WATER SUPPLY

HANDBOOK

A Handbook on

Water Supply Planning

and

Resource Management

Institute for Water Resources

Water Resources Support Center

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

7701 Telegraph Road

Alexandria, Virginia 22315-3868

Prepared by

Theodore M. Hillyer

with

Germaine A. Hofbauer

Policy and Special Studies Division

December 1998 Revised IWR Report 96-PS-4
U.S. Army Institute for Water Resources 

Policy and Special Studies Programs

The Institute for Water Resources (IWR) is part of the Corps of Engineers Water Resources Support Center

in Alexandria Virginia. It was created in 1969 to analyze and anticipate changing water resources management

conditions, and to develop planning methods and analytical tools to address economic, social, institutional, and

environmental needs in water resources planning and policy. Since its inception, IWR has been a leader in the

development of tools and strategies to plan and execute Corps water resources planning.

IWR's program emphasizes planning concepts for use by Corps field offices. Initially, this work relied heavily

on the experience of highly respected planners and theorists, gained in the many river basin and multiple purpose

studies undertaken in the 1960s. As these concepts matured and became a routine part of Corps planning, the

emphasis shifted to developing improved methods for conducting economic, social, environmental, and institutional

analyses. These methods were essential to implementation of the Water Resources Council's (WRC) Principles and

Standards (P&S), which required a multi-objective analysis of and tradeoffs among national and regional

development, environmental quality, and social effects.

Increasingly over the years, IWR has also responded to Corps program development needs by studying policy

issues resulting from changes in national objectives and priorities, as highlighted by adoption of WRC's Principles

and Guidelines in 1983, and the Water Resources Development Act of 1986. In addition to directly supporting Corps

needs, IWR has established an analytic and strategic competence through the direction of such efforts as the National

Drought Management Study, National Waterways Studies, the National Wetlands Mitigation Banking Study, the

Federal Infrastructure Strategy, and as a lead participant in the development of policies and procedures for

environmental planning and management.

Many of these forward-looking policy and strategic studies were accomplished by the Policy and Special

Studies Division. The mission of the Division is to support the Director of Civil Works by assessing and evaluating

changing national water resources and related public works infrastructure management needs as they affect Corps

Civil Works missions, policies, practices, legislative mandates, and executive directives.

The Division supports the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works, and the Headquarters,

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in analyzing current policy issues, and conducting special studies of national and

international significance. The Division's work encompasses the following thematic areas:

! Policy Studies ! Strategic Studies

! Special Studies ! Environmental Studies

For further information related to the program, call either:

Dr. Eugene Stakhiv, Chief Mr. Kyle E. Schilling, Director

Policy and Special Studies Division Institute for Water Resources

703-428-6370 703-428-8015

Department of the Army Corps of Engineers

Water Resources Support Center

Institute for Water Resources

Casey Building, 7701 Telegraph Road

Alexandria, VA 22315-3868

Reports may be ordered by writing Arlene Nurthen, IWR Publications, at above address, by e-mail at

arlene.j.nurthen@wrc01.usace.army.mil, or by fax 703-428-8171. The report is also available on the IWR Homepage

at:http://www.wrsc.usace.army.mil/iwr/currpt.htm
PREFACE December 1998

The field of water resources covers a wide range of topics and subject matter. This handbook

focuses on one of those, the issue of water supply planning and resource management. Subject matter

centers on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers projects and authorities, but is equally valid for use by

others interested in this topic. The document is intended to serve as a comprehensive desk top

reference on water supply topics that are spread throughout a voluminous body of Corps regulations,

manuals, technical letters and memoranda, and also literature from the private sector. Information

in this handbook is intended for easy access and reference purposes only, and is not intended as a

substitute for Headquarters U.S. Army Corps of Engineers policy or implementation guidance. It is

envisioned that the handbook will be kept current through the Internet. Changes will be made as 

laws of the land and policies of the Administration change. The various E-mail addresses and models

contained throughout the report can also be kept current through this process.

This handbook contains nine chapters and eight supporting appendices. After an introductory

chapter, topics include policies, procedures, and legislation pertaining to storage of water supplies

in new and existing Corps reservoir projects; several water supply databases; a separate chapter on

reallocation; a water supply partnership kit suitable for reproduction and submittal to those who may

be interested in obtaining water supplies from Corps reservoirs; and then four chapters that focus on

how supplies of water are managed through modeling, conservation, forecasting and water control

systems.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS December 1998

This document was developed by the Institute for Water Resources (IWR) with the assistance

of the Directorate of Civil Works, Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE). The

project manager is Theodore M. Hillyer of IWR’s Policy and Special Studies Division, headed by

Eugene Z. Stakhiv, Chief. A major contributing author was Germaine A. Hofbauer, also of the Policy

and Special Studies Division. The Director of IWR is Kyle Schilling.

Headquarters oversight was provided by Janice E. Rasgus, Policy Division. David B.

Sanford, Jr., as Chief, Policy Division, provided overall management support.

The authors want to thank all those from the division and district offices and the laboratories

who furnished comments on the draft versions of this handbook. The phone calls, faxes, E-mail, and

official written comments were all very much appreciated. The responses and concerns expressed,

verified the need for a document such as this handbook. Special thanks are extended to Charles Joyce

of the New England District; John Burnes, Philadelphia District and Noel Beegle, Baltimore District;

Dennis Barnett, South Atlantic Division, Linwood Rogers, Wilmington District, Duane Bailey and

Myron Yuschishin, Savannah District, and David Luckie of Mobile District; Bill Frechione, Pittsburgh

District, Ellen Waggoner, Louisville District, and Robert Smyth and James Roberts of the Nashville

District; Robert Post, St. Paul District and Joe Wanielista, Detroit District; James Hanchey,

Mississippi Valley Division, Donald Dunn and Ken Bright, Memphis District, and Robert Scroeder,

New Orleans District; Sam Bates and Peter Shaw of the Southwestern Division, Arthur Birdwell and

Mead Sams, Fort Worth District, Mike Kielich, Galveston District, George Losak and Mike Black,

Little Rock District, and Janet Holsomback of the Tulsa District; Dennis Wagner of the Northwestern

Division, Karen Bahus and John Breiling of the Portland District, Paul Wemhoener, Omaha District

and Donald Hammond of the Kansas City District; Clark Frentzen of the South Pacific Division and

Mona King, Los Angeles District; Bill Martin of the Waterways Experiment Station; and Bill Johnson

of the Hydrologic Engineering Center. 

Assistance and comments were also provided by the following personnel within HQUSACE:

Joann Duman; Zoltan Montvai; Lewis Smith; Norman Edwards; Lillian Almodovar; and last, but

foremost, Steve Cone, Chief, Management and Review Office, Policy Review Branch, Policy

Division. 

TABLE OFCONTENTS December 1998

Page

Preface .................................................................. iii

Acknowledgments ........................................................... v

Table of Contents .......................................................... vii

List of Tables .............................................................. xi

List of Figures ............................................................ xiii

List of Boxes ............................................................. xiii

List of Appendices ......................................................... xiii

Chapter 1: Introduction

A. Purpose ............................................................. 1- 1

B. History .............................................................. 1- 1

1. Introduction .................................................... 1- 1

2. Development of Federal Water Supply Policy ........................... 1- 1

3. Water Supply Storage ............................................. 1- 3

C. Organization of Report ................................................. 1- 3

1. Chapter 1 ...................................................... 1- 3

2. Chapter 2 ...................................................... 1- 4

3. Chapter 3 ...................................................... 1- 4

4. Chapter 4 ...................................................... 1- 4

5. Chapter 5 ...................................................... 1- 4

6. Chapter 6 ...................................................... 1- 5

7. Chapter 7 ...................................................... 1- 5

8. Chapter 8 ...................................................... 1- 5

9. Chapter 9 ...................................................... 1- 5

Chapter 2: Authorities, Policies and Procedures

A. Legislation ........................................................... 2- 1

1. The Federal Interest .............................................. 2- 1

2. Section 6, Public Law 78-534 ....................................... 2- 1

3. Section 8, Public Law 78-534 ....................................... 2- 1

4. Title III, Public Law 85-500 ........................................ 2- 2

5. Public Law 88-140 ............................................... 2- 2

B. Municipal and Industrial Water Supply ...................................... 2- 3

1. Storage ........................................................ 2- 3
viii Water Supply Handbook

2. Reallocations .................................................... 2- 5

3. Addition of Storage ............................................... 2- 6

4. Reduced Price for Certain Storage ................................... 2- 6

5. Surplus Water ................................................... 2- 7

6. Repayment Provisions ............................................. 2- 8

7. Processing Repayment Agreements ................................... 2-11

C. Agricultural Water Supply ............................................... 2-16

1. Western States .................................................. 2-16

2. Areas Outside the Western States .................................... 2-16

3. Interim Use of M&I Water Supply Storage for Irrigation ................... 2-16

4. Processing Repayment Agreements ................................... 2-17

D. Emergency and Drought Contingency Water Supply ........................... 2-18

1. Emergency Water ................................................ 2-18

2. Drought Contingency Water ........................................ 2-19

E. Seasonal Operations for Water Supply ...................................... 2-20

1. Legislative and Policy Guidance. ..................................... 2-20

2. Repayment Provisions ............................................. 2-20

3. Processing Repayment Agreements ................................... 2-21

F. References ........................................................... 2-21

Chapter 3: Water Supply Databases

A. Database Network ..................................................... 3- 1

1. Network Concept ................................................ 3- 1

2. Databases Used .................................................. 3- 1

B. Reservoir Database .................................................... 3- 4

1. Definition of "Reservoir" ........................................... 3- 4

2. Authorized Purposes .............................................. 3- 4

3. Database ....................................................... 3- 4

C. Municipal and Industrial Water Supply Database .............................. 3- 6

1. National Summaries .............................................. 3- 6

2. Division and District Summaries ..................................... 3- 8

3. Projects and Signed Agreements ..................................... 3- 8

4. Definitions ..................................................... 3- 8

D. Agricultural Water Supply Database ....................................... 3- 9

1. Introduction .................................................... 3- 9

2. Irrigation Storage in Completed Corps Projects .......................... 3- 9

3. Irrigation Storage in Corps Projects that are Under Construction ............ 3- 9

E. References .......................................................... 3- 10

Chapter 4: Storage Reallocation

A. Authority ............................................................ 4- 1

1. Water Supply Act of 1958 .......................................... 4- 1

2. Guidance ....................................................... 4- 1
Table of Contents ix

B. Opportunities ......................................................... 4- 1

1. Reservoirs ...................................................... 4- 1

2. Partnerships .................................................... 4- 3

3. History of Reallocations ........................................... 4- 4

4. Water Supply Studies ............................................. 4- 5

C. Procedures ........................................................... 4- 6

1. Policies ........................................................ 4- 6

2. Reallocation Report .............................................. 4- 6

3. Funding for Reallocation Studies ..................................... 4- 8

4. Cost of Reallocated Storage ........................................ 4- 8

5. Engineering News Record Index ..................................... 4-10

6. Cost Accounts .................................................. 4-13

7. Financial Feasibility ............................................... 4-13

8. Approval ....................................................... 4-13

D. References ........................................................... 4-14

Chapter 5: Water Supply Partnership Kit

A. Introduction .......................................................... 5- 1

B. Attachment (Water Supply Partnership Kit) .................................. 5- 1

Chapter 6: Modeling and Water Supply Planning

A. Introduction .......................................................... 6- 1

1. Scope ......................................................... 6- 1

2. Computer Hardware and Software ................................... 6- 2

B. Modeling Applications. ................................................. 6- 2

1. Introduction .................................................... 6- 2

2. Modeling Development Community .................................. 6- 2

3. Corps of Engineers Water Model Centers .............................. 6- 4

4. Other ......................................................... 6- 7

C. Water Supply Planning Models ........................................... 6- 8

1. Types of Models ................................................. 6- 8

2. Demand Forecasting Model ......................................... 6- 8

3. Groundwater Models ............................................. 6- 9

4. Watershed Runoff Models .......................................... 6-10

5. Water Distribution System Models ................................... 6-10

6. Stream Hydraulics Models ......................................... 6-11

7. River and Reservoir Water Quality Models ............................. 6-11

8. Reservoir/River System Operation Models .................................................

9. Water Conservation Models ........................................ 6-12

10. Integrated Water Supply and Demand Model ........................... 6-13

D. References ........................................................... 6-14
x Water Supply Handbook

Chapter 7: Water Conservation and Planning for Drought

A. Overview ............................................................ 7- 1

1. Introduction .................................................... 7- 1

2. Need for Water Conservation ....................................... 7- 1

B. Water Conservation Methods ............................................. 7- 2

1. Residential and Commercial Use ..................................... 7- 2

2. Outdoor Use .................................................... 7- 2

3. Industrial Use ................................................... 7- 4

4. Education ...................................................... 7- 4

5. Rate-Making Policies ............................................. 7- 4

6. Water Systems .................................................. 7- 5

7. Water Conservation Models ........................................ 7- 5

C. Reservoir Drought Contingency Plans ...................................... 7- 6

1. Corps Guidance ................................................. 7- 6

2. State and Local Coordination ....................................... 7- 7

D. National Drought Study ................................................. 7- 7

1. Authority ...................................................... 7- 7

2. Problem Identification and Definition ................................. 7- 7

3. Current State of Water Management During Drought ..................... 7-10

4. Framework for Drought Planning and Management .................................................

E. Evaluation of Existing Water Distribution Systems ............................. 7-16

1. Introduction .................................................... 7-16

2. Testing Water Distribution Systems ................................... 7-17

3. Replacement of Water Mains Due to Breakage .......................... 7-19

4. Rehabilitation of Water Mains ....................................... 7-20

5. Water Distribution System Models ................................... 7-21

F. References. ........................................................... 7-22

Chapter 8: Water Supply Needs Analysis

A. Water Supply Forecasting ............................................... 8- 1

1. Overview ...................................................... 8- 1

2. Methods ....................................................... 8- 1

3. Effect of Global Warming .......................................... 8- 5

B. Water Demand Forecasting .............................................. 8-12

1. Overview ...................................................... 8-12

2. Methods ....................................................... 8-12

3. Data Requirements ............................................... 8-17

C. Demand Forecasting Models ............................................. 8-20

1. Introduction .................................................... 8-20

2. IWR-MAIN .................................................... 8-20

3. Agricultural Water Requirements .................................... 8-21

D. Integrated Water Supply and Demand ...................................... 8-22

1. Introduction .................................................... 8-22
Table of Contents xi

2. WEAP ........................................................ 8-22

E. References ........................................................... 8-23

Chapter 9: Management of Water Control Systems

A. Overview ............................................................ 9- 1

1. Introduction .................................................... 9- 1

2. Water Control Data Systems ........................................ 9- 1

3. Objectives and Principles of Water Control Management ................... 9- 1

B. Development of Water Control Plans ....................................... 9- 2

1. Introduction .................................................... 9- 2

2. Development of Regulation Schedules and Water Control Diagrams. ......... 9- 3

3. Testing of Water Control Plans ...................................... 9- 5

4. Constraints on Water Control Plans. .................................. 9- 6

C. Water Control Data Systems ............................................. 9- 8

1. Basic Requirements ............................................... 9- 8

2. Master Plans .................................................... 9- 8

3. Water Control Data Management .................................... 9- 9

D. Management of Water Control Projects ..................................... 9-11

1. Basic Considerations .............................................. 9-11

2. Decisions and Scheduling .......................................... 9-13

3. Drought Management Plans ........................................ 9-15

E. Preparation of Water Control Documents .................................... 9-15

1. Introduction .................................................... 9-15

2. Basic Documentation ............................................. 9-15

F. References ........................................................... 9-17

LIST OF TABLES

2-1 1958 Water Supply Act Interest Rates ................................... 2- 9

2-2 1986 Water Resources Development Act Interest Rates ...................... 2-10

2-3 Water Supply Storage Agreement Approval Authority ....................... 2-14

2-4 Surplus Water Agreement Approval Authority .................................................

3-1 Reservoirs with M&I Water Supply as a Purpose ........................... 3- 5

3-2 National Total by Division, M&I Water Supply Storage Database .............. 3- 6

3-3 National Total by Division, M&I Storage Under a Repayment Agreement ........ 3- 7

3-4 National Total by Division, M&I Storage Not Under a Repayment Agreement ..... 3- 7

3-5 Irrigation Storage at Completed Projects ................................. 3- 9

4-1 Benefits of the Kansas MOU .......................................... 4- 4

4-2 Summary of Reallocations 1965-1998 ................................... 4- 4
xii Water Supply Handbook

4-3 Water Supply Studies, Presidents FY 99 Submission to Congress ............... 4- 5

4-4 Updated Cost of Storage Procedure ..................................... 4-10

4-5 ENR Construction Cost Annual Average Index ............................ 4-11

4-6 ENR Construction Cost Monthly Index .................................. 4-12

6-1 Types of Models. ................................................... 6- 3

6-2 Selected Federal and Federally-Supported Model Development and Distribution 

Organizations .......................................... 6- 4

6-3 Hydrologic Engineering Center Models .................................. 6- 6

6-4 Water Supply Planning Models, Summary ................................ 6- 8

7- 1 Residential and Commercial Conservation Methods ......................... 7- 3

7- 2 Outdoor Water Conservation Methods ................................... 7- 3

7- 3 Industrial Water Conservation Methods .................................. 7- 4

7- 4 Education as a Water Conservation Tool ................................. 7- 4

7- 5 Rate Structure as a Water Conservation Tool .............................. 7- 5

7- 6 Regional Drought Problems ........................................... 7- 8

7- 7 Drought Impacts ................................................... 7- 9

7- 8 Time Frames for Response Planning ..................................... 7-11

7- 9 Significant Legal and Institutional Water Law Issues ........................ 7-12

7-10 The Seven Steps of the Drought Preparedness Method ....................... 7-15

7-11 Tests for Water Distribution Systems .................................... 7-18

7-12 Steps in Evaluating a Rehabilitation Project ............................... 7-21

8- 1 General Water Supply Forecasting Categories ............................. 8- 2

8- 2 Selected Hydrologic Water Supply Forecasting Methods ..................... 8- 3

8- 3 Summary of Effects of Global Warming on Water Supply .................... 8- 8

8- 4 Water Availability in 2050 ............................................ 8- 9

8- 5 Principles and Guidelines and Global Warming ............................. 8-10

8- 6 Purposes Served by Forecasting ........................................ 8-12

8- 7 Developing a Causal Model of Water Demand ............................. 8-15

8- 8 Components of Water Demands ........................................ 8-16

8- 9 Comparison of Alternative Demand Methods .............................. 8-17

8-10 Data Used in Demand Forecasting ...................................... 8-18

8-11 Water Evaluation and Planning System ................................... 8-23

9- 1 Development of System Analysis Studies for Multipurpose Uses ............... 9- 5

9- 2 Constrains on Water Control Plans ...................................... 9- 7

9- 3 Time-Variable Data ................................................. 9-10

9- 4 Water Control Management Agencies for Coordination .................................................

9- 5 Data Exchange ..................................................... 9-11

9- 6 Model Input Data ................................................... 9-13

9- 7 Type of Water Control Projects by Size and Complexity ..................... 9-16
Table of Contents xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

3-1 HEC Reservoir Database Network ...................................... 3- 3

9-1 Water Control Diagram .............................................. 9- 4

LIST OF BOXES

4-1 Suggested Contents for a Reallocation Report ............................. 4- 7

6-1 General Questions .................................................. 6- 1

7-1 Lessons Learned from the California Drought ............................. 7-14

7-2 American Water Works Association Publications ........................... 7-17

8-1 Uncertainties ...................................................... 8- 7

8-2 Valuable Insights ................................................... 8-11

8-3 Six Variations of Statistical Econometric and Stochastic Models ............... 8-13

8-4 Variable Considerations Used in Demand Forecasting ....................... 8-20

9-1 Basic Requirements of a Water Control Data System ........................ 9- 8

9-2 Master Plans ...................................................... 9- 9

9-3 Water Control Agreements and Plans .................................... 9-14

LIST OF APPENDICES

A Legislation Pertinent to the Water Supply Program .......................... A-1

B Model Formats for Agreements and Permits ................................ B-1

C Databases .......................................................... C-1

D Reallocations ....................................................... D-1

E Water Supply Planning Models ......................................... E-1

F Outlines for Water Control Documents ................................... F-1

G Definitions and Conversion Factors ...................................... G-1

H Index ............................................................. H-1
CHAPTER 1: DECEMBER 1998

INTRODUCTION

A. PURPOSE

The purpose of this study by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources is to

develop a "stand alone" water supply handbook. This handbook is to be a comprehensive desk

reference for use by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps), academia and non-Federal entities

interested in water supply planning and management. The focus is two fold: first; on providing

water supplies (municipal, industrial, agricultural and emergency/drought contingency) from new

and existing Corps reservoir projects, and second; on how those supplies are managed through

modeling, water conservation, forecasting and water control systems. It is envisioned that this

handbook will be kept current thought the Internet. Changes will be made as laws of the land and

policies of the Administration change. The various E-mail addresses and models contained

throughout the report can also be kept current through this process. The information in this

handbook is for reference purposes, and is not intended as a substitute for HQUSACE policy or

implementation guidance.

B. HISTORY

1. Introduction. The national policy of the United States regarding water supply, as defined by

Congress, has been developed over a number of years and is still being clarified and extended by

legislation. This policy recognizes a significant but declining Federal interest in the long range

management of water supplies and assigns the financial burden of supply to users.

2. Development of Federal Water Supply Policy.

a. Pre-1958. The first act to authorize domestic water supply at Corps reservoirs was the

War Department Civil Appropriations Act of 1938. Under this act, the non-Federal beneficiaries

were to pay the costs of the increased storage capacity, but cost allocation was difficult to determine.

 The law also asked the beneficiaries to advance the funds prior to construction. The Flood Control

Act of 1944 Public Law 78-534) really put Federal water supply policy on a forward track, when it

authorized the Secretary of the Army to contract with cities, states, and private companies for sale

of surplus water (for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use) from U.S. Army Corps of Engineer

projects. However, what comprised Asurplus water,@ remained unclear.

b. 1958 to 1986.

(1). The era of major involvement of Federal water supply began with the Water Supply Act

of 1958 (Title III of Public Law 85-500). In the early 1950's, the growing water supply problems of

the United States led the Chief of Engineers (Lt. General Samuel Sturgis, Jr.), to advocate that all

Corps reservoirs constructed for river control include water supply storage. The ensuing legislation
1-2 Water Supply Handbook

made the point that water supply would remain primarily a non-Federal responsibility, but that the

Federal government should cooperate and support local efforts by modifying existing projects and

addressing water supply problems through Federal water studies. The Water Supply Act of 1958

authorized the Corps to include Municipal and Industrial (M&I) water supply for present and future

demand at Corps reservoir projects. This act is the primary vehicle for Corps of Engineer

involvement in water supply storage.

(2). The 1958 Act called for: the M&I water supply cost plus interest to be paid by nonFederal interests within the life of the project (50 years), 30 percent of project costs (and storage)

could be allocated for future water supply, and a 10-year interest free period for future supplies was

authorized. The Act was applicable to all reservoir projects to be planned, under planning at the

time, under construction, or operational. However, any project modification which would seriously

affect the purposes for which the project was authorized, surveyed, planned, or constructed, or which

would involve major structural or operational changes, could be made only upon the approval of

Congress.

(3). During the 28-year period between 1958 and 1986, only two acts modified the 1958

Water Supply Act. The first of these was the 1961 Federal Water Pollution Control Act

Amendments (Public Law 87-88). This act modified the 1958 Act with respect to construction cost

payments for future water supply demands. The second of these modifications was the Water

Reservoir Act of 1963 (Public Law 88-140). This act allowed for a permanent right to use the

storage for the life of the project once construction costs were repaid. One other piece of legislation

(the Water Resources Development Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-251)) was inacted during this

period. While not modifying the 1958 Act, it did impact on the Corps authority in the field of water

supply. This act established authority for the Chief of Engineers to provide emergency safe drinking

water for Adrought distressed@ communities, providing the Governor of the State requests assistance.

c. 1986. The Water Resources Development Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-662), sharply

modified the Federal role that had been largely defined in the Water Supply Act of 1958. This act

included the following: elimination of the 10-year interest free period, reduction of the payback

period from 50 to 30 years, annual reimbursement of the operation and maintenance cost (although

it had been established policy that these costs be repaid on an annual basis), non-Federal share of

municipal and industrial water supply was assigned 100 percent of the costs and the non-Federal

share of agricultural water supply was assigned 35 percent of the costs, the interest rate formula was

modified, a rate of 0.125 percent was added for transaction costs, and the interest rate is to be

recomputed every five years. These amendments are applicable only to Corps projects and not the

Bureau of Reclamation projects. The water supply portions of the 1986 WRDA have not, as yet,

been modified. However, Section 322 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1990 (Public

Law 101-640), reduced the price of water supply for low income communities.

d. Post 1986. 

(1). In today=s climate, when water supply storage is included as a purpose in a new project
Chapter 1: Introduction 1-3

being considered for construction, current policy is for the project sponsor to repay construction costs

allocated to M&I water supply either prior to or during construction. This policy also applies to

reallocation of storage for water supply. In addition, single purpose water supply projects will not

be supported or recommended for construction. This new approach to water supply has shifted the

emphasis from construction to better water management of existing supplies through operation,

reallocation, and water conservation. 

(2). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and other Federal reservoirs represent a combination of

large economic investments and commitments of valuable natural resources. These reservoirs can

make important contributions to the nation=s economy. Over time, as population shifts and growth

and need changes, the purposes of some Federal reservoirs may no longer satisfy the original project

priories. To meet these changing needs, the Corps is continually turning to reallocation. 

Reallocation of storage to municipal and industrial water supply has been considered in a number

of different ways. However, any new reallocation agreement must provide the states or others with

financial incentives not available elsewhere and the use of existing storage in Corps facilities must

be cheaper for the potential user than the construction of new or additional facilities. Corps policy

for reallocated storage is to charge the user the cost of the storage as if it were constructed today.

 Types of opportunities for reallocations include: the use of water supply storage not under contract,

temporary use of storage allocated for future conservation purposes and sediment, storage made

available by change in conservation demand or purpose, seasonal use of flood control space,

reallocation of flood control space during the dry season, modifying reservoir water control plans

and method of regulation, raising the existing dam, and system regulation of Corps and non-Corps

reservoirs. Opportunities for reallocation can also be created through new partnerships with states

and other water agencies.

3. Water Supply Storage. Out of approximately 330 million acre feet of storage in Corps

reservoir projects, about 219 million acre-feet is active storage. Of this active storage, less than 5

percent, or about 9.5 million acre feet (which represents an initial investment cost of a little over $1.3

billion) is allocated to M&I water supply. Of this 9.5 million acre feet of storage, 6.3 million is

under a present use repayment agreement, 2.4 million is under a future use agreement, and 0.8

million is allocated to future use and not under a repayment agreement. Of the 9.5 million acre feet

of storage space, approximately 72 percent is located in the Corps= Southwestern Division. The

storage space for M&I water supply is represented by 235 separate agreements in 117 different

reservoir projects. Again, the vast majority of these repayment agreements (73 percent) and projects

(55 percent) are located in the Southwestern Division.

C. ORGANIZATION OF REPORT

1. Chapter 1: Introduction. This chapter provides the purpose of the report, a brief history of

the Corps of Engineers involvement in municipal and industrial water supply, and explains how the

report is organized. The report is organized into the various aspects of water supply planning and

management. There are two general sections, the first focuses on water supply storage in new and
1-4 Water Supply Handbook

existing reservoir projects and the marketing and contracting for those supplies (Chapters 2-5,

accompanied by Appendices A-D) and the second section focuses on the management of those

supplies through modeling, conservation, forecasting and water control systems (Chapters 6-9,

accompanied by Appendices E and F). Also provided, as Appendix G, is a list of definitions and

conversion factors and, as Appendix H, an index of key words. The first section of this report was

originally published as Institute for Water Resources Report 96-PS-4 dated December 1996.

2. Chapter 2: Authorities, Policies and Procedures. This chapter presents the legislative

landmarks upon which the Corps mission in water supply is founded as well as the major policies

and procedures that have evolved from this legislation. Sections are included on Legislation,

Municipal and Industrial (M&I) Water Supply, Agricultural Water Supply, Emergency and Drought

Contingency Water Supply, and Seasonal Operations for Water Supply. Appendix A and Appendix

B accompany this chapter. Appendix A "Legislation" has a compendium of legislation pertinent to

water marketing as well as several of the major legislative landmarks in their entirety. Appendix B

"Model Formats for Agreements and Permits,@ contains the three standard water supply agreement

formats.

3. Chapter 3: Water Supply Databases. This chapter presents an overview of databases relative to

Corps reservoir projects. Sections are included on the Hydrologic Engineering Center's Database

Network, Reservoir Database, M&I Water Supply Database and Agricultural Water Supply

Database. These latter two databases were developed in the 1980's but were updated by the divisions

and districts in March 1996 in response to a request by the Institute for Water Resources (CEWRCIWR-P) for review of the first draft of chapters 1-5. Appendix C, "Databases,@ accompanies this

chapter. This appendix contains the details of the databases by the following four methods.

$ M&I Water Supply Reservoir Database

$ M&I Water Supply Agreement Database, Division and District Summaries

$ M&I Water Supply Agreement Database by Projects and Agreements

$ Agricultural Water Supply Database

4. Chapter 4: Storage Reallocation. The purpose of this chapter and its accompanying appendix,

Appendix D, is to provide in more detail the procedures to be followed in the development of a

reallocation report. The chapter discusses: the authority and opportunities for reallocations, the

policies and procedures to be followed in reallocations, and suggested contents for a reallocation

report with examples. Also included is a summary of reallocations that have been performed at

Corps reservoir projects.

5. Chapter 5: Water Supply Partnership Kit. This chapter is, in essence, a self-contained pamphlet

that can be copied and provided to local sponsors who may desire to enter into water supply

agreements. It defines the Corps' mission, authorities, policies and procedures in the area of water
Chapter 1: Introduction 1-5

supply planning and contracting. It also provides some general background information on the

organization and responsibilities of the various levels of the Corps. The pamphlet includes an

example of a letter of introduction from the district to the non-Federal sponsor. It is suggested that

appropriate model formats be copied and supplied to the prospective sponsor.

6. Chapter 6: Modeling and Water Supply Planning. The purpose of this chapter and its

accompanying appendix, Appendix E, is to inform the water supply planners and managers of the

types of computer models that can be obtained in the field of water supply planning. The modeling

community is discussed and descriptive data is given for a variety of models and where these models

can be obtained. Models are subdivided into the following areas: demand forecasting, groundwater,

watershed runoff, water distribution system, stream hydraulics, river and reservoir water quality,

reservoir/river system operation, and water conservation.

7. Chapter 7: Water Conservation and Planning for Drought. This chapter provides some

insight for areas normally outside the Corps traditional role in water supply, namely water

distribution and water conservation, as well as the normal role in responding to drought through

effective use of Corps reservoirs. Sections are included on water conservation methods, reservoir

drought contingency plans, the ANational Study of Water Management During Drought,@ and on the

evaluation of existing water distribution systems.

8. Chapter 8: Water Supply Needs Analysis. This chapter provides a summary of the methods

used in forecasting available water supplies and the methods used in forecasting the demand for

those supplies. A brief review of the main computer models used in demand forecasting (IWRMAIN and WEAP), previously described in more detail in Chapter 6, is also presented.

9. Chapter 9: Management of Water Control Systems. This chapter presents a general

overview of what is required in the management of water control systems. There are sections on

Objectives and Principles of Water Control Management, Development of Water Control Plans,

Water Control Data Systems, Management of Water Control Projects, and Preparation of Water

Control Documents. An accompanying appendix, Appendix F, provides outlines for four water

control documents, Standing Instructions to Project Operators for Water Control, Water Control

Plans, Water Control Manuals, and Master Water Control Manuals. 
 CHAPTER 2: DECEMBER 1998

AUTHORITIES, POLICIESAND PROCEDURES

A. LEGISLATION

1. The Federal Interest. National policy concerning the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps)

role in water supply has developed over many years and is still being clarified and extended by

legislation. This policy is based on a recognition that states and local sponsors have the primary

responsibility in the development and management of their water supplies. The policy also recognizes

a significant but declining Federal interest in the long range management of water supplies and assigns

the financial burden of supply to users. The Corps may, however, participate and cooperate with

states and local sponsors in developing water supplies in connection with water resource

improvements when certain conditions of non-Federal participation are met. These supplies may be

included in Federal navigation, flood control, or multipurpose projects when they are being

considered for construction, operation, maintenance, and/or modification. A compendium of the

legislation pertinent to the Corps water supply program is contained in Appendix A. These laws are

of major significance to the Corps mission in water supply planning in that they provide authority for

the Corps to use their reservoirs for municipal, industrial, surplus and agricultural water supply.

These laws also give the Corps authority to provide emergency water and assist states and local

interests in their water supply planning process. Eight of these laws have been reproduced in their

entirety in Appendix A. Four of the more significant legislative landmarks are discussed in the

following paragraphs.

2. Section 6, Public Law 78-534. Under Section 6 of Public Law 78-534 (the 1944 Flood

Control Act), the Secretary of the Army is authorized to enter into agreements for surplus water with

states, municipalities, private concerns, or individuals at any reservoir under the control of the

Department of the Army. The price and terms of the agreements may be as the Secretary deems

reasonable. These agreements may be for domestic, municipal, and industrial uses, but not for crop

irrigation. See paragraph B5 of this chapter for implementing guidance on surplus water.

3. Section 8, Public Law 78-534.

a. Original Authorization. Under Section 8 of Public Law 78-534 (the 1944 Flood Control

Act) Corps lakes in the 17 contiguous Western States in which Reclamation Law applies may include

irrigation as a project purpose upon the recommendation of the Secretary of the Interior. Section 8

also provides that the Secretary of the Interior may provide needed irrigation works to make use of

irrigation storage. It is the Department of Interior's responsibility to construct, operate, and maintain

the additional works needed to utilize irrigation storage and enter into agreements for the storage

space. When the project costs allocated to irrigation exceeds the estimated amount that can be repaid

to the United States by the water users, the amount of the excess will be stated and appropriate

reference made to the fact that special authorization by Congress is required. 
2-2 Water Supply Handbook

b. 1986 Amendment. Section 931 of Public Law 99-662 (the Water Resources Development

Act of 1986 (WRDA '86)) amended Section 8 of the 1944 Flood Control Act. This amendment

authorized the Secretary of the Army to allocate water provided in projects operated by the Corps

for M&I water supply, which is not under a repayment agreement, for the interim use for irrigation

purposes. See paragraph C of this chapter for implementing guidance on this authority.

4. Title III, Public Law 85-500. 

a. Original Authorization. Title III of Public Law 85-500 (the 1958 River and Harbor Act)

is entitled the "Water Supply Act of 1958." Section 301(a), established a policy of cooperation in

development of water supplies for domestic, municipal, industrial, and other purposes. Section

301(b) is the authority for the Corps to include municipal and industrial (M&I) water storage in

reservoir projects and to reallocate storage in existing projects to M&I water supply. However, as

specified in Section 301(d), modifications to a planned or existing reservoir project to add water

supply, which would seriously affect the project, its other purposes, or its operation, requires

congressional authorization. This act was amended by Section 10 of Public Law 87-88 and by

Section 932 of Public Law 99-662. See paragraph B of this chapter for implementation guidance on

M&I water supply.

b. Section 10, Public Law 87-88. Section 10 of Public Law 87-88 (the Federal Water

Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1961) modified the 1958 Water Supply Act. This modification

permitted the acceptance of assurances for future water supply to accommodate the construction

cost payments for future water supply.

c. Section 932, Public Law 99-662. Section 932 of Public Law 99-662 (WRDA '86),

amended the Water Supply Act of 1958, as amended. This amendment applies to Corps projects but

not to Bureau of Reclamation projects. The amendment eliminated the 10-year interest free period

for future water supply, modified the interest rate formula, limited repayment to 30 years, and

required annual operation, maintenance and replacement costs to be reimbursed annually. This latter

requirement had always been a part of Corps policy and repayment procedures. 

5. Public Law 88-140. Public Law 88-140, approved 16 October 1963, extended to the nonFederal sponsor of water supply storage the right to use the storage for the physical life of the project

subject to repayment of costs. This removed an uncertainty as to the continued availability of the

storage space after the 50-year maximum period previously allowed in contracts. See paragraph B1

of this chapter for additional information on permanent rights to storage.
Chapter 2: Authorities, Policies and Procedures 2-3

B. MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY

1. Storage.

a. Definitions. The term “storage” conveys the right to store a resource (water) in a Corps

reservoir project without guaranteeing that the resource will be available. The right to withdraw

water from the storage space usually requires a separate agreement (see following paragraph h on

water rights). "Municipal and industrial," while not defined in legislative history, have been defined

by the Corps to mean supply for uses customarily found in the operation of municipal water systems

and for uses in industrial processes. Industrial processes can include thermal power generation and

mining operations. Agricultural irrigation is not ordinarily found among customers of a municipal

system and, therefore, is not eligible to be included in a project under the M&I authority unless so

specifically authorized by Congress. Water supply storage will be provided under the authority of

the 1958 Water Supply Act, as amended. Services to be provided will normally consist of space in

a reservoir for use in regulating the flow of water so that it is useful for water supply purposes.

Where necessary, facilities in the project structure to provide for the release or withdrawal of the

stored water may also be provided. Repayment agreements for storage space will base the amount

of storage to be provided on the yield required by the non-Federal sponsor. 

b. Cost of Storage. The cost of authorized M&I water supply storage in new and existing

projects will be the total construction cost allocated to the water supply storage space. This cost will

include (as appropriate)interest during construction and interest after the ten-year interest free period.

This cost will also include (as appropriate), the costs of water supply conduits and the cost of past

expenditures for items such as repair, replacement, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The share of

the users cost of storage represented in the repayment agreement will be the same ratio as the share

of the users storage space is to the total water supply storage space. An agreement covering all costs

allocated to water supply must be approved by both the non-Federal sponsor and the Federal

Government. This agreement must be approved before construction of a new project, modification

of an existing project, or, if no modification is required, the initiation of the use of the storage space

in an existing project.

c. New Construction Starts. Cost sharing and financing will be based on construction new

start guidance provided in the most current new construction start Engineering Circular. This applies

to water supply included in projects considered for a new construction start, projects funded for

construction but are unstarted, resumptions, and separable elements of ongoing projects. Single

purpose M&I projects, even it authorized, will not be proposed for construction.

d. Immediate and Future Use Storage. In the normal context, “immediate use storage” is that

storage that the local sponsor must begin payment on immediately upon final approval of the water

supply agreement whether or not it is needed, and “future use storage” is all other. Based on

provisions in the Water Supply Act of 1958, as amended, not more than 30 percent of total

construction costs can be allotted to water supply for future use. It is, however, Department of Army

policy, when practical, to obtain full payment from the non-Federal sponsor for the allocated capital
2-4 Water Supply Handbook

costs of water supply prior to or during construction. For these reasons, storage for future water

supply should be formulated only on an exception basis. Requests for such exception should be

forwarded to HQUSACE (CECW-A) for approval prior to preparation of draft feasibility reports for

new reservoir projects.

e. Single Purpose Water Supply. 

(1). Limits. A single purpose water supply project is defined as follows:

(a). Case 1. The project has justified, separable storage for flood control, navigation,

and/or agricultural water supply. In this case, the sum of benefits for these purposes must be at least

10 percent of total National Economic Development (NED) benefits. If M&I water supply benefits

exceed 90 percent of total benefits the project is considered single purpose water supply and is not

eligible for Federal participation.

(b). Case 2. The project does not have separable storage for flood control,

navigation, and/or agricultural water supply. In this case the sum of the benefits for these purposes

must be at least 20 percent of total NED benefits. If M&I water supply benefits exceed 80 percent

of total benefits the project is considered single purpose water supply and is not eligible for Federal

participation.

(2). Funding of Single-Purpose Water Supply Studies. The Corps will not conduct single

purpose water supply studies except for analysis of existing data under Section 22 of the 1974 Water

Resources Development Act (Public Law 93-251). The Corps may, however, conduct single purpose

water supply studies for non-Federal interests as a support activity under the provisions of the

Intergovernmental Cooperation Act of 1968 (Public Law 90-577). The prohibition against

involvement in single-purpose water supply projects does not include reallocations of existing storage

or additions of storage to an existing project for water supply purposes.

f. Permanent Rights to Storage. Public Law 88-140 grants to the local interest a permanent

right to the storage space after they have repaid the costs of the storage. This provision is only

applicable to agreements under the 1958 Water Supply Act. Their right to use the storage continues

as long as the storage is physically available, taking into account equitable reallocations as

necessitated by sedimentation. They must also agree to continue to pay their annual share of

operation and maintenance costs, together with their share of any periodic costs allocated to repair,

reconstruction, rehabilitation, or replacement of any features that may be required to operate the

project. This right to storage space does not connote a right to water. The right to water must be

obtained by separate means (see following paragraph h). Surplus water agreements executed under

the authority of Section 6 of the 1944 Flood Control Act, drought contingency water, and seasonal

water do not receive permanent rights to storage.

g. Withdrawal and Conveyance Systems. Releases through a dam into the stream are

frequently used to convey water from an impoundment to downstream users. It is the user's
Chapter 2: Authorities, Policies and Procedures 2-5

responsibility to protect the releases made for it from intervening diversion or consumption. The

feasibility report must present the evaluation of alternative water supply measures. These measures

must consider the costs of all facilities needed to withdraw and convey water from the various sources

to the user's system, the impact on project justification of both including or not including these

facilities, and the ability and willingness of potential water users to pay for the delivery system.

Withdrawal and conveyance facilities may be incorporated as components of Federal projects when

they are essential for the effective development and use of water resources for flood control, M&I

water supply, agricultural water supply (irrigation), navigation, hydroelectric power production or

other purposes in which Federal interest resides. This provision does not extend to inclusion of local

water distribution systems. If, before initiation of construction, one or more users can be found to

reach an agreement for repayment of the conduit costs, the conduit may be included as a part of the

dam structure. These costs will be identified as a specific water supply cost with 100 percent of

investment and annual costs being repaid by the user. For existing projects with conduits, any

remaining unpaid conduit cost will be prorated just as storage costs are prorated unless one or more

entities agree to repay the entire cost.

h. Water Rights. Potential encroachment on the water rights of lawful downstream water

users by the operation of water supply storage must be carefully considered and coordinated with

responsible state and local interests. Water rights necessary for use of stored water will not be

acquired by the Corps. This acquisition of water rights is a responsibility of the water users. The

Corps will not become involved in resolving conflicts among water users concerning rights to use

stored water, but will look to responsible state agencies to resolve such conflicts. Where there is

more than one water user, it is desirable but not required, to arrange for payment for the entire water

supply storage from a single agency. For additional information on water rights see Chapter 7 of this

report and EP 1165-2-1.

i. Water Quantity and Quality. Water supply agreements under the authority of the 1958

Water Supply Act are for storage space only. The Federal Government makes no representation with

respect to the quantity or quality of water and assumes no responsibility for the treatment, or

availability of the water.

2. Reallocations. A change in the use of storage in an existing reservoir project from its present

use to M&I water supply (reallocation) is authorized by the Water Supply Act of 1958.

Reallocations or addition of storage that would seriously affect the purposes for which the project

was authorized, surveyed, planned, or constructed, or which would involve major structural or

operational changes, will be made only upon the approval of Congress. Providing the above criteria

are not violated, 15 percent of total storage capacity allocated to all authorized project purposes or

50,000 acre feet, whichever is less, may be allocated from storage authorized for other purposes or

may be added to the project to serve as storage for M&I water supply at the discretion of the

Commander, USACE. For reallocations up to 499 acre-feet the Commander, USACE has delegated

approval authority to the division commander. Reallocations that exceed the Commander's authority

may be approved at the discretion of the Secretary of the Army if such reallocations do not require

Congressional approval as described above. In the present climate where it is becoming difficult to

formulate and construct multipurpose reservoirs, reallocation of reservoir storage to M&I water
2-6 Water Supply Handbook

supply is becoming an increasingly viable option to district planners. Because of this increased

viability, a separate chapter in this handbook (Chapter 4 and accompanying Appendix D) is devoted

to reallocations.

3. Addition of Storage. When water supply storage is added to an existing project and existing

storage space is not reallocated, a willingness to pay concept will be used to assign costs to the new

water supply purpose. Under this concept the non-Federal sponsor will be responsible for paying 100

percent of all new construction costs assigned to the added water supply feature. These costs are to

be paid during the construction period. In addition, payments equal to 50 percent of the sponsor's

savings are required. The sponsor's savings are defined as the cost of the most likely alternative to

be constructed by the non-Federal sponsor in lieu of the proposed modification, less the cost of the

modification attributed to water supply. Total local capital contributions (original project plus

modification) should not exceed the sum of the local share of the new construction costs, plus the

Federal construction costs of the original project. The non-Federal sponsor shall also be responsible

for an appropriate share of the specific and joint use operation, maintenance, replacement and major

rehabilitation costs.

4. Reduced Price for Certain Storage.

a. Applicability. Section 322 of WRDA '90 authorized a reduced price of water for low

income communities. The provisions are applicable only to those cases when the updating

methodology is used to determine the price of water. This provision is discretionary in that the

ASA(CW) may, but is not required to offer the lower price. Section 322 should be used only for

public water supply needs consistent with the purposes of the Water Supply Act of 1958. Questions

concerning the applicability of the provisions to specific entities and/or purposes should be directed

to HQUSACE (CECW-A) before lengthy negotiations.

b. Definition of Community. Low income communities are identified by the law as

communities with a population of less than 20,000 that are located in counties with a per capita

income of less than the per capita income of two-thirds of the counties in the United States. A

community may be any sector of the public located in one or more qualifying counties served by a

single M&I water supply system. Often, the entity that provides the water service may not be an

actual city, town or other governmental jurisdiction, but a rural water system or cooperative. Only

water systems that are publicly licensed and/or controlled and regulated by state water laws are

eligible for repayment agreements under this section. Ownership of such systems may, however, be

publicly or investor owned. The right to enter into an agreement is limited to the actual water supply

system and not to a larger water supplier or state water agency that provides water to smaller

systems. Population is to be based on the latest decennial census figures unless annual census

estimates have been made and published. Not all water suppliers will serve communities with census

data. In those cases, estimates of population based on numbers of residential hookups and county

average persons per household should be used. A community, for the purposes of this provision may

extend across county boundaries, however, all counties served must qualify as low income counties

to obtain the reduced price allowed under this Section.
Chapter 2: Authorities, Policies and Procedures 2-7

c. Data Source for Per Capita Income. The data source for the per capita income will be the

same as that used for the ability to pay for flood control. These data will be published annually by

HQUSACE (CECW-P) in an engineer circular. The factors are based on county per capita personal

income for each of the last three calendar years for which information is available. For example, for

Fiscal Year 1998, such information is based on the years of 1993-95. This source of data is published

yearly in the Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business.

d. Price. The price to be charged is the greater of (1) benefits foregone or, (2) the updated

cost of storage but not to exceed $100 per acre foot of storage space. Individual contract prices,

once approved, are not subject to further indexing. The $100 per acre-foot of storage set forth in the

authorization is applicable only to contracts signed in fiscal year 1991. This price will be adjusted on

1 October every year based on the Consumer Price Index for the September immediately preceding

the fiscal year. This price index is published monthly in the Department of Commerce, Bureau of

Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business. The September index is published in the October

issue and is normally available in December. 

5. Surplus Water.

a. Authority. An agreement for “surplus water” conveys the right to a specific resource

(water) out of a Corps project that the sponsor has acquired the rights to by another means. The

authority to sell surplus water was granted to the Secretary of the Army by Section 6 of the 1944

Flood Control Act, as amended. Under this authority, the Secretary of the Army is authorized to

make contracts for surplus water with states, municipalities, private concerns and individuals at such

prices and on such terms as he may deem reasonable. These agreements may be for domestic,

municipal and industrial uses, but not for crop irrigation. An Army General Counsel opinion of

March 13, 1986, states that Section 6 of the 1944 Flood Control Act empowers the Secretary of the

Army to make reasonable reallocations between different project purposes, thus, water stored for

purposes no longer necessary can be considered surplus. In addition, the Secretary may use his broad

discretionary authority to reduce project outputs, envisioned at the time of authorization and

construction, if it is believed that the municipal and industrial use of the water is a higher and more

beneficial use. Surplus water declarations citing use for higher beneficial purposes should be made

with caution and only on a fixed period agreement for temporary use. When long term use is desired

by the user, a permanent storage reallocation should be performed under the authority of the 1958

Water Supply Act, as amended. 

b. Classification. Surplus water will be classified as one of the following cases.

(1). Water stored in a Department of Army reservoir that is not required because the

authorized need for the water never developed or the need was reduced by changes that have

occurred since authorization or construction.

(2). Water that would be more beneficially used as municipal and industrial water than for
2-8 Water Supply Handbook

the authorized purpose that, when withdrawn, would not significantly affect authorized purposes

over some specified period.

c. Requirements and Restrictions. Surplus water declarations will only be made when related

withdrawals would not significantly affect authorized purposes. Agreements covering surplus water

will normally be for small amounts of water and for temporary use as opposed to storage reallocations

and a permanent right to that storage. Terms of the agreements are normally for five (5) years, with

an option for a five (5) year extension, subject to the space being needed for the authorized purposes,

or the authorized purpose is deauthorized. All such agreement extensions will be subject to

recalculation of reimbursement. Use of the Section 6 authority is allowed only where non-Federal

sponsors do not want to purchase storage because: use of the water is needed for a short term only;

or use would be temporary pending development of the authorized use and reallocation of storage

is not appropriate.

d. Reporting Requirements. Surplus water agreements will be accompanied by a brief letter

report covering topics similar to those of storage reallocation reports (see Chapter 4) and shall

include how and why the storage is determined to be surplus. The scope of the letter report should

be commensurate with the amount of storage under review, the period of use, and economic and

environmental considerations. The views of the affected state(s) will be obtained, as appropriate,

before consummating any agreement using the Section 6 authority. These views will be included in

the letter report. Declaration of surplus irrigation water in the 17 Western states (see Paragraph C1

of this chapter) will require appropriate coordination/consultation with the Department of the Interior

(Bureau of Reclamation). 

e. Cost. The annual cost deemed reasonable for surplus water supply is to be determined by

the same procedure used to determine the annual payment for an equivalent amount of reallocated

storage (see Chapter 4). To this annual cost will be added an estimated annual cost for operation,

maintenance, repair, replacement, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The total annual cost is to be

limited to the annual cost of the least costly alternative, but never less than the benefits foregone or,

with hydropower, revenues foregone. For small withdrawals (including a group of separate users at

a specific project), under Section 6 authority, a standard minimum charge or standard unit charge

should be established and applied for all of the withdrawals. All proposals for establishment of such

standard charges must be submitted to HQUSACE (CECW-A) for approval.

6. Repayment Provisions.

a. Interest Rate. 

(1). General. The Federal discount, repayment, reimbursement, hydropower, and water

supply interest rates are published yearly by HQUSACE (CECW-PD) in an economics guidance

memorandum. The most recent of these memorandums was issued in November 1997 and is for use

in Fiscal Year 1998. The discount rates applicable to water supply are provided in the following

paragraphs.
Chapter 2: Authorities, Policies and Procedures 2-9

(2). Water Supply Act of 1958. Shown in Table 2-1 are the interest rates determined by the

Department of the Treasury according to provisions of the Water Supply Act of 1958, Section

301(b). These rates are applicable to projects under construction with authorized water supply

storage and reallocations approved before the effective date of WRDA '86 (17 November 1986).

Table 2-1

1958 Water Supply Act Interest Rates

Fiscal Interest Fiscal Interest Fiscal Interest Fiscal Interest

Year Rate (%) Year Rate (%) Year Rate (%) Year Rate (%)

1959 2.670

1960 2.699 1970 3.342 1980 7.250 1990 10.075

1961 2.632 1971 3.463 1981 8.605 1991 9.920

1962 2.742 1972 3.502 1982 9.352 1992 9.737

1963 2.936 1973 3.649 1983 10.051 1993 9.503

1964 3.046 1974 4.012 1984 10.403 1994 9.319

1965 3.137 1975 4.371 1985 10.898 1995 9.226

1966 3.222 1976 5.116 1986 11.070 1996 9.134

1967 3.225 1977 5.683 1987 10.693 1997 9.012

1968 3.253 1978 6.063 1988 10.371 1998 8.878

1969 3.256 1979 6.595 1989 10.250 1999

(3). The Water Resources Development Act of 1986. The interest rates shown in Table 2-2

have been determined by the Department of the Treasury according to provisions of Section 932 of

WRDA '86. These rates will be used for projects not under construction as of 17 November 1986

(where repayment is made over time), storage reallocations (including reallocations under the

authority of Section 322 of WRDA '90), addition of storage, surplus water, drought contingency, and

seasonal use water agreements. The interest rates will be readjusted every five years. The authorized

one-eighth of one percentage point for transaction costs (see Section 106 of WRDA '86) have already

been added to the values shown.
2-10 Water Supply Handbook

Table 2-2

1986 Water Resources Development Act Interest Rates

Fiscal Interest Fiscal Interest Fiscal Interest

Year Rate (%) Year Rate (%) Year Rate (%)

1987 7.625 1992 8,125 1997 7.125

1988 10.000 1993 7.500 1998 6.750

1989 9.250 1994 6.125 1999

1990 8.250 1995 7.750 2000

1991 9.125 1996 6.750 2001

b. Repayment Period. 

(1). General. For new projects, current policy is to repay all costs during construction. For

existing projects and for reallocated storage (including reallocations under the authority of Section

322 of WRDA '90), the maximum repayment period used to calculate annual payments will be 30

years from the date in which storage is available. For addition of storage, the costs are to be repaid

within 25 years from completion of project modification, or if water supply is already a project

purpose, within 30 years from the time the project was first used for water supply. 

(2). Date of Availability.

(a). Existing Storage. For existing storage, the date the storage is available will be the plantin-service date or the date the first storage repayment agreement is signed, whichever is later.

(b). Reallocated Storage. For reallocated storage, the date the storage is available will

generally be the date the repayment agreement is signed by the ASA(CW) or his duly authorized

representative.

c. Interest Free Period. A ten-year interest free period for future use water supply will be

available only for authorized M&I storage in projects completed or under construction as of

November 17, 1986. The ten-year interest free period is not applicable for agreements in existing

projects where the plant-in-service date was set more than 20-years ago or for reallocated storage.

d. Annual Operation and Maintenance Expense. Non-Federal sponsors (including those

determined to be a low-income community under the authority of Section 322 of WRDA '90) are

responsible for all operation and maintenance expenses allocated to water supply. These costs must

be paid yearly and should be paid in advance based on an estimated expenditure. Appropriate

adjustment will be made at the end of the year. These annual billings are to be between the district

and sponsor and approval and/or review by higher authority is not required.
Chapter 2: Authorities, Policies and Procedures 2-11

e. Repair, Replacement, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction Costs. Costs allocated to water

supply associated with repair, replacement, rehabilitation and reconstruction are to be paid by all nonFederal sponsors either during construction of such items or in lump sum, with interest, upon

completion of construction. The non-Federal sponsor should be encouraged to establish a sinking

fund to cover these costs should they occur. Costs expended in existing projects for these programs

before entering into a repayment agreement will be added to the initial project investment cost for

repayment purposes except for reallocated storage (see Chapter 4).

f. Dam Safety Program Costs. 

(1). Costs. Costs of project modification for dam safety will follow the provisions of Section

1203(a)(1) of WRDA '86. Under these provisions, fifteen (15) percent of the costs of the

modification are allocated among purposes and shared with appropriate project sponsors in the same

percent as the joint-use expenditures are allocated in the original cost allocation. Where water supply

storage is reallocated, the terms of the reallocation agreement will form the basis for the assignment

of dam safety costs. The portion of the fifteen (15) percent of the dam safety modification cost

assigned to the water supply purpose would be allocated in the same manner as was used as the basis

for the assignment of costs. For example, if a dam safety modification cost $20,000,000, and the unit

of water supply storage assigned to the sponsor was 2.5% of the joint-use costs, then the water

supply sponsor would be required to pay ($20,000,000 x 0.15 x 0.025) or $75,000 of the dam safety

modification cost. 

(2). Repayment Period. Recovery of the non-Federal share of the dam safety modification

cost will be determined by the current arrangement for project cost recovery. If the current

agreement does not contain a provision for recovery of this cost, it will need to be modified, or a new

agreement signed to cover the dam safety cost sharing. If no current agreement covers this cost, the

sponsor may elect to repay the cost, with interest, over a period up to 30 years in accordance with

provisions of Section 1203(a)(2) of WRDA ‘86. The interest rate to use for repayment will be as

prescribed in Section 1203 (which is the same as the water supply rate prescribed in Section 932 of

WRDA '86) and will remain constant for the repayment period.

7. Processing Repayment Agreements.

a. Disposition of Revenues. All revenues received from water supply repayment agreements

will be deposited in the Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts.

b. Model Agreement Format for Water Supply Storage. Provided in Appendix B, is the

standard format to be used when entering into water supply storage agreements under the authority

of the 1958 Water Supply Act, as amended. Payment provisions in this format are for new projects,

unused storage space in existing projects, added storage and for all reallocated storage (including

storage reallocated under the low-income community provisions of Section 322 of WRDA '90).

Bracketed language may be changed as appropriate in particular circumstances and material peculiar

to either present or future use storage may be deleted if such storage is not included in the contract.

For projects where construction was initiated after 31 December 1971 (date of enactment of Public
2-12 Water Supply Handbook

Law 91-611), non-Federal parties to water storage agreements must meet the requirements of Section

221 of the Flood Control Act of 1970 (42 U.S.C. 1962-5b), as amended. 

c. Disclosure of Lobbying Activities. Water supply storage agreements will be accompanied

by a signed "Certificate Regarding Lobbying" and, if applicable, a completed "Disclosure of Lobbying

Activities." These forms are provided as Exhibit E to the Water Storage Agreement (see Appendix

B). These forms must be thoroughly discussed with the sponsor before the signature by the District

Engineer. Completed forms will be attached to the agreement before its signature by the District

Engineer, and kept on file by the district for later submission to HQUSACE, if requested.

d. Model Agreement Format for Surplus Water. Provided in Appendix B, is the standard

format to be used when entering into surplus water agreements. The agreement can also be tailored

to the format of a storage agreement. Terms of the agreement are normally for five (5) years, with

an option for a five (5) year extension, subject to the space being needed for the authorized purpose,

or the authorized purpose is deauthorized. All such agreement extensions will be subject to

recalculation of reimbursement.

e. Submittal and Review. 

(1). Development of Draft Agreements. It is recognized that the model agreements provided

in Appendix B will usually require minor modifications and this is accepted. During negotiations

leading to a draft agreement, significant departures from policy, the model formats, or any complex

interpretations of policy or legislation, are to be submitted to HQUSACE (CECW-P) before spending

the time and resources to negotiate a draft agreement. All draft agreements should be discussed with

the local sponsor before submittal of the draft to higher authority. All departures from the draft

agreements are to be detailed in a paper that is to accompany the draft. 

(2). Storage Agreements.

(a). Approval Authority. The first storage agreement on any project will be approved by the

ASA(CW) as will all agreements that deviate from the approved model (other than editorial changes).

Approval authority for subsequent agreements and reallocation reports that do not require

Congressional approval has been delegated to the Commander, USACE, and to division and district

commanders according to the instructions provided on Table 2-3. Where the 4000 ac-ft/10% limit

expressed in footnote five of the table has been or will soon be exceeded, the request for extending

the delegation of authority for the next 4000 ac-ft/10% increment will be submitted for approval. The

reallocation report will document both the immediate needs and impacts and also the prospects for

utilization of and impacts caused by, placing the entire increment under a repayment agreement.

When approval is received, the delegations as laid out in the table will remain in effect for the entire

increment.

(b). Submittal. For storage agreements approved under a delegation, two copies of all

agreements, draft and final, along with appropriate reallocation reports must be submitted to
Chapter 2: Authorities, Policies and Procedures 2-13

HQUSACE (CECW-AR). One will be retained in HQUSACE files and the other will be provided

to ASA(CW). Draft agreements and reallocation reports that require ASA(CW) review (or

approval), and all final agreements requiring HQUSACE or ASA(CW) approval, must be

accompanied by four copies of the agreement and reallocation report.

(3). Surplus Water Agreements. Procedures similar to those described in the preceding

paragraph for water storage will be applied to surplus water agreements. Approval authority will be

according to the instructions provided in Table 2-4. Agreements submitted to HQUSACE (CECWA) will be accompanied by a brief letter report (see Paragraph B5d of this chapter). Two copies of

all agreements, draft and final, approved under delegated authority must be submitted to HQUSACE

(CECW-AR). If not delegated, then four copies of all agreements must be forwarded to HQUSACE.

(4). Limits on Policy Changes. The cutoff point for incorporation of policy changes into

water supply agreements will be the date of approval of the draft agreement by the ASA(CW). An

approved agreement will be exempt from application of policy changes provided a final agreement

is signed by the non-Federal sponsor within six months of the date of approval of the draft agreement.

An exception may be granted to the six-month limitation; however, a request for an exception should

accompany the draft agreement and must contain complete justification. 
2-14 Water Supply Handbook

Table 2-3

Water Supply Storage Agreement Approval Authority [1]

Drafts

Acre - Feet [2] Storage Agreements [3]

Reallocation 

From To Without With [4] Reports [5]

Reallocation Reallocation

0 99 District [6] District [6] District

100 499 Division [6] Division [6] Division

500 999 Division [6] ASA(CW) HQUSACE [7]

1000 & up ASA(CW) ASA(CW) HQUSACE [7]

Finals [8]

Acre - Feet [2] Storage Agreements 

From To Without With [4]

Reallocation Reallocation

0 499 District District

500 999 District HQUSACE

1000 & up HQUSACE HQUSACE

Notes:

[1] A copy of all approved agreements will be provided to ASA(CW).

[2] In any particular agreement, the acre-feet of storage needed to produce the water under agreement on

a dependable basis. 

[3] At projects where storage agreements have been previously approved. The first storage agreement on

any project will be approved by the ASA(CW).

[4] For reallocations which do not require Congressional approval, i.e., no significant effect on other

authorized purposes and/or no major structural or operational changes.

[5] When the cumulative amount of storage reallocated exceeds the lesser of 4000 ac-ft of 10% of available

storage, reports will be submitted to ASA(CW) prior to approval.

[6] When using approved model or approved model with editorial changes only. Agreements involving other

changes will be submitted to ASA(CW) for approval.

[7] Submitted to ASA(CW) with the draft agreement prior to approval.

[8] When using the approved draft agreement and local signature within six months of draft approval. If

beyond six months or if changes are made, the final agreement will be resubmitted for approval to the office

with approval authority for the draft. If the proposed agreement involves changes other than editorial

changes, the agreement will be submitted to ASA(CW) for approval. The ASA(CW) reserves the right to

retain approval authority of any final agreement he approved as a draft. In cases where that right will be

exercised in advance, the draft agreement will so note.
Chapter 2: Authorities, Policies and Procedures 2-15

Table 2-4

Surplus Water Agreement Approval Authority [1]

Drafts

Acre - Feet [2] Agreement [3] Letter Report [4]

From To

0 99 District [5] District

100 499 Division [5] Division

500 999 Division [5] HQUSACE [6]

1000 & up ASA(CW) HQUSACE [6]

Finals [7]

Acre - Feet [2] Agreement [3]

0 499 District

500 999 District

1000 & up HQUSACE

Notes:

[1] A copy of all approved agreements will be provided to the ASA(CW).

[2] The storage needed to produce the agreed to water on a dependable basis.

[3] Not affecting authorized purposes (water not being used for an authorized purpose). When surplus water

agreements involve water being used for an authorized purpose, they will be treated like a reallocation

agreement and report (see Table 2-3).

[4] When the cumulative amount of storage reallocated exceeds the lesser of 4000 acre-feet or 10% of

available storage, reports will be submitted to ASA(CW) for approval.

[5] When using approved model or approved model with editorial changes only. Agreements involving other

changes will be submitted the ASA(CW) for approval.

[6] Submitted to ASA(CW) with the draft agreement prior to approval.

[7] When using the approved draft agreement and local signature within six months of draft approval. If

beyond six months or if changes are made, the final agreement will be resubmitted for approval to the office

with approval authority for the draft. If the proposed agreement involves changes other than editorial

changes, the agreement will be submitted to ASA(CW) for approval. The ASA(CW) reserves the right to

retain approval authority of any final agreement he approved as a draft. In cases where he will exercise that

right in advance, the draft agreement will so note.
2-16 Water Supply Handbook

C. AGRICULTURAL WATER SUPPLY 

1. Western States.

a. Bureau of Reclamation. Storage of water for irrigation of agricultural lands, whether to

meet the entire needs or to supplement natural supplies, may be considered in plan formulation. The

Reclamation Act of 1902, Public Law 57-161, established irrigation in the West as a national policy.

For purposes of Reclamation Law, the West is defined as those 17 contiguous states lying west of

the 98th meridian. The Reclamation Act authorized the Secretary of the Interior to locate, construct,

operate and maintain works for the storage, diversion, and development of waters for the reclamation

of arid and semi-arid lands in the Western States (32 Stat. 388, 43 U.S.C. 1457). In these 17 western

states, in conformity with Reclamation Law, the repayment arrangements and agreements for

irrigation water from Corps reservoirs is administered by the Bureau of Reclamation.

b. Corps of Engineers. Section 8 of the 1944 Flood Control Act provides that Corps

reservoirs may include irrigation as a purpose upon the recommendation of the Secretary of the

Interior. Section 8, which applies only to the 17 Western States, also provides Interior with the

authority to provide the irrigation works needed to make use of the irrigation storage. It is Interior's

responsibility to construct, operate and maintain the additional irrigation works and to contract for

the storage space. If allocated irrigation costs exceed the amount that can be repaid by water users,

then in accordance with Reclamation Law, the excess amount will be stated. It will also be pointed

out that special Congressional authorization is required for projects where irrigation costs exceed

water users' repayment ability.

2. Areas Outside the Western States. Subsection 103(c)(3) of WRDA '86 establishes the cost

sharing rules that apply to agricultural water supply outside the 17 Reclamation states. In nonReclamation states, non-Federal sponsors must provide 35 percent of the joint and separable

construction costs and 100 percent of the joint and separable costs of operation, maintenance, repair,

reconstruction, rehabilitation, and replacement, allocated to this purpose. Non-Federal sponsors

requesting irrigation capacity as a project purpose should provide a firm expression of intent to use

and pay for the storage, obtain water rights or their equivalent and posses legal power to enter into

a repayment agreement with the Federal government.

3. Interim Use of M&I Water Supply Storage for Irrigation.

a. Authority. Section 931 of WRDA '86 provides that for any Corps reservoir project the

Secretary of the Army may allocate to irrigation purposes, for an interim period, storage included

in the project for M&I water supply that is not under a repayment agreement. No agreements for the

interim use of such storage shall be entered into which would significantly affect then-existing uses

of the storage.
Chapter 2: Authorities, Policies and Procedures 2-17

b. Repayment Provisions. 

(1). Cost of Storage Space. The cost to the non-Federal sponsor under Section 931

agreements will be 35 percent of the original project investment cost (including any accrued interest

after the 10-year interest free period) allocated to M&I water supply (for the block of storage to be

used for irrigation as determined by the Use of Facilities cost allocation method). The non-Federal

sponsor will also be responsible for 100 percent of the operation and maintenance, repair,

replacement, rehabilitation, and reconstruction costs allocated to the storage space being placed under

the repayment agreement. The term of the agreement for this interim use will not exceed five (5)

years. An option for incremental five year extensions is allowed but only if recalculations for the

annual costs are performed at the end of each five-year increment.

(2). Annual Cost Computation. The project water supply interest rate in effect when the

project went under construction is to be used for all interest computations including the repayment

amortization schedule for the interim use storage agreement. For projects that went under

construction after 17 November 1986, the rate will be as established in Section 932 of WRDA '86

and will be adjusted at 5-year intervals (see Table 2-2). The period of analysis for computing the

annualized payment will be 30 years. The annual operation and maintenance expense for the required

interim use storage/water may be estimated if the expected annual operation and maintenance cost

is relatively low and would not justify annual billing procedures. Otherwise, reimbursement of

applicable actual project operation and maintenance expenses would be required. An estimated

annual repair, replacement, rehabilitation and reconstruction cost is to be determined and included

as a part of the annual repayment costs.

c. Credit. Future sponsors for municipal and industrial use of the storage space will not

receive any credit from the interim use payments toward repayment of investment cost when such

interim use is for agricultural water supply.

d. Reporting Requirements. Repayment agreements under the authority of Section 931 of

WRDA '86 will follow the same reporting requirements as those for surplus water agreements (see

Paragraph B5c of this chapter). A letter report will accompany the draft agreement. The report will

document the exact use of the water to assure that it will not be used for M&I purposes, explain the

manner in which the annual costs were developed and show the impacts of the interim use on the

currently existing uses. The letter report will also include an analysis that describes and assess any

adverse and/or beneficial environmental impacts expected to result from the interim use of storage

that was not discussed in the Final Environmental Impact Statement for the project. 

4. Processing Repayment Agreements. Processing repayment agreements for agricultural water

supply outside the 17 western states and for Section 931 agreements will be the same as for surplus

water (see Paragraph B7e(3) and Table 2-4 of this chapter).
2-18 Water Supply Handbook

D. EMERGENCY AND DROUGHT CONTINGENCY WATER SUPPLY

1. Emergency Water. 

a. Clean Drinking Water. Public Law 84-99 as amended by Section 82 of Public Law 93-

251, grants the Chief of Engineers discretionary authority to provide emergency supplies of clean

water. This supply can be provided to any locality that he finds is confronted with a source of

contaminated water causing or likely to cause a substantial threat to the public health and welfare of

the inhabitants of the locality. Work under this authority requires a request from the governor of the

state where the source of water has become contaminated and is normally limited to 30 days. Loss

of water source or supply is not correctable under this authority. Terms for repayment will be

determined by the Chief of Engineers.

b. Disaster Relief. Public Law 95-51 further amended Public Law 84-99 to provide the

Secretary of the Army authority to construct wells and to transport water to farmers, ranchers, and

political subdivisions of those areas determined to be drought distressed. A written request for

assistance may be made by any farmer, rancher or political subdivision within a distressed area. Corps

assistance will only be considered when non-Federal sponsors have exhausted reasonable means for

securing necessary water supplies (within the limits of their financial resources) including assistance

from other Federal agencies. 

c. Restrictions. Evaluations of requests for assistance are to be tempered by the fact that

Corps assistance is supplemental to state and local efforts. Long term solutions to water supply

problems are the responsibility of state and local interests. The authorities are not to be used to

provide drought emergency water assistance in cases where an owner of livestock has other options.

Those options include raising funds from private sources through a loan, selling all or part of the herd,

or relocation of the animals to an area where water is available. Federally-owned equipment must

be used to the maximum extent possible. Assistance can be made available to transport water for

consumption. The cost of transporting water is provided by the Corps; however, cost of purchasing

and storing water is the non-Federal sponsor's responsibility. Assistance can also be provided to

construct wells. Federal costs associated with well construction must be repaid.

d. Emergency Water Supply Planning.

(1). According to an interagency agreement between Defense and Interior, dated 8 March

1983, the Department of the Army has absorbed emergency water supply functions that formerly

were a responsibility of the Department of the Interior. Executive Order (E.O.) 11490, issued 28

October 1969 (and amended by E.O. 11921 issued 11 June 1976) suggested that the Secretary of the

Army should develop the following procedures.

(a). Prepare a national emergency plan and develop preparedness programs covering all usable

waters, from all sources within the jurisdiction of the United States, which can be managed controlled

and allocated to meet emergency requirements.
Chapter 2: Authorities, Policies and Procedures 2-19

(b). Consider emergency preparedness factors in the conduct of regular agency functions.

(c). Be prepared to implement, if there is an emergency, the prepared plan for such events.

(2). The transferred responsibilities complement previously held authorities and will permit

more comprehensive and efficient management of water as a scarce resource during an emergency.

This program is managed by CECW-O.

2. Drought Contingency Water.

a. Authority. Water control managers will continually review and adjust water control in

response to changing public needs. Many areas of the country face chronic or serious drought

conditions. Preparation of drought contingency plans is, for Corps projects with controlled reservoir

storage, a part of the Corps overall water control management activities. Drought and other

emergencies affecting domestic, municipal and industrial water supplies will likely generate requests

for water stored in Corps reservoirs. When these drought situations occur, Section 6 of the 1944

Flood Control Act provides adequate authority to permit temporary withdrawal of water from Corps

projects to supplement normal supplies. In providing surplus water under the Section 6 authority,

the preferred approach is for a state or political subdivision to enter into an agreement with the

Secretary of the Army and to agree to act as wholesaler for all of the water requirements of individual

users. This action places the local governments in a position to help their citizens during difficult

times and minimizes the potential for problems that could arise if the Secretary was to determine who

was entitled to shares of surplus water based on assessments of local needs. The Drought

Contingency Plan appendix of the Water Control Manual (see Chapter 9 and Appendix F) for each

Corps reservoir should assess the availability of surplus water (storage) for emergency water supply

withdrawals. 

b. Cost. The price for drought contingency water supply will be determined in the same

manner as for surplus water (see paragraph B5 of this chapter) but never less than $50 per agreement

per year. All revenues from drought contingency agreements will be deposited in the Treasury of the

United States as miscellaneous receipts. 

c. Submittal and Review. For projects with approved Drought Contingency Plans, the

District Commander has approval authority for emergency demands that require less than 100 acrefeet of storage and the Division Commander for demands that require from 100 to 499 acre-feet.

These agreements should follow the format for surplus water agreements. The term of the agreement

will not exceed one year. Requests for larger amounts and agreements not following the standard,

should be submitted to HQUSACE (CECW-A). 

d. Processing Repayment Agreements. All situations should be the subject of a Section 6

agreement (Appendix B). 
2-20 Water Supply Handbook

e. Declaration of a State of Emergency. For those locations where the Governor of the

state has declared a state of emergency due to drought, small amounts of surplus water (withdrawals

from 50 acre-feet of storage or less) may be made available under the Section 6 authority. This water

can be made available for domestic and industrial uses but not for crop irrigation. Project managers

are authorized to sign the agreements via the form provided in Appendix B. However, if the water

user will be installing water lines or other facilities or equipment, then an appropriate real estate

instrument must be issued under ER 405-1-12. 

E. SEASONAL OPERATIONS FOR WATER SUPPLY

1. Legislative and Policy Guidance. General Congressional authority to include storage in Corps

projects for seasonal use of M&I water supply, either as withdrawals or to improve groundwater

supplies, has not been provided. This does not, however, preclude project specific authorizations.

