for 

homeowners or renters who self-inspect.
12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 14-1

PPQ

Gypsy Moth Manual

14 Mobile Homes and 

Associated Items 1

Contents

Regulation and Mobile Homes 14-1

Preparation for the Regulation of Mobile Homes 14-1

Preinspection Procedure 14-2

Safety and Inspections 14-4

Inspection Procedure 14-4

Treatments 14-6

Documents for Mobile Home Inspections 14-7

Use of the Documents for Mobile Home Inspections 14-7

Regulation and Mobile Homes

Mobile homes and associated items are only regulated when moved from a 

quarantine area into or through an noninfested area. To move a mobile home 

from a quarantine area into or through an noninfested area, an inspection is 

necessary before the move; certifying documents are necessary during and 

after the move.

Preparation for the Regulation of Mobile Homes

To regulate the movement of mobile homes from quarantine areas, PPQ and 

State personnel will cooperate in the following activities.

Contacting All Mobile Home Haulers

All mobile home haulers who move mobile homes from generally infested to 

noninfested areas will be contacted and placed under Compliance Agreement 

(CA). Under the terms of the CAs, mobile home haulers will only haul mobile 

homes from quarantine area to noninfested areas after gypsy moth inspections 

have been performed and documented. Under the CAs, the mobile home 

haulers will know how to initiate the inspections and how to handle the 

certifying documents.
Mobile Homes and Associated Items

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Contacting the State Department of Transportation

In some States, permits are required to move a mobile home. Contact with the 

State transportation office will allow access to copies of the permits enabling 

inspection arrangements.

Contacting the Media

Contact with media (radio, television, and newspaper) will allow access to 

mobile home owners. Media coverage will inform mobile home owners of the 

need for inspections and the possibility of self-inspection.

Contacting the Operators of Mobile Home Parks

Contact with the operators of mobile home parks will allow access to mobile 

home owners. Operators of mobile home parks will inform departing mobile 

home owners of the need for inspections and the possibility of self-inspection.

Contacting the Pesticide Applicators

Contact with individual pesticide applicators and with organizations for 

pesticide applicators will allow access to pesticide applicators who would be 

interested in becoming Qualified Certified Applicators (QCAs). QCAs are 

pesticide applicators who will be allowed to inspect mobile homes under CAs. 

See the subsection on Qualified Certified Applicators (QCAs) on page 12-1

for more information.

Preinspection Procedure

Step 1—Before the Move, Contact the Departing Mobile Home 

Owner

Step 2—Assemble All Necessary Tools and Equipment

Step 1—Before the Move, Contact the Departing Mobile Home 

Owner

Explain the threat posed by the gypsy moth and the need to inspect departing 

mobile homes. Arrange the inspection. Before the inspection, ask the owner of 

the mobile home to do (or arrange) the following:

◆ Make the exteriors of the mobile home and of all associated items 

accessible for inspection

◆ Make the interior of the mobile home available for inspection, if 

necessary
Mobile Homes and Associated Items

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 14-3

PPQ

◆ Provide equipment and labor to ensure rapid access to wheel wells, 

brakes, undersides, and other inaccessible places on the day of inspection

◆ Remove all skirting.

Step 2—Assemble All Necessary Tools and Equipment

◆ Binoculars—to examine suspected, distant egg masses

◆ Certifying documents—to record the inspection

◆ Flashlight, preferably a small, high-intensity flashlight—to illuminate 

nooks and crannies

◆ Ground cover— to lie on when examining the undersides of the mobile 

homes

◆ Hand mirror, preferably small and plastic-covered for safety—to 

examine the undersides of the mobile homes

◆ Ladder—to examine the roof and areas under the eaves

◆ Paint scraper (putty knife), preferably small and flexible—to scrape off 

egg masses

◆ Probe, preferably thin and flexible, possibly a screwdriver—to probe 

nooks and crannies

◆ Tools, such as Phillips head and standard screwdrivers—to remove 

panels, if necessary

◆ Wire brush (if a paint scraper is not used)—to scrape off egg masses

◆ Workclothes, such as coveralls, hardhat, and goggles

Inspections require the following conditions:

◆ If possible, the inspection must occur on moving day during blow-in and 

egg-laying seasons (during the months of April through August); if not 

possible, the inspection must occur within five days of the move

◆ Mobile home and associated items must be accessible to the inspector

◆ Weather conditions must be favorable
Mobile Homes and Associated Items

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Safety and Inspections

To prevent injury, use the following procedures when performing inspections:

◆ Always check for spiders, such as the black widow and brown recluse

◆ Always put blocks under the wheels of the mobile home to be inspected

◆ Always wear coveralls

◆ Always wear a hardhat, gloves, and safety glasses

◆ Beware of sharp edges, particularly flashing and siding edges. Never run 

your hand over edges that could be sharp

◆ Never crawl under a mobile home on jacks

◆ Use a flashlight to illuminate a dark area before entering

◆ Use mirrors, instead of entering tight corners

Inspection Procedure

Step 1—Examine the Vegetation Around the Mobile Home for Life 

Stages of the Gypsy Moth

Step 2—Examine the Mobile Home and Associated Items for Life 

Stages of the Gypsy Moth

Step 3—Treat the Infestations

Step 4—Document the Inspection

Step 1—Examine the Vegetation Around the Mobile Home for 

Life Stages of the Gypsy Moth

If the vegetation in the surrounding area is infested, the mobile home is likely 

to be infested. However, even when there is no indication of a gypsy moth 

population in the surrounding area, infestation of the mobile home is still 

possible. Therefore, all inspections must be exacting and complete.

Step 2—Examine the Mobile Home and Associated Items for 

Life Stages of the Gypsy Moth

Look in, on, and under everything. The examination must cover all exterior 

surfaces, including surfaces deep within nooks and crannies. Use probes and 

flashlights to examine all the nooks and crannies.
Mobile Homes and Associated Items

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 14-5

PPQ

Examine lower surfaces very carefully. For egg laying, gypsy moth females 

favor sheltered undersurfaces. Examine the underside of a mobile home by 

crawling on a drop cloth, using a hand mirror, and/or probing with a 

screwdriver.

Inspect the following with particular care:

◆ Air conditioners (remove covers)

◆ Awnings (open if necessary)

◆ Blocks on which the mobile home rests

◆ Chimney flashing and rainguard

◆ Compressors

◆ Drain pipes

◆ Expando unit (open if necessary)

◆ Flashings

◆ Fuse boxes, circuit breaker box, and/or electrical connections

◆ Hitch, including the underside of the I-beams and junction

◆ License plate

◆ Moldings (probe if necessary)

◆ Mud flaps

◆ Patio room

◆ Propane gas tanks (including the gas cap)

◆ Roof and eaves

◆ Shutters

◆ Skirting

◆ Steps

◆ Taillights

◆ Underside of the mobile home, including floor boards, frame, and tubing

◆ Vents

◆ Wheels, including the inside of the rim and brake drums (if accessible)

◆ Window sills (top and bottom)

Commonly overlooked sites for larvae and egg masses on mobile homes are 

wheels, especially the inner sides, chimney caps, and flashing, and the lip of 

the lower wall.
Mobile Homes and Associated Items

14-6 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

When necessary, articles likely to harbor the gypsy moth must be disassembled 

prior to the inspection. The disassembly can be done by the owner of the 

mobile home, workers contracted by the owner of the mobile home, or the 

inspecting QCA.

Associated items and parts of the mobile home near infested vegetation 

deserve close attention.

Step 3—Treat the Infestations

See information on Treatments on page 14-6 below.

Step 4—Document the Inspection

See the information on Documents for Mobile Home Inspections on page 

14-7 on the following page.

Treatments

Physical Removal of Egg Masses

Use a wire brush or paint scraper to remove an egg mass from an OHA. Be 

sure to brush or scrape vigorously to remove all of the egg mass; however, do 

not brush or scrape so vigorously that the finish is damaged.

Physical Removal of Egg Masses After Spraying

To apply Golden Natur’l Spray Oil to an egg mass, use: 1) a sprayer with an 

adjustable nozzle; 2) a paint brush; or 3) a similar brush. Thoroughly saturate 

the egg masses to the point of runoff so the egg mass is “soaked.” The Golden 

Natur’l Spray Oil will penetrate rapidly destroying even the innermost eggs. 

Then, physically remove the egg mass, using a wire brush or paint scraper. 

Vigorously brush or scrape all of the egg mass from the surface. Do not brush 

or scrape so vigorously that the finish is damaged.

Spraying of Larvae with Insecticide

An insecticide, such as acephate (Orthene Tree and Ornamental Spray), is to be 

used only for larvae when removal by brush or paint scraper is not practical.

Follow insecticide label instructions carefully. More information is in 

Treatments on page 7-1.

The methods above are preferred over insecticide use.
Mobile Homes and Associated Items

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 14-7

PPQ

Documents for Mobile Home Inspections

The following three documents will allow the movement of mobile homes 

from quarantine areas to noninfested areas.

 PPQ Form 540 (Certificate)

Characteristics of the Certificate are as follows:

◆ Issued by PPQ or State inspectors

◆ Intended for mobile homes found to be free of gypsy moth

PPQ Form 530 (Limited Permit)

Characteristics of the Limited Permit are as follows:

◆ Issued by PPQ or State inspectors

◆ Intended for mobile homes treated to be free of infestation or are 

suspected of being infested, although appearing free of infestation

QCA Document

Characteristics of the QCA Document (see Qualified Certified Applicator 

(QCA) Document on page Q-1) are as follows:

◆ Issued by QCAs

◆ Intended for mobile homes completely free or treated to be free of gypsy 

moth

Use of the Documents for Mobile Home Inspections

The inspection documents will allow monitoring of the movement of mobile 

homes and associated items. Using the inspection documents will allow the 

following:

◆ Detection of inadequate inspections

◆ Inspections for the most threatening moves

◆ Trapping to survey the most threatened areas

Use the documents to list the moves from the most threatening to the least 

threatening. Inspect and trap at the most threatening moves. Continue down the 

list and inspect and trap as resources permit.
Mobile Homes and Associated Items

14-8 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

The following table on prioritizing risk from transported mobile homes can be 

used to list moves from the most threatening to least threatening.

Table 14-1 Prioritizing Risk from Transported Mobile Homes

Priority Document

Treated or 

Untreated 

Mobile Home Situation at Site of Origin

 1 QCA Document Treated Heavy Infestation

 2 QCA Document Treated Light Infestation

 3 QCA Document Untreated Heavy Infestation

 4 QCA Document Untreated Light Infestation

 5 Limited Permit Treated Heavy Infestation

 6 Limited Permit Treated Light Infestation

 7 Limited Permit Untreated Heavy Infestation

 8 Limited Permit Untreated Light Infestation

 9 Certificate Untreated Heavy Infestation

 10 Certificate Untreated Light Infestation
12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 15-1

PPQ

Gypsy Moth Manual

15 Control Section 

Introduction 1

Contents

Review of Sections 15-1

Purpose of Control 15-2

Review of Sections

The following sections in this manual will help to explain control procedures 

and/or information on the following activities:

◆ Safety Precautions on page 16-1

❖ Safety references

❖ Safety and cleanup materials

◆ Planning for Control Activities on page 17-1

❖ Materials needed

❖ Procedure for control activities

✒ Gather all pertinent data

✒ Meet with cooperators

✒ Determine options and recommendations for eradication

✒ Hold public meeting

✒ Determine application method (for insecticide use)

✒ Write the site-specific EA

✒ Write letters for the administrator's signature

✒ Determine when to begin application

◆ Eradication Using Insecticides on page 18-1

❖ Materials needed

❖ Procedure for eradication using pesticides

✒ Notify public of spraying

✒ Notify contractor to report

✒ Calibrate and check spray equipment
Control Section Introduction

15-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

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✒ Monitor weather conditions

✒ Begin application

✒ Monitor application and weather

✒ Maintain spray block map

✒ Conduct posttreatment survey

◆ Eradication Using Mass Trapping on page 19-1

❖ Materials needed

❖ Procedure for eradication using mass trapping

✒ Plot trap locations on a map

✒ Select sites for placing traps

✒ Set traps

✒ Check the traps

✒ Submit gypsy moth specimens

✒ Remove traps

✒ Report mass trapping results

✒ Complete survey maps

✒ Interpret results

Purpose of Control

For APHIS, the purpose of control activities is only to eradicate isolated 

infestations of gypsy moth.

APHIS will cooperatively fund the eradication of isolated infestations if the 

isolated infestations are: 1) 640 acres or smaller; 2) on non–Federal land; and 

3) not adjacent to Federal lands.

Suppression efforts in the infested areas where eradication is no longer feasible 

are the responsibility of the USDA’s Forest Service (FS) and individual States. 

APHIS does not fund efforts to control the gypsy moth by suppression.

Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS)

All eradication efforts are carried out under the Final Environmental Impact 

Statement as supplemental—1995 (FEIS). The FEIS contains requirements 

that must be followed in conducting an eradication program. Review the FEIS 

when planning an eradication effort.

Failure to follow the requirements of the FEIS could lead to an injunction or 

lawsuit.
Control Section Introduction

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 15-3

PPQ

Environmental Assessment (EA)

Decisions concerning APHIS participation in eradication activities are based 

on the results of site-specific environmental analyses. All eradication efforts 

are conducted in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act 

(NEPA). See Guidelines for Environmental Documents on page I-1, which 

contains instructions for writing a site-specific EA.

This section on control will provide guidance through the steps necessary to be 

taken once an isolated infestation is delimited. A substantial amount of 

planning is required in an eradication effort.

Gypsy Moth State Survey Committee

The Gypsy Moth State Survey Committee is responsible for coordinating 

gypsy moth efforts among FS, State, and APHIS-PPQ personnel. The Gypsy 

Moth State Survey Committee will meet to determine what course of action to 

take. While the PPQ Plant Health Director (PHD) will take the lead in 

arranging meetings, the lead agency will be determined by the survey 

committee.

Other Sources of Information

This manual section does not duplicate all the information covered in the 

Aerial Application Manual nor does it cover all the duties and responsibilities 

of the Contracting Officers Representative. Detailed information (e.g., 

Methods for Gypsy Moth Eradication on page H-1, Checking and 

Calibrating Aircraft on page K-1, Public Meetings/Public Relations on page 

J-1) is covered in the Appendix Section because it would interfere with the 

flow of procedures.
Control Section Introduction

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12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 16-1

PPQ

Gypsy Moth Manual

16 Safety Precautions 1

Contents

Introduction to Safety Precautions 16-1

Safety References 16-1

Safety and Cleanup Materials 16-2

Introduction to Safety Precautions

Safety must be a prime consideration in all eradication efforts. Supervisors 

must stress safety practices in preprogram planning and during all activities. 

When necessary, supervisors must enforce on-the-job safety procedures.

Safety References

The following pesticide safety references must be available to all personnel 

handling pesticides.

◆ APHIS Cholinesterase Testing Program—APHIS Directive 450.5 dated 

7/8/82

◆ Hazardous Materials: 1980 Emergency Response Guidebook.

DOT-P-5800.2 Department of Transportation

◆ Pesticide First Aid Handbook

◆ Pesticide Label and Labeling Safety Instructions/Precautions

◆ PPQ Guidelines for Managing and Monitoring Pesticide Spills - 

M390.l402 (Revised Jan. 1983)

◆ Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisoning by Donald P. 

Morgan, Environmental Protection Agency, 1982

◆ The Standard Pesticide Users Guide by Bert L. Bohmont. Published by 

Prentice-Hall Inc. (The reference used in PPQ’s Self-Instructional 

Pesticide Applicator Certification Training)
Safety Precautions

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Safety and Cleanup Materials

Before beginning a spray program, get the necessary safety and cleanup 

materials.

Safety Materials

Safety materials should include the following:

◆ First aid kit—bus and truck kit (GSA #6545-00-664-5312 or equivalent) 

(one each)

◆ Fire extinguisher—five-pound size for class A, B, and C fires (one each)

◆ Portable eye wash kit (two each)

Cleanup Materials

Cleanup materials should include the following:

◆ Absorbent material (GSA # 7930-00-269-1272) (sweeping compound, 

sawdust, kitty litter, or other absorbent materials) (25-pound bag)

◆ Broom (GSA # 7920-00-292-4375 or equivalent) (one each)

◆ Coveralls—disposable (four pairs)

◆ Dust pan (GSA # 7290-00-616-0109 or equivalent) (one each)

◆ Garbage can—large, metal (or heavyduty plastic) with removable cover 

for storing contaminated materials for later disposal (one each)

◆ Liquid detergent—pint bottle (one each)

◆ Plastic bags—large, heavyduty, with ties (GSA # 8105-00-848-9631 or 

equivalent) (twenty-five each)

◆ Plastic cover or tarpaulin (to cover dry spills) (GSA # 8135-00-529-6487 

or equivalent) (one each)

◆ Respirators—approved with approved pesticide canisters (two each)

This may also be used to store the cleanup materials in the rear of the pickup 

truck during transport. When subcompact vehicles are involved, supervisors 

will use their judgment in selecting materials to be used. 

Self-contained breathing apparatus must also be available in operations 

where methyl bromide (MB) is used.
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◆ Rubber boots—unlined, vinyl (two pairs)

◆ Rubber gloves—unlined, vinyl (four pairs)

◆ Scrub brushes (GSA # 7920-00-068-7903 or equivalent) (two each)

◆ Shovel—square-point with “D” handle (GSA # 5120-00-224-9326 or 

equivalent) (one each)

◆ Water container—five-gallon (GSA # 8115-00-145-0038 or equivalent) 

(one each)
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Gypsy Moth Manual

17 Planning for Control 

Activities 1

Contents

Introduction 17-1

Materials Needed 17-1

Procedure for Control Activities 17-2

Gypsy Moth Planning Calendar 17-7

Introduction

This section is an overview of the steps involved in planning a control project. 

Included in this section are the following topics:

◆ Materials needed

◆ Typical planning calendar

◆ Usual procedure for control activities

Materials Needed

The following materials and supplies are usually necessary when planning a 

control project:

◆ Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS)

◆ For possible insecticide use: marking balloons, helium, and kite string, or 

GPS (global positioning system) in spray aircraft

◆ Information on traps and lures (for possible mass trapping)

◆ Labels and MSDSs for approved insecticides (for possible insecticide 

use)

Insecticide Labels and MSDSs on page G-1 and Methods for Gypsy Moth 

Eradication on page H-1 contain information on those insecticides approved 

for eradication projects and those approved for suppression.
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◆ List of cooperators and telephone numbers

◆ Map for marking spray/eradication blocks (2 inches per mile or larger 

scale) (a topographic map—7 1/2 minute—is ideal)

◆ Map showing the results of the delimiting survey

◆ Results from egg-mass surveys or larval trapping

◆ Scoping list of names and addresses

Procedure for Control Activities

Following are the usual steps in planning possible control activities.

Step 1—Gather All Pertinent Data

Step 2—Meet With Cooperators

Step 3—Review Options and a Possible Recommendation for 

Eradication

Step 4—Hold a Public Meeting

Step 5—Determine Insecticide Application Methods

Step 6—Write the Site-Specific EA

Step 7—Write Letters for the Administrator’s Signature

Step 8—Determine When to Begin Application

Step 1—Gather All Pertinent Data

Gather data to make a preliminary determination of the area to be treated and 

the possible control method. Do not make a final determination until public 

meetings and other contacts (scoping process) is complete and an 

Environmental Assessment (EA) is written. 

The necessary data on the size of the area to be treated is based on the 

following factors:

◆ Data on other life stages (i.e., data from egg-mass surveys and larval 

trapping)

◆ Host availability

◆ Professional judgment

◆ Trap data (from delimiting survey map)

Using information from the delimiting survey, highlight on a map all those 

traps with multiple catches. Draw a line between the multiple gypsy moth 

catch traps on the boundary of the possible infestation. The area enclosed 

within the multiple catch traps roughly outlines the boundaries of the infested 
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area. Determining the size of the infestation is also based on the data from an 

egg-mass survey and/or larval trapping. Egg masses usually indicate the core 

area of the infestation. The size of the area for treatment also depends on host 

availability and geography as well as prevailing weather (e.g., an infested 

hilltop may require treatment of an expanded area due to the potential for larval 

dispersal by wind).

After determining the probable introduction site of the infestation, try to 

determine when the gypsy moth arrived. An estimate of the length of time the 

infestation has been present allows an estimate of how far the infestation may 

have spread.

The treatment area almost always is larger than the area infested, but may be 

smaller than the area in which male moths were caught. 

Outline the area for treatment on a map in order to determine the total number 

of acres to be treated. Remember, infestations over 640 acres in size are the 

responsibility of Forest Service (FS) and individual States to eradicate. 

Infestations found on Federal land or land contiguous to Federal land is the 

responsibility of FS to eradicate. See Table 17-1 Responsibility for 

Eradication Costs on page 17-3 for determining responsibility for eradication.

Step 2—Meet With Cooperators

For each State, a committee consisting of a representative from at least the 

State, FS, and PPQ should exist. The PPQ Plant Health Director (PHD) will 

take the lead in arranging meetings. Determine which agency will lead the 

project. Use the table below to determine who is responsible for eradication 

costs.

Treating less than the infested area is only recommended where sufficient 

survey data is not available to determine the boundaries of the infested area.

Table 17-1 Responsibility for Eradication Costs

If the infestation is:

And the infestation 

is: Then:

On Federally owned land FS funds the treatment

On land contiguous (next) to 

Federally owned land

FS and State share the costs of 

treatment (50% FS/50% State)

On non–Federally owned land 

or not contiguous to Federally 

owned land

641 acres or greater

640 acres or less APHIS and State share the 

costs of treatment (50% APHIS/

50% cooperator)1

1 May not always be possible to meet this proportion exactly.
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Step 3—Review Options and a Possible Recommendation for 

Eradication

FEIS Alternatives

During a meeting with all cooperators, review the FEIS for its alternatives. 

Select the preferred option based on the nature of the infestation, its density, 

and its size. The four alternatives listed in the FEIS are.

 1. Biological insecticide treatment

 2. Chemical insecticide treatment

 3. Integrated pest management

 4. No action

The preferred method of treatment (as stated by the FEIS) is integrated pest 

management. Prepare to discuss all alternatives considered at future public 

meetings (as well as any subsequent site-specific EA). Include “No Action” as 

an option for consideration.

For additional information on the approved methods for eradication, see

Methods for Gypsy Moth Eradication on page H-1.

Step 4—Hold a Public Meeting

To comply with NEPA, hold a public scoping meeting: 1) to provide for public 

input on issues and concerns; and 2) to limit the scope of the analysis to be 

provided by the EA. The purposes of the public scoping meeting are: 1) to get 

public involvement in the decision-making process; 2) to identify issues of 

concern; and 3) to provide information on the various options and their 

consequences.

For information on holding public meetings, see Public Meetings/Public 

Relations on page J-1.

Step 5—Determine Insecticide Application Methods

If proposing the use of an insecticide (or insecticides), address the specific 

selection for the project in the site-specific EA. When selecting insecticides, 

consider the following factors:

◆ Biological efficiency of the insecticide (or insecticides)

◆ Economic efficiency of the insecticide

◆ Environmentally sensitive sites in the proposed treatment area (e.g., the 

presence of endangered species in the infested area)

◆ Project objectives
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In addition, any selected insecticide must meet the following criteria:

◆ Insecticide must be approved for use in the FEIS, if applications are 

conducted or financed by APHIS

◆ Insecticide must be registered with the Environmental Protection Agency 

(EPA) for use against gypsy moth

◆ Insecticide must have a method of application which conforms with label 

specifications.

Most insecticides will be aerially applied using fixed-wing aircraft or 

helicopters. Use only aircraft that are highly maneuverable and can operate at 

low air speeds close to the tree canopy.

Where aerial applications are not appropriate, use ground treatments. Ground 

treatments are more costly and should only be used to treat small, localized 

infestations. Ground spraying is difficult, especially when treating tall, mature 

trees. Contact the Otis Methods Development Center if you are considering 

ground application.

Otis Plant Methods Center

Building 1398

Otis ANGB, MA 02542

Step 6—Write the Site-Specific EA

An eradication project requires a site-specific EA. In most States, the State 

agency involved in the eradication effort will prepare or will help prepare the 

EA.

For information on how to prepare an EA, see Guidelines for Environmental 

Documents on page I-1.

Step 7—Write Letters for the Administrator’s Signature

If a treatment is to be used, write a “Finding of No Significant Impact” 

(FONSI) 45 days before the beginning of the treatment. Use the examples in 

Guidelines for Environmental Documents on page I-1. Mail the FONSI to 

Environmental Services, USDA-APHIS, 4700 River Road, Unit 149, 

Riverdale, MD 20737. In the FONSI, address the specific treatment to be used.

If applications are not conducted or financed by APHIS, insecticides used for 

the certification of Christmas trees or nursery stock do not have to be 

approved for use in the FEIS.
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Step 8—Determine When to Begin Application

To decide when to start an insecticide treatment, the preferred method is to use 

egg hatch. Monitor a caged egg mass to see when eggs begin to hatch. When 

larvae are found, monitor their size to establish their stage of instar 

development. Begin treatment when second instar larvae begin to appear.

Information on gypsy moth larval instars can be located at the following Web 

sites.

http://www.fs.fed.us/na/morgantown/fhp/palerts/instars/instars.html

http://www.cityoftakomapark.org/pw/arborist/gypsymoths.html

Use the following table to establish the stage of instar development.

Treat with Bt when larvae are late first and early second instar.

Apply Gypcheck only to first and early second instars.

All insecticides other than Bt and Gypcheck can be used against first through 

third instars; however, the most desirable time to treat is when the larvae are 

late first and early second instars.

Apply pheromones approximately one week before the first flight of the adult 

male.

If no larvae are found, use foliage development to decide when to start 

treatment. Select a preferred host tree and begin treatment when leaves have 

opened one-third to one-half of their normal size.

Table 17-2 Characteristics of the Early Instars of Gypsy Moth

Instar

CHARACTERISTICS

Body Color Head Capsule Color Size

First Buff-color at hatching, then 

black—usually greasy before molt

Black 1 mm at hatch, 

3–5 mm

Second Black with irregular yellow marks Black 5.5–11 mm

Third Orange, nearly crown-shaped markings Black 10–15.5 mm

Fourth 5 pairs of blue spots followed by 6 pairs 

of brick red spots

Yellow-mottled with 

black markings

15–24 mm
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Table 17-3 Planning Calendar for Gypsy Moth Activities on page 17-7

contains a planning calendar showing a timeline for accomplishing specific 

events. If questions arise when planning a control project, contact Science and 

Technology (Otis Methods Development Center). They are a resource on 

control projects.

Gypsy Moth Planning Calendar

Table 17-3 Planning Calendar for Gypsy Moth Activities

Date: Event/Task:

November - 

December

PPQ, PHD contacts State officials to determine presence of endangered 

species

December 1 Conduct State Survey Committee meeting to review delimiting trap data 

and do the following.