This prohibition also does not include unscheduled emergency drought conditions as described in

paragraph D, above. Where not specifically authorized, seasonal operation of a project for water

supply may be conducted consistent with authorized project purposes and law, subject to hydrologic

and hydraulic capability of the project. This water supply could be used to enhance groundwater

replenishment, to increase downstream flows, or to otherwise enhance the general usage of the

project for M&I purposes. Such modifications, however, must be consistent with authorized project

purposes and law and must be documented in the project water control plan in accordance with ER

1110-2-240.

2. Repayment Provisions. 

a. Project Costs to be Repaid. Pricing policy for changes in project operations for seasonal

M&I water supply will require the non-Federal sponsor to pay to the Federal government the

following costs.

(1). One hundred (100) percent of the new construction and new operational costs including

the cost of revising the water control plan.

(2). A share of joint use operation, maintenance and replacement cost based on Use-ofFacilities cost allocation.

(3). The value of benefits foregone.

(4). Compensation to others for losses incurred in their operations (may be the same as (3)

above).

(5). A partial reimbursement of the existing Federal investment in the project. This payment

will take the form of an amount equal to one-half of the savings to the non-Federal interest (the cost
Chapter 2: Authorities, Policies and Procedures 2-21

of the least cost alternative minus the specific costs of the modifications listed in (1) through (4)

above).

b. Limit on Cost. The cost to the non-Federal sponsor, excluding annual O&M costs, should

not exceed the costs derived for permanent reallocation as described in Chapter 4.

3. Processing Repayment Agreements. Agreements for seasonal water will be processed similar

to those for storage space (see Paragraph B7 of this chapter). 

F. REFERENCES

The following U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Headquarters publications:

EM 1110-2-1304, 12 October 1982. Civil Works Construction Cost Index System, Chapters 1-2.

EP 1165-2-1, 15 February 1996. Digest of Water Resources Policies and Authorities.

ER 405-1-12, 20 November 1985. Real Estate Handbook, Chapters 23-27.

ER 1105-2-100, 31 October 1997. Guidance for Conducting Civil Works Planning Studies, 

Chapter 4, Section VII.

ER 1110-2-240, 8 October 1982. Water Control Management.

CECW-PA/CECW-E, 4 April 1994. Policy Guidance Letter No. 43, Cost Sharing for Dam 

Safety Assurance. 

CECW-PD Memorandum. Economic Guidance Memorandum 98-1: Fiscal Year 1998 Interest 

Rates.
CHAPTER 3: DECEMBER 1998

WATERSUPPLYDATABASES

A. DATABASE NETWORK

1. Network Concept. A database network concept was developed by the Corps of Engineers

(Corps) Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC), Davis, California. This concept is contained in HEC

Reservoir Database Network draft report dated March 1994. The network concept is illustrated in

Figure 3-1. At the center, or hub, of the network is a database, NETID, that contains identifying

information for all Corps reservoirs including locks and dams. Each reservoir has over 20 unique

identifiers; e.g., river, state, county, hydrologic unit, latitude and longitude, congressional district, zip

code, etc. Each identifier provides a key piece of information that may be used to access information

in other databases and which can then be used for a variety of planning and management purposes.

The concept of accessing other databases is also illustrated in Figure 3-1 with spokes reaching out

from the center. Without some common identifier to link the databases with the reservoirs the

information in the other databases cannot be accessed. For additional information on this network

contact Mr. Bill Johnson at CEWRC-HEC, phone (530) 756-1104. 

2. Databases Used. The databases currently in the network and used for the standard reports

come from a variety of sources. These databases are as follows:

a. Reservoir Network Identification Information (NETID). This database contains location

and identification information to enable Corps reservoirs to be linked with other databases. This

database has been developed and is maintained by HEC (CEWRC-HEC) by Bill Johnson, phone (530)

756-1104.

b. Water Control Data (NEWPERT). Originally developed by the Hydraulics and Hydrology

Branch, Headquarters (CECW-EH) from a survey of district offices, this database contains hydrologic

data about floods, runoff, water control and reservoir storage. For additional information on this

database, contact Dick DiBuono (CECW-EH) by phone at (202) 761-8511.

c. Authorized and Operating Purposes of Corps of Engineer Reservoirs (LEGAUTH). This

database was developed in response to Section 311 of the Water Resources Development Act of

1990 (see following Paragraph B3). It contains the authorizing public laws, referenced House and

Senate documents and excerpts from the authorizing legislation. It was developed and is maintained

by HEC by Bill Johnson, phone (530) 756-1104.

d. National Inventory of Dams - Corps of Engineers Dams (COEDAM). This database is a

subset, with later additions, of the National Inventory of Dams database (1982) and contains only

Corps dams. The data describes the structural, hydrologic and other physical features of the dam and

reservoir. This database is maintained in Headquarters (CECW-EP) by Wayne King, phone (202)

761-8689.
3-2 Water Supply Handbook

e. Hydroelectric Power at Corps of Engineers Projects (CEHYDRO). This database on

hydroelectric power was developed and is maintained by the Institute for Water Resources (CEWRCIWR-R) by Mike Walsh, phone (703) 428-7087.

f. Natural Resources Management System (NRMS). This system contains a number of

databases that define recreational facilities and visitation at Corps projects including reservoirs. This

system is maintained at Headquarters, in the Operations, Construction and Readiness Division

(CECW-ON) by Judy Rice, phone (202) 761-1796.

g. Water Supply Contracts (WSCONT). When this database was originated, the phrase

“water supply contract” was used, this has since been changed to “water supply agreement.” No one

in the Corps currently has the responsibility for this database or to keep it updated. The database

that is contained in the HEC network was developed by CECW-P in the late 1980's. This database

was updated by CEWRC-IWR-P through a survey of divisions and districts in March 1996 to reflect

conditions current at that time. This is the primary database that relates to storage for municipal and

industrial water supply. Detailed information on this database is contained in following Paragraph

C. For additional information, contact Ted Hillyer (CEWRC-IWR-P), phone (703) 428-6140.
Chapter 3: Water Supply Databases 3-3
3-4 Water Supply Handbook

B. RESERVOIR DATABASE

1. Definition of “Reservoir”. The word "reservoir" as generally used in Corps terminology, can

be either a dam and reservoir project or a lock and dam project for which water control management

is routinely required to control either water level and/or water flow. Excluded from this list are other

kinds of water control structures such as river diversion structures and pumping stations that do not

routinely impound water. Water for municipal and industrial, agricultural, seasonal, low flow, and

for contingencies is made available from lock and dam projects as well as dam and reservoir projects.

However, "storage" for municipal and industrial water supply purposes is found only in dam and

reservoir projects. 

2. Authorized Purposes. Most purposes served by Corps reservoirs fall into eight general

categories; flood control, navigation, hydroelectric power, irrigation, municipal/industrial water

supply, water quality, fish/wildlife, and recreation. The purposes that a reservoir is to serve are given

in laws that may be grouped into three categories; (1) laws initially authorizing construction of the

project, (2) laws specific to the project passed subsequent to construction, and (3) laws that apply

generally to all Corps reservoirs. Specific project authorizations (categories 1 and 2, above) are

found in a variety of public laws but most commonly in a series of River and Harbor and Flood

Control acts passed by Congress since 1870. Recent project authorizations have been contained in

a series of Water Resources Development acts. Laws that apply generally to all projects (above

category 3) are very few in number. With respect to water supply, general legislation is contained

only in Public Law 78-534, 1944 Flood Control Act, as amended, (for surplus water and agricultural

water) and in Public Law 85-500, 1958 River and Harbor Act, as amended, (for storage space). This

latter act (Title III of Public Law 85-500) also provides the authority for the Corps to reallocate

storage in projects for the purpose of municipal and industrial water supply. 

3. Database. 

a. Corps Report. A study conducted by the Corps in response to Section 311 of the 1990

Water Resources Development Act (Public Law 101-640), determined that there were a total of 541

Federally-owned reservoirs operated by the Corps. The results of the study are contained in a July

1992 report entitled Authorized and Operating Purposes of Corps of Engineers Reservoirs. For each

reservoir, information is provided about the purposes for which it is authorized, the laws granting

authority, and the purposes for which water is being controlled by the Corps. These data are

arranged in table format for ease of reference and are contained in an appendix to the report. Also

contained in the report are appendices which list all the public laws cited in the report together with

the dates of enactment, statute numbers and popular or common name. Also provided are indexes

to the projects alphabetically by state, alphabetically by project name, and by Corps division and

district office. This is the “LEGAUTH” database that is contained in the HEC network. 
Chapter 3: Water Supply Databases 3-5

b. Summary. The 1992 report lists a total of 183 projects which contain M&I water supply

as either an "operating purpose" and/or an "authorized purpose." This list of 183 projects is provided

in Appendix C, Database I. The projects are listed by division and district and indicate whether

M&I water supply is an operating purpose and/or an authorized purpose, the location by state(s), and

whether M&I water supply storage is provided. The cross reference on M&I water supply storage

was developed from the data contained in Paragraph C of this chapter. A summary of this

information is provided in Table 3-1. Almost half (43 percent) of the reservoir projects that have

water supply as either an operating purpose and/or an authorized purpose are located in the

Southwestern Division, followed by the Great Lakes and Ohio River Division with 16 percent and

the Northwestern Division with about 14 percent.

Table 3-1

Reservoirs with M&I Water Supply as a Purpose 

Division Number of Number with Number with Number of Number with

Projects M&I as an M&I as an Different M&I Storage

Operating Authorized States Agreements

Purpose Purpose

NAD 9 9 9 5 7

SAD 19 17 15 6 10

LRD 29 29 19 7 17

MVD 17 14 17 7 6

NWD 25 19 25 10 12

SWD 78 64 76 5 63

SPD 6 5 6 3 2

TOTAL 183 157 167 36 117
3-6 Water Supply Handbook

C. MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY DATABASE

1. National Summaries. 

a. Total Storage. The national total of all municipal and industrial (M&I) water supply

storage contained in Corps reservoir projects is shown in Table 3-2. These numbers represent an

updated survey of the data contained in the HEC WSCONT network database. This survey of the

Table 3-2

National Total by Division 

M&I Water Supply Storage Database

Division Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Proj./Cont. Present Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Use

NAD: 7 / 8 138,450 4,000 142,450 127,133 7,500 0 134,633

SAD: 10 / 19 120,626 96,740 217,366 107,984 9,586 219 117,789

LRD: 17 / 18 577,940 53,469 631,409 54,393 15,996 68 70,457

MVD: 6 / 4 181,900 187,750 369,650 22,757 18,904 0 41,661

NWD: 12 /15 184,360 622,880 807,240 25,032 86,623 2,696 114,351

SWD:63/168 4,873,217 2,012,399 6,885,616 319,667 394,484 35,591 749,742

SPD: 2 / 3 258,900 212,000 470,900 8,290 96,625 0 104,915

Total:117/235 6,335,393 3,189,238 9,524,631 665,256 629,718 38,574 1,333,548

divisions and districts was performed by CEWRC-IWR-P in March 1996. This table represents a

total by division and shows there are 235 signed M&I water supply agreements in 117 reservoir

projects. These 117 projects have a total of about 9.5 million acre-feet of storage for M&I water

supply. In this table "present use" defines the storage that is under a signed agreement for immediate

use. Some of this storage has already been repaid and some is being repaid over a 30 to 50 year

period. The "future use" includes storage that is under a future repayment agreement as well as

storage that is not under a repayment agreement. The total storage, including the cost of specific

water supply facilities, is about $1.3 billion. This dollar value is reflective of the investment cost used

in the agreement and, accordingly, is not in current dollars. The table also includes storage that has

been reallocated. The vast majority (approximately 73 percent) of the storage is contained in

reservoir projects located in the Southwestern Division.

b. Storage Under a Repayment Agreement. The amount of storage in Corps reservoir

projects that is under either a present and/or future use repayment agreement and the corresponding

dollar value of this storage is shown, by division, in Table 3-3. As shown, a little over 8.7 million

acre feet of storage is under a repayment agreement for either present use (6.3 million acre feet) or

future use (2.4 million acre feet). This storage is represented by a corresponding construction cost

of about $1.2 billion (including conduit costs). Of the 9.5 million acre-feet of storage space
Chapter 3: Water Supply Databases 3-7

available, approximately 67 percent is under a present use repayment agreement and 25 percent is

under a future use repayment agreement.

Table 3-3

National Total by Division

M&I Storage Under a Repayment Agreement

Division

Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

NAD 138,450 4,000 142,450 127,133 7,500 0 134,633

SAD 120,626 96,740 217,366 107,984 9,586 219 117,789

LRD 577,940 51,269 629,209 54,393 11,696 68 66,157

MVD 181,900 0 181,900 22,757 0 0 22,757

NWD 184,360 531,380 715,740 25,032 58,317 365 83,714

SWD 4,873,217 1,515,150 6,388,367 319,667 329,085 35,070 683,822

SPD 258,900 212,000 470,900 8,290 96,625 0 104,915

Total 6,335,393 2,410,539 8,745,932 665,256 512,809 35,722 1,213,787

c. Storage Not Under a Repayment Agreement. The amount of storage in Corps reservoir

projects that has not been committed to a repayment agreement is shown, by division, in Table 3-4.

This shows that only 779,185 acre feet (approximately 8 percent) of the 9.5 million acre feet of the

storage that has been included in constructed projects has not been placed under a reimbursement

agreement. While the Southwestern Division has placed the vast majority of storage under contract,

it also has the majority of the storage space that is not under a repayment agreement (approximately

64 percent).

Table 3-4

National Total by Division

M&I Storage Not Under a Repayment Agreement

Division

Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

NAD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SAD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

LRD 0 2,200 2,200 0 4,300 0 4,300

MVD 0 187,750 187,750 0 18,904 0 18,904

NWD 0 91,500 91,500 0 28,306 2,331 30,637

SWD 0 497,249 497,249 0 65,399 521 65,920

SPD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 778,699 778,699 0 116,909 2,852 119,761
3-8 Water Supply Handbook

2. Division and District Summaries. Databases of municipal and industrial water supply

agreements by storage space, storage investment cost, conduit investment cost and division and

district summaries are presented, respectively, in Appendix C, Databases II through V.

3. Projects and Signed Agreements. Detailed information on each M&I water supply agreement

is presented in Appendix C, Database VI. This list is subdivided by division, district, project, and

then by individual agreement.

4. Definitions. In Appendix C, the following definitions are followed:

a. Present Storage and Present Investment. This is the storage space and corresponding cost

that are under present or immediate use in the water supply agreement.

b. Conduit Cost. In some reservoir projects, a specific water supply conduit is included as

part of the dam and intake structure. This cost is to be repaid through one or more water supply

agreements.

c. Type. This refers to the type of water supply agreement; i.e., storage, surplus, withdrawal,

temporary use of irrigation storage space, reallocation of flood control (or some other storage space),

etc. 
Chapter 3: Water Supply Databases 3-9

D. AGRICULTURAL WATER SUPPLY DATABASE

1. Introduction. Agricultural water supply is included in Corps reservoir projects in the Western

states under repayment agreements between the Bureau of Reclamation and the local sponsors. To

date, there are no agricultural water supply agreements in Corps reservoir projects in the Eastern

states, although “irrigation” can be an authorized project purpose such as in the Central and Southern

Florida Flood Control Project.

2. Irrigation Storage in Completed Corps Projects. Irrigation storage and the corresponding

total and Federal cost for this storage is summarized by division in Table 3-5. This data, originally

compiled in a 1982 survey by CECW-P, was updated by CEWRC-IWR-P in a survey of divisions and

divisions in March 1996. This information shows there are 50 completed projects that include

agricultural water supply in some form. Most of the 50 projects include storage for “joint”and/or

"specific" use. Some, however, contain no irrigation storage. Appendix C, Database VII should

be reviewed to obtain project specific data and clarifying footnotes. The joint storage, listed as

approximately 56 million acre-feet, can be used for flood control, navigation, recreation and/or

hydroelectric power as well as for irrigation purposes. The total Federal cost allocated to the

irrigation purpose, less the reimbursable cost, is listed as about $1.7 billion. 

Table 3-5

Irrigation Storage at Completed Projects

Number Total Total Storage Reserved For Irrigation

of Project Federal

Projects Cost Cost (1)

($1000) ($1000)

Division Joint Specific

(Acre-Feet) ( Acre-Feet)

Northwestern 31 3,581,937 1,164,318 50,348,000 Not Available

South Pacific 17 822,670 506,319 5,677,000 597,000

Southwestern 2 85,500 42,100 0 64,000

Total 50 4,490,107 1,712,737 56,025,000 (NA)

Footnote:

(1)Total cost less reimbursables.

3. Irrigation Storage in Corps Projects that are Under Construction. According to the best

available information, there are no projects currently under construction with irrigation as a purpose.
3-10 Water Supply Handbook

E. REFERENCES

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Draft Report, HEC, March 1994. Hydrologic Engineering Center 

Reservoir Database Network.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Report, HQUSACE, July 1992. Authorized and Operating 

Purposes of Corps of Engineers Reservoirs.
CHAPTER 4: DECEMBER 1998

STORAGEREALLOCATION

A. AUTHORITY

1. Water Supply Act of 1958. Reallocation is the reassignment of the use of existing storage

space in a reservoir project to a higher and better use. Authority for the Corps to reallocate existing

storage space to municipal and industrial (M&I) water supply is contained in Public Law 85-500,

Title III, Water Supply Act of 1958, as amended (72 Stat. 319)(see Appendix A). Section 301(b),

of this Act states ". . . it is hereby provided that storage may be included in any reservoir project

surveyed, planned, constructed or to be surveyed, planned, and/or constructed . . . to impound water

for present or anticipated future demand or need for municipal and industrial water supply." Section

301(d) of the Act states "[M]odifications of a reservoir project heretofore authorized, surveyed,

planned, or constructed to include storage as provided in subsection (b), which would seriously affect

the purposes for which the project was authorized, surveyed, planned, or constructed, or which

would involve major structural or operational changes, will be made only upon the approval of

Congress as now provided by law." 

2. Guidance. Official Headquarters guidance on reallocations can be found in ER 1105-2-100.

In this regulation, the guidance on reallocation of water supply storage is contained in Chapter 4,

Section VII (Water Supply), Paragraph 4-32d, dated 31 October 1997. Additional information in the

ER is contained in Chapter 6, Section XV (Cost Allocation), Paragraph 6-205, dated December 1990.

Periodic Engineering Circulars and Policy Guidance Memorandums can also be issued on this

procedure. The intent of this chapter is not only to capture all current policies and procedures, but

also to provide additional information that may be helpful to Corps planners attempting to reallocate

storage.

B. OPPORTUNITIES

1. Reservoirs. 

a. Multipurpose Pools. A typical multipurpose reservoir consists of three pools; a flood

control pool, a conservation pool, and an inactive or sediment pool. The flood control pool is

normally kept empty to permit storage of runoff during times of high inflow. The conservation pool

can consist of dedicated storage for one or more of the following purposes: hydropower, navigation,

water supply, water quality, or irrigation. Recreation can also have dedicated storage, but in most

all Corps multipurpose reservoir projects, the recreation feature uses the top of the conservation pool.

The inactive or sediment pool, while it can be used, is generally not available to meet downstream

water needs. This storage is normally set aside for hydropower head and/or to store the sediment

expected to accumulate over the life of the project.
4-2 Water Supply Handbook

b. Types of Reallocations. Opportunities to reallocate storage in Corps reservoirs from an

authorized purpose to M&I water supply was the subject of a study performed by the Institute for

Water Resources. The study, Opportunities for Reservoir Storage Reallocation, IWR Policy Study

88-PS-2, dated July 1988, documents eight opportunities available for reallocation. These

opportunities for reallocation are:

(1). Use of water supply storage not under contract;

(2). Temporary use of storage allocated for future conservation purposes and sediment;

(3). Storage made available by change in conservation demand or purpose;

(4). Seasonal use of flood control space during dry seasons;

(5). Reallocation of flood control space;

(6). Modification of reservoir water control plan and method of regulation;

(7). Raising existing dams; and 

(8). System regulation of Corps and Non-Corps reservoirs.

c. Limits of this Chapter. This chapter limits the study of reallocations to those that

permanently transfer storage from another authorized use (flood control, hydropower, other

conservation, or sediment) to M&I water supply. 

(1). Change in Conservation Storage Demand or Need. Originally authorized project

purposes may no longer be required to meet present needs or may be available for some new equal

or higher purpose. The opportunity then exists to modify or update the authorized project purposes

through reallocation. For example, changes in a reservoir's upstream conditions may provide an

opportunity to consider whether to extend the period that sediment could be collected without

encroachment on other storage or to allow part of the storage initially reserved for sediment to be

reallocated to water supply. Another case is where water quality storage originally provided to dilute

pollutants may no longer be needed if pollutants are now being removed before being discharged into

a stream or river. The reallocation of hydropower storage is the most common example of

reallocation. This has been accomplished several times when the benefits of the reallocation are

positive. In these cases, however, transferring some of the revenues collected from the water supply

user to the local power marketing agency may be necessary. If reallocation of hydropower storage

is contemplated and an economic question arises, the Power Branch of the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers Northwestern Division (CENWD-ET-WP) should be contacted for assistance. This branch

(the Hydropower System Economic Evaluation Center) is the official center of expertise for

hydropower evaluation in the Corps.
Chapter 4: Storage Reallocation 4-3

(2). Reallocation of Flood Control Space. Three conditions that create an opportunity to

reallocate flood control storage to water supply storage are:

• Where reallocated flood control storage volumes are small and do not affect flood

protection. If the effect is large, Congressional action is required;

• Where the downstream floodplain has changed or supplemental protection has been

provided; and

• Where reservoirs have been designed to a maximum site capacity that is larger than required

by hydrologic analysis.

2. Partnerships. Opportunities for reallocation can also be created through new partnerships

with states and other water agencies. The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the State

of Kansas and the Department of the Army is the principal example. This MOU was signed on 11

December 1985 and was an effort to realize the highest level of benefits possible in existing Corps

regulated reservoirs in the state. While the MOU has since expired, it was an example of a unique

opportunity to:

• Solve the State's water supply problems regarding availability and dependability;

• Increase the recovery of Federal investments occurring in the State's water resources

developments;

• Shift a greater portion of operation and maintenance costs from the Federal government to

the State; and 

• Establish a water resource management plan.

The major benefits to the State of Kansas and to the Nation are summarized in Table 4-1. Such

partnerships occur where careful planning and analyses precede cooperative discussions that develop

partnerships in which all parties benefit. Should similar situations occur in other areas of the nation,

districts should prepare a letter report laying out the circumstances and forward to HQUSACE

(CECW-A). 
4-4 Water Supply Handbook

Table 4-1

Benefits of the Kansas MOU

Major Benefits to the State of Kansas Major Benefits to the Nation

1. Create a dependable water supply since the users never 1. Reimbursement of Federal

controlled the quality or the quantity of the releases that would investment and operation and

take place under the old system. maintenance cost for the State

2. Determined the availability of excess water storage that reservoirs.

would be made available through the studies performed under

the agreement. 2. Obtained the State of Kansas’

3. Gained control over the lake regulation to enhance their and releases that would make it possible

water management program. to meet the Federal government’s water

4. Price of water supply storage based on the same basis that

would have occurred if such storage had originally been 3. The State of Kansas would make upauthorized for water supply storage instead of the more front payments to secure their

expensive updated cost of storage required by ER 1105-2- commitment and responsibility within the

100. agreement.

acquisition of water supply storage in the

protection of the water quality inflows

quality objectives.

3. History of Reallocations. Between 1958 and 1979, several reallocations were performed

under the discretionary authority of the Commander, USACE. None of these reallocations were

greater than 15 percent of total usable storage and/or 50,000 acre-feet. The price paid for this

reallocated storage was based on the original cost of storage. In 1979 a new pricing policy was

instituted that required the higher of benefits or revenues foregone, replacement cost, or the updated

cost of storage, to be charged for the reallocated cost of storage. Shown in Appendix D is a list of

the reallocations made at Corps projects, and while not complete, this does show considerable interest

in this method of obtaining M&I water supply for a variety of uses. A summary of the reallocations

is provided in Table 4-2. 

Table 4-2

Summary of Reallocations 1965-1998

Reallocated Number of Storage Reallocated 

Purpose Reallocations (acre-feet)

Hydropower 17 102,832

Flood Control 13 119,978

Conservation 8 62,863

Other or Unknown 12 129,719

Total 50 415,392
Chapter 4: Storage Reallocation 4-5

4. Water Supply Studies. Interest continues nationwide in the study of sources of potential

municipal and industrial water supply. As shown in the Presidents budget submission to Congress

for Fiscal Year 1999, there are five reconnaissance studies, three feasibility studies and one study in

preconstruction engineering and design that include the study of water supply to some degree. A

summary of these study proposals is contained in Table 4-3. The total Fiscal Year 1999 tentative

allocation for these nine studies is $2, 969,000.

Table 4-3

Water Supply Studies

Presidents FY 99 Submission to Congress

(Continued on next page)

District Study Description

Type Cost ($000)

Phase FY 99

Total Budget

Federal

SAS Recon. 600 300 Savannah River Basin Comprehensive. The study of the

basin will focus on review of the operation of the major

reservoirs in the basin, the need for additional flood control

measures, environmental restoration, surface water supply,

and other allied water resources problems.

SAS Feas. 840 350 New Savannah Bluff Lock & Dam. The Section 216 study

will document existing conditions; investigate appropriate

purposes such as water supply, fish and wildlife restoration,

and recreation; and determine the interest in turning the

project over to another entity.

ORP Recon. 625 148 Youghiogheny Lake Storage Reallocation. Westmoreland

and North Fayette Counties, PA have requested the Corps

to explore the potential for improving the storage and

release schedule and reallocating a portion of the

Youghiogheny Lake storage for water supply. 

NWO Recon. 932 158 Chatfield, Cherry Creek, and Bear Creek. The purpose of

this study is to examine, under the 1958 Water Supply Act,

as amended, the potential for reallocating storage in the

Chatfield, and/or the Bear Creek, project.

NWP Feas. 2,284 440 Willamette River Basin Review. The study will determine

if modifying the operation and maintenance of the system

of 13 Corps’ reservoirs In the interest of flood control, fish

& wildlife conservation, municipal & industrial water supply,

and development of additional recreational interests would

better serve current and anticipated future water resources

needs.
4-6 Water Supply Handbook

Table 4-3 (continued)

District Study Description

Type Cost ($000)

Phase FY 99

Total Budget

Federal

NWS PED 1,687 600 Howard Hanson Dam, Additional Water Storage. Changes

to the dam and reservoir which are being studied include

water supply storage, low-flow augmentation storage, fish

passage improvements, and fish and wildlife habitat

improvements.

NWW Recon. 1,116 240 Walla Walla River Watershed (Columbia River Basing). Of

primary concern in this special study is water supply and

quality for municipal and industrial needs, irrigated

agriculture, and perhaps, mst importantly, sustaining and

restoring anadromous fisheries.

SPL Recon. 1,600 400 Santa Margarita River and Tributaries. The study will

examine watershed management, including flood control,

environmental restoration, storm water retention, water

conservation and supply, and recreation related purposes.

SPL Feas. 968 333 Prado Basin Water Supply. The study will investigate water

conservation potential year round including dam raising and

other less costly potential sources of water .

C. PROCEDURES

1. Policies. A reallocation report is separate from a reallocation action. A report may include

future needs, but a reallocation action can only be in the context of satisfying immediate needs. An

immediate need can be defined as the amount of storage the sponsor will make payment for

immediately. A reallocation action is not complete until a water supply agreement for those

immediate needs is approved. When the need for reallocation or addition of storage at a project first

arises, districts are encouraged to survey not only the immediate water needs but should include the

water needs for the next 15-20 year planning horizon although such need may be met through several

reallocation actions over a period of several years. This entire need is to be put into one reallocation

report. Agreements submitted after approval of the original reallocation report will be accompanied

by the original approved report with information showing the changes in impacts (if any) since the

time of the report. The new information will also determine the price of storage in the new

agreement.

2. Reallocation Report.

a. Purpose. Whenever a reallocation is contemplated, a reallocation report must be prepared.

This report can vary in length depending upon the size of the change and the issues encountered.
Chapter 4: Storage Reallocation 4-7

Box 4-1, Suggested Contents for a Reallocation Report

! Purpose

• Request for M&I water supply

• Authority for seeking reallocation

! Project Background

• Project authorization, construction and operation history

• Project purpose and outputs

• Project map and pertinent data table

• Information on previous water supply agreements

! Economic Analysis (Reallocation Feasibility)

• Water supply demand analysis

• Analysis of water supply alternatives (benefits)

• Impacts on other project purposes (benefits foregone)

• Information on approved cost allocation

! Derivation of User Cost

• Water supply storage/yield analysis

• Cost of storage analysis

• Revenues foregone and cost account adjustments

• Summary, users cost

! Other Considerations

• Test of financial feasibility

• Cost account adjustments

• Environmental considerations

! Conclusions and Recommendations

• Summarization of findings

• Reference applicable appendices

• Recommendation of the District Engineer

! Appendices

• NEPA documentation (EA w/FONSI or EIS)

• Documentation of opportunity for public review of action

• Letters and views of other Federal, state, and/or local interests affected by the action

The purposes of the report and the topics to be discussed are as follows:

(1). Identify and quantify the new use and user;

(2). Evaluate the impacts on other project purposes and users;

(3). Determine environmental effects;

(4). Determine the price to be charged the new user; and 

(5). Determine appropriate compensation, if any, to existing users/beneficiaries.

b. Outline. A suggested outline for a reallocation report is given in Box 4-1. The text of the
4-8 Water Supply Handbook

report will contain the major subject matter elements (not necessarily to be used as headings) as

presented in the table. The level of detail should be commensurate with the amount of storage

reallocated and/or the problems encountered because of the reallocation. A reallocation report may

even serve as a reauthoriztion report. This would be expected in those reports recommending major

changes. A detailed outline of a reallocation report, including examples, is provided in Appendix

D. 

3. Funding for Reallocation Studies. The determination of the feasibility of reallocating storage

in an existing reservoir will usually be conducted under the framework established by the March 10,

1983, Water Resources Council's Economic and Environmental Principles and Guidelines for Water

and Related Land Resources Implementation Studies, better known as the "Principles and

Guidelines" (P&G). The study will have two phases, reconnaissance and feasibility. The

reconnaissance study will be sufficiently detailed to determine if a feasibility study is warranted and

if Congressional authorization is required for reallocation or addition of M&I water supply storage.

The reconnaissance phase will normally be accomplished using Operation and Maintenance (O&M),

General funds. The use of the authority of Section 216 of the 1970 Flood Control Act (Public Law

91-611) (see Appendix A) and the regular survey authority, however, are also options. If O&M

funds are used and Congressional authorization is required, cost sharing of the additional studies with

the non-Federal sponsor is required by the provisions in Section 105 of WRDA '86. The Federal

share of the additional studies, or the feasibility phase cost for a Section 216 or regular survey

authority, will be derived from the General Investigations appropriation. At the start of the study,

if the proposed reallocation is likely to require Congressional authorization, contact HQUSACE

(CECW-P) for additional guidance on requesting funds for the feasibility phase. If the reallocation

is determined to be warranted, but does not require additional studies or Congressional authorization,

the O&M, General fund may be used to complete the reallocation at Federal expense.

4. Cost of Reallocated Storage.

a. General. The cost allocated to the non-Federal sponsor for the capital investment for

reallocated storage space will normally be established as the highest of the benefits or revenues

foregone, the replacement cost, or the updated cost of storage in the Federal project. The nonFederal sponsor is also responsible for any specific construction and/or operational costs associated

with the reallocation action including costs associated with the revision of the water control plan and

environmental mitigation costs. The cost shall not, however, include the cost of past expenditures

for replacement, rehabilitation and reconstruction. These later costs are excluded, as the price

charged to the user will be at least the price of the storage space in a new project, which assumes the

project is in a new state of repair.

b. Benefits Foregone. Benefits foregone are generally estimated using standard Corps'

national economic development (NED) evaluation criteria in compliance with the P&G. The benefits

foregone should be estimated for the remaining economic life of the project or 50 years which ever

is greater. For reallocations from hydropower storage that are within the discretionary authority of

the Commander, USACE, benefits foregone may be obtained from in-house power value estimating

procedures or otherwise in accordance with the P&G. For large reallocations, estimates should be

calculated by P&G procedures for evaluation of hydropower benefits. 
Chapter 4: Storage Reallocation 4-9

c. Revenues Foregone. Revenues foregone to hydropower are the reduction in revenues

accruing to the U.S. Treasury as a result of the reduction in hydropower outputs based on the existing

rates charged by the power marketing agency. Revenues foregone from other project purposes are

the reduction in revenues accruing to the U.S. Treasury based on any existing repayment agreements.

d. Replacement Costs. 

(1). From Flood Control. If the reallocated storage is being taken from the flood control pool

and adverse impacts warrant replacement measures, it is appropriate to use the replacement cost of

equivalent protection. Examples of when replacement of flood control storage would be appropriate

are when there is a real estate taking or when the value of the lost flood control storage is greater

than the value of the added M&I storage. This would not be appropriate for reallocations within the

discretionary authority of Commander, USACE, which by definition, do not have severe impacts.

(2). From Hydropower. For reallocations from hydropower pools, the replacement cost of

power should normally be considered equal to the benefits foregone and calculated by P&G

procedures for evaluation of hydropower benefits. In cases where the power marketing agency has

existing contracts with their customers, the replacement cost of power may be estimated as the

agency’s cost of obtaining power from the lowest cost alternative source for the duration of the

contracts. Once the contracts expire and for the remainder of the period of analysis, the replacement

cost of power should be equal to the benefits foregone. Documentation of such contracts and

estimates of replacement costs of power to fulfill them should be included in the reallocation report.

e. Updated Cost of Storage. Under the updated cost of storage procedure, the cost of the

reallocated storage is determined through a three-step process. These three steps are displayed in

Table 4-4. 

(1). Cost at Time of Construction. Compute the cost of the reallocated storage at the time

of construction by using the “Use of Facilities” cost allocation procedure.

(2). Midpoint of Construction. Determine the midpoint of the physical construction period.

(3). Update Cost. Using the appropriate index(s) update the cost from the midpoint of the

construction period to the beginning of the fiscal year in which the contract for the reallocated storage

is approved. 
Crs (Ct Cs

) x

Sr

St(Ss Sh)

4-10 Water Supply Handbook

Table 4-4

Updated Cost of Storage Procedure

Step Formula Definitions

(Storage in acre-feet)

1 Crs = Cost of reallocated storage

Ct = Total cost

Cs = Cost of specific facilities

Sr = Reallocated storage 

St = Total storage 

Ss = Sediment storage 

Sh = Hydropower head storage 

Step Construction Phase Definition

2 Construction Initiated Either of the following:

1) Start of the month when lands were first acquired;

or

2) Date when the first construction agreement was

awarded.

Construction Completed End of the fiscal year in which final deliberate

impoundment of the reservoir was initiated.

The midpoint of Construction The month that is half way between initiation and

completion of construction.

Step Time Cost Item Index[1]

3 Prior to 1967 All items ENR

1967 to Present Relocations ENR

Building, grounds and utilities ENR

Permanent operating equipment ENR

All other items except lands [2] CWCCIS

Footnotes:

1.Index.

ENR = Engineering News Record Construction Cost Index (see following paragraph 5).

CWCCIS = Corps’”Civil Works Construction Cost Index System.” This is maintained in EM 1110-2-1304.

2.Lands. The value of lands will be updated by the weighted average update of all other project features.

5. Engineering News Record Index. The Engineering News Record Construction Cost Index

is comprised in the following manner: 200 hours of common labor at the 20-city average of common

labor rates, plus 25 cwt of standard structural steel shapes at the mill price, plus 22.56 cwt (1.128

tons) of portland cement at the 20-city price, plus 1,088 board-feet of 2 x 4 lumber at the 20-city

price. The following cities comprise the 20-cities: Atlanta, Baltimore, Birmingham, Boston,

Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Minneapolis,
Chapter 4: Storage Reallocation 4-11

New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, San Francisco, and Seattle. In this

index, 1913 = 100. The annual average index history from 1906 to the present is provided in Table

4-5 and the monthly index from January 1970 to the present is provided in Table 4-6. 

Table 4-5

ENR Construction Cost Annual Average Index

(1913 = 100)

1920 251 1940 242 1960 824 1980 3237

1921 202 1941 258 1961 847 1981 3535

1922 174 1942 276 1962 872 1982 3825

1923 214 1943 290 1963 901 1983 4066

1924 215 1944 299 1964 936 1984 4146

1925 207 1945 308 1965 971 1985 4195

1906 95 1926 208 1946 346 1966 1019 1986 4295

1907 101 1927 206 1947 413 1967 1074 1987 4406

1908 97 1928 207 1948 461 1968 1155 1988 4519

1909 91 1929 207 1949 477 1969 1269 1989 4615

1910 96 1930 203 1950 510 1970 1381 1990 4732

1911 93 1931 181 1951 543 1971 1581 1991 4835

1912 91 1932 157 1952 569 1972 1753 1992 4985

1913 100 1933 170 1953 600 1973 1895 1993 5210

1914 89 1934 198 1954 628 1974 2020 1994 5408

1915 93 1935 196 1955 660 1975 2212 1995 5471

1916 130 1936 206 1956 692 1976 2401 1996 5620

1917 181 1937 235 1957 724 1977 2576 1997 5825

1918 189 1938 236 1958 759 1978 2776 1998 5920

1919 198 1939 236 1959 797 1979 3003 1999
4-12 Water Supply Handbook

Table 4-6

ENR Construction Cost Monthly Index (1913 = 100)

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1970 1309 1311 1314 1329 1351 1375 1414 1418 1421 1434 1445 1445

1971 1465 1467 1469 1513 1551 1589 1618 1629 1654 1657 1665 1672

1972 1686 1691 1697 1707 1735 1761 1772 1777 1786 1794 1808 1816

1973 1838 1850 1859 1874 1880 1896 1901 1902 1929 1933 1935 1939

1974 1940 1940 1940 1961 1961 1993 2040 2076 2089 2100 2094 2101

1975 2103 2128 2128 2135 2164 2205 2248 2274 2275 2293 2292 2297

1976 2305 2314 2322 2327 2357 2410 2414 2445 2465 2478 2486 2490

1977 2494 2505 2513 2514 2515 2541 2579 2611 2644 2675 2659 2660

1978 2672 2681 2693 2698 2733 2753 2821 2829 2851 2851 2861 2869

1979 2872 2877 2886 2886 2889 2984 3052 3071 3120 3122 3131 3140

1980 3132 3134 3159 3143 3139 3198 3260 3304 3319 3327 3355 3376

1981 3372 3373 3384 3450 3471 3496 3548 3616 3657 3660 3697 3695

1982 3704 3728 3721 3731 3734 3815 3899 3899 3902 3901 3917 3950

1983 3960 4001 4006 4001 4003 4073 4108 4132 4142 4127 4133 4110

1984 4109 4113 4118 4132 4142 4161 4166 4169 4176 4161 4158 4144

1985 4145 4153 4151 4150 4171 4201 4220 4230 4229 4228 4231 4228

1986 4218 4230 4231 4242 4275 4303 4332 4334 4335 4344 4342 4351

1987 4354 4352 4359 4363 4369 4387 4404 4443 4456 4459 4453 4478

1988 4470 4473 4484 4489 4493 4525 4532 4542 4535 4555 4567 4568

1989 4580 4573 4574 4577 4578 4599 4608 4618 4658 4658 4668 4685

1990 4680 4685 4691 4693 4707 4732 4734 4752 4774 4771 4787 4777

1991 4777 4773 4772 4766 4801 4818 4854 4892 4891 4892 4896 4889

1992 4888 4884 4927 4946 4965 4973 4992 5032 5042 5052 5058 5059

1993 5071 5070 5106 5167 5262 5260 5252 5230 5255 5264 5278 5310

1994 5336 5371 5381 5405 5405 5408 5409 5424 5437 5437 5439 5439

1995 5443 5444 5435 5432 5433 5432 5484 5506 5491 5511 5519 5524

1996 5523 5532 5537 5550 5572 5597 5617 5652 5683 5719 5740 5744

1997 5765 5769 5759 5799 5837 5860 5863 5854 5851 5848 5838 5858

1998 5852 5874 5875 5883 5881 5895 5921 5929 5963 5986 5995 5991

1999
Chapter 4: Storage Reallocation 4-13

6. Cost Accounts. All income and expenses (investment, operation, maintenance, replacement,

etc.) associated with the water supply function will be separately identified in the official cost account

record. When there is a loss of revenue from existing purposes, or additional operation and/or

maintenance expense to existing purposes are incurred because of the new water supply addition,

such charges will be shown as a direct charge against the water supply function. All revenues lost

to the project and downstream areas must be considered. This loss will affect the appropriate cost

reductions in the existing project purposes and all revenues from the new addition will be credited

to the new purpose. If hydropower revenues are being reduced because of the reallocation, the

power marketing agency will be credited for the amount of revenues foregone to the U.S. Treasury

because of the reallocation assuming uniform annual repayment. In instances where existing

repayment agreements between the power marketing agency and their customer would result in a cost

to the Federal Government to acquire replacement power to fulfill the obligations of the agreements,

an additional credit to the power marketing agency can be made for such costs incurred during the

remaining period of the agreements. Such credits should not actually be made for replacement costs

until the costs are incurred and documented by the power marketing agency.

7. Financial Feasibility. As a test of financial feasibility, the governing annual cost of storage

derived as determined in above paragraph 4, should be compared to the annual cost of the most likely,

least costly alternative that would provide an equivalent quality and quantity of water that the nonFederal interest would undertake in the absence of using the Federal projects. This analysis is to be

included in the reallocation report. 

8. Approval. Providing the criteria of the 1958 Water supply Act are not violated, 15 percent

of total storage capacity allocated to all authorized project purposes or 50,000 acre feet, whichever

is less, may be allocated from storage authorized for other project purposes or may be added to the

project to serve as storage for M&I water supply at the discretion of the Commander, USACE. For

reallocations up to 499 acre-feet the Commander, USACE has delegated approval authority to the

division commander. Reallocations that exceed the Commander USACE's authority may be approved

at the discretion of the Secretary of the Army if such reallocations do not require Congressional

approval as described above. The approval of the reallocation report, however, does not signify an

approval to reallocate storage. Such approval is governed by the final signature of the water supply

agreement. See Chapter 2, Table 2-3 for additional detail.
4-14 Water Supply Handbook

D. REFERENCES

The McGraw Hill Company. Engineering News-Record, a monthly magazine by a division of 

McGraw Hill, publishers.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, ER 1105-2-100, 28 December 1990. Guidance for 

Conducting Civil Works Planning Studies, Chapter 6, Section XV.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, ER 1105-2-100, 31 October 1997. Guidance for 

Conducting Civil Works Planning Studies, Chapter 4, Section VII.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, IWR, Policy Study 88-PS-2, July 1988. Opportunities for 

Reservoir Storage Reallocation.

Water Resource Council, 10 March 1983. Economic and Environmental Principles and 

Guidelines for Water and Related Land Resources Implementation.
CHAPTER 5: DECEMBER 1998

WATER SUPPLY PARTNERSHIP KIT

A. INTRODUCTION

This chapter is meant to be a self-contained pamphlet that can be copied and provided to local sponsors who

may desire to enter into municipal and industrial water supply agreements. The pamphlet includes an example

of a letter of introduction from the District Commander to the non-Federal sponsor, defines the Corps’ mission

in the area of water supply and provides some general background on the organization and responsibilities of

the Corps. Draft water supply agreements from Appendix B should be attached to the pamphlet as required

by the sponsor.

B. ATTACHMENT

Provided as an attachment is “WATER SUPPLY PARTNERSHIP KIT.”

 District 

U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers

WATER SUPPLY

PARTNERSHIP KIT

DISTRICT LETTERHEAD

* E X A M P L E *

Dear Sponsor:

I am pleased to welcome you as a partner with the U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers in the development and management of the

Nation's water supply and to send you a copy of this Water Supply

Partnership Kit.

The Corps of Engineers has been developing municipal and

industrial water supply agreements with non-Federal sponsors for 

storage space in our reservoir projects since 1948. As of August

1996, we had 240 contracts in 117 different projects for about

9.5 million acre-feet of storage space. This space represents a

Federal investment of about $1.3 billion in actual dollars. This

district has contracts in reservoirs for a total of 

acre-feet of storage space.

This Partnership Kit contains a collection of tools designed

to help you to understand the Corps’ water supply mission better. 

It includes the water supply authorities under which we operate

and the various options we have to help satisfy your water supply

needs, including model formats for different types of water

supply agreements. It also includes some basic information on

the Corps organization, addresses of all the offices and

responsibilities of the various levels within the organization. 

We believe that if we improve our understanding of each other our

partnerships will be more efficient, productive and successful in

providing quality projects and service. 

In this district [the water supply function is handled in

the (branch) . The chief of this branch is .]

(or) [the initial contact is with the project manager at 

Lake. The project manager at this lake is .] 

Mr./Ms. can be reached by phone at . If you

have any ideas about how this kit can be improved, or suggestion

about other ways in which we can help, please do not hesitate to

contact me at the above address. 

Sincerely,

 

(Name)

 

(Title)

Water Supply Partnership Kit iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Item Page 

Letter of Introduction .............................................................................. i

Table of Contents .................................................................................... iii

List of Tables .......................................................................................... iv

List of Attachments ................................................................................. iv

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1

WATER SUPPLY MISSION ................................................................ 1

Water Supply Storage .............................................................................. 1

Authority ..................................................................................... 1

Definition .................................................................................... 2

Cost ............................................................................................. 2

Surplus Water ......................................................................................... 6

Authority ..................................................................................... 6

Definition .................................................................................... 7

Cost ............................................................................................. 7

Agricultural Water Supply ...................................................................... 7

Authority ...................................................................................... 7

Cost ............................................................................................. 7

Emergency Water Supply ........................................................................ 8

Clean Drinking Water................................................................... 8

Disaster Relief ............................................................................. 8

Restrictions ................................................................................. 8

Drought Contingency Water .................................................................... 8

Authority ...................................................................................... 8

Cost .............................................................................................. 9

Seasonal Operations for Water Supply .................................................... 9

Authority ...................................................................................... 9

Cost .............................................................................................. 9

REPAYMENT AGREEMENTS............................................................. 9

Disposition of Revenues.......................................................................... 9

Model Agreements .................................................................................. 9

CORPS ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES ....................... 10

Introduction ............................................................................................. 10

Civil Works Organization ....................................................................... 10

The Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works) ................... 10

Headquarters ............................................................................... 10

Divisions ..................................................................................... 11

Districts ....................................................................................... 11

Research and Development Centers and Laboratories ................ 11
iv Water Supply Partnership Kit

LIST OF TABLES

1 Existing Corps of Engineers Projects With Authorized But Uncommitted Storage........ 3

2 1958 Water Supply Act Interest Rates..............................................................................4

3 1986 Water Resource Development Act Water Supply Interest Rates............................. 5

LIST OF ATTACHMENTS

A Public Law 85-500, the 1958 River and Harbor Act, Title III, Water Supply Act of 1958,

as amended (72 Stat. 319)

B Model Formats for Water Supply Agreements

C Civil Works Division and District Boundaries and Addresses

D Key Word Index
Water Supply Partnership Kit 1

INTRODUCTION

We welcome you as a partner with the U.

S. Army Corps of Engineers in the development

and management of the Nation's water resources.

This Partnership Kit contains a collection of tools

designed to help you better understand the Corps

mission in the area of municipal and industrial

water supply and how you can utilize this mission

to help you meet your water supply needs. This kit

also includes some general information about the

Corps, as well as more specific information about

the District office in your area.

The Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) is

the Federal government's largest water resources

development and management agency. Our water

resources (Civil Works) program began in 1824,

when Congress first appropriated funds for

improving navigation. Since then, we have been

involved in improving navigation in rivers and

harbors, reducing flood damages, and protecting

our shorelines. Many projects designed for these

missions also generate hydroelectric power; supply

water for cities, industries and agriculture; and

provide outdoor recreation. Entwined within these

missions is environmental management and

restoration.

WATER SUPPLY MISSION

National policy concerning the Corps role

in water supply has been developed over a number

of years and is still being clarified and extended

through budgetary guidance and by legislation

enacted through water resources development acts.

This policy is based on a recognition that states

and local interests have the primary responsibility

in the development and management of their water

supplies. The Corps role in water supply can be

defined by three legislative acts. These are;

Section 6 of the 1944 Flood Control Act (surplus

water), Section 8 of the 1944 Flood Control Act

(agricultural water supply), and the 1958 Water

Supply Act (storage). In limited circumstances,

we may also provide emergency supplies of clean

water to a locality confronted by a source of

contaminated water likely to cause a substantial

threat to public health. These specifically defined

roles are discussed in more detail in the following

sections in the order of significance from a Corps

mission standpoint. 

WATER SUPPLY STORAGE

AUTHORITY.

Most likely, your request for assistance

from the Corps to help you solve your water supply

needs will fall under the general category of "water

supply storage.” The authority for the Corps to

include storage for municipal and industrial (M&I)

water supply in both new and existing reservoir

projects is contained in the 1958 River and Harbor

Act. Title III of this Act (Public Law 85-500) is

entitled the "Water Supply Act of 1958." While

this act gives the Corps authority to modify

projects for water supply, any modification which

would seriously affect the project, its other

purposes, or its operation, can only be

accomplished with the approval of Congress. 

The 1958 Water Supply Act has been

amended twice, once by Section 10 of the Federal

Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1961,

and again by Section 932 of the Water Resources

Development Act of 1986 (WRDA '86). The 1961

amendment eased restrictions of the 1958 Act by

permitting the acceptance of assurances for the use

of future water supply as a means of

accommodating the construction cost payment for

future water supply. The 1986 amendment put

more burden on the non-Federal sponsor for water

supply in Corps projects, but not for water supply

in Bureau of Reclamation projects. This

amendment eliminated the 10-year interest free

period; modified the interest rate formula; reduced

the repayment period from 50 to 30 years; and

required the annual operation, maintenance and

replacement costs to be reimbursed on an annual

basis. This latter requirement was already a part of

Corps repayment policy. For your information, a

copy of the 1958 Water Supply Act, as amended,

is provided as Attachment A.
2 Water Supply Partnership Kit

One other act has had a major impact on repayment requirements? That is not a easy

the Corps mission in providing storage in projects. question to answer because it depends upon a

This act was Public Law 88-140, enacted on 16 number of factors. These factors include:

October 1963. Under this act, the non-Federal

sponsor of water supply storage has the right to the 1) is this to be a new project, or is it

use of the storage for the physical life of the project already constructed?

after the costs of storage have been repaid, and

subject to the continued repayment of annual 2) if the project is existing was it

operating costs. This provision removed the constructed before or after 1986?

uncertainty as to the continued availability of the

storage space after the 50-year maximum period 3) if the project is existing, is the space

previously allowed in contracts. you want to utilize already authorized, or will it

DEFINITION.

What exactly does the Corps mean by therefore, available for a reduced price for water

"M&I water supply storage?” While the term has under certain circumstances? and

not been defined in law, the Corps has taken it to

mean supply for uses ordinarily found among 5) regardless of the above factors, what

customers of a municipal systems and for uses in other costs may you be responsible for?

industrial processes. Services to be provided will

normally consist of space in a reservoir for use in The following sections will attempt to

regulating the flow of water so that it is useful for clarify the cost and repayment responsibilities for

water supply purposes, and the provision, where each of the above situations.

necessary, of facilities in the project structure to

provide for the release or withdrawal of stored 1) New Projects: A "new" project is

water for water supply purposes. classified as one for which construction started on

Water rights necessary for the use of the WRDA '86. Since the Corps’ ability to construct

stored water will not be acquired by the Corps but new multipurpose reservoirs projects is severely

will be obtained as necessary by the water users. limited, the possibility of storage in new projects is

Where it is a requirement of State law, the non- unlikely. However, should the storage be in one of

Federal sponsor shall provide proof of a water right these "new" projects, the cost of storage will be the

for the water to be stored or released from the actual construction cost allocated to the amount of

Corps project. storage assigned to your use. While the law

Water supply agreements under the year period, Administration policy requires the

authority of the 1958 Water Supply Act are for repayment of these costs either before or during the

storage space only. The Federal government period of construction of the reservoir project. For

makes no representation with respect to the quality this reason, all water supply storage in "new"

or quantity of water and assumes no responsibility projects is committed to non-Federal sponsors prior

for the treatment, or availability of the water. to construction and there is no available storage in

COST. prohibits the construction of single purpose water

Your most primary concern is probably considered when at least 20 percent of the new

with the cost; how much will the Corps charge me project benefits are attributed to flood control,

for the water I want and what will be the navigation, environmental restoration, and/or

require a reallocation? 

4) are you a low income community and,

or after 17 November 1986, the date of enactment

permits the repayment of these costs over a 30-

new projects for new sponsors. Policy also

supply projects; i.e., water supply can only be
Water Supply Partnership Kit 3

agricultural water supply. district office responsible for the project is

2) Existing Projects With Uncommitted

Storage Space: There are 20 Corps reservoir

projects located in six states with almost 780,000

acre-feet of municipal and industrial water supply

storage space that is not currently under a

repayment agreement and is available for your use.

These projects, the storage, the state and the Corps

provided in Table 1. If you are located in the

proximity of one of these projects, you should enter

into an agreement for this storage as it is less

expensive than new storage or reallocated storage.

In these projects the cost to be repaid is the actual

cost assigned to the storage space at the time of

construction. There are two options for repayment

of these costs over time.

Table 1

 Existing Corps of Engineers Projects With Authorized But Uncommitted Storage Space

Corps District Project State Acre -Feet

Pittsburgh Stonewall Jackson West Virginia 2,200

St. Louis Clarence Cannon Missouri 20,000

Vicksburg DeGray Arkansas 167,750

Kansas City Long Branch Missouri 6,200

Smithville Missouri 75,700

Little Rock DeQueen Arkansas 17,275

Tulsa Birch Oklahoma 7,630

Broken Bow Oklahoma 144,145

Copan Oklahoma 2,500

Eufaula Oklahoma 42,967

Hugo Oklahoma 2,198

Kaw Oklahoma 80,211

Keystone Oklahoma 1,999

Oologah Oklahoma 15,595

Optima Oklahoma *

Pine Creek Oklahoma 20,600

Skiatook Oklahoma 47,652

Tenkiller Ferry Oklahoma 5,016

Waurika Oklahoma 109,600

Wister Oklahoma 347

Portland Lost Creek Oregon 9,600

* Optima Lake in the Tulsa District was designed for 76,200 acre-feet of water supply storage. However, due to

changed conditions, Optima has never filled. Optima has no storage or yield.
4 Water Supply Partnership Kit

The first repayment option is to repay the

costs over a period of 30 years from the date of

availability of the storage space. The date of

availability is defined as the plant-in-service date of Table 2. If this repayment option is utilized, in

the project or the date the first water supply many cases the period left to repay the cost will be

agreement in the project was signed, whichever is less than 30 years. If this is the case, then another

later. The interest rate to use in this case will be option is available to the local sponsor. 

the rate as established by the 1958 Water Supply

Act for the date of initiation of project

construction. These interest rates are shown in

Table 2

1958 Water Supply Act Interest Rates

Fiscal Interest Fiscal Interest Fiscal Interest

Year Rate (%) Year Rate (%) Year Rate (%)

1959 2.670

1960 2.699 1970 3.342 1980 7.250

1961 2.632 1971 3.463 1981 8.605

1962 2.742 1972 3.502 1982 9.352

1963 2.936 1973 3.649 1983 10.051

1964 3.046 1974 4.012 1984 10.043

1965 3.137 1975 4.371 1985 10.898

1966 3.222 1976 5.116 1986 11.070

1967 3.225 1977 5.683

1968 3.253 1978 6.063

1969 3.256 1979 6.595

The second repayment option is to

permit the repayment of costs over a 30-year

period at the repayment rate as prescribed in

Section 932 of WRDA ‘86. In this case, the rate

will be the rate that is current as of the time of

signing of the water supply agreement. This rate

will be adjusted at 5-year intervals over the as amended, that is provided in Appendix A.

repayment period. The rate will be increased by

one-eight of one percentage point for transactions

costs. These rates are shown in Table 3. In this

table, the rates have been increased to include the

transaction factor. While these rates are not

applicable to what rates may be in the future, they

do give an indication of what the past rates have

been and the fact that they can vary significantly

from one year to the next. The interest rate

formula is defined in the 1958 Water Supply Act,
Water Supply Partnership Kit 5

Table 3

1986 Water Resource Development Act Water Supply Interest Rates

Fiscal Interest Fiscal Interest Fiscal Interest

Year Rate (%) Year Rate (%) Year Rate (%)

1991 9.125 1996 6.750

1987 7.625 1992 8.125 1997 7.125

1988 10.000 1993 7.500 1998 6.750

1989 9.250 1994 6.125 1999

1990 8.250 1995 7.750 2000

3) Reallocations: Since the Corps is you will be the highest of the benefits or revenues

currently not constructing many reservoir projects, foregone as a result of the allocation, the

the most viable means to obtain storage in Corps replacement cost of an equivalent amount of

reservoirs is through reallocation. Reallocation is storage in another or a new project, or the updated

considered to be a reassignment of the usage of cost of storage in the Federal project. The cost

existing storage space in a reservoir project to a which usually governs is the updated cost of

higher and better use. In this process, economic, storage. This procedure is an attempt to duplicate

political and public welfare issues are taken into the cost of the project, as originally constructed, at

consideration. The reallocation process is normally today's prices. This process updates original

conducted through a "Reconnaissance" study phase construction cost through use of the Engineering

that is fully funded at the Federal level. If this News Record Construction Cost Index and the

study proves feasible, then a more detailed

"Feasibility" study is undertaken. This study is

funded equally between us, and you may provide

up to one-half of your share (that is, up to onequarter of the total study cost) by in kind services

instead of cash. The details of this study process

can be provided by your local Corps office. 

Since 1979, nine of the Corps districts

have performed a total of 35 reallocations. These

reallocations transferred storage from flood

control, hydroelectric power, water quality, and

sediment reserve, to M&I water supply. These

procedures reallocated a total of about 272,000

acre-feet of storage space. In addition, the

Presidents Fiscal Year 1999 budget has a total of

$2.97 million for an nine water supply studies.

These studies are being performed by the

Pittsburgh, Omaha, Portland, Seattle, Walla Walla,

Savannah (2) and Los Angeles (2) Districts. 

The cost of reallocated storage assigned to

Corps' “Civil Works Construction Cost Index

System.” Your portion of the cost is then prorated

based on the storage reallocated to your use. 

Repayment of costs assigned to the

reallocation will be over a period of 30 years from

the date of availability of the storage space. This

date of availability is normally considered to be the

date the repayment agreement is signed by the

Assistance Secretary of the Army (Civil Works)

(ASA(CW)) or his duly authorized representative.

The interest rate to use for repayment will be the

rate as established in WRDA '86 (see Table 3).

The rates are adjusted at 5-year intervals over the

repayment period. The 10-year interest free period

is not available for reallocated storage. In addition,

any cost associated with the reallocation; e.g., the

relocation of camping and picnic facilities as a

result of a raise in the lake level, must be paid prior

to or during the relocation period. 
6 Water Supply Partnership Kit

4) Low Income Community: Section 322 your pro-rata share of additional costs required to

of the 1990 Water Resources Development Act operate and maintain the project. These costs

authorized, at the discretion of the ASA(CW), a consist of:

reduced price of water for low income

communities. Low income communities are

identified by the law as communities with a

population of less than 20,000 which are located in

counties with a per capita income of less than the

per capita income of two-thirds of the counties in

the United States. For the purposes of this

provision, a community may extend across county

boundaries, however, all counties served must

qualify as low income counties to obtain the

reduced price allowed under this Section. The

amount of storage which can be made available to

any one community under this provision is the

amount required in any reservoir to yield two

million gallons of water per day. This provision

for a reduced price is only applicable to

reallocations. 

The price under this provision of law is the

greater of (1) benefits foregone, or (2) the updated

cost of storage but not to exceed (for fiscal year

1991) $100 per acre foot of storage space.

Individual contract prices, once approved, are not

subject to further indexing. The $100 charge was

applicable only to contracts signed in Fiscal Year

1991. This price shall be adjusted on 1 October

every year based on the Consumer Price Index for

the September immediately preceding the fiscal

year. This price index is published monthly in the

Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic

Analysis, Survey of Current Business. 

Repayment is permitted over 30 years

from the date the water supply storage agreement

is signed by the ASA(CW). The applicable interest

rate for repayment is that authorized by WRDA '86

(see Table 3). This rate will be adjusted at 5-year

intervals over the repayment period. If you think

you may be eligible for this pricing policy, please

contact your local Corps district office.

5) Additional Costs. Regardless of the

method used to assign to you the cost of storage in

the Corps project, you will also be responsible for

Annual operation and Maintenance Expense.

All non-Federal sponsors (including those

determined as being a low-income community) are

responsible for all operation and maintenance

expenses allocated to their portion of the water

supply storage space. These costs are to be paid

yearly and should be paid in advance based on an

estimated expenditure. 

Repair, Replacement, Rehabilitation, and

Reconstruction Costs. Costs allocated to water

supply which are associated with these four items

are to be paid by the non-Federal sponsor either

during construction of such item or in lump sum,

with interest at the rate prescribed in WRDA '86,

upon completion of construction. You are

encouraged to establish a sinking fund in order to

cover these costs should they occur. Costs

expended in existing projects for these programs

prior to entering into a repayment agreement shall

be added to the initial project investment cost for

repayment purposes. An exception to this rule is

for reallocated storage which, through the updating

procedure, assumes a new project.

Dam Safety Assurance Costs. Modifications to a

dam project and related facilities deemed necessary

for dam safety assurances shall be considered to

fall under the provisions of rehabilitation except for

cost sharing. Costs of project modification for dam

safety shall be in accordance with the provisions of

Section 1203 of WRDA '86. Under this provision,

15 percent of the cost of the dam safety assurance

modification is allocated among purposes and

shared with appropriate project sponsors.

SURPLUS WATER

AUTHORITY.

A lesser used authority for the Corps to

contract for water supply was authorized by
Water Supply Partnership Kit 7

Section 6 of the 1944 Flood Control Act. Under the least costly alternative, but never less than the

this Section, the ASA(CW) is authorized to enter benefits foregone, or, in the case of hydropower,

into agreements for surplus water with states, revenues foregone.

municipalities, private concerns, or individuals at

such prices and on such terms as he may deem Should you require a 5-year extension to

reasonable. These agreements may be for domestic your water supply agreement, such addition may be

and M&I uses but not for crop irrigation, from granted on a case by case basis. The cost however,

surplus water that may be available at any reservoir will be redetermined based on current prices and

under the control of the Department of the Army. interest rates.

DEFINITION.

Surplus water is classified as either; (1)

water stored in a Corps reservoir which is not

required because the authorized need for the water

never developed or the need is reduced by changes

which have occurred since authorization or

construction, or (2) water which would be more

beneficially used as M&I water than for the

authorized purpose and which, when withdraw,

would not adversely affect existing lawful uses of

such water over some specified time period. 

Agreements covering surplus water will

normally be for small amounts of water and for

temporary use as opposed to storage reallocations

and a permanent right to that storage. Surplus

water agreements will be limited to a 5-year period.

Use of the Section 6 authority is allowed only

where non-Federal sponsors do not want to

purchase storage because use of the water is

desired for a short term only, or, use would be

temporary pending development of the authorized

use.

COST.

The cost for surplus water is determined

by the same procedure as used to determine an

equivalent amount of reallocated storage.

Repayment of this storage is to be based on an

annualized amount based on repaying the cost of

the storage over a 30-year period. The interest rate

to use for this annualized computation is that as

authorized in WRDA '86 (see Table 3). To this

annual cost will be added an estimated annual cost

for operation, maintenance, repair, replacement,

rehabilitation and reconstruction. The total

annual price is to be limited to the annual costs of

AGRICULTURAL WATER SUPPLY

AUTHORITY.

The Reclamation Act of 1902, Public Law

57-161, established irrigation in the 17 contiguous

western states as a national policy to be

administered by the Secretary of the Interior.

Section 8 of the 1944 Flood Control Act provides

that Corps reservoirs may store water for irrigation

of agricultural lands upon the recommendation of

the Secretary of the Interior. 

COST.

The cost and repayment for irrigation

storage depends upon your location. 

1) Western States. If you are in one of the

19 western states (including Alaska and Hawaii),

in conformity with Reclamation Law, the cost and

repayment arrangements and agreements for

irrigation water from Corps projects will be

determined, and is administered by, the Bureau of

Reclamation. 

2) Eastern States. Subsection 103(c)(3)

of WRDA '86 establishes the cost that is applied to

agricultural water supply stored in Corps projects

east of the Reclamation states. In these nonReclamation states, non-Federal sponsors must

provide 35 percent of the construction costs

assigned to the storage space, and 100 percent of

the operation, maintenance, repair, reconstruction,

rehabilitation and replacement costs. Repayment

of construction costs shall be made during the

period of construction of the project. 
8 Water Supply Partnership Kit

3) Interim Use of M&I Water Supply DISASTER RELIEF.

Storage for Irrigation. Section 931 of WRDA '86

provides that for any reservoir project constructed Public Law 88-99 was further amended by

and operated by the Corps, the ASA(CW) is the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 Appropriations

authorized to allocate storage which was allocated (Public Law 95-51), to provide the ASA(CW)

in the project for M&I water supply, and which is authority under certain statutory conditions to

not under contract, for the interim use for irrigation construct wells and to transport water to farmers,

purposes. These projects and the amount of ranchers, and political subdivisions within areas he

storage available is shown in Table 1. The cost to

you for this storage will be 35 percent of the

construction cost and 100 percent of the operation

and maintenance expense, repair, replacement,

rehabilitation, and reconstruction costs allocated to

the storage space being placed under contract.

Repayment shall be annualized on a 30-year basis

based on the original project construction cost.

The interest rate will be the project rate that was in

effect at the time of initiation of the project (see

Tables 2 and 3). The term of the agreement for

this interim use shall not exceed five (5) years. An

option for incremental five year extensions is

allowed with the basic agreement only if

recalculations for annual operation and

maintenance, replacements, rehabilitation and

reconstruction costs are performed at the end of

each five year increment.

EMERGENCY WATER SUPPLY

CLEAN DRINKING WATER.

Public Law 84-99, as amended by Section

82 of the Water Resource Development Act of

1974, provides the Corps an opportunity to provide

emergency supplies of clean water to any locality

which the Chief of Engineers finds is confronted

with a source of contaminated water causing or

likely to cause a substantial threat to the public

health and welfare of the inhabitants of the locality.

Cost and repayment shall be as the Chief of

Engineers determines to be advisable. Work under

this authority requires a request from the governor

of the state where the source of water has become

contaminated and is normally limited to 30 days.

Loss of water source or supply is not correctable

under this authority. 

determines to be drought distressed. A written

request for assistance may be made by any farmer,

rancher or political subdivision with a distressed

area. Corps assistance will only be considered

when non-Federal sponsors have exhausted

reasonable means for securing necessary water

supplies (within the limits of their financial

resources) including assistance from other Federal

agencies.

RESTRICTIONS.

Evaluation of requests for assistance are to

be tempered by the fact that Corps assistance is

supplemental to state and local efforts. Long term

solutions to water supply problems are the

responsibility of state and local interests. These

authorities are not to be used to provide drought

emergency water assistance in cases where a

livestock owner has other options. Assistance can

be provided to transport water for consumption by

Federally owned equipment with the cost of

transportation to be paid by the Corps. Cost of

storage of the water, however, is a non-Federal

responsibility. Federal assistance can also be

provided to construct wells. The Federal cost,

however, must be repaid.

DROUGHT CONTINGENCY WATER

AUTHORITY.

Section 6 of the 1944 Flood Control Act

(surplus water) provides adequate authority to

permit temporary withdrawal of water from Corps

projects to supplement normal supplies in time of

drought. Should you have such a need, the

preferred approach is for a state or political

subdivision to enter into an agreement with the
Water Supply Partnership Kit 9

ASA(CW) and to agree to act as the wholesaler for (3) The value of benefits foregone;

all the water requirements of individual users. This

places the local governments in a position to help (4) the value of damages or losses incurred

their citizens during difficult times and minimizes by others as a result of the changed operations

the potential for problems that could arise if the (may be the same as (3) above); and 

ASA(CW) was to determine who was entitled to

shares of surplus water based on assessments of 5) A partial reimbursement of the existing

local needs. Federal investment in the project in the form of a

COST. savings to the benefited non-Federal interest (the

The cost for drought contingency water costs of the modifications listed in (1) thought (4)

supply will be determined in the same manner as above).

for surplus water but never less than $50 per

agreement year. There is to be limit on the cost (excluding

SEASONAL OPERATIONS FOR WATER permanent reallocation as described earlier. 

SUPPLY

AUTHORITY.

General Congressional authority for

seasonal operations for water supply as an

alternative to reservoir storage space has not been

established to date. Where not specifically

authorized, seasonal operation of a project for

water supply may be conducted consistent with

authorized project purposes and law, subject to

hydrologic and hydraulic capability of the project,

in order to provide an intermediate seasonal source

of water supply. This water supply could be used

to enhance groundwater replenishment, to increase

downstream flow, or to otherwise enhance the

general usage of the project for M&I purposes. 

COST.

The cost to be repaid is:

(1) 100% of the new construction costs

and new operational costs including the cost of

revising the water control plan;

(2) A share of the joint use operation,

maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement cost

based on the use-of-facilities cost allocation;

payment in an amount equal to one-half of the

cost of the least cost alternative minus the specific

annual operation and maintenance payments)

which is not to exceed the costs derived for

The repayment shall be consistent with the

charges as developed in the above paragraph on

costs as previously developed for storage and

surplus water.

REPAYMENT AGREEMENTS

DISPOSITION OF REVENUES.

For your information, none of the

payments you make to the Corps District

associated with your interest in water supply, is

maintained in the District Office or even a "Corps

Account" for general use by the Corps. All

revenues received from water supply repayment

agreements is deposited in the Treasury of the

United States as miscellaneous receipts.

MODEL AGREEMENTS

The Corps has prepared model water

supply agreements for each class of water supply

as discussed above. A copy of each of these

agreements is provided as Attachment B.

Payment provisions in this format are for new
10 Water Supply Partnership Kit

projects, unused storage space in existing projects, 1) The annual legislative program, which

added storage and for all reallocated storage usually includes recommended authorizations to

(including storage reallocated under the low- conduct studies and construct projects;

income community provisions of Section 322 of the

1990 Water Resource Development Act). 2) The annual Civil Works budget, which

Bracketed language may be changed as and projects;

appropriate in particular circumstances and

material peculiar to either present or future use 3) Providing policy to the Corps, and

storage may be deleted if such storage is not interpreting policy guidance on specific studies,

included in the agreement. projects and programs.

CORPS ORGANIZATION AND

RESPONSIBILITIES

INTRODUCTION

Our Civil Works work force consists of

about 28,000 individuals, including some 200

military personnel, who represent over one hundred

different professional engineering, scientific,

environmental and managerial specialty areas. Our

Civil Works chain of command has four basic

levels of authority, ranging from the Assistant

Secretary of the Army for Civil Works in

Washington, D.C., to the thirty-eight District

offices across the Nation. Each Corps office is

generally organized according to project

development functions. Approximately 90 percent

of the work force is at the District level.

CIVIL WORKS ORGANIZATION

THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE

ARMY (CIVIL WORKS).

The Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil

Works) (ASA(CW)) is appointed by the President.

The Assistant Secretary leads, directs and

supervises the Corps Civil Works Program. The

Assistant Secretary is also responsible for all Corps

foreign activities not exclusively in support of U.S.

military forces overseas. These responsibilities are

exercised in accord with the program of the

President. The Assistant Secretary manages the

Civil Works program through:

includes requests for funding for selected studies

The currently Assistant Secretary of the

Army for Civil Works and his address are:

Joseph W. Westphal

Department of the Army

Office of the Assistant Secretary (Civil Works)

108 Army Pentagon

Washington, D.C. 20310-0108.

HEADQUARTERS.

The Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers (HQUSACE) is commanded by the

Chief of Engineers. For Civil Works, the Chief

reports to the ASA(CW), and has delegated most

responsibility for managing the Civil Works

Program to the Director of Civil Works.

The current Chief of Engineers and his

address are:

LTG Joseph N. Ballard

Chief of Engineers (CECG)

20 Massachusetts Ave. N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20314-1000

The current Director of Civil Works and

his address are:

MG Russell L. Fuhrman

Director of Civil Works (CECW-ZA)

20 Massachusetts Ave. N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20314-1000

The Headquarters is responsible for
Water Supply Partnership Kit 11

organizational leadership and efficient management studies, perform project design, oversee the

of the program and resources of the Corps. It building of projects by construction contractors,

ensures that policy established by the ASA(CW), and manage completed Corps facilities. They write

including interpretive policy guidance on specific reports, prepare drawings, estimate costs and

projects and programs, is applied to all phases of schedules, negotiate agreements, and perform all of

project development. The Headquarters also the day-to-day tasks necessary to get the job done.

monitors and provides guidance to the Division; They are the Corps' face to the Nation, working

provides progress reports to the ASA(CW); closely with sponsors and other project partners,

supports and helps the Assistant Secretary in other government agencies, businesses, interest

working with other agencies and organization; and, groups, homeowners, and all other members of the

together with the ASA(CW), testifies to Congress public. Sponsor contacts and work with the Corps

in support of the Civil Works Program. are almost exclusively at the District level. 

DIVISIONS. Districts are also responsible for issuing

Reporting to HQUSACE are eight other construction in the nation's waters, providing

Divisions commanded by Division Engineers for responses to natural disasters and national security

Civil Works purposes. The Divisions are the emergencies, and maintaining a variety of real

regional Corps offices responsible for the estate activities related to both Civil Works and

supervision and management of their subordinate Army programs.

Districts, including monitoring, providing Quality

Assurance and Quality Control, and approving A map that displays Division and District

(where delegated) District work. boundaries, and a list of Division and District

Divisions are also responsible for efficient

use of personnel and funds, ensuring that the

Districts' activities are compatible with policy, and

monitoring and reporting to HQUSACE on

progress. They serve as the regional Corps

interface with other regional agencies and

organizations within their boundaries. Division

Engineers testify to the Congress regarding the

status of their work.

DISTRICTS.

The thirty-eight Districts are led by

District Engineers. The Districts are the local

Corps offices responsible for conducting and

completing their assigned Civil Works studies,

projects and programs. They are accountable, and

must report periodically, to Divisions on the

progress and problems encountered in their work.