• Determine size of (potential?) treatment blocks

• Determine lead agency for control project 

December 15 State agencies meet (e.g., Agriculture, Parks Commission, Natural 

Resources, Forestry, Conservation, and any other group that may be 

involved in control activities)

Complete Compliance Agreements (CAs)

December 31 Determine funding commitments

January - 

February

Hold public meetings

Write draft of site-specific Environmental Assessment (EA)

Contact Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to get flyover approval 

when aircraft are used 

February 15 Draft site-specific EA for Environmental Services in Riverdale (Unit 141) 

with a copy to Invasive Species and Pest Management (ISPM)

February 16 – 

March 5

Draft EA reviewed in Riverdale and returned with comments 

February - 

March

Complete detailed work plan

March 1 Order insecticide and equipment (maps, balloons) and mark spray blocks 

on treatment map

Contract for aircraft and insecticide

Final EA and Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) (and possibly a 

Record of Decision (ROD) prepared and forwarded to Riverdale. 

Environmental Services and ISPM approve final EA and forwards to PPQ, 

Deputy Administrator

March 21 Send EA and FONSI (and ROD) for Administrator’s signature 30 days 

before treatment
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March 21-31 APHIS Administrator reviews and signs ROD. PPQ forwards original 

document to State Plant Health Director (SPHD) and forwards copies of 

the signed documents to ISPM, the PPQ Regional Office performing 

Environmental Documentation, and the State cooperator

April 1 Begin treatment anytime after the ROD is signed—if conditions are 

favorable

Table 17-3 Planning Calendar for Gypsy Moth Activities (continued)
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Gypsy Moth Manual

18 Eradication Using 

Insecticides 1

Contents

Introduction 18-1

Materials Needed 18-1

Procedure for Eradication Using Insecticides 18-2

Introduction

Eradication by application of insecticides is often done because it will 

drastically reduce a gypsy moth population. After an initial reduction of a 

population, other techniques, such as mass trapping or repeated insecticide 

application, may be used.

This section contains information on: 1) the materials needed; and 2) the 

procedure for eradication using insecticides.

Materials Needed

The following materials are usually required for eradication:

◆ Aerial Application Manual

◆ Balloons and helium for small spray blocks

◆ Communication equipment (radios and antennas)

◆ Dye cards (for monitoring spray deposits) or water-sensitive monitoring 

paper

◆ Equipment to measure relative humidity (only if making ULV 

application)

◆ Insecticide(s) to be used

◆ Kytoons, balloons, helium or other guidance technology (e.g., 

geopositioning systems equipment) for large spray blocks
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◆ Labels for insecticides being used

◆ Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)

◆ Prospectus and contract

◆ Radios

◆ Safety equipment

◆ Topographic maps (1:24,000) or other suitable map of larger scale

◆ Wind meter

Procedure for Eradication Using Insecticides

Step 1—Notify Public of Spraying

Step 2—Notify Contractor to Report

Step 3—Check and Calibrate Spray Equipment

Step 4—Monitor Weather Conditions

Step 5—Begin Application

Step 6—Monitor Application and Weather

Step 7—Maintain Spray Block Map

Step 8—Conduct a Post-Treatment Survey

Step 1—Notify Public of Spraying

Approximately one week before the actual spray day, notify the public, media, 

and appropriate law enforcement officials within the spray block. In some 

cases, it may only be possible to make these notifications two or three days 

before the treatment due to weather conditions and the desirability for exact 

application timing with the gypsy moths’ biological development. 

Step 2—Notify Contractor to Report

Notify contractor five to seven days prior to anticipated starting date or as 

required by the contract.

Step 3—Check and Calibrate Spray Equipment

To check and calibrate the aircraft spray system, use the guidelines in 

Checking and Calibrating Aircraft on page K-1. Also check for leaks, dirt, 

and faulty equipment. If using nozzles, they should be new and made of 

stainless steel. Do not use brass nozzle tips. The end nozzle’s location should 

be no more than three-quarters of the wing span. If boom extends more than six 

inches beyond the end nozzle, the end nozzle should be fed from the end of the 

boom by use of a bleed line.

See also Nozzles and Pressures on page L-1.
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Step 4—Monitor Weather Conditions

Weather plays an important part in aerial applications. Winds may cause spotty 

coverage within the target area. To reduce drift and to comply with the FEIS, 

apply insecticides only when winds are below 10 miles per hour.

High temperatures, combined with low humidity, may cause fine sprays, either 

low volume (LV) or ultra low volume (ULV), to evaporate or drift away 

without reaching the tree canopy. Apply insecticide only when temperatures 

are below 80 °F. High temperatures can cause excessive evaporation of the 

insecticide suspension before it reaches the target. The amount of evaporation 

depends on the type of insecticide being used. When temperatures rise, 

inversion layers may form in the air and prevent insecticide from depositing on 

the foliage.

Suspend application when humidity at ground level drops below 50 percent. At 

this time, humidity at release point above trees will be much lower and result in 

excessive evaporation.

Suspend application whenever rain is imminent. After rain, apply insecticides 

only when the target foliage has dried sufficiently. Follow the insecticide label 

for instructions on application before or after rainfall.

Suspend application whenever the insecticide is not properly settling in the 

target area. You can determine the insecticide settling pattern by monitoring 

dye cards.

The best weather for spraying is usually from dawn until mid-morning (4 a.m. 

to 10 a.m.). Atmospheric conditions are best for getting proper deposition in 

treatment areas at these times.

A simple indicator of time to cease is soil/air temperature difference. Take the 

soil temperature by placing the thermometer probe on an unshaded site. Shade 

the thermometer for three minutes before reading. Take the air temperature five 

feet above the surface in the open, but with the thermometer shaded. When soil 

temperature rises above air temperature, the spray pattern generally breaks up 

Various weather will prevent or terminate the application of insecticides:

◆ When high temperatures are above 80 °F when either low volume (LV) or 

ultra low volume (ULV) sprays are planned

◆ When humidity is below 50 percent

◆ When insecticide is not properly settling

◆ When winds are above 10 miles per hour
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and the spray program should cease. If possible, monitor temperature and 

humidity at thirty to fifty feet above tops of target trees where aircraft is 

releasing spray.

Step 5—Begin Application

Begin spraying after the weather and aircraft have been checked and approved. 

Continue daily spray operations as long as weather conditions permit.

Step 6—Monitor Application and Weather

Monitor aerial applications by one of the following methods:

 1. Observation aircraft flying behind the spray aircraft

 2. Ground observers and dye cards (or the water-sensitive monitoring 

paper) on the ground

For large treatment blocks, use both methods for monitoring (observation 

aircraft and dye cards).

Observation Aircraft

Observation aircraft are only necessary for large treatments.

Ground Observers and Dye Cards

Follow the specific instructions that come with the dye cards or the 

water-sensitive monitoring paper. Use the monitoring paper to assess spray 

distribution, droplet density, and droplet size. Remember the droplet size 

observed on water-sensitive cards is about twice as large as the actual droplet 

falling through the air. Refer to label or Otis Plant Methods Center Laboratory 

for proper droplet size.

If available, make use of a “Swath Kit” for characterization of aircraft and 

reading monitoring cards. With some materials, a dye must be used to allow 

the Swath Kit to read individual droplets.

Step 7—Maintain Spray Block Map

For large spray areas, maintain a Spray Block Map. Following each day of 

spraying, color all maps to show the treated areas. When making two or three 

applications (as with Bacillus thuringiensis), draw diagonal lines on the map to 

show progress of the first application and crosshatch for the second 

application. Indicate the third application by shading the area with a solid 

color. It is helpful to show on the map the number of gallons or pounds of 

insecticide applied in each block.

Do not apply insecticides when children are walking to school or waiting for 

school buses.
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Step 8—Conduct a Post-Treatment Survey

Conduct a post-treatment survey of the treatment area by using the delimiting 

survey instructions. Use 16 to 36 traps per square mile. Follow the instructions 

covered under Steps for Conducting a Delimiting Survey on page 3-2.

If no moths are found, declare area eradicated. If a few single catches are 

made, use mass trapping or one more year of delimiting to determine if an 

infestation remains over the winter. The following year, either decide to retreat 

or declare area eradicated.
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Gypsy Moth Manual

19 Eradication Using Mass 

Trapping 1

Contents

Mass Trapping Introduction 19-1

Materials Needed 19-1

Procedure for Eradication Using Mass Trapping 19-2

Mass Trapping Introduction

Mass trapping is the only behavioral method approved for eradication. Mass 

trapping is the use of numerous traps in an infested area to lure male moths into 

the traps and eliminate them. The trapped male moths are eliminated from the 

breeding population. Other males will be confused by the lure within the trap. 

The effect is population reduction and/or eradication.

This section contains information on: 1) the materials needed; and 2) the 

procedure for eradication using mass trapping.

Materials Needed

The following materials and supplies are needed for mass trapping:

◆ City, township, or topographic maps (scale 1" = 100–400 ft.) if available, 

an Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS) aerial 

photo maps for rural areas (scale 8" = 1 mile)

◆ Colored pencils for mapping moth finds

◆ Delta traps (plan at least 3 traps, but no more than 10 traps per acre)

◆ Disparlure

◆ First aid kit

◆ Grid overlay, calipers, or ruler

◆ Handouts for homeowners
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◆ Small backpack

◆ Staples and stapler for placing traps

◆ Surveyor’s flagging ribbon

◆ Trap site description sheet

Procedure for Eradication Using Mass Trapping

Step 1—Plot Trap Location on a Map

Step 2—Select Sites for Placing Traps

Step 3—Set Traps

Step 4—Check the Traps

Step 5—Submit Gypsy Moth Specimens

Step 6—Remove Traps

Step 7—Report Mass Trapping Results

Step 8—Complete Survey Maps

Step 9—Interpret Results

Step 1—Plot Trap Location on a Map

Determine the infested area. Mass trap at least 400 feet beyond suspected 

infestation boundaries.

Plot trap locations well in advance of the trapping season (in the late winter or 

early spring). 

Very detailed maps are required because some traps will be as close as 66 feet 

apart. For residential areas, city maps showing lot boundaries on the map (scale 

1"= 400’ or less) will be sufficient. For rural areas, topographic maps and 

county ASCS aerial photo maps (8" = 1 mile) are good.

The following table shows inter-trap distances for the various trap densities 

used in mass trapping.
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Select the trap density to use for mass trapping. If the core area of the 

infestation is known, set traps at a higher trap density in the core area. 

EXAMPLE: You’ve delimited a 40-acre gypsy moth infestation and you know 

from trap data and egg-mass survey that the core of the infestation is about 10 

acres. You decide to trap the core area at 10 traps per acre and the surrounding 

30 acres at 3 traps per acre. Plot 1 trap every 66 feet in the core area (100 traps) 

and 1 trap every 120 feet in the surrounding area (90 traps).

Overlay a uniform grid on a map and mark the grid points based on trap 

density and the map’s scale. Use a grid to plot trap locations to ensure proper 

trap distribution.

Once trap locations are on the map, number the traps. Consecutively number 

each trap location within the infested area. In the field, each trap must have a 

number corresponding to its placement site. Clearly mark the trap location 

number on the map.

Step 2—Select Sites for Placing Traps

Select individual host trees as close to the plotted map location as possible. Try 

to place all traps on preferred hosts. If a preferred host is not close to the 

plotted trap site, choose a less desirable host at that site. It is more important to 

place the trap near the plotted location than on a preferred host away from the 

plotted site. Host trees are grouped according to gypsy moth preference and are 

as follows.

Table 19-1 Inter-Trap Distances for Mass Trapping

Traps per square acre Inter-trap distance in feet

3 120

4 105

5 95

6 87

7 80

8 75

9 70

10 66

Do not randomly place traps in the infested area.
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Step 3—Set Traps

The timing for setting traps is critical. Set all traps before male moths emerge. 

One way to estimate when males will emerge is to check the records for the 

earliest date native males have been caught in previous years. Also, follow pest 

reports (e.g., NAPIS Bulletin Board) of recent gypsy moth finds in areas south 

of your location. Place all traps before the males emerge.

The approximate locations of traps are already marked on a map. Use 

discretion in selecting the best trap site within an area of no more than halfway 

to surrounding trap sites.

Trap Placement

When placing traps, use the following rules.

 1.Place traps four to five feet high on tree trunks because most gypsy moths 

fly near ground level. Place traps on trunks rather than branches because 

traps on trunks catch up to six times more moths than traps on branches. In 

areas frequented by small children or livestock, place the trap out of their 

reach.

Table 19-2 Hosts Preferred by All Larval Instars

• Apple

• Aspen

• Basswood

• Birch (except yellow and 

black)

• Boxelder

• Larch

• Linden

• Mountain ash

• Oaks (all types)

• Speckled alder

• Sweet gum

• Willow

Table 19-3 Hosts of Later Larval Stages

• Beech

• Blueberry

• Chestnut

• Hemlock

• Pine

• Spruce

Table 19-4 Hosts Larvae Avoid

• Arborvitae

• Ash

• Azalea

• Balsam fir

• Butternut

• Cedar

• Dogwood

• Elder

• Currant

• Grape

• Holly

• Honeysuckle

• Horsechestnut

• Juniper

• Locust1

• Maple1

• Poison ivy

• Red cedar

• Sycamore

• Tulip poplar

• Yellow poplar

1 If host selection is limited, gypsy moth larvae will feed on these trees.
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 2. If possible, place traps in shady areas. Do not set the trap where foliage 

or branches will block the trap openings.

 3. Complete trap record sheets. Mark the trap number (from the map) and 

date on the trap before leaving the site.

The distance between traps depends on the selected trapping density. Whatever 

the density, place the traps in a uniform array.

Step 4—Check the Traps

After setting all traps, check them on a regular schedule. For the core area, 

check at least once a week; for the surrounding area, check at least every one to 

two weeks. Check traps more frequently when determining the timing of male 

emergence (pupae to adult) or when the risk of infestation or vandalism is 

likely.

Plan your trap checking route before leaving the office. Select a route using an 

efficient trap run.

When checking traps, have a supply of replacement traps on hand. If replacing 

a trap, number the replacement trap with the same location number as the 

original trap and an indicator that the trap is a replacement.

When checking traps, look for the following.

 1. Check overall trap condition and replace damaged traps.

 2. When a trap contains a suspect moth, note the find on the survey map 

and field record form. (Each trapper will notify the supervisor according 

to local policy.)

 3. Record the trap inspection by noting the date on the trap and the trap 

record.

 4. Identify each trap with the map plotted trap number.

Check the traps by opening one triangular end. Look into the trap to see if there 

are any male moths. If the trap is full of male moths, remove and replace the 

trap. Number the replacement trap with the same number as the original trap 

and an indicator that the trap is a replacement, e.g., #321R.

Before assigning personnel to check traps, train the personnel to identify male 

gypsy moths.
Eradication Using Mass Trapping

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Step 5—Submit Gypsy Moth Specimens

Submit the whole trap with the suspect moth to the supervisor or designated 

identifier for identification. Write the following information for each positive 

trap.

 1. State

 2. County

 3. Town

 4. Trap number

 5. Trap tender’s name or identification number

 6. Date

 7. Host plant

Step 6—Remove Traps

At the end of the trapping season, remove all set traps and examine each for 

male moths. Carefully look for missing traps. If the trap number cannot be 

read, write the trap number on the trap (so when examining the trap back at the 

office, the find can be located).

When removing the trap, remove all other materials (staples, nails) used in 

trapping. Also, remove all flagging tape.

Deliver or mail each trap with suspect male moths to the officer/identifier 

responsible for mass trapping.

Flatten empty used traps and dispose of by burning in an incinerator or by 

burying at a sanitary landfill.

Step 7—Report Mass Trapping Results

See GM Survey Data and NAPIS on page E-1 for instructions on reporting 

mass trapping data into NAPIS. Do not report into NAPIS until all the data has 

been collected and summarized by county. NAPIS reports will summarize 

mass trapping results by county.

Step 8—Complete Survey Maps

Record all positive trap catches on the survey field map. Use the survey maps 

with positive and negative finds for postseason review and decision making. If 

necessary, use moth catch patterns for planning egg-mass surveys.

At the end of the season, make permanent maps by transferring information 

from the field maps. Be neat, clear, and accurate when transferring 

information. It is very important that mass trapping results are correct on the 

map.
Eradication Using Mass Trapping

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 19-7

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Step 9—Interpret Results

If mass trapping is successful, mass trapping will catch a large percentage of 

the male gypsy moths. Interpret the results of the trap catches. Multiple catches 

of gypsy moth in multiple traps will warrant conducting an egg-mass survey. 

Light infestations in excellent habitat or heavy infestations warrant insecticide 

treatment of the infested area in the next year.

Consider the following factors in interpreting mass trapping:

◆ Data on other life stages

◆ Geographical features of the area

◆ Host type and availability

◆ Professional judgment

◆ Trap data

Even if the mass trapping effort is not successful in eradicating the infestation, 

the information gathered will provide a much better picture of the area and 

density of the infestation. Since traps are placed at least every 120 feet (3 traps 

per acre), moths will most likely travel a short distance before getting into a 

trap, thereby allowing a better delimiting of the infestation.
Eradication Using Mass Trapping

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12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 20-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

20 Transition Area Section 

Introduction 1

Contents

Introduction to Transition Area 20-1

Significance of the Transition Area 20-2

Transition Area Definitions 21-1

Survey Activities 22-1

Transition Area Regulatory Activities 23-1

Criteria for Transfer of Areas 24-1

Introduction to Transition Area

APHIS considers the Transition Area to be between the quarantine area and the 

noninfested area. The quarantine area is characterized by a virtually continuous 

gypsy moth population that often reaches outbreak levels. The noninfested area 

lacks an established gypsy moth population. The transition area is usually 

characterized by discontinuous, low-density gypsy moth populations that do 

not reach outbreak levels. The purpose of this section is to provide guidelines 

for APHIS activities in the transition area.

Therefore, this section contains information on the following topics:

◆ Background information on the concept of the transition area

◆ Criteria for transferring an area from the transition area to the quarantine 

area

◆ Regulatory activities in the transition area

◆ Survey activities in the transition area

Previously, APHIS had not attempted to manage gypsy moth populations in the 

transition area. Now, APHIS will support a modified level of survey and 

appropriate regulatory activities in the transition area. Surveys will determine 

when a county should no longer be listed in the transition area but in the 

generally infested quarantine area. Regulatory activities will prevent the 

shipment of infested items from the transition area.
Transition Area Section Introduction

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Significance of the Transition Area

Because of natural spread, each area within the transition area will probably 

become generally infested. The rate of natural dispersal has averaged about 13 

miles per year. While this rate is a fairly accurate estimation along the entire 

border of the quarantine area, the rate of dispersal can vary considerably in 

specific areas.

APHIS policy is not to attempt to retard the natural dispersal of the gypsy 

moth. APHIS considers the transition area to be subject to repeated 

introductions from the quarantine area; therefore, infestations in the transition 

area are not usually considered isolated infestations. As a consequence, APHIS 

will not try to eradicate most gypsy moth infestations in the transition area. 

APHIS will monitor the transition area by conducting surveys. The results of 

the surveys will determine when specific areas in the transition area become 

generally infested. At that time, these specific quarantine areas will become 

part of the quarantine area.

Generally, political divisions, such as counties, are used to define the transition 

area. The transition area usually extends approximately 50 miles beyond the 

border of the generally infested quarantine area. However, the transition area 

may vary from 25 to 75 miles depending on the borders of the political 

divisions.

Beyond the quarantine area and transition area, APHIS will continue to 

conduct detection surveys to find isolated infestations that will be eradicated.

The information in this section on the transition area applies only to the North 

American gypsy moth (NAGM) not to the Asian gypsy moth (AGM). For 

information on the AGM, consult the section on the AGM.
12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 21-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

21 Transition Area 

Definitions 1

To fully understand the concept of the transition area, several terms must be 

defined; these terms appear below.

Artificial Dispersal

Artificial dispersal is dispersal by other than natural means; that is, artificial 

dispersal is dispersal through human activity such as the movement of infested 

commercial products, infested vehicles, and infested outdoor household 

articles.

Quarantine Area

A Quarantine Area is an area where gypsy moth is established, that is, 

maintaining a reproducing population. In theory, all Quarantine Areas should 

be in the Quarantine Area; however, due to various causes, such as processing 

delays and political challenges, the Quarantine Areas may not be in the 

Quarantine Areas. A quarantine area is an area under quarantine because 

plants, plant products, and other articles are likely to be infested. The 

movement of these possibly infested articles is regulated to prevent the spread 

of, in this case, gypsy moth.

Natural Dispersal

Natural dispersal is dispersal that occurs through natural means, such as the 

windblown movement of the first-instar larvae; natural dispersal is dispersal 

without the influence of human activity.

Noninfested Area

A noninfested area is an area outside of the quarantine area and beyond the 

transition area; the noninfested area is the area where the gypsy moth is not 

established.

Regulated Article(s)

A Regulated Article is any conveyance, container, or any other object or 

material capable of harboring or spreading plant pests.

For the gypsy moth, Regulated Articles include the following: nursery stock; 

logs; pulpwood; woodchips; Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs); mobile 

homes; and any other products, articles, or vehicles that present a high risk of 

artificial dispersal.
Transition Area Definitions

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Transition Area

The transition area is the area beyond the border of the quarantine area (the 

quarantine area) into which the gypsy moth will spread by natural dispersal.
12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 22-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

22 Survey Activities 1

Contents

Introduction to Transition Area Survey Activities 22-1

Trap Surveys 22-1

Egg-Mass Surveys 22-2

Introduction to Transition Area Survey Activities

Within the transition area, it is critically important to detect infestations as 

early as possible. Early detection of infestations will prevent the movement of 

infested articles from the transition area.

To detect infestations in the transition area, several survey types are useful:

◆ Egg-mass surveys

◆ Larval trapping

◆ Trap surveys

Trap Surveys

Initiating Factors

Trap surveys are performed to locate established populations in the transition 

area. If resources permit, the trap surveys are performed throughout the 

transition area; if resources are limited, trap surveys are performed in areas 

near the generally infested quarantine area.

In addition to locating infestations, the trap survey will help determine when a 

county in the transition area should be shifted to the quarantine area.
Survey Activities

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Recommended Trapping Density

The recommended trapping density is either of the following:

◆ 3-mile grid—equal to 1 trap per 9 square miles

◆ 5-km grid (3.1-mile)—equal to 1 trap per 9.6 square miles

Trapping Period

A trapping period from June 1st to October 1st is generally recommended. 

However, local climatic conditions will affect the starting and ending trapping 

dates.

Trap Type

In a trap survey, use either delta traps or milk-carton traps. For consistency and 

comparability of trapping results, use only one type of trap within a State.

Trap Servicing Frequency 

As a minimum, service delta traps once a month. Servicing more frequently, 

once every two weeks, is recommended. If traps are likely to be vandalized, 

trap servicing once every two weeks is recommended.

Moth Identification

If the suspect moths were trapped where Asian gypsy moths are not likely to be 

introduced, send the suspect moths to a designated trained identifier.

Egg-Mass Surveys

Initiating Factors

Egg-mass surveys are desirable when: 1) egg masses are the only life stage 

present; and 2) populations are high enough to make the effort worthwhile.

A basic problem with egg-mass surveys is that egg-mass surveys usually will 

not detect low-level populations.

Egg-Mass Survey Methods

The two egg-mass survey methods used are: 1) the targeted visual survey 

method; and 2) the small-plot method. Both these methods were described in 

Other Survey Tools on page 4-1.
12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 23-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

23 Transition Area 

Regulatory Activities 1

Contents

Introduction to Transition Area Regulatory Activities 23-1

Inspections in High-Risk Areas 23-1

Nurseries and Regulatory Activities 23-2

Mills/Log Yards and Regulatory Activities 23-2

Logging Operations and Regulatory Activities 23-2

Christmas Tree Plantations and Regulatory Activities 23-3

Introduction to Transition Area Regulatory Activities

To delay the long-distance spread of the gypsy moth, the policy of APHIS is to 

prevent the establishment of isolated infestations. Usually, isolated infestations 

result from artificial dispersal, not natural dispersal. Artificial dispersal is 

dispersal by human activity through the movement of infested articles, such as 

Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs) and commercial products. Articles likely 

to be infested and moved are listed as Regulated Articles. Therefore, to prevent 

artificial movement, APHIS enforces quarantines on Regulated Articles, which 

are likely to be infested, when they are moved from infested areas to 

noninfested areas. Because sites in the transition area may be infested or will 

soon be infested, APHIS will conduct appropriate regulatory activities in the 

transition area.

Inspections in High-Risk Areas

High-risk sites will require inspections under Compliance Agreements (CAs).

Several sites are, by their nature, high risk.

◆ Christmas tree plantations

◆ Mills/log yards

◆ Nurseries
Transition Area Regulatory Activities

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Nurseries and Regulatory Activities

When infested nursery stock and plant products are distributed, it is extremely 

difficult to regain control of the situation. Therefore, nurseries in the transition 

area, particularly those dealing in preferred hosts, must be inspected often 

enough to ensure that infested material is not being shipped—at least once in 

the spring, after egg hatch when the larvae would be feeding; at least once in 

the fall, after egg laying.

Besides a visual examination of plant products and the growing plants, 

trapping should be done in the vicinity of the nursery to detect the presence of 

gypsy moth.

Some examples of plants and plant products that should be examined follow:

◆ Balled-in-burlap stock

◆ Bare-root stock (usually a minor problem)

◆ Containerized plants

◆ Garden structures (sheds, fences, posts, etc.)

Mills/Log Yards and Regulatory Activities

Mills often receive or ship timber with attached bark; in addition, mills often 

ship finished products, such as boards and posts, with attached bark. The 

attached bark may harbor egg masses. The mills must be under CAs. Trapping 

is desirable near mills to detect the presence of the gypsy moth.

Logging Operations and Regulatory Activities

Logging operations must be surveyed under CAs. During the examination of a 

logging site, examine both felled trees and standing trees to detect the presence 

of gypsy moth.
Transition Area Regulatory Activities

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 23-3

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Christmas Tree Plantations and Regulatory Activities

Christmas tree plantations must be examined to detect the presence of gypsy 

moth. A common means of dispersal for the gypsy moth is the movement of 

Christmas trees infested with egg masses to noninfested areas.
Transition Area Regulatory Activities

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12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 24-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

24 Criteria for Transfer of 

Areas 1

Contents

Criteria for Transfer of Areas from the Transition Area 24-1

Updating the Transition Area Map 24-2

Logging Operations and Regulatory Activities 24-2

State and National Parks and Regulatory Activities 24-3

Criteria for Transfer of Areas from the Transition Area

The decision to transfer an area from the transition area to the quarantine area 

will be based on the detection of a sufficient number of male moths and/or 

other life stages to support a State and Federal consensus that the area is indeed 

generally infested.

Trap Survey Results (Male Moths Alone)

When more than 10 male moths are caught in the majority of traps placed 

throughout the area for 2 consecutive years, consider transferring the infested 

area from the transition area to the quarantine area.

Remember, the transfer will require consensus between Federal and State 

officials.

Trap Survey and Other Survey Results

When: 1) adult trapping captures multiple male moths; and 2) either egg-mass 

surveys or larval trapping detect a life stage other than the adult, consider 

transferring the infested area from the transition area to the quarantine area. 

Adult trapping should show 10 or more male moths caught in the majority of 

the traps placed throughout the area. The presence of a life stage other than the 

adult moth confirms the existence of a reproducing population.

Remember, the transfer will require consensus between Federal and State 

officials.

Egg-Mass Survey Results

When multiple egg masses are detected as the result of an egg-mass survey, 

consider the transfer of an infested area in transition area to the quarantine 

area.
Criteria for Transfer of Areas

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Remember, the transfer will require consensus between Federal and State 

officials.