The Districts are the foundation of the

Corps Civil Works Program. District professionals

manage water resources developments over a

project's entire life cycle; they conduct planning

Section 10 and Section 404 permits for dredging or

addresses, is provided as Attachment C.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTERS

AND LABORATORIES

We also maintain a major research

program at six research and development centers

and laboratories. These are:

Cold Regions Research and Engineering

Laboratory (CECRL)

72 Lyme Road

Hanover, NH 03755-1290

Phone: 603/646-4200

Construction Engineering Research Laboratory

(CECER)

P.O. Box 9005

Champaign, IL 61826-9005

Phone: 217/373-7201

Hydrologic Engineering Center (CEWRC-HEC)

609 Second Street

Davis, CA 95616-4687

Phove: 530-756-1104
12 Water Supply Partnership Kit

Topographic Engineering Center (CETEC)

7701 Telegraph Road

Alexandria, VA 22315-3864

Phone: 703/428-6600

Waterways Experiment Station (CEWES)

3909 Halls Ferry Road

Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199

Phone: 601/634-2664

Water Resources Support Center (CEWRC)

7701 Telegraph Rd.

Casey Building

Alexandria, VA 22315-3868

Phone: 703/428-8250

Each of these laboratories and centers is

available to conduct applied research and provide

technical assistance in direct support of Corps

Districts in project development.
Water Supply Partnership Kit - Attachment A A-1

ATTACHMENT A

Public Law 85-500

the 1958 River and Harbor Act

Title III, Water Supply Act of 1958, as amended

(72 Stat. 319)
A-2 Water Supply Partnership Kit - Attachment A

PUBLIC LAW 85-500, 1958 RIVER AND HARBOR ACT

TITLE III; WATER SUPPLY ACT OF 1958, as amended

(72 Stat. 319) 

Sec. 301. (a) It is hereby declared to be the policy of the Congress to recognize the primary

responsibilities of the States and local interests in developing water supplies for domestic, municipal,

industrial, and other purposes and that the Federal Government should participate and cooperate with

States and local interests in developing such water supplies in connection with the construction,

maintenance, and operation of Federal navigation, flood control, irrigation, or multiple purpose

projects.

(b) In carrying out the policy set forth in this section, it is hereby provided that storage may

be included in any reservoir project surveyed, planned, constructed or to be planned, surveyed and/or

constructed by the Corps of Engineers or the Bureau of Reclamation to impound water for present

or anticipated future demand or need for municipal or industrial water, and the reasonable value

thereof may be taken into account in estimating the economic value of the entire project: Provided,

That the cost of any construction or modification authorized under the provisions of this section shall

be determined on the basis that all authorized purposes served by the project shall share equitably in

the benefits of multiple purpose construction, as determined by the Secretary of the Army or the

Secretary of the Interior, as the case may be; Provided further, That before construction or

modification of any project including water supply provisions for present demand is initiated, State

or local interests shall agree to pay for the cost of such provisions in accordance with the provisions

of this section; And provided further, That (1) for Corps of Engineers projects, not to exceed 30

percent of the total estimated cost of any project may be allocated to anticipated future demands, and

(2) for Bureau of Reclamation projects, not to exceed 30 percentum of the total estimated cost of any

project may be allocated to anticipated future demands where State or local interests give reasonable

assurances, and there is reasonable evidence, that such demands for the use of such storage will be

made within a period of time which will permit paying out the costs allocated to water supply within

the life of the project; And provided further, That for Corps of Engineers projects, the Secretary of

the Army may permit the full non-Federal contribution to be made, without interest, during

construction of the project, or, with interest over a period of not more than thirty years from the date

of completion, with repayment contracts providing for recalculation of the interest rate at, five-year

intervals, and for Bureau of Reclamation projects the entire amount of the construction costs,

including interest during construction, allocated to water supply shall be repaid within the life of the

project but in no event to exceed fifty years after the project is first used for the storage of water for

water supply purposes, except that (1) no payment need be made with respect to storage for future

water supply until such supply is first used, and (2) no interest shall be charged on such cost until such

supply is first used, but in no case shall the interest-free period exceed ten years. For Corps of

Engineers projects, all annual operation, maintenance, and replacement costs for municipal and

industrial water supply storage under the provisions of this section shall be reimbursed from State

or local interests on an annual basis. For Corps of Engineers projects, any repayment by a State or

local interest shall be made with interest at a rate to be determined by the Secretary of the Treasury,

taking into consideration the average market yields on outstanding marketable obligations of the

United States with remaining periods to maturity comparable to the reimbursement period, during
Water Supply Partnership Kit - Attachment A A-3

the month preceding the fiscal year in which costs for the construction of the project are first incurred

(or, when a recalculation is made), plus a premium of one-eight of one percentage point for

transaction costs. For Bureau of Reclamation projects, the interest rate used for purposes of

computing interest during construction and interest on the unpaid balance shall be determined by the

Secretary of the Treasury, as of the beginning of the fiscal year in which construction is initiated, on

the basis of the computed average interest rate payable by the Treasury upon its outstanding

marketable public obligations, which are neither due nor callable for redemption for fifteen years from

date of issue. The provisions of this subsection insofar as they relate to the Bureau of Reclamation

and the Secretary of Interior shall be alternative to and not a substitute for the provisions of the

Reclamation Projects Act of 1939 (58 Stat.1187) relating to the same project.

(c) The provisions of this section shall not be construed to modify the provision of section 1

and section 8 of the Flood Control Act of 1944 (58 Stat. 887), as amended and extended, or the

provisions of section 8 of the Reclamation Act of 1902 (32 Stat. 390).

(d) Modifications of a reservoir project heretofore authorized, surveyed, planned, or

constructed to include storage as provided in subsection (b), which would seriously affect the

purposes for which the project was authorized, surveyed, planned, or constructed, or which would

involve major structural or operational changes, shall be made only upon the approval of Congress

as now provided by law.

Sec. 302. Title III of this Act may be cited as the "Water Supply Act of 1958".

Approved July 3, 1958;

As amended by Section 10, Public Law 87-88 (79 Stat. 210); and 

As amended by Section 932 of Public Law 99-662 (100 Stat. 4196).

Water Supply Partnership Kit - Attachment B B-1

ATTACHMENT B

Model Formats

for

Water Supply Agreements

(Note: Districts should copy appropriate model formats and include behind this

page. Model formats are maintained as Appendix B of this IWR Report 96-PS-4

and as Appendix K of ER 1105-2-100.)

Water Supply Partnership Kit - Attachment C C-1

ATTACHMENT C

Civil Works

Division and District

Boundaries and Addresses
Pacific 

Ocean 

Division

Southwestern

South 

Atlantic

South Pacific

Mississippi

Valley

North

Atlantic

Great Lakes & 

Ohio River

Northwestern

LEGEND:

 Division HQ location

 District HQ location

 Division boundary

 District boundary

 State boundary

LEGEND:

 Division HQ location

 District HQ location

 Division boundary

 District boundary

 State boundary

Alaska

Seattle

Walla

Walla Portland

San

Francisco

Los 

Angeles

Honolulu

Albuquerque

Omaha

Kansas City

Tulsa

Ft. Worth

Galveston

Little 

Rock

 St.

Louis

Rock

Island

St. Paul

Vicksburg

New Orleans

Mobile

Jacksonville

Savannah

Charleston

Wilmington

Norfolk

Philadelphia

New York

New

England

Detroit

Buffalo

BaltiPitts- more

burgh

Chicago

Memphis

Nashville

Louisville

Hunting-

 ton

Sacramento

Cincinnati

Dallas

Atlanta

C-2 Water Supply Partnership Kit - Attachment C

CIVIL WORKS DIVISION AND DISTRICT BOUNDARIES
Water Supply Partnership Kit - Attachment C C-3

Civil Works

Division and District Addresses

Headquarters

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Directorate of Civil Works, CECW

20 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. U.S. Army Engineer District,

Washington, DC 20314-1000 Louisville, CELRL

202/761-0105 P.O. Box 59

U.S. Army Engineer Division,

Great Lakes and Ohio River, CELRD

P.O. Box 1159

Cincinnati, OH 45201-1159

513/684-3002

Great Lakes Regional Headquarters, CELRDGL

111 North Canal Street Suite 1200

Chicago, IL 60606-7205

312/353-6310

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Buffalo, CELRB

1776 Niagara Street

Buffalo, NY 14207-3199

716/879-4200

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Chicago, CELRC

111 North Canal Street, Suite 600

Chicago, IL 60606-7206

312/353-6401

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Detroit, CELRE

P.O. Box 1027

Detroit, MI 48231-1027 

313/226-6413

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Huntington, CELRH

502 8th Street

Huntington, WV 25701-2070

304/529-5211

Louisville, KY 40201-0059

502/582-5629

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Nashville, CELRN

P.O. Box 1070

Nashville, TN 37202-1070

615/736-5626

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Pittsburgh, CELRP

Room 1828

William S. Moorehead Federal Building

1000 Liberty Avenue

Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4186

412/644-6800

U.S. Army Engineer Division,

Mississippi Valley, CEMVD

P.O. Box 80

Vicksburg, MS 39181-0080

601/634-5000

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Memphis, CEMVM

167 North Main Street

Memphis, TN 38103-1894

901/544-3005

U.S. Army Engineer District,

New Orleans, CEMVN

P.O. Box 60267

New Orleans, LA 70160-0267

504/862-1121
C-4 Water Supply Partnership Kit - Attachment C

U.S. Army Engineer District, U.S. Army Engineer District,

Rock Island, CEMVR New York, CENAN

Clock Tower Building, P.O. Box 2004 Jacob K. Javits Federal Building

Rock Island, IL 61204-2004 26 Federal Plaza

309/794-4200 New York, NY 10278-0090 

U.S. Army Engineer District,

St. Louis, CEMVS U.S. Army Engineer District,

1222 Spruce Street Norfolk, CENAO

St. Louis, MO 63103-2833 Waterfield Building

314/331-8000 803 Front Street

U S. Army Engineer District, 804/441-7500

St. Paul, CEMVP

Army Corps of Engineers Centre U.S, Army Engineer District,

190 5th Street East Philadelphia, CENAP

St. Paul, MN 55101-1637 Wanamaker Building

612/290-5200 100 Penn Square East

U.S. Army Engineer District, 215/656-6515

Vicksburg, CEMVK

4155 Clay Street

Vicksburg, MS 39180-3435

601/631-5000

U.S. Army Engineer Division,

North Atlantic, CENAD

90 Church Street Missouri Regional Office, CENWD-MR

New York, NY 10007-2979 12565 West Center Road

212/264-7104 Omaha, NE 68144-3869

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Baltimore, CENAB U.S. Army District,

P.O. Box 1715 Kansas City, CENWK

Baltimore, MD 21203-1715 700 Federal Building

410/962-9232 Kansas City, MO 64106-2896

U.S. Army Engineer District,

New England, CENAE U.S. Army Engineer District,

Frederick C. Murphy Federal Bldg. Omaha, CENWO

424 Trapelo Road 215 North 17th Street

Waltham, MA 02254-9149 Omaha, NE 68102-4978

617/647-8220 402/221-3020

212/264-0102

Norfolk, VA 23510-1096

Philadelphia, PA 19107-3390

U.S. Army Engineer Division,

Northwestern, CENWD

P.O. Box 2870

Portland, OR 97208-2870

503/326-6021

402/697-7214

816/983-3896
Water Supply Partnership Kit - Attachment C C-5

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Portland, CENWP

P.O. Box 2946 Room 322

Portland, OR 97208-2946 77 Forsyth Street, SW

503/326-6021 Atlanta, GA 30303-3490

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Seattle, CENWS U.S. Army Engineer District,

P.O. Box 3755 Charleston, CESAC

Seattle, WA 98124-3755 P.O. Box 919

206/764-3742 Charleston, SC 29402-0919

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Walla Walla, CENWW U.S. Army Engineer District,

201 North 3rd Avenue Jacksonville, CESAJ

Walla Walla, WA 99362-1876 P.O. Box 4970

509-527-7424 Jacksonville, FL 32232-0019

U.S. Army Engineer Division,

Pacific Ocean, CEPOD

Building 230

Fort Shafter, HI 96858-5440

808/438-1331

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Alaska, CEPOA

P.O. Box 898

Anchorage, AK 99506-0898

907/753-2504

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Honolulu, CEPOH

Building 230

Ft. Shafter, HI 96858-5440

808/438-1331

U.S. Army Engineer Division,

South Atlantic, CESAD

404/331-6716

803/727-4299

904/232-2234

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Mobile, CESAM

P.O. Box 2288

Mobile, AL 36628-0001

334/690-2528

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Savannah, CESAS

P.O. Box 889

Savannah, GA 31402-0889

912/652-5822

U.S. Army Engineer District,

Wilmington, CESAW

P.O. Box 1890

Wilmington, NC 28402-1890

910/251-4000
C-6 Water Supply Partnership Kit - Attachment D

U.S. Army Engineer Division, U.S. Army Engineer Division,

South Pacific, CESPD Southwestern, CESWD

333 Market Street, Rm 923 1114 Commerce Street

San Francisco CA 94105-2195 Dallas, TX 75242-0216

415/705-2405 214/767-2500

U.S. Army Engineer District, U.S. Army Engineer District,

Albuquerque, CESPA Fort Worth, CESWF

4101 Jefferson Plaza NE P.O. Box 17300

Albuquerque, NM 87109-3435 Fort Worth, TX 76102-0300

505/766-2681 817/334-2150

U.S. Army Engineer District, U.S. Army Engineer District

Los Angles, CESPL Galveston, CESWG

P.O. Box 2711 P.O. Box 1229

Los Angeles, CA 90053-2325 Galveston, TX 77553-1229

213/894-5311 409/766-3899

U.S. Army Engineer District, U.S. Army Engineer District

Sacramento, CESPK Little Rock, CESWL

1325 J Street P.O. Box 867

Sacramento, CA 95814-2922 Little Rock, AR 72203-0867

916/557-5100 501/324-5551

U.S. Army Engineer District, U.S. Army Engineer District,

San Francisco, CESPN Tulsa, CESWT

333 Market Street, Room 923 P.O. Box 61

San Francisco, CA 94105-2197 Tulsa, OK 74121-0061

415/744-3020 918/669-7366
Water Supply Partnership Kit - Attachment D D-1

ATTACHMENT D

Key Word Index
D-2 Water Supply Partnership Kit - Attachment D

Key Word Index

Agricultural ......................................................... iii, 1, 3, 7

Agricultural Water Supply .............................................. iii, 1, 3, 7

Authorized Project .......................................................... 9

Benefits ......................................................... 2, 5-7, 9, A-2

Construction Cost ..................................................... 1, 2, 5, 8

Cost Allocation ............................................................. 9

Cost Sharing ............................................................... 6

Dam Safety ................................................................ 6

Drought .............................................................. iii, 8, 9

Economic Analysis .......................................................... 6

Emergency Water Supply .................................................. iii, 8

Engineering News Record ..................................................... 5

Environmental ......................................................... 1, 2, 10

Fiscal Year .......................................................... 5, 6, A-3

Future Use ................................................................ 10

Groundwater ............................................................... 9

Hydroelectric Power ....................................................... 1, 5

Industrial Water ....................................................... 1, 3, A-2

Interest Rate ................................................... 1, 4-8, A-2, A-3

Investment Cost ............................................................. 6

Irrigation ............................................................ 7, 8, A-2

Low Income Community .................................................... 2, 6

Multipurpose ............................................................... 2

Navigation ............................................................. 1-A-2

Operation and Maintenance ................................................ 6, 8, 9

Per Capita ................................................................. 6

Plant-in-Service Date ......................................................... 4
Water Supply Partnership Kit - Attachment D D-3

Public Law 84-99 ........................................................... 8

Public Law 85-500 (also see Water Supply Act of 1958) ......................... iv, A-2

Public Law 87-88 ......................................................... A-3

Public Law 88-140 .......................................................... 2

Public Law 95-51 ........................................................... 8

Reallocation ........................................................... 2, 5, 9

Reclamation Act ........................................................ 7, A-3

Recreation ................................................................. 1

Reimbursement ......................................................... 9, A-2

Repayment Agreements .................................................... iii, 9

Repayment Period ....................................................... 1, 4-6

Replacement ....................................................... 1, 5-9, A-2

Revenues ........................................................... iii, 5, 7, 9

Seasonal Operations for Water Supply ......................................... iii, 9

Specific Costs .............................................................. 9

Surplus Water ........................................................ iii, 1, 6-9

Water Quality .............................................................. 5

Water Rights ............................................................... 2

Water Supply Act of 1958 ............................................ iv, A-2, A-3

Water Supply Agreements ................................................ iv, 2, 9

Water Supply Storage ............................................ iii, 1-3, 6, 8, A-2

Yield ................................................................... 3, 6
Box 6-1: General Questions

Question Response to be Examined

What is

expected?

What outcome are you expecting from this model? Does this output already

exist? How will the model be used? (Don’t model for modeling’s sake!) What

level of detail will be used throughout your investigation? How detailed is your

existing data? (This can range from rudimentary to preliminary to the nth

decimal.)

What models

are available?

What hardware/software is available to you? Will this be a restriction on your

modeling? As programs improve and become more “user friendly”, the

hardware requirements, such as memory and hard drive availability increase. 

What is your operating system; Disk Operating System (DOS), Windows or

Mac?

What is your

confidence

level?

What confidence level is desired/sought in your output? Do you understand the

limitations and assumptions inherent to your effort? If you do not understand

how a program works it is of minimum value to your study. 

CHAPTER 6: DECEMBER 1998

MODELING AND WATER SUPPLY PLANNING

A. INTRODUCTION

1. Scope.

a. Purpose. The purpose of this chapter is to assist water supply planners and managers in

determining the data required for informed decision making. This information requirement can range

from conversion factors (acre-feet of storage to million gallons per day of flow), a rudimentary

spreadsheet, or a complex, specialized data set, run most efficiently from a computer. This chapter

will be used to explain what to expect from a variety of processes or programs, how to determine the

input requirements and how to use the resulting output. The goal is to assist in selecting which, if

any, models best fit the study time, cost and desired level of detail. 

b. General Questions. Prior to discussing water resources modeling or model selection, some

general questions must be asked of the planner, these are highlighted in Box 6-1.
 6-2 Water Supply Handbook

2. Computer Hardware and Software.

a. Definition. Computer software consists of the programs that instruct the hardware

(computer and peripheral devices such as printers) to perform desired tasks. 

b. General. Computer hardware covers a wide range of equipment which in turn meets a

wide range of needs. Computers range from personal or microcomputers to mainframes and

supercomputers. While both Macintosh and IBM-compatible personal computers are utilized in water

resources planning, this chapter will focus on IBM-compatible models rather than Macintosh.

Generally the software discussed in this chapter was designed to run on an IBM-compatible

microcomputer with a minimum 80386 processing chip unless otherwise specified. Most computers

purchased in the past five years have a 80486 chip or the more recently developed Pentium

processors. The data processing time is the single, largest benefit associated with the improvements

in computer processors. Hard drive and memory requirements are also key factors in customer

satisfaction and the computer’s capability to efficiently run or execute selected software. Minimum

memory and space available on the hard drive to load a particular program are usually specified in the

software documentation. Today, a gigabyte, or 1,000 megabyte (each megabyte is a million bytes)

hard drive is not uncommon along with 16 to 64 megabytes of Random Access Memory (RAM) with

a Pentium processor. Disk Operating System, or DOS, and Windows were standard purchases with

most personal computers purchased for office or home use in recent years. CD-ROMs and internal

modems or facsimile tools are often included in users specifications for new personal computers.

Check with your information management or automated data processing center to help determine if

any hardware limitations exist on your computer equipment.

B. MODELING APPLICATIONS

1. Introduction. Planning is made far easier with the use of models, which essentially are

representations of real world phenomena. The models used frequently by water resource (as well as

all) planners fall into general categories based on mathematical and applicational distinctions. These

are shown in Table 6-1, Dzurik (1990). The art of modeling is in selecting variables for analysis and

determining their significance in explaining the phenomenon under study, Beecher, et al., (1991).

Water resources modeling applications generally focus on either water quality or water quantity,

addressing areas such as: groundwater, water distribution, demand forecasting, balancing supply and

demand, watershed runoff, stream hydraulics, river and reservoir quality, multipurpose management

and operation, and environmental protection. 

2. Modeling Development Community.

a. Federal. Many water management models are public domain software packages developed

under the auspices of Federal agencies. Some were developed in-house by agency 
Chapter 6: Modeling and Water Supply Planning 6-3

Table 6-1

Types of Models

Type of Model Description Model Use

Predictive and Designed to explain real-world Often used in planning as standard

Estimating Models phenomena and the patterns that curves fitted to the appropriate data.

may be expected over time.

Linear Models - Simple Assume that the future is an Used in planning analysis.

or Complex extension of the past. 

Nonlinear Models Used when linearity does not Solving polynomial models and

adequately explain the relationships logistic models.

between variables.

Optimizing Models Given a set of constraints estimate Classical calculus, 

the best solution utilizing a group of linear programming,

methods. nonlinear programming, and

dynamic programming.

Stochastic or Probablistic Optimizing methods used when the Deal with expressions which

Models terms of the problem are include terms of uncertainty.

probablistic.

personnel, others were developed by university researchers or consulting firms working under

contracts with Federal agencies. Model development is often an evolutionary process with various

agency, university, and consulting firm personnel making contributions at various times. Public

domain software packages developed and maintained by Federal agencies are widely used by other

Federal agencies, state and local governmental entities, private consulting firms, various industries,

and universities. Several key Federal and Federally-supported organizations which maintain and

distribute generalized water management software are listed in Table 6-2 with addresses and

telephone numbers. Numerous water management models, including a majority of the models cited

in this chapter, can be obtained by contacting these organizations.

b. State, Local and Universities. State and local agencies also develop public domain

generalized water resources related software packages, but not nearly to the extent as the Federal

water agencies. Numerous university researchers are active in developing and applying water

management models. Universities are oriented toward development of innovative modeling concepts

and technology. Universities tend to be particularly strong in developing new models. Federal

agencies typically have stronger institutional capabilities for long-term maintenance and support of

models. A majority of water-related university research projects are either completely funded or costshared by Federal grants and contracts.

c. Private. Private firms are also active in water resources modeling, including engineering

consulting firms and companies specializing in software development and/or marketing. Consulting

firms routinely apply models in studies conducted for their clients. Many firms also distribute
 6-4 Water Supply Handbook

computer programs developed by the Federal water agencies as well as other non-Federally

developed software. Most of the firms that distribute software also provide various forms of

technical support for model users. Private firms have added various enhancements to federal

computer programs such as graphical user interfaces.

Table 6-2

Selected Federal and Federally-Supported

Model Development and Distribution Organizations

Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) Institute for Water Resources (IWR)

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

609 Second Street 7701 Telegraph Road, Casey Building

Davis, California 95616 Alexandria, Virginia 22315-3868

(530)756-1104 (703)428-9042

Waterways Experiment Station (WES) Water Resources Division

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

3909 Halls Ferry Road 409 National Center

Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199 Reston, Virginia 22092

(800)522-6937, (601)634-2581 (703)648-5215

Office of Hydrology National Resources Conservation Service

National Weather Service NWS/NOAA U.S. Department of Agriculture

1325 East-West Highway P.O. Box 2890

Silver Springs, Maryland 20910 Washington, D.C. 20013-2890

(301)713-0006 (202)720-4525

Bureau of Reclamation Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling

U.S. Department of the Interior Environmental Research Laboratory

Denver Federal Center, Bldg. 67 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

P.O. Box 25007 960 College Station Road

Denver, Colorado 80225 Athens, Georgia 30613-0801

(303)236-9208 (706)546-3549

Center for Substance Modeling Support International Groundwater Modeling Center

Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory Institute for Groundwater Research and 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Education

P.O. Box 1198 Colorado School of Mines

Ada, Oklahoma 74820 Golden, Colorado 80401-1887

(405)436-8500 (303)273-3103

National Technical Information Service McTrans Center for Microcomputers in 

U.S. Department of Commerce Transportation

5258 Port Royal Road University of Florida, 512 Weil Hall

Springfield, Virginia 22161 Gainesville, Florida 32611-2083

(703)487-4600 (904)392-3224

3. Corps of Engineers Water Model Centers.

a. Institute for Water Resources. The Institute for Water Resources (IWR) (see Table 6-2)

is part of the USACE Water Resources Support Center located in Alexandria, Virginia. The IWR
Chapter 6: Modeling and Water Supply Planning 6-5

mission is to analyze and anticipate changing water resources management conditions and develop

planning methodologies to address economic, social, institutional, and environmental needs in water

resources planning and policy. At IWR we look outside for solutions, reaching out to states, cities,

environmental groups, consultants, and university researchers for answers. IWR develops tools and

strategies needed to plan and execute USACE water resources programs. IWR activities and

products also serve the overall water management community, the IWR-MAIN water use forecasting

model discussed later, is an IWR product.

b. Hydrologic Engineering Center.

(1). The Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) (see Table 6-2) has a mission to support the

Corps and the Nation in its water resources management responsibilities. This is accomplished

through research, training, and technical assistance programs in hydrologic engineering and planning

analysis. HEC has been developing computer programs for hydrologic engineering and planning

analysis procedures since its inception in 1964. Software has evolved from computerized procedures

to complex modeling systems. The software runs on mainframe, PC-DOS or IBM-compatible

computers, UNIX workstations and Windows PC’s. The HEC was established in 1964 to develop

generalized computer programs and related technical support services for the field offices involved

in the USACE water resources development program. HEC activities in hydrologic engineering and

planning analysis include applied research, development of analysis methods, conducting short

courses and other training, and assisting field offices with special studies. Over the years, the HEC

has developed numerous computer programs. Many are widely used by other agencies, consulting

firms, and universities, as well as by USACE offices. Currently available major HEC software

packages are listed in Table 6-3. Feldman (1981) and Davis and Bonner (1990) provide general

overviews of HEC models and model development, distribution, and support activities.

(2). An HEC computer program catalog, list of model distributors (vendors), and publications

catalog are available by contacting the HEC. HEC publications, including computer program

documentation, users manuals, training documents, reports and papers on specific applications of the

models, can also be ordered directly from the HEC. The more popular HEC programs are distributed

on diskette through private vendors and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) (see

Table 6-2). Federal agencies can obtain any of the programs directly from the HEC.

(3). Most of the HEC programs were originally developed for mainframe and minicomputer

systems. The programs are also available in executable format for IBM compatible microcomputers

using MS-DOS. The HEC conducts several one- and two-week short courses each year based on

the generalized simulation modeling packages. The courses are primarily for USACE personnel with

non-USACE personnel being admitted on a space available basis. A number of universities and

consulting firms also offer short courses on HEC models, particularly HEC-1 and HEC-2. 
 6-6 Water Supply Handbook

Model Description 

AGDAM Agricultural Flood Damage Analysis

COED Corps Editor

DSSMATH Mathematical Utilities for DSS Data

HEATX Heat Exchange Program

HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package 

HEC-1F Modified HEC-1 for Real-Time Water Control Systems

HEC-1FH Interior Flood Hydrograph Package

HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles

HEC-4 Monthly Streamflow Simulation

HEC-5 Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation Systems

HEC-5Q Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation Systems

 with Water Quality Analysis

HEC-6 Scour and Disposition in Rivers and Reservoirs

HECDSS Data Storage System

HEC-FDA Flood Damages Analysis Package

HEC-FFA Flood Frequency Analysis

HEC-LIB HEC Subroutine Library

HEC-PRM Prescriptive Reservoir Model

HGP Hydraulics Graphics Package

HMR52 Probable Maximum Storm (Eastern United States)

HYCOST Small-Scale Hydroelectric Power Costs Estimates

HYDPAR Hydrologic Parameters

HYDUR Hydropower Analysis Using Streamflow Duration Procedures

MLRP Multiple Linear Regression Program

NWSDSS Load NWS Data Tapes in DSS

PAS Preliminary Analysis System for Water Surface Profile 

 Computations

REGFRQ Regional Frequency Computation

RESTMP Reservoir Temperature Stratification

RMA-2 Finite Element Hydrodynamics

STATS Statistical Analysis of Time Series Data

STORM Storage, Treatment, Overflow, Runoff Model

THERMS Thermal Simulation of Lakes

UHCOMP Interactive Unit Hydrograph and Hydrograph Computation

UNET One-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Through a Full Network of 

 Open Channels

WQRRS Water Quality for River-Reservoir Systems

WQSTAT Water Quality Statistics

WATDSS Load WATSTORE Data in DSS

Water Control Programs (group includes a number of programs for 

real-time water control) 

Table 6-3

Hydrologic Engineering Center Models

c. Waterways Experiment Station.

(1). As shown in Table 6-2, the Waterways Experiment Station (WES) is located in

Vicksburg, Mississippi. This laboratory is the principal research, testing and development facility

within the Corps. Its mission is to conceive, plan, study and execute engineering investigations and

research development studies in support of the civil and military mission of the Corps and other

Federal agencies. WES has experimental facilities and expertise in hydraulic, geotechnical, structural,

environmental, and coastal engineering complemented by state-of-the-art computational, simulation

and communications capabilities.
Chapter 6: Modeling and Water Supply Planning 6-7

(2). WES is a Corps of Engineers research complex consisting of the following five

laboratories: Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, Environmental Laboratory, Geotechnical

Laboratory, Structures Laboratory, and Information Technology Laboratory. Numerous computer

models have been developed at WES over the years for studies sponsored by the USACE field offices

and other Federal agencies. The WES Computer Program Library Catalog lists several hundred

programs developed by the five Laboratories noted above. Modeling applications at WES are

typically for specific projects. However, WES has many generalized models which are available to

the public. Information regarding requests for models and related documentation can be obtained by

contacting the WES Engineering Computer Programs Library (CEWES-IM-DS) at the telephone

number and address provided in Table 6-2. Information regarding specific models can also be

obtained by contacting technical personnel in the pertinent laboratories.

(3). WES, as the lead Department of Defense Laboratory for research and development in

groundwater modeling, has developed the DoD Groundwater Modeling System. This suite of

programs addresses groundwater flow and transport of contaminant constituents. Support is

provided to the U.S. Army through the U.S. Army Groundwater Modeling Technical Support Center

(601/634-4286). The software, developed jointly by government and non-government participants,

is available free of charge to the Department of Defense, USACE, U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency and the Department of Energy (Internet http://hlnet.wes.army.mil/software/interfaces/gms).

Others may purchase the software through Brigham Young University (Internet

http://www.ecgl.byu.edu/software/gms/gms.html).

4. Other. The International Groundwater Modeling Center (Table 6-2) maintains a directory of

firms and organizations active in development and distribution of groundwater software. Walton

(1993) and Anderson (1993) also provide lists of software distributors for groundwater models. The

Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) (Table 6-2) maintains a directory of vendors that distribute

HEC computer programs. The December 1993 list of HEC model distributors includes nine

universities and 63 private firms. Many of these entities also distribute software other than HEC

programs and provide various modeling support services. Donley Technology (Box 152, Colonial

Beach, VA 22443, 804/224-9427) publishes the Environmental Software Report, a listing of new and

upgraded software packages, databases and on-line systems from government and commercial

developers. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency distributes a CD-ROM containing many of

the models produced by them, the Corps and other agencies. It is an interactive program and helps

a user choose an appropriate model by answering a series of questions concerning their needs. The

point of contact is Rich Walentowicz, U.S. EPA, 401 M Street SW, Washington D.C, 20460,

telephone (202) 260-8922. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydropower System Economic

Evaluation Center, while not a “modeling center” per se, is the official center of expertise for

hydropower evaluation in the Corps of Engineers and should be contacted whenever an economic

question on hydropower arises. This center is located in the Northwestern Division Office of the

Corps of Engineers, P.O. Box 2870, Portland, Oregon 97208-2870 (attention: CENWD-ET-WP).
 6-8 Water Supply Handbook

C. WATER SUPPLY PLANNING MODELS

1. Types of Models. This section is devoted to describing the software packages that are

available in the various areas of Planning. There are many more models than covered in the section,

but because of space limitations, only a few are described herein. This is not to imply that there are

not other excellent generalized models available. The models highlighted, however, are generally

available and cover the range of Planning areas. For additional information on modeling, see

“Computer Models for Water Resources Planning and Management,” (IWR Report 94-NDS-7),

Maidment (1993) and Mays (1996). Planning is separated into nine different areas with a number

of models in each. These modeling packages are summarized in Table 6-4. 

Table 6-4

Water Supply Planning Models, Summary

Area Models Covered

Demand Forecasting IWR-MAIN

Groundwater MODFLOW, PLASM, RANDOM WALK, MOC, and FEMWATER

Watershed Runoff HEC-1, TR-20, A&M Watershed Model, SSARR, SWMM, HSPF,

SWRRB-WQ, and CASC2D

Water Distribution System KYPIPE2 and WADISO

Stream Hydraulics HEC-2, WSPRO, FLDWAY, UNET, FESWMS-2DH, HEC-6, and TABS

River and Reservoir Water QUAL2E, WASP, CE-QUAL-RIV1, CE-QUAL-R1, 

Quality CE-QUAL-W2, HEC-5Q and WQRRS

Reservoir/River System HEC-5, IRIS, TAMUWRAP, MODSIM, HEC-PRM, RSS and CALIDAD

Operation

Water Conservation IWR-MAIN 6.1 and WaterPlan 1

Integrated Water Supply WEAP

and Demand

2. Demand Forecasting Model. 

a. Description.

(1). Water resources planning and management is highly dependent on projections of future

water needs. Urban water use projections are required in planning the future requirements for water

supply, distribution and wastewater systems. These projections aid the designers in determining the

most economical sizing of infrastructure associated with providing water to a municipal or industrial

customer and in satisfying the community’s needs for the most likely future scenario at a given

location. Water rights or reallocations of storage capacity in reservoirs can also rely on forecasts

of future water demand. Water demand forecasts are also used for preparing drought contingency
Chapter 6: Modeling and Water Supply Planning 6-9

plans, evaluating alternative demand management (water conservation) plans, implementing demand

management measures during drought conditions, predicting utility revenues anticipated from water

sales, and developing local, regional, and national water resources assessments and formulating water

management policies and plans.

(2). These activities are based on estimates of future water requirements. The future may be

measured in days, years, or decades. The construction of major water facilities are planned over

many years to meet expected water demands extending many decades into the future. On the other

hand, implementation of demand management measures during drought conditions may focus on

water needs for only the next several days, weeks or months.

b. Detailed Information. For detailed information on IWR-MAIN, see Appendix E. Also,

see Chapter 8, Paragraph C for additional information. 

3. Groundwater Models.

a. Description.

(1). Modeling groundwater systems involves both water quantity (flow) and water quality

considerations. Groundwater models incorporate mathematical representations of some or all of the

following processes: movement of water and other fluids through saturated or unsaturated porous

media or fractured rock; transport of water-soluble constituents; transformation of contaminants by

chemical, biological, and physical processes; and heat transport and associated effects of temperature

variations on groundwater flow and pollutant transport and fate.

(2). Groundwater modeling applications are typically motivated by water supply and/or water

quality concerns. Models have also been used in studies of land subsidence due to groundwater

pumping. Groundwater and groundwater models may also play significant roles in managing

environmental resources such as ecological systems in rivers, estuaries, and wetlands. Although

typically used to address specific water management concerns, models are also research tools used

to develop a better generic understanding of groundwater systems and processes. Groundwater flow

models are often used in planning, design, and management of well fields. Groundwater models are

also applied in broader comprehensive planning studies of alternative water supply and demand

management strategies. Models may be used to analyze: water availability or water supply yields

under various scenarios, drawdowns to be expected from alternative well construction and pumping

plans, and effects of natural and man-induced recharge conditions. The impacts of salt water

encroachment or other constraints to water supply may be a motivating concern in modeling

applications. Stream-aquifer interactions and conjunctive management of surface water and

groundwater may be a key concern in certain studies.

b. Detailed Information. For detailed information on the models covered (MODFLOW,

PLASM, RANDOM WALK, MOC and FEMWATER), see Appendix E.
 6-10 Water Supply Handbook

4. Watershed Runoff Models.

a. Description.

(1). Watershed models simulate the hydrologic processes by which precipitation is converted

to streamflow. The watershed is the system being modeled, with precipitation being provided as input

and the runoff characteristics being computed. Water quality is changed during these hydrologic

processes. Some models consider only water quantities, while others simulate both water quality and

quantity. Simulation results essentially always include streamflow hydrographs and sometimes

include the associated pollutographs as well. The watersheds being modeled include streams,

reservoirs, drainage improvements, and storm water management facilities as well as the land and land

cover upon which the precipitation falls.

(2). Watershed models are used to develop streamflow hydrographs required as input for the

stream hydraulics models and the reservoir/river system operation models. Watershed models may

provide both volumetric inflows and pollutant loadings required as input for the river and reservoir

water quality models.

(3). Streamflow hydrographs and/or associated pollutant concentrations are basic data

required in many different types of water management modeling applications. Design hydrographs

provide a basis for sizing hydraulic structures such as dams, spillways, flood control improvements,

storm sewers, detention basins, culverts, and bridges. Hydrographs are required to delineate flood

plains in support of flood plain management programs. Runoff hydrographs are input to models used

to support real-time reservoir system operating decisions. Watershed models are used to quantify

the impacts of land use changes and management plans on runoff quantity and quality. Pollutant

loading estimates are needed for various water quality management activities. Both urban storm

water management and control of pollution from agricultural activities involve application of

watershed models with quality analysis capabilities. 

b. Detailed Information. For detailed information on the models covered (HEC-1, TR-20,

A&M Watershed Model, SSARR, SWMM, HSPF, SWRRB-WQ, and CASC2D), see Appendix E.

5. Water Distribution System Models.

a. Description.

(1). Analysis of municipal water distribution systems represents a major modeling application.

Other types of pipe networks frequently modeled include industrial water conveyance systems, rural

water supply systems, sprinkler systems, and surcharged storm sewer systems. Distribution and

conveyance systems include pipes, pumps, storage tanks, valves, and various pipe fittings. Although

the present discussion focuses on water, the modeling techniques are also applicable to other liquids

such as petroleum and chemical products. Models are applied in the investigation of existing

facilities, proposed extensions and modifications to existing systems, and, in some cases, proposed

new pipe networks.
Chapter 6: Modeling and Water Supply Planning 6-11

(2). Models simulate the impacts of various water demand scenarios on pressures and flows

throughout a system. For example, the impact of a new residential development on system

capabilities for meeting demands and maintaining pressures throughout the water utility service area

may be of concern. Simulations are likewise performed to analyze the impacts of alternative system

improvements such as new pipes, pumps, or storage tanks. Models are used to size pipes, select

pumps, and otherwise design systems. Modeling studies have been performed to develop pump

operating strategies which meet water demands while minimizing electrical energy costs associated

with pump operation.

b. Detailed Information. For detailed information on the models (KYPIPE2 and WADISO),

see Appendix E. Also, see Chapter 7, Paragraph E for additional information on water distribution

systems.

6. Stream Hydraulics Models. 

a. Description.

(1). Model input includes channel geometry and roughness data and either steady-state or

time-dependent inflow rates. Steady, varied flow models compute flow depths as a function of

location along the channel. Unsteady flow models calculate discharges and flow depths as a function

of time and location. Some programs model movable as well as fixed channel beds. Movable

boundary models simulate erosion and sediment transport processes as well as flow. Open-channel

hydraulics models are typically used in combination with the watershed, river and reservoir water

quality, and reservoir/river system operations models. In many cases, hydraulic or hydrodynamic

models are an integral component of the models discussed in these other chapters.

(2). Flow rates and velocities computed with hydraulic models provide basic input required

by water quality models. Velocities are also required for erosion and scour studies. Water surface

profiles are needed for many water management applications. Water supply diversion intake

structures may be inoperative if river stages drop below certain levels. Navigation operations and

design studies are based on maintaining specified flow depths. Flood plain management programs

require flood plain delineations based on water surface profiles for floods of specified exceedence

frequency. Flood control structures and channel improvements are sized based on design water

surface profiles. Reservoir operations are based on river stages. Erosion and sedimentation may also

be a significant consideration in design and operation of river control structures.

b. Detailed Information. For detailed information on the models (HEC-2, WSPRO,

FLDWAY, UNET, FESWMS-2DH, HEC-6, and TABS), see Appendix E.

7. River and Reservoir Water Quality Models.

a. Description. These models provide a means to predict the impacts of natural processes

and activities of man on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water in a
 6-12 Water Supply Handbook

river/reservoir system. Models are widely used to evaluate the impacts of waste loads from treatment

plants or pollutant loads from various other point and nonpoint sources. Alternative reservoir

operating plans can be evaluated from the perspective of the effects of releases on in-pool and

downstream water quality. Models can be used in conjunction with water quality monitoring

activities to interpolate or extrapolate sampled data to other locations and times. Models are also

used as research tools to develop an understanding of the processes and interactions affecting water

quality.

b. Detailed Information. For detailed information on the models (QUAL2E, WASP, CEQUAL-RIV1, CE-QUAL-R1, CE-QUAL-W2, HEC5-Q, and WQRRS), see Appendix E.

8. Reservoir/River System Operation Models.

a. Description.

(1). Reservoir/river system analysis models are used for various purposes in a variety of

settings. Models are used in planning studies to aid in the formulation and evaluation of alterative

plans for responding to water related problems and needs. Feasibility studies may involve proposed

construction projects as well as reallocations of storage capacity or other operational modifications

at completed projects. Another modeling application involves studies made specifically to reevaluate

operating policies for existing reservoir systems. Periodic reevaluations may be made routinely to

assure system responsiveness to current conditions and objectives. However, more typically,

reevaluation studies are made in response to a particular perceived problem or need. Studies may be

motivated by the existence of severe drought conditions. Development of drought contingency plans

in preparation for future droughts is an important activity that is receiving increasing attention.

Execution of models during actual reservoir operations in support of real-time release decisions

represents another major area of application. 

(2). Reservoir system management practices and associated modeling and analysis methods

involve allocating storage capacity and streamflow between multiple uses/users, minimizing the risks

and consequences of water shortages and flooding, optimizing the beneficial use of resources (water,

energy, and land), and managing environmental resources. 

b. Detailed Information. For detailed information on the models (HEC-5, IRIS,

TAMUWRAP, MODSIM, HEC-PRM, RSS and CALIDAD), see Appendix E.

9. Water Conservation Models.

a. Description. Demand management or water conservation programs represent a key

determinant of water use. Demand management has also provided a major impetus for improving

and refining water use forecasting methods in recent years. Before the late 1970s, water supply

planning and management was based essentially on increasing dependable supplies to meet projected

demands. A major water policy thrust of the late 1970s and 1980s was to shift to a greater reliance

on reducing demands by improving use efficiency instead of relying solely on augmenting supplies.
Chapter 6: Modeling and Water Supply Planning 6-13

In recent years, methods for forecasting water use and for evaluating water conservation plans are

closely interrelated. Water use forecasting methods now typically include capabilities for reflecting

alternative demand management strategies in forecasts.

 b. Detailed Information. For detailed information on the models (IWR-MAIN 6.1 and

WaterPlan 1), see Appendix E. Also, see Chapter 7, Paragraph B for additional information on

water conservation.

10. Integrated Water Supply and Demand Model. 

a. Description.

(1). The preceding categories of planning models in this chapter focus on either a specific

method of water supply or of forecasting water demand. Successful water management depends on

sufficient supply to meet water demand both now and into the future. The development of new water

supplies is an expensive and often prolonged proposition. Environmental issues can extend the

planning process for new water supply projects. One tool (Water Evaluation and Planning System)

(WEAP) was found which addresses the challenge in balancing water supply projects and demand

issues. WEAP presents a holistic picture of the water supplies/demands and water pollution

generation/loads for a defined region at a specific time or over a long-term planning horizon. As a

policy analysis tool, it simulates and assesses the physical, economic and environmental effects of

alternative water development and management programs. Recent versions aim to incorporate

awareness of resource conservation, demand management, water use efficiency and social, cultural

and environmental impacts of water resources development.

(2). The WEAP model was developed by Stockholm Environment Institute-Boston, Tellus

Institute. This unique model integrates both supply and use while providing comprehensive

information on the water balance accounting of the evaluated system for a variety of user-specified

conditions. Model representation includes supplies from rivers, creeks, reservoirs and groundwater,

and demand needed for water withdrawals, discharges and instream flow requirements. Most water

development evaluation tasks, such as sectoral demand analyses, supply source allocations,

streamflow and reservoir storage simulations, hydropower generation forecasts, pollution loading

estimates, and project benefit-cost analyses can be implemented with the model.

b. Detailed Information. For detailed information on WEAP, see Appendix E. Also, see

Chapter 8, Paragraph C for additional information.
 6-14 Water Supply Handbook

D. REFERENCES

Anderson, M.P., D.S. Ward, E.G. Lappala, and T. P. Prickett, 1993. Handbook of Hydrology, 

Chapter 22 edited by D.R. Maidment, McGraw-Hill.

Beecher, J.A., J.R. Landers, and P.C. Mann, October 1991. Integrated Resource Planning for 

Water Utilities, The National Regulatory Research Institute, NRRI 91-18.

Davis, D.W., and V.R. Bonner, 1990. Twenty-five Years of Developing, Distributing, and 

Supporting Hydrologic Engineering Center Computer Programs, Transferring Models to 

Users Symposium Proceedings, American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, MD.

Dzurik, A.A., 1990. Water Resources Planning, Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Savage, 

MD.

Feldman, A.D., 1981. “HEC Models for Water Resources System Simulation,” Advances in 

Hydroscience, Vol. 12, Academic Press, New York, NY.

Maidment, D.R., 1993. Handbook of Hydrology, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Publishers.

Mays, L.W., 1996. Water Resources Handbook, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Publishers.

Planning and Management Consultants, Ltd. December 1994. Water Use Forecasts for the 

Boston Area Using IWR-MAIN, Version 6.0, U.S. Army Engineers, Institute for Water 

Resources, IWR Report 94-NDS-11, Fort Belvoir, VA. 

Planning and Management Consultants, Ltd. April 1995. IWR-MAIN Water Demand Analysis 

Software, Version 6.1, User’s Manual and System Description. Carbondale, IL.

Raskin, P., Kirshen, P. and Saber, M.S., February 1996. WEAP User Guide for Version 95.0, 

Stockholm Environment Institute, Boston, MA.

State of California, 1996. Water Conservation Assumptions, The Resources Agency, 

Department of Water Resources Sacramento, CA.

Walton, W.C., 1993. Groundwater Modeling Utilities, Lewis Publishers.

Wurbs, R.A. July 1994. Computer Models for Water Resources Planning and Management, 

U.S. Army Engineers, Institute for Water Resources, IWR Report 94-NDS-7, Fort 

Belvoir, VA.
CHAPTER 7: DECEMBER 1998

WATER CONSERVATION AND

PLANNING FOR DROUGHT

A. OVERVIEW

1. Introduction. Water conservation has two distinct purposes, permanent reduction in demand

and temporary reduction to meet an emergency. In some parts of the country new water resources

are not anticipated in the near future. For example, in the Boston area during the 1980's, water

demand rose, exceeding safe yield. To counter this, permanent conservation reductions were

successfully sought reducing actual water use to below safe yield. This permanent conservation

reduction will provide water during the years of planning required to examine other new sources. In

other situations, temporary conservation reductions are sought in responding to anticipated water

shortages caused by chemical spills and other emergency situations, which are not expected to

continue indefinitely. These temporary measures are often used in drought situations. Droughts are

usually accompanied by warmer and drier than normal weather, which often cause increased water

use, especially outdoor water use. This chapter provides some insight for areas normally outside the

Corps traditional role in water supply, namely water distribution and water conservation, as well as

the normal role in responding to drought through effective use of Corps reservoirs. More efficient

municipal and industrial water use or conservation alternatives will be described in the following

paragraphs. Agricultural and irrigation water will not be addressed.

2. Need for Water Conservation.

a. Importance of Water Conservation. Water conservation became ideologically important

to the Federal Government in the mid-1970's when then-President Carter declared that water

conservation was the keystone of his water resources policy. His proclamation concentrated on

actions to reduce demand. Prior to that time, most conservation centered on the “conserving” of

supplies through the construction of dams. Since that time, water conservation through reduction

in demand has moved to the forefront of water planning. While the addition of supplies is still

sustained through analysis in many cases, surface water resource development carries high financial

and environmental costs. Accordingly, as many urban areas have begun to experience water

allocation problems, alternatives that augment supplies are employed less frequently. Groundwater

contamination also places additional stress on water resources. Transfers of water across river basins

and political boundaries pose a further set of problems and are regulated through legal channels. To

combat these water problems, water managers are exploring other alternatives such as more efficient

use of existing water sources, preventing further contamination, conjunctive water use, water

reclamation, and region wide water management. 
7-2 Water Supply Handbook

b. Used as a Management Tool. Water conservation is a management tool used to decrease

water use or reduce losses. Decreased water use occurs when a management practice results in less

water used than without the practice. Decreases in end uses of water by residential, commercial, and

industrial customers provide conservation savings. Water losses account for quantities of water

which were once part of the water supply that are no longer available for use. The municipal and

industrial water system savings accrue from reductions to these losses in the storage, transmission,

treatment and distribution of water.

B. WATER CONSERVATION METHODS

1. Residential and Commercial Use. The array of conservation alternatives to be analyzed for

a given water system is extensive. Shown in Table 7-1 is the array for residential and commercial

conservation options to be considered along with a residential water conservation tips pamphlet.

Consideration must be given not only to the quantity of water savings for the conservation practice,

but also the targeted sector for the measure, how well the conservation tool/measure will be accepted

by the service area customers, the share of customers already using the tool/measure, actual delivery

and installation of the conservation tool/measure, water savings overlap with other conservation

measures, tool/measure cost and longevity, and secondary benefits, such as reduced energy and sewer

savings. 

2. Outdoor Use. Outdoor or seasonal water use can be separated from indoor water use for

residential and commercial customers. Seasonal use, such as lawn watering or cooling, varies in

response to changing weather conditions. Targeting these uses separately will aid in analyzing the

effectiveness of conservation programs. These methods are shown in Table 7-2.
Chapter 7: Water Conservation and Planning for Drought 7-3

Table 7-1

Residential and Commercial Conservation Methods

Residential and Commercial Inside Water Use Conservation Alternative(s)

Without Conservation Features

Standard non-conserving toilet Ultra low-flush toilet

Low-flush toilet

Toilet tank displacement dam

Toilet tank displacement bag

Standard non-conserving showerhead Ultra low-flow showerhead

Low-flow showerhead

Shower flow restrictor

Standard non-conserving faucet Low-flow faucet

Faucet aerator

Self closing faucet

Leaky toilet Leak detection tablets

Standard clothes washer Efficient clothes washer

Standard dishwasher Efficient dishwasher

Current water fixtures and water use practices Residential Water Audit

Small/large commercial water audit

Aggregate commercial water/audit

High water pressure areas Water pressure reduction

Non-metered water use Metered residential water use

Table 7-2

Outdoor Water Conservation Methods

Outdoor Targeted Sectors Outdoor/Landscape Conservation

Alternatives

Residential Watering guides

Automatic timer shutoff for manual hose systems

Use plants requiring little water (xeriscaping)

Landscaping

Commercial/multifamily Watering guides

Watering audits

Automatic controllers and valves

Soil moisture sensors

Use plants requiring little water (xeriscaping)

Landscaping

Demonstration gardens
7-4 Water Supply Handbook

3. Industrial Use. Industrial water use is addressed separately from residential or commercial

sectors. Industrial water use centers in three areas, process water, cooling water, and general water

use. Depending on the industry, process water use varies greatly per unit item produced. These

methods are shown in Table 7-3.

Table 7-3

Industrial Water Conservation Methods

Industrial Water Use Conservation Feature

Process water use Flow regulating valves

Reuse and recycling systems

Process level water audit

Cooling water use Flow regulating valves

Air cooled condenser

Cooling tower/closed loop system

General water use Leak detection and repair

Meter loan program

Wastewater disposal codes

4. Education. Various opportunities are available for government agencies, public bodies, public

interest groups and the water supplier itself in educating water users regarding water conservation.

The results can be effective for long-term programs. An education program is generally voluntary

in nature. Some of these programs are summarized in Table 7-4.

Table 7-4

Education as a Water Conservation Tool

Item Description

Direct Mail Involves the use of mail service to distribute information included with water supplier

bills and as a direct mail objective of other entities.

News Media Involves the use of radio, television, newspapers, billboards, etc., to encourage and

facilitate water conservation habits and water use technology.

Personal Contact Involves the direct contact of individuals with water users to achieve water

conservation. Primarily, contact between large water users and government officials

may be appropriate or programs where Boy Scouts or other groups may go door-todoor in personalizing the program.

Specific Events Involves public relations efforts to bring increased attention to the water conservation

program.

5. Rate-Making Policies. The characteristics of price as a water management tool is also a very

important factor. As summarized in Table 7-5, there are a number of rate pricing policies. 
Chapter 7: Water Conservation and Planning for Drought 7-5

Table 7-5

Rate Structure as a Water Conservation Tool

Policy Description

Metering The monitoring and charging for water based upon the volume used by the

customer. Water metering also provides valuable information on where and when

water is used.

Rate Design Water pricing can impact the consumption of water. Depending on the users’

response to price changes (that is influenced by factors such as (1) the new price

level, (2) users’ income, (3) number of people per household, and (4) rainfall and

temperature) and the type of price structure selected, degrees of water

conservation can be achieved through new pricing policies. Rate design can be

used to achieve long-term or contingent water conservation objectives.

Marginal Cost The practice of setting the price of water equal to its marginal cost. The practice

Pricing is consistent with the efficient use of resources but is seldom employed.

Increasing Block The practice of setting the unit price for a volume of water and a higher price for

Rates the next volume, and so on. The cost of the water to a consumer increases at an

increasing rate and, thus, the incentive to conserve water increases.

Peak Load Pricing The practice of setting the price of water higher during hours of peak use. Since

water systems are designed for maximum flow requirements, this pricing structure

recovers the costs from the daily peak load users. Rates are established with

volume and peak use components.

Seasonal Pricing The practice of setting the price of water higher during periods of seasonal high

use (summer) as opposed to lower winter rates. This is similar to the daily peak

load pricing strategy except that seasonal design flow requirements are charged

to the seasonal water users.

Summer An additional charge that is added onto a rate structure for the purpose of

Surcharge recovering the delivery costs of summer peak water use.

Excess Use An additional charge that is added onto a rate structure for the purpose of

Charge discouraging water use exceeding some prespecified level.

6. Water Systems. Water systems also have areas to which conservation measures can be

applied. Conservation options include distribution system water audits and system leak detection and

repair. These areas are covered in Paragraph E of this chapter. 

7. Water Conservation Models.

a. Introduction. Two computer models are identified that could provide information

beneficial to a conservation effort, IWR-MAIN 6.1 and WaterPlan 1. Appendix E and Chapter 6,

Paragraph C provide additional information on these two models.

b. IWR-MAIN, version 6.1. IWR-MAIN was originally developed as a long-term water
7-6 Water Supply Handbook

demand forecasting model for municipal and industrial water systems. Using socioeconomic and

demographic data, instead of per capita water use, this model breaks or disaggregates water use into

four sectors: residential, commercial, industrial and public/unaccounted. The sectoral water use can

then be further broken down, such as residential details for seasonal and indoor/outdoor water use.

These detailed projections are utilized as a without conservation measure condition to compare with

various conservation scenarios. The conservation module computes water savings by reducing

average per household, per employee, or per unit water consumption of specific end uses. For

example, a retrofit kit may target replacing standard toilets and showerheads with low-flow fixtures,

thereby reducing water use in these specific end-use categories.

c. WaterPlan 1. WaterPlan, version 1, was developed specifically for water use in California.

The numbers given for water savings consider California law and regulation, with maximum flow

rates established for some water fixtures, such as faucets and showerheads. The Water Conservation

Assumptions documentation, accompanying WaterPlan, version 1, provides insight on various water

conservation measures that may not be available for other geographic locations. 

C. RESERVOIR DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PLANS

1. Corps Guidance.

a. Definition. Drought Contingency Plans (DCP’s) are general guides that allow for dynamic

management of projects, or systems of projects, to address drought needs. These plans are an

important part of the operational guidance for all Corps water control projects with the potential for

providing useful service during times of drought. Generally related to water management, this service

is usually needed only at projects with controllable storage. These contingency plans are developed

on a regional, basin-wide and project bases and coordinated with appropriate state and Federal

interests during droughts. A DCP is a part of the project Water Control Manual (see Chapter 9,

Paragraphs C and D) and can exist as a physical part of the manual or as an external appendix to the

manual. Guidance for developing and updating DCP’s is contained in Engineer Technical Letter

(ETL) 1110-2-335, dated 1 April 1993.

b. Features. The significant features or objectives of DCP’s are: monitoring, identification,

implementation mechanisms, coordination, and standard agreements. Monitoring describes the

requirements for initiating the DCP action by defining the trigger. Opportunities or actions that can

be taken to manage drought situations are identified and a mechanism is established to implement

these actions. Coordination with other agencies and organizations, communicants, and methods is

undertaken, including identification of the participants. A standard agreement is developed for sale

or use of project resources, including information on cost determination.

c. Purpose. Development of a DCP should be a comprehensive evaluation of a project’s

ability to address any aspect of drought, including issues relative to water supply, water quality,
Chapter 7: Water Conservation and Planning for Drought 7-7

environment, fire protection, industry, recreation, power, navigation and other beneficial uses.

Deviations from the water control plan, within the Corps discretionary limits, are a natural part of a

DCP. Requests for deviations should be handled through the appropriate division office.

d. Coverage. At the end of Fiscal Year 1992, all projects had an approved DCP in place.

Water control plans are continually reviewed and adjusted in response to changing public needs,

including droughts, so that the maximum response is made based on current authorities. 

2. State and Local Coordination.

a. Coordination. Full coordination with state and local governments is essential when facing

a crisis. The DCP in the water control plan must reflect the public’s needs during drought situations

in order to make the maximum response based on current authorities. Coordination with other

Federal and state agencies and local organizations is an essential part of the DCP. Effective

coordination facilitates decision making, improves project effectiveness during water-short periods

and insures Corps actions are complementary to other ongoing efforts. 

b. Legislative Requirement. With the passage of the Water Resources Development Act of

1990 (WRDA ‘90) public involvement became a requirement in the development of and modification

to water control manuals (Section 310(b) of WRDA ‘90). A DCP approved after WRDA ‘90, that

results in a change of the water control plan, must comply with WRDA ‘90. It is the policy of the

Chief of Engineers that water control plans be continually reviewed, updated, and adjusted as needed

to ensure that the best use is made of available water resources.

D. NATIONAL DROUGHT STUDY

1. Authority. The “National Study of Water Management During Drought” (NDS) was

undertaken in response to recommendations made by the Corps after the drought of 1988-89.

Authority for the study was provided in Sections 707 and 729 of the Water Resources Development

Act of 1986. The objective of this study was to find a better way to manage water during drought

in the United States. This objective was accomplished by identifying impediments to improved water

management and designing a method that addressed the associated concerns. Water resources needs,

including hydropower, navigation, recreation, instream flows and municipal, industrial and

agricultural consumption, were investigated at the national level in collaboration with state and other

Federal water agencies. These findings have been published and are available electronically via the

Internet at:

http://www.wrsc.usace.army.mil/iwr/currpt.htm

2. Problem Identification and Definition.

a. Definition. Water managers deal with many issues, such as long term water supply, nonpoint source pollution and drought. The NDS defined “drought” as a period of time when natural
7-8 Water Supply Handbook

or managed water systems do not provide enough water to meet established human and

environmental uses because of natural shortfalls in precipitation or streamflow. 

b. Water Supply Planning and Drought. Drought management is a subset of water supply

planning. The distinction between a “drought” problem and a “water supply” problem is essentially

defined by the nature of the best solution. Urban areas that persistently use more than the safe yield

of their water supply systems may have frequent or even standing drought declarations that could

only be eliminated through strategic water supply measures. Those measures can be structural, such

as the construction of new reservoirs, or non-structural, such as conservation.

c. Concerns Across the Country. Summarized in Table 7-6 are the drought problems in

various areas of the country as identified in the NDS.

Table 7-6

Regional Drought Problems

Region Summary of Concerns Expressed by States

New England Increasing susceptibility of public sector water supply and lack of

redundancy of water supplies.

Mid-Atlantic Salt water intrusion and water supply along coast and Delaware River.

South Atlantic Increasing municipal and industrial use and management of major river

systems.

Lower Mississippi Basin Impacts to agriculture; Mississippi River low flows; drought impacts in

Mississippi-Missouri-Ohio River Basin, which drains 41% of contiguous

U.S.; impacts to Mississippi River delta.

Ohio River Ohio River low flows and municipal water supplies of medium to small

sized communities.

Lower Colorado Increasing municipal water supply needs versus irrigation needs.

River Basin/South

Pacific Coast

Northwest and Municipal water supply needs of smaller communities and competition

Pacific Coasts between power and fish/recreation in northwest.

Plains States Agricultural impacts; management of the Missouri River Mainstem

reservoirs, competition between lake recreation and downstream uses;

small community water supplies.

Southwest Agricultural impacts.

Rocky Mountain West Agricultural impacts; competition for water between agriculture and

instream use; increasing municipal water supply needs.
Chapter 7: Water Conservation and Planning for Drought 7-9

d. Drought impacts.

(1). General. There are risks involved in setting the threshold at which reduced precipitation

and streamflow are officially declared to be droughts. If the drought is declared too early, droughts

will be declared more frequently and sometimes unnecessarily. If managers wait longer to declare

a drought, water supplies that could reduce the impacts of a prolonged drought will be depleted with

normal water use early in the drought.

(2). Measurement. Drought impacts are difficult to measure. Often these long periods of

low streamflow and low precipitation are accompanied by higher than normal temperatures. The

economic losses of a drought may be difficult to quantify due to limited data and other agitating

elements, such as an overlapping recession. A summary of these impacts is provided in Table 7-7.

Table 7-7

Drought Impacts

Activity or Use of Water Potential Impacts of Drought

Municipal and Industrial Fastest growing sector of water use. Fifty percent of all water supply utilities

Water Supply in the U.S. were adversely affected during the 1988 drought. Shortages

anticipated in non-drought times due to growing population, water pollution

and leaks in distribution.

Agricultural Water Dryland farming requires irrigation. Conflicts between agricultural and urban

Supply use. Reallocate water versus build more supply storage.

Navigation Transportation delays and losses.

Hydroelectric Power All other sources of electricity have higher marginal costs than hydropower.

Indirect impact to environment with pollution from alternate sources of

electricity. Potential for brownouts.

Recreation Beaches, boat ramps, public and private docks closed. Sport and

commercial fishing losses. Economic impact of lost tourism.

Environmental Potential stress to wetlands, wildlife, forests, groundwater and soils.

Saltwater contamination concerns. Groundwater recharge times.

Wastewater Treatment Inability to dilute effluent from wastewater treatment plants.

(3). California Drought. During the California Drought (1987-1992) the agricultural,

industrial, commercial and municipal sectors, energy, recreation and the environment were all

adversely impacted. The drought had a pronounced effect on fisheries and aquatic resources,

especially salmon and striped bass. Impacts to urban water users included rate increases for the

industrial and commercial sectors, and water-conserving life style adjustments for the residential

sector. Direct agricultural impacts included significant amounts of land left idle and increased water

costs. However, much of the reduction in California agricultural output was offset by increases in

other regions of the country. The landscaping and gardening industry of California estimated its
7-10 Water Supply Handbook

losses for 1991 at about 6.5% of its 1990 gross revenues. The California drought also affected water

quality, recreation, hydropower production, the public’s perception of water use and the institutions

that manage water in California.

(4). Strategic Planning. Water supply planning is a strategic endeavor that attempts to

balance water supply and use, mindful of economic and environmental costs. Water supply resources

or raw water will vary over time depending on the streamflow and precipitation in the basin. Surface

and in ground storage facilities are used to reduce these variations to surface water and groundwater

resources. The adequacy of a municipal and industrial water supply system is often described as its

safe yield, a specified quantity of water which the system can generally support 98% of the time.

3. Current State of Water Management During Drought.

a. Introduction. Much has been done in the United States to reduce vulnerability to drought

since the great droughts of the 1930's. The goal of minimal impacts is a moving target since demands

can increase and diversify. As with all issues surrounding the human adaptation of the world to

specific human purposes, there is a substantial debate about what constitutes success. Most experts

agree that better planning, better data, better analytical techniques, and a more coordinated,

cooperative and communicative response would improve water management during drought. The

reduction of the demand for water is being used more and more often as an alternative to new supply.

However, when supply is considered adequate, the cost savings associated with conserving water are

often ignored. Many communities that suffered impacts from the droughts of the 1980's said they

could have been better prepared. This includes those communities that had prepared contingency

plans which specified how the operations of water systems should change during a drought.

b. Existing Drought Response Plans and Measures. Only slightly over half of the states and

half of the country’s urban water suppliers have drought preparedness plans. Typical plans offer

some benefit and require a minimum of public process and staff time, but there are some problems.

A major shortfall is that plans are better characterized as documents rather than ways of behaving.

Thus, their effectiveness diminishes as staff changes occur and time passes between plan preparation

and drought. Newer uses of water may not be recognized and incorporated into the plan. Many

plans are designed for the drought of record, without consideration of the rarity of that event. Plans

are often triggered by indicators not related in a known way to impacts. Finally, these plans are often

not understood or endorsed by those who will suffer the impacts of the drought. There are three time

frames for drought response planning: strategic, tactical and emergency measures. These measures

are summarized in Table 7-8.

c. Legal and Institutional Issues.

(1). Introduction. Law sometimes drives and sometimes constrains water management during

drought. There are two basic water law systems governing the right to use water in the United

States. Riparian law theory prevails east of the 100th meridian, and the law of prior appropriation

predominates in the west. For additional information on water law, see Mays (1996).
Chapter 7: Water Conservation and Planning for Drought 7-11

Table 7-8

Time Frames for Response Planning

Planning Time Frame Response Measure

Strategic Long term physical and institutional responses such as water supply

structures, water law and plumbing codes.

Tactical Water rationing which is developed in advance to respond to expected

short term water deficits.

Emergency Implemented as an ad hoc response to conditions that are too specific or

rare to warrant the development of standing plans.

(2). Riparian Water Rights. Riparian or surface water rights are assigned on the basis of land

ownership along a stream reach. As water has become more scarce in relation to competing demand

and the need to manage water use increased, these rights have been modified by legislation. Over half

the eastern states have enacted permit programs to provide more certain water rights by collecting

accurate water use data, allocating water by more definite criteria, and asserting a strong state interest

in water use and management. In addition, sixteen eastern states have legislation recognizing the

need to conserve water supplies.

(3). Appropriation Water Rights. Under appropriation law, the right to divert a specific

quantity of water from a stream over time belongs to the party who first beneficially used it, and who

is still using it. Thus a prior, or senior right, is a right based on a beneficial use that began earlier than

another. This system of law theoretically allocates water during droughts. Junior users lose their

rights as the total amount of water available decreases. Basic appropriations doctrine discourages

water conservation, because water not put to beneficial use may be lost. Many western states have

modified the basic doctrine to accommodate conservation.

(4). Hybrid. A doctrine incorporating both riparian and prior appropriate aspects, know as

a hybrid system has been adopted by the Pacific Coast states and the states that straddle the 100th

meridian from Texas to North Dakota.

(5). Groundwater. In most states, allocation of groundwater is handled differently from that

of surface water. In some states there is no provision at all for state allocation of groundwater.

(6). Significant Issues in Water Law. Water law is changing and evolving across the United

States. The National Drought Study identified the areas where the law was changing or needed to

be changed to allow better management during drought. These issues are summarized in Table 7-9.

Many social scientists refer to the sets of rules for making rational decisions as institutions.

Institutional analysis is the study of these rule sets and their consequences on the attainment of

human goals. The phrase “institutional study” has a narrower common usage in the water resources

field. It typically refers to efforts that analyze whether changes in collective choice rules (such as
7-12 Water Supply Handbook

agency jurisdiction and mission, interagency coordination, and law) will allow improvements in water

management that could not be obtained by fine tuning the operational rules. Much of the criticism

of current American water management focuses on institutional problems.

Table 7-9

Significant Legal and Institutional Water Law Issues

Issue Current Trend

Site Specific The trend of water law in both the east and the west is to apply new, improved

Programs approaches to specific geographic areas, where problems are sufficiently obvious

to warrant political action.

Quantification of Many senior tribal and Federal water rights are recognized in principle, but no

Water Allocations amount has been set. Some western states are taking steps to adjudicate existing

water rights to determine how much water is really needed.

Public Trust The public trust doctrine, which holds that the sovereign government retains

Doctrine ultimate control of the water resource to serve public trust purposes, has not

always been recognized in water allocation decisions. It has now been explicitly

recognized, in some form, in nine states.

Instream Flows Instream flows are, to some extent, explicitly protected. At least 12 states now

protect these by means other than allocation and many eastern states have

established minimum stream flows.

Water Three appropriation states now allow conserved water to be used for other

Conservation purposes or conveyed to a third party. Sixteen eastern state recognize the need

to conserve water supplies.

Transbasin Diversions, a strategic measure to increase water supply reliability, are allowed in

Diversions a number of states in certain limited situations.

Groundwater Law In most states, allocation of groundwater is handled differently from that of surface

and Conjunctive water. This complicates the preparation of drought plans which should provide for

Use Management most effective use of ground and surface water combined.

d. Lessons Learned from the California Drought.

(1). Curtail Use. Domestic water users are willing and able to curtail water use during a

drought. During the first two years of the drought, a mixture of voluntary and mandatory

conservation in California’s cities reduced water use from 10% to 25%. In the last three years of the

drought, urban conservation efforts were generally more intense. Similar savings were recorded in

Seattle and Tacoma, Washington in their 1992 drought.

(2). Adequate Infrastructure. Investments in infrastructure can increase the options for

adaptive behavior. Water banking, storage for instream flow maintenance, conjunctive use of

groundwater and surface water, regional interdependence, and economies of scale require a water
Chapter 7: Water Conservation and Planning for Drought 7-13

storage, allocation and distribution system. California’s storage and distribution system provided the

flexibility and resiliency to withstand severe droughts, even in the face of rapidly growing population

and increasing urban and environmental demands on a fixed supply of water. 

(3). Water Management Reforms. Droughts act as catalysts for change. Complex

sociopolitical systems, which reflect a multitude of competing and conflicting needs, are not

particularly well suited for crisis management. Yet despite these well understood and accepted

deficiencies in the democratic decision making process, the overall conclusion is that communities

not only weathered the drought in a reasonably organized manner, but also introduced a series of

useful water management reforms and innovations that will influence future water uses in a positive

manner.

(4). Conservation. Conservation may or may not reduce drought vulnerability. To the extent

that methods of reducing water use during droughts, such as discouraging outdoor use and physical

modifications to toilets and faucets to reduce water use, are used as long term water conservation

measures that allow the addition of new customers to a water supply system, drought vulnerability

is increased. When normal use becomes more efficient, efficiency gains are harder to realize during

a drought. But it is not always that simple. In the Boston Metropolitan area, for example, long term

conservation will reduce drought vulnerability because some of the water saved will be stored for use

during drought and because some of the most effective long term conservation savings (such as the

detection and repair of leaks) cannot be implemented quickly enough to be effective as a drought

response.

(5). Summary. The full value of the experiences of those who have survived a severe drought

can be realized only if the lessons learned are recorded, critically analyzed, and communicated to

others who can use the information. Provided as Box 7-1 is a summary of the lessons learned from

key members of the California water community.

4. Framework for Drought Planning and Management.

a. Introduction. The drought study started with an analysis of problems and a search for

implementable measures that would improve the nation’s readiness for drought. Three

recommendations were made for the remainder of the study. First, test and refine a model approach

to drought preparedness in case studies across the country. Second, to produce a National Drought

Atlas to provide a national reference for precipitation and streamflow statistics. Finally, to conduct

topical studies on issues such as water law, institutions, and negotiations.
7-14 Water Supply Handbook

Box 7-1

 Lessons Learned from the California Drought

• The complex impacts of a sustained drought demand more sophisticated planning.

• Severe drought can change longstanding relationships and balances of power in the competition for

water.

• Irrigation can provide complementary environmental benefits.

• Drought can convince communities to accept water management options that are not seriously

considered during normal years.

• The success of drought response plans should be measured in terms of the minimization and

equitable redistribution of the impacts. There is much to be learned in accomplishing this goal.

• Severe drought can expose inadequacies in state and Federal water institutions, causing significant

institutional and legal changes.

• Increases in water rates should precede or accompany rationing plans.

• Mass media can play a positive role in drought response, but water managers should be involved in

designing the message.

• Markets are an effective way of reallocating water supplies.

b. The DPS Method.

(1). Derivation. The Drought Preparedness Study (DPS) Method is derived from techniques

of multiobjective, multipurpose water resources planning refined through Federal water project

planning experience. These well-founded techniques were adapted for use in situations where the

Federal government plays a smaller role and the solutions are more likely to be non-structural. The

strength of the DPS Method is not that it includes so much that is new, but that it makes practical and

whole what is well regarded in theory. This method addresses two common shortcomings in water

management: the separation between stakeholders and the problem solving process, and the

subdivision of natural resources management by political boundaries and limited agency missions.

(2). Seven Steps. Drought preparedness studies constitute a more general vision of the

planning methods and evaluation principles of Federal water resources planning principles. These

studies are joint efforts requiring intergovernmental cooperation with those who have a stake in how

water is allocated and used. The extensive drought responsibilities of state, regional, and local

entities are accommodated in these result oriented studies. The DPS method takes advantage of

experience, research, and expertise from across the country in developing these integrated long and

short term responses. The resulting plans are dynamic and exercised regularly during virtual

droughts. The seven steps of the Drought Preparedness Method are shown in the Table 7-10. This
Chapter 7: Water Conservation and Planning for Drought 7-15

method reflects the fact that drought responses are largely behavioral and their success depends on

people understanding their role and knowing how their actions fit into a larger response.

Table 7-10

The Seven Steps of the Drought Preparedness Method

Step Explanation

 1 Build a team and identify problems.

 2 Develop objectives and metrics for evaluation.

 3 Describe the status quo; that is, what will happen in future droughts if the community does

nothing more to prepare itself?

 4 Formulate alternatives to the status quo.

 5 Evaluate alternatives and develop study team recommendations.

 6 Institutionalize the plan.

 7 Exercise and update the plan and use it during droughts.

c. New Tools for the DPS Method.

(1). Introduction. The DPS Method takes advantage of several innovations developed in

parallel during the National Drought Study. The following paragraphs describe these new tools.

(2). Shared Vision Models. The shared vision models are computer simulation models of

water systems that have been built, reviewed and tested collaboratively with all the stakeholders. The

models represent not only the water infrastructure and operation, but the most important effects of

that system on society and the environment. Shared vision models take advantage of new, userfriendly, graphical simulation software to bridge the gap between specialized water models and the

human decision making processes. Shared vision models helped DPS team members overcome

differences in backgrounds, values and agency traditions.

(3). Circles of Influence. Circles of influence are a way to improve agency collaboration with

elected officials and stakeholders. The circles created new ways for people to interrelate and interact,

without destroying the old institutions, their responsibilities or advantages. In addition, during the

DPS’s, political scientists conducted interviews with elected officials and other influential political

agents. The interviews were included in reports available to the entire study team, and were used to

assure the planning process addressed issues critical to the public and elected officials.

(4). Virtual Drought Exercise. A Virtual Drought Exercise is a realistic simulation of a

drought using the shared vision model to simulate that experience without the risk associated with

real droughts. Virtual Drought Exercises can be used to exercise, refine and test plans, train new
7-16 Water Supply Handbook

staff, and update plans to reflect new information.

(5). IWR-MAIN. Water conservation management is the prioritization and selection of water

conservation measures based on their estimated benefits and costs. A new version of a widely used

water use forecasting model, IWR-MAIN 6.1 (see Paragraph B of this chaper, Appendix E and

Chapter 6, Paragraph C), provides a powerful new tool for linking water savings with specific

combinations of water savings measures.

(6). Trigger Planning. Trigger planning is a collaborative and continuous process for

updating water supply needs assessments and responding in time, but just in time, with the necessary

economic and environmental investments necessary to address those needs. Trigger planning uses

a shared vision model and the DPS method to minimize those investments while reducing the

frequency of drought declarations caused by inadequate water supply. Trigger planning was tested

and refined in the Boston metropolitan area.

d. National Drought Atlas. The “National Drought Atlas” (IWR Report 94-NDS-4) is a

compendium of statistical information designed to help water managers and planners answer

questions about the expected frequency, duration and severity of droughts. The Atlas provides a

national reference for precipitation and streamflow statistics that will help planners and managers

assess the risks involved in alternative management strategies.

E. EVALUATION OF EXISTING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

1. Introduction.

a. Authority. General legislative authority does not exist for the Corps to construct, operate

or maintain water distribution systems. However, in certain situations, the Corps can receive specific

legislation to perform these functions and Corps district offices can be called upon to help local

governments under the authority of Section 22 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1974,

as amended, to help solve water distribution problems. Also, in feasibility reports or in reallocation

studies it may be necessary to develop a planning level design and prepare a cost estimate for a water

distribution system. It is, therefore, necessary that Corps offices become familiar with studies of

existing water distribution systems.

b. Components. There is no such thing as a “typical” water distribution system. Each one

has some unique characteristics due to the water source, service area topography, history of system,

etc. In general, there are water sources and water users, and they are connected by a distribution

system. Water distribution pipes can be made of ductile or cast iron, steel, concrete with or without

embedded cylinders, various types of plastics, asbestos cement, plus some other innovative materials,

and may be connected in an almost limitless number of configurations. There can be a single source

such as a central water treatment plant and pumping station, or water may be supplied by a large

number of wells. While pumps are a common component of systems, where the source is at a
Chapter 7: Water Conservation and Planning for Drought 7-17

Box 7-2

American Water Works Association Publications

Introduction to Water Distribution, AWWA, 1986.

Distribution Requirements for Fire Protection, AWWA Manual M-31, 1989.

Distribution Network Analysis for Water Utilities, AWWA Manual M-32, 1989.

AWWA Standards, AWWA, (continually updated).

AWWA Research Foundation, Water Quality Modeling in Distribution Systems, AWWA, 1991.

sufficiently high elevation, the system may not have any pumping. Most systems contain some

storage capacity in the form of tanks which are connected directly to the system. Valves are required

to shut off lines, suppress surges, release air, allow air to enter, drain pipes, control pressure, or

simply ease the operation of other valves. A hydrant is actually a special type of valve that releases

water for fire fighting. Booster pumping may be required to provide adequate pressure in certain

portions of a system when there is significant variation in elevation or use rate. On the other hand,

pressure reducing valves serving just the opposite purpose may be needed. 

c. Guidance. The American Water Works Association (AWWA), headquartered at 6666

West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235-9931, is the primary provider for information in this

area. See Box 7-2 for some of its publications. The AWWA can also be contacted through the

Internet at hppt://www.awwa.org. Additional quantitative guidance, however, is required for Corps

district offices. This specific Corps guidance is contained in ETL 1110-2-297, dated 20 June 1986.

This guidance provides the Corps planner with information relative to the collection of data for the

evaluation of water systems, the assessment of the economics of water system operation and

maintenance, and procedures for using water distribution system models. This information is

summarized in the following paragraphs.

2. Testing Water Distribution Systems.

a. Introduction. Collection of accurate data is essential for the evaluation of water

distribution systems. Because it is not possible to actually see water flowing or feel the pressure in

a closed conduit, it is necessary to conduct tests in order to evaluate the adequacy of system

performance. In water conservation and planning for drought it is essential that unaccounted-for

water be quantified, identified, and controlled to the extent practical. 

b. Unaccounted-For Water. Unaccounted-for water is the difference between water

produced at the treatment plant and water sold to the customer. The term “metered ratio” is also

used to indicate the amount of water which produces revenue. Causes of unaccounted-for water can
7-18 Water Supply Handbook

be attributed to leakage, inaccurate master meter, inaccurate customer meters, unauthorized use, use

for municipal buildings and use through hydrants.

c. Tests. A series of tests which have been developed to quantify the unaccounted-for water

are summarized in Table 7-11.

Table 7-11

Tests for Water Distribution Systems

Test Description

Pressure Pressure gages are mounted at the suction and discharge ends of pumps, upstream

Measurement and downstream of pressure reducing valves, the discharge of wells and other

important points in distribution systems. Pressure gages do not retain accuracy and,

therefore, should be tested regularly. Pressure gages are useful for determining the

range of pressures encountered over an extended period of time.

Hydrant Flow This test is performed to measure the discharge from an outlet of a fire hydrant. To

Measurement accomplish this test a gage is inserted into the flow to measure the velocity head in

pounds per square inch. Special care must be exercised in conducting a hydrant flow

test so that the stream of water does not cause erosion or flooding problems. 

Fire Flow Tests Fire flow tests are conducted to determine the adequacy of distribution systems for fire

fighting and can also be used to assist in calibration of water distribution system

models. A typical test is begun by attaching a pressure gage to a hydrant and

recording the pressure. One or more nearby hydrants are then opened and the total

flow is recorded while the pressure at the residual hydrant is again recorded.

Hydraulic Hydraulic gradient tests are conducted to determine if head losses in distribution

Gradient Test systems are within reasonable limits. To conduct a test, measure the pressures at

predetermined intervals along a major transmission line during a time in which water

use is fairly constant. Next, determine the elevations at which the pressure readings

were taken and calculate the elevation of the hydraulic grade line at each location.

Then make a plot of hydraulic grade line elevation versus distance from water source.

Sections of pipe with significantly greater gradients are sources of high head loss and

are likely candidates for cleaning or paralleling. 

Coefficient Head losses in mains are usually calculated by either the Hazen-Williams or DarcyTests Weisbach equation. For the Hazen-Williams equation, it is necessary to know the

Hazen-Williams C-factor. For the Darcy-Weisbach equation, it is necessary to know

the pipe roughness. While values of these factors are available from literature, there

is a considerable variation depending on water quality and the condition of the pipe, so

it is good practice to conduct head loss tests for pipes in the system. Tests to be run

include, average velocity, hydraulic gradient, C-factor, and pipe roughness.

d. Water Loss Surveys. An audit or water loss survey is conducted by isolating “districts”

in the system and metering the flow into the districts over the course of a day. The measured flow

can be compared with metered water use to determine unaccounted-for water.

e. Leak Detection. Leak detection can be conducted as part of a water loss survey, a
Chapter 7: Water Conservation and Planning for Drought 7-19

continuing program, or a one-time study. Most leak detection devices rely on detection of the sound

produced by water leaking from a pipe. Sophisticated equipment has been developed to mechanically

or electronically amplify the sound and/or filter out other noises. While tracer gasses, dyes, buried

conductors, temperature probes, and sensitive manometers have been used to locate leaks, sonic

detection devices are most useful for water distribution system work.

3. Replacement of Water Mains Due to Breakage.

a. Introduction. Breaks occur in water mains for a large number of reasons, such as impact,

frost loads, corrosion, excessive surge pressure, improper bedding, and combinations of the above.

The rate of breakage tends to increase with the age of pipe. In order to make sound decisions

whether to replace a pipe due to breakage, it is important to know the cause of previous breaks. By

knowing the causes of these breaks, it can be determined whether the historical break rate will

increase, decrease or remain the same in the future. Once a leak or break is located, options available

include doing nothing, repair the break or replace the pipe. Doing nothing is attractive when the

repair would be difficult, the water is not doing any damage, water is plentiful and inexpensive and/or

the pipe is scheduled to be abandoned or replaced in the near future. 

b. Cost. In order to determine whether it is economical to replace pipes developing frequent

breaks, or employ some other remedial measure as opposed to simply repairing breaks, it is necessary

to quantify the costs associated with both the breaks and the remedial measures. The cost of a break

can be divided into costs for repair, damages, inconvenience to water users, traffic delays, health and

safety effects, and lost water. The cost to replace a pipe is a function of many variables including pipe

diameter, depth of cover, type of pipe, and local material and labor prices. Data on replacement costs

of pipe should be available from the utility from previous pipe replacement work. While the actual

cost to repair and replace pipes is important, the decision to repair or replace pipe actually depends

on the relative cost of each. For an identical break rate, it is generally least costly to replace a small

pipe and repair a large pipe.

c. Prediction of Break Rates. Knowing the future break rate for water mains is important for

making decisions on whether to replace or repair pipes and for projecting costs of repair in future

years. The break rate in future years is usually the current break rate with a slight increase over time,

since as systems age, the rate of breaks gradually increases. This general statement is accurate only

if the years are “typical.” Break rates in a given system can fluctuate by a factor of ten from one year

to the next, so an average of the previous several years is the most reliable indication of the current

break rate upon which to base estimates of future break rates. Discussing breaks in terms of total

breaks in a system can be somewhat misleading, since the number of breaks will depend on the size

of the system and time period under consideration. Trends in break rate provide useful information

on the causes of breaks and possible remedial actions. For example, if corrosion is the principal cause

of breaks, then the rate will increase with time. On the other hand, if breaks are highest after severe

winters, then frost penetration may be the factor that triggers breaks. Breaks due to impact or

contact with other structures tend to coincide with construction activity in the area. Determining the

rate of change of the break rate involves extrapolating trends in the break rate. This can be done
J'Jo

e

b(t&t

o

)

7-20 Water Supply Handbook

graphically by plotting break rate versus time on semi-log graph paper, with the break rate on the

logarithmic axis. This corresponds to fitting the data to the equation recommended by Shamir and

Howard (1979):

where: J = break rate in year t, breaks/year/mile

Jo = break rate in year to, breaks/year/mile

e = 2.718

b = rate constant, 1/year

t = year

to = base year.

The value of b should be interpreted as indicative of the change in break rate within a group of

pipes, whether it is for the entire system or a specific type of pipe laid in a specific time period, rather

than the rate of change between different groups of pipes.

4. Rehabilitation of Water Mains.

a. Introduction. Tuberculation, internal corrosion, and deposits on pipe walls gradually

reduce the carrying capacity of water distribution systems. In some older systems, the problem has

grown to the point that there are pipes in which the carrying capacities as measured by the HazenWilliams C-factor are only fractions of their original values. The low carrying capacities result in low

pressures in the system, especially at high flow. Where pipes are still structurally sound, cleaning and

lining is usually the least costly approach to regaining carry capacity. The pressures can also be raised

by using larger pumps or higher tanks or by installing new pipes. The economics of the tradeoffs are

then the deciding factor.

b. Preliminary Steps. Before embarking on a pipe cleaning and lining project, the utility must

first make certain that the pressure, flow, or energy consumption problem observed is indeed due to

a loss in pipe carrying capacity. An overview of steps in evaluating a rehabilitation project is

summarized in Table 7-12.

c. Economic Analysis. The economic analysis of pipe rehabilitation can be divided into two

cases: pipeline or complex grid. In the case of a single pipeline between two points or a simple

branched system, the design flow rates in the pipe(s) are known and an economic analysis can be

performed manually. The type of economic analysis depends on the alternative to cleaning and

lining; whether it is (1) increased pumping, or (2) a parallel pipe. The first case involves a tradeoff.

The utility can provide adequate pressure and flow by either rehabilitating pipes or by increasing

pumping equipment costs and energy consumption for the pipes that are losing carrying capacity. 

In the second case, simply pumping more will not provide adequate head. This is the case in gravity

systems or portions of pumped systems primarily served through elevated storage during peak flow
Chapter 7: Water Conservation and Planning for Drought 7-21

events. In the case of a complex grid network, the flow in each pipe is highly influenced by the flows

in nearby pipes. For additional information on the economics of rehabilitation of water mains, see

ETL 1110-2-297.

Table 7-12

Steps in Evaluating a Rehabilitation Project

Pressure or Flow Problem Yes or Step to Take

No

Possible closed valves? Yes Check valve.

No Check pumped system.

Pumped system? Yes Check pump performance.

No Check peak flow conditions.

Problem only at peak flow? Yes Analyze storage adequacy.

No Check pipe for soundness.

Pipe structural sound? Yes Check pipe roughness.

No Replace pipe with correct size.

Pipe rough enough? Yes Check complex grid.

No Need more capacity.

Complex grid? Yes Use network model.

No Check pumped main & head at peak flow.

Pumped main & head at peak flow Yes Compute rehabilitation vs. energy.

acceptable?

No Compute rehabilitation vs. parallel main.

5. Water Distribution System Models.

a. Introduction. Mathematical models of water distribution systems are commonly used to

plan system enlargements, test existing systems under unusual conditions, or evaluate the system

operation. Almost every large distribution system has had some type of model developed for it.

While the numerical methods with the models receive the most attention in the literature, there are

actually two parts of a model: (1) the computer program consisting of the input and output routines,

the loop identifier routine, the initialization routine, and the numerical solution routine; and (2) the

system data consisting of the length, diameter, and some coefficient required to calculate head loss

for each pipe, the elevation of each node, the water elevation at each tank, the head, flow, or headcharacteristic curve for each pump, a description of important valves, and water use through the

system.
7-22 Water Supply Handbook

b. Computer Programs. Many computer programs have been developed to perform

fundamental pipe network analysis computations. Appendix E and Chapter 6, Paragraph C, provide

information on two of these models; KYPIPE2 and WADISO.

c. Calibration. A very important step in the development of a water distribution system

model is the comparison of results predicted by the model with observations taken in the field. If the

input for the model is correct, then predicted pressures and flows will match observed values.

However, the data describing water use and pipe roughness are usually not perfect, so some values

must be changed for the predicted and observed values to agree. The question the model user must

answer is, therefore, which parameters need to be changed and by how much? Calibration of a water

distribution model is a two-step process consisting of; (1) comparison of pressures and flows

predicted with observed pressures and flows for known operating conditions (i.e., pump operation,

tank levels, pressure reducing valve settings) and (2) adjustment of the input data for the model to

improve agreement between observed and predicted valves. A model is considered calibrated for a

set of operation conditions and water uses if it can predict flows and pressures with reasonable

agreement. Calibration at one set of operating conditions and water use does not necessarily imply

calibration in general, although confidence in the accuracy of results from the model increases with

an increase in the range of conditions for which the model is calibrated.

F. REFERENCES

Brumbaugh, R., W. Werick, W. Teitz, and J. Lund, October 1994. Executive Summary of the 

Lessons Learned from the California Drought (1987-1992), U.S. Army Engineers, 

Institute for Water Resources, Alexandria, VA. IWR Report 94-NDS-6.

Cowdin, S. and J. Rich, 1994. “Economic Impacts of Drought upon California’s Commercial 

and Industrial Sectors in 1991.” In: Impacts of the California Drought, U.S. Army 

Engineers, Institute for Water Resources working paper, Alexandria, VA.

Maidment, D.R., 1993. Handbook of Hydrology, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Publisher.

Mays, L.W., 1996. Water Resources Handbook, McGraw-Hill, Inc., publisher.

Planning and Management Consultants, Ltd., December 1987, revised August 1991. IWRMAIN Water Use Forecasting System, Version 5.1, User’s Manual and System 

Description. U.S. Army Engineers, Institute for Water Resources, Report 88-R-6. Fort 

Belvoir, VA.

Planning and Management Consultants, Ltd., February 1992. Evaluating Urban Water 

Conservation Programs: A Procedures Manual. Carbondale, IL.
Chapter 7: Water Conservation and Planning for Drought 7-23

Planning and Management Consultants, Ltd., April 1995. IWR-MAIN Water Demand Analysis 

Software, Version 6.1, User’s Manual and System Description. U.S. Army Engineers, 

Institute for Water Resources, Alexandria, VA.

Shamir, U., and C.D.D. Howard, 1979. An Analytic Approach to Scheduling Pipe Replacement, 

J. AWWA, Vol. 71, No. 5, p 248.

State of California, Department of Water Resources, October 1989. WaterPlan version 1.0, 

Water Conservation Assumptions. Sacramento, CA. 

The National Study of Water Management During Drought, May 1991. Report on the First Year 

of Study. U.S. Army Engineers, Institute for Water Resources, Fort Belvoir, VA. IWR 

Report 91-NDS-1.

The National Study of Water Management During Drought, September 1995. The Report to the 

U.S. Congress. U.S. Army Engineers, Institute for Water Resources, Alexandria, VA. 

IWR Report 94-NDS-12.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, 30 November 1987. Management of Water Control 

Systems, Engineer Manual (EM) 1110-2-3600.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, 15 September 1981. Drought Contingency Plans, 

Engineer Regulation (ER) 1110-2-1941.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, 31 August 1995. Preparation of Water Control 

Manuals, Engineer Regulation (ER) 1110-2-8156.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, 20 June 1986. Evaluation of Existing Water 

Distribution Systems, Engineer Technical Letter (ETL) 1110-2-297.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, April 1993. Development of Drought Contingency 

Plans, Engineer Technical Letter (ETL) 1110-2-335.

Walski, T.M., 1984. Analysis of Water Distribution Systems, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company 

Inc., New York.

Werick, W.J., and W. Whipple, Jr., September 1994. Managing Water for Drought. U.S. Army 

Engineers, Institute for Water Resources, Alexandria, VA. IWR Report 94-NDS-8.

Whipple, W.Jr., 1994. New Perspectives in Water Supply, Lewis Publishers.
CHAPTER 8: DECEMBER 1998

WATER SUPPLY NEEDS ANALYSIS

A. WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING

1. Overview.

a. General. Forecasting means the estimation of conditions at a specific future time, or during

a specific time interval. For example, the flow of a river at noon tomorrow, or, the next five months

of inflow into a reservoir are forecasts. Forecasts are distinguished from predictions, which are the

estimation of future conditions, without reference to a specific time. For example, the 100-year flood,

and the 10-year, 7-day low flow are predictions. As the forecasting lead time (the time or time

interval for which the forecast is made) increases, forecast accuracy usually decreases. For very long

lead times, the distinction between forecasts and predictions is blurred, and most forecasts are no

more accurate than those made by using the long-term statistical mean, Maidment (1993). Water

supply forecasting is similar to all other types of forecasting and uncertainty grows with the length

of the forecast period and continual adjustments may be necessary. 

b. Relationships. The intricate relationship between water supplies and water demand can

complicate matters. Spells of dry weather, for example, may not only impair supplies but also lead

to higher levels of outdoor water use. Even though the hydrologic cycle is closed, fluctuations

around mean values can be substantial. In this analysis, conjunctive use of surface water and

groundwater is necessary to adequately determine water supply availability. The importance of

conjunctive use lies in the interaction between the two characteristically different water sources.

There are two main aspects of this interaction, the flow of groundwater to support river flow and the

flow from the river to the groundwater. The former is a common occurrence in temperate regions,

whereas the latter occur widely in arid regions.

2. Methods.

a. General Categories. For supply forecasts, the variables used in most models fall into three

general categories: hydrologic, topographic, and climatic. These three general categories and their

indicators are summarized in Table 8-1. Included under “Hydrologic Indicator Number 5,” are yield

estimates, water quality, and minimum flow requirements.

b. Hydrologic Methods. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has published a series of reports

on water supply forecasting and planning. One study, Dziegielewski et al. (1983) summarized

several hydrologic methods of water supply forecasting, see Table 8-2. Each method has different

data requirements, depending on its focus, and advantages and disadvantages depending on its

application. Most are highly technical in nature and limited in the sense that they focus strictly on the

hydrologic supply side. Supply forecasting grows in complexity when water supplies become
BCIm

115 j

m

i 1

(

Pi

(Ti

10)

)

1.11

8-2 Water Supply Handbook

impaired by natural or artificial causes. Regardless of where they originate, supply forecasts are

relevant in integrated approaches that combine expectations about supply with expectations about

demand for planning purposes.

Table 8-1

General Water Supply Forecasting Categories

Categories Indicators

Hydrologic 1. Reservoir rating curves

2. Drainage area

3. Streamflow

4. Raw water quality

5. The hydrologic characteristics of alternative sources

Topographi 1. Regional maps

c 2. Soil moisture conditions

3. The extent to which drought-tolerant landscaping is used

Climatic 1. Air temperature

2. Precipitation (rainfall and snowmelt)

3. Moisture deficit

c. Basin Climatic Index. Drought indices provide an indirect measure of relative availability

of water. They are derived from comparisons of water requirements as measured by evaporation and

evapotranspiration and to water supplies as measured by precipitation. One such measure, the Basin

Climatic Index (BCI) method, was applied to develop drought alert procedures for Kansas (Lampe,

1982).

Where subscript m denotes the length of the period in months, for which the index is calculated. Pi

and T are, respectively, monthly precipitation in inches and monthly temperature in degrees i

Fahrenheit in month i of the m-month period. The rationale for applying the 12-month running BCI’s

to predict relative availability of water for public water supplies is based on dependence of supply

sources on runoff, the magnitude of which can be related to the BCI. The relative simplicity of the

BCI method justifies its application as the first resort technique for assessing the likelihood of storage

deficiencies for systems that rely on reservoir supplies. The statewide application of this procedure

requires that long-term average BCI’s are determined for various regions of a state and small water

supply systems can use the forecasted runoff to assess their vulnerability to water shortage. Large

water supply systems can perform all evaluations for the watersheds of their sources, thus improving

the accuracy of the estimates.
Chapter 8: Water Supply Needs Analysis 8-3

Table 8-2

Selected Hydrologic Water Supply Forecasting Methods

Method Type of Forecast Data Requirements

Basin Climatic Expected total for 12 months’ runoff, Drainage basin or regional data,

Index (BCI) with 10, 25, and 50 percent probability long-term average BCI’s and runoff,

of occurrence. monthly precipitation and

temperature.

Position Analysis Percent probability of complete Monthly inflow, withdrawals and

exhaustion of the reservoir storage evaporation for a reservoir, plus

during drought. current reservoir storage.

Refined Position Percent probability of a dry reservoir Historical and filled-in streamflow

Analysis based on representative trace of data.

inflows.

National Weather Simulated stream flows; total volume Hydrological parameters and initial

Service River of flow; maximum, minimum, and conditions of a watershed, including

Forecasting average mean daily flow. moisture storage contents,

System snowpack water equivalents, future

(NWS-RFS) time-series of mean areal

precipitation, and temperature (at

least 10-20 years of record).

Snow Accumulation Snow cover outflow plus rain that fell Air temperature, snowpack water

and Ablation Model on bare ground. equivalents, other snow-cover

variables.

Sacramento Soil Five components of water flow: direct Same as for the NWS-RFS model

Moisture runoff, surface runoff, lateral drainage (above).

Accounting interflow, supplementary baseflow;

Model and primary baseflow.

Sensitivity Approach Same as for the NWS-RFS model Typical trace of 6-hour-interval rain

(for NWS-RFS rain- (above). data, current soil moisture, variance

fall-runoff of rainfall input.

procedures)

Stochastic Streamflow forecasts 6, 12, 18, 24, Rainfall data in 6-hour time steps

Conceptual 30, and 36 hours in advance and incoming real-time discharge.

Hydrologic Model

(based on NWSRFS)

d. Position Analysis. Sheer (1980) described a simple analysis of the availability of water in

the Occoquan Reservoir, Virginia during the 1977 drought. His calculations assessed the risk of the

reservoir having gone dry dependent upon the current reservoir storage and soil moisture of the

supply system. This simulation, called “position analysis,” was designed to determine in how may

years in the historical record the reservoir would have gone dry if the demands had been as high as

they were in 1977, and the reservoir as low as it was in 1977. For each year the current storage was
8-4 Water Supply Handbook

added to the inflows for the next month and the expected water use and an allowance for evaporation

in that month were subtracted. The calculation was then repeated for each subsequent month for

each period of the historical record under consideration. The results were expressed in terms of the

risk of a dry reservoir measured as a ratio of years when the reservoir would have been empty over

the number of years of record. The author recommended this approach as the technique of first resort

in estimating the risk of streamflow induced drought.

e. Refined Position Analysis. A more refined “position analysis” method has been performed

by the staff of the U.S. Geologic Service (USGS). This analysis was based upon historical and “filled

in” streamflow data for a net period of 49 years in order to find a representative trace of inflow to the

Occoquan Reservoir which can be expected to occur in any given year. Twenty-seven years were

removed from the 49-year record since they were judged as dissimilar to the year 1977. The

remaining 22 years of record were used to determine in how many years in the historical record the

reservoir would have gone dry given the demands and the reservoir storage as existed in September

1977. This analysis is described by Sheer (1980), while the full presentation of the USGS techniques

can be found in Hirsch (1978).

f. National Weather Service Extended Streamflow Prediction Technique. The National

Weather Service (NWS) has developed a computerized system of hydrologic forecast procedures

which are referred to as the NWS Extended Streamflow Prediction (NWS-ESP) or the NWS River

Forecasting Systems (NWS-RFS). The NWS-RFS procedure comprises several hydrologic forecast

procedures including data acquisition and processing, computation of mean areal precipitation (MAP)

in a watershed, snow accumulation and ablation, soil moisture accounting, parameter optimization

and verification, and operational forecasting. All these procedures are described in several technical

memoranda of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (Monro, 1971;

Hydrologic Research Laboratory Staff, 1972; Fread, 1973, 1975; Anderson, 1973; Morris, 1975; and

Peck, 1976). Overviews of the NWS-RFS procedure at various stages of development are given by

Sittner (1973), Monro and Anderson (1974), Twedt, Schaake and Peck (1977), and Curtis and

Schaake (1979).

g. Soil Moisture Accounting Method. The soil moisture accounting model, referred to as the

Sacramento model, has been developed by the California River Forecast Center and is described by

Burnash et al. (1973) and by Peck (1976). The model distinguishes two soil moisture zones: 1) the

upper zone representing the upper soil layer with interception storage, and 2) the lower zone

representing the bulk of the soil moisture and groundwater storage. Two forms of water are

distinguished in each zone, “tension water” and “free water,” the former being depleted only by

evapotranspiration. The flow rate of water from the upper zone to the lower zone is a function of

water content in the two zones. Generally, the model is deterministic with lumped input and lumped

parameter, and is capable of generating five components of water flow which are converted to a

discharge hydrograph at a 6-hour time step for a given volume of moisture input over that period.

The moisture input to the model also can be determined using a snow accumulation and an ablation

subroutine described by Anderson (1973). This auxiliary model utilizes air temperature as the only

index to energy exchange across the air-snow boundary.
Chapter 8: Water Supply Needs Analysis 8-5

h. Sensitivity Approach.

(1). The NWS-RFS technique can be used to produce probablistic streamflows during

designated time periods. The simulated streamflows serve as artificial flow records to determine total

volume of flow, maximum mean daily flow, minimum mean daily flow, average mean daily flow and

other statistical characteristics. The input data must include the following: 1) a set of hydrological

parameters of a basin under consideration; 2) initial basin conditions that represent the current state

of the catchment in terms of moisture storage in the soil, snow pack water-equivalents, and other

snow cover variables, and 3) representative future time series of mean precipitation and temperature

(at least 10-20 years of historical record). 

(2). An application of the NWS-RFS procedures to produce the estimates of the risk of water

supply shortage during the 1977 depletion of the Occoquan Reservoir has been described by Sheer

(1980). Young et al. (1980) developed an alternative procedure to the NWS-RFS streamflow

simulation to determine the expected yield and standard deviation yield for a given catchment. The

authors proposed a sensitivity analysis of the rainfall-runoff models as used by the NWS. Instead of

performing an extensive simulation of equally likely rainfall traces, the sensitivity approach uses only

one typical trace of 6-hour interval rainfall data, current soil moisture estimates and variance of the

rainfall input. The sensitivity analysis requires less computer time than the NWS procedure.

i. Stochastic Concept. Kitanidis and Bras (1980a, 1980b) reformulated the nonlinear

conceptual rainfall-runoff model used by the NWS-RFS into a form amenable to the analysis of

uncertainty and to real-time forecasting of river discharges within a stochastic process framework.

The model developed by the authors is capable of processing incoming real-time discharge and rainfall

information in 6-hour time steps to produce streamflow forecasts 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 hours in

advance. These lead-time periods are comparable to the response time of a catchment. The

mathematically rigorous approach proposed by the authors may offer a substantial improvement in

water supply forecasting where more precise weather forecasts or historical rainfall information are

available. For an excellent training document on stochastic analysis and drought see Goldman (1985).

3. Effect of Global Warming.

a. Introduction. The intense emphasis on climate change issues during the past decade,

focusing on the social, economic and environmental consequences of global warming has created a

confusing array of policy dilemmas for many governments and natural resources managers. A review

of many relevant publications (e.g. Smith (ed.) et. al. 1996) and especially those of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC: 1996b.c.d. 1997) reveals that there is no set of

new actions, policies or management measures that are unique to the problem of adapting water

resource management to global warming. The only difference appears to be in the support of

implementing conventional measures more rapidly in anticipation of the more severe consequences

of global warming. This is termed the “anticipatory” versus the “reactive” strategy. In reality,

“adaptive management” is one of reacting to a variety of signals and information that are constantly
8-6 Water Supply Handbook

being monitored and fed back into a formal system of response - whether it is policies, operating

procedures, new models or new design standards. The “anticipatory” philosophy rests on the

foundation of the “precautionary principle” which contends that the very uncertainty underlying

global warming and the potentially large adverse consequences requires the immediate

implementation of preventive actions. This applies both to the prevention of greenhouse gasses as

well as actions intended to ameliorate the impacts of warming on various sectors (forestry,

agriculture, ecosystems, urban, etc.). This mitigation (prevention) of greenhouse gases does reflect

a unique new coordinated international strategy that includes specific targets for emissions and a

series of institutional mechanisms for trading emissions among developed and developing nations

(Stakhiv, 1998).

b. Impact Studies. Recent climate change impact studies suggest that well-managed water

resources systems can withstand all but the most severe of climate change scenarios advanced by the

leading general circulation models for a doubled carbon dioxide climate. Therefore, even as the

number of countries and regions that are susceptible to water scarcity, climate change and variability

increase over time, there is a reasonable degree of confidence that vulnerability (the extent of harm

or damage) can, at a minimum, be stabilized at current levels or in most cases, be reduced. That

evidence comes from two trains of analysis: integrated regional or national economic assessments of

climate change impacts [Rosenberg (ed.), 1993; Frederick and Rosenberg (eds.), 1994; and Yates and

Strzepek, 1996] and a detailed analysis of the performance of several managed river basins and urban

areas in relation to future water resources uses and purposes under a wide range of climate change

scenarios exemplified by the work of Kaczmarek and Napiorkowski, (1996); Stakhiv, (1996); Lins,

et. al. (1997); Boland, (1997); Hobbs, et. al. (1997), Wood, et. al. (1997), Georgakakos, et. al.

(1998) and Lettenmaier, et. al. (1998). Climate change impact studies are problematic because they

propagate large uncertainties throughout the analytical process. At best, these studies are suggestive

rather than predictive in nature. Few have even come close to the ideal impact analysis recommended

by the IPCC (1994). Lettenmaier, et. al., (1996) laid out a very detailed account of the various

modeling problems, as did Lins, et. al. (1997) and Hobbs, et. al. (1997). (Stakhiv, 1998).

c. Uncertainties. One of the basic issues associated with global warming and climate

uncertainty is whether it makes much difference to operational hydrology and design to assume a

non-stationary climate over that of a stationary one. Although a great deal of resiliency and

robustness can be built into a water management system through a combination of various

institutional measures (insurance, conjunctive use, water conservation incentives, water codes, legal

measures, regulation, etc.), at the core of water management is the guarantee of a reliable delivery

of services at some predetermined level or reliability. Global warming introduces yet another large

uncertainty into the search for reliability, and the question is whether the current methods of

operational hydrology, oriented toward a stationary climate, can be suitably employed to

accommodate the uncertainties of a non-stationary climate (Stakhiv, 1998). As outlined in IPCC

(1996b), some uncertainties in assessing the effects of climate change on water resources are

summarized in Box 8-1.
Chapter 8: Water Supply Needs Analysis 8-7

Box 8-1: Uncertainties

• Uncertainties in general circulation models and lack of regional specification of locations where

consequences will occur

• Insufficient knowledge on future climate variability, which is a basic element of water management

• Uncertainties in estimating changes in basin water budgets due to changes in vegetation and in atmospheric

and other conditions likely to exist 50 to 100 years from now

• Uncertainties in future demands by each water sector

• Uncertainties in the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of response measures.

Several authors, notable Fiering and Matalas (1990), Rogers and Fiering (1990) and particularly

Matalas (1997) seem to think that the framework of stochastic (synthetic) hydrology, that is widely

used in project planning, “can accommodate the uncertainties in water supplies induced by global

warming with the operational assumption of stationarily as meaningfully as with the assumption of

nonstationarity.” 

d. Strategies. Nevertheless, despite an impressive array of proven methods, models and

policy instruments that are available to better manage and adapt, there needs to be a firm commitment

from each country to implement these mechanisms in a comprehensive and coherent manner. The

uncertainties associated with climate change should provide an additional impetus to contemporary

water resources planning and management to more closely align it with the “no regrets” strategy.

IPCC (1997) defines the “no regrets” strategy as undertaking all the measures that would normally

be justified under contemporary criteria. Stakhiv (1998) indicates that enough evidence has

accumulated that the existing, highly managed watersheds of developed nations have the flexibility

and robustness to withstand all but the severest climate change scenarios. The sensitivity analyses

conducted on these watersheds and river basins under a variety of scenarios may help to refine the

operation and design of these systems for even greater resiliency. These lessons from the more recent

integrated studies should provide additional support to the principles and practices that currently

comprise our understanding of effective water management.

e. Impact of Climate Change on Water Supply. As developed in IPCC (1996b), climate

change is likely to have an impact on both the supply of and demand for water. Most climate-change

impact studies have taken the form of sensitivity analyses by feeding climate-change scenarios into

hydrological models. The outputs of these studies tend to be expressed in terms of changes in the

reliable yield of the systems, changes in the volume of water that can be supplied, or changes in the

risk of system failure. Virtually all of the studies have simulated what would happen in the absence

of adaptation to change. In practice, however, water management authorities will adapt using

existing or new management options, -- as shown to be feasible in the Great Lakes region by Chao,

et al. (1994), and Hobbs, et al. (1995).--although such adaptation may incur added costs and involve

tradeoffs that result in reductions in service for some water users. As shown in IPCC (1996b) there
8-8 Water Supply Handbook

are several possible effects of global warming on the amount of water available within a catchment

or water supply area; these are summarized in Table 8-3.

Table 8-3

Summary of Effects of Global Warming on Water Supply

Effect of Global Warming Impact on Water Supply Reliability

Change in river runoff Yield in direct water abstraction

Yield in reservoir systems

Change in groundwater recharge Yield of groundwater supply systems

Change in water quality Yield of abstraction systems

Rise in sea level Saline intrusion into coastal aquifers

Movement of salt-front up estuaries, affecting 

freshwater abstraction points

Change in evaporation Yield of reservoir systems

f. The Global and Regional Context.

(1). The growing interest in possible consequences of climate change on regional water

resources has given rise to a wealth of studies on the sensitivity of water balance to climatic variables.

A number of these studies are presented in IPCC 1996b. One such study is summarized in Table 8-4.

This table summarizes the combined impact of population growth and climate change on water

availability in selected countries, based on the IPCC (1992a) socioeconomic scenarios and the results

of three transient “General Circulation Models” (GCM) runs. Theses GCM runs are “Geophysical

Fluid Dynamics Laboratory” (GFDL), “United Kingdom Meteorological Office” (UKMO) and “Max

Planck Institute” (MPI). The first column shows the selected countries. The second column lists per

capita water availability for the present (1990); the third column shows water availability for current

climatic conditions, reflecting population growth alone to the year 2050. The last column shows the

range of combined effects of population growth and climate change for the three transient scenarios.

The sensitivities of national water supplies to changes in temperature and precipitation were estimated

by a method proposed by Kaczmarek (1990). It should be added that the future water availability

data do not take into account possible changes in water resources systems development (e.g.,

increased storage and desalination).

(2). The results show that in all countries with high population-growth rates, future per capita

water availability will decrease independent of the assumed climatic scenario. Large discrepancies

may be noted among results obtained for some countries by means of various atmospheric models.

This example clearly demonstrates how difficult it would be to initiate water resources adaptation

actions based on currently available methods of climate predictions. It can be expected that in many

regions of the world, nonclimatic factors will dictate what measures must be undertaken to secure
Chapter 8: Water Supply Needs Analysis 8-9

sustainable water supply (Frederick, 1994; Rogers and Lydon, 1994). Predicted climate changes,

however, could redistribute water supplies, adding a new, highly uncertain component to the

challenge of managing water resources.

Table 8-4

Water Availability in 2050 (1)

Country Present Climate Present Climate Scenario Range

(1990) (2050) (2050)

China 2,500 1,630 1,550-1,780

Cyprus 1,280 820 620-850

France 4,110 3,620 2,510-2,970

Haiti 1,700 650 280-840

India 1,930 1,050 1,060-1,420

Japan 3,210 3,060 2,940-3,470

Kenya 640 170 210-250

Madagascar 3,330 710 480-730

Mexico 4,270 2,100 1,740-2,010

Peru 1,860 880 690-1,020

Poland 1,470 1,250 980-1,860

Saudi Arabia 310 80 30-140

South Africa 1,320 540 150-500

Spain 3,310 3,090 1,820-2,200

Sri Lanka 2,500 1,520 1,440-4,900

Thailand 3,380 2,220 590-3,070

Togo 3,400 900 550-880

Turkey 3,070 1,240 700-1,910

Ukraine 4,050 3,480 2,830-3,990

United Kingdom 2,650 2,430 2,190-2,520

Vietnam 6,880 2,970 2,680-3,140

Footnote: (1). In cubic meters per year for the present climatic conditions and for the three transient climate scenarios

(GFDL, UKMO, and MPI).
8-10 Water Supply Handbook

g. The Planning Process.

(1). The Economic and Environmental Principles and Guidelines for Water and Related

Land Resources Implementation Studies (P&G) (U.S. Water Resources Council, 1983) establish the

standards and procedures that designated federal water resources agencies use for planning and

evaluating water projects. Although climate change is not mentioned explicitly as a source of

uncertainty and had not been routinely incorporated into water planning and project evaluation, the

P&G provides guidance for assessing and dealing with uncertain climate, weather, and hydrologic

events in the distant future (Frederick, et. al., 1997). Contemporary climate variability serves as the

driving mechanism and rationale for ameliorating societal impacts of floods, droughts, hurricanes, and

spatial water deficits. Planning and evaluation principles and methods of the P&G are flexible enough

to incorporate many issues that might arise from the prospect of climate change induced by global

warming. These steps and the considerations are summarized in Table 8-5.

Table 8-5

Principles and Guidelines and Global Warming

Step Consideration

1. Specify Problems and Prospects for and potential implications of climate change would

Opportunities. identify at the start whether or not it is likely to be a significant issue

for a particular project that should therefore be an integral part of

subsequent steps in the planning process.

2. Inventory and Forecast of (If climate change is identified as a significant planning issue in step

Conditions Without a Plan. 1.) Forecast of the impacts of climate change on the region‘s land and

water in the absence of a federal project or policy change but with

adaptations that would likely occur as a result of normal human

responses to the projected changes.

3. Formulate Alternative Formulate alternative plans consisting of a system of structural and/or

Plans. nonstructural measures and strategies that address, among other

concerns, the projected consequences of climate change. The

alternatives are not limited to those that can be implemented under

the existing authority of the federal planning agencies. Nonstructural

measures that might be considered include modifications in public

policy, management practice, regulatory policy, and pricing policy.

4. Evaluate Effects. Evaluation of alternatives to be based on the most likely conditions

expected to exist in the future with and without the plan. The P&G

specifies that plans and their effects should be examined to determine

the uncertainty inherent in the data or various assumptions of future

trends. Methods specified in the P&G for dealing with risk and

uncertainty include reducing the irreversible or irretrievable

commitment of resources and performing sensitivity analyses of the

estimated benefits and costs.

5. Compare Alternative Plans. As in any other project study.

6. Plan Selection. As in any other project study.
Chapter 8: Water Supply Needs Analysis 8-11

Box 8-2: Valuable Insights

• The first is that most adequately managed systems can deal with all but the worst climate change scenarios. 

Efficient water management, however, is a prerequisite for, and the key to effective adaptation to climate

change.

• Second, water resources is but one component of a larger socioeconomic setting which has many other

compensating mechanisms that act to further reduce societal and economic vulnerability to climate change.

• Third, the general circulation model scenarios produce such widely varying results that it is simply

impossible to develop a tailored, cost-effective adaptation strategy when it is not known whether there will be

more or less runoff in a particular river basin in the future.

• Fourth, adaptive management is the keystone of effective water management, and is virtually in agreement

with a “no regrets” adaptive strategy.

(2). Having determined that the P&G planning process is sufficiently flexible to incorporate

consideration of and responses to many possible climate impacts, the challenge is to determine when

the prospect of climate change should be introduced and how the planning process, including field

level guidance, should be altered. Introducing the potential impacts of and appropriate responses to

climate change in water resource planning and project evaluation can be both expensive and time

consuming. Some of the factors that might influence the desirability of incorporating climate change

into the analysis are the level of planning (i.e., national, regional, local, or project), the reliability of

the general circulation models, the hydrologic conditions (e.g., arid or humid), the time horizon of

the plan or life of the project, and the purpose of the project (e.g., hydropower, flood protection,

water supply, etc.) (ibid).

(3). The Corps of Engineers performed an analysis of water resources impacts of climate

change on seven major Corps operated systems in the United States. These studies were the Potomac

River Basin/Washington Metro Area System, Boland (1997); Tacoma, Washington, Wood, et. al.

(1997); and the Missouri River Basin; the Columbia River System; the Savannah River System; the

Appalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River System; and the Boston Metropolitan Area System,

Lettenmaier, et. al. (1998). These studies provided the following valuable insights regarding the

robustness, reliability and resiliency of managed water systems under various climate scenarios.

These scenarios are summarized in Box 8-2.

This continuous mode of adjustment serves to introduce new technologies, data, management

practices and rules that serve to constantly balance demand with available supply. Well-organized

institutions are the key to effective adaptive management. These practices must be more widely

disseminated in developing nations as part of a persistent and directed campaign to improve water

management (Stakhiv, 1998).
8-12 Water Supply Handbook

B. WATER DEMAND FORECASTING

1. Overview. Forecasting water demand is no simpler than forecasting any other type of

demand. Moreover, the intricate relationship between water supplies and water demand can

complicate matters. Forecasting serves several short-term and long term purposes. These are

summarized in Table 8-6. Both short-term and long-term demand forecasting play a role in

integrated water resource planning models.

Table 8-6

Purposes Served by Forecasting

Type of Forecast Purpose

Short Term 1. Facilitates financial planning and management.

2. Projecting revenues to assess if and when a rate change is needed.

3. Estimating cost of service and setting rates.

4. Risk management.

Long Term 1. Plays a role in developing a long-term financial strategy for the water

supplier.

2. Planning the water system.

3. Setting objectives for rates and policy.

2. Methods.

a. General. Numerous methods of forecasting are available for general planning and policy

analysis purposes. Good demand forecasts are of central importance in project design and resource

planning. Gardiner and Herrington, (1986) suggest three main types of forecasts; (1) judgmental, (2)

causal, and (3) extrapolative. The judgmental forecast is based on personal or group knowledge. It

may be purely subjective or an adjustment of a more formal forecast. The causal forecast is based

on the examination of the causal relationships which influence water demand. The extrapolative

forecast is based on the extension of past trends into the future and is based on past levels of water

demand and may involve some form of time series analysis, McDonald and Kay (1988). There are

also methods specifically designed for forecasting water demand during periods of drought,

Dziegielewski, et al. (1983). For additional information on drought, see Chapter 7 of this handbook.

The three approaches to forecasting covered in this chapter: Extrapolation of Time-Series Data;

Statistical, Econometric, and Stochastic Models; and End-Use Methods, are described below.

b. Extrapolation of Time-Series Data.

(1). Analysts using the extrapolation method place great faith in historical demand patterns

to predict future demand patterns. Estimating future demand this way usually assumes linearly or

slightly curvilinear growth in demand and makes no attempt to predict deviations of a significant

magnitude. One of the key problems with this method is that the period of demand used as the basis

for extrapolation greatly affects demand projects, even from year to year. Unless the pattern of
Qt

r

t

Pt

Chapter 8: Water Supply Needs Analysis 8-13

Box 8-3: Six Variations of Statistical, Econometric,

and Stochastic Models

1. Per capita

2. Per-connection

3. Unit-use coefficient

4. Multi variate requirements models

5. Demand models

6. Contingency tree (Probabilistic) models

demand is particularly stable, using a long time series of data does not necessarily yield more reliable

results. Frequent adjustments to the forecast may be required, and planning may be greatly hindered.

Clearly, the different projections of water demand would lead planners to draw different conclusions

about the need for supply adjustments.

(2). Another conceptually simple routinely used approach is to estimate water use (Qt) at a

future time (t) by multiplying the future population (Pt) by a per capita water use rate (rt) as follows:

The per capita water use rate can be assumed constant or projected to change over time based on

historical water use data. Per capita water use rates can be estimated based on water use records for

a particular city, or alternatively, regional or national use rates can be obtained from literature. 

(3). Per customer or per connection methods are a variation of the per capita approach.

Future water use is the product of the projected number of customers and a projected value of water

use per customer. This approach is most frequently used in conjunction with sectorally disaggregate

forecasts, where water use per customer coefficients are estimated for each customer class. Thus,

water use forecasts can reflect varied growth rates among the customers. 

(4). Extrapolation is unconcerned about the factors underlying changes in water demand.

The method is especially weak with regard to changes in different components of water use. One

study (Archibald, 1986) points out, for example, that extrapolation assumes continuous growth in all

use categories, including leakage and other forms of unaccounted-for water, even though this

assumption is not necessarily valid. Extrapolation also does not account for efficiency gained through

innovation in technologies, economies of scale, management, planning, or even regulation.

c. Statistical, Economic, and Stochastic Models.

(1). Forecasts of water demand do not have to rely solely on the pattern of historical demand.

Several modeling techniques allow researchers to make forecasts based on projections of explanatory

variables that are known to correlate with water demand. The Corps of Engineers has identified six

variations of this type of forecasting, Boland, et al. (1983). These are shown in Box 8-3. The first

three are statistical methods

that employ only single

explanatory variables. Per

capita methods use

population only for

predicting water use. As

such, they are criticized for

excluding other known

factors influencing water

demand and possible
8-14 Water Supply Handbook

differences among usage categories. The per-connection method is also limited to a single

explanatory variable, but has the advantages of better data availability and a closer correspondence

to the number of households in the utility service territory. Analysts using this method also can draw

upon other research findings about household water consumption patterns, including case studies.

Unit-use methods apply single explanatory variables, other than population size or service

connections, to total water use or disaggregated categories, such as residential use. An example

would be a method relating the number of manufacturing sector employees to industrial water use.

(2). Requirements models and demand models (the forth and fifth categories in Box 8-1) are

both econometric (or multiple-coefficient) methods that incorporate more than one explanatory

variable. Requirements models use variables that are significantly correlated with water use. Demand

models incorporate price, income, and other variables while emphasizing economic theory, implied

causality, and the statistical significance of coefficients. The development of a causal Econometric

model of water demand, (Carr et al., 1990) is shown in Table 8-7. Because they provide a more

comprehensive picture, multi variate models are usually regarded as more useful for planning

purposes. These also may be more of less complicated, which in turn affects the degree of difficulty

in acquiring and analyzing the necessary data. Moreover, multi variate forecast models require

forecasts of the chosen explanatory variables, such as population projections. If the population

forecast is off the mark, the forecast of water demand likewise will be off, to the detriment of

planning.

(3). One way to consider uncertainty in forecasting is to use a stochastic or probabilistic

approach (the sixth category in Box 8-1), such as a contingency tree or a “what if” analysis, in

combination with another base forecasting method. A contingency tree takes into account different

combinations of variables, based on different probability assumptions, making it possible to produce

alternative demand forecasts. The result actually is a range of forecasts to which different

probabilities may be assigned. In a sophisticated analysis, such as one using a simulation model, both

supply and demand could be manipulated to arrive at alternative forecasts. This may be an especially

useful tool in planning for the possibility of drought or other water shortages. Proposed measures

to mitigate the effects of a shortage, such as rationing, could be incorporated within the model to

assess their impact. Probabilistic methods tend to involve significant data and computational

demands. While they may enhance planning efforts, they also add a high degree of complexity to the

process. Advances in computer hardware and software, however, have made multi variate modeling

more accessible and less expensive. In particular, computers make it easier for analysts to conduct

sensitivity, contingency, and probabilistic analyses as well as simply to “explore” the available data.

Each of the methods described by the Corps of Engineers has certain advantages. A single-coefficient

method, for example, may serve the purposes of preliminary assessments. Probabilistic methods are

too complex for this purpose but have advantages in terms of other planning criteria, especially in

dealing with uncertainty. Data requirements and availability, however, depend on the particular

forecasting application.
Chapter 8: Water Supply Needs Analysis 8-15

Table 8-7

Developing a Causal Model of Water Demand

(1) Average-day

residential = f (time).

water use

(2) Average-day

residential = population x per capita use.

water use

(3) Average-day = h [(initial population + births - deaths + net migration) x per capita use].

residential

water use

(4) Births = j (age distribution).

(5) Deaths = k (age distribution).

(6) Net migration = l (economic activity).

(7) Average-day = [initial population + j - k + l] x per capita water use.

residential

water use

(8) Per capita = m (marginal price of water, household income, climate factors).

 water use

(9) Average-day = [initial population + j - k + l] x m.

d. End-Use Methods.

(1). The alternative approaches to forecasting water use include end-use or component

methods that emphasize estimating different water use categories and adding these to arrive at an

aggregate demand forecast. A range of values is sometimes used within components and for the

aggregate amount. For example, four general categories of water demand used in an end-use study

by the Severn-Trent Water Authority in Great Britain are; domestic, industrial and commercial,

agricultural, and unaccounted-for water, Archibald (1986). Components of these major water

demands are summarized in Table 8-8.
8-16 Water Supply Handbook

Table 8-8

Components of Water Demands

Water Demand Major Water Components

Domestic Personal

Toilet flushing

Clothes washing

Dish washing

Other appliances

Outdoor

Industrial and Commercial Domestic

Processing

Direct and Indirect Processing

Agricultural Domestic

Livestock

Irrigation

Unaccounted-for water Customer connections

The distribution system

Trunk mains

Reservoirs

(2). In an end-use model, the different components of each general category are forecast

according to expectations about that type of use. Domestic use, for example, may be affected by

changes in plumbing codes or the degree of market saturation for different water-using appliances.

The introduction of metering or an alternative rate schedule may affect the consumption patterns of

industrial and commercial users. The availability of alternative sources (such as self-operated wells)

might affect agricultural use. A leak detection and repair program could affect the unaccounted-for

water category. In each case, the method can accommodate these expectations and produce a range

of estimates that takes into account their effect on total water consumption. End-use methods also

can accommodate changes in the behavior of water users or technologies they use, such as installing

low-volume toilets in a housing development or implementing water recycling at an industrial plant.

e. Summary. The best approach to water demand forecasting may be a hybrid approach that

provides the policy analyst with a means of verifying the validity and reliability of the models and

resulting forecasts. This is particularly important when data may be insufficient. Further, the use of

any stochastic technique that allows the planner to assess alternative contingencies is likely to enhance

planning capabilities. Table 8-9 (George, 1985) compare’s time-series, econometric, end-use, and

hybrid forecasting techniques in terms of certain advantages and disadvantages.
Chapter 8: Water Supply Needs Analysis 8-17

Table 8-9

Comparison of Alternative Demand Forecasting Methods

Forecasting Advantages Disadvantages

Methods

Time-Series • Minimal data requirements. • Does not treat underlying factors 

• Low cost. explicitly.

• Forecast accuracy generally good in • Not useful for policy analysis.

 short run. • Accuracy low in the long run.

• Can predict seasonal and daily 

 patterns.

Econometric • Explicitly models underlying • High skill level required to develop 

influences on demand. models.

• Based on explicit theory of consumer • Difficult to address or impossible to 

 behavior. identify individual variable impacts.

• Less date-intensive than end-use 

 models.

End-Use • Good policy-analysis capabilities. • Often lacks endogenous behavioral 

• Relatively understandable. component.

• Data-intensive.

• Costly.

Hybrid • Better behavioral component than • Date-intensive.

 pure end-use models. • Costly.

• Better policy analysis capabilities than • Ad hoc nature can make

 most econometric models. interpretations difficult.

• Can lack efficiency and elegance.

3. Data Requirements for Demand Forecasting. 

a. Data Used in Demand Forecasting. Regardless of what is being modeled (requirements,

demand, or end-use) and whether or not a stochastic approach is being incorporated, econometric

modeling requires a set of explanatory variables. Table 8-10 (adopted from NRRI, 1991) provides

some of the variables that may be used in projecting future water needs for a given locality or water

utility service territory. Each variable is thought potentially to affect water demand. Analysts, of

course, choose a set of explanatory variables that they believe are the best predictors. Four major

categories are identified: resource’s utilization, socioeconomic, cultural/institutional, and water

systems.
8-18 Water Supply Handbook

Table 8-10

Data Used in Demand Forecasting

(Continued on Next Page)

Category Subunits Variables

Resource Land use • Proportions of land in various use categories (e.g.,

Utilization urbanization, cropland, and woodland)

• Agricultural production

• Recreational uses

Water use • Water use by self-supplied industry

• Water use by agricultural sector

• Recreational uses

• Irrigated areas

Socioeconomic Demographic • Population, number of households, number of

connections, number of users, etc.

• Household size

• Characteristics of the population (e.g., age distribution)

Economic • Income level (persons or household)s

• Assessed value of residential properties

• Size of residential properties

• Number of commercial and institutional establishments

• Value of commercial receipts

• Employee productivity

• Price elasticities for water demand

Housing • Housing density

• Type of hosing

• Construction grading

• Size of lots

• Connections to a public sewer

Cultural / Cultural • Consumer preferences, habits and tastes

Institutional • Acceptability of demand reduction measures by

consumers

• Cultural constraints or incentives

• Consumer education

• Policy variables

Legal / political • Legal barriers to implementation of alternatives

• Political constraints and opposition

• Historical experience
Chapter 8: Water Supply Needs Analysis 8-19

Table 8-10

Data Used in Demand Forecasting

(Continued)

Category Subunits Variables

Water Systems Operational • Historical water use

• Total treated water

• Total delivered water

• Daily reservoir levels

Technological • Inspection and repair of faulty plumbing

• A leak detection program

• Efficiency of eater-using fixtures and appliances

• Distribution pressure

• Supply reliability

• Allocations of water of differential quality

• Industrial processes and applications

• Industrial water reuse, recycling and recirculations

Costs and • Operation and maintenance costs of water-supply system

Revenues • Investment and operation-maintenance costs for

alternative water-supply sources

• Water and sewer revenues (aggregated and by customer

class)

• Water and sewer rate structures

• Width and level of price blocks

b. Variable Considerations Used in Demand Forecasting. Water planners are increasingly

aware of some variables that are difficult to quantify but that may have a significant effect on water

consumption and thus on determining both average and peak demand in both the short term and the

long term. Prasifka (1988) suggests the factors, displayed in Box 8-4, should be considered. There

are numerous potential sources of data for use in water demand forecasting (Boland, 1983). The

water supply utility itself can provide essential data to the water planner. The National Weather

Service, other Federal agencies, and universities can provide climate and weather data. In addition,

demographic and socioeconomic data are available from the U.S. Department of Commerce and the

Bureau of the Census as well as state and local planning, economic development, and tax assessment

agencies. End-use data are more costly and require a well planned and often time-consuming

research effort; the same is true for attitudinal data on consumer acceptance issues, as might be

collected through a customer survey. Consultants and universities sometimes generate these types

of data. For some forms of contingency analysis, it may be appropriate to use hypothetical data for

certain variables, such as weather, in order to generate alternative scenarios.
8-20 Water Supply Handbook

Box 8-4: Variable Considerations Used in Demand Forecasting

• Fluctuations in rainfall.

• Variations in lawn irrigation demands associated with differences in residential housing density.

• Differences in greenbelt irrigation requirements and in the availability of untreated or reclaimed water

for these needs.

• Differences in the degree to which structural and nonstructural water conservation measures have

been implemented in the area.

• Variations in person per household.

• Effectiveness of public education programs to increase consumer awareness.

• Intensity of construction activity, such as grading and site work.

C. DEMAND FORECASTING MODELS

1. Introduction. As documented by Wurbs (1994), a tremendous amount of work has been

accomplished during the past thirty years in developing computer models for use in water resources

planning and management. The one model most closely associated with demand forecasting is IWRMAIN. While the details of this program is provided below, additional information is provided in

Appendix E and Chapter 6, Paragraph C. 

2. IWR-MAIN.

a. Background. The IWR-MAIN Water Use Forecasting System is a software package which

provides a variety of forecasting models, socioeconomic parameter generating procedures, and data

management capabilities. The acronym “IWR-MAIN” stands for “Institute for Water ResourcesMunicipal and Industrial Needs.” The IWR model was originally based on the MAIN model

developed by Hittman Associates, Inc., in the late 1960's for the U.S. Office of Water Resources

Research, which in turn was based on earlier work by Howe and Linaweaver (1967) and others. In

the early 1980's, the Institute for Water Resources (IWR) adopted and modified MAIN and renamed

the revised model IWR-MAIN. During the 1980's, IWR-MAIN evolved through several versions

representing major modifications. Version 5.1 documented by Davis et al. (1991) has recently been

replaced by Version 6.1. IWR-MAIN has been applied to a number of cities throughout the United

States.
Chapter 8: Water Supply Needs Analysis 8-21

b. Explanation of Model.

(1). IWR-MAIN is a flexible municipal and industrial water use system. Forecasts are made

for average daily water use, winter daily water use, summer daily water use, and maximum-day

summer water use. IWR-MAIN provides capabilities for highly disaggregated forecasts. Water

requirements are estimated separately for the residential, commercial/institutional, industrial, and

public/unaccounted sectors. Within these major sectors, water use estimates are further

disaggregated in categories such as metered and sewered residences, commercial establishments, and

three-digit SIC manufacturing categories. A maximum of 284 categories of water use can be

accommodated. Most forecasts, however, utilize approximately 130 specific categories. 

(2). IWR-MAIN contains a procedure for estimating the water saving effectiveness of water

conservation (demand management) programs. Conservation parameters obtained from literature

sources are provided for in 14 separate measures. The impacts of one or more proposed or

previously implemented conservation measures in the water service area are computed based on 1)

estimates of the expected reduction in the uses of water affected by conservation, 2) the market

coverage of conservation practices, and 3) expected interactions among measures that are

implemented together.

(3). Preparation of an IWR-MAIN water use forecast requires two separate actions; 1)

verification of the empirical equations and coefficients for estimating water use and 2) projection of

future values of determinate’s of water use. Model verification is accomplished by preparing

independent estimates of water use for one or more historical years and comparing these estimates

with actual water use conditions. If necessary, the model can be calibrated. The base year is the year

from which values of explanatory variables are projected. One or more subsequent years are selected

as the forecast years for which water use is predicted. Future values of water use determinants can

be developed externally or can be generated by growth equations built into the program.

c. Update of Model. The recent Version 6.1 of IWR-MAIN include a module called the

integrated water supply and demand plan. Capabilities are provided for selecting a least-cost

combination of water supply and demand management alternatives, in response to deficits between

baseline forecasts of water use and expected yields of supply sources. Tradeoffs can be evaluated

between the investment in long-term demand and supply management alternatives and the costs of

coping with periodic shortages of supply during drought conditions.

3. Agricultural Water Requirements. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (1991), describes 14

computer models categorized as water requirement models. These models deal with estimating

evapotranspiration and crop water requirements and managing irrigation. Most of the models were

developed by the Bureau of Reclamation. Some are site specific, but most are generalized for

application to various locations. Information on these models can be obtained by contacting the

Bureau of Reclamation, U. S. Department of the Interior, P.O. Box 25007, Denver, Colorado 80225.
8-22 Water Supply Handbook

D. INTEGRATED WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND

1. Introduction. A new category of planning model has emerged with the capability to address

the balancing of water supply and water demand providing a more holistic view of water

management. Unique, regionalized models are developed to address the needs of a specific system.

One model (WEAP) was found that provides a comprehensive framework for water resources

assessment. Additional information on WEAP is contained in Chapter 6, Paragraph C and in

Appendix E. 

2. WEAP.

a. Background. The Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) model, is an integrated

water supply and demand modeling system which serves several purposes including data base

management, forecasting, and analysis. WEAP provides a data base system for maintaining water

demand and supply information. It provides capabilities for forecasting water demand, supplies, flows

and storage over a long-term planning horizon. It is a simulation model for evaluating alternative

water use scenarios and management strategies. The model can also be used to perform various types

of analyses including sectoral water demand forecasts, supply source allocation, stream flow and

reservoir storage simulation, hydropower forecasts, pollution loading estimates, and benefit-cost

analysis. Operating on the basic principle of water account balancing, WEAP can be applied to single

or multiple interconnected river systems at the city, regional or national level. WEAP was developed

by the Tellus Institute, which is a team of scientists, planners, and policy analysts organized into a

nonprofit research and consulting organization. The Tellus Institute serves as the Boston Center of

the Stockholm Environment Institute, an international organization based in Sweden. The 1993

version of the WEAP model (Tellus Institute, 1993) expands the original 1990 version and continues

to be refined. WEAP has been applied in studies in several countries. 

b. Explanation of Model. WEAP runs on MS-DOS based microcomputers in an interactive

menu-driven mode. A summary of the modules or programs is provided in Table 8-11.
Chapter 8: Water Supply Needs Analysis 8-23

Table 8-11

Water Evaluation and Planning System

Programs Description

Setup Characterizes the problem under study by defining the study time period,

physical elements comprising the water demand-supply network, and their spatial

relationships. 

Demand Forecasts water demands for various water uses defined in the study. Projected

water demands determined in this program are passed to the next programs

(distribution, supply, and evaluation) for further processing and analysis. The

demand program uses the following hierarchical branching structure to manage

data.

 • Sector - (example agriculture)

 • Subsector - (type of crop) 

 • Enduse - ( water requirements for different soil conditions)

 • Device - (irrigation techniques)

Distribution Converts the annual demands developed in the Demand Program into monthly

supply requirements by incorporating monthly variation coefficients, distribution

loses, conveyance capacities, and reuse rate for each demand site.

Supply Simulates the spatial and temporal water allocations between supply sources and

demand sites.

Evaluation Provides capabilities for comparing and evaluating alternative water use

scenarios and management strategies in terms of physical demand and supply,

environmental impacts, and economic benefits. 

E. REFERENCES

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Climatic Uncertainty. Climatic Change, v. 37, pp 157-176.

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Burnash, R.J.C., R.L. Ferral, and R.A. McGuire, 1973. A Generalized Streamflow Simulation System-- 

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Management of the Great Lakes of North America, in E. Parent and L. Duckstein (eds.), 

Engineering Risk and Reliability in the Management of Natural Resources under Physical Change

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Curtis, D.C. and J.C. Schaake, 1979. The NWS Extended Streamflow Prediction Technique. In 

Proceedings, Conference on Water Conservation Needs and Implementing Strategies, pp. 182-

195, New Hampshire: Franklin Pierce College.

Davis, Y.D., D.M. Rodrigo, E.M. Opitz, B. Dziegielewski, D.D. Baumann, and J.J. Boland, 

December 1987, revised August 1991. IWR-MAIN Water Use Forecasting System, Version 5.1: 

User’s Manual and System Description. U.S. Army Engineer Institute for Water Resources, IWR 

Report 88-R-6, Fort Belvoir, VA. 

Dziegielewski, B., J.J. Boland, and D.D. Baumann, 1981. An Annotated Bibliography on Techniques of 

Forecasting Demand for Water. U.S. Army Engineer Institute for Water Resources, Fort Belvoir, 

VA.

Dziegielewski, B., J.J. Boland, and D.D. Baumann, 1983. The Evaluation of Drought Management 

Measures for Municipal and Industrial Water Supply. U.S. Army Engineer Institute for Water 

Resources, Fort Belvoir, VA. Report 83-C-3.

Fiering, M.B. and N.C. Matalas (1990). Decision-Making Under Uncertainty. Climate Change and U.S. 

Water Resources, Waggoner, P.E.( ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Fread, D.L., 1973. A Dynamic Model of State Discharge Relations Affected by Changing Discharge. 

NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS HYDRO-16, U.S. Department of Commerce, Silver 

Springs, MD.

Fread, D.L., 1975. Numerical Properties of Implicit Four-Point Finite Difference Equations of 

Unsteady Flow. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS HYDRO-18, U.S. Department of 

Commerce, Silver Springs, MD.

Frederick, K.D., 1994. Balacing Water Demands with Supplies: The Role of Management in a World of 

Increasing Scarcity. Technical Paper No. 189, The World Bank, Washington, DC, 72 pp.

Frederick, K.D. and N. Rosenberg (eds.) (1994). Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Natural 

Resources Systems. Kluwer Academic Publications, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 
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Frederick, K.D., Major, D.C. and E.Z. Stakhiv (1997). Water Resources Planning Principles and 

Evaluation Criteria for Climate Change: Summary and Conclusions. Climate Change, v. 37: pp 

291-313.

Gardiner, V. and P. Herrington, 1986. Water Demand Forecasting. Geo Books, Norwich, UK. 

Georgakakos, A., Yao, H., Mullusky, M. and K. Georgakakos (1998). Impact of Climate Variability on 

the Operational Forecast and Management of the Upper Des Moines River Basin. Water 

Resources Research, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp 799-821.

George, S.S. (1985) as reported in David W. Prasifka, Current Trends in Water Supply Planning (New 

York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1988), pp 98.

Goldman, D., July 1985. Stochastic Analysis of Drought Phenomena. U.S. Army Hydrologic 

Engineering Center, Davis, CA.

Hirsch, R.M., 1978. Risk Analysis for a Water Supply System--Occoquan Reservoir, Fairfax and Prince 

William Counties, VA. USGS Open-File Report 78-452.

Hobbs, B.F., Chao, P.T. and J.F. Koonce (1995). Climate Change and Management of Water Levels in 

the Great Lakes. In “Proc. of the First National Conference: Climate Change and Water

Resources Management.” U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Belvoir, VA, Chapter 4.

Hobbs, B., Chao, P. and B. Venkatesh (1997). Using Decision Analysis to Include Climate Change in 

Water Resources Decisionmaking. Climatic Change, v. 37: pp 171-202.

Howe, C.W. and F.P. Linaweaver, 1967. The Impact of Price on Residential Demand and It’s Relation to 

System Design and Price Structure, as reported in “Water Resources Research,” pp 3:12-32.

Hydrologic Research Laboratory Staff, 1972. National Weather Service River Forecast System Forecast 

Procedures. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS HYDRO-14, U.S. Department of Commerce, 

Silver Springs, MD.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1992. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Impacts 

Assessment [McG. Tegart, W.J., G.W. Sheldon, and J.H. Hellyer (eds.)]. Australian Gov. Publ. 

Service, Canberra, Australia, 112 pp.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1994). IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate 

Change Impacts and Adaptation. Cambridge University Press.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1996b). “Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations, and 

Mitigations:” Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC. 

Cambridge University Press. 

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1996c). “Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social 

Dimensions of Climate Change:” Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment 

Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press.
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (1996d). Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and 

Mitigation, Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second 

Assessment Report 22pp.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1997). IPCC Special Report -- The Regional Impacts of 

Climate Change - An Assessment of Vulnerability. Policymakers Summary. Cambridge 

University Press.

Kaczmarek, Z. (1990). On the Sensitivity of Runoff to Climate Change. WP-90-58, Internatiional 

Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 10pp.

Kaczmarek, Z. and J. Napiorkowski (1996). Water Resources Adaptation Strategy in an Uncertain 

Environment. In: J. Smith, et. al. (eds.) “Adapting to Climate Change: Assessments and Issues”. 

Springer-Verlag, pp 211-224.

Kitanidis, P.K. and R.L. Bras, 1980. Real-Time Forecasting With a Conceptual Hydrologic Model: 1. 

Analysis of Uncertainty. Water Resources Research 16:1025-1033. 

Lampe, L.K., 1982. Drought Contingency Manual for Kansas Water Utilities. Black & Westch, 

Consulting Engineers, Kansas City, MO.

Lettenmaier, D., McCabe, G. and E. Stakhiv (1996). Global Climate Change: Effect on Hydrologic Cycle. 

In L. Mays (ed.) “Water Resources Handbook.” McGraw-Hill New York. Chap. 29. 

Lettenmaier, D., Wood, A., Palmer, R., Wood, E. and E. Stakhiv (1998). Water Resources Implications of

Global Warming: A U.S. Regional Perspective. Climatic Change (In Press).

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Climate Change, v.37: pp 63-88.

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Resources Research,” 16:556-564.
CHAPTER 9: DECEMBER 1998

MANAGEMENTOFWATERCONTROL SYSTEMS

A. OVERVIEW

1. Introduction. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) operates more than 500 dam and

reservoir projects constructed under the Army’s Civil Works water resources program. A listing of

these projects and detail authorization information is contained in “Authorized and Operating

Purposes of Corps of Engineers Reservoirs,” (Corps, July 1992). The water control mission of the

Corps is to regulate river flow with these projects to provide national benefits of flood control,

navigation, hydroelectric power generation, water supply, erosion control, environmental

enhancement, and other authorized purposes. Water control plans are developed to guide project

regulation activities. Those activities involved with developing water control plans, gathering and

processing data in support of regulation decisions, and regulating the reservoirs in accordance with

water control plans are collective referred to as “Water Control Management” (HEC, 1995). Specific

Corps guidance is contained in EM 1110-2-3600 (Corps, 1987) and ER 1110-2-240 (Corps, 1994).

2. Water Control Data Systems. The Water Control Data System (WCDS) is the Automated

Information System (AIS) that supports the Corps’ water control mission including the hardware,

software, manpower, and other resources required to acquire, develop, maintain, operate, and manage

the system. The WCDS includes the collection, acquisition, retrieval, verification, storage, display,

transmission, dissemination, interpretation, and archival of data and information needed to carry out

the water control mission of the Corps. Typically this data and information include hydrologic,

meteorologic, water quality, and project data and information. The system automatically collects data

continuously from thousands of sensors throughout the nation. In addition, the system gathers and

stores spatial satellite and radar imagery, graphical products, text products, and lab and field analyses

of chemical, physical and biological samples. The system through its software incorporates this data

and information into various user products and system outputs. The WCDS is a nationwide

integrated system of hardware and software that allows user access to virtually any data and

information in the system. A suite of software gives users the ability to display, manipulate,

disseminate, interpret, and transmit this information throughout the Corps and to numerous other

interested users (HEC, 1995).

3. Objectives and Principles of Water Control Management.

a. General. The prime objectives of the Corps’ water control management plan (Corps,

1987) are to first conform with specific provisions of project-authorizing legislation and second to

conform with all general-authorizing legislation (e.g., the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, PL

85-624; the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, PL 91-190; the Clean Water Act of 1977,

PL 95-217; etc.). A general prime requirement in project regulation is the safety of users of the

facilities and the general public, both at projects and at downstream locations. The development of

water control plans and the scheduling of releases at projects will be coordinated with appropriate
9-2 Water Supply Handbook

agencies or entities, as necessary to meet commitments made in planning and design.

b. Regulation of Single Purpose Reservoirs. When reservoirs are authorized for a single

purpose, their operation must be for attainment of that purpose (Corps, 1987). Flexibility, however,

is allowed in order to produce significant benefits for other purposes, e.g., flood control, water

quality, recreation, power or other attainable goals as long as these goals do not compromise the

authorized project purpose. For single purpose projects with uncontrolled outlet works, there is no

mechanism to regulate the flow, and accordingly, no mechanism to allow for changed conditions or

to operate for multipurpose objectives. While it is unnecessary to prepare detailed regulation

schedules for this type of project, it is necessary to define the uncontrolled operation and prepare

water control documents to show its effect on downstream control and its relationship to other

projects in the system.

c. Regulation of Multipurpose Reservoirs. More than one water management goal or

objective can be accommodated in a multipurpose reservoir, or system of reservoirs (Corps, 1987).

The degree of compatibility for each of the water uses depends upon the characteristics of the river

system, water use requirements, and the ability to forecast runoff. The blending of all the specifically

authorized purposes with other desirable project outputs are all reflected in the water control plan.

In many cases, the uses are somewhat conflicting, and some degree of compromise is required to

achieve the water management goals. There is, however, a generally recognized priority for each of

the major uses under which the defined project benefits are assured to the greatest extent possible.

The balancing of water use demands and priorities are defined in the water control plan.

B. DEVELOPMENT OF WATER CONTROL PLANS

1. Introduction.

a. General. Throughout the life of a water resource project it is necessary to define the water

control criteria in precise terms at a particular time. This is necessary in order to assure carrying out

the intended functional commitments in accordance with the authorizing documents (Corps, 1987).