If the suspect moths were trapped where Asian gypsy moths are likely to be 

introduced, send the suspect gypsy moths to the Otis Methods Center for DNA 

analysis: 

Otis Plant Methods Center

Building 1398

Otis ANGB, MA 02542

Updating the Transition Area Map

After a decision has been reached, immediately report all transfers to Invasive 

Species and Pest Management, Riverdale, MD. Using this new information, 

Invasive Species and Pest Management will then develop transition area maps 

showing the quarantine area, the current transition area, and noninfested areas. 

On the transition area maps, colors will indicate the status of areas:

◆ Red—quarantine area

◆ Yellow—transition area

◆ White—noninfested area

Logging Operations and Regulatory Activities

Logging operations must be surveyed under Compliance Agreements (CAs). 

During the examination of a logging site, examine both felled trees and 

standing trees to detect the presence of gypsy moth.

Table 24-1 Trap Survey and Other Survey Results

If the adult trapping 

detects:

If the other survey 

detects: Then:

Less than 10 moths in the 

majority of traps

No other life stages ? (Do nothing?)

Another life stage ? Consider transfer to 

transition area

More than 10 moths in the 

majority of traps

No other life stages ?

Another life stage ? Consider transfer to 

transition area
Criteria for Transfer of Areas

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 24-3

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State and National Parks and Regulatory Activities

State and National Parks must be examined to detect the presence of gypsy 

moth. A common means of dispersal for the gypsy moth is the movement of 

infested vehicles at the parks.
Criteria for Transfer of Areas

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12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 25-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

25 Asian Gypsy Moth 1

Contents

Asian Gypsy Moth Background 25-1

Asian Gypsy Moth Policy 25-2

Asian Gypsy Moth Documents 25-2

Asian Gypsy Moth Background

The Asian gypsy moth (AGM) is a strain of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, 

found in Asia which has some, if not all, of the following characteristics:

◆ Broader host range

◆ Faster rate of development

◆ Females capable of strong, directed flight

◆ Reduced chill requirement before egg hatch

◆ Tendency to oviposit near light sources

The AGM will probably successfully establish because of its broader host 

range; in addition, defoliation may increase as AGM or its hybrids exploit 

hosts of marginal value to the European gypsy moth currently in North 

America.

Because the AGM females are capable of strong, directed flight, there would 

be increased population mobility and an increased rate of natural spread.

Because AGM females tend to oviposit near light sources, the “nuisance” 

factor of the gypsy moth would increase.
Asian Gypsy Moth

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Asian Gypsy Moth Policy

APHIS has adopted the following policy on the AGM.

◆ If the AGM is introduced, APHIS will seek to eradicate the infestation

◆ APHIS will exclude the AGM by lowering the risks at the points of 

origins and at the points of arrival

◆ APHIS will monitor ports and other high-risk sites to immediately detect 

introductions

◆ APHIS will support research using diagnostic genetic markers

Asian Gypsy Moth Documents

Asian Gypsy Moth Emergency Program Manual

At present, the procedures to deal with the Asian Gypsy Moth are in a separate 

document, the Asian Gypsy Moth Emergency Program Manual. The Asian 

Gypsy Moth Emergency Program Manual contains information on survey, 

regulatory, and control procedures.

2000 Vessel Inspection Guidelines—

Asian Gypsy Moth

[Taking Emergency Action for Suspect Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM) Ships (note: 

from MAC) http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/

gypsy_moth/downloads/guidelines.pdf] 

The 2000 Vessel Inspection Guidelines—Asian Gypsy Moth contains 

information on procedures for identifying high-risk vessels and procedures for 

handling the high-risk vessels. The 2000 Vessel Inspection Guidelines—Asian 

Gypsy Moth is available at the APHIS Web site: http://www.aphis.usda.gov:80/

oa/agm/agmguide.html

Asian Gypsy Moth Trapping Submission Guidelines—

(Current) Field Season

The Asian Gypsy Moth Trapping Submission Guidelines—(Current) Field 

Season contains information on procedures for submitting possible AGM 

specimens. The possible AGM specimens will undergo analysis by genetic 

markers. Information on obtaining supplies for submitting specimens is also 
Asian Gypsy Moth

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 25-3

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available. The Asian Gypsy Moth Submission Guidelines—(Current) Field 

Season is available at the APHIS Web site:

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/AGM/AGM2000.HTM

http://www.aphis.usda.gov:80/oa/agm/vessel.html

Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM) Vessel Alert List

[2008 Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM) Regulated Vessel List- Japan

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/gypsy_moth/

downloads/japanlist2008.pdf]

[2008 Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM) Regulated Vessel List- Russia

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/gypsy_moth/

downloads/russiashiplist2008.pdf]

The Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM) Vessel Alert List identifies vessels in Far East 

Russian ports during the high-risk period for infestation. Information on 

handling procedures are also included. The Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM) Vessel 

Alert List is available at the APHIS Web site: 

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/agm/AGM2000LIST.HTM

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/agm/vessel.html

APHIS Factsheet—Asian Gypsy Moth

The APHIS Factsheet—Asian Gypsy Moth contains basic information on the 

AGM. The APHIS Factsheet—Asian Gypsy Moth is available at the APHIS 

Web site: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/

printable_version/fs_phasiangm.pdf.
Asian Gypsy Moth

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12/2008-02 Gypsy Moth Manual A-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

A Leaflets and Other 

Materials on the Gypsy 

Moth 1

To provide information on the gypsy moth, various leaflets and pamphlets are 

available from State and Federal agencies. Among the leaflets and pamphlets 

suitable for use are the following materials:

◆ Gypsy moth—Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 162, United States 

Department of Agriculture Forest Service. This leaflet is available at the 

following Web site.

http://www.na.fs.fed.us/SPFO/pubs/fidls/gypsymoth/gypsy.htm

◆ Gypsy moth—Pest Alert NA-FB/P-21, United States Department of 

Agriculture Forest Service

◆ Comparison of Pesticides for Gypsy Moth Control—this leaflet is 

available at the following Web site.

http://www.forestpests.org/PAlertGM/PAlertGM.html

◆ Gypsy Moth Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus—this pesticide fact sheet is 

available at the following Web site.

http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/morgantown/4557/gmoth/manag/gypchek.html
Leaflets and Other Materials on the Gypsy Moth

A-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-02

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12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual B-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

B Map of Generally Infested 

Areas 1

Each year an updated map showing quarantine areas is issued. This updated 

map is to be considered part of the Gypsy Moth Program Manual.

The map showing quarantine areas in the United States is available at the 

following Web site.

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/maps/

A map showing quarantine areas in Canada is available at the following Web 

site.

http://www.cfia-acia.agr.ca/english/ppc/science/pps/2000maps/ldcan2000.html
Map of Generally Infested Areas

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12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual C-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

C Quarantine Areas 1

The areas listed alphabetically and described in Table-C-1 on page C-1 are 

designated as quarantine areas.

Table C-1 List of Quarantine Areas

State: County (entire county unless stated otherwise):

Connecticut Entire State

Delaware Entire State

District of Columbia Entire District

Indiana Allen

DeKalb

Elkhart

La Grange

Noble

Porter

St. Joseph

Steuben

Illinois Cook

DuPage

Lake

McHenry
Quarantine Areas

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Maine Androscoggin 

Aroostook—the townships of Amity, Cary Plantation, Dyer Brook, Forkstown, Glenwood 

Plantation, Haynesville, Hodgdon, Houlton, Linneus, New Limerick, Oakfield, Orient, T2 R4 

WELS, T3 R3 WELS, T3 R4 WELS, T4 R3 WELS, TA R2 WELS 

Cumberland 

Franklin—the townships of Avon, Carthage, Chesterville, Coplin Plantation, Crockertown, Dallas 

Plantation, Davis, Eustis, Farmington, Freeman, Industry, Jay, Jerusalem, Kingfield, Lang, 

Madrid, Mount Abraham, New Sharon, New Vineyard, Perkins, Phillips, Rangeley, Rangeley 

Plantation, Redington, Salem, Sandy River Plantation, Strong, Temple, Washington, Weld, 

Wilton, Wyman, 6, D and E

Hancock 

Kennebec

Knox

Lincoln

Oxford—the townships of Adamstown, Albany, Andover, Andover North, Andover West, 

Batchelders Grant, Bethel, Brownfield, Buckfield, Byron, Canton, Denmark, Dixfield, Fryeburg, 

Gilead, Grafton, Greenwood, Hanover, Hartford, Hebron, Hiram, Lincoln Plantation, Lovell, 

Lower Cupsuptic, Magalloway Plantation, Mason Plantation, Mexico, Milton Plantation, Newry, 

Norway, Oxford, Paris, Parkerstown, Peru, Porter, Richardsontown, Riley, Roxbury, Rumford, 

Stoneham, Stow, Sumner, Sweden, Upton, Waterford, Woodstock, C, and C Surplus

Penobscot—the townships of Alton, Argyle, Bangor City, Bradford, Bradley, Brewer City, 

Burlington, Carmel, Carroll Plantation, Charleston, Chester, Clifton, Corinna, Corinth, Dexter, 

Dixmont, Drew Plantation, East Milllinocket, Eddington, Edinburg, Enfield, Etna, Exeter, 

Garland, Glenburn, Grand Falls Plantation, Greenbush, Greenfield, Grindstone, Hampden, 

Hermon, Hersey Town, Holden, Hopkins Academy Grant, Howland, Hudson, Indian Purchase, 

Kenduskeag, Kingman, Lagrange, Lakeville, Lee, Levant, Lincoln, Long A, Lowell, 

Mattamiscontis, Mattawamkeag, Maxfield, Medway, Milford, Millinocket, Newburgh, Newport, 

Old Town City, Orono, Orrington, Passadumkeag, Patten, Plymouth, Prentiss Plantation, 

Seboesis Plantation, Soldiertown, Springfield, Stacyville, Stetson, Summit, Veazie, Webster 

Plantation, Winn, Woodville, AR 7, AR 8, AR 9, 1 ND, 3 R1 NBPP, 1 R6 WELS, 1 R8 WELS, 2 

R8 NWP, 2 R9 NWP, 3 R9 NWP, 5 R1 NBPP, and 2 R8 WELS

Piscataquis—the townships of Elliotsville, Greenville, Katahdin Iron Works, Patten, Shirley, Veazie 

Gore, T7R9 NWP, TBR11 WELS, TBR10 WELS, TAR11 WELS, TAR10 WELS, T1R11 WELS, 

T1R10 WELS, T2R10 WELS

Sagadahoc 

Somerset—East Moxie Township

Waldo 

Washington

York

Maryland Entire State

Massachusetts Entire State

Michigan Entire State 

New Hampshire Entire State

New Jersey Entire State

New York Entire State

North Carolina Currituck 

Dare—eastern portion (Barrier Island) 

Table C-1 List of Quarantine Areas (continued)

State: County (entire county unless stated otherwise):
Quarantine Areas

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Ohio Ashland 

Ashtabula

Belmont

Carroll 

Columbiana 

Coshocton 

Cuyahoga

Defiance

Delaware

Erie

Fairfield

Franklin

Fulton

Geauga 

Guernsey 

Harrison 

Henry

Holmes 

Hocking

Huron

Jefferson 

Knox

Lake 

Licking

Lorain

Lucas 

Mahoning 

Medina

Monroe

Morgan

Morrow

Muskingum

Noble

Ottawa 

Perry

Portage 

Richland

Sandusky

Seneca

Stark 

Summit 

Trumbull 

Tuscarawas

Washington

Wayne

Williams

Wood

Pennsylvania Entire State

Rhode Island Entire State

Vermont Entire State

Table C-1 List of Quarantine Areas (continued)

State: County (entire county unless stated otherwise):
Quarantine Areas

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Virginia Counties of: (entire county 

unless otherwise noted)

Accomack

Albemarle

Alleghany

Amelia 

Amherst

Appomattox

Arlington 

Augusta 

Bath 

Bedford

Botetourt

Brunswick 

Buckingham

Campbell 

Caroline

Charles City 

Charlotte 

Chesterfield 

Clarke 

Craig

Culpeper 

Cumberland 

Dinwiddie 

Essex 

Fairfax 

Fauquier 

Floyd

Fluvanna 

Franklin

Frederick 

Giles

Gloucester 

Goochland 

Greene 

Greensville 

Halifax

Hanover 

Henrico

Highland 

Isle of Wight

James City 

King and Queen 

King George

King William 

Lancaster 

Loudoun 

Louisa

Lunenburg

Madison

Mathews 

Mecklenburg

Middlesex

Montgomery

Nelson

New Kent 

Northampton 

Northumberland

Nottoway

Orange 

Page

Pittsylvania

Powhatan

Pr. Edward

Pr. George 

Pr. William 

Rappahannock

Richmond 

Roanoke

Rockbridge 

Rockingham 

Shenandoah 

Southampton 

Spotsylvania 

Stafford 

Surry 

Sussex 

Warren 

Westmoreland 

York

Cities of: (entire city unless 

otherwise noted)

Alexandria

Bedford

Buena Vista

Charlottesville 

Chesapeake 

Columbia Heights 

Danville

Emporia 

Fairfax 

Falls Church 

Franklin 

Fredericksburg 

Hampton 

Harrisonburg 

Hopewell 

Lexington 

Lynchburg

Manassas 

Mananass Park 

Newport News 

Norfolk 

Petersburg 

Poquoson 

Portsmouth 

Richmond

Roanoke

Salem

South Boston

Staunton 

Suffolk 

Virginia Beach 

Waynesboro 

Williamsburg 

Winchester

Table C-1 List of Quarantine Areas (continued)

State: County (entire county unless stated otherwise):
Quarantine Areas

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual C-5

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West Virginia Barbour

Berkeley 

Braxton

Brooke

Calhoun 

Doddridge

Fayette

Gilmer

Grant

Greenbrier

Hampshire

Hancock

Hardy 

Harrison 

Jackson

Jefferson

Lewis

Marion

Marshall 

Mineral 

Monongalia

Monroe

Morgan

Nicholas

Ohio 

Pendleton

Pleasants

Pocahontas

Preston

Randolph

Richie

Taylor 

Tucker 

Tyler

Upshur

Webster

Wetzel 

Wirt

Wood

Wisconsin Adams

Brown 

Calumet

Columbia

Dane

Dodge

Door

Florence

Fond du Lac

Forest

Greenlake

Jefferson

Juneau

Kenosha

Kewaunee

Langlade

Lincoln

Manitowoc 

Marathon

Marinette

Marquette

Menominee

Milwaukee

Monroe

Oconto

Oneida

Outagamie

Ozaukee

Portage

Racine

Rock

Sauk

Shawano

Sheboygan

Vilas

Walworth

Washington

Waupaca

Waushara

Waukesha

Winnebago 

Wood

Table C-1 List of Quarantine Areas (continued)

State: County (entire county unless stated otherwise):
Quarantine Areas

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12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual D-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

D How to Assemble Traps 1

Contents

Materials for Assembling Delta Traps D-1

Procedures for Assembling Delta Traps D-1

Materials for Assembling Milk Carton Traps D-5

Procedures for Assembling Milk Carton Traps D-6

Materials for Assembling Delta Traps

Gather the following materials:

◆ Delta trap

◆ Disparlure dispenser (string or strip)

◆ Paper clips

◆ Stapler

◆ Staples, wire, hammer, nails, or string for hanging the trap

Procedures for Assembling Delta Traps

Use the following instructions for assembling the delta trap.

Step 1—Staple the Lure to the “X” on the Nonsticky Side

Step 2—Pull the Trap Open; Pull Sticky Sides Away from Each Other

Step 3—Fold the Trap into a Triangle

Step 4—Fold In Corners at Both Ends

Step 5—Fold In Sides at Both Ends

Step 6—Hang or Staple Trap in Place (4 to 5 Feet Off the Ground)
How to Assemble Traps

D-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

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Step 1—Staple the Lure to the “X” on the Nonsticky Side

Step 2—Pull the Trap Open; Pull Sticky Sides Away from Each 

Other

Figure D-1 Example of Step 2 for Assembling Delta Traps
How to Assemble Traps

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual D-3

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Step 3—Fold the Trap into a Triangle 

Fold top flap over and staple or paper clip together

Figure D-2 Example of Step 3 for Assembling Delta Traps
How to Assemble Traps

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Step 4—Fold In Corners at Both Ends

Step 5—Fold In Sides at Both Ends

Figure D-3 Example of Step 4 for Assembling Delta Traps

Figure D-4 Example of Step 5 for Assembling Delta Traps
How to Assemble Traps

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Step 6—Hang or Staple Trap in Place (4 to 5 Feet Off the 

Ground)

Materials for Assembling Milk Carton Traps

Gather the following materials to assemble a milk carton trap:

◆ Cotton twine (20 ply or stronger) or flexible wire for hanging trap

◆ DDVP strip (insecticide also called Vapona strip)

◆ Disparlure dispenser

◆ Seven-inch twist tie (available in most garden stores)

◆ Stapling pliers

◆ Trap body

◆ Trap hood

Figure D-5 Example of Step 6 for Assembling Delta Traps
How to Assemble Traps

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Procedures for Assembling Milk Carton Traps

Use the following instructions for assembling the milk carton trap.

Step 1—Pop Out the Paper Inserts From the Eight Entry Ports of the Trap 

Body and Crease Body Lines Several Times

Step 2—Open, Invert, then Fit the Bottom Together (A)

Step 3—Pop Out the Center Insert of the Trap Hood

Step 4—Staple the Insecticide Strip (DDVP strip also called Vapona strip) 

onto One End of a Seven-Inch Strip of Twist Tie

Step 5—Insert the Twist Tie into the Trap Body Leaving the Top Inch 

Folded Over the Trap Top

Step 6—Fold the Top Ends of the Trap in Toward the Center of the Trap 

Making the Two Sides Parallel to One Another

Step 7—Staple a 24-Inch Length of Cotton Twine (20 Ply or Stronger) to 

the Top Center of the Milk Carton

Step 1—Pop Out the Paper Inserts From the Eight Entry Ports 

of the Trap Body and Crease Body Lines Several Times

Step 2—Open, Invert, then Fit the Bottom Together (A) 

Fasten the bottom with stapling pliers (B).

Figure D-6 Example of Step 2 for Assembling Milk Carton Traps
How to Assemble Traps

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Step 3—Pop Out the Center Insert of the Trap Hood

Crease all tabs up, and crease all solid lines. Slide the hood (shiny side up) over 

the body from the top until it goes below the slits above the trap entrances. 

Slide the hood upwards so the semicircular tabs on the hood slide into the slits. 

Staple the tabs to the trap body with stapling pliers.

Step 4—Staple the Insecticide Strip (DDVP strip also called 

Vapona strip) onto One End of a Seven-Inch Strip of Twist Tie

Use the outer package or rubber gloves to handle the insecticide strip. Handle 

the insecticide strip as little as possible. Staple the disparlure perpendicular to 

the twist tie and about 2 1/2 inches above the insecticide strip. Fold over the top 

inch of the twist tie.

Figure D-7 Example of Step 4 for Assembling Milk Carton Traps
How to Assemble Traps

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Step 5—Insert the Twist Tie into the Trap Body Leaving the 

Top Inch Folded Over the Trap Top

Place the insecticide and disparlure near the center of the trap. Place the top of 

the twist tie just behind where the pour spout will open. Staple the twist tie to 

the top half of the milk carton that is not the pour spout.

Step 6—Fold the Top Ends of the Trap in Toward the Center of 

the Trap Making the Two Sides Parallel to One Another

The end with the crease is the pour spout—do not staple the top portion of the 

pour spout end. To close the trap, staple the top of the other half of the trap and 

use a binder clip or twist tie to secure the pour spout.

Figure D-8 Example of Step 5 for Assembling Milk Carton Traps
How to Assemble Traps

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual D-9

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Step 7—Staple a 24-Inch Length of Cotton Twine (20 Ply or 

Stronger) to the Top Center of the Milk Carton

Hang the trap 4 to 5 feet above ground level away from obstructive branches 

and foliage.

To service the trap, open the pour spout, empty trap contents, and close the 

spout.

Figure D-9 Example of Step 7 for Assembling Milk Carton Traps
How to Assemble Traps

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05/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual E-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

E GM Survey Data and 

NAPIS 1

Contents

National Agricultural Pest Information System (NAPIS) E-1

Use of the Gypsy Moth Survey Data in NAPIS E-1

Data Sources E-2

Worksheets E-2

Data Sources and the State Survey Coordinator (SSC) E-2

Duties of the PPQ Plant Health Director E-2

Information on NAPIS E-3

Detailed Instructions for the Worksheets E-3

Data Elements in the Worksheets E-4

National Agricultural Pest Information System 

(NAPIS)

The National Agricultural Pest Information System (NAPIS) is the 

computerized data base that stores, sorts, and retrieves gypsy moth (and other) 

survey data. NAPIS can also retrieve survey data as summarized reports. 

NAPIS is a tool used by the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) to 

transform gypsy moth survey data into useful information.

Use of the Gypsy Moth Survey Data in NAPIS

The survey data in NAPIS can be used to make decisions and to determine 

program needs within a State, several States, a region, or the U.S. The survey 

data in NAPIS is the basis for PPQ’s annual request for contingency funds (the 

annual request for funds to conduct the gypsy moth program occurs on or near 

the first day of January). The survey data is also used to produce maps (see

Map of Generally Infested Areas on page B-1) and reports. The maps and 

reports allow managers to assess segments of the national gypsy moth survey.
GM Survey Data and NAPIS

E-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 05/2008-2

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Data Sources

Data sources are the agencies or partnerships that conduct surveys and 

contribute accurate survey data to the database.

Worksheets

Worksheets are forms that will allow the entry of all necessary data in the 

correct format.

Each year, each data source will use the worksheets or provide information to 

complete the worksheets (see Figure E-1 on page E-7). Worksheets are 

adaptable for various factors, such as location, survey type, and trap type. Each 

worksheet may contain a single trapping record or a summary of multiple 

trapping records.

Data Sources and the State Survey Coordinator 

(SSC)

Using completed worksheets or data from the data sources, the SSC creates the 

data records for input to NAPIS. The SSC will check to ensure appropriate 

codes and conventions are utilized. For all records entering NAPIS, the SSC is 

responsible for both data entry and quality control.

Each year, the SSC will receive all survey data from all data sources within the 

State by November 15; the SSC will enter (or arrange the entry) of all survey 

data into NAPIS by the first of December.

Duties of the PPQ Plant Health Director

Each State PPQ Plant Health Director (PPQ PHD) should ensure the following 

events occur.

 1. Early in the season, the PPQ PHD must ensure the SSC has received all 

needed information on CAPS and NAPIS.
GM Survey Data and NAPIS

05/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual E-3

PPQ

 2. Early in the season, the PPQ PHD must work with the data sources and 

the SSC to develop methods, protocols, and time frames suitable for the 

State. The PPQ PHD, SSC, and other cooperators must agree on the 

duties each will assume in transforming survey data into NAPIS records. 

Cooperative agreements and/or contracts must provide adequate 

resources and mechanisms for data collection and management, 

including quality control.

 3. The SSC must receive all survey data for entry into NAPIS no later than 

November 15 each year.

 4. The SSC must enter (or arrange for entry) all survey data into NAPIS no 

later than December 1 each year.

 5. As soon as the entry of survey data is completed, the PPQ PHD must 

print out the State gypsy moth report and compare the State report to the 

field records. If the State report contains errors, the PPQ PHD must 

immediately instruct the SSC to correct any errors within five working 

days.

Information on NAPIS

Appendix B of the NAPIS User Guide explains the data entry input format for 

NAPIS. Additional instructions, updates, and data entry forms are available 

from the NAPIS download library. The SSC will use these guidelines to enter 

survey data.

Detailed Instructions for the Worksheets

The worksheets can be used to report all types of gypsy moth trapping activity, 

but there are some specific requirements that differentiate detection trapping 

from other operations. Where applicable, “DET” will identify instructions for 

detection surveys and “DMT” will refer to delimiting surveys and/or mass 

trapping programs.

Some of the blocks on the form have standard entries that are already 

completed, while others do not require any kind of input and should be left 

blank. If appropriate codes are not available for a specific situation, contact the 

CAPS National Survey Coordinator.
GM Survey Data and NAPIS

E-4 Gypsy Moth Manual 05/2008-2

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Data Elements in the Worksheets

Listed below are the necessary data elements and explanation of the coding 

necessary for the entry of gypsy moth survey data into NAPIS.

Table E-1 Coding for Gypsy Moth Survey Data Entry into NAPIS

Field Label Description of Contents

(A) Observation Number Unique alphanumeric identifier 

assigned for a given user ID, 

observation year, and EPA Pest Code 

combination. Assigned by the SSC.

(B) Observation Date Date (YYYYMMDD) of the observation 

or ending date for observations 

spanning more than one day. Use the 

date when most traps in the county 

are pulled for service.

(C) Data Source Code from the REF-DATA-SOURCE 

reference file. Select one of the 

following.

11=PPQ

12=USFS

13=STATE AG

14=UNIV/EXT

16=PPQ+OTHER

99=UNKNOWN

(D) State–County A five-digit “FIPS” code from the 

REF-STATE-COUNTY reference file 

will be made available to the data 

sources by the SSCs on a 

State-by-State basis.

(E) EPA Site Code A five-digit code from the REF-CROP 

reference file. Precompleted with code 

“99999,” which indicates unknown. 

This code is used because data is 

summarized for an entire county with 

multiple sites. No further entry 

required.

(F) Crop Life Stage Leave blank. No entry required.
GM Survey Data and NAPIS

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(G) Crop Situation A five-digit code from the 

REF-CROP-SITUATION reference file. 

Select one of the following.

For DET:

29031=Low-risk detection survey

29032=Moderate-risk detection survey

29033=High-risk detection survey

29034=Special detection survey

29029=Transition zone survey

For DMT:

29025=Delimiting

29026=Mass trapping

(H) Location Coordinates Code from REF-PEST reference file. 

Precompleted with “ITAXAIA,” which is 

the code for gypsy moth. No further 

entry required.

(J) Pest Life Stage Code from the 

REF-PEST-LIFE-STAGE reference 

file. Precompleted with “15,” which is 

the code for adult insect. No further 

entry required.

(K) Pest Status Code from the REF-PEST-STATUS 

reference file. Select one of the 

following and fill in the blanks from 

right to left.

For DET:

If any moths caught: +

If no moths caught: –

For DMT:

Moths caught in delimiting: +B

Moths caught in mass trapping: +C

No moths caught: –

(L) Survey Method Code from REF-SURVEY-METHOD 

reference file. Select one of the 

following.

00001=milk carton trap

00002=Delta trap

99999=other

(M) Quantification The total count of all of the moths 

caught in traps represented by this 

record.

Table E-1 Coding for Gypsy Moth Survey Data Entry into NAPIS (continued)

Field Label Description of Contents
GM Survey Data and NAPIS

E-6 Gypsy Moth Manual 05/2008-2

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(N) Descriptor Units Code from the REF-DESCRIPTOR 

reference file. Precompleted with code 

“330,” which stands for traps. No 

further entry is required.

(O) Total Units Checked The number of trap sites that were 

checked. Units are defined as sites, 

and may reflect the use of multiple 

traps (at one site) over the course of 

the season. Multiple visits to the same 

site only count as one unit.

(P) Positive Units The number of trap sites within total 

units checked that caught one or more 

moths.