For this reason, documents related to water regulation are prepared during the various stages of

project development to assure that the projects are regulated in accordance with the design criteria

and agreed upon procedures. Throughout the nation, the variety of projects and conditions related

to water control makes it impossible to develop a single set of water management rules which apply

to all projects. Nevertheless, for all projects there is an overriding requirement that methods used in

developing water control plans be performed in accordance with general principles and guidelines

established as consistent policy for all projects.

b. Water Control Plans. The water control plan addresses the needs and methods for

determining a plan of regulation considering all water management goals, (functional,

environmental, social and aesthetic), as well as various techniques, organizations, systems and
Chapter 9: Management of Water Control Systems 9-3

facilities involved in the regulation of water projects (Corps, 1987). The organization and staff

required to carry out water control functions are also dealt within the water control plan. Each river

basin development and Corps office has its own unique circumstances and meets its own staffing and

organizational requirements for water management activities. Regulation of projects must consider

all aspects of the conditions of the rivers and projects, as well as at downstream locations. Many of

the functional uses have far-reaching effects on water related systems involving major industries,

utilities, and agricultural developments, which are dependent in some degree upon the utilization of

the water resource. Furthermore, project regulation has significant effects on the use of the

waterways by the general public in relation to environmental and aesthetic considerations.

2. Development of Regulation Schedules and Water Control Diagrams.

a. Water Control Diagram. A water control diagram represents a compilation of regulation

criteria, guidelines, guide curves and specifications that govern basically the storage and release

functions of a water resource project. An example of a water control diagram is shown in Figure 9-

1. These diagrams indicate pool levels and limiting rates of project releases required during various

seasons of the year to meet all functional objectives of the particular project, acting separately or in

combination with other projects in a system. Water control diagrams are an important element of the

water control plan in that they provide the technical guidance and specific rules of regulations that

are mandated as the result of studies and the review and approval processes in the planning, design,

and operational phases. The diagrams, however, are only a part of the overall water control plan,

which provides for adjusting project regulation on the basis of other factors that may develop in

actual operation as the result of unique hydrometeorological conditions, changing water control

requirements, and other factors which may influence current project regulation. 

(1). Explanation of Outflow Chart. This table show the release that should be made under

different conditions. For example, if the reservoir storage is in Zone “B” and the flow in Connellsville

is between 100 and 300 cfs, the release should be 250 cfs.

(2). Explanation off Runoff Scale. The “Storage in Inches of Runoff” scale helps operators

determine whether there is enough available storage to capture recent or threatened runoff. For

example, suppose it was May, and the Lake was at the normal Summer Pool Elevation, 1439. The

runoff scale shows that there is more than 3" (10+" -6.8") of available storage between the summer

pool and the full pool. This is true runoff. The conversion between measured precipitation and

runoff is made from experience, measured soil saturation, and expected evaporation based on

cloudiness.

b. Assessments of Changed Conditions. Preparation of the water control plan (Corps, 1987)

and the documentation of that plan in the water control manual must be undertaken based on current

knowledge of conditions regarding river basin management, and the manual should be completed by

the time the project becomes operational. These manuals must undergo periodic review and update

to incorporate current concepts and conditions which include additional or new hydrologic 
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

Source: Management of Water Control Systems, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, EM 1110-2-3600, 30 November 1987

-

Full Pool Elev. 1470 254,000 Ac-ft

 0 10 15 20 25 0 10 15 20 25 0 10 15 20 25 0 10 15 20 25 0 10 15 20 25 0 10 15 20 25 0 10 15 20 25 0 10 15 20 25 0 10 15 20 25 0 10 15 20 25 0 10 15 20 25 0 10 15 20 25

 

-10"

-9"

-8"

-7"

 

-6"

-5"

 

-4"

-3"

 

-2"

-1"

-0"

- 1460

- 1450'

- 1440'

- 1430'

- 1420'

F

Summer Pool Elevation 1439

154,500 Ac-ft

Minimum Pool Elevation 1344 5,200 Ac-ft

- 1400'

- 1390'

- 1380'

- 1370'

- 1360'

- 1350'

- 1340'

- 1410'

E

F

D

B

A

C D E G

YOUGHIOGHENY RIVER LAKE

Present Storage Allocation Schedule

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers District - Pgh, Pa.

June 1979

G

9-4 Water Supply Handbook

Figure 9-1. Water Control Diagram

data and a reevaluation of any water control requirements. Besides the addition of possible new

requirements, there is always a need for a periodic review of flood control regulation parameters,

often required because of changed conditions with respect to seasonal downstream channel capacities,

possible downstream development adjacent to the river channel, and changed economic values for

flood protection.

c. Integration of Basic Seasonal Flood Control Guide Curves with Other Objectives.

Development of water control diagrams (Corps, 1987) must be compatible with all water control

objectives. In many reservoir systems, the multipurpose functions are compatible for joint use of

the reservoir storage space, and the allocated storage space and project capabilities for all joint use

functions are determined from reservoir system analysis studies. In many instances, however,

storage capacity or water supply available from storage release and natural flow often is not

sufficient to provide fully for all the desirable functions. Development of regulation schedules under

these conditions results in a semidependence between purposes and requires that secondary

consideration be given to other related functions when schedules are being developed for a specific

purpose. When developing flood control guide curves with other objectives of the project, there are

three separate classifications that must be considered. While these may not be present in any one
Chapter 9: Management of Water Control Systems 9-5

project, the water control manager must be aware of their individual characteristics. These

classifications and guide curve requirements are summarized in Table 9-1.

Table 9-1

Development of System Analysis Studies for Multipurpose Uses

Classification Requirement of Guide Curves

Hydropower • The month-by-month reservoir schedule and operating limits for each project as 

 required for system power regulation.

• The plant and power system capability as related to the sale of electrical energy.

• The regulation of each project in the system to meet its proportional share of the 

 electrical power system load, in conjunction with all other water management 

 requirements.

Other • To define the upper and lower limits of reservoir regulation for each of the

functional use functional use requirements as well as flood control.

requirements • Limits are usually defined as seasonally variable guide curves, which are inviolate 

 in actual operation except as necessary to meet the specific functional goals set 

 forth in the planning and design phase.

• Usually generalized for application to all years and would thereby account for

future variable hydrologic and operating conditions anticipated from the system

studies.

• In some cases developed individually on a year-to-year basis in order to account

for specific operating criteria as defined for that particular year.

Environmental, • May be in the form of generalized relationships and rules which apply to all years of

Social and future regulation.

Aesthetic • May be specifically developed for a particular year or season and are changeable

requirements from year-to-year. These guide curves may be in the following form:

 - Storage required on a seasonal basis in conjunction with other functional water

uses.

 - Minimum project releases which may vary seasonally or as a function of water in 

 storage which is usable for downstream release and surplus to other needs.

 - Rates of change of discharge or water surface elevation, either at the project or at

a point downstream.

 - Special short-term releases for a particular environmental or aesthetic need.

3. Testing of Water Control Plans.

a. General. Water control diagrams (Corps, 1987) are usually developed on a “hindsight”

basis, using historical streamflow data, and with full or partial knowledge of runoff events that may

be used in adjusting the criteria to best achieve the water management objectives. In actual operation,

the runoff sequence will never duplicate those of the historical record. It is desirable, therefore, to

test the guide curves and other criteria on the water control diagram using independent data, in a

manner similar to actual operation. The data used for input may be historical data other than those

used in developing the schedules, or it may be independently derived by statistical stochastic methods

or from hypothetically derived streamflow, design floods, etc.
9-6 Water Supply Handbook

b. Long-term Water Utilization Analysis. Testing guide curves and other criteria on the

water control diagram for long-term water utilization should be performed for those projects or

systems which involve water use purposes, such as hydropower, M&I water supply, water quality

control, etc. The tests are performed using system analysis techniques and generally use mean

monthly streamflow data and monthly regulation criteria. The system regulation should usually be

tested on data independent from those used in establishing the regulation criteria. For those projects

where the water control plan uses forecasts of seasonal runoff volume as one of the parameters, the

simulations should be based on forecasts of runoff volumes which have been derived from available

hydrometeorological data. The simulations developed from these tests will reflect the errors in

forecasting seasonal runoff volume and, accordingly, provide a realistic appraisal of system regulation

under actual operating conditions. (Corps, 1987)

4. Constraints on Water Control Plans. The physical size and capacity of water control

structures and other conditions that exist at the time of project design, certainly impose limitations

and boundaries on water control capabilities, but are not considered to be constraints. A constraint

is a condition that arises subsequently to project design that prevents (or is allowed to prevent) the

achievement of a water control objective (Corps, 1987). Constraints may result from physical, social

or economic impacts on residual, agricultural, industrial or environmental areas that are affected by

the water control capabilities of a project. These constraints are summarized in Table 9-2.
Chapter 9: Management of Water Control Systems 9-7

Table 9-2

Constraints on Water Control Plans

Category Constraint

Incomplete - Inadequate, vague or complete lack of easement acquisition that prevents full use of

Project storage space, or flowage downstream of water control structures.

Development

- Downstream channel capacity used for design is not provided.

Beyond the - Encroachments in the flood plain downstream and in areas upstream of water control

Scope of structures impose restrictions on utilization of authorized storage space and release

Design schedules.

- Attenuation of flows by control structures often permits and encourages low lying lands

to be cleared and used, which reduces the nondamaging channel capacity.

- Near bankfull flows and near constant pool levels for prolonged periods may increase

erosion, requiring reduced or fluctuating releases and a change in pool levels.

- Seasonal drawdown may be restricted due to development of mud flats in reservoir.

- The time of inundation of roads and railroads may be highly restrictive on transportation

and prolonged inundation in marina areas may severely hamper recreation activities.

- The time required to notify the public may delay implementation of a release schedule

during flood emergencies.

- Earthquake potential or embankment boils may restrict or prevent use of authorized

storage capacities, or structural deterioration may require reduced discharge capacities

to ensure project integrity.

- Structural rehabilitation may require significant but temporary changes in release

schedules.

- Point or non-point pollution and stratification can degrade water quality and render it

unsuitable for other instream purposes.

- Meteorological forecasts that are unauthorized may be inaccurate and may mislead the

public concerning potential impacts on Corps projects.

- Conservatively high hydrologic forecasts issued by the NWS can mislead the public,

causing the public to question Corps releases and to seek water control action that is

inappropriate.

- Frequency of filling and runoff volume may increase at impoundments over pre-project

conditions, requiring higher release rates from reservoirs and additional pumping capacity

at local protection projects.

- An extreme low flow event may occur that is more severe than the hydrologic record

when the project was designed, which detrimentally impacts conservation purposes by

restricting releases for instream use.
9-8 Water Supply Handbook

Box 9-1; Basic Requirements of a Water Control Data System

• Observation and storage of data at field stations

• Transmission of data from field stations

• Decoding and validation of transmitted data

• Storage and retrieval of data in a database

• Management of a water control database

• Providing graphical and tabular data displays

• Exchanging data with other users

C. WATER CONTROL DATA SYSTEMS

1. Basic Requirements. The effective management of water control systems is dependent, in

part, upon knowledge of current project and hydrologic conditions, project capabilities and restraints

and water control elements in the river system that effect streamflow, water level, and water quality.

The water control data system must be designed to meet the specific needs of the water control

manager. The data system must include facilities to perform the functions (see Box 9-1).

Requirements for management of water control data systems are contained in ER 1110-2-249 (Corps,

1984). 

2. Master Plans. Master plans for water control data systems are prepared in conformance with

ER 1110-2-240. In general, master plans include all the essential information that set the

requirements, justification, scope, and recommended procedures for implementing water control data

systems. The procedures to be included in master plans are summarized in Box 9-2. The master plan

is prepared by Division water control managers based on detailed studies of communication

alternatives as well as all other aspects of the overall water control data system requirements.

Because of the rapidly advancing technology, there is no one established method or standardization

of design for a water control data communication system.
Chapter 9: Management of Water Control Systems 9-9

Box 9-2; Master Plans

In general, master plans include all the essential information that set the requirements, justification,

scope, and recommended procedures for implementing water control data systems. Accordingly, they:

• Outline the system performance requirements, including those resulting from any expected expansions

of Corps missions;

• Describe the extent to which existing facilities fulfill performance requirements; 

• Describe alternative approaches that will upgrade the system to meet requirements not fulfilled by

existing facilities, or are more cost effective than the existing system;

• Justify and recommend a system considering timeliness, reliability, economics and other factors deemed

important; and

• Delineate system scope, implementation schedules, proposed annual capital expenditures by district,

total costs, and sources of funding.

3. Water Control Data Management.

a. Data Observation. A majority of the data input into the water control data collection

system is time-variable data. They represent observations of the conditions of water regulation at

various projects, water levels and water quality in the river system, and those hydrometeorological

elements that affect any of these conditions or elements. The time-variable data observed and

collected may be classified in three broad categories as summarized in Table 9-3. (Corps, 1987)

b. Data Transmission. Single project river development systems, or multi project systems

which are relatively small and involve only Corps projects, require much less complicated

communication and data handling facilities than large, complex river developments. Manually based

and semiautomatic data handling systems may be entirely adequate for the small river systems, but

handling data in this manner is generally inadequate for larger systems which makes the installation

of an automatic system a necessity (Corps, 1987). In recent years, full automation of field station

reporting has replaced manual and semiautomatic transmission equipment in many areas. There are

five automatic data transmission media available; ground based VHF radio, environmental or general

purpose communication satellites, meteor-burst communication systems, land line equipment utilizing

hard wire or switched commercial telephone circuits, and general purpose microwave communication

systems. In general, any or all of these media may be used either singularly or in combination.

Additional information on these transmission media is outlined in EM 1110-2-3600.
9-10 Water Supply Handbook

Table 9-3

Time-Variable Data

Variable Description

Hydrometeorological - Function is to provide current information by direct observation on all 

Data significant elements that affect runoff within a drainage basin or river

system.

- Elements that may be observed are:

 • Water levels in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.

 • Precipitation as measured at ground stations or as estimated by radar, 

 satellites, or other sensors.

 • Air temperature as measured at ground stations or by upper air 

 atmospheric soundings.

 • Pan evaporation as measured at project sites.

 • Snow sensors or snow courses which measure the depth and water 

 equivalent of the incremental snow accumulation, and/or the total 

 accumulation of snow in the snowpack, as determined from ground 

 measurements or remote sensors.

 • Snow covered area as determined from aerial or ground reconnaissance, 

 or by remote sensors from satellites or aircraft.

 • Conditions of river ice, as measured at key locations to determine ice 

 thickness and locations of ice jams.

- Observations may also include measurements of soil moisture, soil 

 temperature, and ground water and include atmospheric measurements of 

 humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and solar radiation.

Project Data - Hydrologic data (somewhat included in the above hydrometeorological data).

- Spillway and outlet gate positions.

- Power unit status and hourly power generation.

- Navigation lockages, fish counts and other water control parameters.

Water Quality Data - Essential for real-time water control management.

- Field sampling and analysis of temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, 

 pH, and turbidity.

- Laboratory analysis for other parameters provides data that, once evaluated, 

 are available for support of real-time water control management.

- In-situ monitors are used at projects requiring frequent water quality data for 

 making operating decisions or to monitor their effects in terms of meeting 

 operating objectives.

c. Coordination of Data Collection and Exchange. Nearly all water control data systems

require coordination with other agencies to collect the necessary hydrologic data. The agencies

which the Corps may need to coordinate with and their primary responsibilities are summarized in

Table 9-4. In addition to these Federal agencies, state, local and private organizations may also

obtain water control data needed for the operation of their individual projects. Data exchange is

summarized in Table 9-5. For all intra-Corps and inter-agency transfers, the data should be

transferred in an approved standard format. (Corps, 1987). The current adjusted format for such data

transfers is the Standard Hydrological Data Exchange Format (SHEF).
Chapter 9: Management of Water Control Systems 9-11

Table 9-4

Water Control Management Agencies for Coordination

Agency Data Collected

National Weather Service Various hydrometeorological data from surface observations and

satellite sensors.

U.S. Geological Survey Water levels, streamflows, and water quality.

U.S. Soil Conservation Service Snow water equivalent and related hydrologic parameters.

National Aeronautics and Data which expresses the areal extent of hydrologic elements such as

Space Administration snow cover, area of flooding, or soil moisture indexes as determined

primarily from satellite measurements.

U.S. Department of Interior Hydrologic and water control data.

U.S. Department of Energy Certain types of hydrologic and power operational data needed for

hydropower system operation. 

Tennessee Valley Authority Project related hydrologic, water control, and hydropower data.

Table 9-5

Data Exchange

Type Discussion

Intra-Corps Data exchange between Corps offices should make use of available data

communications with the agency. Real-time data transfers should use dedicated

communication circuits between District/Division offices. An economic analysis should

be performed to evaluate when separate dedicated circuits would be appropriate

compared with a shared dedicated or switch (dial-up) circuits.

Inter-Agency Depending on the volume of data and relative location of each office, dedicated or

switched circuits may be used for data transfers to other agencies.

D. MANAGEMENT OF WATER CONTROL PROJECTS

1. Basic Considerations.

a. General. During daily water control management activities, special situations or

unanticipated conditions may arise. This requires that a certain degree of flexibility be maintained

to depart from normal operating criteria, if necessary. However, any decision to depart from

specified criteria must be approved by the Division Commander and be based on a thorough

knowledge of current conditions and management goals as specified in ER 1110-2-240. In addition
9-12 Water Supply Handbook

to the problems related to normal functional use of the projects, a water management office is often

requested to perform a variety of miscellaneous regulations for special purposes such as maintaining

water levels on a short-term bases for construction activities in the downstream waterway;

maintaining flows for rafting, white water canoeing or river drifting; or regulating reservoir levels

for improvement of wildlife habitat. All these conditions require judgmental decisions by the water

control manager to adapt the operating guides to real-time management. The majority of these

decisions do not have far-reaching effects on project regulation, and the decisions are approved as

part of normal water management activities. However, some decisions may represent a significant

departure from the water control plan or may create adverse impacts on future project regulation

activities. If such is the case, recommendations for a particular operation will be referred to higher

echelons for written approval as part of the decision making process. (Corps, 1987)

b. Appraisal of Current Project Regulation. Monitoring system regulation and scheduling

future project regulation go hand-in-hand. The objective of monitoring project regulation is to verify

that the current operation is proceeding according to the daily regulation schedules and in

conformance with the regulation plan as defined by the guide curves and other regulation criteria

(Corps, 1987). Each day the water control manager must appraise the current regulation by

comparing actual and guide curve reservoir levels, together with the system demands for each of the

functional uses. These comparisons provide the basis for analyzing regulation schedules to meet the

future requirements of system regulation in concert with the operating guide curves. The guidelines

for scheduling project regulation may be based on the conditions of streamflows and water levels

either at downstream control points or at the project, as necessary to meet system demands. For a

system of reservoirs operated together, the relative use of storage space for functional needs is

defined by the operating guide curves. These guide curves must be analyzed on a daily basis together

with the hydrologic and reservoir system conditions to meet the overall objectives.

c. Preparing Model Input Data. A generalized hydrologic and reservoir regulation simulation

model requires various input data (Corps, 1987) and is summarized in Table 9-6. The project

regulation criteria for each run must also be specified, which will conform to the general project

regulation criteria contained in the water control plan. The water control manager prepares the

specific regulation criteria for each run from knowledge of conditions as they exist and the normal

or special regulation requirements. The main purpose of real-time system analysis studies is to

provide the water control manager with the ability to simulate the proposed regulation and thereby

anticipate the effects of operating decisions on future regulation. The simulations are based on the

most complete knowledge of present and future conditions in order to analyze the effects on shortand medium-range time frames, to test the effects of various alternatives of regulation and expected

weather conditions, and thereby to provide an objective and rational basis for making operating

decisions and scheduling project regulation. The water control manager is, therefore, in constant

touch with the actual current regulation and the projections of the regulation into the future. The

computer system analysis techniques that are designed for this purpose can be operated interactively

so that computed results are available in a very short period. This concept of real-time system

analysis provides the opportunity to make repetitive trials of system regulation when conditions

warrant. By performing these analyses routinely, the water control managers become completely

familiar with the use of these techniques, so that when emergencies arise, they are able to make full
Chapter 9: Management of Water Control Systems 9-13

use of these capabilities in a timely and efficient manner.

Table 9-6

Model Input Data

Type Description

Non-variable data Describes physical features such as drainage areas, watershed runoff

characteristics for each component watershed, channel routing characteristics,

reservoir storage and flow characteristics, and other physical parameters which

define the system.

Initial condition data Specifies current conditions of all watershed indexes, incremental flow routing

values for watersheds and channels, and current reservoir lake elevations and

outflows.

Time-variable data Expressed as a time-series for representing hydrometeorological inputs and

forecasts such as precipitation, air temperature, snowmelt and evapotranspiration

functions, streamflow data, project regulation data, or other time-variable

elements that affect runoff, project regulation and system requirements.

2. Decisions and Scheduling.

a. Need for Judgmental Determinations. While water control plans provide the general

guidance for project regulation, they cannot describe the myriad of details that must be accounted for

in daily regulation and project scheduling. The final decisions in formulating project schedules may,

therefore, require the tempering of derived analytical values by the judgment and experience of the

water control manager. Further, the analytical procedures are only an attempt to simulate the actual

operation within the degree of the ability of the models to represent all processes, therefore, their

results reflect uncertainties that may be evaluated in a subjective manner. On a broader scale,

judgements may be required to "shade" the operation when conditions indicate a particular need, as

for example, a mid-month adjustment in operating guide curves, which are specifically defined as

month end values, and current analysis and projections indicate a probable change in conditions by

month end. Modifications of guide curve operation must, however, be based on rational evaluation

of runoff conditions that warrant such departures. When such modifications are made, the water

control manager must be constantly alert to changed conditions that would require return to normal

guide curve operation. (Corps, 1987)

b. Coordination and Scheduling. The management of nearly all river systems now involves

multi agency or multipurpose input (Corps, 1987). See Box 9-3 for various types of water control

management agreements and plans. There are other types of input from agencies or entities outside

of the Corps that is not based on formal operating procedures, but through voluntary informal

arrangements. The many types of inputs covered by these operating arrangements and agreements

has widely varying significance to scheduling the use of water on a daily basis, but all must be

coordinated in a manner to meet the water management goals. The monitoring, coordinating,
9-14 Water Supply Handbook

Box 9-3; Water Control Agreements and Plans

Corps offices have the responsibility for managing projects under their jurisdiction. This

responsibility is delegated to the working level through the water management functional elements within

the operating office. The management of nearly all river systems now involves multi agency or

multipurpose input. This input, which is usually obtained through direct communication between the

requesting agency and the scheduling office, must be considered in formulating the project schedules.

Some of the input is coordinated as provided for in various types of water control management agreements

and plans, including:

• Interagency water control management agreements with power marketing authorities, fish and wildlife

agencies, etc.;

• Electrical utility coordinated power operating plans and contractual agreements;

• Water control plans for non-Corps projects which involve flood control or navigation requirements;

• Water control plans for water regulation projects developed under international treaties; and

• Water compacts with state, regional, or local agencies or councils.

scheduling and evaluation of project regulation are normally performed on a daily basis, and the

schedules usually represent an operating commitment for the ensuing 24-hour period. Although the

projections of project regulation may provide longer-range outlooks, these outlooks are normally

subject to change on a daily basis. It is required that all project regulation be accomplished within

the operating constraints as specified in the project water control manuals. In times of flood or other

types of emergencies, the project schedules must be revised as required to meet the flood regulation

goals. In times of drought, contingency plans will be needed to assure that all flow requirements are

met and reduction in releases are made as appropriate. The water quality aspects of project

regulation requires a constant awareness of the fact that every regulation decision has an impact on

the water quality of the lake and the area of influence downstream. To evaluate the impact of any

operating decision requires input from as broad a range of relevant disciplines as possible. With this

input the water control manager can make the best choice and derive the most benefit from the

project and the resources he controls. (Corps, 1987)

c. Disseminating Regulation Schedules. Daily schedules and operating instructions must be

transmitted from the water management office to each project office in a timely manner. The

communication to Corps projects may be by telephone, teletype, or other electronic means.

Disseminating flood control and navigation water regulation schedules to non-Corps projects is

usually accomplished through the operating office of the project owner. In some cases, however, in

accordance with operating agreements with the agency or utility, the instructions are transmitted

directly to the project. Although the general criteria for scheduling the regulation of non-Corps
Chapter 9: Management of Water Control Systems 9-15

projects is in accordance with the procedures described herein, the means of scheduling the regulation

varies among projects and operating entities. For those agencies and entities which are not project

owners or operators, but still have a need to know, (e.g., power marketing authorities, fish and

wildlife agencies, etc.) the schedules are transmitted to them each day to confirm the specific water

regulation for the ensuing 24-hour period. These schedules may be distributed via computer terminal

or by teletype or telephone for systems that lack a comprehensive automated water data network.

Distribution of the daily regulation schedules, while normally considered to be internal working

directives, may be given to the general public on a need to know basis. (Corps, 1987)

3. Drought Management Plans. Engineer Regulation 1110-2-1941 requires that a drought

management plan be developed and implemented as part of overall water control management

responsibilities. All Corps projects having controlled storage must have documented drought

management procedures. The Water Control Manual for each project will contain a section on

special procedures to be followed during droughts. In addition, basin-wide drought management

plans should be incorporated into Master Water Control Manuals. Detailed guidance for developing

and updating Drought Contingency Plans is contained in ETL 1110-2-335. When developing a

drought management plan, alternate strategies for project or basin-wide operating criteria should be

formulated based on the longevity and severity of potential drought events. For additional

information on drought contingency planning, see Chapter 7, Paragraph C. 

E. PREPARATION OF WATER CONTROL DOCUMENTS

1. Introduction. The type of water control document required is based on the type of project

and, accordingly, the complexity of the required water management (Corps, 1987). The four types

of projects are summarized in Table 9-7.

2. Basic Documentation.

a. General. The basic documents for management of water control projects or systems fall

into three main types; standing instructions to the project operator for water control, a water control

plan, and a water control manual. 

b. Standing Instructions to Project Operators for Water Control. These instructions are

essential to ensure efficient and safe operation of the project at all times. The instructions apply to

damtenders, power plant superintendents, lock masters, resources managers, etc. Any physical

operating constraints should be clearly outlined to ensure that water control features are operated in

a safe manner and within design limitations, during all phases of project life, including the

construction phase. These instructions must be kept distinct and separate from O&M manuals and

are required for all Type II, III, and IV projects. The instructions, however, should be referenced

within the O&M manual. It is important that the instructions provide the only source of information

on the regulation of projects for water control. The manual, therefore, must be limited to the
9-16 Water Supply Handbook

Table 9-7

Type of Water Control Projects by Size and Complexity

Type Criteria Separate Water

Control

Documentation

Required

I Relatively small projects that require closing or opening of water No

passageways, such as floodwalls and culverts using stop logs, sand bags,

etc., uncontrolled weirs, fuseplugs and pump stations at small,

nonhazardous impoundments, and small gated structures. Water control

documentation is contained in the O&M Manual for the project.

II Relative small projects that require simple, straightforward water control Yes

procedures, such as opening or closing minor floodgates or operating

stationary pumping facilities. Many of these structures are unattended and

usually require a full-open or full-closure action, as opposed to graduated

gate operations.

III These are reregulation structures, locks and dams as well as those projects Yes

which are completely uncontrolled. A water control plan is needed to

assure that all objectives for regulation of a project are satisfactorily met

and a water control manual is needed when the project is a part of a multi

project system. 

IV These are major water resource projects that involve complex water control Yes

procedures, regardless of frequency of use. These projects may include

reservoirs, lakes, major diversion structures, pumping facilities and

floodways. Complexities may be due to project size, hydrometeorological

impacts, discharge facilities, water control objectives, and constraints on

water control.

"physical operation" of structures, such as the manipulation of gates, placement or removal of

stoplogs, operation of pumps, etc. Thus, the operation plans will apply to physical operation and not

to water control. Information to be provided in "Standing Instructions to Project Operators for

Water Control" is contained as Exhibit A to EM 1110-2-3600. A summary of these instructions is

provided in Appendix F.

c. Water Control Plans. The water control plan for the project is the principal item of

documentation. An "Interim water Control Plan" is prepared when a project is under construction;

a "Preliminary Water Control Plan" is prepared well before the time full-scale operation begins; and

a "Final Water Control Plan" is prepared within one year after operation of a project begins (Corps,

1987). These plans are required for all Type III and IV projects. A "Preliminary Water Control Plan"

is replaced by a "Final" plan for Type III projects or by a water control manual in final form for Type

III and IV projects, as appropriate, within one year after the project is placed in operation.

Information to be included in a "Water Control Plan" is contained as Exhibit B to EM 1110-2-3600.

A summary of these instruction is provided in Appendix F.
Chapter 9: Management of Water Control Systems 9-17

d. Water Control Manuals. Water control manuals are prepared for Type III and IV projects

for two main purposes. First and foremost, manuals provide documentation of the water control plan.

The second main purpose of the manual is to provide a reference source for higher authority and for

new personnel who will become concerned with, or responsible for, regulation of the water control

projects. A separate manual is prepared for each individual project (or an appendix to a master

manual) to: facilitate the use of specific information such as instructions, plates, tables, diagrams and

charts for expeditious assessment of prevailing runoff events; and aid in the water control decisionmaking process on a real-time basis. Since the main purpose of a manual is for daily use in water

control for essentially all foreseeable conditions affecting a project or system, appreciable effort

should be made to prepare a usable manual. A detailed description on the preparation of water

control manuals has recently been published by Headquarters as ER 1110-2-8156. A summary or

these instructions and an outline for a Master Water Control Manual is contained in Appendix F.

F. REFERENCES

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, 15 September 1981. Drought Contingency Plans, 

ER 1110-2-1941.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, 31 August 1984. Management of Water Control 

Data Systems, ER 1110-2-249.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, Chapter 1, 30 April 1987, Chapter 2, 1 March 1995. 

Water Control Management. ER 1110-2-240.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, 30 November 1987. Management of Water Control 

Systems, EM 1110-2-3600.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, July 1992. Authorized and Operating Purposes of 

Corps of Engineers Reservoirs

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, 1 April 1993. Development of Drought 

Contingency Plans, ETL 1110-2-335.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HQUSACE, 31 August 1995. Preparation of Water Control 

Manuals, ER 1110-2-8156.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HEC, September 1995. Water Control Data Systems, Past, 

Present and Future, Report RD-39. 
APPENDIX A

LEGISLATION PERTINENT TO THE 

WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM

DECEMBER 1998

Table of Contents

 Item Page

Compendium of Legislation ....................................................... A- 1

Text of Major Legislative Landmarks ................................................ A- 5

Public Law 78-534; 1944 Flood Control Act Section 6; Contracts for Surplus Water ..... A- 5

Public Law 78-534; 1944 Flood Control Act Section 8; Water for Irrigation, as amended ... A- 6

Public Law 84-99; Emergency Flood Control, as amended .......................... A- 7

Public Law 85-500; 1958 River and Harbor Act Title III; Water Supply Act of 1958,

as amended ....................................................... A- 9

Public Law 88-140; Permanent Rights to Storage ................................ A-11

Public Law 91-611; 1970 River & Harbor & Flood Control Act Section 221;

Written Agreements, as amended ....................................... A-12

Public Law 93-251; 1974 Water Resources Development Act Section 22; Planning

Assistance to States, as amended ....................................... A-13

Public Law 101-640; 1990 Water Resources Development Act Section 322; Reduced Price

for Certain Water Supply Storage ...................................... A-14

Appendix A: Legislation Pertinent to Water Supply A-1

COMPENDIUM OF LEGISLATION

1. Public Law 57-161, The 1902 Reclamation Act, 17 June 1902. This act established irrigation in

the West as a National policy. The Act authorized the Secretary of the Interior to locate, construct, operate

and maintain works for the storage, diversion, and development of waters for the reclamation of arid and semiarid lands in the Western States (32 Stat. 388, 43 U.S.C. 1457).

2. Public Law 78-534, 1944 Flood Control Act, 22 December 1944. 

a. Section 6, Contracts for Surplus Water, authorized disposal by the Secretary of the Army,

for domestic and industrial uses, of surplus water available at reservoirs (58 Stat. 890, 33 U.S.C. 708). (See

Page A-5 for complete text.)

b. Section 8, Additional Irrigation Works, provided that Corps reservoirs may include irrigation

as a purpose in 17 western states (58 Stat. 891, 43 U.S.C. 390). These provisions were modified by Section

931 of Public Law 99-662. (See Page A-7 for complete text, as amended.)

3. Public Law 84-99, Emergency Flood Control Work, 28 June 1955. This act amends Section 5 of the

1941 Flood Control Act, as amended. This act authorized an emergency fund, with replenishment on an

annual basis, for flood emergency preparation, flood fighting and rescue operations or for repair or restoration

of flood control work threatened or destroyed by flood including strengthening or extending deemed necessary

by the Chief of Engineers (69 Stat. 186, 33 U.S.C. 701n). These provisions were modified by Section 82 of

Public Law 93-251 and by Section 2 of Public Law 95-51. (See Page A-9 for complete text, as amended.) 

4. Public Law 85-500, 1958 River and Harbor Act, 3 July 1958. Title III of this act is entitled The

Water Supply Act of 1958. Section 301 provided that storage may be included for present and future municipal

or industrial water supply in Corps or Bureau of Reclamation projects, the costs plus interest to be repaid by

non-Federal entities within the life of the project but not to exceed 50 years after first use for water supply.

No more than 30 percent of total project costs may be allocated to future demands. An interest-free period,

until supply is first used, but not to exceed ten years, was permitted (72 Stat. 319, 43, U.S.C. 390b). These

provisions were modified by Section 10 of Public Law 87-88 and Section 932 of Public Law 99-662. (See

Page A-13 for complete text, as amended.)

5. Public Law 87-88, Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1961, 20 July 1961.

a. Section 2(b)(1), amended existing law to provide for the consideration of storage in Federal

projects for water quality control, except that such storage shall not be a substitute for adequate treatment or

control at the source (75 Stat. 204, 33 U.S.C. 1153). Amended by Section 102(b), Public Law 92-500.

b. Section 10, Water Supply Act of 1958 Amendments, modified the 1958 Water Supply Act with

respect to construction cost payments for future water supply demands (75 Stat. 210).

6. Public Law 88-140, 16 October 1963. This law, Permanent Right to Storage, extended non-Federal

right to use reservoir water supply storage to the physical life of the project. This removed an uncertainty as

to the continued availability of the storage space after the 50-year maximum period previously allowed in

contracts (77 Stat. 249, 43 U.S.C. 390-c-e). (See Page A-15 for complete text.)
A-2 Water Supply Handbook

7. Public Law 90-577, 16 October 1968. This law, the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act of 1968,

provides for cooperation and coordination of activities among levels of government, improved administration

of programs for technical services to states and local governments, intergovernmental coordination on policy

and administration of development assistance programs within urban areas, and periodic congressional review

of such grants-in-aid programs (82 Stat. 1098; 42 U.S.C. 4201).

8. Public Law 91-611, River and Harbor and Flood Control Act of 1970, 31 December 1970.

a. Section 216, Completed Project Review, authorized review and report to Congress of the operation

of completed projects when found advisable due to significantly changed physical or economic conditions.

b. Section 221, Written Agreement, provides that the construction of any water resources project by

the Corps shall not be commenced until each non-Federal interest has entered into a written agreement to

furnish its required cooperation for the project (84 Stat. 1831, 42 U.S.C. 1962d-5b). Clarified by Section 4

of Public Law 92-222 and amended by Section 912(a) of Public Law 99-662. (See Page A-17 for complete

text, as amended.)

9. Public Law 92-222, River Basin Monetary Authorization Act of 1971, 23 December 1971. Section

4, Written Agreement, clarifies that Section 221 of Public Law 91-611 does not apply to storage for future

water supply (85 Stat. 799). 

10. Public Law 93-251, Water Resources Development Act of 1974, 7 March 1974. 

a. Section 22, Planning Assistance to States, provides authority for cooperating with any state

in preparation of comprehensive plans for water resources development, utilization, and conservation (88 Stat.

21, 42 U.S.C. 1962d-16). This section has been amended by Section 168 of Public Law 94-587 (increase of

monetary limits only), Section 605 of Public Law 96-597, Section 921 of Public Law 99-662 (increase in

monetary limits only), Section 319 of Public Law 101-640, Section 208 of Public Law 102-580, and Section

221 of Public Law 104-303. (See Page A-19 for complete text, as amended.)

b. Section 82, Emergency Water Supplies, modified Section 5 of the 1941 Flood Control Act,

as amended, to authorize providing emergency supplies of clean drinking water when contaminated supplies

are a threat to public health and welfare of locality. Contamination must result from flood (88 Stat. 34).

11. Public Law 95-51, Disaster Relief Act of 1974 Appropriations, 20 June 1977. Section 2 amends

Section 5 of the 1941 Flood Control Act, as amended by Public Law 84-99 (Emergency Flood Control Funds,

28 June 1955), to allow the Corps to provide Emergency Supplies of Water and to construct wells in drought

areas (91 Stat. 233). 

12. Public Law 96-597, Appropriations Act, U.S. Insular Areas. Section 605 amends the provisions of

Section 22, Public Law 93-251 (Planning Assistance to States), applicable to Guam, American Samoa, the

Virgin Islands, the Northern Marianas, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (94 Stat. 3482). 

13. Public Law 99-662, Water Resources Development Act of 1986, 17 November 1986. 

a. Section 103 (c), Construction Cost Sharing, established new cost sharing requirements for

municipal and industrial water supply and for agricultural water supply (100 Stat. 4085).
Appendix A: Legislation Pertinent to Water Supply A-3

b. Section 105, Study Cost Sharing, established a requirement that, for Corps feasibility studies,

appropriate non-Federal interests contribute 50 percent of the study costs (100 Stat. 4088).

c. Section 912(a), Section 221 Agreements, amends Section 221 of the Flood Control Act of

1970 with respect to written agreements for local cooperation and has added provisions designed to enforce

local fulfillment of the agreement (100 Stat. 4189). 

d. Section 707, Capital Investment Needs for Water Resources, authorized the Assistant

Secretary of the Army for Civil Works to estimate long term capital investment needs for, among other things,

municipal and industrial water supply (100 Stat. 4158). This section together with Section 729 of Public Law

99-662, provided the impetus for the National Drought Study.

e. Section 729, Study of Water Resources Needs of River Basins and Regions, requires the

Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works, in coordination with the Secretary of the Interior and in

consultation with other governmental agencies, to study “water resources needs of river basins and regions of

the United States.” This section specifically requires consultation with “State, interstate, and local

governments” (100 Stat. 4164). This section together with Section 707 of Public Law 99-662, provided the

impetus for the National Drought Study.

f. Section 917, Emergency and Disaster Authority, further amends Section 5 of the 1941 Flood

Control Act, as amended, to authorize provision of emergency supplies of clean water, whether for drinking

or other critical need (100 Stat. 4192). 

g. Section 931, Interim Use of Water Supply for Irrigation, amends Section 8 of the 1944 Flood

Control Act to authorize interim allocation of future municipal and industrial water supply storage in Corps

reservoirs for irrigation purposes (100 Stat. 4196).

h. Section 932, Water Supply Act Amendments, amends the 1958 Water Supply Act in the

following respects; eliminates the 10-year interest free period for future water supply; modifies the interest rate

formula; limits the repayment period to 30 years; and requires allocated annual operation, maintenance and

replacement costs to be reimbursed annually. These amendments apply only to Corps projects and not to

Bureau of Reclamation projects (100 Stat. 4196).

i. Section 1203, Dam Safety, requires non-Federal interests which are participating in

reimbursable purposes of a project to share in the costs of modifying Corps dams and related facilities resulting

from changes deemed necessary for safety purposes (100 Stat. 4263).

14. Public Law 101-640, Water Resources Development Act of 1990, approved 28 November 1990.

a. Section 310(b), Public Participation, directs the Secretary of the Army to ensure that

significant opportunities for public participation are provided in developing or revising reservoir operating

manuals. 

b. Section 319, Fees for Development of State Water Plans. Amends Section 22 of Public Law

93-251, as amended, to require fees for the development of state water plans, the establishment of a collection

procedure, a phase-in for the fees, and how the fees are to be deposited and used (104 Stat. 4642).
A-4 Water Supply Handbook

c. Section 322, Reduced Price for Certain Water Supply Storage, provides that a small amount

of water supply storage in Corps reservoir projects may be made available for low income communities at a

reduced price (104 Stat. 4643, 33 U.S.C. 2324). (See Page A-21 for complete text.)

15. Public Law 102-580, Water Resources Development Act of 1992, 31 October 1992. Section 208

(Fees for Development of State Water Plans), amends Section 22 of Public Law 93-251, as amended, to

provide for a credit for in-kind services and to include “Indian Tribes” as available for assistance under this

law (106 Stat. 4829).

16. Public Law 104-303, Water Resources Development Act of 1996, 12 October 1996. Section 221,

Planning Assistance to States, amends Section 22 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1974, as

amended, to expand the areas of planning effort to include watersheds and ecosystems, and expands the annual

program budget to $10,000,000 and the per state expenditure to $500,000.
Appendix A: Legislation Pertinent to Water Supply A-5

TEXTOF MAJOR LEGISLATIVE LANDMARKS

PUBLIC LAW 78-534

1944 FLOOD CONTROL ACT

33 U.S.C. § 708

Section 6; Contracts for Surplus Water (58 Stat. 890). That the Secretary of War is authorized to make

contracts with States, municipalities, private concerns, or individuals, at such prices and on such terms as he

may deem reasonable, for domestic and industrial uses for surplus water that may be available at any reservoir

under the control of the War Department: Provided, That no contracts for such water shall adversely affect

then existing lawful uses of such water. All moneys received from such contracts shall be deposited in the

Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts.

Approved December 22, 1944.
A-6 Water Supply Handbook

PUBLIC LAW 78-534

1944 FLOOD CONTROL ACT

43 U.S.C. § 390 

Section 8; Additional Irrigation Works, as amended (58 Stat. 891). Hereafter, whenever the Secretary of

War determines, upon recommendation by the Secretary of the Interior that any dam and reservoir project

operated under the direction of the Secretary of War may be utilized for irrigation purposes, the Secretary of

the Interior is authorized to construct, operate and maintain, under the provisions of the Federal reclamation

laws (Act of June 17, 1902, 32 Stat. 388, and Acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto), such

additional works in connection therewith as he may deem necessary for irrigation purposes. Such irrigation

works may be undertaken only after a report and findings thereon have been made by the Secretary of the

Interior as provided in said Federal reclamation laws and after subsequent specific authorization of the

Congress by an authorization Act; and, within the limits of the water users' repayment ability such report may

be predicated on the allocation to irrigation of an appropriate portion of the cost of structures and facilities used

for irrigation and other purposes. Dams and reservoirs operated under the direction of the Secretary of War

may be utilized hereafter for irrigation purposes only in conformity with the provisions of this section, but the

foregoing requirement shall not prejudice lawful uses now existing: Provided, That this section shall not apply

to any dam or reservoir heretofore constructed in whole or in part by the Army engineers, which provides

conservation storage of water for irrigation purposes. In the case of any reservoir project constructed and

operated by the Corps of Engineers, the Secretary of the Army is authorized to allocate water which was

allocated in the project purpose for municipal and industrial water supply and which is not under contract for

delivery, for such periods as he may deem reasonable, for the interim use for irrigation purposes of such storage

until such storage is required for municipal and industrial water supply. No contracts for the interim use of

such storage shall be entered into which would significantly affect then-existing uses of such storage. 

Approved December 22, 1944.

As amended by Section 931, Public Law 99-662 (100 Stat. 4196).
Appendix A: Legislation Pertinent to Water Supply A-7

PUBLIC LAW 84-99

EMERGENCY FLOOD CONTROL WORK

33 U.S.C. § 701n

(69 Stat. 186)

An act to amend section 5 of the Flood Control Act of August 18, 1941 (55 Stat. 650), as amended,

pertaining to flood emergencies; extraordinary wind, wave, or water damage to federally authorized hurricane

or shore protective structures; emergency supplies of water; cost and benefit feasibility assessment factors;

drought; well construction; and water transportation.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in

Congress assembled, That: Section 5 of the Flood Control Act of August 18, 1941, as amended, is hereby

further amended to read as follows:

(a)(1) There is authorized an emergency fund to be expended in preparation for emergency response

to any natural disaster, in flood fighting and rescue operations, or in the repair or restoration of any flood

control work threatened or destroyed by flood, including the strengthening, raising, extending, or other

modification thereof as may be necessary in the discretion of the Chief of Engineers for the adequate

functioning of the work for flood control; in the emergency protection of federally authorized hurricane or shore

protection being threatened when in the discretion of the Chief of Engineers such protection is warranted to

protect against imminent and substantial loss to life and property; in the repair and restoration of any federally

authorized hurricane or shore protective structure damaged or destroyed by wind, wave, or water action of

other than an ordinary nature when in the discretion of the Chief of Engineers such repair and restoration is

warranted for the adequate functioning of the structure for hurricane or shore protection. The emergency fund

may also be expended for emergency dredging for restoration of authorized project depths for Federal navigable

channels and waterways made necessary by flood, drought, earthquake, or other natural disasters. In any case

in which the Chief of Engineers is otherwise performing work under this section in an area for which the

Governor of the affected State has requested a determination that an emergency exists or a declaration that a

major disaster exists under the Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act [42 U.S.C.A. § 5121 et seq.],

the Chief of Engineers is further authorized to perform on public and private lands and waters for a period of

ten days following the Governor’s request, any emergency work made necessary by such emergency or disaster

which is essential for the preservation of life and property, including, but not limited to, channel clearance,

emergency shore protection, clearance and removal of debris and wreckage endangering public health and

safety, and temporary restoration of essential public facilities and services. The Chief of Engineers, in the

exercise of his discretion, is further authorized to provide emergency supplies of clean water, on such terms

as he determines to be advisable, to any locality which he finds is confronted with a source of contaminated

water causing or likely to cause a substantial threat to the public health and welfare of the inhabitants of the

locality. The appropriation of such moneys for the initial establishment of this fund and for its replenishment

on an annual basis, is hereby authorized: Provided, That pending the appropriation of sums to such emergency

fund, the Secretary of the Army may allot, from existing flood-control appropriations, such sums as may be

necessary for the immediate prosecution of the work herein authorized, such appropriations to be reimbursed

from the appropriation herein authorized when made. The Chief of Engineers is authorized, the prosecution

of work in connection with rescue operations, or in conducting other flood emergency work, to acquire on rental

basis such motor vehicles, including passenger cars and buses, as in his discretion are deemed necessary.

(2) In preparing a cost and benefit feasibility assessment for any emergency project described in

paragraph (1), the Chief of Engineers shall consider the benefits to be gained by such project for the protection

of -
A-8 Water Supply Handbook

(A) residential establishments;

(B) commercial establishments, including the protection of inventory; and

(C) agricultural establishments, including the protection of crops.

(b)(1) The Secretary, upon a written request for assistance under this paragraph made by any farmer,

rancher, or political subdivision within a distressed area, and after a determination by the Secretary that (A)

as a result of the drought such farmer, rancher, or political subdivision has an inadequate supply of water, (B)

an adequate supply of water can be made available to such farmer, rancher, or political subdivision through

the construction of a well, and (C) as a result of the drought such well could not be constructed by a private

business, the Secretary, subject to paragraph (3) of this subsection, may enter into an agreement with such

farmer, rancher, or political subdivision for the construction of such well.

(2) The Secretary, upon a written request for assistance under this paragraph made by any farmer,

rancher, or political subdivision within a distressed area, and after a determination by the Secretary that as a

result of the drought such farmer, rancher, or political subdivision has an inadequate supply of water and water

cannot be obtained by such farmer, rancher, or political subdivision, the Secretary may transport water to such

farmer, rancher, or political subdivision by methods which include, but are not limited to, small-diameter

emergency water lines and tank trucks, until such time as the Secretary determines that an adequate supply of

water is available to such farmer, rancher, or political subdivision.

(3)(A) Any agreement entered into by the Secretary pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection shall

require the farmer, rancher, or political subdivision for whom the well is constructed to pay to the United States

the reasonable cost of such construction, with interest, over such number of years, not to exceed thirty, as the

Secretary deems appropriate. The rate of interest shall be that rate which the Secretary determines would apply

if the amount to be repaid was a loan made pursuant to section 636(b)(2) of Title 15.

(B) The Secretary shall not construct any well pursuant to this subsection unless the farmer,

rancher, or political subdivision for whom the well is being constructed has obtained, prior to construction, all

necessary State and local permits.

(4) The Federal share for the transportation of water pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection shall

be 100 per centum.

(5) For purposes of this subsection -

(A) the term “construction” includes construction, reconstruction, or repair;

(B) the term “distressed area” means an area which the Secretary determines due to drought

conditions has an inadequate water supply which is causing, or is likely to cause, a substantial threat to the

health and welfare of the inhabitants of the area including threat of damage or loss of property;

(C) the term “political subdivision” means a city, town, borough, county, parish, district,

association, or other public body created by or pursuant to State law and having jurisdiction over the water

supply of such public body;

(D) the term “reasonable cost” means the lesser of (i) the cost to the Secretary of constructing

a well pursuant to this subsection exclusive of the cost of transporting equipment used in the construction of

wells or (ii) the cost to a private business of constructing such well;

(E) the term “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Army, acting through the Chief of

Engineers; and 

(F) the term “State” means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto

Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. 

Approved June 28, 1955;

As amended by:

Section 82, Public Law 93-251 (88 Stat. 34); and

Section 2, Public Law 95-51 (91 Stat. 233).
Appendix A: Legislation Pertinent to Water Supply A-9

PUBLIC LAW 85-500

1958 RIVER AND HARBOR ACT

TITLE III; WATER SUPPLY ACT OF 1958, as amended

43 U.S.C. § 390b

(72 Stat. 319) 

Sec. 301. (a) It is hereby declared to be the policy of the Congress to recognize the primary

responsibilities of the States and local interests in developing water supplies for domestic, municipal, industrial,

and other purposes and that the Federal Government should participate and cooperate with States and local

interests in developing such water supplies in connection with the construction, maintenance, and operation of

Federal navigation, flood control, irrigation, or multiple purpose projects.

(b) In carrying out the policy set forth in this section, it is hereby provided that storage may be included

in any reservoir project surveyed, planned, constructed or to be planned, surveyed and/or constructed by the

Corps of Engineers or the Bureau of Reclamation to impound water for present or anticipated future demand

or need for municipal or industrial water, and the reasonable value thereof may be taken into account in

estimating the economic value of the entire project: Provided, That the cost of any construction or

modification authorized under the provisions of this section shall be determined on the basis that all authorized

purposes served by the project shall share equitably in the benefits of multiple purpose construction, as

determined by the Secretary of the Army or the Secretary of the Interior, as the case may be; Provided further,

That before construction or modification of any project including water supply provisions for present demand

is initiated, State or local interests shall agree to pay for the cost of such provisions in accordance with the

provisions of this section; And provided further, That (1) for Corps of Engineers projects, not to exceed 30

percent of the total estimated cost of any project may be allocated to anticipated future demands, and (2) for

Bureau of Reclamation projects, not to exceed 30 percentum of the total estimated cost of any project may be

allocated to anticipated future demands where State or local interests give reasonable assurances, and there is

reasonable evidence, that such demands for the use of such storage will be made within a period of time which

will permit paying out the costs allocated to water supply within the life of the project; And provided further,

That for Corps of Engineers projects, the Secretary of the Army may permit the full non-Federal contribution

to be made, without interest, during construction of the project, or, with interest over a period of not more than

thirty years from the date of completion, with repayment contracts providing for recalculation of the interest

rate at five-year intervals, and for Bureau of Reclamation projects the entire amount of the construction costs,

including interest during construction, allocated to water supply shall be repaid within the life of the project

but in no event to exceed fifty years after the project is first used for the storage of water for water supply

purposes, except that (1) no payment need be made with respect to storage for future water supply until such

supply is first used, and (2) no interest shall be charged on such cost until such supply is first used, but in no

case shall the interest-free period exceed ten years. For Corps of Engineers projects, all annual operation,

maintenance, and replacement costs for municipal and industrial water supply storage under the provisions of

this section shall be reimbursed from State or local interests on an annual basis. For Corps of Engineers

projects, any repayment by a State or local interest shall be made with interest at a rate to be determined by

the Secretary of the Treasury, taking into consideration the average market yields on outstanding marketable

obligations of the United States with remaining periods to maturity comparable to the reimbursement period,

during the month preceding the fiscal year in which costs for the construction of the project are first incurred

(or, when a recalculation is made), plus a premium of one-eight of one percentage point for transaction costs.

For Bureau of Reclamation projects, the interest rate used for purposes of computing interest during

construction and interest on the unpaid balance shall be determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, as of the

beginning of the fiscal year in which construction is initiated, on the basis of the computed average interest

rate payable by the Treasury upon its outstanding marketable public obligations, which are neither due nor

callable for redemption for fifteen years from date of issue. The provisions of this subsection insofar as they
A-10 Water Supply Handbook

relate to the Bureau of Reclamation and the Secretary of Interior shall be alternative to and not a substitute for

the provisions of the Reclamation Projects Act of 1939 (58 Stat.1187) relating to the same project.

(c) The provisions of this section shall not be construed to modify the provision of section 1 and section

8 of the Flood Control Act of 1944 (58 Stat. 887), as amended and extended, or the provisions of section 8 of

the Reclamation Act of 1902 (32 Stat. 390).

(d) Modifications of a reservoir project heretofore authorized, surveyed, planned, or constructed to

include storage as provided in subsection (b), which would seriously affect the purposes for which the project

was authorized, surveyed, planned, or constructed, or which would involve major structural or operational

changes, shall be made only upon the approval of Congress as now provided by law.

Sec. 302. Title III of this Act may be cited as the "Water Supply Act of 1958".

Approved July 3, 1958;

As amended by Section 10, Public Law 87-88 (79 Stat. 210); and 

As amended by Section 932 of Public Law 99-662 (100 Stat. 4196).
Appendix A: Legislation Pertinent to Water Supply A-11

PUBLIC LAW 88-140

PERMANENT RIGHTS TO STORAGE

43 U.S.C. § 390-c-e

(77 Stat. 249)

An act defining the interest of local public agencies in water reservoirs constructed by the Government

which have been financed partially by such agencies.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in

Congress assembled, That, cognizant that many States and local interests have in the past contributed to the

Government, or have contracted to pay to the Government over a specified period of years, money equivalent

to the cost of providing for them water storage space at Government-owned dams and reservoirs, constructed

by the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army, and that such practices will continue, and, that no law

defines the duration of their interest in such storage space, and realizing that such States and local interests

assume the obligation of paying substantially their portion of the cost of providing such facilities, their right

to use may be continued during the existence of the facility as hereinafter provided.

Sec. 2. That this Act be applicable to all dams and reservoirs heretofore or hereafter constructed by

the United States Government (acting through the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army) wherein either

a part of the construction cost thereof shall have been contributed or may be contributed by States or local

interests (hereinafter called "local interests") or local interests have acquired or may acquire rights to utilize

certain storage space thereof by making payments during the period of such use as specified in the agreement

with the Government and wherein the amount of money paid, exclusive of interest, is equivalent to the cost of

providing that part of such dam and reservoir which is allocated to such use, whether such share of cost, shall

have been determined by the "incremental cost" method or by the "separable costs-remaining benefits" method

or by any other method. Included among the dams and reservoirs affected by this Act are those constructed

by the Corps of Engineers of the Department of the Army, but nothing in this Act shall be construed to affect

or modify section 8 of the Flood Control Act of 1944.

Sec. 3. The right thus acquired by any such local interest is hereby declared to be available to the local

interest so long as the space designated for that purpose may be physically available, taking into account such

equitable reallocation of reservoir storage capacities among the purposes served by the project as may be

necessary due to sedimentation, and not limited to the term of years which may be prescribed in any lease

agreement or other agreement with the Government, but the enjoyment of such right will remain subject to

performance of its obligations prescribed in such lease agreement or agreement executed in reference thereto.

Such obligations will include continued payment of annual operation and maintenance costs allocated to water

supply. In addition, local interests shall bear the costs allocated to the water supply of any necessary

reconstruction, rehabilitation, or replacement of project features which may be require to continue satisfactory

operation of the project. Any affected local interest may utilize such facility so long as it is operated by the

Government. In the event that the Government concludes that it can no longer usefully and economically

maintain and operate such facility, the responsible department or agency of the Government is authorized to

negotiate a contract with the affected local interest under which the local interest may continue to operate such

part of the facility as is necessary for utilization of the storage space allocated to it, under terms which will

protect the public interest and provided that the Government is effectively absolved from all liability in

connection with such operation.

Sec. 4. Upon application of any affected local interest its existing lease or agreement with the

Government will be revised to evidence the conversion of its rights to the use of the storage as prescribed in

this Act.

Approved October 16, 1963.
A-12 Water Supply Handbook

PUBLIC LAW 91-611

1970 RIVER AND HARBOR AND FLOOD CONTROL ACT

42 U.S.C. § 1962d-5b

Section 221; Water Resources Projects; Written Requirements, as amended (84 Stat. 1831).

(a) After December 31, 1970, the construction of any water resources project, or an acceptable

separable element thereof, by the Secretary of the Army, acting through the Chief of Engineers, or by a nonFederal interest where such interest will be reimbursed for such construction under the provisions of section

1962d-5a of this title or under any other provision of law, shall not be commenced until each non-Federal

interest has entered into a written agreement with the Secretary of the Army to furnish its required cooperation

for the project or the appropriate element of the project, as the case may be. In any such agreement entered

into by a State, or a body politic of the State which derives its powers from the State constitution, or a

governmental entity created by the State legislature, the agreement may reflect that it does not obligate future

State legislative appropriations for such performance and payment when obligation future appropriations would

be inconsistent with State constitutional or statutory limitations.

(b) A non-Federal interest shall be a legally constituted public body with full authority and capability

to perform the terms of its agreement and to pay damages, if necessary in the event of failure to perform.

(c) Every agreement entered into pursuant to this section shall be enforceable in the appropriate district

court of the United States.

(d) After commencement of construction of a project, the Chief of Engineers may undertake

performance of those items of cooperation necessary to the functioning of the project for its purposes, if he has

first notified the non-Federal interest of its failure to perform the terms of its agreement and has given such

interest a reasonable time after such notification to so perform.

(e) The Secretary of the Army, acting through the Chief of Engineers, shall maintain a continuing

inventory of agreements and the status of their performance, and shall report thereon annually to Congress.

(f) This section shall not apply to any project the construction of which was commenced before January

1, 1972, or the assurances for future demands required by the Water Supply Act of 1958, as amended [43

U.S.C.A. § 390b]. 

Approved December 31, 1970.

Amended by:

Section 4, Public Law 92-222, 85 Stat. 799; and

Section 912(a), Public Law 99-662, 100 Stat. 4189.
Appendix A: Legislation Pertinent to Water Supply A-13

PUBLIC LAW 93-251

1974 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ACT

42 U.S.C. § 1962d-16

Section 22; Planning Assistance to States, as amended (88 Stat. 21).

(a) The Secretary of the Army, acting through the Chief of Engineers, is authorized to cooperate with

any State in the preparation of comprehensive plans for the development, utilization, and conservation of the

water and related resources of drainage basins, watersheds, or ecosystems located within the boundaries of such

State and to submit to Congress reports and recommendations with respect to appropriate Federal participation

in carrying out such plans.

(b) Fees.-

(1) Establishment and Collection. - For the purpose of recovering 50 percent of the total cost

of providing assistance pursuant to this section, the Secretary of the Army is authorized to establish appropriate

fees, as determined by the Secretary, and to collect such fees from States and other non-Federal public bodies

to whom assistance is provided under this section.

 (2) In-Kind Services.- Up to 1⁄2 of the non-Federal contribution for preparation of a plan subject to

the cost sharing program under this subsection may be made by the provision of services, material, supplies,

or other in-kind services necessary to prepare the plan.

(3) Deposit and Use. - Fees collected under this subsection shall be deposited into the account

in the Treasury of the United States entitled, “Contributions and Advances, Rivers and Harbors, Corps of

Engineers 8862” and shall be available until expended to carry out this section.

 (c) There is authorized to be appropriated not to exceed $10,000,000 annually to carry out the

provisions of this section except that not more than $500,000 shall be expended in any one year in any one

State.

(d) For the purposes of this section, the term “State” means the several States of the United States,

Indian tribes, the Commonwealth of Puerto, Guam, American Samoa, the Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth

of the Northern Marianas, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.

Approved March 7, 1974.

As amended by:

Section 168, Public Law 94-587, 90 Stat. 2936;

Section 605, Public Law 96-597, 94 Stat. 3482;

Section 921, Public Law 99-662, 100 Stat. 4194;

Section 319, Public Law 101-640, 104 Stat. 4642;

Section 208, Public Law 102-580, 106 Stat. 4829; and

Section 221, Public Law 104-303 (WRDA ‘96)
A-14 Water Supply Handbook

PUBLIC LAW 101-640

1990 WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ACT

33 U.S.C. § 2324

Section 322; Reduced Price for Certain Water Supply Storage (104 Stat. 4643).

(a) Provision of Storage Space.--If a low income community requests the Secretary to provide water

supply storage space in a water resources development project operated by the Secretary and if the amount of

space requested is available or could be made available through reallocation of water supply storage space in

the project or through modifications to operation of the project, the Secretary may provide such space to the

community at a price determined under subsection (c).

(b) Maximum Amount of Storage Space.--The maximum amount of water supply storage space which

may be provided to a community under this section may not exceed an amount of water supply storage space

sufficient to yield 2,000,000 gallons of water per day.

(c) Price.--The Secretary shall provide water supply storage space under this section at a price which

is the greater of --

(1) the updated construction cost of the project allocated to provide such amount of water

supply storage space or $100 per acre foot of storage space, whichever is less; and 

(2) the value of the benefits which are lost as a result of providing such water supply storage

space.

(d) Determinations.--For purposes of subsection (c), the determinations of updated construction costs

and value of benefits lost shall be made by the Secretary on the basis of the most recent information available.

(e) Inflation Adjustment of Dollar Amount.--The $100 amount set forth in subsection (c) shall be

adjusted annually by the Secretary for changes in the Consumer Price Index of All Urban Consumers published

by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

(f) Non-Federal Responsibilities.--Nothing in this section shall be construed as affecting the

responsibility of non-Federal interests to provide operation and maintenance costs assigned to water supply

storage provided under this section.

(g) Low Income Community Defined.--The term "low income community" means a community with

a population of less than 20,000 which is located in a county with a per capita income less than the per capita

income of two-thirds of the counties in the Unites States.

Approved November 28, 1990. 
APPENDIX B

MODEL FORMATS FOR 

AGREEMENTS AND PERMITS

DECEMBER 1998

Table of Contents

 Item Page

Water Supply Storage .............................. B- 1

Surplus Water .................................... B-25

Water Withdrawal ................................. B-31

Appendix B: Model Formats B-1

MODEL FORMAT FOR 

WATER SUPPLY STORAGE AGREEMENTS

(also see ER 1105-2-100, Appendix K, dated 15 January 1998)

WATER STORAGE AGREEMENT

BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

AND

 

FOR

WATER STORAGE SPACE IN 

THIS AGREEMENT, entered into this day of , 19 , by and

between THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (hereinafter called the "Government")

represented by the District Engineer executing this agreement, and 

 (hereinafter called the "User"*);

WITNESSETH THAT:

WHEREAS, the ** Act of l9 (Public Law , Congress),

authorized the construction, operation, and maintenance of the [Project]*** on

[Waterway], [State], (hereinafter called the "Project"); and

WHEREAS, the User desires to enter into an agreement with the Government

for the use of storage [included in the Project] [added to the Project by action

of ] for municipal and industrial water supply, and for payment of the

cost thereof in accordance with the provisions of the Water Supply Act of 1958,

as amended (43 U.S.C. 390b-f); and

WHEREAS, the User as shown in Exhibit "A: attached to and made a part of

this agreement, is empowered to enter into an agreement with the Government and

is vested with all necessary powers of accomplishment of the purposes of this

agreement, [including those required by Section 221 of the Flood Control Act of

1970 (42 U.S.C. 1962d-5d) (as amended);]

(For use in agreements with reallocation of storage.)

[WHEREAS, provided as Exhibit “ ”: attached to and made a part of this

agreement, is a reallocation report entitled “ ,” dated:

 , which provides information pertinent to the reallocation of storage space

in the Project for use by the User;]

NOW, THEREFORE, the Government and the User agree as follows:

ARTICLE 1 - Water Storage Space.

a. Project Construction. The Government, subject to the directions of

Federal law and any limitations imposed thereby, [shall design and construct]

[has designed and constructed] [shall modify] [has modified] the Project so as

to include therein space for the storage of water by the User.

 

* Other appropriate terms may be used in lieu of User here and uniformly

throughout the agreement.

** Use correct authorization citation (e.g., WRDA of 19 , Public Law - ).

*** Language in [ ] brackets is to be used or deleted as appropriate.
B-2 Water Supply Handbook

b. Rights of User.

(l) The User shall have the right to utilize an undivided percent

(estimated to contain acre-feet after adjustment for sediment deposits)

of the usable storage space in the Project between elevations feet and

 feet above National Geodetic Vertical Datum, which usable conservation

storage space is estimated to contain acre-feet after adjustment for

sediment deposits. This storage space is to be used to impound water for

[present] [present and anticipated future] [anticipated future] demand or need

for municipal and industrial water supply. [ percent (an estimated 

acre-feet) of the space which User has a right to utilize is for present use

water storage and percent (an estimated acre-feet) is for future

use water storage.]

(2) The User shall have the right to withdraw water from the lake, or to

request releases to be made by the Government through the outlet works in the

Dam, subject to the provisions of Article lc and to the extent the aforesaid

storage space will provide; and shall have the right to construct all such works,

plants, pipelines, and appurtenances as may be necessary and convenient for the

purpose of diversion or withdrawals, subject to the approval of the District

Engineer as to design and location. The grant of an easement for right-of-way,

across, in and upon land of the Government at the Project shall be by a separate

instrument in a form satisfactory to the Secretary of the Army, without

additional cost to the User, under the authority of and in accordance with the

provisions of l0 U.S.C. 2669 and such other authorities as may be necessary.

Subject to the conditions of such easement, the User shall have the right to use

so much of the Project land as may reasonably be required in the exercise of the

rights and privileges granted under this agreement.

c. Rights Reserved. The Government reserves the right to control and use

all storage in the project in accordance with authorized Project purposes. The

Government further reserves the right to take such measures as may be necessary

in the operation of the Project to preserve life and/or property, including the

right not to make downstream releases during such periods of time as are deemed

necessary, in its sole discretion, to inspect, maintain, or repair the Project.

d. Quality or Availability of Water. The User recognizes that this

agreement provides storage space for raw water only. The Government makes no

representations with respect to the quality or availability of water and assumes

no responsibility therefor, or for the treatment of the water.

e. Sedimentation Surveys.

(1) Sedimentation surveys will be made by the District Engineer during the

term of this agreement at intervals not to exceed fifteen (15) years unless [the

District Engineer determines that such surveys are unnecessary] [otherwise agreed

to in writing by both parties]. When, in the opinion of the District Engineer,

the findings of such survey indicate any Project purpose will be affected by

unanticipated sedimentation distribution, there shall be an equitable

redistribution of the sediment reserve storage space among the purposes served

by the Project including municipal and industrial water supply. The total

available remaining storage space in the Project will then be divided among the

various Project features in the same ratio as was initially utilized. Adjusted

pool elevations will be rounded to the nearest one-half foot. Such findings and

the storage space allocated to municipal and industrial water supply shall be

defined and described as an exhibit which will be made a part of this agreement

and the water control manual will be modified accordingly.
Appendix B: Model Formats B-3

(2) The Government assumes no responsibility for deviations from estimated

rates of sedimentation, or the distribution thereof. Such deviations may cause

unequal distribution of sediment reserve storage greater than estimated, and/or

encroachment on the total storage at the Project.

ARTICLE 2 - Regulation of and Right to Use of Water. The regulation of the use

of water withdrawn or released from the aforesaid storage space shall be the sole

responsibility of the User. The User has the full responsibility to acquire in

accordance with State laws and regulations, and, if necessary, to establish or

defend, any and all water rights needed for utilization of the storage provided

under this agreement. The Government shall not be responsible for diversions by

others, nor will it become a party to any controversies involving the use of the

storage space by the User except as such controversies may affect the operations

of the Project by the Government.

ARTICLE 3 - Operation and Maintenance. The Government shall operate and maintain

the Project and the User shall pay to the Government a share of the costs of such

operation and maintenance as provided in Article 5. The User shall be

responsible for operation and maintenance of all installations and facilities

which it may construct for the diversion or withdrawal of water, and shall bear

all costs of construction, operation and maintenance of such installations and

facilities.

ARTICLE 4 - Measurement of Withdrawals and Releases. The User agrees to furnish

and install, without cost to the Government, suitable meters or measuring devices

satisfactory to the District Engineer for the measurement of water which is

withdrawn from the Project by any means other than through the Project outlet

works. The User shall furnish to the Government monthly statements of all such

withdrawals. Prior to the construction of any facilities for withdrawal of water

from the Project, the User will obtain the District Engineer's approval of the

design, location and installation of the facilities including the meters or

measuring devices. Such devices shall be available for inspection by Government

representatives at all reasonable times. Releases from the water supply storage

space through the Project outlet works shall be made in accordance with written

schedules furnished by the User and approved by the District Engineer and shall

be subject to Article lc. The measure of all such releases shall be by means of

a rating curve of the outlet works, or by such other suitable means as may be

agreed upon prior to use of the water supply storage space.

ARTICLE 5 - Payments. In consideration of the right to utilize the aforesaid

storage space [and the water supply conduit] in the Project for municipal and

industrial water supply purposes, the User shall pay the following sums to the

Government:

a. Project Investment Costs. (Include appropriate paragraph from the

following.)

[(a) Project Investment Costs. (Option 1. For projects where municipal

and industrial water supply storage space was operational or under construction

as of 17 November 1986.)

(1) The User shall repay to the Government [in a lump sum payment, ]

[at the times and with interest on the unpaid balance as hereinafter specified,

the amounts stated below] which, as shown in Exhibit "B" attached to and made a

part of this agreement, constitute the entire [estimated] [actual] amount of the

investment costs, including interest during construction and interest accrued

following the end of the 10-year interest free period [date], allocated to the

water storage [and the water supply conduit] right acquired by the User under
B-4 Water Supply Handbook

this agreement. The interest rate to be used for purposes of computing interest

during construction and [interest on the unpaid balance] [accrued interest] will

be the coupon rate as determined by the Secretary of the Treasury on the basis

set forth in the Water Supply Act of 1958, Title III of PL 85-500. For the

Project, construction of which was initiated in FY this interest rate is 

 percent.

The User shall repay:

100 percent of the construction cost of specific water

supply facilities, [estimated at} $

(Revise percentage as necessary if there is more than

one user of the water supply conduit in the Project or

delete if inappropriate.)

 percent of the total Project joint-use

construction costs, [estimated at] $

Interest during construction, [estimated at] $

Total [estimated] amount of Project investment costs

allocated to the User $

(2) The Project investment costs allocated to the storage space indicated

in Article 1b(1) as being provided for present demand [and the water supply

conduit] is [currently estimated at] $ , on the basis of the costs presented

in Exhibit "B". The amount of the Project investment costs allocated to the

storage for present demand shall be paid within the life of the Project in not

to exceed 30 years from [the plant-in-service date, ] [the date the first

agreement for water supply storage space in the Project was approved by the

Secretary of the Army, ] [the date of approval of this agreement by the

Secretary of the Army]. The payments shall be in equal consecutive annual

installments, the first of which shall be due and payable within 30 days after

the User is notified by the Contracting Officer [that the project is completed

and operational for water supply purposes]. [of approval of this contract by the

Secretary of the Army]. Annual installments thereafter will be due and payable

on the anniversary date of the date of notification. Except for the first

payment which will be applied solely to the retirement of principal, all

installments shall include accrued interest on the unpaid balance at the rate

provided above. The last annual installment shall be adjusted upward or downward

when due to assure repayment of all of the investment costs allocated to the

storage for present demand within 30 years from the above date.

(3) The Project investment costs allocated to the storage space indicated

in Article 1b(1) as being provided for future demand, is [currently estimated at]

$ on the basis of the costs presented in Exhibit "B". No principal or

interest payment with respect to this storage for future water supply is required

to be made during the first 10 years following the plant-in-service date unless

all or a portion of such storage is used during this period. The amount to be

paid for any portion of such storage which is used shall be determined by

multiplying the percentage of the total storage for future water supply which is

placed in use by the total amount of the Project investment costs allocated to

future water supply. Interest at the rate provided above will be charged on the

amount of Project investment costs allocated to the storage for future water

supply which is not being used from the tenth (10th) year following the

plant-in-service date until the time when such storage is first used. The User

will annually pay the interest as it becomes due until the storage is used. When
Appendix B: Model Formats B-5

any portion of the storage for future water supply is used, payment of both

principal and interest for the portion used must be started, and the amount of

the Project investment costs allocated thereto, with interest on the unpaid

balance as provided above, shall be paid within the life of the Project in not

to exceed 30 years from the date established in Article 5a(2). The payment for

each portion shall be in equal consecutive annual installments [beginning within

30 days after the date of first use of such portion.] [commencing with the next

anniversary of the notification date as stipulated in Article 5a(2). The first

payment shall include interest on the investment cost of such portion from the

date of first use of such portion to the next anniversary date as stipulated in

Article 5a(2).] Annual installments thereafter will be due and payable on the

anniversary date of the date of first use. Except for the first payment which

will be applied solely to the retirement of principal, all installments shall

include accrued interest on the unpaid balance at the rate provided above. The

last annual installment for any portion of the storage for future water supply

shall be adjusted upward or downward when due to assure repayment of all of the

investment costs allocated to such portion within the repayment period. 

(4) An estimated schedule of annual payments for the water supply storage

[and the water supply conduit] provided for present demand is attached as Exhibit

"C" of this agreement. The annual payments as provided therein shall be made

subject to Article 6. [Payment schedules for the storage provided for future

water supply demands will be furnished by the Contracting Officer when use of

such storage is started, and if based on estimated costs will be subject to

Article 6.]

[(a) Project Investment Costs. (Option 2. For projects where municipal

and industrial water supply storage is being added through reallocations of

storage)

(1) The User shall repay to the Government, at the times and with interest

on the unpaid balance as hereinafter specified, the amounts stated below which,

as shown in Exhibit "B" attached to and made a part of this agreement, constitute

the entire actual amount of costs allocated to the water storage right acquired

by the User under this contract. The amount of costs is based on [revenues

foregone] [benefits foregone] [replacement cost] [updated cost of storage]

[provisions of Section 322 of Public Law 101-640] [(other as appropriate)]. The

interest rate to be used for purposes of computing interest on the unpaid balance

will be the yield rate adjusted at five-year intervals as determined by the

Secretary of the Treasury on the basis set forth in Section 932 of the 1986 Water

Resources Development Act. For this agreement, the starting interest rate shall

be that rate in effect at the time the agreement is approved. For FY , such

rate is percent. Should the agreement not be signed in FY , the amounts

due herein will be adjusted to reflect the application of the appropriate rate.

(2) The cost allocated to the storage space indicated in Article 1b(1) is

currently estimated at $ on the basis of the costs presented in

Exhibit "B". These costs shall be repaid within the life of the Project in not

to exceed 30 years from the date of approval of this agreement by the Secretary

of the Army. The payments shall be in equal consecutive annual installments,

adjusted a 5-year intervals as shown in Exhibit "C". The first payment shall be

due and payable within 30 days after the User is notified by the District

Engineer [of approval of this agreement by the Secretary of the Army] [that the

project modification is completed and operational for water supply purposes.]

Annual installments thereafter will be due and payable on the anniversary date

of the date of notification. Except for the first payment which will be applied

solely to the retirement of principal all installments shall include accrued

interest on the unpaid balance at the rate provided above. The last annual
B-6 Water Supply Handbook

installment shall be adjusted upward or downward when due to assure repayment of

all of the investment costs allocated to the storage within 30 years from the

above date.]

(3) The Project construction costs allocated to the storage space

indicated in Article 1b(1) as being provided for present demand [and the water

supply conduit] is currently estimated at $ , on the basis of the costs

presented in Exhibit "B". The costs shall be repaid during the period of

construction in the following manner. (Fill in as appropriate). The last

payment shall be adjusted upward or downward as appropriate to assure repayment

of all the construction cost allocated to the Users storage right during the

period of construction.

b. Repair, Rehabilitation, and Replacement Costs. The User will be

required to pay [ percent of the cost of any repair, rehabilitation, or

replacement of specific water supply facilities. In addition, the User will be

required to pay] percent of the cost of joint-use repair, rehabilitation, or

replacement of Project features. Payment of these costs shall be made either

incrementally during construction or in lump sum (including interest during

construction) upon completion of construction.

c. Annual Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Expense.

(1) Present Use Storage. The User will be required to pay [ percent

of the annual O&M expense of specific water supply facilities. In addition, the

User will be required to pay] percent of the annual experienced joint-use

O&M expense of the Project.

[(2) Future Use Storage. (This paragraph may be appropriate only for

those projects operational or under construction as of 17 November 1986). [If

storage for future water supply demands is used during the ten-year interest-free

period, the share of the annual joint-use O&M expense which the User will be

required to pay, [in addition to percent of the annual O&M expense of

specific water supply facilities,] will be increased commensurate with the User's

percentage of future water supply storage being used, up to a total, for both

present and future storage space, of percent of such expense. Upon

expiration of the ten-year interest free period, the User's share of such expense

shall immediately become (the above maximum) percent.] [Since the ten-year

interest-free period has expired the User shall be required to pay, [in addition

to percent of the annual O&M expense of specific water supply facilities,]

 percent of the annual joint-use O&M expense.]

(3) Payment. Payments for O&M expense are due and payable in advance [on

the plant-in-service date] [on the date for payment of Project investment costs

as set forth in Article 5a(2)] and shall be based on O&M expense for the Project

in the Government fiscal year most recently ended. The amount of each annual

payment will be the actual experienced O&M expense ([specific plus] allocated

joint-use) for the preceding fiscal year or an estimate thereof when actual

expense information is not available. (The following bracketed language may be

appropriate only for those projects operational or under construction as of 17

November 1986) [Should future increment usage during the ten-year interest-free

period commence on other than the anniversary date of present usage, O&M expense

for that portion of a year would be prorated by months in use prior to said

anniversary date on the basis of the actual experienced joint-use O&M expense for

the preceding Government fiscal year. The first payment, in such a case, shall

be due and payable within 30 days from the date of scheduled first use of storage

space. Subsequent annual payments shall be made on the date for payment of

project investment costs as set forth in Article 5a(2).]
Appendix B: Model Formats B-7

d. Prepayment. The User shall have the right at any time to prepay the

indebtedness under this Article, subject to redetermination of costs as provided

for in Article 6, in whole or in part, with accrued interest thereon to the date

of such prepayment.

e. Delinquent Payments. If the User shall fail to make any of the

aforesaid payments when due, then the overdue payments shall bear interest

compounded annually until paid. The interest rate to be used for overdue

payments due under the provisions of Articles 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d above shall be

that determined by the Department of Treasury's Treasury Fiscal Requirements

Manual (1 TFRM 6-8000, "Cash Management"). The amount charged on payments

overdue for a period of less than one year shall be figured on a monthly basis.

For example, if the payment is made within the first month after being overdue

after a 15-day grace period from the anniversary date of the date of notification, one month's interest shall be charged. Thereafter a month's interest will

be charged for any portion of each succeeding month that the payment is

delinquent. This provision shall not be construed as giving the User a choice

of either making payments when due or paying interest, nor shall it be construed

as waiving any other rights of the Government, at law or in equity, which might

result from any default by the User.

[f. Credit. (This paragraph may be appropriate only for those projects

operational or under construction as of 17 November 1986 and is not applicable

for interim use for agriculture.) If storage under future-use agreement is used

for other beneficial purposes during the interim between the end of the ten-year

interest-free period and the time water supply use is initiated and the Federal

Government receives payments for such interim use, then the User shall be

credited with an appropriate share of payments made under Article 5b and 5c.] 

ARTICLE 6 - Adjustment to Project Investment Cost. (In reallocations of storage,

this article should be deleted). (This paragraph may be appropriate only for

those projects operational or under construction as of 17 November 1986). The

investment cost shown in this agreement and the exhibits is based on [[the

Governments' best estimates. At the plant-in-service date and again within five

years after such date, the District Engineer shall make a revised interim

estimated determination of investment costs.] [actual costs at the

plant-in-service date. Five years after such date, the District Engineer shall

make a revised interim estimated determination of investment costs.] [actual

costs five years from the plant-in-service date.] Further interim determinations

of cost will be made at intervals considered necessary by the District Engineer.

All interim cost estimates will take into account the actual costs to the extent

they are then known. Such further interim determinations will be performed at

such periods so as to keep the User reasonably informed as to the required

payment. On each occasion of a cost adjustment, the annual payments thereafter

due shall be adjusted upward or downward so as to provide for repayment of the

balance due in equal installments during the remaining life of the repayment

period. The last such investment cost adjustment will be made when the last of

the construction general funds have been expended. Such final determination will

include the Government's approved estimate of any pending real estate items and

any known claims not previously accrued.] [actual final construction costs of

the project.] Any further investment cost accruing to the User's water storage

right shall be repaid under reconstruction, rehabilitation and replacement costs

if capitalized or under operation and maintenance expense if not capitalized.

ARTICLE 7 - Duration of Agreement. This agreement shall become effective when

approved by the Secretary of the Army or his duly authorized representative and

shall continue in full force and effect for the life of the Project.
B-8 Water Supply Handbook

ARTICLE 8 - Permanent Rights to Storage. Upon completion of payments by the

User, as provided in Article 5a herein, the User shall have a permanent right,

under the provisions of the Act of 16 October 1963 (Public Law 88-140, 43 U.S.C.

390e), to the use of the water supply storage space in the Project as provided

in Article 1, subject to the following:

a. The User shall continue payment of annual operation and

maintenance costs allocated to water supply.

b. The User shall bear the costs allocated to water supply

of any necessary reconstruction, rehabilitation, or replacement of Project

features which may be required to continue satisfactory operation of the Project.

Such costs will be established by the District Engineer and repayment arrangements shall be in writing in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth

in Article 5b for reconstruction, rehabilitation, and replacement costs, and be

made a part of this agreement.

c. Upon completion of payments by the User as provided in Article 5a, the

District Engineer shall redetermine the storage space for municipal and

industrial water supply in accordance with the provisions of Article 1e. Such

redetermination of reservoir storage capacity may be further adjusted from time

to time as the result of sedimentation resurveys to reflect actual rates of

sedimentation and the exhibit revised to show the revised storage space allocated

to municipal and industrial water supply.

d. The permanent rights of the User under this agreement shall be

continued so long as the Government continues to operate the Project. In the

event the Government no longer operates the Project, such rights may be continued

subject to the execution of a separate agreement or additional supplemental

agreement providing for:

(1) Continued operation by the User of such part of the facility as is

necessary for utilization of the water supply storage space allocated to it;

(2) Terms which will protect the public interest; and,

(3) Effective absolvement of the Government by the User from all liability

in connection with such continued operation.

ARTICLE 9 - Release of Claims. (Project documents for certain projects require

a specific hold and save harmless agreement from the water supply sponsor. In

those cases, the project document language should be used). The User shall hold

and save the Government, including its officers, agents and employees harmless

from liability of any nature or kind for or on account of any claim for damages

which may be filed or asserted as a result of the storage in the Project, or

withdrawal or release of water from the Project, made or ordered by the User or

as a result of the construction, operation, or maintenance of the water supply

facilities and appurtenances thereto owned and operated by the User except for

damages due to the fault or negligence of the Government or its contractors.

ARTICLE 10 - Transfers and Assignments. 

a. The User shall not transfer or assign this agreement nor any rights

acquired thereunder, nor suballot said water supply storage space or any part

thereof, nor grant any interest, privilege or license whatsoever in connection

with this agreement, without the approval of the Secretary of the Army, or his

duly authorized representative provided that, unless contrary to the public

interest, this restriction shall not be construed to apply to any water that may
Appendix B: Model Formats B-9

be obtained from the water supply storage space by the User and furnished to any

third party or parties, nor any method of allocation thereof.

b. Regarding approval of assignments, references to restriction of

assignments shall not apply to any transfer or assignment to the Rural Economic

Community Development (RECD, formerly Farmers Home Administration) or its

successor agency, or nominee, given in connection with the pledging of this water

storage agreement as security for any loans or arising out of the foreclosure or

liquidation of said loans. The User will notify the Corps in writing 15 days

prior to applying for a RECD loan. A copy of the final loan instrument will be

furnished to the Corps for their record.

ARTICLE 11 - Officials Not to Benefit. No member of or delegate to Congress, or

Resident Commissioner, shall be admitted to any share or part of this agreement,

or to any benefit that may arise therefrom; but this provision shall not be

construed to extend to this agreement if made with a corporation for its general

benefit.

ARTICLE 12 - Covenant Against Contingent Fees. The User warrants that no person

or selling agency has been employed or retained to solicit or secure this

agreement upon an agreement or understanding for a commission, percentage,

brokerage, or contingent fee, excepting bona fide employees or bona fide

established commercial or selling agencies maintained by the User for the purpose

of securing business. For breach or violation of this warranty the Government

shall have the right to annul this agreement without liability or in its

discretion to add to the price or consideration, or otherwise recover the full

amount of such commission, percentage, brokerage, or contingent fee.

ARTICLE 13 - Protective Covenant. (Should be deleted when not applicable).

a. In order to utilize the water storage space, the User must acquire a

loan from . Pending approval of this loan, the Government shall

reserve for the User acre-feet of storage for municipal and industrial

water supply purposes for a period of up to months. For this privilege,

the User shall pay the Government $1.00 per acre-foot of storage space per year

for a total of $ . The payment is not refundable and shall be due and

payable within 30 days after the User is notified by the District Engineer that

the agreement has been approved. Should the User be unable to secure said loan

it shall notify the District Engineer of said failure and the agreement shall be

considered terminated at that time.

b. In the event of any termination pursuant to this Article, the User

shall, upon request of the District Engineer, promptly remove at User's own

expense, any facilities constructed on Project land for water withdrawal and

restore premises around the removed facilities to a condition satisfactory to the

District Engineer.

ARTICLE 14 - Environmental Quality. During any construction, operation, and

maintenance by User of any facilities, specific actions will be taken to control

environmental pollution which could result from such activity and to comply with

applicable Federal, State, and local laws and regulations concerning environmental pollution. Particular attention should be given to:

a. Reduction of air pollution by control of burning, minimization of dust,

containment of chemical vapors, and control of engine exhaust gases, and of smoke

from temporary heaters;

b. Reduction of water pollution by control of sanitary facilities,
B-10 Water Supply Handbook

storage of fuels and other contaminants, and control of turbidity and siltation

from erosion; 

c. Minimization of noise levels;

d. On-site and off-site disposal of waste and spoil; and,

e. Prevention of landscape defacement and damage.

ARTICLE 15 - Federal and State Laws.

a. Compliance. In acting under its rights and obligations hereunder, the

User agrees to comply with all applicable Federal and State laws and regulations,

including but not limited to the provisions of the Davis-Bacon Act (40 U.S.C.

276a et seq.); the Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (40 U.S.C.

327-333); Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 3; and Sections 210 and 305

of the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act

of l970 (PL 91-646).

b. Civil Rights Act. The User furnishes, as part of this agreement, an

assurance (Exhibit D) that it will comply with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act

of 1964 (78 Stat. 241, 42 U.S.C. 2000d, et seq.) and Department of Defense

Directive 5500.11 issued pursuant thereto and published in Part 300 of Title 32,

Code of Federal Regulations.

c. Regulatory Program. Any discharges of water or pollutants into a

navigable stream or tributary thereof resulting from the User's facilities and

operations undertaken under this agreement shall be performed only in accordance

with applicable Federal, State, and local laws and regulations.

d. Lobbying Activities. The User furnishes, as part of this agreement,

a certification (Exhibit E and if applicable, a Disclosure of Lobbying

Activities) that it will comply with Title 31 U.S.C. Section 1352 of the

limitation on use of appropriated funds to influence certain Federal contracting

and financial transactions (Public Law 101-121, October 23, 1989) and Federal

Acquisition Regulation 52.203-12 issued pursuant thereto.

ARTICLE 16 - Definitions. (Delete those inappropriate)

a. Project [construction] [investment] costs. The initial cost of the

Project, including: land acquisition; construction; [interest during construction

on the value of land, labor, and materials used for planning and construction of

the Project].

b. Interest Payments.

(1). Interest during construction. An amount of interest which accrues

on expenditures for the establishment of Project services during the period

between the actual outlay and the time the Project is first made available for

water storage.

(2). Interest on the Unpaid Balance. An amount of interest which is

computed on the unpaid balance in the amortization schedule. When payments are

made in “lump sum,” there is no amortization schedule and therefore, no “interest

on the unpaid balance.”

(3). Accrued Interest. An amount of interest compounded following the end

of the 10-year interest free period until payments begin to be made. If payments
Appendix B: Model Formats B-11

are made in “lump sum” following completion of construction, “accrued Interest”

will be applicable.

c. Specific costs. The costs of Project features normally serving only

one particular Project purpose. 

d. Joint-use costs. The costs of features used for any two or more

Project purposes.

e. Plant-in-service date. This date is the date that the Project is

physically available to initiate deliberate impoundment for water supply

purposes.

f. Annual operation and maintenance (O&M) expense. Annual expenses funded

under the O&M, General account. These expenses include the daily Project O&M

costs as well as those O&M costs which are not capitalized.

g. Repair, rehabilitation and replacement. Costs funded in part under the

Operation and Maintenance, General, or Construction, General accounts but not

associated with initial Project investment costs. Such expenditures are for

costly, infrequent work and are intended to ensure continued satisfactory

operation of the Project.

h. Fiscal Year. Refers to the Government's fiscal year. This year begins

on 1 October and ends on 30 September. The September calendar year corresponds

to the fiscal year.

i. Life of the Project. This is the physical life of the Project.

j. District Engineer. Refers to the District Engineer of the 

District of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, or his/her successor or

designee.

ARTICLE 17 - Approval of Agreement. This agreement shall be subject to the

written approval of the Secretary of the Army or his duly authorized representative and shall not be binding until so approved.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this agreement as of the day

and year first above written.

APPROVED: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 By 

1/ (District Engineer)

DATE: 

 [Insert name of User]

 By 

 [Title] 

(Necessary approvals and countersignatures required by State and local law

with respect to execution on behalf of the User must be ascertained by the

District Engineer and his Counsel and added to the signature block.)

1/ Fill-in Title of appropriate approving government official if other than

District Commander. The approving official for HQUSACE is the Director of Civil

Works.
B-12 Water Supply Handbook

 EXHIBIT-A

 CERTIFICATION

I , Attorney for the ,

have reviewed the foregoing agreement executed by ,

and as principal legal officer of/for the certify that [I

have considered the legal effect of Section 221 of the 1970 Flood Control Act

(Public Law 9l-6ll) and find that] is legally

and financially capable of entering into the contractual obligations contained

in the foregoing agreement and that, upon acceptance, it will be legally

enforceable.

Given under my hand, this day of l9 

 

 Attorney for the 
Appendix B: Model Formats B-13

EXHIBIT B COST COMPUTATIONS

 

I - LAKE STORAGE 

 

 Percent of 

 Water

 Usable Conservation Supply

Feature Elevation Storage* Storage Storage

 (ft., NGVD) (ac. ft.)

Flood control - 

Conservation - 100.00

 Water Supply - ( ) 100.00

 User ( ) 

 Present ( ) 

 Future ( ) 

 Others ( ) 

 Other purposes - ( ) 

Other purposes - 

 

Total 

*Storage remaining after l00 years of sedimentation from the date the

project is operational.

 

II - ALLOCATION OF ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST

 Percent of

 Project Joint-

 Use Construction

Feature Cost ($) Cost 

Flood control 

 Specific ( )

 Joint-use ( ) 

Recreation 

 Specific ( )

 Joint-use ( ) 

Water Supply 

 Specific ( )

 Joint-use ( ) 

Other Purposes 

 Specific ( )

 Joint-use ( ) 

Road Betterments (specific 

Cultural Resources (specific) 

 

Total 100.00
B-14 Water Supply Handbook

EXHIBIT B (CONT)

 

III - INVESTMENT COSTS TO BE REPAID BY USER FOR WATER

SUPPLY STORAGE

Present Use: l/ 

 Cost of acre-feet of water

 supply storage ( % X $ ) = $ 

 Cost of specific facilities = 

 

 Subtotal = 

 Interest during construction 2/ = 

 

 Total investment present use $ 

Future Use:3/ 

 Cost of acre-feet of water

 supply storage ( % X $ ) = $ 

 Interest during construction2/ = $ 

 

 Total investment future use = $ 

Total investment cost under this agreement = $ 

Present Use plus Future Use = $ 

Notes:

1/ If appropriate, add to present use costs, the cost of interest due to

 the lapse of the l0-year interest free period.

2/ Include which ever of the following is applicable:

 "Based on preliminary cost estimate of $ X interest rate of %

 X l/2 the estimate construction period of years."

 or)

 "Based on actual construction expenditures by quarter and an interest

 rate of %."

3/ Costs cannot exceed 30 per centrum of the total estimated project

 construction cost as determined in Exhibit B-II.
Appendix B: Model Formats B-15

EXHIBIT B (CONT)

 

IV - TOTAL ANNUAL COST TO USER FOR PRESENT USE OF WATER

SUPPLY STORAGE

Interest and amortization

 $ X factor based on payments,

 with interest at %. = $ 

Operation and maintenance1/ 

 Joint-use [estimated] [actual for FY]

 % X %2/ X $ = 

 Specific water supply facilities

 100% X $ [estimated] [actual for FY] = 

Repair, rehabilitation and replacement3/ 

 Joint-use

 % X X4/ X $ = 

 Specific water supply facilities

 l00% X $ [estimated] [actual for FY ] = 

 

TOTAL ESTIMATED ANNUAL COST $ 

Notes:

1/ Payment due and payable on the date specified in Article 5(a)(2).

2/ Percent of Project joint-use operation and maintenance cost allocated

 to water supply.

3/ Repair, rehabilitation and replacement costs are payable only when incurred

as specified in Article 5(b). It is suggested that the amount shown be placed

in a reserve or sinking fund for future contingency.

4/ Percent of Project joint-use repair, rehabilitation and replacement cost

allocated to water supply.
B-16 Water Supply Handbook

 EXHIBIT C

 AMORTIZATION SCHEDULE

 PRESENT DEMAND 1/

 

TOTAL COST 

NUMBER OF PAYMENTS 30

INTEREST RATE, PERCENT 2/ 

 

 APPLICATION

ANNUAL AMOUNT BALANCE

PAYMENT OF ALLOCATED ALLOCATED

NUMBER PAYMENT INTEREST COST COST 

 $ $ $ $

 l

 2

 .

 .

 .

 .

 .

 30 3/

Notes:

1/ This 30 year amortization schedule is applicable to:

a. Those projects not operational or under construction as of 17 November

 1986 which will be repaid over time in lieu of during construction; and

b. All reallocations.

2/ In accordance with Section 932 of the Water Resources Development Act of 

 1986, this interest rate will be adjusted at five year intervals throughout

 the repayment period. The rate is the yield rate as determined by the 

 Secretary of the Treasury plus 1/8 %. 

3/ The last (30th) payment will be adjusted upward or downward to assure all 

 costs are repaid within 30 years of approval of the agreement. 
Appendix B: Model Formats B-17

EXHIBIT D

ASSURANCE OF COMPLIANCE

 

ASSURANCE OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DIRECTIVE

UNDER TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964, AS AMENDED; THE AGE

DISCRIMINATION ACT OF 1975; AND THE REHABILITATION ACT OF 1973, AS

AMENDED

The party executing this assurance, being the applicant

recipient of Federal financial assistance under the instrument to

which this assurance is attached; HEREBY AGREES THAT, as a part of

its obligations under the aforesaid instrument, it will comply with

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (P.L. 88-352), as amended

(42 U.S.C. 2000d), and all requirements imposed by or pursuant to

the Directive of the Department of Defense (32 CFR Part 300),

issued as Department of Defense Directive 5500.11 (December 28,

1964), pursuant to that title; The Age Discrimination Act of 1975

(42 U.S.C. 5102); the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended (29

U.S.C. 794), to the end that in accordance with the aforementioned

Title, Directive and Acts, no person in the United States shall on

the ground of race, color, age, sex, religion, handicap or national

origin be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits

of, or be otherwise subjected to discrimination under any program

or activity for which the Applicant-Recipient receives Federal

financial assistance from the Department of the Army and HEREBY

GIVES ASSURANCE THAT it will immediately take any measures

necessary to effectuate this agreement. 

If any personal property or real property, or interest

therein, or structure thereon is provided or improved with the aid

of Federal financial assistance extended to the applicant-recipient

by the Department of the Army, or if such assistance is in the form

of personal property or real property, or interest therein or

structure thereon, then this assurance shall obligate the

applicant-recipient or in the case of any transfer of such

property, any transferee, for the period during which the property

is used for a purpose for which the Federal financial assistance is

extended or for another purpose involving the provision of similar

services or benefits, or for the period during which it retains

ownership or possession of the property whichever is longer. In

all other cases, this assurance shall obligate the applicantrecipient for the period during which the Federal financial

assistance is extended to it by the Department of the Army. The

Department of the Army representatives will be allowed to visit the

recipient's facilities. They will inspect the facilities to ensure

that there are no barriers to impede the handicap's accessibility

in either programs or activities.
B-18 Water Supply Handbook

THIS ASSURANCE is given in consideration of and for the purpose of

obtaining any and all Federal grants, loans, contracts, property,

discounts or other Federal financial assistance extended after the

date hereof to the applicant-recipient by the Department of the

Army, including installment payments after such date on account of

arrangements for Federal financial assistance which were approved

before such date. The applicant-recipient recognizes and agrees

that such Federal financial assistance will be extended in reliance

on the representations and agreements made in this assurance, and

that the United States shall have the right to seek judicial

enforcement of this assurance. This assurance is binding on the

applicant-recipient, its successors, transferees, and assignees,

and the person or persons whose signatures appear below are

authorized to sign this assurance on behalf of the applicant.

Date 

(Applicant-Recipient)

By 

 Title 

(Applicant-Recipient's Mailing Address)
Appendix B: Model Formats B-19

EXHIBIT E

CERTIFICATION REGARDING LOBBYING

 [Project Name] 

 

1. The undersigned certifies, to the best of their knowledge and

belief, that:

a. No Federal appropriated funds have been paid or will be

paid, by or on behalf of the undersigned, to any person for

influencing or attempting to influence an officer or employee of

any agency, a Member of Congress, an officer or employee of

Congress, or an employee of a Member of Congress in connection with

the awarding of any Federal contract, the making of any Federal

grant, the making of any Federal loan, the entering into of any

cooperative agreement, and the extension, continuation, renewal,

amendment, or modification of any Federal contract, grant, loan, or

cooperative agreement.

b. If any funds other than Federal appropriated funds have

been paid or will be paid to any person for influencing or

attempting to influence an officer or employee of any agency, a

Member of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress or an

employee of a Member of Congress in connection with the water

supply agreement for the [project name], the undersigned shall

complete and submit Standard Form-LLL, "Disclosure of Lobbying

Activities", in accordance with its instructions. This form is

available to users by requesting it telephonically at (202)761-

0116, or by writing to HQUSACE (CECW-A), 20 Massachusetts Avenue,

NW, Washington, D.C., 20314-1000.

c. The undersigned shall require that the language of this

certification be included in the award documents for all subawards

at all tiers (including subcontracts, subgrants, and contracts

under grants, loans and cooperative agreements) and that all

subrecipients shall certify and disclose accordingly.

2. This certification is a material representation of fact upon

which reliance was placed when this transaction was made or entered

into. Submission of this certification is a prerequisite for

making or entering into this transaction imposed by Section 1352,

Title 31 U.S.C. Any person who fails to file the required

certification shall be subject to a civil penalty of not less than

$10,000 and not more than $100,000 for each such failure. 

SPONSOR

BY 
B-20 Water Supply Handbook
Appendix B: Model Formats B-21

DISCLOSURE OF LOBBYING ACTIVITIES

Complete this form to disclose lobbying activities pursuant to 31 U.S.C. 1352

(See continuation sheet for public burden disclosure)

1. Type of Federal Action: 2. Status of Federal Action: 3. Report Type: 

 G a. contract G a. bid/offer application G a. initial filing

 b. grant b. initial award b. material change

 c. cooperative agreement c. post-award For Material Change Only:

 d. loan year quarter 

 e. loan guarantee date of last report 

 f. loan insurance

4. Name and Address of Reporting Entity: 5. If Reporting Entity in No. 4 is Subawardee, Enter Name

 G Prime G Subawardee

 Tier , if known:

 Congressional District, if known:

and Address of Prime:

 Congressional District, if known:

6. Federal Department’/Agency 7. Federal Program Name/Description

CFDA Number, if applicable: 

8. Federal Action Number, if known 9. Award Amount, if known:

 $

10 a. Name and Address of Lobbying Entity 10 b. Individuals Performing Services (including address if 

 (if individual, last name, first name, MI): different from No. 10 a)

(attach Continuation Sheet(s) if necessary)

 (last name, first name, MI):

(attach Continuation Sheet(s) if necessary)

11. Amount of Payment (check all that apply): 13. Type of Payment (check all that apply):

 $ G actual G planned G a. retainer

 G b. one-time fee

 G c. commission

 G d. contingency fee

 G e. deferred

 G f. other; specify: 

12. Form of Payment (check all that apply):

 G a. cash

 G b. in-kind; specify: nature 

 value 

14. Brief Description of Services Performed and Dates(s) of Service, including officer(s), employee(s), or member(s)

contacted, for Payment Indicated in Item 11:

(attach Continuation Sheet(s) if necessary)

15. Continuation Sheet(s) attached: G Yes G No

16. Information requested through this form is authorized by title 31 U.S.C. Signature: 

section 1352. This disclosure of lobbying activities is a material representation of fact upon which reliance was place by the tier above when the

transaction was made or entered into. This disclosure is required

pursuant to 3l U.S.C. 1352. This information will be reported to the

Congress semiannually and will be available for public inspection. Any

person who fails to file the required disclosure shall be subject to a civil

penalty of not less than $10,000 and not more than $100,000 for each

such failure.

Print Name: 

Title: 

Telephone No.: Date: 

Federal Use Only: Authorized for Local Reproduction Standard Form - LLL

Copied from ER 1105-2-100, Page Q-3, dated 28 December 1990
B-22 Water Supply Handbook

DISCLOSURE OF LOBBYING ACTIVITIES

CONTINUATION SHEET

Reporting Entity: Page of 

Authorized for Local Reproduction

Standard Form - LLL-A

Copied from ER 1105-2-100, Page Q-4, dated 28 December 1990
Appendix B: Model Formats B-23

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 30 minutes per response, including time for reviewing instructions,

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send

comments regarding the burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to the Office

of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0348-0046), Washington, D.C. 20503.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETION OF SF-LLL, DISCLOSURE

This disclosure form hall be completed by the reporting entity, whether subawardee or prime Federal recipient, at the initiation or receipt of

a covered Federal action, or a material change to a previous filling, pursuant to title 31 U.S.C. section 1352. The filing of a form is required

for each payment or agreement to make payment to any lobbing entity for influencing or attempting to influence an office or employee of any

agency, a Member of Congress, an office or employee of Congress, or an employee of a Member of Congress in connection with a covered

Federal action. Use the SF-LLL-A Continuation Sheet for additional information if the space on the form is inadequate. Complete all items

that apply for both the initial filing and material change report. Refer to the implementing guidance published by the Office of Management

and Budget for additional information.

1. Identify the type of covered Federal action for which lobbing activity is and/or has been secured to influence the outcome of a

covered Federal action. 

2. Identify the status of the covered Federal action.

3. Identify the appropriate classification of this report. If this is a follow-up report caused by a material change to the information

previously reported, enter the year and quarter in which the change occurred. Enter the date of the last preciously submitted report by this

reporting entity for this covered Federal action.

4. Enter the full name, address, city, state and zip code of the reporting entity. Include Congressional District, if known., Check

the appropriate classification of the reporting entity that designates if it is, or expects to be, a prime or subaward recipient. Identify the tier

of the subawardee, e.g., the first subawardee of the prime is the St. tier. Subawards include but are not limited to subcontracts, subgrants

and contract awards under grants.

5. If the organization filing the report in item 4 checks, “Subawardee,” then enter the full name, address, city, state and zip code

of the prime Federal recipient. Include Congressional District, if known.

6. Enter the name of the Federal agency making the award or loan commitment. Include at least one organizational level below

agency name, if know. For example, Department of Transportation, United States Coast Guard.

7. Enter the Federal program name or description for the covered Federal action (item 1). If know, enter the full Catalog of Federal

Domestic Assistance (CFDA) number for grants, cooperative agreements, loans, and loan commitments.

8. Enter the most appropriate Federal identifying number available for the Federal action identified in item 1 (e.g., Request for

Proposal (RFP) number; invitation for Bid (IFB) number; grant announcement number; the contract, grant, or loan award number; the

application/proposal control number assigned by the Federal agency). Include prefixes, e.g., “RFP-DE-90-001.”

9. For a covered Federal action where there has been an award or loan commitment by the Federal agency, enter the Federal

amount of the award loan commitment for the prime entity identified in item 4 or 5.

 10. (a). Enter the full name, address, city, state and zip code of the lobbying entity engaged by the reporting entity identified in item

4 to influence the covered Federal action.

 (b). Enter the full names of the individual(s) performing services, and include full address if different from 10 (a). Enter Last

Name, First Name, and Middle initial (MI).

 11. Enter the amount of compensation paid or reasonably expected to be paid by the reporting entity (item 4) to the lobbying entity

(item 10). Indicate whether the payment has been made (actual) or will be made (planned). Check all boxes that apply. If this is a material

change report, enter the cumulative amount of payment made or planned to be made.

 12. Check the appropriate box(es). Check all boxes that apply. If payment is made through an in-kind contribution. Specify the

nature and value of the in-kind payment.

 13. Check the appropriate box(es). Check all boxes that apply., If other, specify nature.

 14. Provide a specific and detailed description of the services that the lobbyist has performed, or will be expected to perform, and

the date(s) of any services rendered. Include all preparatory and related activity, not just time spent in actual contact with Federal officials.

Identify the Federal official(s) or employee(s) contacted or the officer(s), employee((s), or Member(s) of Congress that were contacted.

 15. Check whether or not a SF-LLL-A Continuation Sheet(s) is attached.

 16. The certifying official shall sign and date the form, print his/her name, title, and telephone number.

Copied from ER 1105-2-100, Page Q-5, dated 28 December 1990
B-24 Water Supply Handbook
Appendix B: Model Formats B-25

MODEL FORMAT

FOR SURPLUS WATER AGREEMENTS

(also see ER 1105-2-100, Appendix K, dated 15 January 1998)

PART 2: SURPLUS WATER AGREEMENT

BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

AND

 

FOR

 SURPLUS OF WATER FROM 

THIS AGREEMENT, entered into this day of , l9 , by and

between the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (hereinafter called the "Government")

represented by the District Engineer executing this agreement, and 

 , (hereinafter called the "User"*);

WITNESSETH THAT:

WHEREAS, pursuant to **Public Law , the Congress, 

Session, approved l9 , the Government has constructed and

is operating , (hereinafter called the "Project"); and,

WHEREAS, Section 6 of the Flood Control Act of 1944 (Public Law 78-534),

as amended, provides that the Secretary of the Army is authorized to enter into

agreements with states, municipalities, private concerns, or individuals, at such

prices and on such terms as he may deem reasonable, for domestic and industrial

uses for surplus water that may be available at any reservoir under his control

provided that no agreements for such water shall adversely affect the existing

lawful uses of such water; 

WHEREAS, the User desires to enter into an agreement with the Government

for the privilege of withdrawing surplus water from the Project; and

WHEREAS, provided as Exhibit “ ”: attached to and made a part of this

agreement, is a letter report entitled “ ,” dated: ,

which provides information pertinent to the use of surplus water in the Project

by the User;

NOW, THEREFORE, the parties do mutually agree as follows:

ARTICLE 1 - Water Supply and Withdrawals.

a. The Government will reserve acre feet of storage space in the

Project in order to meet the water demands of the User. From this storage space

the User shall have the privileges of withdrawing water at a rate not to exceed

 during the term of this contract as specified in Article 6 hereof.

 

* Other appropriate terms may be used in lieu of User here and uniformly

throughout the agreement.

**Use correct authorization citation (e.g., WRDA of l9 , Public Law - ).
B-26 Water Supply Handbook

b. The User shall have the right to construct, operate and maintain

installations and facilities, or to enter into agreements with third parties

therefor, for the purpose of withdrawing water from the Project, subject to the

approval of the District Engineer as to design and location of such installation

and facilities. All costs associated with such installations and facilities or

any modifications thereof or any future construction in connection therewith,

shall be without expense to the Government.

c. The Government reserves the right to control and use all storage in the

project in accordance with authorized Project purposes.] The Government further

reserves the right to take such measures as may be necessary in the operation of

the Project to preserve life and/or property, including the right not to make

downstream releases during such periods of time as are deemed necessary, in its

sole discretion, to inspect, maintain, or repair the Project.

d. The User recognizes that this agreement provides storage space for raw

water only. The Government makes no representation with respect to the quality

or availability of water and assumes no responsibility therefor, or for treatment

of the water. The water level of the Project will be maintained at elevations

which the Government deems will best serve the authorized purposes of the

Project, and this agreement shall not be construed as giving the User any rights

to have the water level maintained at any elevation. The User further recognizes

that it is acquiring no permanent right to the use of storage in the Project.

ARTICLE 2 - Metering. For the purpose of maintaining an accurate record of the

water withdrawn from the Project, the User agrees to furnish and install, or

cause to be installed, meters or measuring devices satisfactory to the District

Engineer, without cost to the Government. As required, the User agrees to

furnish to the District Engineer advance estimates of need and records of the

quantity of water actually withdrawn. Such devices shall be available for

inspection by Government representatives at all reasonable times.

ARTICLE 3 - Regulation of the Use of Water. The regulation of the use of and

water rights needed for the water withdrawn or released from the storage space

shall be the sole responsibility of the User and under the sole authority of the

User in accord with Federal, State, and local laws and shall not be considered

a part of this agreement. The Government shall not be responsible for the use

of water by the User, nor will it become a party to any controversies involving

the water use, except as such controversies may affect the operations of the

Project.

ARTICLE 4 - Consideration and Payment. (To be determined by the pricing policy

as described in paragraph B-5 of Chapter 2 of this “Water Supply Handbook” and

detailed in the letter report provided as Exhibit “ ” to this agreement.

Derivation of costs and storage volumes need to be provided in an exhibit similar

to that used in storage agreements (see pages B-13, B-14 and B-15 of this

appendix).

(a) In consideration of the right to withdraw _____ acre-feet per calendar

year for [not to exceed five (5) years] from the Project for municipal and

industrial water supply purposes, the User shall pay the Government $______ [per

year, the first of] which shall be due and payable within thirty (30) days of the

effective date of the agreement as set forth in Article 5 herein. [Future

payments thereafter will be due and payable on [the anniversary date the first

payment is due.][ (day and month) each following year, beginning in (year).]]

(b) The repayment amount shown in Article 4(a) is based [upon joint use

and specific water supply construction costs updated to October 19___ price
Appendix B: Model Formats B-27

levels using appropriate indices and the Fiscal Year 19____ water supply

interest rate of ________________ percent as computed by the Secretary of the

Treasury in accordance with Section 932 of the Water Resources Development Act

of 1986 (Public Law 99-662)] [on the provisions of Section 322 of the Water

Resources Development Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-640)].

(c) If the User shall fail to make any payment under this agreement within

thirty (30) days of the date due, interest thereon shall accrue at the rate as

determined by the Department of Treasury's Treasury Fiscal Requirements Manual

(1 TFRM 6-8000, "Cash Management") and shall compound annually from the date due

until paid. This provision shall not be construed as waiving any other rights

the Government may have in the event of default by the User, including but not

limited to the right to terminate this agreement for default.

ARTICLE 5 - Duration of Agreement. This agreement shall become effective as of

the date of the approval by the [Secretary of the Army or his duly authorized

representative] [District Engineer], and shall continue in full force and effect

under the conditions set forth herein, for a period of not to exceed five (5)

years from the said date of approval. Upon expiration, this agreement may be

extended by mutual agreement for additional periods of not to exceed five (5)

years each. All such agreement extensions shall be subject to recalculation of

reimbursement. Nothing in this agreement, nor in any extension thereto, shall

imply a permanent right to utilize the storage space.

ARTICLE 6 - Termination of Agreement.

a. Either party may terminate this agreement and the privilege of

withdrawing water upon [period] written notice. In the event of termination

under this paragraph, the Government will make pro rata refund for any balance

of the agreement term for which payment has been made and the User will pay all

charges which have accrued through the date of the termination.

b. The Government may terminate this agreement and the privilege of

withdrawing water upon ninety (90) days written notice, if the User shall default

in performance of any obligation of this agreement. Upon such a termination,

User shall continue to be liable to the Government for any monies owned and for

any costs incurred by the Government as a result of the default.

c. In the event of any termination pursuant to this Article or Article 5,

User shall, upon request of the District Engineer, promptly remove, at User's own

expense, any facilities constructed on Project land for water withdrawal and

restore premises around the removed facilities to a condition satisfactory to the

District Engineer.

ARTICLE 7 - Rights-of-Way. Occupancy and use of Project lands shall be in

accordance with any permits, rights-of-way, or easements granted to the User by

the Government.

ARTICLE 8 - Release of Claims. The User shall hold and save the Government,

including its officers, agents, and employees, harmless from liability of any

nature or kind for or on account of any claim for damages which may be filed or

asserted as a result of the withdrawal or release of water from the Project made

or ordered by the User, or as a result of the construction, operation or

maintenance of any facilities or appurtenances owned and operated by the User

except for damages due to the fault or negligence of the Government or its

contractors.
B-28 Water Supply Handbook

ARTICLE 9 - Transfer or Assignment. The User shall not transfer or assign this

agreement nor any rights acquired thereunder, nor suballot said water or storage

space or any part thereof, nor grant any interest, privilege or license

whatsoever in connection with this agreement, without the approval of the

Secretary of the Army or his duly authorized representative provided that, unless

contrary to public interest this restriction shall not be construed to apply to

any water which may be withdrawn or obtained from the water supply storage space

by the User and furnished to any third party or parties or to the rates charged

therefor.

ARTICLE 10 - Officials Not to Benefit. No member of or delegate to Congress, or

Resident Commissioner, shall be admitted to any share or part of this agreement,

or to any benefit that may arise therefrom; but this provision shall not be

construed to extend to this agreement if made with a corporation for its general

benefit.

ARTICLE 11 - Covenant Against Contingent Fees. The User warrants that no person

or selling agency has been employed or retained to solicit or secure this

agreement upon an agreement or understanding for a commission, percentage,

brokerage, or contingent fee, excepting bona fide employees or bona fide

established commercial or selling agencies maintained by the User for the purpose

of securing business. For breach or violation of this warranty, the Government

shall have the right to annul this agreement without liability, or in its

discretion, to add to the agreement price or consideration the full amount of

such commission, percentage, brokerage, or contingent fee.

ARTICLE 12 - Environmental Quality. During any construction, operation, and

maintenance by the User of any facilities, specific actions will be taken to

control environmental pollution which could result from such activity and to

comply with applicable Federal, State and local laws and regulations concerning

environmental pollution. Particular attention should be given to (1) reduction

of air pollution by control of burning, minimization of dust, containment of

chemical vapors, and control of engine exhaust gases, and of smoke from temporary

heaters; (2) reduction of water pollution by control of sanitary facilities,

storage of fuels and other contaminants, and control of turbidity and siltation

from erosion; (3) minimization of noise levels; (4) onsite and offsite disposal

of water and spoil; and (5) prevention of landscape defacement and damage.

ARTICLE 13 - Federal and State Laws.

a. The User shall utilize the water withdrawn from the Project in a manner

consistent with Federal, State, and local laws.

b. The User furnishes, as part of the agreement, an “Assurance of

Compliance” (see pages B-17 and B-18 of this appendix) with Title VI of the Civil

Rights Act of l964 (78 Stat. 252; 42 U.S.C. 2000d, et seq) and Department of

Defense Directive 5500.11 issued pursuant thereto and published in Part 300 of

Title 32, Code of Federal Regulations.

c. Any discharges of water or pollutants into a navigable stream or

tributary thereof resulting from the User's facilities and operations undertaken

under this agreement shall be performed only in accordance with applicable

Federal, State and local laws and regulations.

ARTICLE 14 - Approval of Agreement. This agreement shall be subject to the

written approval of the Secretary of the Army or his duly authorized

representative and shall not be binding until so approved.
Appendix B: Model Formats B-29

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this agreement as of the day

and year first above written.

APPROVED: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 By 

1/ (District Engineer)

 [Insert name of User]

DATE: By 

 [Title]

1/ Fill-in Title of appropriate approving Government official if other than the

District Engineer.

(Necessary approvals and countersignatures required by State and local law with

respect to execution on behalf of the User must be ascertained by the District

Engineer and his Counsel and added to the signature block.)
B-30 Water Supply Handbook
Appendix B: Model Formats B-31

MODEL FORMAT

FOR WATER WITHDRAWAL PERMITS

(also see ER 1105-2-100, Appendix K, dated 15 January 1998)

PART 3: WATER WITHDRAWAL PERMIT

 LAKE

Pursuant to the authority contained in Section 6 of the Flood Control Act of 1944

and in recognition of the declaration of emergency in the State of 

, as declared by the Governor, this permit grants permission to 

 to withdraw water subject to the following conditions:

a. Payment of 1/ for the withdrawal of up to 2/ gallons

of water during 3/. User will report the amount of each withdrawal

to the Project Office.

b. Right-of-entry and permission to withdraw water is granted only at the

location(s) designated by the Corps of Engineers.

c. Should facilities, such as roads, etc. be damaged by the User as a result of

emergency uses, the User may be assessed and billed a follow up charge to help

in the cost of necessary repairs.

d. Your copy of this permit must be displayed during water withdrawal.

f. The User certifies that water withdrawn from the project is for domestic

and/or industrial purposes and will not be used for crop irrigation purposes.

g. The User agrees to comply with appropriate State laws concerning water rights

and uses and will obtain permits as are required.

h. The User shall hold and save the Government, including its officer, agents,

and employees, harmless from liability of any nature or kind for or on account

of any claim for damages which may be filed or asserted as a result of the

withdrawal of water from the Project by the User, or as a result of the operation

or maintenance of any facilities or appurtenances owned and operated by the User.

User's Name Government Approval: 

 (Print) (Project Manager)

Address Today's Date: 

Telephone 

User's Signature 

Government Approval 

 (Project Manager)

Today's Date 

1/ The dollar value of the storage utilized as determined by the pricing policy,

 or $25., whichever is larger. The $25. represents the minimum cost for 

 storage that will be marketed.

2/ The number of gallons that the storage utilized yields on an annual basis.

 The minimum amount being the yield represented by a cost of $25.

 3/ Explain the time period allowed for the withdrawal as well as other time 

 related specifications for the withdrawal, such as a maximum rate over any

 given time period. The period shall not exceed one year.
B-32 Water Supply Handbook
APPENDIX C

DATABASES

DECEMBER 1998

Table of Contents

Database Description Page

I Reservoirs with M&I Water Supply as an Authorized and/or

Operating Purpose ............................................ C- 1

II M&I Water Supply Storage Space by Project ........................ C- 7

III M&I Water Supply Storage Investment Cost by Project ................ C-13

IV M&I Water Supply Conduit Investment Cost by Project ................ C-19

V M&I Water Supply Division and District Summaries

of Storage Space and Investment Cost ............................. C-23

VI M&I Water Supply Agreements by Project and Agreement .............. C-31

VII Agricultural Water Supply ...................................... C-71

Appendix C - I: Databases C-1

 Definition and list of reservoirs from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Report entitled "Authorized 1

and Operating Purposes of Corps of Engineers Reservoirs," Appendix E, dated July 1992.

DATABASE I

RESERVIORS WITH M&I WATER SUPPLY AS AN 1

AUTHORIZED AND/OR OPERATING PURPOSE 

 Division Page

North Atlantic (NAD)........................... C-2 

South Atlantic (SAD)........................... C-2 

Great Lakes and Ohio River (LRD)..... C-2, -3 

Mississippi Valley (MVD)..................... C-3 

Northwestern (NWD)........................... C-3

Southwestern (SWD)........................... C-4, -5

South Pacific (SPD)............................ C-5

Summary............................................ C-6
C-2 Water Supply Handbook

Database I

Reservoirs with M&I Water Supply as an Operating and/or Authorized Purpose

Operating Authorized M&I Storage 

Division District Project State Purpose Purpose Space 

NAD New England Colebrook CT / MA Yes Yes Yes

East Brimfield MA Yes Yes Yes

Littlefield MA Yes Yes Yes

Philadelphia Beltzville PA Yes Yes Yes

Blue Marsh PA Yes Yes Yes

Francis E. Walter PA Yes Yes No

Baltimore Cowanesque PA Yes Yes Yes

Jennings Randolph MD/ WV Yes Yes Yes

Stillwater Lake PA Yes Yes No

SAD Wilmington B. Everet Jordan NC Yes Yes Yes

Falls Lake NC Yes Yes Yes

John H. Kerr VA/NC Yes Yes Yes

Philpott VA Yes Yes No

W. Kerr Scott NC Yes Yes Yes

Savannah Hartwell SC/GA Yes Yes Yes

J. Strom Thurmond SC/GA Yes Yes Yes

New Savannah Bluff SC/GA Yes No No

Richard B. Russell SC/GA Yes Yes Yes

Jacksonville Central & Southern FL FL Yes Yes No

Cerrillos D&R PR Yes Yes Yes

Four River Basins FL Yes Yes No

Portuges D&R PR No Yes No

Mobile Allatoona GA Yes Yes Yes

Bay Springs L&D MS Yes No No

Bufort Dam-

 L. Sidney Lanier GA Yes Yes No

Jim Woodruff L&D FL Yes No No

Okatibbee Lake MS No Yes Yes

West Point GA Yes No No

LRD Detroit Menasha L&D WI Yes No No

Pittsburgh Berlin Lake OH Yes Yes Yes

Michael J. Kirwan OH Yes Yes Yes

Mosquito Creek OH Yes Yes Yes

Stonewall Jackson WV Yes Yes Yes

Tygart River Lake WV Yes Yes No

Huntington Alum OH Yes Yes Yes

John W. Flannagan VA Yes Yes Yes

North Fork of Pound Lake VA Yes Yes Yes

Paint OH Yes Yes Yes

Tom Jenkins Dam OH Yes Yes Yes

Louisville Barren River Lake KY Yes Yes Yes

Brookville IN Yes Yes Yes

Caesar OH Yes Yes Yes

Green River KY Yes Yes Yes

Monroe IN Yes Yes Yes

Nolin KY Yes Yes No

Patoka IN Yes Yes Yes

Rough River Lake KY Yes Yes Yes

William H. Harsha Lake OH Yes Yes Yes
Appendix C - I: Databases C-3

Operating Authorized M&I Storage 

Division District Project State Purpose Purpose Space 

LRD Nashville(1) Barkley KY Yes No No

(cont.) Center Hill Lake TN Yes No No

Cheatham L&D TN Yes No No

Cordell Hull L&D TN Yes No No

J. Percy Priest TN Yes No No

Martin KY Yes No No

Old Hickory L&D TN Yes No No

Wolf Creek Dam KY Yes No No

(1) Although storage space is not allocated for water supply on either a permanent (PL 85-500) or

temporary (PL 78-534) basis, water is being withdrawn by municipalities and industries for M&I purposes. 

Consequently, during drought, consideration is given to keeping lake levels above supply pipe intakes.

MVD Rock Island Coralville IA No Yes No

Red Rock IA No Yes No

Saylorville IA Yes Yes Yes

St. Paul Gull MN Yes Yes No

Homme ND Yes Yes No

Leech Lake Dam MN Yes Yes No

Orwell MN Yes Yes No

Pine River Dam MN Yes Yes No

Pokegama Dam MN Yes Yes No

Sandy Lake Dam MN Yes Yes No

Winnibigoshish Dam MN Yes Yes No

St. Louis Carlyle IL Yes Yes Yes

Clarence Cannon Dam MO Yes Yes Yes

Lake Shelbyville IL Yes Yes Yes

Rend Lake IL Yes Yes Yes

Vicksburgh Caddo LA No Yes No

DeGray AR Yes Yes Yes

NWD Seattle Howard A. Hanson WA No Yes No

Wynoochee WA Yes Yes Yes

Portland Lost Creek OR Yes Yes Yes

Willow Creek OR No Yes No

Omaha Big Bend Dam, L. Sharpe SD Yes Yes No

Bowman-Haley ND No Yes Yes

Chatfield CO Yes Yes No

Ft. Peck Dam MT Yes Yes No

Ft. Randall Dam SD Yes Yes No

Garrison Dam ND Yes Yes Yes

Gavins Point Dam SD/NE Yes Yes No

Oahe Dam ND/SD Yes Yes No

Kansas City Clinton KS Yes Yes Yes

Hillsdale KS Yes Yes Yes

Kanopolis KS Yes Yes No

LongBranch MO Yes Yes Yes

Melvern KS No Yes No

Milford KS Yes Yes Yes

Perry KS Yes Yes Yes

Pomme De Terre Lake MO No Yes No

Pomona KS Yes Yes Yes

Rathbun IA Yes Yes Yes

Smithville MO Yes Yes Yes

Stockton MO No Yes No

Tuttle KS Yes Yes No
C-4 Water Supply Handbook

Operating Authorized M&I Storage 

Division District Project State Purpose Purpose Space 

SWD Little Rock Arthur V. Ormand L&D AR No Yes No

Beaver AR Yes Yes Yes

Blue Mountain AR Yes No Yes

Bull Shoals AR Yes Yes Yes

Dardanelle L&D AR No Yes No

David D. Terry L&D AR No Yes No

DeQueen AR Yes Yes Yes

Dierks AR Yes Yes Yes

Emmitt Sanders L&D AR No Yes No

Gillham AR Yes Yes Yes

Greers Ferry AR Yes Yes Yes

James W. Trimble L&D AR No Yes No

L&D #3 - Arkansas River AR No Yes No

L&D #5 - Arkansas River AR No Yes No

Millwood Lake AR Yes Yes Yes

Murray L&D AR No Yes No

Nimrod AR Yes Yes Yes

Norfork AR Yes Yes Yes

Norrvell L&D AR No Yes No

Ozard Jetta - Taylor L&D AR No Yes No

Table Rock MO Yes Yes No

Toad Suck Ferry L&D AR No Yes No

Wilber D. Mills L&D AR No Yes No

Ft. Worth Aquilla TX Yes Yes Yes

Bardwell TX Yes Yes Yes

Belton TX Yes Yes Yes

Benbrook TX Yes Yes Yes

Canyon TX Yes Yes Yes

Cooper TX Yes Yes Yes

Ferrell’s Bridge Dam TX Yes Yes Yes

Granger TX Yes Yes Yes

Grapevine TX Yes Yes Yes

Hords Creek TX Yes Yes Yes

Joe Po ol TX Yes Yes Yes

Lavon TX Yes Yes Yes

Lewisville TX Yes Yes Yes

Navarro Mills TX Yes Yes Yes

North San Gabriel Dam TX Yes Yes Yes

O. C. Fisher TX Yes Yes Yes

Proctor TX Yes Yes Yes

Ray Roberts TX Yes Yes Yes

Sam Rayburn TX Yes Yes Yes

Somerville TX Yes Yes Yes

Stillhouse Hollow TX Yes Yes Yes

Town Bluff Dam TX Yes Yes Yes

Waco TX Yes Yes Yes

Whitney TX Yes Yes Yes

Wright Patman TX Yes Yes Yes
Appendix C - I: Databases C-5

Operating Authorized M&I Storage 

Division District Project State Purpose Purpose Space 

SWD Tulsa Arcadia OK Yes Yes Yes

(cont.) Birch OK Yes Yes Yes

Broken Bow OK Yes Yes Yes

Canton OK Yes Yes Yes

Copan OK Yes Yes Yes

Council Grove KS Yes Yes Yes

Denison Dam,

 L. Texoma OK/TX Yes Yes Yes

El Dorado KS Yes Yes Yes

Elk City KS Yes Yes Yes

Eufaula OK Yes Yes Yes

Fall KS No Yes No

Fort Supply OK Yes No Yes

Heyburn OK Yes Yes Yes

Hugo OK Yes Yes Yes

Hulah OK Yes Yes Yes

John Redmond KS Yes Yes Yes

Kaw OK Yes Yes Yes

Keystone OK Yes Yes Yes

Marion KS Yes Yes Yes

Oologah OK Yes Yes Yes

Optima (1) OK No Yes No

Pat Mayse TX Yes Yes Yes

Pearson-Skubitz,

 Big Hill KS Yes Yes Yes

Pine Creek OK Yes Yes Yes

Sardis OK Yes Yes Yes

Skiatook OK Yes Yes Yes

Tenkiller Ferry Lake OK Yes Yes Yes

Toronto KS Yes Yes Yes

Waurika OK Yes Yes Yes

Wister OK Yes Yes Yes

(1) Optima Lake was designed for 76,200 acre-feet of water supply storage. However, due to changed

conditions, the lake has never filled. Optima has no storage or yield.

SPD Sacramento Coyote Valley CA Yes Yes No

Dry Creek

 (Warm Springs) CA Yes Yes Yes

Martis Creek CA No Yes No

New Hogan CA Yes Yes No

Los Angeles Alamo AZ Yes Yes No

Albuquerque Abiquiu NM Yes Yes Yes
C-6 Water Supply Handbook

Database I - Summary

Reservoirs with M&I Water Supply as an Operating and/or Authorized Purpose

Division Number of Number with Number with Number of Number with

Projects M&I as an M&I as an Different M&I Storage

Operating Authorized States Agreements

Purpose Purpose

NAD 9 9 9 5 7

SAD 19 17 15 6 10

LRD 29 29 19 7 17

MVD 17 14 17 7 6

NWD 25 19 25 10 12

SWD 78 64 76 5 63

SPD 6 5 6 3 2

TOTAL 183 157 167 36 117
Appendix C - II: Databases C-7

DATABASE II

M&I WATER SUPPLY STORAGE SPACE

BY PROJECT

 Division Page

North Atlantic (NAD).............................. C-8

South Atlantic (SAD)............................. C-8

Great Lakes and Ohio River (LRD)....... C-9

Mississippi Valley (MVD)........................ C-9

Northwestern (NWD)............................. C-10

Southwestern (SWD)............................ C-10, -11, -12

South Pacific (SPD).............................. C-12
C-8 Water Supply Handbook

Database II

M&I Water Supply Storage Space

Future Use Future Use Not Total Storage

Present Use Under Contract Under Contract Space

Division District / Reservoir (acre-feet) (acre-feet) (acre-feet) (acre-feet)

NAD New England

Colebrook 30,700 0 0 30,700

East Brimfield 1,140 0 0 1,140

Littleville 9,400 0 0 9,400

subtotal district 41,240 0 0 41,240

Philadelphia

Beltzville 27,880 0 0 27,880

Blue Marsh 4,000 4,000 0 8,000

subtotal district 31,880 4,000 0 35,880

Baltimore

Cowanesque 24,335 0 0 24,335

Jennings Randolph 40,995 0 0 40,995

subtotal district 65,330 0 0 65,330

Total Division 138,450 4,000 0 142,450 

SAD Wilmington

B. Everett Jordan 0 45,800 0 45,800

Falls Lake 11,300 33,700 0 45,000

John H. Kerr 10,823 0 0 10,823

W. Kerr Scott 33,000 0 0 33,000

subtotal district 55,123 79,500 0 134,623

Savannah

Hartwell 7,507 17,240 0 24,747

J. Strom Thurmond 381 0 0 4,179

Richard B. Russell 381 0 0 381

subtotal district 12,067 17,240 0 29,307

Jacksonville

Cerrillos D & R 25,200 0 0 25,200

subtotal district 25,200 0 0 25,200

Mobile

Allatoona 15,136 0 0 15,136

Okatibbee 13,100 0 0 13,100

subtotal district 28,236 0 0 28,236

Total Division 120,626 96,740 0 217,366
Appendix C - II: Databases C-9

Future Use Future Use Not Total Storage

Present Use Under Contract Under Contract Space

Division District / Reservoir (acre-feet) (acre-feet) (acre-feet) (acre-feet)

LRD Pittsburgh

Berlin 19,400 0 0 19,400

Michael J. Kirwan 52,900 0 0 52,900

Misquito Creek 11,000 0 0 11,000

Stonewall Jackson 0 0 2,200 2,200

subtotal district 83,300 0 2,200 85,500

Huntington

Alum Creek 29,700 49,500 0 79,200

John W. Flannagan 356 1,769 0 2,125

North Fork of Pound 62 0 0 62

Paint Creek 721 0 0 721

Tom Jenkins 5,690 0 0 5,690

subtotal district 36,529 51,269 0 87,798

Louisville

Barren River 681 0 0 681

Brookville 89,300 0 0 89,300

Caesar Creek 39,100 0 0 39,100

Green River 3,460 0 0 3,460

Monroe 160,000 0 0 160,000

Patoka 129,800 0 0 129,800

Rough River Lake 270 0 0 270

William H. Harsha 35,500 0 0 35,500

subtotal district 458,111 0 0 458,111

Total Division 577,940 51,269 2,200 631,409

MVD Rock Island

Saylorville Lake 14,900 0 0 14,900

subtotal district 14,900 0 0 14,900

St. Louis

Carlyle 33,000 0 0 33,000

Clarence Cannon 0 0 20,000 20,000

Lake Shelbyville 25,000 0 0 25,000

Rend Lake 109,000 0 0 109,000

subtotal district 167,000 0 20,000 187,000

Vicksburg

DeGray 0 0 167,750 167,750

subtotal district 0 0 167,750 167,750

Total Division 181,900 0 187,750 369,650
C-10 Water Supply Handbook

Future Use Future Use Not Total Storage

Present Use Under Contract Under Contract Space

Division District / Reservoir (acre-feet) (acre-feet) (acre-feet) (acre-feet)

NWD Seattle

Wynoochee 26,400 18,200 0 44,600

subtotal district 26,400 18,200 0 44,600

Portland

Lost Creek 400 0 9,600 10,000

subtotal district 400 0 9,600 10,000

Omaha

Bowman-Haley 15,500 0 0 15,500

Garrison 21,000 0 0 21,000

subtotal district 36,500 0 0 36,500

Kansas City

Clinton 53,520 35,680 0 89,200

Hillsdale 7,500 45,500 0 53,000

Long Branch 4,400 13,800 6,200 24,400

Milford 46,650 253,350 0 300,000

Perry 0 150,000 0 150,000

Pomona 1,000 0 0 1,000

Rathbun 3,340 0 0 3,340

Smithville 4,650 14,850 75,700 95,200

subtotal district 121,060 513,180 81,900 716,140

Total Division 184,360 531,380 91,500 807,240

SWD Little Rock

Beaver 44,093 77,000 0 121,093

Blue Mountain Lake 1,550 0 0 1,550

Bull Shoals 880 0 0 880

DeQueen 610 0 17,275 17,885

Dierks 190 9,910 0 10,100

Gillham 323 20,277 0 20,600

Greers Ferry Lake 4,901 0 0 4,901

Millwood Lake 44,544 105,456 0 150,000

Nimrod 143 0 0 143

Norfolk 2,400 0 0 2,400

subtotal district 99,634 212,643 17,275 329,552

Ft. Worth

Aquilla 3,360 30,240 0 33,600

Bardwell 32,100 10,700 0 42,800

Belton 372,700 0 0 372,700

Benbrook 72,500 0 0 72,500

Canyon 366,400 0 0 366,400

Cooper 63,950 209,050 0 273,000

Ferrell’s Bridge Dam 250,000 0 0 250,000

(Ft. Worth continued on next page)
Appendix C - II: Databases C-11

Future Use Future Use Not Total Storage

Present Use Under Contract Under Contract Space

Division District / Reservoir (acre-feet) (acre-feet) (acre-feet) (acre-feet)

SWD Ft. Worth

(cont.) (cont.)

Granger 0 37,900 0 37,900

Grapevine 161,250 0 0 161,250

Hords Creek 5,780 0 0 5,780

Joe Pool 0 142,900 0 142,900

Lavon 380,000 0 0 380,000

Lewisville 436,000 0 0 436,000

Navarro Mills 53,200 0 0 53,200

N. Sam Gabriel Dam 4,961 24,239 0 29,200

O.C. Fisher 80,400 0 0 80,400

Procter 31,400 0 0 31,400

Ray Roberts 567,180 359,600 0 926,780

Sam Rayburn 43,000 0 0 43,000

Somerville 143,900 0 0 143,900

Stillhouse Hollow 204,900 0 0 204,900

Town Bluff Dam 94,200 0 0 94,200

Waco 151,626 0 0 151,626

Whitney 50,000 0 0 50,000

Wright Patman 91,263 0 0 91,263

subtotal district 3,660,070 814,629 0 4,474,699

Tulsa

Arcadia 8,460 14,630 0 23,090

Birch Lake 0 0 7,630 7,630

Broken Bow 4,301 4,054 144,145 152,500

Canton 90,000 0 0 90,000

Copan 250 4,750 2,500 7,500

Council Grove 24,400 0 0 24,400

Denison 140,960 0 0 140,960

El Dorado 51,459 91,341 0 142,800

Elk Creek 24,300 0 0 24,300

Eufaula 10,663 1,890 42,492 55,045

Fort Supply 400 0 0 400

Heyburn 2,000 0 0 2,000

Hugo 8,742 36,660 2,198 47,600

Hula 19,800 0 0 19,800

John Redmond 34,900 0 0 34,900

Kaw 16,001 74,988 80,211 171,200

Keystone 12,501 5,500 1,999 20,000

Marion 38,300 0 0 38,300

Oologah 326,145 860 15,595 342,600

Optima (1) 0 0 0 0

Pat Mayse 43,800 65,800 0 109,600

Pearson-Skubitz,

 Big Hil 9,200 16,500 0 25,700

Pine Creek 17,640 11,160 20,600 49,400

Sardis 141,700 155,500 0 297,200

(Tulsa District continued on next page)
C-12 Water Supply Handbook

Future Use Future Use Not Total Storage

Present Use Under Contract Under Contract Space

Division District / Reservoir (acre-feet) (acre-feet) (acre-feet) (acre-feet)

SWD Tulsa

(cont.) (cont.)

Skiatook 11,003 4,245 47,652 62,900

Tenkiller Ferry Lake 20,735 0 5,005 25,740

Toronto 400 0 0 400

Waurika 41,800 0 109,600 151,400

Wister 13,653 0 347 14,000

subtotal district 1,113,513 487,878 479,974 2,081,365

Total Division 4,873,217 1,515,150 497,249 6,885,616

Footnote: (1) Optima Lake in the Tulsa District was designed for 76,200 acre-feet of water supply

storage. However, due to changed conditions, the lake has never filled. Optima has no storage or yield.

SPD Sacramento

Dry Creek

 (Warm Springs) 88,000 212,000 0 300,000

subtotal district 88,000 212,000 0 300,000

Albuquerque

Abiquiu 170,900 0 0 170,900

subtotal district 170,900 0 0 170,900

Total Division 258,900 212,000 0 470,900
Appendix C - III: Databases C-13

DATABASE III

M&I WATER SUPPLY

STORAGE INVESTMENT COST

BY PROJECT

 Division Page

North Atlantic (NAD).............................. C-14

South Atlantic (SAD)............................. C-14

Great Lakes and Ohio River (LRD)....... C-15

Mississippi Valley (MVD)........................ C-15

Northwestern (NWD)............................. C-16

Southwestern (SWD)............................ C-16, -17, -18

South Pacific (SPD).............................. C-18
C-14 Water Supply Handbook

Database III

M&I Water Supply Storage Investment Cost

Future Use Future Use Not Total Storage

Present Use Under Contract Under Contract Space

Division District / Reservoir ($000) ($000) ($000) ($000)

NAD New England

Colebrook 5,281.2 0 0 5,281.2

East Brimfield 24.5 0 0 24.5

Littleville 2,202.2 0 0 2,202.2

subtotal district 7,507.9 0 0 7,507.9

Philadelphia

Beltzville 6,500.0 0 0 6,500.0

Blue Marsh 7,500.0 7,500.0 0 15,000.0

subtotal district 14,000.0 7,500.0 0 21,500.0

Baltimore

Cowanesque 39,414.0 0 0 39,414.0

Jennings Randolph 66,211.0 0 0 66,211.0

subtotal district 105,625.0 0 0 105,625.0

Total Division 127,132.9 7,500.0 0 134,632.9 

SAD Wilmington

B. Everett Jordan 0 4,388.0 0 4,388.0

Falls Lake 1,025.0 3,078.0 0 4,103.0

John H. Kerr 2,431.5 0 0 2,431.5

W. Kerr Scott 999.5 0 0 999.5

subtotal district 4,456.0 7,466.0 0 11,922.0

Savannah

Hartwell 926.5 2,120.0 0 3,046.5

J. Strom Thurmond 775.0 0 0 775.0

Richard B. Russell 419.0 0 0 419.0

subtotal district 2,120.5 2,120.0 0 4,240.5

Jacksonville

Cerrillos D & R 98,670.0 0 0 98,670.0

subtotal district 98,670.0 0 0 98,670.0

Mobile

Allatoona 1,445.4 0 0 1,445.4

Okatibbee 1,292.0 0 0 1,292.0

subtotal district 2,737.4 0 0 2,737.4

Total Division 107,983.9 9,586.0 0 117,569.9
Appendix C - III: Databases C-15

Future Use Future Use Not Total Storage

Present Use Under Contract Under Contract Space

Division District / Reservoir ($000) ($000) ($000) ($000)

LRD Pittsburgh

Berlin 1,365.0 0 0 1,365.0

Michael J. Kirwan 5,200.0 0 0 5,200.0

Misquito Creek 467.0 0 0 467.0

Stonewall Jackson 0 0 4,300.0 4,300.0

subtotal district 7,032.0 0 4,300.0 11,332.0

Huntington

Alum Creek 6,847.5 11,412.6 0 18,260.1

John W. Flannagan 57.1 283.6 0 340.7

North Fork of Pound 37.9 0 0 37.9

Paint Creek 189.7 0 0 189.7

Tom Jenkins 785.0 0 0 785.0

subtotal district 7,917.2 11,696.2 0 19,613.4

Louisville

Barren River 22.3 0 0 22.3

Brookville 7,541.0 0 0 7,541.0

Caesar Creek 5,742.0 0 0 5,742.0

Green River 92.1 0 0 92.1

Monroe 8,015.0 0 0 8,015.0

Patoka 14,023.0 0 0 14,023.0

Rough River Lake 21.4 0 0 21.4

William H. Harsha 3,987.0 0 0 3,987.0

subtotal district 39,443.8 0 0 39,443.8

Total Division 54,393.0 11,696.2 4,300.0 70,389.2

MVD Rock Island

Saylorville Lake 4,811.6 0 0 4,811.6

subtotal district 4,811.6 0 0 4,811.6

St. Louis

Carlyle 3,635.0 0 0 3,635.0

Clarence Cannon 0 0 13,000.0 13,000.0

Lake Shelbyville 4,310.0 0 0 4,310.0

Rend Lake 10,000.0 0 0 10,000.0

subtotal district 17,945.0 0 13,000.0 30,945.0

Vicksburg

DeGray 0 0 5,904.0 5,904.0

subtotal district 0 0 5,904.0 5,904.0

Total Division 22,756.6 0 18,904.0 41,660.6
C-16 Water Supply Handbook

Future Use Future Use Not Total Storage

Present Use Under Contract Under Contract Space

Division District / Reservoir ($000) ($000) ($000) ($000)

NWD Seattle

Wynoochee 11,281.0 7,772.0 0 19,053.0

subtotal district 11,281.0 7,772.0 0 19,053.0

Portland

Lost Creek 269.7 0 5,730.3 6,000.0

subtotal district 269.7 0 5,730.3 6,000.0

Omaha

Bowman-Haley 825.0 0 0 825.0

Garrison 630.0 0 0 630.0

subtotal district 1,455.0 0 0 1,455.0

Kansas City

Clinton 3,873.4 2,582.3 0 6,455.7

Hillsdale 3,314.2 20,107.5 0 23,421.7

Long Branch 1,118.3 3,507.2 1,575.7

6,201.2

Milford 2,028.6 11,017.0 0 13,045.6

Perry 0 9,208.3 0 9,208.3

Pomona 71.0 0 0 71.0

Rathbun 331.0 0 0 331.0

Smithville 1,289.8 4,123.1 21,000.0 26,412.9

subtotal district 12,026.3 50,545.4 22,575.7 85,147.4

Total Division 25,032.0 58,317.4 28,306.0 111,655.4

SWD Little Rock

Beaver 2,256.7 3,477.1 0 5,733.8

Blue Mountain Lake 417.2 0 0 417.2

Bull Shoals 85.0 0 0 85.0

DeQueen 249.5 0 4,942.4 5,191.9

Dierks 40.6 2,110.1 0 2,150.7

Gillham 167.2 5,251.0 0 5,418.2

Greers Ferry Lake 559.1 0 0 559.1

Millwood Lake 4,318.7 10,089.8 0 14,408.5

Nimrod 23.2 0 0 23.2

Norfolk 196.4 0 0 196.4

subtotal district 8,313.6 20,928.0 4,942.4 34,184.0

Ft. Worth

Aquilla 1,257.0 11,316.0 0 12,573.0

Bardwell 2,468.0 823.0 0 3,291.0

Belton 5,286.0 0 0 5,286.0

Benbrook 3,100.0 0 0 3,100.0

Canyon 8,080.0 0 0 8,080.0

Cooper 13,821.0 45,179.0 0 59,000.0

Ferrell’s Bridge Dam 1,753.0 0 0 1,753.0

(Ft. Worth District continued on next page)
Appendix C - III: Databases C-17

Future Use Future Use Not Total Storage

Present Use Under Contract Under Contract Space

Division District / Reservoir ($000) ($000) ($000) ($000)

SWD Ft. Worth

(cont.) (cont.)

Granger 0 12,865.0 0 12,865.0

Grapevine 2,747.0 0 0 2,747.0

Hords Creek 100.0 0 0 100.0

Joe Pool 0 57,955.0 0 57,955.0

Lavon 36,296.3 0 0 36,296.3

Lewisville 3,927.0 0 0 3,927.0

Navarro Mills 2,176.0 0 0 2,176.0

Norh Sam Gabriel Dam 1,022.0 4,992.0 0 6,014.0

O.C. Fisher 860.0 0 0 860.0

Procter 1,314.0 0 0 1,314.0

Ray Roberts 88,362.0 81,565.0 0 169,927.0

Sam Rayburn 526.0 0 0 526.0

Somerville 7,197.0 0 0 7,197.0

Stillhouse Hollow 6,983.0 0 0 6,983.0

Town Bluff Dam 2,000.0 0 0 2,000.0

Waco 20,819.4 0 0 20,819.4

Whitney 1,181.4 0 0 1,181.4

Wright Patman 1,788.0 0 0 1,788.0

subtotal district 213,064.1 214,695.0 0 427,759.1

Tulsa

Arcadia 16,253.6 27,790.0 0 44,043.6

Birch Lake 0 0 2,209.0 2,209.0

Broken Bow 163.3 107.6 3,827.0 4,097.9

Canton 2,806.9 0 0 2,806.9

Copan 268.7 5,105.2 2,686.9 8,060.8

Council Grove 1,400.0 0 0 1,400.0

Denison, L. Texoma 18,560.3 0 0 18,560.3

El Dorado 13,206.3 23,441.2 0 36,647.5

Elk City 2,076.0 0 0 2,076.0

Eufaula 904.8 179.7 3,433.7 4,518.2

Fort Supply 38.8 0 0 38.8

Heyburn 120.9 0 0 120.9

Hugo 501.4 2,102.0 126.0 2,729.4

Hula 795.2 0 0 795.2

John Redmond 4,488.0 0 0 4,488.0

Kaw 3,625.7 17,065.0 18,427.9 39,118.6

Keystone 1,094.8 481.7 175.2 1,751.7

Marion 1,566.0 0 0 1,566.0

Oologah 10,545.2 27.7 504.2 11,077.1

Optima (1) 0 0 4,884.0 4,884.0

Pat Mayse 1,284.0 1,926.0 0 3,210.0

Pearson-Skubitz,

Big Hill 2,490.5 4,465.3 0 6,955.8

Pine Creek 1,663.0 1,052.0 1,942.0 4,657.0

Sardis 7,766.0 8,522.0 0 16,288.0

(Tulsa District continued on next page)
C-18 Water Supply Handbook

Future Use Future Use Not Total Storage

Present Use Under Contract Under Contract Space

Division District / Reservoir ($000) ($000) ($000) ($000)

SWD Tulsa

(cont.) (cont.)

Skiatook 3,102.0 1,196.8 13,434.9 17,733.7

Tenkiller Ferry Lake 457.6 0 647.5 1,105.1

Toronto 32.4 0 0 32.4

Waurika 2,802.2 0 8,042.0 10,844.2

Wister 275.7 0 116.0 391.7

subtotal district 98,289.3 93,462.2 60,456.3 252,207.8

Total Division 319,667.0 329,085.2 65,398.7 714,150.9

Footnote: (1) Optima Lake in the Tulsa District was designed for 76,200 acre-feet of water supply

storage. However, due to changed conditions, the lake has never filled. Optima has no storage or yield.