(Q) Observation Duration Number of days the observation spans 

(number of days between most of the 

traps set and most picked up).

(R) Diagnostic Lab Code from the 

REF-DIAGNOSTIC-LAB reference file. 

Must be used in conjunction with the 

Confirmation Method. The appropriate 

code for each State will be provided by 

the SSC and/or PPQ PHD.

For DET: Use only if moths are 

caught; leave blank if no moths 

caught.

For DMT: Leave blank. No entry 

required.

(S) Confirmation Method Code from REF-SURVEY-METHOD 

reference file. Must be used in 

conjunction with the Diagnostic Lab 

code.

For DET: If moths were caught, enter 

“90001,” which is the code for 

“confirmation light microscope positive 

find.” Leave blank if no moths were 

caught.

For DMT: Leave blank. No entry 

required.

(T) Biocontrol Target Leave blank. No entry required.

(U) Notes Replace XXX on data input form with 

number of trap sites that caught more 

than one moth during the season. The 

rest of the space can be used for 

comments in English or any 

prearranged code.

Table E-1 Coding for Gypsy Moth Survey Data Entry into NAPIS (continued)

Field Label Description of Contents
GM Survey Data and NAPIS

05/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual E-7

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Figure E-1 Detection Survey (page 1 of 2)
GM Survey Data and NAPIS

E-8 Gypsy Moth Manual 05/2008-2

PPQ

Figure E-1 Detection Survey (page 2 of 2)
GM Survey Data and NAPIS

05/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual E-9

PPQ

Figure E-2 Delimiting Survey Worksheet (page 1 of 2)
GM Survey Data and NAPIS

E-10 Gypsy Moth Manual 05/2008-2

PPQ

Figure E-2 Delimiting Survey Worksheet (page 2 of 2)
12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual F-1

PPQ

Gypsy Moth Manual

F Compliance Agreements 

(CAs) 1

Contents

PPQ Form 519, Compliance Agreement (CA) F-1

CA - Loggers/Log, Pulpwood, and Wood Chip Shippers F-3

CA - Receiving Mills F-5

CA - Nurseries/Christmas Tree Plantations F-6

CA - Qualified Certified Applicators (QCAs) F-8

CA - Shippers F-9

PPQ Form 519, Compliance Agreement (CA)

Each Compliance Agreement (CA) will be documented on PPQ Form 519 - 

Compliance Agreement. An example of PPQ Form 519 is on the following 

page.

The agreement section on PPQ Form 519 may reference attached information. 

The attached information may be adapted to meet local conditions.

Following the PPQ Form 519 on the following page is material which will 

produce (with modification) individual CAs for specific commercial 

establishments:

Table F-1 Compliance Agreements

Commercial Establishment Page

Loggers/Log Shippers page F-1

Receiving Mills page F-5

Nursery/Christmas Tree Farms page F-6

QCAs page F-8

Shippers page F-9
Compliance Agreements (CAs)

F-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

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Figure F-1 Sample of PPQ Form 519—Compliance Agreement
Compliance Agreements (CAs)

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual F-3

PPQ

CA - Loggers/Log, Pulpwood, and Wood Chip 

Shippers

Item #1: Name of Establishment

Item #2: Location of Establishment

Item #3: (Logs, Pulpwood, and/or Wood Chips) moving from a generally 

infested area to locations outside of the generally infested area. 

Item #4: Gypsy Moth Quarantine, 7CFR 301.45

Item #6: 

A. The establishment identified above hereby enters into a Compliance 

Agreement with the U. S. Department of Agriculture under the 

provisions of the gypsy moth quarantine. The establishment has 

chosen to exercise the option of self-inspection of the Regulated 

Article(s) listed above. The Regulated Article(s) will only move from 

the establishment, located inside the generally infested area, to 

receiving mills, located outside of the generally infested area, if the 

receiving mills are under Compliance Agreement. 

B. After receiving training, employees of the establishment will be 

authorized to inspect and to complete inspection documents. The 

employee(s) of the establishment to be trained and certified will be 

(the following:)

(Add names of the employees to the CA.)

C. In accordance with instructions in the Regulatory Section of the 

Gypsy Moth Program Manual, a trained employee of the 

establishment will (1) inspect the regulated article(s) no more than 5 

days prior to the date of movement, (2) treat and/or remove all life 

stages of the gypsy moth, so that no viable individuals remain, and 

(3) complete and distribute copies of the inspection document. The 

trained employee of the establishment will distribute the copies of the 

inspection document as follows:

i. The original of the inspection document will be attached to the 

waybill or other shipping document accompanying the shipment. 

The carrier will surrender the original inspection document to the 

consignee at destination.
Compliance Agreements (CAs)

F-4 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

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ii. One copy of the inspection document will be retained by the 

establishment.

iii. Another copy of the inspection document will be forwarded to 

the Plant Protection and Quarantine Office specified in Item #13. 

D. During the five months of April through August, the establishment 

will safeguard Regulated Article(s) after certification from 

infestation or reinfestation. Safeguards will be (1) storage before 

shipment and (2) covering (of pulpwood and wood chips) during 

transit through generally infested areas. Regulated Articles exposed 

during transit will be treated as infested articles.

E. PPQ will provide the establishment with (1) appropriate sections of 

the Gypsy Moth Program Manual, (2) training, and (3) updated 

information. Among other information, the updated information will 

include (1) quarantine reports, (2) a listing of generally infested 

areas, and (3) current maps of the generally infested area when 

available. 

F. (Log, pulpwood, and/or wood chip) staging or holding areas must be 

(set suitable distance) away from standing trees. 

G. During the five months of April through August, the establishment 

will safeguard Regulated Articles when the Regulated Articles 

originate in a non-infested area and are transhipped through the 

generally infested area. The Regulated Articles will be moved under 

cover and stored indoors or under cover, so that infestation will not 

occur. Regulated Articles exposed during transit will be treated as 

infested articles. 

H. PPQ and State Department of Agriculture inspectors retain the right 

to (1) make spot checks of shipments, (2) monitor inspection 

procedures and (3) examine records of shipments to locations outside 

of the generally infested area.

I. If the establishment fails to comply with provisions of this agreement 

and/or the gypsy moth regulations, this Compliance Agreement will 

be canceled. When a cancellation occurs, each shipment will require 

individual inspection by a PPQ or State inspector; in addition, 

cancellation could result in the assessment of civil penalties.

J. The U. S. Department of Agriculture will furnish the service of the 

PPQ inspectors without cost. Other than the service of the PPQ 

inspector, the U. S. Department of Agriculture will not be 

responsible for any costs or charges incident to inspections or 

compliance with the quarantine.
Compliance Agreements (CAs)

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual F-5

PPQ

CA - Receiving Mills

Item #1: Name of Receiving Mill

Item #2: Location of Receiving Mill

Item #3: (Logs, Pulpwood, and/or Wood Chips) moving from a generally 

infested area to a mill located in a non-infested area.

Item #4: Gypsy Moth Quarantine, 7CFR 301.45

Item #5:

A. The receiving mill, specified in Item #1, will accept shipments of 

(logs, pulpwood, or wood chips) from a generally infested area only 

when the shipments are accompanied by a (1) USDA Certificate (?), 

(2) USDA Limited Permit, or (3) signed Accurate Statement, which 

will state that the product(s) have been inspected and/or treated and 

are free of all life stages of gypsy moth.

B. Only the receiving mill, located as specified in Item #2, will receive 

and process shipments of Regulated Articles from generally infested 

areas.

C. During the months of April through August, the receiving mill on the 

site specified in Item #2 will destroy, process, or treat (specify 

method) within 5 days all bark which come from generally infested 

areas. During the remainder of the year, the receiving mill will 

destroy, process or treat the bark on a timely basis. (A map of 

generally infested areas is attached.)

D. PPQ and State inspectors will have unlimited access to holding areas 

for the Regulated Article(s) and to the environs of the receiving mill 

in order to (1) conduct gypsy moth detection surveys, (2) inspect 

shipments, and (3) monitor compliance.

E. The receiving mill, specified in Item #1, will be responsible for 

eradicating any gypsy moth infestation on the premises or in the 

environs of the receiving mill that result from receiving infested 

(logs, pulpwood, or wood chips).

F. The U. S. Department of Agriculture will furnish the service of the 

PPQ inspectors without cost. Other than the service of the PPQ 

inspectors, the U. S. Department of Agriculture will not be 

responsible for any costs or charges incident to inspections or 

compliance with the quarantine.
Compliance Agreements (CAs)

F-6 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

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G. PPQ and the State Department of Agriculture retain the right to 

check compliance, at their discretion, by conducting inspections and 

by examining records. Examining records will involve the 

examination of (1) receiving records, (2) shipping documents, and 

(3) inspection documents on regulated articles received from 

generally infested areas.

H. Failure to comply with the gypsy moth regulations and/or the 

provisions of this Compliance Agreement may result in cancellation 

of this Compliance Agreement and/or assessment of civil penalties.

CA - Nurseries/Christmas Tree Plantations

Item #1: Name of Establishment

Item #2: Location of Establishment

Item #3: Trees without roots (e.g., Christmas trees), trees with roots, and 

shrubs with roots and persistent woody stems, unless they are greenhouse 

grown through the year. 

Item #4: Gypsy Moth Quarantine, 7 CFR 301.45

Item #5:

A. The establishment, specified in Item #1, will only ship Regulated 

Articles out of the generally infested area when the Regulated 

Articles are determined to be free of all viable gypsy moth life stages.

B. As specified in the Gypsy Moth Program Manual, determination of 

freedom from all viable gypsy moth life stages will be based upon (1) 

annual visual survey and treatment, if necessary, of the premises and 

environs of the establishment and/or (2) treatment of the Regulated 

Articles.

C. If hazardous conditions exist, an Emergency Action Notification 

(PPQ Form 523) will be issued indicating the required treatment. The 

establishment is responsible for applying the required treatment. 

After successful application of the treatment, the Emergency Action 

Notification will be rescinded and Regulated Articles may be 

certified and shipped out of the generally infested area.
Compliance Agreements (CAs)

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual F-7

PPQ

D. The U. S. Department of Agriculture will furnish the service of the 

PPQ inspectors without cost. Other than the service of PPQ 

inspectors, the U. S. Department of Agriculture will not be 

responsible for any costs or charges incident to inspections or 

compliance with the quarantine.

E. To allow movement of Regulated Articles that are free of all gypsy 

moth life stages from the generally infested area, the establishment 

may use the following: (1) certificates for attachment to shipping 

documents, (2) pre-printed shipping labels, and/or (3) rubber stamps. 

All certificates, preprinted shipping labels, or certificate stamps that 

PPQ approves and provides will remain government property. The 

establishment is accountable for them and must safeguard them 

against loss and improper use.

F. To obtain an order of printed shipping labels, the establishment will 

send a written request for each order to the PPQ official specified in 

Item #12. Each written request will include (1) the number of 

shipping labels that will bear the certificate number and (2) the name 

and address of the printer.

The establishment will direct the printer to (1) notify the PPQ official 

when each order has been completed, and (2) print each certificate 

number in a conspicuous place on the shipping tags. 

G. If receiving Regulated Articles from other establishments within the 

generally infested areas, the establishment will (1) only accept 

Regulated Articles accompanied by a valid PPQ certificate or (2) 

immediately arrange to have Regulated Articles inspected by either a 

PPQ or State inspector. If receiving Regulated Articles from 

establishments outside the generally infested area for shipment 

outside the generally infested area, the establishment will only accept 

Regulated Articles with documents showing the point of origin.

H. Before the establishment changes any procedures or practices, the 

establishment must contact the PPQ official specified in Item #12. 

The PPQ official in Item #12 (and the State inspector) will answer 

questions on 7 CFR 301.45, this Compliance Agreement, procedures 

and practices, and previous instructions.

I. The establishment will notify the PPQ official specified in Item #12 

of any personnel changes which may effect the handling of the 

Regulated Articles.

J. PPQ and State Department of Agriculture inspectors retain the right 

to (1) make spot checks of shipments, (2) monitor inspection 

procedures and (3) examine records of shipments to locations outside 

of the generally infested area.
Compliance Agreements (CAs)

F-8 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

K. Failure to comply with the gypsy moth regulations and/or the 

provisions of this Compliance Agreement may result in cancellation 

of this Compliance Agreement and/or assessment of civil penalties.

L. The U. S. Department of Agriculture will furnish the advisory 

service of the PPQ inspectors without cost. Other than the service of 

the PPQ inspectors, the U. S. Department of Agriculture will not be 

responsible for any costs or charges incident to inspections or 

compliance with the quarantine.

Attachments: 7 CFR 301.45, map, Gypsy Moth Program Manual

CA - Qualified Certified Applicators (QCAs)

Item #1: Name Of QCA and Establishment

Item #2: Location of Establishment

Item #3: Outdoor household articles (OHAs) and mobile homes

Item #4: Gypsy Moth Quarantine, 7 CFR 301.45

Item #5:

A. To ensure that outdoor household articles (OHAs) and mobile homes 

are free of all viable gypsy moth life stages, PPQ will permit the 

Qualified Certified Applicator (QCA) identified in Item #1 to 

inspect, treat (if necessary), and certify OHAs and mobile homes. 

The QCA will inspect and treat the OHAs and mobile homes 

according to procedures in the Regulatory Section of the Gypsy 

Moth Program Manual.

B. The QCA will only inspect, treat, and certify OHAs and mobile 

homes moves moving out of the generally infested area.

C. The QCA will complete a Compliance Agreement with a PPQ 

official for each State in which the QCA operates.

D. The QCA will contact the PPQ official, specified in Item #12, if 

difficulties are encountered. The QCA will follow the instruction of 

the PPQ official or a State inspector.

E. Regardless of the existing Gypsy Moth population level, the QCA 

will thoroughly inspect all OHAs and mobile homes following the 

procedures in the Gypsy Moth Program Manual.
Compliance Agreements (CAs)

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual F-9

PPQ

F. At the end of each week, the QCA will mail copies of documents for 

all inspections performed during the week to the PPQ official 

specified in Item #12.

G. If the State-issued pesticide license of the QCA expires or becomes 

invalid for any reason, the QCA must immediately contact the PPQ 

official specified in Item #12. Each State will require separate QCA 

certification.

H. As required by the PPQ official specified in Item #12, the QCA will 

periodically complete refresher training. The PPQ official, identified 

in Item #12, will supply precise information on the refresher training.

I. During the months of April through August, the QCA will inspect on 

moving day, if possible. If inspection on the moving day is not 

possible during this period, the QCA will complete the inspection no 

more than 5 days prior to movement of the OHAs; in addition, the 

QCA will safeguard or have the owner safeguard the inspected and 

certified OHAs from infestation or reinfestation.

J. Failure to comply with the gypsy moth regulations and/or the 

provisions of this Compliance Agreement may result in cancellation 

of this Compliance Agreement and/or assessment of civil penalties.

CA - Shippers

Item #1: Name of Establishment

Item #2: Location of Establishment

Item #3: See Regulatory Section Of Gypsy Moth Program Manual

Item #4: Gypsy Moth Quarantine, 7 CFR 301.45

Item #5:

A. The establishment identified above hereby enters into a Compliance 

Agreement with the U. S. Department of Agriculture under the 

provisions of the gypsy moth quarantine. The establishment will only 

move items regulated under the Gypsy Moth Quarantine according to 

the Gypsy Moth Quarantine.
Compliance Agreements (CAs)

F-10 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

B. After receiving training, the employees of the establishment will 

know what documents are necessary for the shipment of the various 

regulated items; in addition, the employees will be able to initiate 

inspections for shipments. The employee(s) of the establishment to 

be trained and certified will be (the following:)

(Add names of the employees to the CA.)

C. Employees of the establishment will see that the original of the 

inspection document will be attached to the waybill or other shipping 

document accompanying the shipment. The carrier will surrender the 

original inspection document to the consignee at destination. (One 

copy of the inspection document will be retained by the 

establishment; another copy of the inspection document will be 

forwarded to a Plant Protection and Quarantine Office.)

D. During the five months of April through August, the establishment 

will safeguard Regulated Article(s) after certification from 

infestation or reinfestation. Safeguards will be (1) storage before 

shipment and (2) covering during transit through generally infested 

areas. Regulated Articles exposed during transit will be treated as 

infested articles.

E. PPQ will provide the establishment with (1) appropriate sections of 

the Gypsy Moth Program Manual, (2) training, and (3) updated 

information. Among other information, the updated information will 

include (1) quarantine reports, (2) a listing of generally infested 

areas, and (3) current maps of the generally infested area when 

available.

F. If the establishment fails to comply with provisions of this agreement 

and/or the gypsy moth regulations, this Compliance Agreement will 

be canceled.

G. . The U. S. Department of Agriculture will furnish the service of the 

PPQ inspectors without cost. Other than the service of the PPQ 

inspector, the U. S. Department of Agriculture will not be 

responsible for any costs or charges incident to inspections or 

compliance with the quarantine.
12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual G-1

PPQ

Gypsy Moth Manual

G Insecticide Labels and 

MSDSs 1

Contents

Insecticide Labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) G-1

Insecticide Distributors G-2

Insecticide Labels and Material Safety Data Sheets 

(MSDSs)

By reference, the following labels and MSDSs are part of the Gypsy Moth 

Program Manual.

◆ Labels of insecticides registered for use against the gypsy moth

◆ MSDSs of insecticides registered for use against the gypsy moth

As a safety precaution, read and follow all label directions.

In addition to label directions, follow all pertinent State and Federal laws.

Labels and MSDSs are available at the following Web sites.

◆ http://www.greenbook.net

◆ http://www.cdms.net

Important

This appendix supplies additional information about the various insecticides 

used to control the gypsy moth. Mention of these products and companies is 

not to be considered an endorsement. These products and companies are 

mentioned merely as a convenience. Other products, not mentioned, may 

also be available.
Insecticide Labels and MSDSs

G-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

Insecticide Distributors

The following list of distributors is accurate as of June, 2008. The list of 

distributors is not complete and cannot be complete. Companies are often 

purchased by other companies and names change, so check the Internet for the 

latest information.

For several reasons, labels and MSDSs of insecticides that are effective against 

the gypsy moth are not included in the Gypsy Moth Program Manual.

 1. The registered insecticides often change. The Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA) requires that users of pesticides constantly check the 

current label. Therefore, avoid “storing” labels and MSDSs in an 

appendix. (However, if a program is in progress, place the current label 

and MSDS in the appendix.)

 2. The companies making the formulation often change.

 3. At any given time a sizable number of insecticides are effective against 

the gypsy moth. The labels and MSDSs would fill a sizable volume by 

themselves.

 4. The current labels and MSDSs are often easily available on the internet. 

The internet should be accessed to obtain the current label
Insecticide Labels and MSDSs

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual G-3

PPQ

Table G-1 Insecticide Distributors

Company Insecticide Formulations Larval control

Egg mass 

control

Bayer CropScience

2 T.W. Alexander Dr.

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Tel: 866-992-2937

http://www.bayercropscienceus.com

Carbaryl Sevin® XLR 

PLUS (EPA Reg. 

No. 264-333-ZC)

Comment:

Read label to 

determine the 

best formulations 

for each situation

A suspension of 

microfine Sevin 

carbaryl insecticide 

in an aqueous 

medium for 

forested areas, and 

rangeland trees

Sevin® 80S 

(EPA Reg. No. 

264-316-ZD)

Comment:

Read label to 

determine the 

best formulations 

for each situation

A dry powder 

formulation for 

forested areas, 

parks, Christmas 

trees, and 

rangeland trees

Sevin® 80 WSP 

(EPA Reg. No. 

264-526-ZC)

Comment:

Read label to 

determine the 

best formulations 

for each situation

A dry powder 

formulation in 

water-soluble paks, 

for forested areas 

and rangeland 

trees

Certis USA

9145 Guilford Rd., #175

Columbia, MD 21046

Tel: 800-847-5620

Alt tel: 800-255-3924

http://www.certisusa.com

Bacillus 

thuringiensis

var. kurstaki

Thuricide® 48LV 

(EPA Reg. No. 

70051-57)

Comment:

Labeled for 

control of gypsy 

moth either by 

aerial application 

or by ground 

application

The active 

ingredient in 

Thuricide® is 

Bacillus 

thuringiensis var.

kurstaki

Thuricide® 76LV 

(EPA Reg. No. 

70051-72)
Insecticide Labels and MSDSs

G-4 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

Chemtura Corporation

199 Benson Rd.

Middlebury, CT 06749

Tel: 203-573-2000

Alt. tel: 203-723-3670

http://www.uniroyalchemical.com

Diflubenzuron

Comment:

Due to toxicity 

to aqautic 

invertebrate 

animals, 

Dimilin® is a 

restricted-use 

pesticide. 

Dimilin® 4L (EPA 

Reg. No. 

400-474)

For use on early 

instars prior to full 

leaf expansion (5 to 

20%). More 

effective against 

gypsy moth than 

other control 

materials in this 

manual. If it is 

environmentally 

safe to use, 

Dimilin® will be the 

first choice. The 

active ingredient is 

diflubenzuron.

Dimilin® 25W 

(EPA Reg. No. 

400-465)

Dow AgroSciences

9330 Zionsville Rd.

Indianapolis, IN 46268

Tel: 317-337-3000

Alt. tel: 800-992-5994

http://www.dowagro.com

Spinosad Conserve® SC 

(EPA Reg. No. 

62719-291)

Comment:

For effective 

control of gypsy 

moth larvae, 

apply when 

larvae are small 

and all eggs 

have hatched).

Spinosad is the 

active ingredient in 

Conserve® SC

Tebufenozide Confirm® 2F 

(EPA REg. No. 

32719-420)

Comment:

For effective 

control of gypsy 

moth larvae, 

apply when 

larvae are small 

(1st, 2nd, and 

3rd instars)l; in 

general, foliage 

development 

should be a 

minimum of 20% 

for trees and 

shrubs in 

nurseries and 

Christmas tree 

farms.

The active 

ingredient in 

Confirm® 2F is 

tebufenozide

Table G-1 Insecticide Distributors (continued)

Company Insecticide Formulations Larval control

Egg mass 

control
Insecticide Labels and MSDSs

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual G-5

PPQ

Dow AgroSciences (continued) Chlorpyrifos Dursban® PRO 

(EPA REG. No. 

62719-166)

The active 

ingredient in 

Dursban® and 

Lorsban® is 

chlorpyrifos.

Dursban® 

50W-WSP (EPA 

Reg. No. 

62719-72)

Comment:

Labeled for use 

on ornamentals 

grown in 

nurseries

Lorsban® 4E 

(EPA Reg. No. 

62719-220)

Comment:

Labeled for use 

on gypsy moth 

on Christmas 

trees (except in 

Mississippi)

Spinosad SpinTor® 2SC 

Naturalyte® 

(EPA Reg. No. 

62719-294)

Comment:

For effective 

control of gypsy 

moth larvae, 

apply when 

larvae are small 

or just hatching. 

For conifers, 

including 

Christmas trees 

and deciduous 

trees.

The active 

ingredient is 

spinosad.

Table G-1 Insecticide Distributors (continued)

Company Insecticide Formulations Larval control

Egg mass 

control
Insecticide Labels and MSDSs

G-6 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

Dow AgroSciences (continued) Tebufenozide Mimic® 2LV 

(EPA Reg. No. 

707-270)

Comment:

This insecticide 

should be 

applied to the 

early instar (1st, 

2nd, or 3rd) 

larvae; foliage 

development 

should be a 

minimum of 20%.

The active 

ingredient is 

tebufenozide.

Gowan Company

P.O. Box 5569

Yuma, AZ 85366-5569

Tel: 800-888-1844

FAX: 928-343-9255

Alt. tel: 888-478-0798

24-hour assistance: 800-424-9300

http://www.gowanco.com

Phosmet Imidan® 70-W 

(EPA Reg. No. 

10163-169)

Comment:

Labeled for 

control of gypsy 

moth on 

ornamentals, 

deciduous trees, 

and woody 

evergreens, 

including conifers 

growing in 

Christmas tree 

nurseries and 

plantations.

The active 

ingredient in 

Imidan® 70-W is 

phosmet, an 

organophosphate 

insecticide.

Olympic Horticultural Products

P.O. Box 230

Mainland, PA 19451

Tel: 800-356-4647

http://www.olympichort.com

Cyfluthrin Decathlon® 20 

WP (EPA Reg. 

No. 

432-1402-59807)

Comment:

Labeled for 

control of gypsy 

moth larvae on 

ornamentals and 

nursery stock.

The active 

ingredient in 

Decathlon® 20 WP 

is cyfluthrin.

Table G-1 Insecticide Distributors (continued)

Company Insecticide Formulations Larval control

Egg mass 

control
Insecticide Labels and MSDSs

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual G-7

PPQ

Stoller USA

4001 W. Sam Houston Pkwy N. #100

Houston, TX 77043

Tel: 713-461-1493

Tel: 800-539-5283

FAX: 713-461-4467

http://www.stolleruse.com

Golden Pest 

Spray Oil (EPA 

Reg. No. 

57538-11)

Comment:

For egg masses 

deposited on 

trees, ground 

litter, outdoor 

furniture, 

recreation 

vehicles, 

firewood, nursery 

stock, vessels, 

aircraft, and 

other forms of 

transportation.

Will prevent egg 

hatch if applied 

to egg masses.

UAP (United Agri Products)

7251 W. 4th Street

Greeley, CO 80634

Tel: 970-356-4400

Alt. tel: 800-301-7976

http://www.uap.com

Carbaryl Carbaryl 4L (EPA 

Reg. No. 

34704-447)

Comment:

Highly toxic to 

honeybees and 

to many aqautic 

organisms

Application to the 

early instars will be 

more effective.

USDA Forest Service

1400 Independence Avenue, SW

Washington, DC 20250-0003

Tel: 800-832-1355

http://www.fs.fed.us

Gypsy moth 

nucleopolyhed

rosis virus 

(NPV), 

Hamden strain

Gypchek® EPA 

(Reg. No. 

27586-2)

The active 

ingredient in 

Gypcheck® is the 

gypsy moth 

nucleopolyhedrosis 

virus (NPV), 

Hamden strain

Valent BioSciences Corporation

870 Technology Way

Libertyville, IL 60048

Tel: 800-323-9597

http://www.valentbiosciences.com

Bacillus 

thuringensis

subsp. kurtaki

(Btk)

Foray® 48B 

(EPA Reg. No. 

73049-46)

An important 

biological agent, 

Btk, is the active 

ingredient.

This biological 

insecticide, which 

controls the larval 

stage o gypsy 

moth, will kill some 

other butterfly and 

moth species.

Foray® 48F (EPA 

Reg. No. 

73049-35)

Foray® 76B 

(EPA Reg. No. 

73049-49)

Table G-1 Insecticide Distributors (continued)

Company Insecticide Formulations Larval control

Egg mass 

control
Insecticide Labels and MSDSs

G-8 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

Valent USA Corporation

1170 W. Shaw Ave., # 103

Fresno, CA 93711

Tel: 800-682-5368

http://www.valent.com

Acephate Orthene® 75 S 

(EPA Reg. No. 

59639-26)

Acephate is the 

active ingredient. 

Acephate is labeled 

for the control of 

gypsy moth larvae 

on trees and 

shrubs. Acephate 

is toxic to several 

insects.

Orthene® 97 

(EPA Reg. No. 

59639-91)

Table G-1 Insecticide Distributors (continued)

Company Insecticide Formulations Larval control

Egg mass 

control
12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual H-1

PPQ

Gypsy Moth Manual

H Methods for Gypsy Moth 

Eradication 1

Contents

Introduction H-1

Approved Methods and the Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS)

H-2

Biological Insecticides Used in Eradications H-2

Mixing Sequence for Conventional Mixing Equipment, if Carrier 038-A Is Not 

Used H-5

Chemical Insecticides Used in Eradications H-6

Behavioral Treatments Used in Eradications H-7

Experimental Treatments Considered For Use in Eradications H-9

Additional Information on Insecticides with Btk H-11

Additional Information on Chemical Insecticides H-15

Introduction

This appendix contains information on the following topics:

◆ Approved methods for the eradication of gypsy moth

◆ Behavioral methods used in eradications

◆ Biological insecticides used in eradications

◆ Chemical insecticides used in eradications

Experimental treatments considered for use in eradications or control 

treatments are briefly covered in this appendix, even though they are not 

presently approved.
Methods for Gypsy Moth Eradication

H-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

Approved Methods and the Final Environmental 

Impact Statement (FEIS)

The Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS), published in November 

1995, has designated the treatments approved for gypsy moth eradication. The 

title of the 1995 FEIS is Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: A 

Cooperative Approach.

The treatments approved in the FEIS for eradications are the following.

◆ Biological insecticides

❖ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk)

❖ Nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) (Used in Gypchek)

◆ Chemical insecticides

❖ Diflubenzuron (Dimilin®)

❖ Tebufenozide (note: In Confirm® and Mimic®; developed after 

the FEIS)

◆ Behavioral treatments

❖ Mass trapping

❖ Mating disruption

These approved methods may be used alone or in combination.

Biological Insecticides Used in Eradications

Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk)

Background—Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a rod-shaped bacterium that forms 

resting spores. Unique to this species is the formation of a protein crystal next 

to the resting spore during spore formation. Bt occurs naturally in soils 

throughout the world. A strain of Bt, called variety kurstaki and known as Btk, 

is effective as a control agent for defoliating forest caterpillars.

After gypsy moth larvae ingest the Btk spores and protein crystals, the protein 

crystals dissolve in the gut causing disruption of the gut lining, ultimately 

resulting in perforation of the gut and leakage of the gut contents. The gypsy 

moth larvae stop feeding because of the damage to their digestive tracts. Death 

occurs within a few hours or days.
Methods for Gypsy Moth Eradication

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual H-3

PPQ

Use—Btk is one of the insecticides of choice for eradicating isolated 

infestations of the gypsy moth. For eradications, the typical dose rate is 24 BIU 

per acre (60 BIU/ha) applied two to three times.

There are several formulations of Btk that can be used in eradication projects.

◆ Foray® 48B

◆ Foray® 48F

◆ Foray® 76B

◆ Thuricide® 48LV

The effectiveness of the Btk application will depend on proper timing. The 

timing of the applications must match the following factors.

◆ Development of the most susceptible larval instars

◆ Period of expanding foliage

◆ Period of favorable weather (dry conditions)

Smaller instars of the larvae are more susceptible than larger instars. 

Application is best when the majority of the larvae are in the second instar. 

Application must not be delayed beyond the early third instar. As a rule, 

application is often done when 30% of the larvae are in the first instar, 50 

percent are in the second instar, and 20% are in the third instar.

Btk application is done on expanding leaves. Typically, application is best 

when the leaves of the red oak are 45% to 60% expanded. An old rule states 

that for the first application, foliage should have expanded to at least 

one-quarter to one-half.

Phenology models can be used to help predict insect development, in order for 

Btk application at the most opportune time.

Dry conditions must prevail during and after application.

Effectiveness—Because Btk causes gut paralysis and cessation of feeding by 

gypsy moth larvae, it is well suited as a means of reducing the gypsy moth 

population. Great reductions in gypsy moth populations occur with the high 

dose rates used in eradication projects.

On the negative side, Btk has varying degrees of toxicity to larval stages of 

most moths and butterflies. For example, Btk treatments reduce both richness 

and abundance of native lepidopterans, particularly those species with larvae 

present early in the season when gypsy moth is present.
Methods for Gypsy Moth Eradication

H-4 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus (NPV) (Used in Gypchek)

Background—The nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) affecting gypsy moth is 

native to North America. The virus is a member of the Genus Baculovirus and 

is unrelated to arthropod-borne viruses and other viruses that infect man. The 

virus is specific to gypsy moth and causes a disease that can drastically reduce 

gypsy moth populations, particularly when high gypsy moth populations and 

high levels of viral inoculum occur together. In dense gypsy moth populations, 

the virus may kill up to 90 percent of the larvae. When egg masses are laid on 

surfaces contaminated with the virus, the virus appears to spread rather easily.

In 1978, Gypchek, a virus-containing biological insecticide, was registered 

with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) 

Use—Gypchek must be formulated at the mixing and loading site before 

application. The standard tank mix consists of water (pH 5.5–7.5), an 

ultraviolet light sunscreen (a lignan Sulfate product), a feeding stimulant 

(molasses), and a sticking agent (to aid adhesion to leaf surfaces).

In 1995, a commercially produced and ready-to-use carrier called Carrier 

038-A was developed. Carrier 038-A is now sold by Omnova Solutions. In 

addition to giving superior ultraviolet protection and spray deposition patterns, 

this new carrier is easier to mix and apply. Lower spray volumes can be applied 

without sacrificing efficacy.

Application information for Gypchek is as follows.

◆ Application rate: 5 x 1012 occlusion bodies (OB) in 1.0 gallon of spray 

mixture per acre (3.7 x 1012 OB per 9.34 L/ha) per application

◆ Number of Applications: 2 applications, 2 to 4 days apart is 

recommended during an eradication

◆ Nozzles: Use boom and nozzle systems designed to result in droplets of 

150 to 400 mass media diameter (e.g., flat fan 8006, Beecomist 275 or 

Micronair AU5000)

◆ Water pH: approximately 7.0

◆ (If not in Carrier 038-A) Molasses (MO Mix®)—0.13 gallon (16 fl. oz.)

◆ (If not in Carrier 038-A) Bond (Loveland Industries) (sticker)—2.5 fl. 

oz.

◆ (If not in Carrier 038-A) Lig-nosite AN (Georgia Pacific)—0.5 lb. per 

gallon

Care must be taken in the mixing and application of Gypchek. Use stickers 

and UV protectants to enhance the performance of this product. Aerially apply 

Gypchek in sufficient spray mixture for thorough and uniform coverage.
Methods for Gypsy Moth Eradication

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual H-5

PPQ

Mixing Sequence for Conventional Mixing 

Equipment, if Carrier 038-A Is Not Used

Step 1—Fill Tank

Step 2—Check and Adjust the pH

Step 3—Add Lig-nosite AN

Step 4—Add Molasses

Step 5—Add Sticker

Step 6—Add Gypchek

Step 1—Fill Tank

Fill tank with water and start agitation.

Step 2—Check and Adjust the pH

Before mixing pesticide, check and adjust the pH within the range of pH 6.0 to 

7.0. Use commercially available phosphoric acid (85 percent) to lower pH. One 

ounce of phosphoric acid will adjust 500 gallons of water from a pH of 9.0 to 

an acceptable level (between 6.0 and 7.0). 

Step 3—Add Lig-nosite AN

Add Lig-nosite AN by slowing pouring into water.

Step 4—Add Molasses

Add molasses by slowly pouring into the water and mix thoroughly for about 

five minutes.

Step 5—Add Sticker

Add sticker and mix thoroughly.

Step 6—Add Gypchek

Slowly add Gypchek to avoid clumps and mix thoroughly for 15 to 20 minutes 

before loading aircraft.

Check pH of water from field source. If pH exceeds 7.5 or is below 5.5, add 

sufficient acid or base to adjust pH to approximately 7.0. Never use 

chlorinated water in the spray formulation.
Methods for Gypsy Moth Eradication

H-6 Gypsy Moth Manual 12/2008-2

PPQ

Effectiveness—Because Gypchek is specific for gypsy moth and does not 

affect other lepidopteran species or nontarget organisms that might be in the 

treatment area, Gypchek is a desirable insecticide to use where threatened and 

endangered species might be found or environmentally sensitive areas.

The availability of Gypchek is limited. The Forest Service and APHIS produce 

quantities sufficient to treat about 20,000 acres (8,100 hectares) each year.

Chemical Insecticides Used in Eradications

Diflubenzuron

Background—Sold under the name Dimilin®, diflubenzuron belongs to the 

group of compounds called insect growth regulators (IGRs). When ingested by 

gypsy moth larvae, diflubenzuron disrupts the formation of a new cuticle (outer 

skin) during molting. The larvae cannot complete the molting process, their 

body walls rupture from internal pressure, and the larvae die.

Use—Both aerial and ground applications are used in eradication projects. 

Dimilin® 4L and Dimilin® 25W are the formulations for use in gypsy moth 

projects.

Typically, aerial application of diflubenzuron in eradication projects is 0.5 

ounces active ingredient in 0.5 to 1.00 gallons spray volume per acre, applied 

twice, 7 to 10 days apart.

Effectiveness—Diflubenzuron effectively reduces gypsy moth populations 

and protects foliage.

Read label thoroughly before using. Follow all label cautions and directions. 

Diflubenzuron is most effective against 1st to 3rd instar larvae.

Diflubenzuron is a “restricted-use” pesticide because of its toxicity to aquatic 

invertebrate animals. Therefore, only certified pesticide applicators can 

purchase this insecticide, and use of this insecticide is restricted to certified 

operators and those under their direct supervision.
Methods for Gypsy Moth Eradication

12/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual H-7

PPQ

Tebufenozide

Background—Sold under the name Confirm® T/0 (and Mimic®), tebufenozide 

mimics the action of a natural insect hormone inducing molting and 

metamorphosis. In effect, tebufenozide controls lepidopterous larvae by 

inducing lethal, premature molts (Confirm® T/0 label, 2001).

Use—Application of tebufenozide must be in a manner that ensures uniform 

and thorough coverage. Reapplication may be required to protect new flushes 

of foliage.

Confirm® T/O’s label states the following spray adjuvants have been especially 

formulated to optimize the performance of foliar-applied agricultural 

chemicals and are recommended for use with Confirm® T/0.

◆ Latron® B-1956—Effective with dilute sprays applied by ground 

equipment

◆ Latron® CS-7—A spreader-binder designed specifically for use in 

concentrate and low-volume sprays applied by aircraft or ground 

equipment

Effectiveness—While tebufenozide is, essentially, equally effective against all 

instars, it is generally good practice to avoid the heavy damage that can be 

inflicted by later instar larvae (Confirm® T/O label, 2001).

Behavioral Treatments Used in Eradications

Mass Trapping

Background—Mass trapping uses the synthetic sex pheromone, disparlure, to 

attract male moths to traps placed in a grid pattern across the treatment area. 

The objective of mass trapping is to capture male gypsy moths before they 

have a chance to locate and mate with female moths.

As an eradication method, mass trapping can be used alone or with other 

methods of eradication. For example, the majority of eradications use mass 

trapping after insecticide application.

Mass trapping is most effective when used to eradicate low-population 

densities.
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Use—Mass trapping involves using an aggressive trapping grid of 3 to 10 traps 

per acre. If the core area of the infestation is known, increased trapping 

densities in the core area will be at the level of 10 traps per acre.

Two types of traps are used depending on the expected number of moths 

caught.

 1. The standard “delta” trap is a small-capacity trap about 8 inches (20 cm) 

long, 4 inches (10 cm) high, and triangular in cross section. To lure the 

male moth, a tiny plastic strip or wick impregnated with the pheromone 

is stapled to the inside of the trap. To entrap the male moths, a sticky 

substance coats the inside surface of the trap.

 2. The “milk carton” trap, so called because it resembles a milk carton, is 

used in areas where large numbers of male moths would quickly 

overwhelm the sticky surface of the smaller delta trap. Like the delta 

trap, a small pheromone plastic strip or wick is placed inside the 

milk-carton trap to lure the male moth. Unlike the delta trap, the milk 

carton traps contains a 1-inch by 4-inch (2.5 x 10 cm) laminated plastic 

strip containing the insecticide dichlorvos (DDVP). When used in milk 

carton traps, DDVP is formulated and registered as Vaportape II (Hercon 

Environmental Company, Emigsville, PA).

Effectiveness—The higher the population density, the greater the risk that a 

male will find and mate with a female before being lured into a trap. Therefore, 

treatment is best used where there are less than 10 egg masses per acre (25 egg 

masses per hectare).

Mass trapping is a labor-intensive treatment, especially over large areas. 

Therefore, it is typically used on small infestations less than 100 acres (40.4 

hectares). Mass trapping does not affect nontarget organisms, except those 

(primarily flying insects) that accidentally find their way into the traps.

In residential areas with small infestations, mass trapping is an alternative to 

using insecticides. Mass trapping is an option where there is strong resistance 

to using insecticides.

Mating Disruption

Background—The objective of mating disruption is to saturate the treatment 

area with enough pheromone sources to confuse the male moths and thereby 

prevent them from finding and mating with female moths.

Use—Mating disruption can be accomplished by either ground or aerial 

application of disparlure.
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 1. In ground applications, disparlure is distributed on laminated polymeric 

dispensers or tapes impregnated with the pheromone. From the 

laminated polymeric dispensers and tapes, the pheromone is slowly 

released into the environment. Because the laminated polymeric 

dispensers and tapes must be manually attached to trees, this method is 

labor intensive.

 2. In aerial applications, disparlure is distributed by dispensers. One type of 

dispenser is the small (0.1 inch; 2.5 mm) pheromone-impregnated plastic 

flake. Aircraft drop the flakes, treated with a sticking agent (Gelva 

2333), on the forest canopy and understory vegetation.

A drawback of flakes is the required special application equipment. Other 

formulations not requiring special equipment are being examined.

Effectiveness—In eradications, mating disruption is best suited for areas 

containing less than 10 egg masses per acre (25 egg masses per hectare). 

Mating disruption may be used alone or with other treatments.

Using disparlure as a mating disruptant is desirable because the pheromone 

does not affect nontarget organisms; however, the plastic dispensers may 

remain for some time before disintegrating.

Experimental Treatments Considered For Use in 

Eradications

Fungal Pathogens

Entomophaga maimaiga (E. maimaiga) is a virulent pathogen and known to 

cause extensive epizootics in Japan. Epizootics have occurred in New England 

and some Middle Atlantic States. The fungus continues to expand its range 

entering regions more recently colonized by the gypsy moth. During the 1990s, 

the fungus had a major impact on gypsy moth populations in the United States.

Numerous constraints limit the development of E. maimaiga for use as an 

insecticide: 1) fungi are short-lived in storage; 2) fungi are relatively expensive 

to produce; and 3) foliar applications of dried fungal preparations are sensitive 

to heat, humidity, sunlight, and rainfall. Formulating and applying dried fungal 

preparations also presents unique challenges for achieving adhesion to leaf 

surfaces and protection from adverse environmental conditions.
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Parasitoids

In general, parasitoids, together with other natural enemies (predators and 

pathogens), help regulate gypsy moth populations by reducing their numbers, 

but most researchers do not believe they play a major role in regulating gypsy 

moth populations.

Predators

The gypsy moth predator community is complex and includes about 50 species 

of birds and 20 species of mammals, along with some amphibians, reptiles, 

fish, insects, and spiders. Only a few of these predators are known to affect 

gypsy moth population dynamics. The predators are all opportunistic feeders, 

which means their taste for gypsy moth depends on the scarcity of preferred 

foods.

In low-density gypsy moth populations, vertebrate predators, especially the 

white-footed field mouse, are major sources of late-larval and pupal 

mortality—but not at high gypsy moth densities.

Nematodes

Nematodes that attack insects could be used in residential areas to protect 

individual trees from defoliation. They have provided control of several 

ground-dwelling and tree-boring insect species; however, results against the 

gypsy moth are inconsistent.

Egg-Mass Removal

Because egg-mass removal is labor intensive and time intensive, it is 

impractical for large areas. In addition, experience has shown that in a forested 

area, many more egg masses are present than are actually seen and removed.

Tree Trunk Bands and Barriers

Tree trunk bands, commonly made of burlap, and barriers, commonly made of 

duct tape and Tanglefoot, are only useful in localized urban and suburban 

situations where small numbers of trees are at risk. 

The bands must be checked each day so larvae can be scraped off and killed. 

During any outbreak, larvae remain in the canopy and feed night and day, thus 

reducing the effectiveness of the method.

The sticky barriers are extremely effective at preventing larvae from climbing 

trees; however, they have no effect on larvae already in the canopy. For this 

reason, the sticky barriers usually only reduce the numbers by 20 to 30 percent.
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Insecticides

A number of insecticides other than Btk, diflibenzuron, and Gypchek are 

registered by the EPA for gypsy moth control. These other insecticides were 

excluded from use in (Federally-funded?) eradications because they affect a 

wider range of nontarget organisms than Btk, diflibenzuron, and Gypchek. 

However, because of use in regulatory certification, some of the insecticides 

effective against gypsy moth are included in this manual.

These insecticides may be used on nursery stock but not for eradication 

programs.

Silviculture

Once the gypsy moth becomes established, silvicultural options are reduced.

Additional Information on Insecticides with Btk

See the pesticide label for the correct application rates. As a minimum, two 

applications of Btk are required during an eradication; three applications are 

ideal. When making two applications, wait 14 days between the first and 

second applications. When making three applications, wait 7 to 10 days 

between each application.

In most cases, Btk is aerially applied. In small infestations (less than five 

acres), Btk may be applied using ground equipment. If you are considering 

using ground application, contact the Otis Methods Development Center for 

application guidance. 

Foray® 48B- Foray® 48F - Foray® 76B

Like all Btk formulations, Foray® insecticides function as a stomach poison. 

Foray® insecticides are a product of Valent BioSciences. (See Insecticide 

Labels and MSDSs on page G-1.)

Foray® 48B, 48F, and 76B can be used either undiluted or diluted with water 

for use at 16, 20, 24, 30, or 40 BIU per gallon per acre. When using diluted, use 

at a gallon of total spray per acre. A sticker is included in the formulation; 

however, the user may add a sticker such as Plyac® from Loveland Industries, 

Inc. A sticker is necessary only when heavy rains are expected.

Mix sticker with water before Btk is added.
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Under most conditions, the best atomization is from rotary atomizers (such as 

Beecomist, Micronair, and Airbi) set to spray droplets of 50 to 150 microns. 

Conventional boom and nozzle systems are usable if: 1) the application rate is 

0.5 gallons per acre or more; and 2) the boom and nozzle systems are capable 

of delivering spray droplets of 100 to 250 microns (e.g., TeeJet 8004 nozzles 

set at 45 forward).

If equipment and local weather conditions permit, use Foray® 48B, 48F, and 

76B undiluted whenever possible. When using Foray® 48B or 48F undiluted, 

recirculate in a bulk tank or trough the aircraft system for about 10 minutes 

before starting calibration or spraying. Foray® 48B and 48F have a static 

viscosity that thins to a stable level on pumping or stirring for a short period.

Foray® 48B and 48F have good weathering characteristics; the residual 

effectiveness is 7 to 9 days.

Table H-1 Application Rates of Foray® 48B and Foray® 48F

If the number of 

applications is:

And the BIU per 

gallon per acre 

is:

Or the BIU per 

undiluted-neat per 

acre is:

Then the amount 

of Foray® 48B 

needed is:

And the amount 

of Foray® 48F 

needed is:

And the 

amount of 

water needed 

is:

2 40 107 oz 21 oz

2 40 107 oz 107 oz 0

2 30 80 oz 48 oz

2 30 80 oz 80 oz 0

2 24 64 oz 64 oz

2 24 64 oz 64 oz 0

3 20 53 oz 75 oz

3 20 53 oz 53 oz 0

3 16 43 oz 85 oz

3 16 43 oz 43 oz 0
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Thuricide® 48LV Thuricide® 76LV

Thuricide® 48LV and Thuricide® 76LV, which contain 48 and 76 BIU/gallon 

respectively, are registered for use at up to 40 BIU/acre. (See Insecticide 

Labels and MSDSs on page G-1 for suppliers.)

Thuricide® 48LV and Thuricide® 76LV can be diluted with water or used 

undiluted. The rate of application can be 24, 30, or 40 BIU/gallon/acre. A 

sticker is in the formulation, but additional stickers (such as Bond® or Pylac®) 

may be added. If a sticker is used, it should be 2 percent of total volume.

Thuricide® 48LV and Thuricide® 76LV can be applied with conventional spray 

systems with flat-fan or hollow-cone nozzles. Undiluted (neat) applications can 

be applied with flat-fan nozzles, hollow-cone nozzles, or rotary atomizers; 

however, nearly all undiluted applications are made with rotary atomizers.

Residual effectiveness is 4 to 6 days.

Table H-2 Application Rates of Foray® 76B

If the number of 

applications is:

And the BIU per 

gallon per acre is:

Or the BIU per 

undiluted-neat per 

acre is:

Then the amount of 

Foray® 76B needed 

is:

And the amount of 

water needed is:

2 40 68 oz 60 oz

2 40 68 oz 0

2 30 51 oz 77 oz

2 30 51 oz 0

2 24 41 oz 87 oz

2 24 41 oz 0

3 20 34 oz 94 oz

3 20 34 oz 0

3 16 27 oz 101 oz

3 16 27 oz 0

Mix sticker with water before Btk is added.
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Dipel® 2X (?)

Dipel® 2X is a wettable powder approved for gypsy moth. Application may be 

by ground or air. 

Table H-3 Application Rates of Thuricide® 48LV

If the number of 

applications is:

And the BIU per 

gallon per acre is:

Or the BIU per 

undiluted-neat per 

acre is:

Then the amount of 

Thuricide® 48LV 

needed is:

And the amount of 

water needed is:

2 40 107 oz 21 oz

2 40 107 oz 0

2 30 80 oz 48 oz

2 30 80 oz 0

2 24 64 oz 64 oz

2 24 64 oz 0

Table H-4 Application Rates of Thuricide® 76LV

If the number of 

applications is:

And the BIU per 

gallon per acre is:

Or the BIU per 

undiluted-neat per 

acre is:

Then the amount of 

Thuricide® 76LV 

needed is:

And the amount of 

water needed is:

2 40 68 oz 60 oz

2 40 68 oz 0

2 30 51 oz 77 oz

2 30 51 oz 0

2 24 41 oz 87 oz

2 24 41 oz 0
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Additional Information on Chemical Insecticides

Diflubenzuron (Dimilin®)

Diflubenzuron belongs to a group of compounds called insect growth 

regulators (IGR). When ingested by the gypsy moth caterpillars, diflubenzuron 

disrupts the formation of a new cuticle (outer skin) during molting. The 

caterpillar cannot complete the molting process, its body wall ruptures, and the 

insect dies.

Environmental Hazards—Diflubenzuron is extremely toxic to crab, shrimp, 

and other aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or wetlands, 

except under forest canopy when used to control forest pests. Drift or runoff 

from treated areas may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in neighboring 

areas. Do not contaminate water by cleaning equipment or disposing wastes.

Under the name Dimilin®, two formulations of diflubenzuron are currently 

available. 

Dimilin® 4L is a liquid containing 40.4 percent diflubenzuron by weight (4 

pounds of diflubenzuron per gallon of formulation).

Dimilin® 25W is a wettable powder formulation that contains 0.25 pounds of 

diflubenzuron per pound. Dimilin® 25W is applied at the rate of 0.015 to 0.06 

pounds active ingredient per acre.

(See Insecticide Labels and MSDSs on page G-1 for suppliers.)

Before mixing pesticide, check and adjust the pH to be in the range of pH 6.0 

to 7.0. To lower pH, use commercially available phosphoric acid (85 percent). 

One ounce of phosphoric acid will adjust 500 gallons of water from a pH of 9.0 

to an acceptable level (between 6.0 and 7.0).

Dimilin® does not need a sticker. Dimilin® can be applied up to 2 hours before 

rainfall. If excessive foaming develops, cut back on agitation.

Mortality will not be noticeable until about 4 to 6 days following treatment. 

Look for dead larvae on the undersides of leaves. Dimilin® should give 

excellent control of first, second, third, and fourth instar larvae.

Dimilin® 4L and Dimilin® 25W are by far the most effective insecticides 

available for gypsy moth control. Whenever possible, Dimilin® should be used 

for gypsy moth eradication and regulatory control.
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For the greatest effectiveness, treat: 1) when larvae are late first and early 

second instar; or 2) when general leaf development is one-third to one-half 

complete. Continue treatment until most of larvae are mid-fourth instar.

Tebufenozide (MimicTM 2LV)

Tebufenozide mimics the action of the insect hormone that induces molting 

and metamorphosis.

MimicTM 2LV, which contains tebufenozide as the active ingredient, is highly 

active against most lepidopterous larvae. At typical use rates, MimicTM 2LV 

has practically no activity against other orders of insects. MimicTM 2LV 

controls lepidopterous larvae by inducing a premature lethal molt that begins 

within hours of ingestion of treated surfaces.

MimicTM 2LV is approved for both ground application and aerial application. 

Application may be on forests, (commercial, private, and public forest land), 

Christmas tree plantations, nurseries for ornamental and shade trees, and 

shrubs.
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Gypsy Moth Manual

I Guidelines for 

Environmental 

Documents 1

Contents

Environmental Documents I-1

Environmental Assessment (EA) I-2

Suggested Contents for an EA on the Gypsy Moth (After Freeman and 

Jenson) I-2

Additional Information for Completing an EA I-5

Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) I-13

Examples of a Completed FONSI I-13

Environmental Documents

Use of the outlines in this appendix will allow Plant Health Directors (PHDs) 

in Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) to comply quickly and easily with 

the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA).

This appendix contains an outline and example for two environmental 

documents commonly used to initiate a gypsy moth eradication program.

 1. Environmental Assessment (EA)

 2. Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)

A third environmental document, a Record of Decision (ROD), is occasionally 

done to record a decision; however, the ROD is not a required document for 

PPQ. For certain programs, the United States Forest Service may require a 

ROD.

If you have any questions concerning this appendix and compliance with 

NEPA and/or other statutes, contact:

Environmental Services

Policy and Program Development

USDA-APHIS-PPD-EAD Unit 149
Guidelines for Environmental Documents

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4700 River Road

Riverdale, Maryland 20737

301-734-8565

Environmental Assessment (EA)

The EA must be tiered (that is, linked) to the detailed Final Environmental 

Impact Statement (FEIS) on the gypsy moth; in addition, the EA must describe 

the effects of the eradication program on a site-specific basis. The EA will 

briefly discuss: 1) the purpose and need for the action; 2) the public’s 

involvement with the issue; 3) the affected environment; 4) alternatives 

considered; 5) environmental consequences; 6) monitoring; and 7) summary. 

The EA will also contain agencies and persons consulted, preparers, 

references, and appendixes. The site-specific EA should be as concise as 

possible, but still contain all the information necessary for the responsible 

official to make an informed decision.

After January 2002, USDA–APHIS will increasingly use the publication of L. 

Freeman and S. Jenson, How to Write Quality EISs and EAs, to provide a 

suggested format for EAs.