SPD Sacramento

Dry Creek

 (Warm Springs) 8,290.0 96,624.9 0 104,914.9

subtotal district 8,290.0 96,624.9 0 104,914.9

Albuquerque

Abiquiu 0 0 0 0

subtotal district 0 0 0 0

Total Division 8,290.0 96,624.9 0 104,914.9
Appendix C -IV: Databases C-19

DATABASE IV

M&I WATER SUPPLY

CONDUIT INVESTMENT COST

BY PROJECT

 Division Page

North Atlantic (NAD).............................. C-20

South Atlantic (SAD)............................. C-20

Great Lakes and Ohio River (LRD)....... C-20

Mississippi Valley (MVD)........................ C-20

Northwestern (NWD)............................. C-20

Southwestern (SWD)............................ C-20, -21

South Pacific (SPD).............................. C-21
C-20 Water Supply Handbook

Database IV

M&I Water Supply Conduit Investment Cost

Future Use Future Use Not Total Storage

Present Use Under Contract Under Contract Space

Division District / Reservoir ($000) ($000) ($000) ($000)

NAD Total Division 0 0 0 0

SAD Mobile

Allatona Lake 219.0 0 0 219.0

subtotal district 219.0 0 0 219.0

Total Division 219.0 0 0 219.0

LRD Pittsburgh

Berlin Lake 1.3 0 0 1.3

Mosquito Creek 67.0 0 0 67.0

subtotal district 68.3 0 0 68.3

Total Division 68.3 0 0 68.3

MVD Total Division 0 0 0 0

NWD Kansas City

Clinton Lake 312.4 0 0 312.4

Smithville 53.0 0 2,331.0 2,384.0

subtotal distict 365.4 0 2,331.0 2,696.4

Total Division 365.4 0 2,331.0 2,696.4

SWD Little Rock

DeQueen 6.6 0 186.9 193.5

Dierks 181.7 0 0 181.7

Gillham 79.0 0 0 79.0

Millwood Lake 110.5 0 0 110.5

subtotal district 377.8 0 186.9 564.7

Fort Worth

Benbrook 36.0 0 0 36.0

Hords Creek Lake 5.0 0 0 5.0

Joe Pool Lake 80.0 0 0 80.0

Navarro Mills 28.0 0 0 28.0

Ray Roberts 258.0 0 0 258.0

Waco 216.0 0 0 216.0

subtotal district 623.0 0 0 623.0
Appendix C -IV: Databases C-21

Future Use Future Use Not Total Storage

Present Use Under Contract Under Contract Space

Division District / Reservoir ($000) ($000) ($000) ($000)

SWD Tulsa

(cont.) Arcadia 266.6 0 0 266.6

Birch 23.0 0 0 23.0

Broken Bow 6.2 0 108.1 114.3

Copan 0 0 24.7 24.7

Council Grove 62.0 0 0 62.0

El Dorado 838.2 0 0 838.2

Elk City 71.0 0 0 71.0

Eufaula 2.8 0 15.2 18.0

Heyburn 51.2 0 0 51.2

Hugo 30.0 0 0 30.0

Hula 5.3 0 0 5.3

John Redmond 11.0 0 0 11.0

Kaw 388.0 0 0 388.0

Keystone 0 0 28.3 28.3

Marion 10.0 0 0 10.0

Oologah 391.5 0 0 391.5

Optima (1) 0 0 0 0

Pat Mayse 0 0 10.0 10.0

Pearson-Skubitz,

 Big Hill 21.3 0 0 21.3

Pine Creek 0 0 148.0 148.0

Sardis 111.0 0 0 111.0

Skiatook 704.0 0 0 704.0

Tenkiller Ferry 11.6 0 0 11.6

Waurika 213.0 0 0 213.0

subtotal conduit 3,217.7 0 334.3 3,552.0

Waurika Water

Conveyance

Facilities 30,781.6 0 0 30,781.6

subtotal district 33,999.3 0 334.3 34,333.6

Total Division 35,000.1 0 521.2 35,521.3

Footnote: (1) Optima Lake in the Tulsa District was designed for 76,200 acre-feet of water supply

storage. However, due to changed conditions, the lake has never filled. Optima has no storage or yield.

SPD Total Division 0 0 0 0
C-22 Water Supply Handbook
Appendix C - V: Databases C-23

DATABASE V

M&I WATER SUPPLY

DIVISION AND DISTRICT SUMMARIES

OF STORAGE SPACE AND INVESTMENT COST

 Division Page

North Atlantic (NAD)........................... C- 24

South Atlantic (SAD)........................... C- 25

Great Lakes and Ohio River (LRD)..... C- 26

Mississippi Valley (MVD)..................... C- 27

Northwestern (NWD)........................... C- 28

Southwestern (SWD)........................... C- 29

South Pacific (SPD)............................ C- 30
C-24 Water Supply Handbook

NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION

New England District: Number of projects with water supply, 3. Number of contracts, 3.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 41,240 0 41,240 7,508 0 0 7,508

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 41,240 0 41,240 7,508 0 0 7,508

Philadelphia District:: Number of projects with water supply, 2. Number of contracts 2.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 31,880 4,000 35,880 14,000 7,500 0 21,500

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 31,880 4,000 35,880 14,000 7,500 0 21,500

Baltimore District: Number of projects with water supply, 2. Number of contracts 3.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 65,330 0 65,330 105,625 0 0 105,625

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 65,330 0 65,330 105,625 0 0 105,625

NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION TOTAL: Number of projects with water supply, 7. Number of contracts 8.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 138,450 4,000 142,450 127,133 7,500 0 134,633

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 138,450 4,000 142,450 127,133 7,500 0 134,633
Appendix C: Databases C-25

SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION

Wilmington District: Number of projects with water supply, 4. Number of contracts, 6.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 55,123 79,500 134,623 4,456 7,466 0 11,922

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 55,123 79,500 134,623 4,456 7,466 0 11,922

Savannah District: Number of projects with water supply, 3. Number of contracts, 9.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 12,067 17,240 29,307 2,121 2,120 0 4,241

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 12,067 17,240 29,307 2,121 2,120 0 4,241

Jacksonville District: Number of projectsz with water supply, 1. Number of contracts, 1.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 25,200 0 25,200 98,670 0 0 98,670

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 25,200 0 25,200 98,670 0 0 98,670

Mobile District: Number of projects with water supply, 2. Number of contracts, 3.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 28,236 0 28,236 2,737 0 219 2,956

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 28,236 0 28,236 2,737 0 219 2,956

SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION TOTAL: Number of projects with water supply, 10. Number of contracts, 19.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 120,626 96,740 217,366 107,984 9,586 219 117,789

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 120,626 96,740 217,366 107,984 9,586 219 117,789
C-26 Water Supply Handbook

GREAT LAKES AND OHIO RIVER DIVISION

Pittsburgh District: Number of projects with water supply, 4. Number of contracts, 4.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 83,300 0 83,300 7,032 0 68 7,100

Not Under Contract 0 2,200 2,200 0 4,300 0 4,300

Total 83,300 2,200 85,500 7,032 4,300 68 11,400

Huntington District: Number of projects with water supply, 5. Number of contracts, 5.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 36,529 51,269 87,798 7,917 11,696 0 19,613

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 36,529 51,269 87,798 7,917 11,696 0 19,613

Louisville District: Number of projects with water supply, 8. Number of contracts, 9.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 458,111 0 458,111 39,444 0 0 39,444

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 458,111 0 458,111 39,444 0 0 39,444

GREAT LAKES AND OHIO RIVIER DIVISION TOTAL: Number of projects with water supply, 17. Number of contracts, 18.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 577,940 51,269 629,209 54,393 11,696 68 66,157

Not Under Contract 0 2,200 2,200 0 4,300 0 4,300

Total 577,940 53,469 631,409 54,393 15,996 68 70,457
Appendix C: Databases C-27

MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DIVISION

Rock Island District: Number of projects with water supply, 1. Number of contracts, 1.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 14,900 0 14,900 4,812 0 0 4,812

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 14,900 0 14,900 4,812 0 0 4,812

St. Louis District: Number of projects with water supply, 4. Number of contracts, 3.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 167,000 0 167,000 17,945 0 0 17,945

Not Under Contract 0 20,000 20,000 0 13,000 0 13,000

Total 167,000 20,000 187,000 17,945 13,000 0 30,945

Vicksburg District: Number of projects with water supply, 1. Number of contracts, 0.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Not Under Contract 0 167,750 167,750 0 5,904 0 5,904

Total 0 167,750 167,750 0 5,904 0 5,904

MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DIVISION TOTAL: Number of projects with water supply, 6. Number of contracts, 4.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 181,900 0 181,900 22,757 0 0 22,757

Not Under Contract 0 187,750 187,750 0 18,904 0 18,904

Total 181,900 187,750 369,650 22,757 18,904 0 41,661
C-28 Water Supply Handbook

NORTHWESTERN DIVISION

Seattle District: Number of projects with water supply, 1. Number of contracts, 1.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 26,400 18,200 44,600 11,281 7,772 0 19,053

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 26,400 18,200 44,600 11,281 7,772 0 19,053

Portland District: Number of projects with water supply, 1. Number of contracts, 1.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 400 0 400 270 0 0 270

Not Under Contract 0 9,600 9,600 0 5,730 0 5,730

Total 400 9,600 10,000 270 5,730 0 6,000

Omaha District: Number of projects with water supply, 2. Number of contracts, 2. 

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 36,500 0 36,500 1,455 0 0 1,455

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 36,500 0 36,500 1,455 0 0 1,455

Kansas City District: Number of projects with water supply, 8. Number of contracts, 11.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 121,060 513,180 634,240 12,026 50,545 365 62,936

Not Under Contract 0 81,900 81,900 0 22,576 2,331 24,907

Total 121,060 595,080 716,140 12,026 73,121 2,696 87,843

NORTHWESTERN DIVISION TOTAL: Number of projects with water supply, 12. Number of contracts, 15.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 184,360 531,380 715,740 25,032 58,317 365 83,714

Not Under Contract 0 91,500 91,500 0 28,306 2,331 30,637

Total 184,360 622,880 807,240 25,032 86,623 2,696 114,351
Appendix C: Databases C-29

SOUTHWESTERN DIVISION

Little Rock District: Number of projects with water supply, 10. Number of contracts, 15.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 99,634 212,643 312,277 8,314 20,928 378 29,620

Not Under Contract 0 17,275 17,275 0 4,942 187 5,129

Total 99,634 229,918 329,552 8,314 25,870 565 34,749

Ft. Worth District: Number of projects with water supply, 25. Number of contracts, 42.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 3,660,070 814,629 4,474,699 213,064 214,695 623 428,382

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 3,660,070 814,629 4,474,699 213,064 214,695 623 428,382

Tulsa District: Number of projects with water supply, 28. Number of contracts, 111.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 1,113,513 487,878 1,601,391 98,289 93,462 34,070 225,821

Not Under Contract 0 479,974 479,974 0 60,456 334 60,790

Total 1,113,513 967,852 2,081,365 98,289 153,918 34,404 286,611

SOUTHWESTERN DIVISION TOTAL: Number of projects with water supply, 63. Number of contracts, 168.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 4,873,217 1,515,150 6,388,367 319,667 329,085 35,071 683,823

Not Under Contract 0 497,249 497,249 0 65,398 521 65,919

Total 4,873,217 2,012,399 6,885,616 319,667 394,483 35,592 749,742
C-30 Water Supply Handbook

SOUTH PACIFIC DIVISION

Scramento District: Number of projects with water supply, 1. Number of contracts, 2.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 88,000 212,000 300,000 8,290 96,625 0 104,915

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 88,000 212,000 300,000 8,290 96,625 0 104,915

Albuquerque District: Number of projects with water supply, 1, Number of contracts, 1.

Item Storage Space (Acre Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 170,900 0 170,900 0 0 0 0

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 170,900 0 170,900 0 0 0 0

SOUTH PACIFIC DIVISION: Number of projects with water supply, 2. Number of contracts, 3.

Item Storage Space (Acre-Feet) Contract Price ($000)

Present Use Future Use Total Present Use Future Use Conduit Total

Under Contract 258,900 212,000 470,900 8,290 96,625 0 104,915

Not Under Contract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 258,900 212,000 470,900 8,290 96,625 0 104,915
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-31

DATABASE VI

M&I WATER SUPPLY AGREEMENTS BY 

PROJECT AND AGREEMENT

 Division/District Page

North Atlantic Division

New England.................................. C-32

Philadelphia.................................... C-32

Baltimore........................................ C-33

South Atlantic Division

Wilmington...................................... C-34

Savannah....................................... C-35

Jacksonville.................................... C-36

Mobile............................................. C-36

Great Lakes and Ohio River Division

Pittsburgh....................................... C-37

Huntington...................................... C-38

Louisville......................................... C-39, -40

Mississippi Valley Division

Rock Island..................................... C-41

St. Louis.......................................... C-41

Vicksburg........................................ C-42

Northwestern Division

Seattle............................................. C-43

Portland........................................... C-43

Omaha............................................ C-43

Kansas City..................................... C-44, -45

Southwestern Division

Little Rock....................................... C-46, to -48

Ft. Worth......................................... C-49, to -54

Tulsa............................................... C-55, to -68

South Pacific Division

Sacramento..................................... C-69

Albuquerque.................................... C-69

Note: Investments costs are those construction costs plus interest during construction for which the sponsor is currently

responsible. These costs can vary over time in any one contract and they also can vary over time between contracts

in the same project. Therefore, all costs are in varying price levels.
C-32 Water Supply Handbook

NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION

NEW ENGLAND DISTRICT PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT

j COLEBROOK RIVER LAKE j BELTZVILLE LAKE 

CWIS No. 03650 CWIS No. 01340

West Branch Farmington River Pohopoco Creek

Litchfield County, Connecticut Carbon and Monroe Counties, Pennsylvania 

Contractor: The Meto Dist Contractor: Delaware RBC

Present Storage (a-f): 30,700. Present Storage (a-f): 27,880.

Future Storage (a-f): 0. Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($000): 5,281.2 Present Investment ($000): 6,500.

Future Investment ($000): 0 Future Investment ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0 Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Contract Approved: Mar 65 Date Contract Approved: Sep 80

Type: Type:

j EAST BRIMFIELD LAKE 

CWIS No. 05120

Quinebaug River

Worcester County, Massachusetts

Contractor: American Optic Co.

Present Storage (a-f): 1,140.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($000): 24.5

Future Investment ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Contract Approved: Aug 62

Type:

j LITTLEVILLE LAKE 

CWIS No. 10000

Middle Branch Westfield River Hampshire

County, Massachusetts

Contractor: City of Springfield

Present Storage (a-f): 9,400.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($000): 2,202.2

Future Investment ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Contract Approved: Jul 68

Type:

j BLUE MARSH LAKE 

CWIS No. 01780

Tulpehocken Creek

Lebanon and Berks Counties, Pennsylvania 

Contractor: Delaware RBC

Present Storage (a-f): 4,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 4,000.

Present Investment ($000): 7,500.

Future Investment ($000): 7,500.

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Contract Approved: Jun 71

Type:
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-33

BALTIMORE DISTRICT

j COWANESQUE LAKE 

CWIS No. 04150

Cowanesque River

Tioga County, Pennsylvania

Contractor: Susquehanna River Basin Comm

Present Storage (a-f): 24,335.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($000): 39,414.

Future Investment ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Contract Approved: Jun 86

Type: Reallocation of Flood Control storage j JENNINGS RANDOLPH LAKE 

CWIS No. 01770

North Branch Potomac River

Mineral County, West Virginia

Contractor: DC; WSSC; FCWA

Present Storage (a-f): 7,158.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($000): 11,477.

Future Investment ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Contract Approved: Nov 70

Type:

Contractor: DC; WSSC; FCWA

Present Storage (a-f): 33,837.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($000): 54,734.

Future Investment ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Contract Approved: Aug 82

Type:
C-34 Water Supply Handbook

SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION

WILMINGTON DISTRICT Contractor: Commonwealth of Virginia

j B. EVERETT JORDAN DAM AND LAKE

CWIS No. 12410

Haw River

Chatham, Wake, Orange and Durham Counties,

North Carolina

Contractor: State of North Carolina

Present Storage (a-f): 0

Future Storage (a-f): 45,800

Present Investment ($000): 0

Future Investment ($000): 4,388.0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Apr 88

Type: Water supply storage

j FALLS LAKE

CWIS No. 05800

Neuse River

Wake, Durham & Granville Counties, NC CWIS No. 19220

Contractor: City of Raleigh

Present Storage (a-f) : 11,300.

Future Storage (a-f): 33,700.

Present Investment ($000): 1,025 Present Storage (a-f): 33,000.

Future Investment ($000): 3,078 Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Conduit Cost ($000): 0 Present Investment ($000): 999.5

Date Contract Approved: Feb 72 Future Investment ($000): 0

Type: Water supply storage Conduit Cost ($000): 0

j JOHN H. KERR DAM AND RESERVOIR

CWIS No. 08350

Roanoke River

Mecklenburg, Charlotte, Halifax Counties, VA

Contractor: Virginia Beach

Present Storage (a-f): 10,200.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($000): 2,275.7

Future Investment ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Contract Approved: Jan 84

Type: Reallocation of hydropower storage 

Present Storage (a-f): 23

Future Storage: (a-f) 0

Present Investment ($000): 5.6

Future Investment: ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Jan 89

Type: Reallocation of hydropower storage

Contractor: Mecklenburg Cogeneration

Limited Partners

Present Storage (a-f): 600

Future Storage (a-f): 0

Present Investment ($000): 150.2

Future Investment: ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Jun 91

Type: Reallocation of hydropower storage

j W. KERR SCOTT DAM AND RESERVOIR

Yadkin River

Wilkes and Caldwell Counties, North Carolina

Contractor: Wilkes Co. & Winston-Salem

Date Contract Approved: Jun 60

Type:
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-35

SAVANNAH DISTIRCT

j HARTWELL DAM AND LAKE 

 CWIS No. 07380

Savannah, Tugaloo and Seneca Rivers

Hart, Franklin, Stephens Counties, Georgia

Contractor: Duke Power Co.

Present Storage (a-f): 7,380.

Future Storage (a-f): 17,240.

Present Investment ($000): 905.

Future Investment ($000): 2,120.

Conduit Cost ($000,): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jul 76

Type:

Contractor: Franklin County, GA

Present Storage (a-f): 127

Future Storage (a-f): 0

Present Investment ($000): 21.5

Future Investment ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Feb 90

Type: Reallocation from hydropower

jRICHARD B. RUSSELL DAM AND LAKE

CWIS No. 18530

Savannah River

Elbert County, Georgia and Abbeville and

Anderson Counties, South Carolina

Contractor: City of Elberton

Present Storage (a-f): 381

Future Storage (a-f): 0

Present Investment ($000): 419.0

Future Investment ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Sep 90

Type: Reallocation from hydropower

j J. STROM THURMOND DAM AND LAKE 

CWIS No. 03350

Savannah River

McCormick County, South Carolina

Contractor: City of Lincolnton, GA

Present Storage (a-f): 92.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($000): 0.3

Future Investment ($000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: May 64

Type:

Contractor: City of McCormick

Present Storage (a-f): 1800.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($000): 75.

Future Investment ($000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 71

Type:

Contractor: Savannah Valley Authority, SC

Present Storage (a-f): 92

Future Storage (a-f): 0

Present Investment ($000): 27.4

Future Investment: ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Oct 89

Type: Reallocation from hydropower

Contractor: Columbia County, GA

Present Storage (a-f): 1,056

Future Storage (a-f): 0

Present Investment ($000): 313.0

Future Investment ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Nov 89

Type: Reallocation from hydropower and 

conservation

Contractor: City of Thompson And McDuffie

County, GA

Present Storage (a-f): 1,056

Future Storage (a-f): 0

Present Investment ($000): 334.7

Future Investment ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Aug 90

Type: Reallocation from hydropower
C-36 Water Supply Handbook

Savannah District (continued) MOBILE DISTRICT

J. STROM THURMOND DAM AND LAKE

(cont.)

Contractor: City of Lincolnton, GA

Present Storage (a-f): 83

Future Storage (a-f): 0

Present Investment ($000): 24.6

Future Investment ($000): 0

Conduit Cost ($000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Apr 90

Type: Reallocation from hydropower

JACKSONVILLE DISTRICT

jCERRILLOS DAM AND RESERVOIR 

CWIS No. 74996-01

Cerrillos River

Ponce Municipio, Puerto Rico

Contractor: Common. of PR

Present Storage (a-f): 25,200.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($000): 98,670.

Future Investment ($000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Mar 82

Type:

j ALLATOONA LAKE 

 CWIS No. 00220

Etowah River

Bartow County, Georgia

Contractor: Cobb Co.-Marietta Wtr. Auth.

Present Storage (a-f): 13,140.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($000): 1,268.4

Future Investment ($000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Oct 63

Type:

Contractor: City of Cartersville

Present Storage (a-f): 1,996.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($000): 177.

Future Investment ($000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($000): 219.

Date Contract Approved: Dec 66

Type:

j OKATIBBEE LAKE 

CWIS No. 13230

Okatibbee Creek

Lauderdale County, Mississippi

Contractor: Pat Harrison WW District

Present Storage (a-f): 13,100.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($000): 1,292.

Future Investment ($000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: May 65

Type: 
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-37

GREAT LAKES AND OHIO RIVER DIVISION

PITTSBURGH DISTRICT

jBERLIN LAKE

CWIS No. 01400

Mahoning River

Portage and Mahoning Counties, Ohio

Mosquito Creek

Contractor: Mahoning Val. San. Dist.

Present Storage (a-f): 19,400.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,365.0 Present Storage (a-f): 11,000.

Future Investment ($1000): 0 Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 1.3 Present Investment ($1000): 467.

Date Contract Approved: Feb 50 Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Type: Conduit Cost ($1000): 67.

Date Contract Approved: Feb 48

Type:

jMICHAEL J. KIRWAN DAM AND

RESERVOIR 

CWIS No. 19660

West Branch Mahoning River

Portage County, Ohio

Contractor: Trumbull County

Present Storage (a-f): 17,800.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,750.2

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Oct 61

Type:

Contractor: Mahoning County

Present Storage (a-f): 35,100.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 3,449.8

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Oct 61

Type:

jMOSQUITO CREEK LAKE 

 CWIS No. 11870

Trumbull County, Ohio

Contractor: City of Warren

jSTONEWALL JACKSON LAKE 

CWIS No. 17580

West Fork River

Lewis County, West Virginia

 

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 2200.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 4,300.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.
C-38 Water Supply Handbook

HUNTINGTON DISTRICT

jALUM CREEK LAKE 

CWIS No. 00280

Alum Creek

Delaware County, Ohio

Contractor: State of Ohio

Present Storage (a-f): 29,700.

Future Storage (a-f): 49,500.

Present Investment ($1000): 6,847.5

Future Investment ($1000): 11,412.6

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 68

Type:

jJOHN W. FLANNAGAN DAM AND

RESERVOIR 

CWIS No. 08550

Pound River

Dickenson County, Virginia

Contractor: John Flannagan Water Auth.

Present Storage (a-f): 356.

Future Storage (a-f): 1,769.

Present Investment ($1000): 57.1

Future Investment ($1000): 283.6

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Oct 77

Type:

jNORTH FORK OF POUND LAKE

CWIS No. 12710

North Fork of Pound River

Wise County, Virginia

Contractor: Town of Pound

Present Storage (a-f): 62.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 37.9

Future Investment ($1000): 0.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Aug 68

Type:

jPAINT CREEK LAKE 

CWIS No. 13550

Paint Creek

Ross County, Ohio

Contractor: Highland County Water Co.

Present Storage (a-f): 721.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 189.7

Future Investment ($1000): 0.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Jun 86

Type:

jTOM JENKINS DAM 

CWIS No. 18300

Hocking River

Athens County, Ohio

Contractor: State of Ohio

Present Storage (a-f): 5,690.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 785.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Feb 48

Type:
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-39

LOUISVILLE DISTRICT

jBARREN RIVER LAKE 

 CWIS No. 00970

Barren River

Allen and Barren Counties, Kentucky

Present Storage (a-f): 3,460.

Contractor: Glasgow

Present Storage (a-f): 681.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 22.3

Future Investment ($1000): 0.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Nov 65

Type: Reallocation of Permanent Pool

jBROOKVILLE LAKE 

CWIS No. 02060

East Fork Whitewater River

Franklin and Union Counties, Indiana

Contractor: State of Indiana

Present Storage (a-f): 89,300.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 7,541.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Aug 65

Type:

jCAESAR CREEK LAKE 

 CWIS No. 02350

Caesar Creek

Warren, Clinton and Greene Counties, Ohio

Contractor: State of Ohio

Present Storage (a-f): 39,100.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 5,742.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: May 90

Type:

jGREEN RIVER LAKE 

CWIS No. 06960

Green River

Taylor and Adair Counties, Kentucky

Contractor: Campbellsville

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 92.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Apr 69

Type:

jMONROE LAKE 

CWIS No. 11770

Salt Creek

Monroe, Brown and Jackson Counties, Indiana

Contractor: State of Indiana

Present Storage (a-f): 160,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 8,015.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Mar 61

Type:

jPATOKA LAKE 

CWIS No. 13730

Patoka River

Dubois, Orange and Crawford Counties, Indiana

Contractor: State of Indiana

Present Storage (a-f): 129,800.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 14,023.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 70

Type:
C-40 Water Supply Handbook

Louisville District (continued)

jROUGH RIVER LAKE 

 CWIS No. 15610

Rough River

Breckinridge, Grayson & Hardin Counties, KY 

Contractor: Leitchfield

Present Storage (a-f): 120.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 3.6

Future Investment ($1000): 0.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Aug 66

Type: Reallocation of Conservation storage

Contractor: Hardinsburg

Present Storage (a-f): 150.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 17.8

Future Investment ($1000): 0.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Mar 79

Type: Reallocation of Conservation storage

jWILLIAM H. HARSHA LAKE 

CWIS No. 05180

East Fork, Little Miami River

Clermont County, Ohio

Contractor: State of Ohio

Present Storage (a-f): 35,500.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 3,987.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: May 70

Type:
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-41

 MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DIVISION

ROCK ISLAND DISTICT

jSAYLORVILLE LAKE 

 CWIS No. 16510

Des Moines River

Polk, Dallas, Boone Counties, Iowa

Contractor: State of Iowa

Present Storage (a-f): 14,900.

Future Storage (a-f): 0. Future Investment ($1000): 13,000

Present Investment ($1000): 4,811.6

Future Investment ($1000): 0.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Aug 82

Type: Reallocation of Flood Control storage

ST. LOUIS DISTRICT

jCARLYLE LAKE 

CWIS No. 02700

Kaskaskia River

Clinton County, Illinois

Contractor: State of Illinois

Present Storage (a-f): 33,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 3,635.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 58

Type:

jCLARENCE CANNON DAM - MARK TWAIN

LAKE

CWIS No. 02560

Salt River

Ralls County, Missouri

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 20,000.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

jLAKE SHELBYVILLE 

CWIS No. 16691

Kaskaskia River

Shelby County, Illinois

Contractor: State of Illinois

Present Storage (a-f): 25,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 4,310.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 62

Type:

jREND LAKE 

CWIS No. 15190

Big Muddy River

Franklin County, Illinois

Contractor: State of Illinois

Present Storage (a-f): 109,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 10,000.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: May 65

Type:
C-42 Water Supply Handbook

VICKSBURG DISTRICT

jDEGRAY LAKE 

CWIS No. 36011

Caddo River

Clark and Hot Springs Counties, Arkansas

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 167,750.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 5,904.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-43

NORTHWESTERN DIVISION

SEATTLE DISTRICT OMAHA DISTIRCT

jWYNOOCHEE LAKE jBOWMAN-HALEY DAM AND LAKE 

CWIS No. 67327 CWIS No. 01970

Wynoochee River North Fork of Grand River

Grays Harbor County, Washington Bowman County, North Dakota

Contractor: City of Aberdeen Contractor: Bowman County Wtr Mgmt Dist

Present Storage (a-f): 26,400. Present Storage (a-f): 15,500.

Future Storage (a-f): 18,200. Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 11,281. Present Investment ($1000): 825.

Future Investment ($1000): 7,772. Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0. Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Oct 67 Date Contract Approved: Dec 82

Type: Type:

PORTLAND DISTRICT

jLOST CREEK LAKE 

CWIS No. 10090

Rogue River

Jackson County, Oregon

Contractor: City of Phoenix

Present Storage (a-f): 400.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 269.7

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 82

Type:

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 9,600.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.0

Future Investment ($1000): 5,730.3

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

jGARRISON DAM AND LAKE

CWIS No. 06400

Missouri River

Bismarch, North Dakota

Contractor: Basin Electric Power

Cooperative

Pesent Storage (a-f) 21,000

Future Storage (a-f) 0

Present Investment ($1000): 630 per year

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit ($1000): 0

Date Contract Approved: Oct. 88

Type:
C-44 Water Supply Handbook

KANSAS CITY DISTRICT

jCLINTON LAKE 

CWIS No. 03480

Wakarusa River

Douglas County, Kansas

Contractor: State of Kansas

Present Storage (a-f): 53,520.

Future Storage (a-f): 35,680.

Present Investment ($1000): 3,873.4

Future Investment ($1000): 2,582.3

Conduit Cost ($1000): 312.4

Date Contract Approved: Oct 78

Type:

jHILLSDALE LAKE 

 CWIS No. 07540

Big Bull Creek

Miami County, Kansas

Contractor: State of Kansas

Present Storage (a-f): 7,500.

Future Storage (a-f): 45,500.

Present Investment ($1000): 3,314.2

Future Investment ($1000): 20,107.5

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Apr 74

Type:

jLONG BRANCH LAKE 

 CWIS No. 10030

Little Chariton River

Macon County, Missouri

Contractor: City of Macon

Present Storage (a-f): 4,400.

Future Storage (a-f): 13,800.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,118.3

Future Investment ($1000): 3,507.2

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 72

Type:

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 6,200.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 1,575.7

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

jMILFORD LAKE 

CWIS No. 11140

Republican River

Geary County, Kansas

Contractor: State of Kansas

Present Storage (a-f): 46,650.

Future Storage (a-f): 253,350.

Present Investment ($1000): 2,028.6

Future Investment ($1000): 1,1017.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Sep 76

Type: 

jPERRY LAKE 

CWIS No. 13920

Delaware River

Jefferson County, Kansas

Contractor: State of Kansas

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 150,000.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.0

Future Investment ($1000): 9,208.3

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Oct 77

Type:

jPOMONA LAKE 

CWIS No. 14280

One Hundred Ten Mile Creek

Osage County, Kansas

Contractor: RWD #3

Present Storage (a-f): 230.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 13.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Sep 64

Type:

Contractor: RWD #9

Present Storage (a-f): 500.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 37.5

Future Investment ($1000): 0.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: May 74

Type:
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-45

Kansas City District (continued)

POMONA LAKE (continued)

Contractor: RWD #3

Present Storage (a-f): 270.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 20.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.0

Date Contract Approved: Jan 80

Type:

jRATHBUN LAKE 

CWIS No. 14880

Chariton River

Appanoose County, Iowa

Contractor: Rathbun RWD

Present Storage (a-f): 3,340.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 331.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 86

Type: Reallocation of Conservation storage

jSMITHVILLE LAKE

CWIS No.16980

Little Platte River

Clay and Clinton Counties, Missouri

Contractor: City of Plattsburg

Present Storage (a-f): 2,650.

Future Storage (a-f): 8,850.

Present Investment ($1000): 734.8

Future Investment ($1000): 2,458.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 72

Type:

Contractor: City of Smithville

Present Storage (a-f): 2,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 6,000.

Present Investment ($1000): 555.0

Future Investment ($1000): 1,665.1

Conduit Cost ($1000): 53.0

Date Contract Approved: Nov 72

Type:

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 75,700.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 21,000.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 2,331.
C-46 Water Supply Handbook

SOUTHWESTERN DIVISION

LITTLE ROCK DISTRICT

j BEAVER LAKE 

CWIS No. 01230

White River

Carroll County, Arkansas

Contractor: Beaver W.D. No. 1

Present Storage (a-f): 31,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 77,000.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,431.7

Future Investment ($1000): 3,477.1

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 60

Type:

Contractor: Carroll-Boone Wtr. Dist.

Present Storage (a-f): 9,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 42.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Apr 77

Type: Reallocation

Contractor: Madison County Water District

Present Storage (a-f): 4,093.

Future Stroage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 783

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Contract Approved: Jun 92, Rev. Apr 96

Type: Reallocation of FC to WS

jBLUE MOUNTAIN LAKE 

CWIS No. 01800

Petit Jean River

Yell County, Arkansas

Contractor: City of Danville

Present Storage (a-f): 1,550.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 417.2

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Condit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Dec 94

Type: Reallocation of FC to WS

j BULL SHOALS

CWIS No. 00820

White River

Marion County, Arkansas

Contractor: Marion County Water District

Present Storage (a-f): 880.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 85

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Contract Approved: Apr. 88

Type: Reallocation of Hydro to WS

j DEQUEEN LAKE 

 CWIS No. 04620

Rolling Fork River

Sevier County, Arkansas

Contractor: Tri-Lakes Water District

Present Storage (a-f): 610.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 249.5

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 6.6

Date Agreement Approved: Feb 95

Type:

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 17,275.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 4,942.4

Conduit Cost ($1000): 186.9
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-47

Little Rock District (continued) Contractor: Community Water System

j DIERKS LAKE

CWIS No. 04770

Saline River

Howard and Sevier Counties, Arkansas

Contractor: Tri-Lake Water Dist.

Present Storage (a-f): 190.

Future Storage (a-f): 9,910.

Present Investment ($1000): 40.6

Future Investment ($1000): 2,110.1

Conduit Cost ($1000): 181.7

Date Contract Approved: Feb 77

Type:

j GILLHAM LAKE 

CWIS No. 06550

Cossatot River

Howard County, Arkansas

Contractor: Tri-Lakes Wtr Dist

Present Storage (a-f): 323.

Future Storage (a-f): 20,277.

Present Investment ($1000): 167.2

Future Investment ($1000): 5,251.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 79.0

Date Contract Approved: Dec. 80, additional 

storage Feb.95

Type:

j GREERS FERRY LAKE 

CWIS No. 07070

Little Red River

Cleburne County, Arkansas

Contractor: City of Clinton

Present Storage (a-f): 900.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 81.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 70

Type: Reallocation

Present Storage (a-f): 225.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 20.3

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Apr 71

Type: Reallocation

Contractor: Community Water System

Present Storage (a-f): 3,776.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 457.8

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Contract Approved: Feb 95

Type: Reallocation from FC to WS

j MILLWOOD LAKE 

CWIS No. 11240

Little River

Hempstead and Little River Counties, Arkansas

Contractor: Southwest AR Wtr Dist

Present Storage (a-f): 44,544.

Future Storage (a-f): 105,456.

Present Investment ($1000): 4,318.7

Future Investment ($1000): 10,089.8

Conduit Cost ($1000): 110.5

Date Contract Approved: Nov. 80

Type:

j NIMROD LAKE 

CWIS No. 12620

Fourche LaFave River

Perry County, Arkansas

Contractor: City of Plainview

Present Storage (a-f): 33.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1.2

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Dec 73

Type: Reallocation
C-48 Water Supply Handbook

Little Rock District (continued)

NINROD LAKE (continued)

Contractor: City of Plainview

Present Storage (a-f): 110.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 22.0

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Contract Approved: Sep 94

Type: Reallocaiton of FC to WS

j NORFORK LAKE 

 CWIS No. 12830

North Fork River

Baxter County, Arkansas

Contractor: City of Mtn Home

Present Storage (a-f): 2,400.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 196.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jan 68

Type:
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-49

FT. WORTH DISTRICT

j AQUILLA LAKE 

CWIS No. 74786

Aquilla Creek

Hill County, Texas

Contractor: Brazos River Authority

Present Storage (a-f): 3,360.

Future Storage (a-f): 30,240.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,257.

Future Investment ($1000): 11,316.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 76

Type:

j BARDWELL LAKE 

CWIS No. 00930

Waxahachie Creek

Ellis County, Texas

Contractor: Trinity River Auth.

Present Storage (a-f): 10,700.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 823.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 63

Type:

Contractor: Trinity River Auth.

Present Storage (a-f): 21,400.

Future Storage (a-f): 10,700.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,645.

Future Investment ($1000): 823.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Oct 69

Type: Present Storage (a-f): 7,250.

j BELTON LAKE 

CWIS No. 01330

Leon River

Bell County, Texas

Contractor: Fort Hood

Present Storage (a-f): 12,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 161.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 54

Type: 

Contractor: Brazos River Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 113,700.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,524.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jan 58

Type:

Contractor: Brazos River Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 247,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 3,601.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Dec 60

Type:

j BENBROOK LAKE 

 CWIS No. 01350

Clear Fork of the Trinity River

Tarrant County, Texas

Contractor: City of Ft. Worth

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 310.0 

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 36.

Date Contract Approved: Aug 69

Type:

Contractor: Benbrook W&S Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 7,250.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 310.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Feb 72

Type:
C-50 Water Supply Handbook

Ft. Worth District (continued) Contractor: City of Irving

BENBROOK LAKE (continued)

Contractor: Benbrook W&S Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 9,208.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 394.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Aug 79

Type:

Contractor: Tarrant County WaterControl

And Improvement Distirct No. 1

Present Storage (a-f): 48,792.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 2,086

Future Invistment ($1000): 0

Conduit ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: 21 June 91

Type: Interim Use of Surplus Water

j CANYON LAKE 

CWIS No. 02590

Guadalupe River

Comal County, Texas

Contractor: Guadalupe-Blanco River Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 366,400.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 8,080.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Oct 57

Type:

j COOPER LAKE 

CWIS No. 03820

South Sulphur River

Delta and Hopkins Counties, Texas

Contractor: Sulphur R. M.W.D.

Present Storage (a-f): 17,750.

Future Storage (a-f): 54,000.

Present Investment ($1000): 3,836.

Future Investment ($1000): 11,670.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 68

Type:

Present Storage (a-f): 46,200.

Future Storage (a-f): 54,425.

Present Investment ($1000): 9,985.

Future Investment ($1000): 11,762.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 68

Type:

Contractor: N. TX Mun. Wtr. Dist

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 100,625.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 21,747.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 68

Type:

j FERRELL'S BRIDGE DAM - LAKE O' THE

PINES 

CWIS No. 05850

Big Cypress Creek

Marion County, Texas

Contractor: N.E. Texas, MWD

Present Storage (a-f): 250,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,753.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jul 55

Type:

j GRANGER DAM AND LAKE 

CWIS No. 75357

San Gabriel River

Williamson County, Texas

Contractor: Brazos River Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 37,900.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 12,865.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Apr 81

Type:
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-51

Ft. Worth District (continued)

j GRAPEVINE LAKE 

 CWIS No. 06760

Denton Creek

Tarrant and Denton Counties, Texas

Contractor: City of Grapevine

Present Storage (a-f): 1,250.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 23.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 53

Type:

Contractor: Dalles Co. Park Cities

Present Storage (a-f): 50,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 607.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Mar 54

Type:

Contractor: City of Dallas

Present Storage (a-f): 85,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,433.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Mar 54

Type:

Contractor: City of Grapevine

Present Storage (a-f): 25,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 684.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Feb 81

Type:

j HORDS CREEK LAKE 

 CWIS No. 07710

Hords Creek

Coleman County, Texas

Contractor: Central Colorado River Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 5,780.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 100.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 5.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 48

Type:

j JOE POOL LAKE 

 CWIS No. 09420

Mountain Creek

Dallas County, Texas

Contractor: Trinity River Authority

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 142,900.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 57,955.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 80.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 77

Type:

j LAVON LAKE 

CWIS No. 09580

East Fork of the Trinity River

Collin County, Texas

Contractor: North Texas MWD

Present Storage (a-f): 100,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,256.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jul 54

Type:

Contractor: North Texas MWD

Present Storage (a-f): 120,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 13,659.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 67

Type:
C-52 Water Supply Handbook

Ft. Worth Distict (continued)

LAVON LAKE (continued) 

Contractor: North Texas MWD

Present Storage (a-f): 160,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 21,381.3

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Dec 85

Type:

j LEWISVILLE LAKE 

 CWIS No. 09740

Elm Fork of the Trinty River

Denton County, Texas

Contractor: City of Dallas

Present Storage (a-f): 415,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 3,677.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jul 53

Type:

Contractor: City of Denton

Present Storage (a-f): 21,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 250.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: May 54

Type:

j NAVARRO MILLS LAKE 

 CWIS No. 12260

Richland Creek

Navarro County, Texas

Contractor: Trinity River Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 53,200.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 2,176.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 28.

Date Contract Approved: Aug 59

Type:

j NORTH SAN GABRIEL DAM

GEORGETOWN LAKE

CWIS No. 75358

North Fork of the San Gabriel River

Williamson County, Texas

Contractor: Brazos River Auth.

Present Storage (a-f): 4,961.

Future Storage (a-f): 24,239.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,022.

Future Investment ($1000): 4,992.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Apr 81

Type:

j O. C. FISHER DAM AND LAKE 

 CWIS No. 16090

North Concho River

Tom Green County, Texas

Contractor: Upper Colorado R. Auth.

Present Storage (a-f): 80,400.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 860.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Oct 48

Type:

j PROCTOR LAKE 

 CWIS No. 14580

Leon River

Comanche County, Texas

Contractor: Brazos River Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 31,400.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,314.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: May 60

Type:
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-53

Ft. Worth District (continued)

j RAY ROBERTS LAKE 

 CWIS No. 74787

Elm Fork of the Trinity River

Denton County, Texas

Contractor: City of Denton

Present Storage (a-f): 147,471.

Future Storage (a-f): 93,500.

Present Investment ($1000): 22,940.

Future Investment ($1000): 21,241.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 67.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 80

Type:

Contractor: City of Dallas

Present Storage (a-f): 419,709.

Future Storage (a-f): 266,100.

Present Investment ($1000): 65,422.

Future Investment ($1000): 60,324.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 191.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 80 Present Storage (a-f): 204,900.

Type: Future Storage (a-f): 0.

j SAM RAYBURN DAM AND RESERVOIR 

CWIS No. 16040

Angelina River

Jasper County, Texas

Contractor: City of Lufkin

Present Storage (a-f): 43,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 526.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: May 69

Type: Present Storage (a-f): 94,200.

j SOMERVILLE LAKE 

 CWIS No. 17110

Yegua Creek

Burleson and Washington Counties, Texas

Contractor: Brazos River Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 143,900.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ( $1000): 7,197.

Future Investment ( $1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: May 62

Type:

j STILLHOUSE HOLLOW LAKE 

 CWIS No. 17530

Lampasas River

Bell County, Texas

Contractor: Brazos River Auth.

Present Investment ($1000): 6,983.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Apr 62

Type:

j TOWN BLUFF DAM - B.A. STEINHAGEN

LAKE

CWIS No. 79053

Neches River

Tyler County, Texas

Contractor: Lower Neches Valley Auth

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ( $1000): 2,000.

Future Investment ( $1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 55

Type:
C-54 Water Supply Handbook

Ft. Worth District (continued)

j WACO LAKE

CWIS No. 19250

Bosque River

McLennan County, Texas

Contractor: City of Waco

Present Storage (a-f): 13,026.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Apr 58

Type:

Contractor: Brazos River Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 91,074.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 5,577.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 216.

Date Contract Approved: Apr 58

Type:

Contractor: Brazos River Auth.

Present Storage (a-f): 47,526.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 15,242.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 84

Type: Reallocation of Flood Control storage

j WHITNEY LAKE 

CWIS No. 19920

Brazos River

Bosque and Hill Counties, Texas

Contractor: Brazos River Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 50,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,181.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 82

Type: Reallocation of ?

j WRIGHT PATMAN DAM AND LAKE 

 CWIS No. 18110

Sulphur River

Bowie and Cass Counties, Texas

Contractor: City of Texarkana

Present Storage (a-f): 91,263.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,788.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Feb 54

Type:
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-55

TULSA DISTRICT Contractor: Broken Bow Public Works

j ARCADIA LAKE 

CWIS No. 75012

Deep Fork River

Oklahoma County, Oklahoma

Contractor: Edmond Public Works Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 8,460.

Future Storage (a-f): 14,630.

Present Investment ($1000): 16,253.6

Future Investment ($1000): 27,790.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 266.6

Date Contract Approved: Nov 79

Type:

j BIRCH LAKE

CWIS No. 01540

Birch Creek

Osage County, Oklahoma

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 7,630.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 2,209.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 23.

j BROKEN BOW LAKE 

 CWIS No. 02040

Mountain Fork River

McCurtain County, Oklahoma

Contractor: Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation

Department

Present Storage (a-f): 60.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 2.0

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Sep 88

Type:

Authority

Present Storage (a-f): 4,241.

Future Storage (a-f): 4,054,

Present Investment ($1000): 161.3

Future Investment ($1000): 107.6

Conduit Cost ($1000): 6.2

Date Agreement Approved: Feb 90

Type:

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 144,145.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 3,827.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 108.1

j CANTON LAKE 

CWIS No. 02570

North Canadian River

Blaine County, Oklahoma

Contractor: Oklahoma City

Present Storage (a-f): 90,000,

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 2,806.9

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Nov 91
C-56 Water Supply Handbook

Tulsa District (continued) Contractor: Texas Power & Light

j COPAN LAKE 

CWIS No. 03890

Little Caney River

Washington County, Oklahoma

Contractor: Copan PWA

Present Storage (a-f): 250.

Future Storage (a-f): 4,750.

Present Investment ($1000): 268.7

Future Investment ($1000): 5,105.2

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 81

Type:

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 2,500.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 2,686.9

Conduit Cost ($1000): 24.7

j COUNCIL GROVE LAKE 

 CWIS No. 04100

Grand (Neosho) River

Morris County, Kansas

Contractor: Kansas W.R. Board

Present Storage (a-f): 24,400.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,400.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 62.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 76

Type:

j DENISON DAM - LAKE TEXOMA 

 CWIS No. 74945

Red River

Grayson County, Texas

Contractor: City of Denison

Present Storage (a-f): 21,300.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 370.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 53

Present Storage (a-f): 16,400.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 286.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Aug 61

Type:

Contractor: Red R. Auth of Texas

Present Storage (a-f): 450.

Future Storage (a-f) : 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 9.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 69

Type: 

Contractor: Red R. Auth of Texas

Present Storage (a-f): 1,806.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 364.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Aug 83

Type: Reallocation of Hydropower storage

Contractor: North Texas MWD

Present Storage (a-f): 75,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 16,264.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Dec 85

Type: Reallocation of Hydropower storage

Contractor: Buncombe Creek View Additon

Present Storage (a-f): 1.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.3

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Apr 92

Type: Reallocation of Hyropower

Contractor: Greater Texoma Utility Authority

Present Storage (a-f): 5,500.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,266.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Sep 92

Type: Reallocation of Hydropower
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-57

Tulsa District (continued Contractor: Pitts. Co. Water Auth

j EL DORADO LAKE 

 CWIS No. 05350

Walnut River

Butler County, Kansas

Contractor: City of El Dorado

Present Storage (a-f): 51,459.

Future Storage (a-f): 91,341.

Present Investment ($1000): 13,206.3

Future Investment ($1000): 23,441.2

Conduit Cost ($1000): 838.2

Date Contract Approved: Jun 72

Type:

j ELK CITY LAKE 

CWIS No. 05360

Elk River

Montgomery County, Kansas

Contractor: Kansas Water Res. Board

Present Storage (a-f): 24,300.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 2,076.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 71.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 76

Type:

j EUFAULA LAKE 

CWIS No. 05650

Canadian River

Oklmulgee, McIntosh, Haskell and Pittsburg

Counties, Oklahoma

Contractor: Haskell Co. Water Co.

Present Storage (a-f): 400.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 35.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Aug 68

Type:

Present Storage (a-f): 850.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 75.3

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Aug 68

Type:

Contractor: Haskell Co. RWD NO. 1

Present Storage (a-f): 50.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 4.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jan 69

Type:

Contractor: RWD No. 4 Pitts. Co.

Present Storage (a-f): 50.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 4.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 69

Type:

Contractor: RWD No. 3, Moskogee Co

Present Storage (a-f): 100.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 8.9

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 69

Type:

Contractor: Porum Public Works Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 125.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 11.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 69

Type:

Contractor: Lakeside Water Co. Inc

Present Storage (a-f): 20.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1.8

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 71

Type:
C-58 Water Supply Handbook

Tulsa District (continued)

EUFAULA LAKE (continued)

Contractor: Sherwood Forrest Company

Present Storage (a-f): 60.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 5.3

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 71 Present Storage (a-f): 1,000.

Type: Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Contractor: RWD No. 3, Haskell Co.

Present Storage (a-f): 25.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 2.2

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jul 74 Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Type: Future Storage (a-f): 100.

Present Investment ($1000): 0

Contractor: Krebs Util. Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 280.

Future Storage (a-f): 280.

Present Investment ($1000): 29.1

Future Investment ($1000): 29.1

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Oct 80

Type:

Contractor: Rural WGS Dist #8 McIntosh Co

Present Storage (a-f): 300. Future Investment ($1000): 0

Future Storage (a-f): 1,200. Conduit Cost ($1000): 2.2

Present Investment ($1000): 31.6 Date Agreement Signed: Oct. 87

Future Investment ($1000): 106.1 Type:

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Mar 81

Type:

Contractor: Porum Public Works Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 280.

Future Storage (a-f): 120.

Present Investment ($1000): 30.1

Future Investment ($1000): 10.6

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 81

Type:

Contractor: Pitts Co. Public Works Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 300.

Future Storage (a-f): 190.

Present Investment ($1000): 33.1

Future Investment ($1000): 25.8

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Dec 81

Type:

Contractor: Longtown, R.W.&S.D.#1

Present Investment ($1000): 80.8

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.4

Date Contract Approved: Apr 85

Type:

Contractor: Public Service Co. of OK

Future Investment ($1000): 8.1

Conduit Cost ($1000): .04

Date Contract Approved: Dec 85

Type:

Contractor: McAlester Public Works

Authority

Present Storage (a-f): 6,250.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 505.1

Contractor: Bristow Point Property Owners

Association

Present Storage (a-f): 15.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1.2

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.01

Date Agreement Approved: Aug 89

Type:
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-59

Tulsa District (continued)

EUFAULA LAKE (continued)

Contractor: Warner Utilities Authority

Present Storage (a-f): 220.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 17.8

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.08

Date Agreement Approved: Sep 89

Type:

Contractor: Twin Rivers Estates, Inc,

Present Storage (a-f): 9.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.7

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.003

Date Agreement Approved: Mar 90

Type:

Contractor: Bridgeport Dunes Condominium

Homeowners Assoc., Inc.

Present Storage (a-f): 5.

Future Storage (a-f) 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.002

Date Agreement Approved: Sep 90

Type:

Contractor: Pittsburg County RWD #14

Present Storage (a-f): 320.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 25.8

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.1

Date Agreement Approved: Mar 91

Type:

Contractor: Duchess Creed Mobile Home

Park

Present Use Storage (a-f): 4.

Future Use Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.3

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.001

Date Agreement Approved: Apr 92

Type: 

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 42,492.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 3,433.7

Conduit Cost ($1000): 15.2

j FORT SUPPLY LAKE 

 CWIS No. 06040

Wolf Creek

Woodward County, Oklahoma

Contractor: OK Board of Public Affairs

Present Storage (a-f): 400.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 38.8

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jun 64

Type:

j HEYBURN LAKE 

CWIS No. 07500

Polecat Creek

Creek County, Oklahoma

Contractor: Creek Co. RWD #3

Present Storage (a-f): 300.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 13.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 51.2

Date Contract Approved: Sep 64

Type:

Contractor: Creek Co. RWD #3

Present Storage (a-f): 600.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 34.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

 Date Contract Approved: Mar 68

Type:
C-60 Water Supply Handbook

Tulsa District (continued)

HEYBURN LAKE (continued) 

 

Contractor: Creek Co. RWD #3

Present Storage (a-f): 1,100.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 73.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 78

Type:

j HUGO LAKE

CWIS No. 07830

Kiamichi River

Choctaw County, Oklahoma CWIS No. 07850

Contractor: Hugo Municipal Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 1,640.

Future Storage (a-f): 18,880.

Present Investment ($1000: 94. Present Storage (a-f): 15,400.

Future Investment ($1000): 1,082. Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 30. Present Investment ($1000): 618.7

Date Contract Approved: Oct 74 Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Type: Conduit Cost ($1000): 5.3

Date Contract Approved: Jun 57

Contractor: Antlers Pub. Works Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 490.

Future Storage (a-f): 430.

Present Investment ($1000): 28. Present Storage (a-f): 100.

Future Investment ($1000): 25. Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0. Present Investment ($1000): 4.

Date Contract Approved: Mar 75 Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Type: Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Contractor: Western Farmers Elect. Coop.

Present Storage (a-f): 6,100.

Future Storage (a-f): 17,350.

Present Investment ($1000): 350. Present Storage (a-f): 2,200.

Future Investment ($1000): 995. Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0. Present Investment ($1000): 88.3

Date Contract Approved: Apr 80 Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Type: Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Contractor: RWD #3, Pushmataha County

Present Storage (a-f): 512.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 29.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Oct 94

Type: 

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 2,198.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 126

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

j HULAH LAKE 

Caney River

Osage County, Oklahoma

Contractor: Bartlesville

Type:

Contractor: Hulah Water Dist

Date Contract Approved: Nov 70

Type:

Contractor: Bartlesville Mod

Date Contract Approved: Nov 70

Type:
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-61

Tulsa District (continued) Contractor: Stillwater Util. Auth.

HULA LAKE (continued)

Contractor: Bartlesville

Present Storage (a-f): 2,100.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 84.2

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 82

Type:

j JOHN REDMOND DAM AND RESERVOIR 

CWIS No. 08530

Grand (Neosho) River

Coffey County, Kansas

Contractor: Kansas Water Res. Bd.

Present Storage (a-f): 34,900.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 4,488.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 11.

Date Contract Approved: Oct 75

Type:

j KAW LAKE 

CWIS No. 08790

Arkansas River

Blaine County, Oklahoma

Contractor: OK Gas & Electric

Present Storage (a-f): 9,150.

Future Storage (a-f): 30,200.

Present Investment ($1000): 2,053.

Future Investment ($1000): 6,775.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Apr 80

Type:

Contractor: Kaw Reservoir Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 388.

Date Contract Approved: Mar 81

Type:

Present Storage (a-f): 6,662.

Future Storage (a-f): 44,788.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,530.4

Future Investment ($1000): 10,290.0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Mar 81

Type:

Contractor: Otoe-Missouria Tribe

Present Storage (a-f): 183.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 42.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Aug. 93

Type:

Contractor: Kaw Tribe of Oklahoma

Present Storage (a-f): 6.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.2

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: July 93

Type: Interim Use Irrigation

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 80,211.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 18,427.9

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.
C-62 Water Supply Handbook

Tulsa District (continued) Contractor: Collinsville

j KEYSTONE LAKE

CWIS No. 08990

Arkansas River

Tulsa County, Oklahoma

Contractor: Public Service Co. of OK

Present Storage (a-f): 12,500.

Future Storage (a-f): 5,500.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,094.8

Future Investment ($1000): 481.7

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Apr 71

Type:

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 1,999.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 175.2

Conduit Cost ($1000): 28.3

j MARION LAKE 

CWIS No. 10650

Cottonwood River

Marion County, Kansas

Contractor: Kansas Water Res. Bd.

Present Storage (a-f): 38,300.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,566.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 10.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 76

Type:

j OOLOGAH LAKE 

 CWIS No. 13340

Verdigris River

Rogers County, Oklahoma

Contractor: City of Tulsa

Present Storage (a-f): 285,450.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 9,229.3

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 391.5

Date Contract Approved:

Mar 58 (38,000 AF); Feb 85 (247,450 AF)

Type:

Present Storage (a-f): 6,670.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 215.7

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved:

 Aug 58 (500 AF); Jun 5 (6,170 AF)

Type:

Contractor: Public Service Co. of OK

Present Storage (a-f): 20,990.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 678.7

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved:

 Aug 58 (5,000 AF); 

May 85 (15,990 AF)

Type:

Contractor: RWD #1, Nowata Co.

Present Storage (a-f): 200.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 6.5

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved:

Sep 64 (100 AF);

Mar 85 (100 AF)

Type:

Contractor: RWD #4, Rogers Co.

Present Storage (a-f): 1,590.

Future Storage (a-f) : 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 51.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved:

Jan 66 (300 AF); Jul 85 (1,290 AF)

Type:

Contractor: RWD #3, Rogers Co.

Present Storage (a-f): 5,960.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 192.7

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved:

Jan 66 (300 AF); Feb 85 (5,660 AF)

Type:
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-63

Tulsa District (continued)

OOLOGAH LAKE (continued)

Contractor: Town of Chelsea

Present Storage (a-f): 670.

Future Storage (a-f): 860.

Present Investment ($1000): 21.7

Future Investment ($1000): 27.7

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Apr 82

Type:

Contractor: City of Claremore

Present Storage (a-f): 445.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 14.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Sep 88

Type:

Contractor: RWD #3, Washington County

Present Storage (a-f): 4,170.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 134.8

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Jul 92

Type:

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 15,595.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 504.2

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

j PAT MAYSE LAKE 

 CWIS No. 13700

Sanders Creek

Lamar County, Texas 

Contractor: Paris, TX

Present Storage (a-f): 43,800.

Future Storage (a-f): 65,800.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,284.

Future Investment ($1000): 1,926.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Feb 65

Type:

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 10.

j PEARSON-SKUBITZ BIG HILL LAKE 

 CWIS No. 01450

Big Hill Creek

Labette County, Kansas

Contractor: Kansas W.R. Board

Present Storage (a-f): 9,200.

Future Storage (a-f): 16,500.

Present Investment ($1000): 2,490.5

Future Investment ($1000): 4,465.3

Conduit Cost ($1000): 21.3

Date Contract Approved: Oct 73

Type:
C-64 Water Supply Handbook

Tulsa District (continued) Contractor: Osage County RWD #15

j PINE CREEK LAKE 

 CWIS No. 14030

Little River

McCurtain County, Oklahoma

Contractor: Weyerhaeuser

Present Storage (a-f): 17,640.

Future Storage (a-f): 11,160.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,663.

Future Investment ($1000): 1,052.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 70

Type:

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 20,600.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 1,942.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 148.

j SARDIS LAKE

CWIS No. 74925

Jackfork Creek

Pushmataha County, Oklahoma

Contractor: OK Wtr. Conserv. Stora. Comm

Present Storage (a-f): 141,700.

Future Storage (a-f): 155,500.

Present Investment ($1000): 7,766.

Future Investment ($1000): 8,522.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 111.

Date Contract Approved: Apr 74

Type:

j SKIATOOK LAKE 

 CWIS No. 75378

Hominy Creek

Osage County, Oklahoma

Contractor: Osage County RWD #15

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 704.0

Date Contract Approved: Dec 92

Type:

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 2,000.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 563.9

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Dec 92

Type:

Contractor: Sand Springs Municipal

Authority

Present Storage (a-f): 6,740.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1,900.2

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Mar 88

Type:

Contractor: Sapulpa Municipal Authority

Present Storage (a-f): 2,245.

Future Storage (a-f): 2,245.

Present Investment ($1000): 632.9

Future Investment ($1000): 632.9

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Mar 88

Type:

Contractor: Skiatook Public Works Authority

Present Storage (a-f): 2,018.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 568.9

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Mar 88

Type:

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 47,652.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 13,434.9

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-65

Tulsa District (continued) Contractor: Summit Water Inc.

j TENKILLER FERRY LAKE 

 CWIS No. 18050

Illinois River

Cherokee and Sequoyah Counties, Oklahoma

Contractor: E. Central OK Water Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 300.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 6.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 11.6

Date Contract Approved: Oct 64

Type:

Contractor: RWD #13, Cherokee County

Present Storage (a-f): 100.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 2.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 67

Type:

Contractor: RWD #2, Cherokee County

Present Storage (a-f): 100.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 2.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Nov 67

Type:

Contractor: Sequoyah Co. Water Assoc.

Present Storage (a-f): 2,200.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 44.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jul 70

Type:

Contractor: Sequoyah Fuels Corp.

Present Storage (a-f): 14,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 282.5

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jul 70

Type:

Present Storage (a-f): 140.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 2.8

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 71

Type:

Contractor: Paradise Hills, Inc.

Present Storage (a-f): 220.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 4.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Oct 74

Type:

Contractor: Lake Tenkiller Assoc.

Present Storage (a-f): 200.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 4.3

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved:Mar 81

Type:

Contractor: Greenleaf Nursery Company

Present Storage (a-f): 2,120.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 27.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Jun 94

Type: Interim Use Irrigation

Contractor: Greenleaf Nursery Company

Present Storage (a-f): 300.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 4.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Jul 95

Type: Interim Use Irrigation

Contractor: Tenkiller Water Company

Present Storage (a-f): 38.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 4.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Nov 89

Type:
C-66 Water Supply Handbook

Tulsa District (continued) Contractor: Pettit Bay Water Association

TENKILLER FERRY LAKE (continued)

Contractor: Steep and Ross Land Company

Present Storage (a-f): 17.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 2.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Nov 89

Type:

Contractor: Mongold Water System

Present Storage (a-f): 5.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Jan 90

Type:

Contractor: Tenkiller - Aqua Park

Present Storage (a-f): 17.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 2.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Sep 90

Type:

Contractor: Gore Public Works Authority

Present Storage (a-f): 480.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 51.8

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Sep 90

Type:

Contractor: Tenkiller Water Company

Present Storage (a-f): 34.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 3.8

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Oct 91

Type:

Present Storage (a-f): 5.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.6

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Nov 91

Type:

Contractor: Fin and Feather Resort

Present Storage (a-f): 12.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1.5

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Jan 92

Type:

Contractor: Sixshooter Water System

Present Storage (a-f): 2.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.3

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Jan 92

Type:

Contractor: The Dutchmnan’s Cabins

Present Storage (a-f): 6.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.7

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Apr 92

Type:

Contractor: Bill Richardson

Present Storage (a-f): 1.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.1

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Jul 92

Type:

Contractor: Indian Hills Estate Company

Present Storage (a-f): 3.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000); 0.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Feb 93

Type:
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-67

Tulsa District (continued)

TENKILLER FERRY LAKE (continued)

Contractor: Charles Willige

Present Storage (a-f): 2.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.3

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approval: Feb 93

Type:

Contractor: J.R. and M.L. Mosteller

Present Storage (a-f): 2.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.2

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Aug 93

Type:

Contractor: Tenkiller Water Company

Present Storage (a-f): 30.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 3.8

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: May 94

Type:

Contractor: Tenkiller Water Company, Inc.

dba Woodhaven

Present Storage (a-f): 15.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1.9

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Sep 94

Type:

Contractor: Burnt Cabin RWD, Inc.

Present Storage (a-f): 12.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1.2

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Nov 94

Type:

 

Contractor: Sunny Heights Water System

Present Storage (a-f): 10.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 1.2

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: Apr 95

Type:

Contractor Development Company

Present Storage (a-f): 3.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0

Date Agreement Approved: May 95

Type:

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 5,016.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 647.5

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

j TORONTO LAKE 

 CWIS No. 18350

Verdigris River

Woodson County, Kansas

Contractor: City of Toronto

Present Storage (a-f): 265.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 21.4

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Mar 65

Type:

Contractor: City of Toronto

Present Storage (a-f): 135.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 11.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: May 82

Type:
C-68 Water Supply Handbook

Tulsa District (continued) Contractor: Poteau Valley Imp. Auth

j WAURIKA LAKE 

 CWIS No. 19570

Beaver Creek

Jefferson County, Oklahoma

Contractor: Waurika Proj Mast Conser Dist

Present Storage (a-f): 41,800.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 2,802.2

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 213.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 70

Type:

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 109,600.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 8,042.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

WAURIKA WATER CONVEYANCE

FACILITIES

Contractor: Waurika Master Conservancy

District

Eastern Segment

Cost ($1000): 9,725.2

Southern Segment

Cost ($1000): 447.9

Western Segment

Cost ($1000): 20,608.5

Date Agreement Approved: Jun 78

j WISTER LAKE 

CWIS No. 20120

Poteau River

Leflore County, Oklahoma

Contractor: Heavener Util. Auth

Present Storage (a-f): 1,600.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 41.7

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: May 63

Type:

Present Storage (a-f): 4,800.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 125.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Sep 67

Type:

Contractor: A.E.S. Shady Point Inc.

Present Storage (a-f): 7,253.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 109.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: May 87

Type: Reallocation of Conservation Storage 

Not Under Contract

Present Storage (a-f): 0.

Future Storage (a-f): 347.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 116.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.
Appendix C - VI: Databases C-69

SOUTH PACIFIC DIVISION

SACRAMENTO DISTSRICT ALBUQUERQUE DISTRICT

j DRY CREEK (WARM SPRINGS) LAKE j ABIQUIU DAM 

AND CHANNEL 

CWIS No. 04990

Dry Creek

Sonoma County, California

Contractor: Sonoma Co. Water Agency

Present Storage (a-f): 44,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 88,000.

Present Investment ($1000): 4,145.

Future Investment ($1000): 8,289.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Jan 65

Type:

Contractor: Sonoma Co. Water Agency

Present Storage (a-f): 44,000.

Future Storage (a-f): 124,000.

Present Investment ($1000): 4,145.

Future Investment ($1000): 88,335.9

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Oct 82

Type:

CWIS No. 00070

Rio Chama

Rio Arriba County, New Mexico

Contractor: City of Albuquerque

Present Storage (a-f): 170,900.

Future Storage (a-f): 0.

Present Investment ($1000): 0.

Future Investment ($1000): 0.

Conduit Cost ($1000): 0.

Date Contract Approved: Mar 86

Type:
C-70 Water Supply Handbook
Appendix C - VII: Databases C-71

DATABASE VII

AGRICULTURAL WATER SUPPLY

 Division/District Page

List of Projects................................... C-72

Division and District Summaries........ C-74

Northwestern Division

Portland District....................... C-75

Seattle District......................... C-76

Walla Walla District................. C-76

Omaha District........................ C-77

Kansas City District................. C-77

South Pacific Division

Sacramento District................ C-78

Los Angeles District............... C-78

Albuquerque District.............. C-79

Southwestern Division

Fort Worth District.................. C-79

Tulsa District.......................... C-79
C-72 Water Supply Handbook

Database VII

Agricultural Water Supply

List of Projects

Northwestern Division South Pacific Division

Portland District Sacramento District

Applegate Black Butte

Blue River [1] Buchanan

Cottage Grove [1] Coyote Valley

Cougar [1] Folsom [10]

Detroit-Big Cliff [1] Hidden

Dorena [1] Isabella

Fall Creek [1] New Hogan

Fern Ridge [1] New Melones [10]

Green Peter-Foster [1] Pine Flat

Hills Creek [1] Success

John Day [2] Terminus

Lookout Point [1] Los Angeles

Lost Creek Alamo [11]

Willow Creek [3] Albuquerque District

Seattle District Conchas

Wynoochee John Martin

Walla Walla District Santa Rosa

Ice Harbor [4] Tat Momoliket

Little Goose [4] Trinidad

Lower Granite [4]

Lower Monumental [4]

Lucky Peak [5]

McNary [4]

Ririe [6] Fort Worth District

Omaha District Belton

Big Bend [7] Tulsa District

Fort Peck [8] Waruika

Fort Randall [7]

Garrison [8]

Gavins Point [7]

Oahe [8]

Kansas City District See following page for footnotes.

Harlan County

Kanopolis [9]

Wilson

Southwestern Division
Appendix C - VII: Databases C-73

Footnotes for page C-72:

[1] Specific irrigation storage of 1,640,000 AF has been filed for irrigation use by the USBR. 

Because of the projects being planned and operated as a system (Willamette Basin), none of the

irrigation storage is either separable or project specific and costs are not allocated on a project

bases.

[2] Irrigation is authorized as only an “incidental” purpose. No cost is allocated to the function

nor storage reserved.

[3] All irrigation is for future development and no costs have been allocated to the irrigation

purpose.

[4] Irrigation is authorized as an “incidental” purpose. No cost is allocated to the function nor

storage reserved.

[5] Provides irrigation storage during low runoff years when storage in Anderson Ranch and

Arrow-Rock (two USBR projects ) would not be sufficient.

[6] Project turned over to the USBR. Joint storage is for flood control, irrigation and recreation.

[7] Accommodate water withdrawal by permit, irrigation use not allocated.

[8] Joint storage with flood control, navigation and hydroelectric power.

[9] Storage will be allocated from flood control when irrigation project is operable.

[10] Project operated and maintained by USBR upon completion of construction.

[11] Operated as part of USBR Colorado River water system.
C-74 Water Supply Handbook

Database VII

Agricultural Water Supply

Division and District Summaries [1]

Division/ Number of Cost Cost

District Projects ($000) ($000) 

Total Project Total Federal Storage Reserved for Irrigation

Joint Specific

(1000 AF) (1000 AF)

Northwestern/ (31) (3,581,937) (1,164,318) (50,348) (NA)

Portland 14 1,232,452 528,319 2,020 NA

Seattle 1 24,980 5,260 15 0

Walla Walla 7 1,091,072 249,005 90 0

Omaha 6 1,153,870 313,726 47,998 NA

Kansas City 3 79,563 68,008 225 312

South Pacific/ (17) (822,670) (506,319) (5,677) (597)

Sacramento 11 677,890 378,139 5,187 0

Los Angeles 1 14,780 14,780 230 0

Albuquerque 5 130,000 113,400 260 597

Southwestern/ (2) (85,500) (42,100) (0) (63.8)

Fort Worth 1 18,400 16,300 0 45

Tulsa 1 67,100 25,800 0 18.8

Total 50 4,490,107 1,712,737 56,025 NA

Footnote: 

[1] See following pages C-91 through C-95 for footnotes that are project specific.
Appendix C - VII: Databases C-75

Database VII

Agricultural Water Supply

- NORTHWESTERN DIVISION -

Portland District

Project Project Federal Project Cost

Name Cost Cost [1] Allocated to

Total Total Storage Reserved for Irrigation Percent of

($000) ($000) Irrigation (%)

Joint Specific (%)

(1000 AF) (1000 AF)

Applegate 96,320 93,437 65.0 0 76 2.1

Blue River 31,324 NA [2] [2] [2] 27

Cottage Grove 2,460 NA [2] [2] [2] 30

Cougar 60,462 38,738 [2] [2] [2] 5.4

Detroit-Big Cliff 66,867 21,187 [2] [2] [2] 7.6

Dorena 14,305 NA [2] [2] [2] 38

Fall Creek 21,055 NA [2] [2] [2] 40

Fern Ridge 4,686 NA [2] [2] [2] 43

Green Peter- 90,157 34,142 [2] [2] [2] 6.9

Foster

Hills Creek 48,973 26,931 [2] [2] [2] 9.4

John Day [3] 511,000 112,075 0 0 0 0

Lookout Point 97,473 49,575 [2] [2] [2] 1.5

Lost Creek 148,546 113,410 315.0 0 70 1.5

Willow Creek [4] 38,824 38,824 0 0 0 0

Total 1,232,452 528,319 2,020 [5] NA NA NA

Footnotes:

[1] Total cost less reimbursables.

[2] Specific irrigation storage of 1,640,000 AF has been filed for irrigation use by the USBR. Because of

the projects being planned and operated as a system (Willamette Basin), none of the irrigation storage is

either separable or project specific and costs are not allocated on a project bases.

[3] Irrigation is authorized as only an “incidental” purpose. No cost is allocated to the function nor

storage reserved.

[4] All irrigation is for future development and no costs have been allocated to the irrigation purpose.

[5] Assumes 1,640,000 joint storage in Willamette Basin projects. 
C-76 Water Supply Handbook

Database VII

Agricultural Water Supply

- NORTHWESTERN DIVISION (continued)

 Seattle District

Project Project Federal Project Cost

Name Cost Cost [1] Allocated to

Total Total Storage Reserved For Irrigation Percent of

($000) ($000) Irrigation (%)

Joint Specific (%)

(1000 AF) (1000 AF)

Wynoochee 24,980 5,260 14.9 0 25 2

Footnote:

[1] Total cost less reimbursables.

Walla Walla District 

Project Name Project Federal Project Cost

Total Total Storage Reserved For Irrigation Percent of

Cost Cost [1] Allocated to

($000) ($000) Irrigation (%)

Joint Specific (%)

(1000 AF) (1000 AF)

Ice Harbor [2] 38,259 1,809 0 0 0 0

Little Goose [2] 63,850 2,382 0 0 0 0

Lower Granite 341,804 76,531 0 0 0 0

[2]

Lower 256,618 51,744 0 0 0 0

Monumental

[2]

Lucky Peak [3] 19,080 19,080 0 0 0 0

McNary [2] 333,231 64,996 0 0 0 0

Ririe [4] 38,230 32,463 90 NA NA 15.1

Total 1,091,072 249,005 90 0 0 NA

Footnotes:

[1] Total cost less reimbursables.

[2] Irrigation is authorized as an “incidental” purpose. No cost is allocated to the function nor storage

reserved.

[3] Provides irrigation storage during low runoff years when storage in Anderson Ranch and Arrow-Rock

(two USBR projects) would not be sufficient.

[4] Project turned over to the USBR. Joint storage is for flood control, irrigation and recreation.
Appendix C - VII: Databases C-77

Database VII

Agricultural Water Supply

- NORTHWESTERN DIVISION (continued) -

Omaha District 

Project Name Project Federal Project Cost

Total Total Storage Reserved for Irrigation Percent of

Cost Cost [1] Allocated to

($000) ($000) Joint Specific Irrigation (%) (%)

(1000 AF) (1000 AF)

Big Bend [2] 107,187 3,708 0 0 0 0

Fort Peck [3] 159,900 48,602 13,649 0 72 21.5

Fort Randall [2] 198,066 70,004 0 0 0 0

Garrison [3] 294,915 86,692 17,560 0 73 19.9

Gavins Point [2] 49,231 13,504 0 0 0 0

Oahe [3] 344,571 91,216 16,789 0 72 18.1

Total 1,153,870 313,726 47,998 0 NA NA

Footnotes:

[1] Total cost less reimbursables.

[2] Accommodate water withdrawal by permit, irrigation use not allocated.

[3] Joint storage with flood control, navigation and hydroelectric power.