Suggested Contents for an EA on the Gypsy Moth 

(After Freeman and Jenson)

0.0 TITLE PAGE WITH NOTICE (1 page)

1.0 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION (3 pages)

1.1 Proposed Action

1.2 Related Documents

Prior to decision making, submit all EAs to Environmental Services (ES) for 

review. The review will assure compliance with environmental laws.

Although the format of Freeman and Jenson is not mandatory for an EA, 

USDA–APHIS recommends the use of this format.
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1.3 Decisions to be Made and Responsible Officials

1.4 Issues Used to Formulate the Alternatives

1.5 Summary of Authorizing Laws and Policies

1.5.1 State Authorizing Laws

1.5.2 Federal Authorizing Laws 

1.5.3 Environmental Laws

1.6 Preview (if necessary)

2.0 ALTERNATIVES (INCLUDE THE PROPOSED ACTION) (2 to 3 pages)

2.1 Overview of Chapter

2.2 Alternatives Considered in Detail

2.2.1 Alternative 1: No Action

2.2.2 Alternative 2: Btk

2.2.3 Alternative 3: Dimilin®

2.2.4 Alternative 4: NPV

2.2.5 Alternative 5: Mass Trapping

2.2.6 Alternative 6: Pheromone Flakes

2.2.7 Alternative 7: Sterile Insects

2.3 Alternatives Considered and Alternatives Eliminated

2.4 Comparative Summary of Alternatives

2.5 Preferred Alternative

3.0 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT (1 to 2 pages)

3.1 Overview of Chapter

3.2 Site Description(s)
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3.2 Threatened, Endangered, and Sensitive Species and Environmental 

Factors

3.4 Humans (Health, Social, and Economic Aspects) and Environmental 

Factors

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES (Option 1: by Issue) (4 pages)

4.1 Overview of Chapter

4.2 Human Health and Safety (Issue 1)

4.3 Effects on Nontarget Organisms and Environmental Quality (Issue 2)

4.4 Economic and Political Impacts of Treatment versus Nontreatment 

(Issue 3)

4.5 Likelihood of the Success of the Project (Issue 4)

4.6 Unavoidable Adverse Effects

4.7 Relationship of Short-Term Use and Long-Term Productivity

4.8 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources

4.9 Other Disclosures (if any)

5.0 LIST OF PREPARERS (1 page)

6.0 LIST OF AGENCIES AND PERSONS CONSULTED (1 page)

7.0 APPENDIXES

7.1 References

7.2 Monitoring

7.3 Treatment Site Maps

7.4 Product Labels and Material Safety Data Sheets

7.5 Letters to/from Federal and/or State Agencies

7.6 Public Involvement and Issues (Scoping)
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7.7 Other Appropriate Documents (if any)

Additional Information for Completing an EA

0.1TITLE PAGE WITH NOTICE

The title page should contain the following information.

0.1.1 Environmental Assessment (EA) Title

0.1.2 Treatment Location(s)

0.1.3 Agencies Involved (Lead Agency first)

0.1.4 Date

0.2 NOTICE—Inform readers of the following “Chapters 1 and 2 are an 

executive summary and that Chapters 3 and 4 contain supporting information.” 

(As appropriate, refer readers to special pages in the EA.)

1.0 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION

1.1 PROPOSED ACTION—Explain who wants to do what and where

and why they want to do it.

1.1.1 NEED FOR ACTION (Why but fully discuss the need for 

action. Reasons for action should include such economic, social, and 

ecological factors as the following: the value of the host plants; the 

loss to any affected industries; the effect on human health if 

established; the effect on environmental quality if established; and 

any other site-specific reasons.

The brief discussion should touch on the history of gypsy moth 

infestation(s) in area or State and then briefly supply basic 

background information on the gypsy moth: the gypsy moth is not 

native; the need to protect U.S. forests and tree; and the gypsy moth 

life cycle and its effects. This basic information is in the Final 

Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) on page 1-4 to page 1-9.
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Mention that the proposed action for gypsy moth is eradication when 

an infestation is isolated. The response to a gypsy moth infestation is 

dictated by the site’s location within the United States, i.e., 

geography.

1.2 RELATED DOCUMENTS—Briefly describe the gypsy moth FEIS 

and risk assessments analyzing possible actions in detail. Explain tiering, 

the linkage between this EA and the FEIS or any other EA. For example, 

the following paragraph on the FEIS may be useful.

The gypsy moth FEIS addressed three principal issues:

1. Effect of gypsy moth presence—How does the presence of gypsy 

moth affect people and the environment?

2. Effect of insecticidal treatments—How do insecticidal treatments 

affect people and the environment?

3. Effects of noninsecticidal treatments—How do noninsecticidal 

treatments affect people and the environment?

1.3 DECISIONS TO BE MADE AND RESPONSIBLE 

OFFICIALS—Explain the decision(s) that must be made and identify 

any other agencies involved in the NEPA analysis.

1.4 ISSUES USED TO FORMULATE THE 

ALTERNATIVES—Summarize the scoping (refer to appendix) and 

explain the relevant issues.

1.5 SUMMARY OF AUTHORIZING LAWS AND POLICIES—List 

Federal permits, licenses, and entitlements necessary to implement the 

project.

1.5.1 STATE AUTHORIZING LAWS—List only those laws (and 

policies, if they exist) that apply to this site-specific situation.

1.5.2 FEDERAL AUTHORIZING LAWS—Through several Federal 

laws, the USDA has broad discretionary, statutory authority to 

conduct gypsy moth management activities. List and briefly describe 

each. No more than one sentence for each. Examples of the laws are 

as follows.
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The Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978 provides the 

authority for the USDA and State cooperation in management of 

forest insects and diseases, allowing USDA–APHIS and USDA–FS 

to work together in gypsy moth eradication projects. 

The Plant Protection Act of 2000 provides authority for APHIS to 

regulate the movement or dissemination of plant pests.

1.5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS—List and briefly describe only 

those environmental laws that apply to the site-specific EA.

a. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

b. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

c. National Forest Management Act

d. Endangered Species Act (ESA)

e. National Historic Preservation Act

f. Executive Orders, including Environmental Justice

g. Applicable State laws

h. Other laws as applicable

1.6 PREVIEW—Preview the remaining chapters of the EA (especially if 

the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) has changed). If the CEQ 

organization has not changed, a preview is not necessary for most EAs.

2.0 ALTERNATIVES

2.1 OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER—Explain that this chapter describes the 

alternatives (potential actions) and summarizes the environmental 

consequences of the alternatives.

2.2 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED IN DETAIL—Describe the 

alternatives, including the proposed action and no action. The 

descriptions should focus on potential actions, outputs, and any related 

mitigations.
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2.2.1 ALTERNATIVE 1—No action

2.2.2 ALTERNATIVE 2—Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk)

2.2.3 ALTERNATIVE 3—Diflubenzuron (Dimilin®)

2.2.4 ALTERNATIVE 4—NPV (GypChek®)

2.2.5 ALTERNATIVE 5—Mass trapping

2.2.6 ALTERNATIVE 6—Pheromone flakes

2.2.7 ALTERNATIVE 7—Sterile insects

2.3 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED AND ALTERNATIVES 

ELIMINATED—Explain how the alternatives considered represent a 

range of reasonable alternatives. As part of the explanation of 

alternatives, briefly describe the alternatives eliminated from detailed 

study and explain why they were eliminated.

2.4 COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF THE 

ALTERNATIVES—Compare the alternatives by summarizing their 

environmental consequences. Detail the potential actions and outputs 

would cause these consequences.

2.5 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE(S)—Identify the preferred 

alternative (for gypsy moth, this is USDA–APHIS policy). In the EA, do 

not give the rationale for the choice of the preferred alternative. Include 

this rationale in the ROD (Record of Decision) or the Decision 

Document/FONSI. As an alternative, identify the preferred alternative in 

section 2.4.

3.0 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT

3.1 OVERVIEW—Explain that this chapter represents relevant resource 

components of the existing environment, that is, the baseline 

environment. As appropriate, review the chapter contents so readers can 

easily find subsections. Briefly describe the site-specific environment 

based on the terminology of the gypsy moth FEIS.

Important

The alternatives of a site-specific EA are the treatment options from the 

gypsy moth FEIS.
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3.2 SITE DESCRIPTION(S)—Briefly describe the following: physical 

location; vegetation (forests, other areas with trees); water present and 

water quality; microclimate; soils; and nontarget organisms.

3.3 THREATENED, ENDANGERED, AND SENSITIVE SPECIES 

(FLORA AND FAUNA) AND ENVIRONMENTAL 

FACTORS—Briefly discuss: 1) any nontarget species affected; and 2) 

any threatened, endangered, or sensitive species in the area.

3.4 HUMANS (HEALTH, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC 

ASPECTS)AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS—Briefly discuss 

human health and safety addressing relevant social and economic factors. 

Describe only those environmental factors applying to the site-specific 

environment.

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

Two options exist for this chapter:

◆ Option 1: by Issue—With this option, the arrangement of the chapter is 

by critical issues. One-by-one, each critical issue is discussed with the 

effect(s) of each alternative treatment.

◆ Option 2: by Alternative Treatments—With this option, the arrangement of the 

chapter is by alternative treatments. One by one, each alternative treatment is 

discussed addressing the effect(s) of each alternative treatment on each critical 

issue.

Option 1: by Issue

4.1 OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER—Explain that this chapter is arranged 

by issues. Therefore, on a site-specific basis, this section should be 

developed directly (point by point) from the “Affected Environment” 

section and from the treatments for the preferred alternative.

The required human health and environmental consequences information 

can be found in Chapter 4 of the gypsy moth FEIS and in the Risk 

Assessments (Appendixes G & F).

For example, incorporation of Table 9-4 or Figure 9-1 from Appendix F 

would simplify work; they clearly and concisely show human risks.

4.2 HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY (ISSUE 1)

4.3 EFFECTS ON NONTARGET ORGANISMS AND 

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (ISSUE 2)
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4.4 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL IMPACTS OF TREATMENT 

VERSUS NONTREATMENT (ISSUE 3)

4.5 LIKELIHOOD OF THE SUCCESS OF THE PROJECT (ISSUE 4)

4.6 UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE EFFECTS

4.7 RELATIONSHIP OF SHORT-TERM USE AND LONG-TERM 

PRODUCTIVITY

4.8 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF 

RESOURCES

4.9 OTHER DISCLOSURES (IF ANY)

Note: The EA from Indiana (Suggested Contents for an EA on the 

Gypsy Moth (After Freeman and Jenson) on page I-2) contains an 

“Environmental Consequences” chapter arranged using “issues” as the 

focus.

Option 2: by Alternatives

4.1 OVERVIEW OF THE CHAPTER that this chapter is arranged by 

alternatives. Therefore, on a site-specific basis, this section should be 

developed directly from the treatments for the preferred alternative.

The required human health and environmental consequences information 

can be found in Chapter 4 of the gypsy moth FEIS and in the Risk 

Assessments (Appendixes G & F).

For example, incorporation of Table 9-4 or Figure 9-1 from Appendix F 

would simplify work; they clearly and concisely show human risks.

4.2 EFFECTS OF ALTERNATIVE 1—No action (no suppression, no 

eradication, no slow-the-spread)

4.3 EFFECTS OF ALTERNATIVE 2—Suppression, eradication, and 

slow-the-spread

4.4 UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE EFFECTS

4.5 RELATIONSHIP OF SHORT-TERM USE AND LONG-TERM 

PRODUCTIVITY
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4.6 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF 

RESOURCES

4.7 OTHER DISCLOSURES (IF ANY)
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5.0 LIST OF PREPARERS

List the preparers of the EA, including the APHIS Plant Health Director, the 

representative of the State department of agriculture, and other cooperators (1 

to 2 pages). Remember the list should show the following.:

◆ Qualifications of each preparer (professional training, years of experience, 

areas of expertise, and other distinctions)

◆ Responsibility for a particular analysis (if applicable)

6.0 LIST OF AGENCIES AND PERSONS CONSULTED

7.0 APPENDIXES

7.1 REFERENCES—Cite pertinent references.

7.2 MONITORING—Briefly discuss the monitoring program (dye 

cards, and so forth) that will determine the effects of treatments on the 

environment.

7.3 MAPS—Include maps of the treatment areas.

7.4 PRODUCT LABELS AND MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS 

(MSDS)—Include the labels and MDMSs of all insecticides to be used.

7.5 LETTERS TO/FROM FEDERAL AND/OR STATE 

AGENCIES—Include pertinent letters.

7.6 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND ISSUES (SCOPING)—An 

excellent resource for conducting public notification and involvement is 

found in the gypsy moth FEIS, Appendix C-Public Involvement and 

Issues.

7.6.1 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT—List public meetings and/or 

notifications.

7.6.2 ISSUES—Briefly describe issues raised or previously known.

7.7 OTHER APPROPRIATE DOCUMENTS (IF ANY)
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Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)

A FONSI, prepared by a Federal agency, briefly presents the reasons why an 

action will not have a significant effect. The FONSI will refer to the EA and 

the FEIS by linking (tiering). Linking is the term for incorporating by reference 

more detailed environmental documents, such as the gypsy moth FEIS. On 

standard-sized paper, the FONSI should be no more than two pages. 

To develop a FONSI for a gypsy moth eradication program, use the FONSI 

outline on the following page. This outline is only a suggested outline for a 

FONSI.

Replace only the text in Bold-Type with site-specific information. The 

regular-type text should not be replaced without the prior approval of 

Environmental Analysis and Documentation, as this text satisfies requirements 

of various Federal statutes and regulations.

A completed FONSI is on page I-16.

Examples of a Completed FONSI

On the following pages are examples of a generic FONSI and a completed 

FONSI.
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Figure I-1 Generic FONSI Form (page 1 of 2)

FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT

(for) 

[EXACT LOCATION BY COUNTY, STATE, OR CITY, SPECIFIC 

LOCATION(S), AS APPLICABLE] 

[YEAR] APHIS Cooperative Gypsy Moth Eradication Program 

Site-Specific Environmental Assessment 

[BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE NEED FOR ACTION FROM THE EA]

Under the process described in the National Environmental Policy Act, 1969 (CEPA), 

this EA was prepared to analyze the effect of the proposed action at the site-specific 

level. The environmental consequences of this program are analyzed in this EA, which is 

supported by and tiered to the Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a

Cooperative Approach, Final Environmental Impact Statement, November 1995 (FEIS). 

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) examined the six alternatives 

available in the FEIS. APHIS supports Alternative 6 (suppression, eradication, and slowthe spread); however, by a Record of Decision (ROD), APHIS will only participate in 

eradication efforts. Under Alternative 6, several treatment options are available for gypsy 

moth eradication efforts. The treatments analyzed that may be used in an eradication 

efforts are the following: 1) Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk), a biological 

insecticide; 2) diflubenzuron, a chemical insecticide; 3) gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrosis 

virus (NPV) or Gypchek® , a biological insecticide; 4) mass trapping, gypsy moth traps 

with disparlure to attract male gypsy moths; 5) mating disruption, aerial application of 

disparlure; and 6) sterile insect release, release of sterile or partially sterile gypsy moth 

life stages. The potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures of these 

treatments are describe din the FEIS and EA. 

The EA was prepared by the [STATE AND SPECIFIC AGENCY, IF APPLICABLE]

and USDA–APHIS. The FEIS and EA are available for review at: 

USDA–APHIS–PPQ [LOCAL OFFICE]

[FULL BUILDING, STREET ADDRESS] 

[CITY, STATE, ZIP] 

[TELEPHONE NUMBER, IF APPROPRIATE] 

[STATE AGENCY, DIVISION] 

[FULL BUILDING, STREET ADDRESS] 

[CITY, STATE, ZIP] 

[TELEPHONE NUMBER, IF APPROPRIATE] 

USDA–AHPIS–PPQ 

PPQ Information Center, First Floor 

4700 River Road 

Riverdale, MD 20737 
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Figure I-2 Generic FONSI Form (page 2 of 2)

Under Alternative 6, a cooperative USDA–APHIS–[STATE] eradication project is 

proposed. This cooperative program selected the treatment options of [FROM THE EA, 

i.e., BTK AND MASS TRAPPING] (*Note: by law, APHIS can only conduct 

eradication programs). This eradication program will apply [STATE THE AMOUNT 

OF INSECTICIDE AND THE NUMBER OF TREATMENTS TO BE USED, 

NUMBER OF AND TYPE OF TRAPS, ETC., THIS DETAILED PART WOULD 

COME DIRECTLY FROM THE EA], as detailed in the Ea. Implementation of this 

program, with associated operating procedures and mitigation measures as identified in 

the EA, will ensure that no significant adverse environmental impacts will occur to the 

human environment. 

Reasons for the Finding of No Significant Impact include the following: 

[INSERT INFORMATION FROM EA SUMMARY TABLE IN TEXT FORM 

HERE. ALSO INCLUDE ANY OTHER REASONS MENTIONED IN THE EA, 

SUCH AS E&T SPECIES ARE NOT AFFECTED BECAUSE THERE ARE NONE

IN TREATMENT AREA(S) OR THE PUBLIC WILL NOT BE IN TREATMENT 

AREA(S), ETC.]

This EA is consistent with Executive Order No. 12898, “Federal Actions to Address 

Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations.” The 

implementation of this cooperative USDA–APHIS–[STATE OR DIVISION NAME]

eradication project will not result in disproportionately high and adverse human health or 

environmental effects on any minority populations and low-income populations. As 

required by the Executive Order of the President, opportunities for full participation in 

the NEPA process by such populations have been provided. 

_____________________________________________ _________________ 

[AUTHORIZING FEDERAL OFFICIAL’S NAME] Date 

[TITLE] 

[UNIT OR DIVISION]
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Figure I-2 Completed FONSI (page 1 of 2)

FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT

(for) 

Thirteen Listed Counties in Wisconsin 

[1997] APHIS Cooperative Gypsy Moth Eradication Program 

Site-Specific Environmental Assessment 

The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, is an exotic plant pest, a plant pest not native to 

Wisconsin. As an exotic plant pest of known destructiveness, gypsy moth ahs the 

potential to damage and/or destroy by defoliation many plant species in the state of 

Wisconsin. 

There are no isolated infestations of gypsy moth in Wisconsin. If these isolated 

infestations are not eradicated, gypsy moth could become established in Wisconsin. Once 

established, Federal and State agencies would impose quarantine restrictions on the 

movement of plant products and other articles. Also, the gypsy moth would cause adverse 

environmental effects by its damage. 

Under the process described in the National Environmental Policy Act, 1969 (CEPA), 

this EA was prepared to analyze the effect of the proposed action at the site-specific 

level. The environmental consequences of this program are analyzed in this EA, which is 

supported by and tiered to the Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a

Cooperative Approach, Final Environmental Impact Statement, November 1995 (FEIS). 

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) examined the six alternatives 

available in the FEIS. APHIS supports Alternative 6 (suppression, eradication, and slowthe spread); however, by a Record of Decision (ROD), APHIS will only participate in 

eradication efforts. Under Alternative 6, several treatment options are available for gypsy 

moth eradication efforts. The treatments analyzed that may be used in an eradication 

efforts are the following: 1) Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk), a biological 

insecticide; 2) diflubenzuron, a chemical insecticide; 3) gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrosis 

virus (NPV) or Gypchek® , a biological insecticide; 4) mass trapping, gypsy moth traps 

with disparlure to attract male gypsy moths; 5) mating disruption, aerial application of 

disparlure; and 6) sterile insect release, release of sterile or partially sterile gypsy moth 

life stages. The potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures of these 

treatments are describe din the FEIS and EA. 

The EA was prepared by the USDA–APHIS, USDA–FS, and Wisconsin Department of 

Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP). The FEIS and EA are available 

for review at: 

USDA–APHIS–PPQ 

1 Gifford Pinchot Drive 

Building 1, Room 204 

Madison, WI 53705 
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Figure I-2 Completed FONSI (page 2 of 2)

Administrator, 

Division of Agriculture Resource Management Wisconsin (DATCP) 

2811 Agriculture Drive 

Madison, WI 53708 

USDA–AHPIS–PPQ 

PPQ Information Center, First Floor 

4700 River Road 

Riverdale, MD 20737 

Under Alternative 6, a cooperative USDA–APHIS, USDA–FS, and DATCP eradication 

project is proposed. This cooperative program selected the treatment options of Btk at 

four sites. This eradication program will apply Btk (neat) at the rate of 36 billion 

international units per acrea per application as detailed in the EA. Implementation of this 

program, with associated operating procedures and mitigation measures as identified in 

the EA, will ensure that no significant adverse environmental impacts will occur to the 

human environment. 

Reasons for the Finding of No Significant Impact include the following: 

 1) Human health risk from Btk is minor. 

 2) Btk may kill some nontarget lepidopteran species if present and at a 

 susceptible life stage. However, any affected native species are expected to 

 recolonize the treated areas from nearby nontreated areas. 

 3) No other nontarget organisms would be affected by Btk. 

 4) No endangered, threatened, or sensitive species are in the treatment areas. 

 5) No other effect to the human environment is known or anticipated. 

This EA is consistent with Executive Order No. 12898, “Federal Actions to Address 

Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations.” The 

implementation of this cooperative USDA–APHIS, USDA–FS, and the DATCP gypsy 

moth eradication project will not result in disproportionately high and adverse human 

health or environmental effects on any minority populations and low-income populations. 

As required by the Executive Order of the President, opportunities for full participation in 

the NEPA process by such populations have been provided. 

_____________________________________________ _________________ 

Jane Doe Date 

State Plant Health Director 

USDA–APHIS–PPQ
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Gypsy Moth Manual

J Public Meetings/Public 

Relations 1

Contents

Compliance with the Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) J-1

Public Meetings J-2

Public Relations J-3

Compliance with the Final Environmental Impact 

Statement (FEIS)

Instructions on public relations and public meetings are covered in the Final 

Environmental Impact Statement under the heading “Public Involvement and 

Issues” (Appendix C of the gypsy moth FEIS). All inquiries will be answered; 

all complaints on program operations will be investigated and the findings 

documented.

Public notification procedures applying to gypsy moth control projects are the 

following:

◆ Announcing treatment dates to allow anyone who has questions or 

concerns about adverse insecticide sensitivity to seek medical advice and 

adequate shelter—individuals will be able to avoid exposure during and 

after treatment

◆ Making the Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) and related 

documents available to inform agencies (U.S. Department of Interior, 

State environmental regulatory agencies), groups, and individuals who 

may be interested in or affected by proposed actions

◆ Providing public notice of scoping activities (e.g., when and where 

public meetings are scheduled)
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Public Meetings

To comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), a public 

scoping meeting is mandatory to provide for public input on issues and 

concerns and to limit the scope of the analysis to be provided by the EA. The 

public must be notified of when and where the public meeting will be held. The 

purpose of the public meeting is to get public involvement in the 

decision-making process, to identify issues of concern, and to provide 

information on the various options and the consequences. When chemical 

applications are being recommended, a Science and Technology or Methods 

Development (?) representative should be present at each public meeting.

At the public meeting, do the following.

 1. Present all the options available (including “No Action”) along with 

recommended or preferred option.

 2. Explain the reasoning and logic for the preferred/recommended option.

 3. Discuss the consequences of the proposed action (if any).

In addition, State and Federal agencies cooperating with APHIS and the Forest 

Service will actively seek public participation and involvement at the local 

level.

The aims of the public involvement process are the following:

◆ To discuss the consequences (if any) of the proposed action

◆ To explain the proposed action and its need

◆ To guide the environmental assessment process

◆ To identify individuals sensitive to the insecticides planned for use 

allowing appropriate mitigating measures to be developed

◆ To identify local issues and concerns

◆ To stimulate discussion of alternative measures and their consequences

Because the goal of eradication projects is to eradicate gypsy moth, residents 

do not have the option of having their property dropped from the proposed 

treatment block. Mitigating measures will be employed to minimize the 

concerns of those residents who are unable to opt out of control projects.

The public must be informed of the treatment boundaries and when (if 

approved) treatment will begin. Maps must show the areas to be treated. With 

this information, the public will know what to expect.
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Public Relations

At the local level, the lead agency in the program should handle publicity on 

program operations. Usually, a State agency is the lead agency because of: 1) 

extensive rural and community contacts; and 2) familiarity with the local 

media. However, there must be cooperation between all agencies to provide 

uniform, factual information to all segments of the public.

After selection, one individual will act as program spokesperson. The media 

will receive the name and telephone number of the official spokesperson. By 

having one spokesperson, information flow is managed (the spokesperson 

knows what information has been given to the media) and the quality of the 

information is maintained (the spokesperson is always kept well informed).
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Gypsy Moth Manual

K Checking and Calibrating 

Aircraft 1

Contents

Introduction K-1

Checking and Calibration Procedures K-1

Procedure for Hydraulic- or Electric-Driven Systems K-7

Procedure for Wind-Driven Pumps K-9

Introduction

Calibration is adjusting spray equipment to uniformly apply pesticide at the 

desired rate per acre. Calibrate each aircraft at the beginning of the program 

and monitor calibration during the program to assure the discharge rate is 

correct and remains constant.

With hydraulic- or electric-driven systems, calibrate on the ground. For 

wind-driven systems, the aircraft must fly and spray for a given amount of 

time.

Checking and Calibration Procedures

For checking and calibrating, use the following instructions and information in 

the Aerial Application Manual. In the Aerial Application Manual, the section 

on Pilot/Aircraft Inspection is particularly helpful; this information should be 

read before checking and calibrating the aircraft.

Step 1—Check for Cleanliness and Faulty Equipment

Step 2—Check for Leaks

Step 3—Determine Acres Covered Per Minute

Step 4—Determine the Gallons Per Minute (GPM) Output

Step 5—Determine the Number of Nozzles to Install (Flat Fans)

Step 6—Determine Flow Per Nozzle or Atomizer Per Minute

Step 7—Determine Pressure and Flow Settings

Step 8—Test Output of Spray System
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Step 1—Check for Cleanliness and Faulty Equipment

Check the following aircraft parts for cleanliness before calibrating; check 

mixing equipment at this time:

◆ In-line and nozzle screens

◆ Spray system and the aircraft in general

◆ Spray tank

Step 2—Check for Leaks

Check nozzles for the following:

◆ Alignment—all tips must be aligned

◆ Condition—nozzles should be stainless steel and new; do not use brass 

nozzle tips

◆ End nozzle feed—if a boom extends more than six inches beyond the end 

nozzle, the end nozzle must be fed from the end of the boom by a bleed 

line

◆ End nozzle location—location of the end nozzle must be no more than 

three quarters of the wingspan

◆ Number and size—all nozzles must be present and the same size

◆ Orientation to the desired direction

Load aircraft with a suitable amount (50 to 75 gallons) of water, run system, 

and check for leaks. Check for leaks with the mixing equipment (agitators) 

running. Ensure the system can maintain the desired pressure. If leaks are 

present, have the contractor make repairs, then recheck the equipment.

Step 3—Determine Acres Covered Per Minute

Use Table K-1 and Table K-2 to determine the swath width of aircraft being 

used on the project. For aircraft not listed, contact: APHIS Aircraft and 

Equipment Operations (AEO), 22675 N. Moorefield Road, Edinburg, TX 

78541; (956) 580-7270 for an effective swath. Use Table K-3 to determine 

acres covered per minute.

For all aircraft on APHIS programs, the Department has established an 

effective swath width and suggested spray tip size for most fixed-wing and 

rotary aircraft in the agricultural industry.
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Aircraft categories have been established to help program planning for desired 

aircraft based on the insect life cycle, timing of application, support personnel, 

adequate airport space, required aircraft performance, length and strength of 

runways, taxiways, ramps, and the elevation and type of terrain to be treated.

A global positioning system (GPS) with moving map technology should be 

used whenever possible.

GPSs use 24 satellites sending encoded radio signals to determine the precise 

location of an individual or an object. Linked with a computer software 

program called a geographic information system (GIS), a computer can 

decipher the remote-sensed satellite information. Using this technology, 

pesticide applicators can pinpoint their precise location.

The swath width may be adjusted to match the electronic guidance system 

flight lines provided the change is within 10% of the assigned swath width.

For formation flying, only the lead aircraft needs a guidance system.
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Table K-1 Swath Width for Airplane

Airplane and Category1

1 Category is shown in parentheses.

Oil Mixtures2

2 Includes malathion and Sevin 4-Oil

Water Mixtures Nozzle Tip3

3 Stainless steel flat fan

Feet Feet

8 oz/A 

Malathion

20 oz/A 

Sevin 

4-oil

32 oz/A 

Orthene

Boeing B-17 (A) 500 350 8010 8015 8020

Douglas DC-4/DC-6 (A) 550 400 8010 8015 8020

Fairchild C-119 (A) 500 350 8010 8015 8020

Douglas DC-7B & 7C (A) 650 500 8015 8020 8030

L100-30 Hercules (A) (with 

Adds Pack Spraying 

System)

800 650 8008 8010 8015

Curtiss C-46 (B) 500 350 8010 8015 8020

Douglas DC-3/C47 (B) 400 300 8008 8010 8015

Lockheed PV-2 (B) 400 300 8010 8015 8020

Martin 404 (B) 500 350 8010 8015 8020

Douglas B-26 (B) 400 300 8010 8015 8020

Grumman TBM (C) 250 200 8008 8010 8015

Turbine Thrush (C) 150 100 8004 8006 8008

Turbine Air Tractor (C) 150 100 8004 8006 8008

Turbine Ag-Cat (C) 150 100 8004 8006 8008

Thrush (800hp) (C) 150 100 8003 8004 8006

Thrush (1200hp) (C) 150 100 8004 8006 8008

Ag-Cat (800hp) (C) 150 100 8003 8004 8006

Ag-Cat (1200hp) (C) 150 100 8004 8006 8008

Twin Beech/C-45 (C) 150 100 8004 8006 8008

Piper Aztec PA-23 

(500hp)(C)

150 100 8004 8006 8008

Cessna (all 188 Models) (D) 100 75 8002 8003 8004

Thrush/Snow/Air Tractor (D) 125 100 8002 8003 8004

Ag-Cat (A Models) (D) 100 75 8002 8003 8004

Ag-Cat (B & C Models) (D) 125 100 8002 8003 8004

Piper Brave (D) 100 75 8002 8003 8004

Piper Pawnee 

(230-260hp)(D)

100 75 8002 8003 8004

Stearman (450-600 hp) (D) 100 75 8002 8003 8004

Weatherly (D) 100 75 8002 8003 8004
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Table K-2 Swath Width for Helicopters

Table K-3 Acres Covered Per Minute

Helicopters and Category1

1 Category is shown in parentheses.

Malathion, Sevin 4–Oil, 

and all oil mixtures (ft) All water mixtures (ft.)

Bell 204/205/212/214 (A) 150 120

Sikorsky S-58-T (A) 150 120

Sikorsky S-55-T (B) 120 100

Alouette III (B) 120 100

Alouette II (C) 100 75

Bell 206 (C) 100 75

Hughes 500 (C) 100 75

Hiller Seloy (C) 100 75

Bell Seloy (C) 100 75

Bell 47 (D) 100 75

Hiller 12E (D) 100 75

Ground 

Speed (mph)

Swath Width

30 35 40 45 50 75 100 150

40 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 6.1 8.1 16.1

50 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.0 7.6 10.1 20.2

60 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 6.1 9.1 12.1 24.2

70 4.2 5.0 5.7 6.4 7.1 10.6 14.1 28.3

80 4.8 5.7 6.4 7.1 8.1 12.1 16.2 32.3

90 5.4 6.4 7.3 8.2 6.1 13.6 18.2 36.4

100 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 15.2 20.2 40.4

110 66.7 7.8 8.9 10.0 11.1 16.7 22.2 44.4

120 7.3 8.5 9.7 10.9 12.1 18.2 24.2 48.5

130 7.9 9.2 10.5 11.8 13.1 19.7 26.3 52.5

140 8.5 19.9 11.3 12.7 14.1 21.2 28.3 56.6
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Formula for Acres Covered per Minute

Determine acres covered per minute by using the following formula.

Acres per minute = swath width (ft) x speed (mph)

 495

EXAMPLE: Using a swath width of 50 feet and a speed of 100 mph, calculate 

the following.

Acres per minute = 50 x 100 = 10.1

 495

Step 4—Determine the Gallons Per Minute (GPM) Output

Use the following formula for determining gallons per minute.

GPM = Acres per minute x rate per acre in ounces

 128 ounces

EXAMPLE: The aircraft will cover 10.1 acres per minute. The pesticide label 

specifies an application rate of 60 ounces per acre. Using the figures above, the 

formula results in the following.

10.1 acres/minute x 60 ounces/acre = 4.7 gallons per minute

 128 ounces

Ensure the pump will deliver the required gallons-per-minute rate.

Step 5—Determine the Number of Nozzles to Install (Flat 

Fans)

Use the following formula to determine the number of nozzles to install.

 GPM = Number of nozzles required (water at 40 psi)

 Nozzle flow rate

EXAMPLE: To determine the number of nozzles required to deliver 4.7 GPM 

using a nozzle tip 8002, do the following calculations.

 4.7 GPM = 23.5 nozzles required for water at 40 psi (round up to 

24)

0.2 nozzles flow rate
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Use correction flow factor for materials other than water.

Step 6—Determine Flow Per Nozzle or Atomizer Per Minute

Use the following formula for determining flow per nozzle or atomizer.

Flow/Atomizer/Minute = GPM 

 number of atomizers

EXAMPLE: If the speed is 110 mph and assigned swath is 200 feet, what is the 

calibrated flow rate through each rotary atomizer if 6-Micronair AU5000 units 

are used and the applied volume is 64 ounces/acre?

Acres per minute:

Using the table, determine 44.4 acres per minute coverage.

Gallons per minute: 44.4 ac/min x 64 oz./ac = 22.2 gallons per minute

 128

Gallons/Minute/Atomizer: 22.2 GPM = 3.7 gallons/minute/atomizer

 6 atomizers

Step 7—Determine Pressure and Flow Settings

The flow rate of a spray tip orifice is proportional to the square root of the 

operating pressure. To double the flow rate, the pressure must be increased four 

times. If the examples above were initially used to set up the aircraft, the 

optimum pressure of 40 PSI may be adjusted slightly to achieve the exact flow 

rate per minute. In some instances, removing or adding a nozzle may be 

required. When using rotary atomizers, refer to the manufacturer flowchart to 

determine the most accurate combination of pressure and variable restrictor 

unit (VRU) setting.

Step 8—Test Output of Spray System

Procedure for Hydraulic- or Electric-Driven Systems

Load the aircraft with a suitable amount of spray formulation (50 to 75 

gallons). Prime the system and set the pressure.

Evacuate air from boom ends by either: 1) slightly opening end caps; 2) 

installing valves in boom tips; or 3) connecting outboard atomizer inlet to 

outermost boom port. See Figure K-1 for diagram.
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Place a bucket under each atomizer/nozzle and run the spray system for one 

minute.

Figure K-1 Diagram of Spray Boom Flow Through Bleed Line to Outer Nozzles
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Collect material from each nozzle, measure volume output from each atomizer/

nozzle, and compare to calculated rate. Check total output. If the amount is 

low, raise the pressure for small amounts or add nozzles if greater amounts are 

needed. If the amount is high, lower pressure or remove nozzles. If pressure 

changes are not suitable, the VRU setting can be adjusted when using 

Micronair atomizers.

Optimally, the system should deliver the desired amount of spray; however, 

plus or minus five percent is acceptable.

Procedure for Wind-Driven Pumps

Load the aircraft with a suitable amount of spray formulation (50 to 75 

gallons). Fly the aircraft to prime the system. Set the pressure while in flight. 

This must be accomplished in a designated area or in the treatment area. After 

the system is primed, position the aircraft on a level surface and mark the 

location of the aircraft tires on the loading area. Add a measured volume of 

product to the spray tank and note the level either through a sight window or by 

measuring the distance from the top or bottom of the tank to the fluid surface 

of the product.

Fly the aircraft and operate the spray system over the designated area or 

treatment area for one minute.

Return the aircraft to the same location as marked and measure the amount 

needed to refill to the original level. Use this amount to calculate the output per 

minute.

Adjust the spray system, if necessary, to change output. If the amount is low, 

raise the pressure for small amounts or add atomizers/nozzles if greater 

amounts are needed. If pressure changes are not suitable, adjust the VRU 

setting when using Micronair atomizers.

Optimally, the system should deliver exactly the desired amount of spray; 

however, plus or minus five percent is acceptable.

With some material, the viscosity and flow rate will change with temperature 

changes, which can result in inaccurate application.
Checking and Calibrating Aircraft

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05/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual L-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

L Nozzles and Pressures 1

Contents

Introduction L-1

Flat Fan (Stainless Steel) L-2

Rotary Atomizer Nozzles L-3

Spray Tip Wear L-4

Screens L-4

Introduction

Nozzles, either fixed or rotary atomizer type, are used to atomize the 

insecticide into the desired droplet size.

Ensure the end nozzle is no more than three-quarters of the wing span. If the 

boom extends 6 inches or more beyond the last nozzle, feed that nozzle from 

the end of the boom with a bleed line. See Figure L-1 on the following page.

Do not accept nozzles that do not produce the desired droplet sizes. 

Excessively large droplets waste insecticide, may burn tender foliage, or leave 

harmful residues. Spray droplets that are too small may drift, contaminate food 

or feed crops in adjacent areas, and possibly damage the environment.
Nozzles and Pressures

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Flat Fan (Stainless Steel)

When flat fan nozzles are used, the spray contract should specify stainless steel 

nozzles. Do not allow the use of brass nozzle tips.

Two types of flat fan spray tips are used on gypsy moth programs. The tapered 

edge flat fan (8004) and the even flat fan (8004E). The tapered edge spray tip 

produces a pattern with heavier spray in the center and tapering to the edge. 

The even spray tip produces a uniform spray pattern from edge to edge. Both 

types are approved for use on APHIS programs.

Figure L-1 Diagram of Spray Boom Flow Through Bleed Line to Outermost 

Nozzles
Nozzles and Pressures

05/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual L-3

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Flat fan spray tips are categorized by the angle of the spray pattern and the flow 

rate when spraying water at 40 pounds per square inch. The angle of the spray 

pattern can vary according to the design of the nozzle, boom pressure, and 

surface tension of the spray material.

The desired droplet size can be obtained by orienting the spray nozzle from 45 

degrees into the wind to 180 degrees trailing.

Examples of spray nozzles follow.

 1. Spraying Systems Company—TeeJet 8002 (flat spray tip)

A. 80 = 80o fan angle

B. 02 = 0.2 gallon-per-minute flow rate

 2. Spraying Systems Company—TeeJet 8003E (even flat spray tip)

A. 80 = 80o

 fan angle

B. 03 = 0.3 gallon-per-minute flow rate

C. E = even flat spray tip

 3. Delavan Corporation—LF-2-80o (flat fan spray tip)

A. LF = Flat spray tip

B. 2 = 0.2 gallon-per-minute flow rate

C. 80 = 80o fan angle

 4. Delavan Corporation—LE-3-80o

 (even flat spray tip)

A. LE = even flat spray tip

B. 3 = 0.3 gallon-per-minute flow rate

C. 80 = 80o fan angle

Rotary Atomizer Nozzles

Rotary atomizers are driven by wind, hydraulic, or electrical power. The spray 

material is delivered to the center of the unit and dispensed by centrifugal 

force. Droplet sizes are changed by rotating the device faster to decrease 

droplet size and slower to increase droplet size. Rotation speed is controlled by 

adjusting the pitch of the drive propeller or by changing the speed of the 

electric motor.
Nozzles and Pressures

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The Micronair Mini Atomizer is an example of the rotary atomizer capable of 

2,000 to 12,000 revolutions per minute. By adjusting the fan blade, the 

rotational speed is changed and droplet size can be adjusted from 80 to 1,000 

microns.

Spray Tip Wear

As spray tips are used, abrasion and erosion will increase the nozzle flow rate. 

Replace spray tips when a calibration check indicates a five percent flow rate 

increase. Most spray tip orifices are available in more than one material. The 

use of spray tips made of abrasive-resistant material, such as stainless steel, 

will provide long wear life.

Screens

Filter screens prevent foreign materials from entering and damaging precision 

parts of the system. These screens also prevent nozzle spray tips from 

clogging. Unless otherwise specified by the pesticide manufacturer, each spray 

system should be equipped with a 50-mesh, in-line screen between the pump 

and boom and nozzle screens as recommended by the nozzle manufacturer.

Check and clean screens often to prevent misapplication of pesticides. 
05/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual M-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

M Procedures for 

Composting Bark 1

Contents

Procedure for Composting Bark in a Trench M-1

Procedure for Composting Bark in a Pile M-2

Procedure for Composting Bark in a Trench

Step 1—Start a Compost Pile

Step 2—Leave Compost Pile Undisturbed

Step 3—Remove Compost Pile’s Outer Layer

Step 4—Start a Second Compost Pile

Step 5—Move the Core Material

Step 6—Leave Second Compost Pile Undisturbed

Step 7—Remove Second Compost Pile

Step 8—Repeat Procedure

Step 1—Start a Compost Pile 

Start a compost pile of at least 200 cubic yards in one end of a trench.

Step 2—Leave Compost Pile Undisturbed

Allow the compost pile to remain undisturbed until the temperature reaches 120 °F 

(49 °C) for at least 4 continuous days.

Step 3—Remove Compost Pile’s Outer Layer

Using a front-end loader or a bulldozer, remove the outer layer of the compost pile to a 

depth of 3 feet.

Step 4—Start a Second Compost Pile

Down the trench, start a second compost pile using the recently removed cover 

material as a core.

1. The material on the outer side of the compost pile must be free of both eggs 

that could hatch and larvae. 

2. The compost pile must be as far away from host material as possible.
Procedures for Composting Bark

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Step 5—Move the Core Material

Move the core material from the first compost pile and place on the second compost 

pile as a cover at least 3 feet deep. (Leave some composted material to serve as 

“inoculum” for subsequent piles.)

Step 6—Leave Second Compost Pile Undisturbed

Allow the second compost pile to remain undisturbed until the temperature reaches 

120 °F (49 °C) for at least 4 continuous days.

Step 7—Remove Second Compost Pile

Remove the second compost pile and use as fully composted material.

Step 8—Repeat Procedure

Procedure for Composting Bark in a Pile

Step 1—Start a Compost Pile

Step 2—Leave Compost Pile Undisturbed

Step 3—Remove Compost Pile’s Outer Layer

Step 4—Start a Second Compost Pile

Step 5—Move the Core Material

Step 6—Leave Second Compost Pile Undisturbed

Step 7—Remove the Second Compost Pile

Step 8—Repeat Procedure

Step 1—Start a Compost Pile

Start a compost pile of at least 200 cubic yards.

Step 2—Leave Compost Pile Undisturbed

Allow the compost pile to remain undisturbed until the temperature reaches 120 °F 

(49 °C) for at least 4 continuous days.

This procedure will allow continuous operation. After the first compost pile is 

“turned” to become the second compost pile, a new “first” compost pile can 

be started.

1. The material on the outer side of the compost pile must be free of both eggs 

that could hatch and larvae. 

2. The compost pile must be as far away from host material as possible.
Procedures for Composting Bark

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Step 3—Remove Compost Pile’s Outer Layer

Using a front-end loader or a bulldozer, remove the outer layer of the compost pile to a 

depth of 3 feet.

Step 4—Start a Second Compost Pile

Start a second compost pile using the recently removed cover material as a core.

Step 5—Move the Core Material

Move the core material from the first compost pile and place on the second compost 

pile as a cover at least 3 feet deep. (Leave some composted material to serve as 

“inoculum” for subsequent piles.)

Step 6—Leave Second Compost Pile Undisturbed

Allow the second compost pile to remain undisturbed until the temperature reaches 

120 °F (49 °C) for at least 4 continuous days.

Step 7—Remove the Second Compost Pile

Remove the second compost pile and use as fully composted material.

Step 8—Repeat Procedure

This procedure will allow continuous operation. After the first compost pile is 

“turned” to become the second compost pile, a new “first” compost pile can 

be started.
Procedures for Composting Bark

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05/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual N-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

N Accurate Statement 1

Contents

Introduction N-1

Required Information for the Accurate Statement N-1

Introduction

This appendix contains information on the signed Accurate Statement 

described in the revised gypsy moth regulations. There are actually two 

Accurate Statements, one for logs and one for pulpwood or wood chips. The 

Accurate Statement must be attached to the waybill or other shipping 

documents accompanying logs, pulpwood, and wood chips inspected under a 

Compliance Agreement.

Required Information for the Accurate Statement

The signed Accurate Statement must contain the following information:

◆ Applicable Federal quarantine (7 CFR 301.45)

◆ Certification statement (see below)

◆ Date of inspection

◆ Destination of Regulated Articles

◆ Location of inspection site

◆ Mailing address of inspector

◆ Name of inspector

◆ Signature of inspector

◆ Type and quantity of Regulated Article(s)
Accurate Statement

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Figure N-1 Example of Accurate Statement for Logs and Poles

Accurate Statement for Logs and Poles 

Name of Inspector: ______________________________________________________________ 

Mailing Address of Inspector: _____________________________________________________ 

(including company name) 

 _____________________________________________________ 

 _____________________________________________________ 

Location of Inspection Site: _______________________________________________________ 

Applicable Federal Quarantine: ____7CFR 301.45 _____________________________________ 

Regulated Article(s): _____________________________________________________________ 

 _____________________________________________________________ 

 _____________________________________________________________ 

Destination of Regulated Article(s): _________________________________________________ 

Certification Statement: 

I certify that all of the exterior surfaces (100 percent inspection) of the following logs were 

inspected in accordance with the gypsy moth regulations (7 CFR 301.45) and the Gypsy Moth

Program Manual. 

Number of Logs: ____________________ Species: ____________________________________ 

As a result of the inspection, I certify that: 

 No life stages of the gypsy moth were found 

 All life stages found were treated 

This inspection occurred no more than five days prior to the date of movement. After the 

inspection, the logs were safeguarded to prevent infestation or reinfestation by gypsy moth. The 

above information is true to the best of my knowledge. 

Signature of Inspector: ___________________________________________________________ 

Date of Inspection: ______________________________________________________________ 
Accurate Statement

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Figure N-2 Example of Accurate Statement for Pulpwood (or Wood Chips)

Accurate Statement for Pulpwood (or Wood Chips) 

Name of Inspector: ______________________________________________________________ 

Mailing Address of Inspector: _____________________________________________________ 

(including company name) 

 _____________________________________________________ 

 _____________________________________________________ 

Location of Inspection Site: _______________________________________________________ 

Applicable Federal Quarantine: ____7CFR 301.45 _____________________________________ 

Regulated Article(s): _____________________________________________________________ 

 _____________________________________________________________ 

 _____________________________________________________________ 

Destination of Regulated Article(s): _________________________________________________ 

Certification Statement: 

I certify the pulpwood (or wood chips) were handled in accordance with the gypsy moth 

regulations (7 CFR 301.45) and the Gypsy Moth Program Manual. 

Quantity: __________________________ Regulated Article: ____________________________ 

The above information is true to the best of my knowledge. 

Signature of Inspector: ___________________________________________________________ 

Date of Inspection: ______________________________________________________________ 
Accurate Statement

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05/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual O-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

O Certificate of Origin 1

Sample of a Certificate of Origin

A Certificate of Origin appears on the following page.
 Certificate of Origin 

O-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 05/2008-2

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Figure O-1 Certificate of Origin
05/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual P-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

P Checklist for Outdoor 

Household Articles 

(OHAs) 1

Contents

Checklist for OHAs P-1

House Items P-1

Yard and Garden Items P-2

Recreational or Camping Items P-3

Children's Playthings P-3

Building Materials P-4

Other Items P-4

Comments P-5

Checklist for OHAs

House Items

❐ Air conditioner

❐ Barrels

❐ Boxes (cardboard and wooden)

❐ Chimney stack

❐ Clothespin bag

❐ Cupola

❐ Firewood

❐ House plants (if kept outside in summer)

❐ Ladder

❐ Outdoor thermometer

❐ Refrigerators, washing machines, stoves

❐ Sheets of plastic

❐ Shutters

❐ Storage shed
Checklist for Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

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❐ Storm doors, storm windows, screen doors

❐ Tanks for propane and oil

❐ Trash cans

❐ TV antenna

❐ Water hoses

❐ Weathervane

❐ Window awnings

❐ 

❐ 

❐ 

Yard and Garden Items

❐ Animal houses or hutches (dogs, rabbits)

❐ Bags of stones, peat moss, mulch, and bales of hay

❐ Barbecue grill

❐ Beehive

❐ Birdbath

❐ Birdfeeder

❐ Birdhouse

❐ Bug light

❐ Cart

❐ Clothesline pole

❐ Coldframes

❐ Driftwood

❐ Fencing (snow, hurricane)

❐ Fertilizer spreader

❐ Fish Pond

❐ Flagpole

❐ Garden tiller

❐ Gypsy moth traps

❐ Lawn mower

❐ Mailbox

❐ Porch and patio furniture

❐ Sheets of plastic
Checklist for Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

05/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual P-3

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❐ Signs and posts

❐ Snowblower

❐ Storage shed

❐ Swimming pool

❐ Tools (rake, hoe)

❐ Trees and shrubs

❐ Trellis

❐ Wheelbarrow

❐ Yard decorations (statues, planters, milk cans, bells, wishing wells)

❐ 

❐ 

❐ 

Recreational or Camping Items

❐ Camper

❐ Backpack

❐ Basketball backboard

❐ Boat

❐ Boat trailer

❐ Ice chest

❐ Motorcycle

❐ Motor home

❐ Recreational vehicle

❐ Snowmobile

❐ Sports equipment

❐ Tarp

❐ Tent

❐ Waders or fishing boots

❐ 

❐ 

❐ 

Children's Playthings

❐ Bicycle, tricycle

❐ Playhouse
Checklist for Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

P-4 Gypsy Moth Manual 05/2008-2

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❐ Sandbox

❐ Sled, toboggan

❐ Swimming pool

❐ Swing set

❐ Tire swing

❐ Wagon

❐ 

❐ 

Building Materials

❐ Brick, cinderblock

❐ Cement mixing tubs

❐ Ladder

❐ Lumber

❐ Roofing materials (shingles, gutters)

❐ Sewer pipe

❐ Sheets of plastic

❐ Tools (saw, shovel, toolbox)

❐ Water pipe

❐ Welding equipment

❐ Workbench

❐ 

❐ 

❐ 

Other Items

❐ Cars and trucks (if not driven regularly)

❐ Car body parts

❐ Car ramps

❐ Farm items

❐ Nursery equipment

❐ Stored tires (snow, used)

❐ 

❐ 
Checklist for Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

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Comments
Checklist for Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs)

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Gypsy Moth Manual

Q Qualified Certified 

Applicator (QCA) 

Document 1

Contents

QCA Document Q-1

Mobile Home and Associated Items Q-3

Comments Q-3

QCA Document

The QCA Document can be located on the following page.
Qualified Certified Applicator (QCA) Document

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Figure Q-1 QCA Document

QCA DOCUMENT

The household move below involves a mobile home and/or OHAs that could have come in 

contact with some life stage of the gypsy moth. The mobile home and/or OHAs were examined 

for all life stages; as a result, were ____ found to be free or ____ treated to be free. 

1. NAME OF PERSON MOVING: 

2. MOVING TO (DESTINATION): 

 Street address: 

 City: State: ZIP: 

3. MOVING FROM (PRESENT ADDRESS):

 Street address: 

 City: State: ZIP: 

4. DATES: 

 Date of inspection: 

 Date of move: 

5. TELEPHONE NUMBERS:

 Old home: 

 Work: 

 New home: 

 Work: 

6. MOVING FIRM DATA: 

 Name of firm: 

 Street address: 

 City: State: ZIP: 

 Telephone number (with area code): 

7. INSPECTION DATA:

A. Notice: 

This certificate is valid only if issued not more 

than five days before the move. See block 4. 

B. Mobile Home Inspection:

Yes No See list on back. 

 OHAs Inspection:

Yes No See attached list. 

Name of QCA (printed) Certificate No. Signature of QCA 
Qualified Certified Applicator (QCA) Document

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Mobile Home and Associated Items

❐ Air conditioners (remove covers)

❐ Awnings (open if necessary)

❐ Blocks on which the mobile home rests

❐ Chimney flashing and rainguard

❐ Compressors

❐ Drainpipes

❐ Expando unit (open if necessary)

❐ Fuse box, circuit breaker box, and/or electrical connections

❐ Hitch, including undersides of the I-beams and junctions

❐ License plate

❐ Moldings (probe if necessary)

❐ Mud flaps

❐ Patio room

❐ Propane gas tanks (remove covers)

❐ Roof and eaves

❐ Shutters

❐ Skirting

❐ Steps

❐ Taillights

❐ Underside of the mobile home, including floor boards, frame, and tubing

❐ Vents

❐ Wheels, including the inside of the rim and brake drums (if accessible)

❐ Window sills (top and bottom) 

Comments

(Describe any problems or difficulties encountered)
Qualified Certified Applicator (QCA) Document

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05/2008-2 Gypsy Moth Manual R-1

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Gypsy Moth Manual

R Emergency Action 

Notification (EAN) PPQ 

Form 523 1
 Emergency Action Notification (EAN) PPQ Form 523 

R-2 Gypsy Moth Manual 05/2008-2

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Figure R-1 Emergency Action Notification (EAN), PPQ Form 523

FORM APPROVED - OMB NO. 0579-0102

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE

PLANT PROTECTION AND QUARANTINE

EMERGENCY ACTION NOTIFICATION

1. PPQ LOCATION

3. NAME AND QUANTITY OF ARTICLE(S) 4. LOCATION OF ARTICLES

5. DESTINATION OF ARTICLES

8. SHIPMENT ID NO.(S)

13. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN

7. NAME OF CARRIER

10. PORT OF LADING 11. DATE OF ARRIVAL

17. AFTER RECEIPT OF THIS NOTIFICATION COMPLETE SPECIFIED ACTION

 WITHIN (Specify No. Hours or No. Days):

18. SIGNATURE OF OFFICER:

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF RECEIPT OF EMERGENCY ACTION NOTIFICATION

I hereby acknowledge receipt of the foregoing notification.

SIGNATURE AND TITLE: DATE AND TIME:

19. REVOCATION OF NOTIFICATION

ACTION TAKEN:

SIGNATURE OF OFFICER: DATE:

PPQ FORM 523 (JULY 2002) Previous editions are obsolete.

9. OWNER/CONSIGNEE OF ARTICLES

Name:

Address:

PHONE NO. FAX NO.

SS NO. TAX ID NO.

15. FOREIGN CERTIFICATE NO.

15a. PLACE ISSUED 15b. DATE

Under Sections 411, 412, and 414 of the Plant Protection Act (7 USC 7711, 7712, and 7714) and Sections 10404 through 10407 of the Animal Health Protection Act (7 USC 8303 through 8306), you are hereby notified, as owner or agent of the owner of said carrier, premises, and/or articles, to apply remedial measures for

the pest(s), noxious weeds, and or article(s) specified in Item 12, in a manner satisfactory to and under the supervision of an Agriculture Officer. Remedial

measures shall be in accordance with the action specified in Item 16 and shall be completed within the time specified in Item 17.

AFTER RECEIPT OF THIS NOTIFICATION, ARTICLES AND/OR CARRIERS HEREIN DESIGNATED MUST NOT BE MOVED EXCEPT AS DIRECTED BY AN AGRICULTURE OFFICER. THE LOCAL OFFICER MAY BE CONTACTED AT:

Should the owner or owner's agent fail to comply with this order within the time specified below, USDA is authorized to recover from the owner or

agent cost of any care, handling, application of remedial measures, disposal, or other action incurred in connection with the remedial action,

destruction, or removal.

6. SHIPPER

12. ID OF PEST(S), NOXIOUS WEEDS, OR ARTICLE(S)

16. ACTION REQUIRED

TREATMENT:

RE-EXPORTATION:

DESTRUCTION:

OTHER:

SERIAL NO.

According to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, no persons are required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB control number. The valid OMB control number for this

information is 0579-0102. The time required to complete this information collection is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information.

2. DATE ISSUED

14. GROWER NO.

12a. PEST ID NO. 12b. DATE INTERCEPTED
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Gypsy Moth Manual

Glossary 1

Definitions, Abbreviations, and Terms

accurate statement. a document, prepared by an employee of an 

establishment operating under a Compliance Agreement, which will allow the 

establishment to ship logs, pulpwood, and/or wood chips; along with other 

items, the Accurate Statement includes a certifying statement, information on 

the type of Regulated Article, the amount and/or number of Regulated Articles, 

and the signature of the inspecting employee

acephate. an organophosphate insecticide; the active ingredient found in 

insecticide formulations sold under the trade name Orthene®

AI. the acronym for active ingredient

active ingredient. the chemical in a product which produces the desired effect

artificial disperal. artificial dispersal is dispersal by other than natural means; 

that is, artificial dispersal occurs through human activities such as the 

movement of commercial products (nursery stock), vehicles (RVs, campers, 

cars), and forest products (logs, pulpwood with bark, bark mulch) outdoor 

household articles

associated equipment. articles used in conjunction with mobile homes and 

recreational vehicles, such as, but not limited to awnings, tents, outdoor 

furniture, trailer blocks, and trailer skirts

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). the scientific name of the bacterium that is 

pathogenic to the larval stage of many lepidopterous insects. Bt is the active 

ingredient in several biological insecticides sold under various trade names

bark. the tough outside covering of the trunk, branches, and roots of trees and 

certain other plants; the bark includes all tissues outside the vascular cambium 

(Barnhart, Dictionary of Science)

bark products. products containing pieces of bark; these products include 

bark chips, bark nuggets, bark mulch, and bark compost; bark that has been 

composted according to the procedures in Appendix N may move out of the 

Quarantine Area

Baythroid®2. an insecticide, produced by Bayer Corporation, which contains 

a pyrethroid as the active ingredient
 Glossary 

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Bt. the acronym for the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and for its biological 

insecticide

CA. the abbreviation for Compliance Agreement

Carbaryl. the active ingredient in a cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticide. 

Insecticides containing carbaryl are sold under the trade name Sevin® and 

Clear Crop® carbaryl; atrophine is highly effective as an antidote

certificate. a document, PPQ Form 540, issued by PPQ officers or State 

personnel to allow the movement of Regulated Articles into or through a 

non-infested area

chloropyrifos. an organophosphate that is the active ingredient in Dursban*

and Lorsban*

Christmas tree. in this manual Christmas trees are trees cut from their roots. If 

the “Christmas trees” have their roots attached (e.g., balled and burlapped 

plants), the trees are considered nursery stock, even if intended for display 

during Christmas

compliance agreement (CA). an official document which specifies the 

conditions to be followed for growing, handling or moving Regulated Articles; 

an example would be a written agreement between a shipper (a person or 

company) engaged in handling, or moving Regulated Articles and Plant 

Protection and Quarantine and the State; in the CA, the shipper of the 

Regulated Articles agrees to comply with certain requirements to allow 

shipment of the Regulated Articles

Confirm® T/O. an insecticide, produced by Dow AgroSciences, which 

contains tebufenozide as the active ingredient; Confirm® T/O will control 

gypsy moth on trees and shrubs growing in commercial nurseries, in Christmas 

tree farms, and in outdoor landscape areas

Conserve® SC. an insecticide, produced by Dow AgroSciences, which 

contains spinosad as the active ingredient; Conserve* SC is for control of 

gypsy moth on ornamentals

Cyfluthrin. a synthetic pyrethroid that is the active ingredient in a Baythroid®

and DecathlonTM

debarking. the removal of bark from round wood, wood carrying its natural 

rounded surface (debarking does not necessarily make the wood bark free)
Glossary 

05/2008-02 Gypsy Moth Manual Glossary-3

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DecathlonTM T/O. an insecticide, sold by Olympic Horticultural Products, that 

contains cyfluthrin as the active ingredient; DecathlonTM T/O will control 

gypsy moth on ornamentals and nursery stock

defoliation. defoliation is the loss or shedding of leaves; significant defoliation 

occurs when gypsy moths strip at least 30 percent of the leaves from the trees 

in a given area

delimiting survey. a delimiting survey is a survey that establishes the 

boundaries of an area considered to be infested or free from a pest; the typical 

delimiting survey for a gypsy moth infestation uses pheromone traps, such as 

the delta trap

Delta trap. a triangular shaped trap made of plastic coated cardboard that uses 

disparlure to attract male gypsy moths

detection survey. a detection survey is a survey that determines if a pest is 

present; detection surveys for the gypsy moth focus on finding infestations, 

particularly isolated infestations; the typical detection survey uses pheromone 

traps (when suspected infestations or obvious infestations are detected, further 

surveying using a delimiting survey usually follows) 

Dimilin®. an insecticide, produced by Uniroyal Chemical, which contains 

diflubenzuron as the active ingredient; Dimilin® T/O will control gypsy moth 

on trees and shrubs growing in public and private forests, in Christmas tree and 

conifer nurseries, in recreational areas, such as campgrounds, golf courses, 

parks, and parkways

Diflubenzuron. the active ingredient of insecticide formulations sold under the 

trade name Dimilin®; acts as a growth regulator by interfering with chitin 

synthesis and prevents larvae from successfully completing the molting phases

disparlure. a commercially synthesized analogue of the sex pheromone 

emitted by the female gypsy moth to attract the male

Dursban.* an insecticide, sold Dow AgroSciences and United Horticultural 

Supply, that contains chlorpyrifos as the active ingredient; Dursban* will 

control gypsy moth larvae

EA. the abbreviation for environmental assessment (see Guidelines for 

Environmental Documents on page I-1)

egg-mass survey. a survey to find egg masses that will establish: 1) whether 

reproduction of gypsy moth has occurred (if an infestation is present); and/or 

2) the population density by determining the amount of reproduction
 Glossary 

Glossary-4 Gypsy Moth Manual 05/2008-02

PPQ

eradication project. action taken to eliminate an infestation (with gypsy moth, 

usually an isolated infestation)

established. an introduced pest, present in an area, reproducing, and expected 

to continue to reproduce

FEIS. the abbreviation for Final Environmental Impact Statement

FONSI. the abbreviation for Finding of No Significant Impact (see Guidelines 

for Environmental Documents on page I-1)

Forest Service. the Forest Service, a USDA agency, works in combination 

with PPQ to eradicate certain pests

Forey®. a biological insecticide, produced by Valent BioSciences, that 

contains Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki; Forey® will control gypsy moth, 

but consult the labels for restrictions on use

free from. of a consignment, field, or place of production: without pests or a 

specific pest (in this case, gypsy moth)

FS. the abbreviation for the Forest Service

quarantine area. the area where gypsy moth is established, that is, 

maintaining a reproducing population

golden pest spray oil. this emulsified soybean oil is used to treat gypsy moth 

egg masses to prevent their hatch

Gypchek. USDA laboratory prepared and refined gypsy moth 

nucleopolyhedrosis virus; used as a biological insecticide

gypsy moth. Lymantria dispar, Linnaeus, (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) a moth 

native to the Old World, having hairy caterpillars that feed on foliage and are 

very destructive to hardwood trees

Imidan® 70-W. an organopohphate insecticide, a product of the Gowan 

Company, that contains phosmet as the active ingredient; Imidan® 70-W will 

control gypsy moth on ornamental plants growing in nurseries

infestation. a reproducing population in a given area

IPM. the abbreviation for Integrated Pest Management
Glossary 

05/2008-02 Gypsy Moth Manual Glossary-5

PPQ

isolated infestation. a reproducing population of gypsy moth, typically 

occupying no more than a few hundred acres, located outside the Quarantine 

Area; isolated infestations are determined as a result of a positive detection 

survey followed by a positive delimiting survey or egg mass survey

limited permit. an official authorization (usually PPQ Form 530, issued by 

PPQ officers and State personnel) for the movement of Regulated Articles to a 

specified destination for treatment or processing

Lorsban*-4E. an insecticide, produced by Dow AgroSciences, that contains 

chlorpyrifos as the active ingredient; Lorsban*-4E will control gypsy moth in 

Christmas tree nurseries and plantations

Lymantria dispar (L.). the scientific name for gypsy moth

MB. the abbreviation used for methyl bromide

methyl bromide. a fumigation chemical used to treat gypsy moth egg-mass

MimicTM. an insecticide, produced by Dow AgroSciences, that contains 

tebufenozide as the active ingredient; MimicTM will control gypsy moth on 

forest trees, Christmas trees, and shrubs

mobile home. any vehicle other than a recreational vehicle, designed to serve, 

when parked, as a dwelling or place of business

monitoring. assessing compliance with the gypsy moth regulation by 

reviewing activities required by Compliance Agreements

NAPIS. the acronym for the National Agricultural Pest Identification System, 

which serves as a repository for pest survey information, including the 

information on gypsy moth

natural dispersal. dispersal that occurs through natural means; for gypsy 

moth, natural dispersal involves the short-distance movement of adult moths 

and the longer distance spread by windblown first-instar larvae

NEPA. the acronym used for the National Environmental Policy Act of 1976 

(See Guidelines for Environmental Documents on page I-1)

noninfested area. an area where a pest (in this case, the gypsy moth) is not

established

NPV. the abbreviation used for nucleopolyhedrosis virus of gypsy moth

OHA. the abbreviation used for an Outdoor Household Article
 Glossary 

Glossary-6 Gypsy Moth Manual 05/2008-02

PPQ

outdoor household article. an item associated with a household that has been 

kept outside the home; some examples of OHAs are outdoor furniture, 

barbecue grills, dog houses, boats, hauling trailers, garden tools, tents, 

awnings, and firewood

ovicide. an ovicide is a pesticide that kill eggs

Phosmet. an organophosphate that is the active ingredient in Imidan®

posttreatment survey. a delimiting survey conducted after a treatment to 

determine the effectiveness of the treatment; in an eradication program, the 

posttreatment survey(s) will help determine if the eradication was successful

QCA. the abbreviation for Qualified Certified Applicator

QCA document. the document used by a pest control operator who is certified 

by the State or the USDA for the interstate movement of Outdoor Household 

Articles (OHAs)

qualified certified applicator. an individual who is: 1) a certified pesticide 

applicator under FIFRA (the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide 

Act) who can use the restricted pesticides recommended in this manual; and 2) 

a successful completor of a workshop approved by PPQ on the identification 

and treatment of gypsy moth life stages

quarantine area. an area within which a quarantine pest is present and is 

being officially controlled [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995]

◆ quarantine area. IPPC definition: an area into which, within which, 

and/or from which plants, plant products, and other Regulated Articles 

are subjected to phytosanitary measures to prevent the introduction and/

or spread of quarantine pests (in this case, gypsy moth)

◆ GM Program Manual Definition: an infested area from which plants, 

plant products, and other regulated articles are subjected to phytosanitary 

measures to prevent the introduction and/or spread of the gypsy moth

record of decision. an environmental document occasionally used to record a 

decision (see Guidelines for Environmental Documents on page I-1)

recreational vehicles. highway vehicles, including pickup truck campers, 

one-piece motor homes, and travel trailers, designed to serve as a temporary 

place of dwelling
Glossary 

05/2008-02 Gypsy Moth Manual Glossary-7

PPQ

regulated articles. include the following:

◆ Nursery stock—nursery stocks includes trees with roots and shrubs with 

roots and persistent woody stems, if grown outdoors (nursery stock that 

is grown in an enclosed greenhouse throughout the year is not regulated)

◆ Forest products—forest products include logs, pulpwood, bark, and bark 

products

◆ OHAs—OHAs are Outdoor Household Articles; recreational vehicles 

(RVs) are treated as OHAs

◆ Mobile homes and associated equipment

◆ Cut Christmas trees

◆ Any other products, articles, or means of conveyance if they present a 

high risk of artificial spread

regulatory trapping. trapping conducted around establishments where 

Regulated Articles are sold, handled, processed, or moved to determine the 

need for regulatory action

ROD. the abbreviation for the Record of Decision

RV. the abbreviation for recreational vehicle

Scoping activities or sessions. as defined under the National Environmental 

Policy Act—an early and open process for determining the scope of issues to 

be addressed and for identifying the significant issues related to a proposed 

action; this may include public meetings whereby significant issues are 

identified, or may simply be letters of inquiry to interested agencies, groups, or 

individuals

Sevin®. an insecticide that contains carbaryl as the active ingredient

Spinosad. the active ingredient (including spinosyn A and spinosyn D) in 

Conserve* SC and SpinTor* 2SC

SpinTor* 2SC. an insecticide, a product of Dow AgroSciences, that contains 

spinosad as the active ingredient. SpinTor* 2SC will control gypsy moth on 

conifers (including Christmas trees) and on deciduous trees in tree farms and 

plantations

Tebufenozide. an insect growth regulator (IGR) that acts as an insecticide; 

Tebufenozide is in Confirm® T/O and MimicTM 2LV
 Glossary 

Glossary-8 Gypsy Moth Manual 05/2008-02

PPQ

Thuricide®. a biological insecticide, produced by Certis USA, that contains 

Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki; Thuricide® will control gypsy moth on 

ornamentals and shade trees

transition area. an area between the Quarantine Area and the uninfested area; 

because of natural dispersal, the area is in transition from uninfested to 

generally infested

◆ Populations are variable and discontinuous; mostly male moths will be 

detected, occasionally other life stages

◆ Population outbreaks do not occur and defoliation is uncommon

transition area survey. a survey designed and conducted to monitor the 

Transition Area and provide data to support regulatory decisions

trap array. the pattern of trap placement within an area

trap density. the number of traps per unit of area

trapping frequency. how often an area is trapped
09/2009-3 Gypsy Moth Program Manual Index-1

PPQ

Gypsy Moth Program 

Manual

A

C

E

G

I

K

M

O

Q

S

U

W

Y

B

D

F

H

J

L

N

P

R

T

V

X

Z

Index 1

A

accurate statement 9-6

introduction to N-1

required information for N-1

aircraft, checking and calibrating K-1

APHIS Cholinesterase Testing Program 16-1

ARS Form 748 3-2, 5-3

Asian gypsy moth

background on 1-2

behavioral treatments for H-7

delta trap H-8

mating disruption H-8

milk carton trap H-8

characteristics of 25-1

damage caused by 1-2

dispersal of 1-3

eradication methods H-1

behavioral treatments H-2, H-7

biological insecticides H-2

chemical insecticides H-2, H-6

experimental treatments H-9

policy for 25-2

potential damage from 1-3

public relations about 6-3

quarantine areas C-1

specimens

introduction to 5-1

mailing instructions for 5-1

B

bark

pile composting procedure M-2

trench composting procedure M-1

Bayer CropScience G-3

biological insecticides

Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) H-2, H-11

Foray 48B H-3

Foray 48F H-3

Foray 76B H-3

Thuricide 48LV H-3

C

Certificate (PPQ Form 540) 6-3

certificate of origin

sample of O-1

Certis USA G-3

chemical insecticides

Confirm T/O H-7

Diflubenzuron H-6, H-15

Dimilin 25W H-6

Dimilin 4L H-6

Mimic H-7

Tebufenozide H-7, H-16

Chemtura Corporation G-4

Christmas tree plantations

compliance agreement for F-6, F-8

regulatory activities for 23-3

Christmas trees

Canadian 11-1

cleanup materials 16-2

compliance agreement

Christmas tree plantations F-6

loggers/log, pulpwood, and wood chip shippers

F-3

nurseries F-6

nursery stock 10-1

operation under 9-2

qualified certified applicators (QCAs) F-8

receiving mills 9-4, F-5

shipment under 9-4

shippers F-9

Confirm T/O H-7

Connecticut

quarantine areas C-1

control measures

introduction to 15-2

D

data sources E-2

Delaware

quarantine areas C-1

delimiting survey

conducting 3-2

introduction to 3-1

materials needed for 3-2

records and maps 3-9

delta trap assembly H-8

materials for D-1

procedures for D-1

detection survey

conducting 2-8

introduction to 2-1

materials needed for 2-2

planning for 2-2

records and maps 2-15

Diflubenzuron H-6

Dimilin 25W H-6

Dimilin 4L H-6

dispersal

artificial 21-1

natural 21-1

District of Columbia

quarantine areas C-1

documents

2000 Vessel Inspection Guidelines--Asian

Gypsy Moth 25-2

APHIS Factsheet--Asian Gypsy Moth 25-3

Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM) Vessel Alert List

25-3
Index

Index-2 Gypsy Moth Program Manual 09/2009-3

PPQ

A

C

E

G

I

K

M

O

Q

S

U

W

Y

B

D

F

H

J

L

N

P

R

T

V

X

Z

Asian Gypsy Moth Emergency Program Manual 25-2

Asian Gypsy Moth Trapping Submission

Guidelines--(Current) Field Season

25-2

Comparison of Pesticides for Gypsy Moth Control A-1

Gypsy Moth Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus A-1

Gypsy Moth--Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 162 A-1

Gypsy Moth--Pest Alert NA-FB/P-21 A-1

Dow AgroSciences G-4

E

egg-mass

removal

experimental treatments H-10

survey

initiating factors 22-2

instructions for 4-2, 4-3

methods 22-2

purpose of 4-1

regulatory purposes of 4-5

results of 24-1

targeted visual surveys of 4-3

Emergency Action Notification (PPQ Form 523) R-1

environmental assessment (EA) 15-3

introduction to I-2

experimental treatments

egg-mass removal H-10

fungal pathogens H-9

insecticides H-11

nematodes H-10

parasitoids H-10

predators H-10

silviculture H-11

tree trunk bands and barriers H-10

F

Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) 15-2

compliance with J-1

finding of no significant impact (FONSI) I-1

introduction to I-13

flat fan L-2

Foray 48B H-3

Foray 48F H-3

Foray 76B H-3

fungal pathogens

experimental treatments H-9

G

Gowan Company G-6

Gypchek

definition of H-4

Gypsy Moth State Survey Committee 15-3

H

hazardous materials

1980 Emergency Response Guidebook 16-1

hazardous site 8-1

classification 9-6

documentation of 8-4

inspection of 8-2, 8-3

movement from 6-2

movement of regulated articles 8-2

nursery stock 10-3

treatment of 8-3

timing for 8-3

I

Identification Request (ARS Form 748) 3-2

Illinois

quarantine areas C-1

Indiana

quarantine areas C-1

insecticide

experimental treatments H-11

insecticide distributors G-2

Bayer CropScience G-3

Certis USA G-3

Chemtura Corporation G-4

Dow AgroSciences G-4

Gowan Company G-6

Olympic Horticultural Products G-6

Stoller USA G-7

United Agri Products G-7

USDA Forest Service G-7

Valent BioSciences Corporation G-7

Valent USA Corporation G-8

insecticide eradication

introduction to 18-1

materials for 18-1

procedure for 18-2

insecticide labels G-1

inspection procedures

logs 9-2

laid out method 9-3

timing 9-3

pulpwood and bark 9-4

fumigation 9-4

movement to receiving mills 9-5

treatments 9-5

L

larval instars

avoided hosts 2-10

nonpreferred hosts 2-10

preferred hosts 2-10

larval trapping survey

procedures for 4-7

purpose of 4-6

Limited Permit (PPQ Form 530) 6-3

list of figures -v

list of tables -vii

loggers/log shippers

compliance agreement for F-3

logging operations

regulatory activities for 23-2, 24-2

logs, pulpwood, and bark

documentation for 9-6

M

Maine

quarantine areas C-2

manual

conventions of 1-6

how to use 1-5

purpose of 1-1

related documents of 1-7

reporting problems for 1-7

scope of 1-4
Index

09/2009-3 Gypsy Moth Program Manual Index-3

PPQ

A

C

E

G

I

K

M

O

Q

S

U

W

Y

B

D

F

H

J

L

N

P

R

T

V

X

Z

users of 1-6

maps

Canadian quarantine areas B-1

U.S. quarantine areas B-1

Maryland

quarantine areas C-2

mass trapping eradication

introduction to 19-1

materials for 19-1

procedure for 19-2

Massachusetts

quarantine areas C-2

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) G-1

Michigan

quarantine areas C-2

milk carton trap H-8

assembly

materials for D-5

procedures for D-6

mills/log yards

regulatory activities for 23-2

Mimic H-7

mobile home

contacts

haulers 14-1

media 14-2

mobile home park operators 14-2

pesticide applicators 14-2

State Department of Transportation 14-2

insecticide spraying 14-6

inspection documents 14-7

inspection procedure 14-4

inspection safety 14-4

PPQ Form 530 (Limited Permit) 14-7

PPQ Form 540 (Certificate) 14-7

preinspection procedure 14-2

QCA document 14-7

regulation of 14-1

removing egg masses 14-6

N

National Agricultural Pest Information System (NAPIS)

Asian gypsy moth survey data E-1

introduction to E-1

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)

I-1

nematodes

experimental treatments H-10

New Hampshire

quarantine areas C-2

New Jersey

quarantine areas C-2

New York

quarantine areas C-2

noninfested area

definition of 21-1

North Carolina

quarantine areas C-2

nozzles

introduction to L-1

rotary atomizer L-3

nurseries

compliance agreement for F-6

regulatory activities for 23-2

nursery stock

fumigation for large lots 10-3

introduction to 10-1

large lots procedures 10-2

small lots procedures 10-2

spray treatments for large lots 10-3

O

Ohio

quarantine areas C-3

Olympic Horticultural Products G-6

outdoor household articles (OHAs)

building materials P-4

checklist for P-1

children’s playthings P-3

house items P-1

inspection procedure 13-4

introduction to 13-1

monitoring the shipment of 13-1

other items P-4

preinspection procedure 13-3

recreational and camping items P-3

self-inspection of 13-2

under compliance agreement 13-2

yard and garden items P-2

P

parasitoids

experimental treatments H-10

Pennsylvania

quarantine areas C-3

pesticide

certification 7-1

egg-mass treatments 7-2

fumigation 7-2

physical removal 7-3

larvae treatments 7-3

aerial 7-3

ground 7-3

timing 7-4

safety 7-1

Pesticide First Aid Handbook 16-1

Pesticide Label and Labeling Safety Instructions/

Precautions 16-1

PPQ forms

PPQ Form 343 (Trapping Record) 2-2, 2-13, 3-2

PPQ Form 353 (Trap Site Map) 2-15

PPQ Form 391 (Specimens for Determination)

2-2, 3-2, 5-4

completion of 5-5

distribution of 5-6

PPQ Form 519 (Compliance Agreement (CA))

F-1

PPQ Form 519 (Compliance Agreement) F-1

PPQ Form 523 (Emergency Action Notification) R-1

PPQ Form 527 (Sticky Back Certificate) 6-3

PPQ Form 530 (Limited Permit) 6-3

PPQ Form 540 (Certificate) 6-3

PPQ Guidelines for Managing and Monitoring Pesticide Spills 16-1

PPQ Plant Health Director

duties of E-2
Index

Index-4 Gypsy Moth Program Manual 09/2009-3

PPQ

A

C

E

G

I

K

M

O

Q

S

U

W

Y

B

D

F

H

J

L

N

P

R

T

V

X

Z

predators

experimental treatments H-10

pressures

introduction to L-1

procedures

inspections

high-risk areas 23-1

program

cooperation in 1-3

public meetings J-2

public relations J-3

pulpwood shippers

compliance agreement for F-3

pulpwood/bark

inspection procedures 9-4

pumps

procedure for wind-driven K-9

Q

qualified certified applicators (QCAs) 12-1

authorization of under compliance agreements

12-2

compliance agreement for F-8

document Q-1

mobile home and associated items Q-3

qualifications of 12-1

substandard performance of 12-2

training for 12-1

quarantine area

definition of 21-1

R

receiving mills

compliance agreement for F-5

Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisoning 16-1

regulated articles 6-1

definition of 21-1

numbers shipped 6-2

regulatory activities

Christmas tree plantations 23-3

documentation for 6-3

logging operations 23-2, 24-2

mills/log yards 23-2

nurseries 23-2

personnel 6-2

purpose of 6-1

State and national parks 24-3

Rhode Island

quarantine areas C-3

S

safety materials 16-2

safety measures 1-8

vehicles 1-9

when trapping 1-8

safety precautions and references 16-1

screens L-4

shippers

compliance agreement for F-9

silviculture

experimental treatments H-11

Specimens for Determination Form (PPQ Form 391)

2-2, 3-2

spray tip wear L-4

Standard Pesticide Users Guide 16-1

State and national parks

regulatory activities for 24-3

State Survey Coordinator (SSC)

duties of E-2

Sticky Back Certificate (PPQ Form 527) 6-3

Stoller USA G-7

survey results

male moths alone 24-1

survey tools

introduction to 4-1

T

table of contents -iii

Tebufenozide H-7

Thuricide 48LV H-3

transfer areas

criteria 24-1

transition areas

definition of 21-2

introduction to 20-1

map 24-2

regulatory activities for 23-1

significance of 20-2

survey activities 22-1

trap locations

plotting of 2-8

Trap Site Map (PPQ Form 353) 2-15

trap surveys

initiating factors 22-1

moth identification 22-2

servicing 22-2

trap type 22-2

trapping density 22-2

trapping period 22-2

Trapping Record (PPQ Form 343) 2-2, 2-13, 3-2

tree trunk bands and barriers

experimental treatments H-10

U

United Agri Products G-7

USDA Forest Service G-7

V

Valent BioSciences Corporation G-7

Valent USA Corporation G-8

Vermont

quarantine areas C-3

Virginia

quarantine areas C-4

W

West Virginia

quarantine areas C-5

Wisconsin

quarantine areas C-5

wood chip shippers

compliance agreement F-3

worksheets E-2

data elements in E-4

instructions for E-3