Kansas City District 

Project Name Project Federal Project Cost

Total Total Storage Reserved for Irrigation Percent of

Cost Cost [1] Allocated to

($000) ($000) Irrigation (%)

Joint Specific (%)

(1000 AF) (1000 AF)

Harlan County 46,971 35,416 0 150 18 24.6

Kanopolis [2] 12,577 12,577 0 162 37 NA

Wilson 20,015 20,015 225 0 29 0

Total 79,563 68,008 225 312 NA NA

Footnotes:

[1] Total cost less reimbursables.

[2] Storage will be reallocated from flood control when irrigation project is operable.
C-78 Water Supply Handbook

Database VII

Agricultural Water Supply

- SOUTH PACIFIC DIVISION -

Sacramento District 

Project Name Total Total Storage Reserved for Irrigation Percent of

Project Federal Project Cost

Cost ($000) Cost [1] Allocated to

($000) Irrigation (%)

Joint Specific (%)

(1000 AF) (1000 AF)

Black Butte 14,500 8,714 150 0 100 39.9

Buchanan 25,258 16,140 140 0 100 36.1

Coyote Valley 17,550 9,600 70 0 57 NA

Folsom [2] 100,000 63,000 1,000 0 100 NA

Hidden 30,555 25,177 85 0 100 17.6

Isabella 22,000 17,424 570 0 100 20.8

New Hogan 15,906 10,148 310 0 100 36.2

New Melones [2] 380,000 174,100 164 0 68 26

Pine Flat 39,068 24,800 1,000 0 100 36.5

Success 13,993 12,664 80 0 100 9.5

Terminus 19,060 16,372 142 0 100 14.1

Total 677,890 378,139 5,187 0 NA NA

Footnotes:

[1] Total cost less reimbursables.

[2] Project operated and maintained by USBR upon completion of construction.

Los Angeles District

Project Name Project Federal [1] Project Cost

Total Total Storage Reserved for Irrigation Percent of

Cost Cost Allocated to

($000) ($000) lrrigation (%)

Joint Specific (%)

(1000 AF) (1000 AF)

Alamo [2] 14,780 14,780 230 0 22 NA

Footnotes:

[1] Total cost less reimbursables.

[2] Operated as part of USBR Colorado River water system.
Appendix C - VII: Databases C-79

Database VII

Agricultural Water Supply

- SOUTH PACIFIC DIVISION (continued) -

Albuquerque District 

Project Name Total Total Storage Reserved for Irrigation Percent of

Project Federal Project Cost

Cost Cost [1] Allocated to

($000) ($000) Irrigation (%)

Joint Specific (%)

(1000 AF) (1000 AF)

Conchas 15,800 15,800 260 0 57 49

John Martin 15,200 15,200 0 357 58 0

Santa Rosa 43,400 43,400 0 200 44.5 44.5

Tat Momoliket 10,600 NA 0 20 100 NA

Trinidad 45,000 39,000 0 20 17.5 17.5

Total 130,000 113,400 260 597 NA NA

Footnote: [1] Total cost less reimbursables.

Database VII

Agricultural Water Supply

- SOUTHWESTERN DIVISION -

Fort Worth District

Project Name Total Total Storage Allocated to Irrigation Percent of

Project Federal Project Cost

Cost Cost [1] Allocated to

($000) ($000) Irrigation (%)

Joint Specific (%)

(1000 AF) (1000 AF)

Belton 18,400 16,300 0 45 36 4.3

Footnote: [1] Total cost less reimbursables.

Tulsa District

Project Name Total Total Storage Allocated to Irrigation Percent of

Project Federal Project Cost

Cost Cost [1] Allocated to

($000) ($000) Irrigation (%)

Joint Specific (%)

(1000 AF) (1000 AF)

Waruika 67,100 25,800 0 18.8 6.5 0.2

Footnote: [1] Total cost less reimbursables.
APPENDIX D

REALLOCATIONS

DECEMBER 1998

Table of Contents

 Item Page

Summary of Reallocations ................................ D- 1

Suggested Contents of a Reallocation Report .................. D- 5

Outline: Value of Hydropower Losses ....................... D-17

Appendix D: Reallocations D-1

SUMMARY OF REALLOCATIONS (1)

Dist. Project/User Date Storage Reallocated

Signed Reallocated Purpose

(acre-feet)

ORL Barren River Lake, KY Nov ‘65 681 Permanent

City of Glasgow, KY Pool

ORL Rough River Lake, KY Aug ‘66 120 Conservation

City of Leitchfield, KY

SWT Norfolk Lake, AR Jan '68 2,400

City of Mountain Home, AR

SWL Greers Ferry Lake, AR Nov '70 900 Flood Control

City of Clinton

SWL Greers Ferry Lake, AR Apr '71 225 Flood Control

Community Water System

SWL Nimrod Lake, AR Dec '73 33

City of Plainview, AR

SWL Beaver Lake, AR Apr '77 9,000 Flood Control

Carroll-Boone Water District

ORL Rough River Lake, KY Mar '79 150 Conservation

City of Hardinsburg

NCR Saylorville Lake, IA Aug '82 14,900 Flood Control

Iowa Natural Resources Council

SWF Whitney Lake, TX Nov '82 50,000

Brazos River Authority

SWT Denison Dam, Lake Texoma, OK & TX Aug '83 1,806 Hydropower

Red River Authority of Texas

SAW J. H. Kerr Lake, VA & NC Jan '84 10,200 Hydropower

City of Virginia Beach, VA

SWF Waco Lake, TX Sep '84 47,526 Flood Control

Brazos River Authority

SWT Denison Dam, Lake Texoma, OK & TX Dec '85 75,000 Hydropower

North Texas Municipal Water District

NAB Cowanesque Lake, PA Jun '86 24,335 Flood Control

Susquehanna River Basin Commission

MRK Rathbun Lake, IA Nov '86 3,340 Conservation

Rathbun Regional Water Commission

SWT Wister Lake, OK May '87 7,253 Conservation

A.E.S. Shady Point, Inc.
D-2 Water Supply Handbook

Dist. Project/User Date Storage Reallocated

Signed Reallocated Purpose

(acre-feet)

SWL Bull Shoals, AR Apr '88 880 Hydropower

Marion County

SAW John Kerr Dam and Reservoir, VA Jan '89 23 Hydropower

Commonwealth of Virginia

SAW J. H. Kerr Lake, VA & NC Mar '89 23 Hydropower

State of Virginia

MRK Rathbun Lake, IA May '89 3,340 Recreation

Rathbun Regional Water Commission

SAS J. Strom Thurmond Lake, GA & SC Oct '89 92 Hydropower

Savannah Valley Authority

SAS J. Strom Thurmond Lake, GA & SC Nov '89 1,056 Hydropower

Columbia County

SAS Hartwell Dam and Lake, GA Feb '90 127 Hydropower

Franklin County, GA

SAS J. Strom Thurmond Lake, GA & SC Apr '90 83 Hydropower

City of Lincolnton, GA

SAS J. Strom Thurmond Lake, GA & SC Aug '90 1,056 Hydropower

City of Thompson and McDuffie Co., GA

SAS Richard B. Russell Lake, GA & SC Sep '90 381 Hydropower

City of Elberton, GA

MRK Tuttle Creek, KS May '91 27,500 Conservation

State of Kansas under the Kansas MOU

SAW John H. Kerr Lake, VA & NC Jun '91 600 Hydropower

Mecklenburg Cogeneration Limited Partners

SWL Beaver Lake, AR May '92 3,875 Flood Control

Madison County Water District

SWT Denison Dam, Lake Texoma, OK & TX Apr '92 1 Hydropower

Buncombe Creed View Addition

SWT Denison Dam, Lake Texoma, OK & TX Sep '92 5,500 Hydropower

Greater Texoma Utility Authority

SWL Nimrod Lake, AR Sept '94 110 Flood Control

City of Plainview

MRK Tuttle Creek, KS Sept '94 8,650 Conservation

State of Kansas under the Kansas MOU

SWL Blue Mountain Lake, AR Dec '94 1,550 Flood Control

City of Danville

SWL Greers Ferry Lake, AR Feb '95 3,776 Flood Control

Community Water System
Appendix D: Reallocations D-3

Dist. Project/User Date Storage Reallocated

Signed Reallocated Purpose

(acre-feet)

MRK Pomona Lake, KS "95 14,325 Water

State of Kansas under the Kansas MOU Quality

LMV Lake Oauchita, AR Mar '96 1,575 Flood Control

North Garland Regional Water District

MRK Pomona Lake, KS Mar '96 18,176 Water

State of Kansas under the Kansas MOU Quality

SWL Beaver Lake, AR Mar '96 4,093 Flood Control

Madison County Water District

MRK Tuttle Creek Lake, KS Jun '96 13,850 Conservation

State of Kansas under the Kansas MOU

SWT John Redmon, KS Jun '96 10,000 Water

State of Kansas under the Kansas MOU Quality

SWT Marion, KS Jun '96 12,500 Water

State of Kansas under the Kansas MOU Quality

SWT Council Grove, KS Jun '96 8,000 Water

State of Kansas under the Kansas MOU Quality

SWT Elk City, KS Jun '96 10,000 Water

State of Kansas under the Kansas MOU Quality

SWL Beaver Lake, AR Jul '96 8,113 Flood Control

Benton/Washington Counties

MRK Harry S. Truman, MO Jun "97 504 Hydropower

Henry County

LRL Cave Run Lake, KY Oct '97 264

West Liberty

SWT Lake Texoma, Denison Dam, TX and OK Oct '97 5,500 Hydropower

Greater Texoma Utility Authority as Agent for the City of

Sherman, TX

MVK Enid Lake, MS ??? '98 2,000 Conservation

LS Power Electric Generation Facility

Total Reallocations 50 415,392

Footnote: (1) Partial list only. Records are not sufficient to provide a complete list.
D-4 Water Supply Handbook
Appendix D: Reallocations D-5

SUGGESTED CONTENTS OF A

REALLOCATION REPORT

Table of Contents

1. Purpose.

a. Who is requesting the M&I water supply and the amount of storage involved.

b. What is the authority for the reallocation; will it be discretionary or will it require 

 Congressional approval?

2. Project Background.

a. Project authorization, construction and operation history.

b. Project location, purposes and outputs.

c. Information on previous reallocations and water supply repayment agreements.

d. Information on approved cost allocation.

3. Economic Analysis (Reallocation Feasibility).

a. Water Supply Demand Analysis.

b. Analysis of Water Supply Alternatives (Benefits).

4. Derivation of User Cost.

a. Hydropower Benefits Foregone.

b. Hydropower Revenues Foregone.

c. Hydropower Replacement Cost.

d. Flood Control Benefits Foregone.

e. Updated Cost of Storage.

f. Users Cost.

5. Test of Financial Feasibility.

6. Cost Account Adjustments.

7. Environmental Considerations.

8. Conclusions.

9. Recommendations.

10. Appendices.

a. Appropriate NEPA Documents.

b. Letters and views of other Federal and non-Federal interests.

c. Reports prepared by others.
D-6 Water Supply Handbook

Report

1. Purpose.

a. Who is requesting the M&I water supply and the amount of storage involved. (Describe

the city or industry that is requesting the storage and indicate how the water usage is projected

to grow over the planning period. State the amount of storage that is under consideration in

this report for reallocation.)

b. What is the authority for the reallocation; will it be discretionary or will it require

Congressional approval. (Indicate the approval level for the report and reason for selection of

that level; e.g., "Approval of this reallocation study for 50,000 acre-feet of storage from the

hydropower pool is within the discretion of the Commander, USACE, as it is 7.75 percent of

total storage and the impacts of the reallocation will not seriously affect the existing project

purposes nor will it cause major structural or operational changes.")

2. Project Background.

a. Project authorization, construction and operation history. (Cite authorizing Public Law,

House and/or Senate Documents, and authorized project purposes. Tell when project

construction started, when it was placed in operation and when the top of the multipurpose

pool elevation was reached. Tell the date hydropower was placed in-service (if appropriate)

and any other pertinent operating information. Describe the type of construction used, dam

dimensions, information on the spillway, and characteristics of the reservoir area.) 

b. Project location, purposes and outputs. (Tell location of the project with respect to

cities and drainage basins and provide a location map. Describe purposes for which the

project is currently operating. If different from those authorized (see above paragraph 2a),

explain. Provide a pertinent data table (see Table 1 for an example.)) 

c. Information on previous reallocations and water supply repayment agreements. (Provide

storage amounts, type of purpose from which reallocated, approval authority and date of

approval. Also any other pertinent information; e.g., "Southwest Power was provided

compensation for lost revenues in the amount of ...".)

d. Information on approved cost allocation. (Provide pertinent information and date of

approval, as appropriate.)
Appendix D: Reallocations D-7

Table 1

Project Data Table \1

Feature Elevation Capacity Area Equiv.

(feet, msl) (acre-feet) (acres) Runoff \2

Top of Dam 911.3 --- --- ---

Top of Flood Control Pool 892.0 1.674,000 38,300 27.0

Top of Multipurpose Pool 867.0 875,000 24,600 14.1

Bottom of Power Pool \3 830.0 220,000 11,100 3.6

Flood Control Storage 867.0-892.0 774,000 --- 12.5

Power Storage 830.0-867.0 655,000 --- 10.6

Sediment Storage \4 --- 25,000 --- 0.4

Footnotes:

\1 From the "Final Integrated Storage Reallocation Report and Environmental Assessment for Stockton

Lake, Missouri," Kansas City District, August 1993.

\2 From 1,160 square miles of drainage area upstream from dam.

\3 Power generation is limited to elevations above 845.0 because of the weir constructed to improve the

water quality of the hydropower releases.

\4 Sediment storage is initially distributed 1/3 to flood control pool and 2/3 to power pool. 

3. Economic Analysis (Reallocation Feasibility).

a. Water Supply Demand Analysis. (Describe in as much detail as necessary the

average daily water demand during drought conditions and how those demands are expected

to increase over the period of the study (normally 30-50 years). This demand analysis should

already have been performed by the requesting entity and may be in the form of a consultant's

report. If this is the case, summarize the report in the text of the reallocation report, and include

the entire consultant's report as an appendix. If inter-basin transfer of water is expected,

briefly describe amounts to be withdrawn and returned to each system. Major impacts of interbasin transfer should be covered in the environmental section of the reallocation report.)

b. Analysis of Water Supply Alternatives (Benefits). (Briefly describe each of the

alternatives investigated as alternative sources of water. Such sources could be "no action",

wells, and/or a pipe line from another reservoir. This documents the users alternative to

reallocation of storage in the Federal reservoir and is considered to be the "benefit" associated

with reallocation. This "benefit" value (economic and environmental) should be higher than the

economic and environmental cost associated with reallocation. These alternatives should be

described in enough detail to establish a price for a similar quality and quantity of water that is

being received from the Federal project. There may be a consultants report for this

documentation, if so, summarize and include the report as an appendix to the reallocation
D-8 Water Supply Handbook

report. This paragraph should also briefly mention the reallocations considered (but not the

cost associated with them) and should consider more than one alternative; e.g., reallocation of

flood control, hydropower, or sediment storage and /or raising the top of the flood control pool.)

4. Derivation of User Cost. (The users cost is considered to be the higher of benefits or

revenues foregone, replacement cost, or the updated cost of storage. These items are

developed in the following paragraphs. The examples provided in the following paragraphs

are from the "Final Integrated Storage Reallocation Report and Environmental Assessment for

Stockton Lake, Missouri", prepared by the Planning Division of the Kansas City District, August

1993. If reallocation of hydropower storage is contemplated and economic questions arise, the Power

Branch of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Northwestern Division (CENWD-ET-WP) should be

contacted for assistance. An outline of the Division report, prepared for the Stockton Lake reallocation is

provided as page D-17.

a. Hydropower Benefits Foregone. (Hydropower benefits are based on the cost of the

most likely alternative source of power. When power storage is reallocated to water supply,

the power benefits foregone are equivalent to the cost of replacing the lost power with the

most likely alternative source of power. The power benefits foregone can be divided into two

components: the lost energy benefits and the lost capacity benefits. In the case of water

supply withdrawals, there is usually a loss of energy benefits, which are based on the loss in

generation (both at-site and downstream) as a result of water being withdrawn from the

reservoir for water supply rather than passing through the hydro plants. In addition, there

could be a loss of capacity benefits as a result of a loss in dependable capacity at the projects.

Dependable capacity could be lost as a result of; (a) a loss in head due to lower postwithdrawal reservoir elevations, and/or (b) a reduction in the usability of the capacity due to

inadequate energy to support the full capacity during low-flow periods.

Example. The average annual hydropower benefits foregone are summarized in Table 2. The study is

based on a maximum water supply withdrawal of 15 million gallons per day (MGD) during the period

1998 through 2015 and 30 MGD from 2016 through 2072. In addition, the user does not plan on

constructing pumping capability for more than 15 MGD until the year 2016 because demand is not

expected to exceed 15 MGD until after 2015. 
Appendix D: Reallocations D-9

Table 2

Hydropower Benefits Foregone

Capacity Value 1/ $46.35/kW/yr)

Loss In Dependable Capacity, 1998-2015 4,552 kW

Loss in Dependable Capacity, 2016-2072 9,103 kW

Total Present Value of Capacity Benefits $2,300,000

Levelized Annual Loss in Capacity Benefits $190,100

Average Energy Value 2/ 3/ 25.6(mills/kWh)

Average Annual Energy Loss, 1998-2015 3,316,000(kWh)

Average Annual Energy Loss, 2016-2072 6,631,000(kWh)

Total Present Value of Energy Benefits $1,039,000

Average Annual Loss in Energy Benefits $85,900

Present Value of Benefits Foregone (1998-2072) $3,339,000

Average Annual Benefits Foregone $276,000

Footnotes: 

1/ Capacity given in kilowatts (kW)

2/ Energy given in kilowatt hours (kWh)

3/ 1 mill = $0.001

b. Hydropower Revenues Foregone. (Hydropower revenues foregone represent the

value of the income lost to the regional power marketing agency as a result of the lost power. 

Revenues foregone are based on the power marketing agency's current rates.)

Example. The average annual hydropower revenues foregone are summarized in Table 3. The values are

based on a maximum water supply withdrawal of 15 MGD from 1998 through 2015 and 30 MGD from

2016 through 2072. 

c. Hydropower Replacement Cost. (The replacement cost of power as used for

computing the cost of reallocated storage is an economic or National Economic Development

(NED) cost. In the case of hydropower, the NED cost of replacement power is, by definition,

identical to the power benefits foregone. In this example, this is the value for Average Annual

Power Benefits Foregone as is shown in Table 4-3 as $276,000. An exception to this rule is

where there are existing Federal contracts which obligate the Government to deliver a

specified amount of power and/or energy. In such cases, replacement costs will be actual

costs incurred to fulfill the Governments obligations during the duration of the contracts and

revert to benefits foregone for the remaining period of analysis.)
D-10 Water Supply Handbook

Table 3

Hydropower Revenues Foregone

Capacity Charge $30.24/kWh/yr

Loss in Marketable Capacity 1998-2015 5,231 kW

Loss in Marketable Capacity 2016-2072 10,462 kW

Total Present Value of Marketable Capacity $1,724,000

Annual Loss in Capacity $142,500

Energy Charge 6.4 mils/kWh

Average Annual Energy Loss 1998-2015 2,054,000 kWh

Average Annual Energy Loss 2016-2072 4,109,000 kWh

Total Present Value of Energy Loss $143,300

Average Annual Loss in Energy Revenues $11,800

Present Value of Revenues Foregone $1,867,000

Total Annual Revenues Foregone $154,400

d. Flood Control Benefits Foregone. (In reallocation of flood control storage, lost flood

control benefits in the entire system must be investigated as well as any other impacts on

reservoir operations; e.g., lost hydropower benefits and/or the impacts on recreation

opportunities. In reallocating flood control storage, it must be remembered that flood control is

normally the primary purpose of the project. Any significant reduction in flood control protection

which in turn would require mitigation through replacement storage can be considered as being

beyond the discretionary authority as defined by Congress in the 1958 Water Supply Act.) 

Example. 

(1). Lost Flood Control Benefits. Limited information was available to determine the benefits

foregone if water storage is reallocated from flood control to water supply. Primarily, available data from

the Sac River basin were used for this study. Stage-damage data from the original project justification and

a 1974 reevaluation report were analyzed for the Sac River. The decrease in flood damage reduction

benefits that would occur along the Sac River as a result of a reallocation from flood control storage were

expressed as a proportion of overall damages. This proportional reduction was then applied to the current

estimated flood control benefits for Stockton Lake, which were updated for this analysis. Available data

for the downstream rivers (Osage, Missouri, and Mississippi) were insufficient for producing a reliable

estimate of impacts. Therefore, a range of benefits was developed. The upper limit assumed that the

downstream rivers would receive the same proportional impact as the Sac River; i.e., that a pool raise

causing a one percent reduction in flood control benefits on the Sac also would cause a one percent
Appendix D: Reallocations D-11

reduction on the other three rivers. The lower limit assumed that there would be no impact on Mississippi

flood waters, but that the impact on the Osage and Missouri Rivers would remain the same. All annual

benefits were adjusted to current price levels and the lower limit was established as 0.4 percent of the total

annual benefits ($217,700) and the upper limit was established as 1.3 percent of total annual benefits

($665,200). 

(2). Lost Hydropower Benefits. A two foot raise in the multipurpose pool would not entirely

offset all hydropower benefit losses at Stockton and would not reduce the hydropower losses at the

downstream hydropower projects (Harry S. Truman and Bagnell). These values were computed by the

Northwestern Division based on information provided by Southwestern Power Administration. The

computations are similar to those shown in Table 4-3, with the same capacity and energy values. The total

hydropower benefit foregone from reallocation of 50,000 acre-feet of flood control storage was computed

to be $2,309,811.

(3). Lost Recreation Benefits. No loss of recreation benefits would be anticipated as a result of an

increase in the multipurpose pool even though impacts to recreation facilities and fish and wildlife habitat

were identified and are explained in detail in the Environmental Effects paragraph. Most of the impacts

would be eliminated by modifying recreation facilities and increased maintenance. These mitigation

measures would be paid for by the water supply customer if storage is reallocated from the flood control

pool.

(4). Other Costs. If the multipurpose pool was raised two feet, there would be associated costs. 

These costs are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4

Other Costs 

Item Costs Associated with 

Raising Lake Level 2

feet

Flowage easements $120,000

Relocation of roads and bridges $200,000

Historic properties survey and any appropriate $278,000

mitigation measures

Present worth of modifying recreation facilities $234,700

Present worth of additional recreation O&M $48,400

Total $881,100
D-12 Water Supply Handbook

(5). Total Costs. The total cost associated with reallocation of flood control storage is

summarized in Table 5.

Table 5

Total Cost with Reallocation from Flood Control Storage

Item Cost

Lost flood control benefits $ 217,000 to $ 665,200

Lost hydropower benefits $2,309,811 to $2,309,811

Lost recreation benefits $ 0

Other costs $ 881,100

Total $3,407,911 to $3,856,111

e. Updated Cost of Storage. (The cost allocated to the user under this procedure

updates the cost of the reservoir to present day price levels and then assigns a percentage of

the costs based on the "Use of Facilities" cost allocation procedure. Costs are updated from

"as built" costs to 1967 prices by use of the Engineering News Record (ENR) Construction Cost

Index and then from 1967 to current prices by use of the Corps' Civil Works Construction Cost

Index System (CWCCIS). Land values will be updated by the weighted average update of all

other project features. Costs are to be indexed from the midpoint of the physical construction

period to the beginning of the fiscal year in which the contract for the reallocated storage is

approved. Construction will be considered as having been initiated at the start of the month

when lands for the project were first acquired or on the date when the first construction

contract was awarded whichever was earlier. Construction will be considered as having been

completed at the end of the government fiscal year in which final deliberate impoundment of

the reservoir pool was initiated. 

Use of Facilities Formula for Determining Updated Cost of Storage

User cost = (Total Construction Cost (-) Specific Costs) x Storage Reallocated (AF) 

 Total Usable Storage (AF) 

In the above formula, "usable storage" does not include space set aside for sediment

distribution or for hydropower head.)

Example. For this example, the "Reallocation Report and Environmental Assessment for Harry S. Truman

Dam and Reservoir, Missouri" will be utilized. This report was prepared by the Kansas City District and

is dated March 1994. This report is utilized because it is an older project that requires updating by both the

ENR and the CWCCIS. This example, summarized in Table 6, updates the Pomme de Terre Lake Project.
Appendix D: Reallocations D-13

Table 6

Updated Cost of Storage 

Feature As-built 1967 ENR 1967 Cost FY '94 CWCCIS FY '95

Joint-Use 1959 ENR FY '67 CWCCIS Joint-Use

Costs (Factor) (Factor) Cost

Lands and $2,502,900 N/A N/A 5.989 1/ $14,989,900

Damages

Relocations $1,777,700 1078/811= $2,362,600 449.40/100 = $10,617,500

1.329 4.494

Reservoirs $538,600 1.329 $715,800 486.39/100 = $3,481,700

4.864

Dams $8,807,200 1.329 $11,704,800 449.40/100 = $52,601,400

4.494

Roads $294,900 1.329 $391,900 465.83/100 = $1,825,500

4.658

Buildings, $315,000 1.329 $418,600 424.61/100 = $1,777,400

Grounds & 4.246

Utilities

Permanent $101,900 1.329 $135,400 424.61/100 = $574,900

Operating 4.246

Equipment

Total Project $14,338,200 N/A N/A N/A $85,868,300

Cost

Footnote: 1/ Derivation of Factor:

As-built Joint-Use Cost (-) Lands and Damages = $11,835,300.

FY '95 Cost (-) Lands and Damages = $70,878,400.

Ratio 70,878,400/11,835,300 = 5.989 

The calculation for the updated cost of storage from Pomme de Terre Lake for 3,700 acre-feet of storage

(out of a total usable storage of 637,000 acre-feet) is as follows:

$85,868,300 x 3,700 acre-feet = $498,757 

637,000 acre-feet 

f. Users Cost. (The cost to the user for the reallocated cost of storage is the higher

of the preceding computed numbers. For this comparison, the updated cost of 50,000 acrefeet of storage in the Stockton Lake ($8,968,692) is utilized. This keeps the cost comparison

consistent. This comparison is shown in Table 7.
D-14 Water Supply Handbook

Table 7

Comparison of Alternatives to Obtain User Cost

Item Cost

Lost Hydropower Benefits $3,339,000

Lost Hydropower Revenues $1,867,000

Replacement Cost of Hydropower $3,339,000

Maximum Costs Associated with Lost Flood Control $3,856,111

Updated Cost of Storage $8,968,692

Based on this analysis, the updated cost of storage governs the cost of storage to the user. 

This is not unusual. While it can be costly and time consuming to compute the other costs, it is

necessary.)

5. Test of Financial Feasibility. (Compare the cost of the Federally reallocated storage to the

most likely alternative determined in above paragraph 3b. The comparison should be based

on the appropriate interest rate and repayment period and take into consideration all costs the

user would incur to obtain comparable quantity and quality of water to the same location; i.e.,

consider treatment and transmission costs if significantly different.)

Example. As a test of financial feasibility, the annual cost of the reallocated storage

(determined in paragraph 4f), is compared to the annual cost of the most likely, least costly,

alternative that would provide an equivalent quality and quantity of water which the local

interests would undertake in absence of utilizing the Federal project. (This example is from the

"Integrated Storage Reallocation Report and Environmental Assessment for Stockton Lake,

Missouri", prepared by the Kansas City District, August 1993.) Table 8 presents the cost of

water supply storage space from Stockton Lake expressed as an annual charge using an 8.25

percent interest rate amortized over the remaining 77 year project life (100 year life from date

first project purpose placed in operation, (factor 0.0826847), plus annual operation,

maintenance, and major replacement cost (OM&R) costs for the storage. The table also

presents the estimated annual cost for the most likely non-Federal alternative, Lake Webster

West, a single purpose water supply lake located about 10 miles east of Springfield, Missouri. 

Lake Webster West would have an estimated dependable yield of 30 MGD with a 2% chance

of shortage. The cost is expressed as an estimated annual charge using an 8.25 percent

interest rate and a 77 year project life.
Appendix D: Reallocations D-15

Table 8

Test of Financial Feasibility

Alternative Capital Cost Annual Capital Annual OM&R Total Cost

Cost Cost

Stockton Lake,

Multipurpose Pool

Storage $8,968,692 $741,600 $31,000 $772,600

Pipeline $70,700,000 $5,845,800 $3,164,000 $9,009,800

Total Annual Cost $9,782,400

Lake Webster West $87,600,000 $7,243,200 $2,600,000 $9,843,200

As depicted in the above table, reallocation from the multipurpose pool is financially feasible compared

with the most likely non-Federal alternative.

6. Cost Account Adjustments. (Where the reallocation adversely impacts Federal

hydropower, a credit to the accounting records should be made based on the estimated loss of

power outputs and the current rates charged by the Power Marketing Agency (PMA). Credit

can also be made for costs incurred by the PMA for purchasing power to fulfill contracts for the

duration of the contracts. Such credit should not be made until such actual costs are incurred

and documented that they are directly attributable to the reallocation.) 

7. Environmental Considerations. (Summarize in one or two paragraphs the environmental

effects of each of the alternatives considered and, as appropriate, the need to comply with any

other applicable Federal environmental laws or regulation, including the Clean Water Act

Section 404(b)(1) Guidelines when activities involve a regulated discharge of dredged or fill

material within waters of the United States. Note that the documentation required by the

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 should be included as an appendix.) 

8. Conclusions. (Summarize in one to two pages the above findings and indicate the nonFederal sponsor's desire to pursue reallocation in the Federal project. Make appropriate

reference to appendices (e.g. environmental assessment, letters from the non-Federal

sponsor, other coordination activities, etc.)
D-16 Water Supply Handbook

9. Recommendation. (Example) Based on the findings in this study and the Environmental

Assessment, it is recommended that 5,000 acre feet of storage in the Burke Lake Dam and Reservoir

project between elevations 300.0 and 350.5, feet M.S.L. be made available for reallocation from the

conservation pool to municipal and industrial water supply. This would satisfy the needs of the city of

Springfield, Virginia and the surrounding other small water suppliers in the region.

 

Date (name)

Rank, Corps of Engineers

District Engineer

10. Appendices. (Appendices should include the following:

a. The appropriate NEPA documentation (Environmental Assessment with a signed

Finding Of No Significant Impact or an Environmental Impact Statement), required by Public

Law 91-190, the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (83 Stat. 852, 42 U.S.C. 4121);

b. Letters and views of other Federal, state and/or local interests affected by the

reallocation including the documentation of the "Opportunity for Public Review and Comment"

required by Section 5 of Public Law 100-676, the Water Resources Development Act of 1988,

(102 Stat. 4022, 33 U.S.C. 2312); and

c. Reports prepared by consultants and/or other Corps offices concerning various

aspects of the reallocation effort.)
Appendix D: Reallocations D-17

 From the Water Supply Reallocation Report, Stockton Reservoir for the City of Springfield, Missouri. 1

Prepared by the Power Branch, CENPD-PE-WP, North Pacific Division, Corps of Engineers. For the

Kansas City District, Corps of Engineers, 3 August 1993.

OUTLINE: VALUE OF HYDROPOWER

LOSSES1

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

a. Purpose and Scope

b. Project Description

c. Alternative Measures of Value

d. Procedure

e. Conduct of the Studies

f. Pumping Requirements for Requested Water Supply

g. Period of Analysis

h. Interest Rate

i. Price Level

Chapter 2: LOSS IN ENERGY BENEFITS

a. Introduction

b. Power Equation

c. Average Annual Energy Loss

d. Seasonal Distribution

e. Value of Energy

f. POWRSYM Model

h. Input Assumptions

i. Simulations Performed

j. Energy Values

k. Energy Benefits Foregone

Chapter 3: LOSS IN CAPACITY BENEFITS

a. Introduction

b. Basis of Dependable Capacity Loss

c. Capacity Definitions

d. SWPA Marketable Capacity Criteria

e. Marketable Capacity Losses

f. Dependable Capacity Losses

g. Most Likely Alternative

h. Capacity Value

i. Capacity Benefits Foregone

Chapter 4: REVENUES FOREGONE

a. Introduction

b. Energy Revenue Foregone

c. Loss in Marketable Capacity

d. Capacity Revenue Foregone

Chapter 5. CREDIT TO MARKETING AGENCY

a. Introduction

b. Remaining Period of Contract
D-18 Water Supply Handbook

c. SWPA Capacity Credit

d. SWPA Energy Credit

Chapter 6. SUMMARY OF BENEFITS

a. Power Benefits Foregone

b. Revenues Foregone

c. Replacement Cost of Power

d. Credit to Marketing Agency
APPENDIX E

WATER SUPPLY

PLANNING MODELS

DECEMBER 1998

Table of Contents

 Area Models Page

A. Demand Forecasting IWR-MAIN .......................................... E- 1

B. Groundwater MODFLOW, PLASM, RANDOM WALK, MOC and

FEMFWATER .................................. E- 1

C. Watershed Runoff HEC-1, TR-20, A&M Watershed Model, SSARR, SWMM, HSPF, 

SWRRB-WQ and CASC2D ........................ E- 4

D. Water Distribution KYPIPE2 and WADISO ................................. E- 7

E. Stream Hydraulics HEC-2, WSPRO, FLDWAY, UNET, FESWMS-2DH, HEC-6

and TABS ...................................... E- 8

F. River and Reservoir QUAL2E, WASP, CE-QUAL-RIV1, CE-QUAL-R1, 

 Water Quality CE-QUAL-W2, HEC-5Q and WQRRS .............. E-11

G. River\Reservoir System HEC-5, IRIS, TAMUWRAP, MODSIM, HEC-PRM, RSS and

 Operation CALIDAD .................................... E-14

H. Water Conservation IWR-MAIN 6.1 and WaterPlan 1 .......................... E-16

I. Integrated Water Supply WEAP .............................................. E-17

 and Demand

Appendix E: Water Supply Planning Models E-1

WATER SUPPLY PLANNING MODELS

A. DEMAND FORECASTING MODELS

One model, IWR-MAIN is covered in this section. Additional information on demand forecasting modeling

is contained in Chapter 6, Paragraph C and Chapter 8, Paragraph C.

1. IWR-MAIN Water Use Forecasting System (IWR-MAIN).

a. Available. Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Casey Building, 7701

Telegraph Rd., Alexandria, VA 22310-3868, telephone (703) 428-8015. This software was developed with

Planning and Management Consultants, Ltd., P.O. Box 1316, Carbondale, Illinois 62903.

b. Description. IWR-MAIN is a flexible software package for predicting future municipal and

industrial water use. The forecasting system provides a variety of forecasting models, socioeconomic

parameter generating procedures, and data management capabilities. A high level of disaggregation of water

use categories is provided. Water requirements are estimated separately for residential,

commercial/institutional, industrial, and public/unaccounted sectors. Within these major sectors, water use

estimates are further disaggregated into individual categories such as metered and sewered residences,

commercial establishments, and three-digit SIC manufacturing categories. Average daily water use, winter and

summer daily use, and maximum-day summer use are forecasted as a function of explanatory variables which

include: number of users; number, market value, and type of housing units; employment in commercial and

manufacturing industries; water and wastewater fee rates; irrigated acreage; climatic conditions; and water

conservation measures.

B. GROUNDWATER MODELS

Five models are covered in this section, MODFLOW, PLASM, RANDOM WALK, MOC, and

FEMWATER.

1. Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW).

a. Available.

(1). Chief Hydrologist, Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 409 National Center,

Reston, Virginia 22092, telephone (703) 648-5215;

(2). International Groundwater Modeling Center Colorado, School of Mines Golden, Colorado 80401-

1887, telephone (303)273-3103; and

(3). Scientific Software Group, P.O. Box 23041, Washington, D.C. 20026-3041, telephone (703)620-

6793.
E-2 Water Supply Handbook

b. Description. MODFLOW simulates two-dimensional areal or cross-sectional, and quasi- or fullythree-dimensional, steady or transient, saturated flow in anisotropic, heterogeneous, layered aquifer systems.

Layers may be simulated as confined, unconfined, or convertible between the two conditions. The model allows

for analysis of external influences such as wells, areal recharge, drains, evapotranspiration, and streams.

MODFLOW incorporates a block-centered finite-difference approach. The finite-difference equations are

solved by either the strongly implicit procedure or the slice-successive over relaxation procedure. 

2. Prickett-Lonnquist Aquifer Simulation Model (PLASM).

a. Available.

(1). Thomas A. Prickett & Associates, 6 GH Baker Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, telephone (217)

384-0615;

(2). International Groundwater Modeling Center Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401-

1887 telephone (303) 273-3103; and 

(3). Scientific Software Group, P.O. Box 23041, Washington, D.C. 20026-3041, telephone (703) 620-

6793.

b. Description. PLASM simulates two-dimensional unsteady flow in heterogeneous anisotropic

aquifers under water table, nonleaky, and leaky artesian conditions. The model allows representation of time

varying pumpage from wells, natural or artificial recharge rates, the relationships of water exchange between

surface waters and the groundwater reservoir, the process of groundwater evapotranspiration, and the

mechanism of converting from artesian to water table conditions. PLASM incorporates an iterative alternating

direction implicit finite difference solution of the equations of groundwater flow. 

3. Random Walk Solute Transport Model (RANDOM WALK).

a. Available.

(1). Thomas A. Prickett & Associates, 6 GH Baker Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, telephone (217)

384-0615; and 

(2). International Groundwater Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401-

1887, telephone (303) 273-3103.

b. Description. PLASM, described previously, is incorporated into the RANDOM WALK model to

perform the flow computations. Thus, RANDOM WALK provides the same capabilities as PLASM for

simulating nonsteady or steady, one- or two-dimensional flow. In addition, contaminant transport is simulated

using discrete parcel random walk techniques. Solute transport is based on a particle in a cell technique for

advective mechanisms, and a random walk technique for dispersion mechanisms. The effects of convection,

dispersion, and chemical reactions are included. The solute transport model simulates continuous and slug

contaminant source areas of various shapes, contaminant sinks such as wells and streams, vertically averaged

salt-water fronts, and contaminant leakage from overlying source beds. 
Appendix E: Water Supply Planning Models E-3

4. Method of Characteristics (MOC) Model of Two-Dimensional Solute Transport.

a. Available.

(1). Chief Hydrologist, Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 409 National Center

Reston, Virginia 22092, telephone (703) 648-5215; 

(2). International Groundwater Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado

80401-1887, telephone (303) 273-3103; and

(3). Scientific Software Group, P.O. Box 23041, Washington, D.C. 20026-3041, telephone (703) 620-

6793.

b. Description. MOC is a two-dimensional, transient, saturated condition, solute transport model.

MOC allows modeling of heterogeneous and anisotropic (confined) aquifers. The model determines changes

in contaminant concentrations caused by convective transport, hydrodynamic dispersion, mixing or dilution

from recharge, and chemical reactions. The chemical reactions include first-order irreversible rate reaction

(such as radioactive decay), reversible equilibrium-controlled sorption with linear, Freundlich, or Langmuir

isotherms, and reversible equilibrium-controlled ion exchange for monovalent or divalent ions. The model

assumes that fluid density variations, viscosity changes, and temperature gradients do not affect the velocity

changes, and temperature gradients do not affect the velocity distribution. MOC solves the groundwater flow

equation and the nonconservative solute-transport equation in a stepwise uncoupled fashion. The alternating

direction implicit method or the strongly implicit procedure are optionally used to solve the finite difference

approximation of the flow equation. The MOC model uses the method of characteristics (MOC) to solve the

solute transport equation. 

5. Finite Element Model of Density-Dependent Flow and Transport Through Saturated-Unsaturated Porous

Media (FEMWATER).

a. Available.

(1). U.S. Army Groundwater Modeling Technical Support Center, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory,

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-

6199, telephone (601) 634-2486 (for DoD, USEPA, and DOE users); and

(2). Engineer Computer Graphics Laboratory, Brighman Young University, Provo, Utah, telephone

(801) 378-7569 (for all others).

b. Description. FEMWATER, developed by Dr. G.T. (George) Yeh, Penn State University, and

WES, is the most versatile of a suite of models supported by the DoD Groundwater Modeling System (GMS).

The GMS is a powerful pre- and post-processing graphical user interface which also supports the MODFLOW,

MODPATH and MT3D (Modular Three-Dimensional Transport Model) computer models. MODPATH is

a code that uses output from the USGS finite difference groundwater code MODFLOW. MODPATH tracks

particles released in the flow field over time, thus showing the fate of each particle. FEMWATER allows

analysis of pumping wells, injection wells, salinity intrusion, groundwater-surface water interaction and

transport of conservative pollutant constituents. It is fully three-dimensional and the finite element architecture

allows modeling of complex natural and manmade subsurface features. The GMS allows viewing of input and

output graphically as slices in the vertical or horizontal plane, as well as animated time-dependent results. It

also incorporates tools for analysis and interpretation of sub-surface data sets.
E-4 Water Supply Handbook

C. WATERSHED RUNOFF MODELS

Eight models are covered in this section; HEC-1, TR-20, A&M Watershed Model, SSAR, SWMM, HSPF,

SWRRB-WQ and CASC2D.

1. Hydrologic Engineering Center HEC-1). 

a. Available. Hydrologic Engineering Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 609 Second Street,

Davis, California 95615 or by calling (530) 756-1104.

b. Description. HEC-1 models the watershed processes that convert rainfall and/or snowmelt to

streamflow, which includes manipulating precipitation data, performing subwatershed precipitation-runoff

computations, streamflow routing, and hydrograph combining. The model is designed for analyzing single

precipitation events, rather than long-term continuous modeling. Precipitation volumes are converted to runoff

volumes using one of several options. Runoff hydrographs are developed using either the unit hydrograph or

kinematic wave approaches. The model also includes several optional modeling capabilities involving;

parameter calibration, multiplan-multiflood analysis, dam safety analysis, economic flood damage analysis,

and flood control system optimization.

2. Soil Conservation Service Technical Release No. 20 (TR-20).

a. Available.

(1). Engineering Division, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agricultural, Washington,

D.C. 20013-2890; and

(2). National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road,

Springfield, Virginia 22161, telephone (703) 487-4600.

b. Description. TR-20 is a single-event watershed model. A rainfall hyetograph is provided as input.

The model computes the runoff hydrograph for each subwatershed, routes the hydrographs through reservoirs

and stream reaches, and combines hydrographs. The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) rainfall-runoff

relationship (curve number methods) and SCS curvilinear dimensions unit hydrograph are used to model the

runoff response of a watershed to a rainfall event. Hydrographs are routed through stream reaches using the

attenuation-kinematic routing method. Modified Puls routing is used for reservoirs.

3. A&M Watershed Model.

a. Available. Dr. Wesley P. James, Civil Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College

Station, Texas 77843, telephone (409) 845-4550.

b. Description. The A&M Watershed Model simulates a flood event caused by a rain storm. The

model can be used to develop synthetic design storms, or historical gaged rainfall can be provided as input for

generating hydrographs for planning and design studies. Alternatively, weather radar and/or gaged rainfall

can be used for real-time streamflow forecasting. The model includes the following computational methods:

SCS curve number and Green & Ampt loss rate options; two parameter gamma function unit hydrograph

which can be adjusted by urbanization peaking factors; hydrologic and hydraulic stream routing options;

hydrologic reservoir routing; and standard step method water surface profile computations. In addition to the
Appendix E: Water Supply Planning Models E-5

basic rainfall-runoff and streamflow modeling, several optional capabilities are provided for design and analysis

of storm sewers, culverts, detention basins, and sedimentation basins.

4. Streamflow Synthesis Reservoir Regulation (SSAR).

a. Available.

(1). Northwestern Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, P.O. Box 2870, Portland, Oregon 97208-

2870, telephone (503) 326-3758; and

(2). HOMS National Weather Service, NOAA, 1325 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, Maryland

20910.

b. Description. SSAR consists of three basic components; a watershed model for synthesizing runoff

from rainfall and snowmelt, a streamflow routing model, and a reservoir regulation model. The model is a

continuous watershed model designed for large river basins. Streamflows are synthesized from rainfall and

snowmelt runoff. Rainfall data are provided as input. Snowmelt can be computed based on inputted

precipitation depth, elevation, air and dew point temperatures, albedo, radiation, and wind speed. Snowmelt

options include the temperature index method or the energy budget method. Application of the model begins

with a subdivision of the river basin into hydrologically homogeneous subwatersheds. For each subwatershed,

the model computes base flow, subsurface or interflow, and surface runoff. Each flow component is delayed

according to different processes, and all are then combine to produce the total subwatershed outflow

hydrograph.

5. Stormwater Management Model (SWMM).

a. Available. Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling, Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30613-0801, telephone (706)

546-3549.

b. Description. SWMM is a comprehensive model for analysis of quantity and quality problems

associated with urban runoff. Both single-event and continuous simulation may be performed for watersheds

having storm sewers, combined sewers, and natural drainage. Flows, stages, and pollutant concentrations are

predicted at pertinent locations in the system. The total SWMM package simulates the urban hydrologic and

quality processes including rainfall, snowmelt, surface and subsurface runoff, flow through a drainage system

including a sewer network, storage, and treatment. Options are provided for statistical analysis and

presentation of the simulation results. 

6. Hydrologic Simulation Program - Fortran (HSPF).

a. Available. Center for Exposures Assessment Modeling, Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30613-0801, telephone (706)

546-3549.

b. Description. HSPF is a comprehensive package for simulation of watershed hydrology and water

quality for both conventional and toxic organic pollutants. The model uses information such as: the time

history of rainfall, temperature, and solar radiation; land surface characteristics such as land use patterns and

soil properties; and land management practices to simulate the processes that occur in a watershed. Flow rates,
E-6 Water Supply Handbook

sediment loads, and nutrient and pesticide concentrations are predicted for the watershed runoff. The model

uses these results, along with input data characterizing the stream network and point source discharges, to

simulate instream processes. Model output includes a time history of water quantity and quality at all pertinent

locations in the watershed/stream system.

7. Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins - Water Quality (SWRRB-WQ.

a. Available. Grassland, Soil, and Water Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.

Department of Agriculture, 808 East Blackland Road, Temple, Texas 76502, telephone (817) 770-6500.

b. Description. SWRRB-WQ is designed to predict the effects of various types of land management

practices on water and sediment yields and water quality in ungaged rural basins. The continuous

precipitation-runoff model uses a daily time step. Many years of daily flows may be computed for specified

precipitation data. Daily precipitation may be either inputted or developed by the model as Markov process

using inputted probabilities. A large basin can be divided into up to ten subwatersheds. The major processes

included in the model include surface runoff, percolation, return flow, evapotranspiration, transmission losses,

pond and reservoir storage, sedimentation, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and movement, pesticide fate and

movement, and crop growth and management.

8. Cascading Planes, Two Dimensions (CASC2D).

a. Availability.

(1). Hydro-Science Division, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199, telephone (601) 634-4157

(for DoD and USEPA users); and

(2). Engineer Computer Graphics Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, telephone

(801) 378-7569 (for all others).

b. Description. CASC2D is a distributed physics-based computer model of rainfall-runoff process.

The basin is represented as a regular grid of cells. Each cell contains assigned values for precipitation quantity,

infiltration parameters, roughness, elevation, soil, and vegetation characteristics. Precipitation may be input

as discrete gages or NEXRAD generated digital hourly precipitation files. It uses the Green-Ampt method for

soil moisture accounting. NEXRAD is the acronym for the National Weather Service Weather Service Radar

88-Doppler, or WRS 88-D. This technology replaced the older WRS-57-C. These radars have the capability

to quantify precipitation based on reflectivity algorithms. The precipitation quantities are captured as digital

hourly precipitation files, which can be used by hydrologic models to compute runoff from the precipitation.

Overland flow is computed using the diffusive wave approximation. Stream channels are represented in one

dimension within the grid. Channel routing may be either by diffusive wave approximation or computed by

solutions for the fully dynamic momentum equations. The CASC2D model is supported by the Watershed

Modeling System (WMS). The WMS is a powerful pre- and post-processing graphical use interface. The

WMS allows viewing of input and results graphically as static views or animated time-dependent results.
Appendix E: Water Supply Planning Models E-7

D. WATER DISTRIBUTION MODELS

Two models are covered in this section, KYPIPE2 and WADIS0.

1. Kentucky Pipe2 (KYPIPE2. 

a. Available.

(1). Mr. Don J. Wood or Mr. William C. Gilber, Civil Engineering Software Center, 212 Anderson

Hall, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046, telephone (606) 257-3436 or (606) 257-4941;

and

(2). Haestad Methods, Inc., 37 Brookside Road, Waterbury, Connecticut 06708, telephone (203) 755-

1666 or (800) 727-6555.

b. Description. This comprehensive pipe network modeling system computes steady-state flows and

pressures for specified demands. Optional capabilities are also provided for extended period simulations with

storage tank levels varying over time. The model will compute flows for each pipe and the hydraulic grade and

pressure at each node for a given set of water demands. Alternatively, capabilities are provided to determine

a variety of design, operation, and calibration parameters, for specified pressure requirements. Simulations

are based on iteratively solving the sets of continuity and energy equations using linearization schemes to

handle nonlinear terms and a sparse matrix solution algorithm. Pipe head losses are estimated using either

Hazen-Williams or Darcy-Weisbach equations.

2. Water Distribution Simulation and Optimization (WADISO) Model.

a. Available. 

(1). Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Road,

Vicksburg, Mississippi, 39180-6199, telephone (601) 634-2581; and

(2). The model has also been published as a book and is available on diskettes from Lewis Publishers,

Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd. N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431, telephone (800) 272-7737.

b. Description. This model consists of three major modules or routines; simulation,

optimization, and extended period simulation. The simulation routine calculates the flow and pressure

distributions in a pipe network for specified demands. The optimization routine determines costs and some

pressure distribution for a set of user specified pipe sizes and changes the sizes for selected pipes within userspecified limits until it finds the most economical arrangement that meets the pressure requirement. The

extended period simulation module computes flow and pressure distributions in a pipe network, taking into

consideration fluctuating storage tank water levels and varying water use patterns over time. All three routines

allow for the presence of pumps, pressure-reducing valves, check valves within the water distribution system

and multiple supply points. Pipe leak losses are estimated using the Hazen-Williams equation. There are no

limits to the layout of a system except for the normal requirement of at least one constant head node such as

a tank or reservoir. The optimization routine is intended for sizing of a limited number of pipes, not all the

pipes in a large system. 
E-8 Water Supply Handbook

E. STREAM HYDRAULICS MODELS

Six individual models plus one system of four models are covered in this section; HEC-2, WSPRO,

FLDWAY, UNET, FESWMS-2DH, HEC-6 and (the system) TABS.

1. Hydrologic Engineering Center HEC-2.

a. Available. Hydrologic Engineering Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 609 Second Street,

Davis, California 95616, telephone (530) 756-1104.

b. Description. HEC-2 develops water surface profiles and related hydraulic data (depths, velocities,

etc.) for steady gradually varied flow in natural and man-made channels. Both subcritical and supercritical

flow regimes can be modeled. The computational procedure is based on the standard step method solution of

the one-dimensional energy equation with frictional energy losses estimated with the Manning equation. Input

data includes cross-sections describing channel and floodplain geometry and energy coefficients. The effects

of various obstructions to flow such as bridges, culverts, weirs, and structures in the floodplain may be

reflected in the model. HEC-2 provides optional capabilities for evaluating the effects of channel improvements

and levees on water surface profiles. The program also includes options designed for application in flood plain

management and flood insurance studies to evaluate floodway encroachments and to designate flood hazard

zones. An option is provided for use in calibrating the Manning roughness coefficient. Other optional

modeling capabilities involve bridge and culvert losses, stream tributaries, ice covered streams and split flows.

2. Water Surface Profiles (WSPRO).

a. Available.

(1). U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, Virginia

22092;

(2). Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research, Development, and Technology, 6300

Georgetown Pike, McLean, Virginia 22101-2296; and

(3). McTans Center for Microcomputers in Transporation, University of Florida, 512 Weil Hall,

Gainesville, Florida 32611-2083, telephone (904) 392-0378.

b. Description. WSPRO develops water surface profiles and related hydraulic data (depths, velocities,

etc.) for steady gradually varied flow in natural and man-made channels. Both subcritical and supercritical

flow regimes can be modeled. The computational procedure is based on the standard step method solution of

the one-dimensional energy equation with frictional energy losses estimated with the Manning equation. Input

data includes cross-sections, describing channel and floodplain geometry, and energy loss coefficients.

WSPRO was developed primarily to analyze the hydraulics of bridge waterways. The program provides

capabilities for simulating flow through bridges and culverts, including multiple-opening structures, and flows

over embankments.
Appendix E: Water Supply Planning Models E-9

3. Flood Wave (FLDWAY).

a. Available. Dr. D.L. Fread, Director, Hydrologic Research Laboratory, National Weather Service,

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Springs, Maryland 20910, telephone (301) 713-

0006. 

 

b. Description. This model combines the Operational Dynamic Wave Model (DWOPER) and the

Dam-Break Flood Forecasting Model (DAMBRK) into a single model and provides additional hydraulic

simulation methods with a more user-friendly model structure. These are one-dimensional dynamic routing

models based on an implicit finite difference solution of the complete St. Venant equations. Discharges,

velocities, depths, and water surface elevations are computed as a function of time and distance along the

channel. Input data includes cross-sectional geometry of the river floodplain, energy loss coefficients, and

inflow hydrographs. FLDWAY provides flexible capabilities for modeling unsteady flow in rivers with

branching tributaries, irregular geometry, variable roughness parameters, lateral inflows, flow diversions, offchannel storage, local head losses such as bridge contractions and expansions, lock and dam operations, and

wind effects. An automatic parameter calibration option is provided for determining values for roughness

coefficients. Data management features facilitate use of the model in a day-to-day forecasting environment.

The model is equally applicable to simulating unsteady flows in planning and design studies. Multiple dams

located in series on the same stream can be simulated as well as single dams. An inflow hydrograph is routed

through a reservoir using either hydrologic storage or dynamic routing. 

4. One-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Through a Full Network of Open Channels (UNET).

a. Available. Hydrologic Engineering Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 609 Second Street,

Davis, California 95616, telephone (530) 756-1104.

b. Description. UNET is a dynamic routing model based on a four-point implicit finite-difference

solution of the St. Venant equations. Unsteady flow can be simulated for complex networks of open channels.

Dendritic tributary configurations, split flow around islands, and closed loops, such as a canal connecting

tributaries, can be included in the network being modeled. Various types of external and internal boundary

conditions can be incorporated in the simulation including; flow and stage hydrographs, rating curves, gated

and ungated spillways, pump stations, bridges, culverts, and levee systems. Channel geometry data can be

inputted in HEC-2 cross-section format.

5. Finite Element Surface-Water Modeling System: Two-Dimensional Flow in a Horizontal Plane (FESWMS2DH).

a. Available.

(1). U.S. geological Survey, Water Resources Division, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, Virginia

22092;

(2). Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research, Development, and Technology, 6300

Georgetown Pike, McLean, Virginia 22101-2296; and

(3). McTrans Center for Microcomputers in Transportation, University of Florida, 512 Weil Hall,

Gainesville, Florida 32611-2083, telephone (904) 392-0378.
E-10 Water Supply Handbook

b. Description. FESWMS-2DH was developed to improve capabilities to model complex flow

conditions at highway bridges. The generalized model is applicable to other two-dimensional steady or

unsteady flow modeling problems as well. FESWMS-2DH is a modular set of programs which includes;

DINMOD, the data input module; FLOMOD, the depth-averaging flow simulator module; and ANOMOD,

the analysis of output module. The model is capable of simulating flow through single or multiple bridge opens

as normal flow, pressure flow, weir flow, or culvert flow.

6. Scour and Deposition in Rivers and Reservoirs (HEC-6).

a. Available. Hydrologic Engineering Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 609 Second Street,

Davis, California 95616, telephone (530) 756-1104.

b. Description. HEC-6 is a one-dimensional sediment transport model designed to develop water

surface and sediment bed surface profiles by computing the interaction between sediment material in the

streambed and the flowing water-sediment mixture. The model simulates the capability of a stream system to

transport bed and suspended load, given the sediment yield from upstream sources. The total sediment load

is computed for each cross-section along the trap efficiencies for clays, silts, and sands. The change in bed

elevation, water surface elevation, and thalweg elevation are also computed for each cross-section. HEC-6

does not simulate bank erosion or lateral migration. The model is oriented toward analyzing long-term river

and reservoir behavior rather than single short-term flood events. Flow computations are based on a standard

step method solution of the steady-state one-dimensional energy equation. Several user-option alternative

sediment transport functions are incorporated in the model.

7. TABS Modeling System.

a. Available.

(1). Waterways and Estuaries Division, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199, telephone (601)

634-3822 (for Corps users); and

(2). Engineer Computer Graphics Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, telephone

(801) 378-7569 (for all other users).

b. Description. The TABS suite of computer model programs includes RMA2, RMA4, RMA10 and

SED2D. These codes are supported through the Surface Water Modeling System (SMS). The SMS is a

powerful pre- and post-processing graphical user interface. RMA2 is a two-dimensional depth averaged finite

element hydrodynamic computer mode. It computes water-surface elevations and horizontal velocity

components for subcritical, free-surface flow in two-dimensional flow fields. RMA2 computes a finite element

solution of the Reynolds form of the Navier-Stokes equations for turbulent flows. Friction is calculated with

the Manning’s or Chezy equation, and eddy viscosity coefficients are used to define turbulence characteristics.

Both steady-state and dynamic problems can be analyzed. RMA4 is a finite element water quality transport

numerical model in which depth concentration distribution is assumed to be uniform. Concentrations for up

to six constituents, either conservative or non-conservative, can be computed within the computational domain.

RMA10 is a three-dimensional derivative of RMA2 which allows for fully three-dimensional solutions to

complex sub-critical flow fields. SED2D is a two-dimensional sediment transport computer code. It handles

both cohesive and noncohesive sediment transport using the Ackers-White bed load function and advection

diffusion equations for suspended material. The SMS allows viewing of input and output graphically.
Appendix E: Water Supply Planning Models E-11

F. RIVER AND RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY MODELS

Seven models are covered in this chapter; QUAL2E, WASP, CE-QUAL-RIV1, CE-QUAL-R1, CE-QUALW2, HEC5-Q, and WQRRS.

1. Enhanced Stream Water Quality Modes (QUAL2E).

a. Available. Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling, Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30613-0801, telephone (706)

546-3549.

b. Description. QUAL2E is a steady-state one-dimensional model for simulating pollutant transport

and transformation in well-mixed branching streams and lakes. Up to 15 user-selected water quality

constituents in any combination can be simulated, including: dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand,

temperature, algae as chlorophyll ", organic nitrogen as N, ammonia as N, nitrite as N, organic phosphorus

as P, dissolved phosphorus as P, coliform bacteria, an arbitrary conservative constituent and three conservative

constituents. A typical application of the model is to study the impacts of waste loads on stream water quality.

The model can also be used to analyze the effects on water quality, primarily dissolved oxygen and

temperature, caused by diurnal variations in meteorological data. Diurnal dissolved oxygen variations caused

by algal growth and respiration can be examined.

2. Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP).

a. Available. Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling, Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30613, telephone (404) 546-3560.

b. Description. WASP is a compartment modeling framework for simulating contaminant fate and

transport in rivers, reservoirs, estuaries, and coastal waters. WASP can be applied in one, two, or three

dimensions. The WASP modeling system consists of two stand-alone computer programs, DYNHYD and

WASP, that can be run in conjunction or separately. The unsteady flow hydrodynamic program DYNHYD

simulates the movement of water, and the water quality program WASP simulates the movement and

interaction of pollutants within the water. A variety of water quality problems can be analyzed with the

selection of appropriate kinetic subroutines which may be either selected from a library or written by the user.

WASP is a flexible framework for modeling hydrodynamics, conservative mass transport, eutrophicationdissolved oxygen kinetics, and toxic chemical-sediment dynamics.

3. Dynamic One-Dimensional Water Quality Model for Streams (CE-QUAL-RIV1).

a. Available. Water Quality and Contaminant Modeling Branch, Environmental Laboratory,

Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg,

Mississippi 39180-6199, telephone (601) 634-3785.

b. Description. CE-QUAL-RIV1 is a one-dimensional (longitudinal) fully dynamic hydraulic flow and

water quality simulation model intended for modeling highly unsteady streamflow conditions, such as that

associated with peaking hydroelectric power tailwaters. The model also allows simulation of branched river

systems with multiple control structures such as reregulation dams and navigation locks and dams. The model

has two parts, hydrodynamics and water quality. Output from the hydrodynamic model is used to drive the

water quality model. The hydrodynamics is based on an implicit numerical solution of the St. Venant
E-12 Water Supply Handbook

equations. The water quality constituents which can be modeled include temperature, dissolved oxygen,

carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, organic nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, orthophosphate phosphorus, coliform bacteria, dissolved iron, and dissolved manganese. The effects of algae and

macrophytes can also be included.

4. Numerical One-Dimensional Model of Reservoir Water Quality (CE-QUAL-R1).

a. Available. Water Quality and Contaminant Modeling Branch, Environmental Laboratory, U.S.

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199,

telephone (601) 634-3785.

b. Description. CE-QUAL-R1 simulates the vertical distribution of thermal energy and chemical and

biological materials in a reservoir through time. The model is used to study water quality problems and the

effects of reservoir operations on water quality. A reservoir is conceptualized as a vertical sequence of

horizontal layers with thermal energy and materials uniformly distributed in each layer. The distribution of

inflows among the horizontal layers is based on density differences. Vertical transport of thermal energy and

materials occurs through entrainment and turbulent diffusion. The interactions of numerous biological and

chemical factors are reflected in the model. The model simulates the dynamics of 27 water quality variables,

computing both in-pool and downstream release magnitudes. Eleven other variables are included which

represent materials in the sediments. Reservoir outflows may occur in the model according to a specified

schedule of port releases. Alternatively, the model may select port releases based on user specification of total

release and desired release temperatures. Water quality problems that can be addressed include: prediction and

analysis of thermal stratification, anoxic conditions, algal blooms, and growth of algae and macrophytes;

location of selective withdrawal ports required to meet a downstream temperature objective; analysis of the

effects of storm events, upstream land use changes, or reservoir operational changes on in-pool and release

water quality. 

5. Two-Dimensional, Laterally Averaged Model of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality (CE-QUAL-W2).

a. Available. Water Quality and Contaminant Modeling Branch, Environmental Laboratory,

Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg,

Mississippi 39180-6199, telephone (601) 634-3785.

b. Description. CE-QUAL-W2 was developed for reservoirs but can also be applied to rivers and

estuaries. The two-dimensional model simulates the vertical and longitudinal distributions of thermal energy

and selected biological and chemical materials in a water body through time. The model provides capabilities

for assessing the impact of reservoir design and operations on the water quality variables. The model

determines in-pool water volumes, surface elevations, densities, vertical and longitudinal velocities,

temperatures, and constituent concentrations as well as downstream release concentrations. The water quality

model simulates the dynamics of up to 20 constituents in addition to temperatures and circulation patterns.

The model simulates the interaction of physical factors (such as flow and temperature), chemical factors (such

as nutrients), and an algal assemblage. The constituents are arranged in four levels of optional modeling

complexity, permitting flexibility in model application. The first level includes materials that are conservative

and noninteractive. The second level includes the interactive dynamics of oxygen-phytoplankton-nutrients.

The third level allows simulation of pH and carbonate species. The fourth level allows simulation of total iron.
Appendix E: Water Supply Planning Models E-13

6. Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation System (Water Quality Version (HEC-5Q).

a. Available. Hydrologic Engineering Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 609 Second Street,

Davis, California 95616, telephone (530) 756-1104.

b. Description. The flows computed by the flow simulation sub-model for multiple reservoir and nonreservoir control points are input to the water quality sub-model. The water quality simulation module

computes the vertical distribution of temperature and other constituents in the reservoirs and the water quality

in the associated downstream reaches. The model also determines the gate openings for reservoir selective

withdrawal structures to meet user-specified water quality objectives at downstream control points. If the

downstream quality objectives cannot be satisfied by selective withdrawal, the model will determine if the

objectives can be satisfied by an increase in flow amounts. The water quality simulation can be used in three

alternative modes: calibration, annual simulation, and long-term simulation. Two alternative groups of water

quality constituents can be simulated. The first option includes: water temperature, up to three conservative

constituents, up to three non-conservative constituents, and dissolved oxygen. The other option includes water

temperature, total dissolved solids, nitrate nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus, phytoplankton, carboneous BOD,

ammonia nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen.

7. Water Quality for River-Reservoir System (WQRRS).

a. Available. Hydrologic Engineering Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 609 Second Street,

Davis, California 95616, telephone (530) 756-1104.

b. Description. The WQRRS package consists of the programs SHP, WQRRSQ, and WQRRSR

which interface with each other. The Stream Hydraulics Package (SHP) and Stream Water Quality

(WQRRSQ) programs simulate flow and quality conditions for stream networks which can include branching

channels and islands. The Reservoir Water Quality (WQRRSR) program is a one-dimensional model used to

evaluate the vertical stratification of physical, chemical, and biological parameters in a reservoir. The SHP

provides a range of optional methods for computing discharges, velocities, and depths as a function of time and

location in a stream system. The hydraulic computations can be performed optionally using input stagedischarge relationships, hydrologic routing, kinematic routing, steady flow equations, or the full unsteady flow

St. Venant equations. The WQRRSR and WQRRSQ programs provide capabilities for analyzing up to 18

constituents, including chemical and physical constituents (dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids), nutrients

(phosphate, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate), carbon budget (alkalinity, total carbon), biological constituents (two

types of phytoplankton, benthic algae, zooplankton, benthic animals, three types of fish), organic constituents

(detritus, organic sediment), and coliform bacteria.
E-14 Water Supply Handbook

G. RIVER\RESERVOIR SYSTEM OPERATION MODELS

Seven models are covered in this section; HEC-5, IRIS, TAMUWRAP, MODSIM, HEC-PRM, RSS, and

CALIDAD. Additional information on Reservoir/River models is contained in Chapter 8, Paragraph E.

1. Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation (HEC-5).

a. Available. Hydrologic Engineering Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 609 Second Street,

Davis, California 95616, telephone (530) 756-1104. 

b. Description. HEC-5 simulates multiple-purpose multiple-reservoir systems on essentially any

stream tributary configuration using a variable computational time interval. The model makes release decisions

to empty flood control pools and to meet user-specified diversion, instream flow, and hydroelectric energy

targets, based on computed reservoir storage levels and flows at downstream locations. Seasonal rule curves

and buffer zones can be specified. Multiple-reservoir release decisions are based on balancing the percent

depletion in user-specified storage zones. Several alternative hydrologic flood routing methods are available.

Various optional analysis capabilities are provided, including computation of firm yields for diversions,

instream flows, or hydroelectric energy, and computation of expected annual flood damages.

2. Interactive River System Simulation (IRIS).

a. Available. Daniel P. Loucks, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hollister Hall, Cornell

University, Ithaca, New York 14853-3501, telephone (607) 255-4896.

b. Description. IRIS simulates water supply storage and conveyance systems of any normal branching

configuration for given operating rules and streamflow sequences, using a user-specified time step. The model

also includes hydroelectric power and water quality features. The configuration of the system is specified by

"drawing in" nodes (reservoirs, inflow sites, junctions, and other key locations) and interconnecting links (river

reaches, canals, and pipelines). System operating rules include: (1) reservoir releases specified as a function

of storage and season of the year; (2) allocation functions for multiple links from the same node; and (3)

storage distribution targets for reservoirs operating as a group. Model output includes time series plots of

flows, storage, energy generated, and water quality parameters at any node or link in the reservoir/river system

and probability distribution displays of magnitude and duration of shortages or failure events. 

3. Water Rights Analysis Package (TAMUWRAP).

a. Available.

(1). Dr. Ralph A. Wurbs, Civil Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station,

Texas 77843, telephone (409) 845-3079; and 

(2). Texas Water Resources Institute, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843,

telephone (409) 845-1851. 

b. Description. TAMUWRAP is designed for analyzing water management within a water rights

permit system, with water demands being met on the basis of specified priorities. A user-specified set of water

demands are met, as water availability allows, following specified operating rules, for inputted sequences of

streamflows and evaporation rates. A monthly time step is used. The model provides the capability to simulate
Appendix E: Water Supply Planning Models E-15

a stream/reservoir/use system involving essentially any stream tributary configuration. Interbasin transfers and

closed loops, such as pipelines carrying water upstream or between tributaries, can be included in the system.

Hydroelectric power can also be included. Water use requirements and reservoir operating rules are specified

in various optional formats. Selected multiple reservoirs can be operated in combination based on balancing

the percent depletion in specified storage zones. As currently dimensioned, the system can contain up to 2,000

water rights, and each right can include both reservoir storage and/or a water demand target. Simulation results

include diversions, shortages, hydroelectric energy generated, streamflow depletions, unappropriated

streamflows, reservoir storage and releases, reservoir evaporation, and reliability statistics. A recent salinity

version of the model includes capabilities for inputting salt loads and specifying maximum allowable salt

concentrations as part of the diversion requirements. 

4. River Basin Network Simulation Model (MODSIM).

a. Available. Dr. John W. Labadie, Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort

Collins, Colorado 80523, telephone (303) 491-8596.

b. Description. MODSIM is a generalized river basin network simulation model for hydrologic and

water rights analysis of complex water management systems. Water is allocated based on user-specified

priorities and operating rules. The user assigns relative priorities for meeting diversion, instream flow, and

storage targets, as well as lower and upper bounds on flows and storage. The model computes values for all

pertinent flows and storage. Hydroelectric power operations can be included in the simulation. MODSIM

output includes various optional tabular and graphical presentations of reservoir balances, flows, demands

satisfied from surface and ground water, demand shortages, and energy generated.

5. Hydrologic Engineering Center Prescriptive Reservoir Model (HEC-PRM).

a. Available. Hydrologic Engineering Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 609 Second Street,

Davis, California 95616, telephone (530) 756-1104. 

b. Description. HEC-PRM is a network flow programming model which incorporates an economic

objective function. Operation of the reservoir/river system is driven by user-inputted convex cost based

piecewise linear penalty functions. The user must be able to express costs associated with various system

purposes as a function of reservoir storage, instream flows, or diversions. Noneconomic components can also

be included in the basically economic objective function. Operating rules are also reflected in the upper and

lower bounds specified on flows, releases, and storage. For given sequences of inputted stream inflows, the

model computes the instream flows, diversions, and storage for each month of the simulation period which

minimizes the objective function. The computations are performed for all months simultaneously. Improved

network flow computational algorithms have been developed in conjunction with HEC-PRM. 

6. River Simulation System (RSS).

a. Available. Dr. Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, Center for Advanced Decision Support for Water and

Environmental Systems (CADSWES), University of Colorado, Campus Box 421, Boulder, Colorado 80309-

0421, telephone (303) 492-3972.

b. Description. The interactive graphics based RSS runs on workstations using the Unix operating

system. RSS combines interactive computer graphics and data base management with river/reservoir system

simulation. The object oriented structure provides flexibility from both user and programmer perspectives.
E-16 Water Supply Handbook

The user develops a model of a particular river/reservoir system by combining selected objects.

Preprogrammed instructions for handling data and performing computations are associated with each object.

Input and output data are also defined by user-selected objects. The user defines reservoir system operating

policies using English-like statements, following a specified format, which utilize preprogrammed functions.

If sufficient flexibility is not provided for a particular application, by the available RSS objects and statement

functions, a programmer can readily modify the code to change existing objects and functions or add new ones.

7. Object-Oriented River Basin Modeling Framework (CALIDAD).

a. Available. Water Management Section, D-5755, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal

Center, P.O. Box 25007, Denver, Colorado 80225, (303) 236-4215.

(2). Description. The interactive graphics based CALIDAD runs on workstations using the Unix

operating system. CALIDAD simulates the movement of water through a reservoir/river basin system and

determines the set of diversions and reservoir releases which best meets the institutional constraints and

management objectives. Simulations are performed using a monthly computational time step. The user builds

a model for a specific river basin application by using objects which represent features such as inflows,

reservoirs, diversions, hydropower plants, and irrigation or municipal water demand sites. CALIDAD has a

palette of available objects from which to choose. Additional objects can be programmed and added to the

library as needed. Both computational algorithms and data requirements are associated with each object. The

physical parameters of the river basin features, such as reservoir storage characteristics and monthly

streamflows, may be entered as object data. Institutional constraints and management objectives, called rules

in the model, are also considered as data and entered through a separate rules editor. CALIDAD handles the

management and institutional constraints using a heuristic technique called tabu search to determine permissible

diversion and reservoir releases.

H. WATER CONSERVATION MODELS

Two models are covered in this section, IWR-MAIN 6.1 and WaterPlan 1. Additional information on water

conservation modeling is contained in Chapter 7, Paragraph B.

1. IWR-MAIN, version 6.1.

a. Available. Institute for Water Resources (IWR), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Casey Building,

7701 Telegraph Rd., Alexandria, VA 22315-3868, telephone (703) 428-8015. Planning chiefs in each Corps

office was sent a copy and a manual of this software. Corps offices can obtain additional copies of this

software from IWR at no cost. This software was developed with Planning and Management Consultants,

Ltd.(PMCL), P.O. Box 1316, Carbondale, IL 62903. Training on this software is available from PMCL.

There is a tution requirement for this training.

b. Description. IWR-MAIN, described above under “Demand Forecasting Models”, includes a

conservation module that aids water planners in evaluating conservation alternatives. This module can only

be run in conjunction with forecasting future water demand for the specified service area. The conservation

savings module dissaggregates seasonal water demands into end uses that are tracked to determine long-term

conservation water saving associated with the specified indoor and outdoor end uses. Passive, active and
Appendix E: Water Supply Planning Models E-17

temporary or emergency water conservation savings are computed by comparing the forecasted future demand

without conservation measures to an alternate forecast incorporating selected conservation options. Water

savings result from improved efficiencies gained by replacing standard fixtures with conserving or ultraconserving fixtures, changes in rates structures and mandatory water reductions during water emergencies.

2. WaterPlanTM, version 1.

a. Available. State of California, Department of Water Resources, P.O. Box 942836, Sacramento,

CA 94236-0001, telephone Ms. Bravver at (916) 327-1770.

b. Description. The WaterPlanTM software calculates costs and savings of water conservation

measures specified in the software for residential, commercial and industrial customers and can also address

potential water saving within the water supply system. Documentation available with the software provides

key numeric factors and descriptions of each conservation measure. The numeric data includes information

on water savings associated with the specific measure, portion of the customer base expected to participate,

impact on previously implemented conservation measures and the cost associated with activating this

conservation measure. 

I. INTEGRATED WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND

One model, WEAP is covered in this section. Additional information on integrated water supply and demand

is contained in Chapter 6, Paragraph C and Chapter 8, Paragraph D.

1. Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) System.

a. Available. Boston Tellus Institute, Stockholm Environment Institute, 11 Arlington Street, Boston,

Massachusetts 02116-3411, telephone (617) 266-5400.

b. Description. Over the last decade, an integrated approach to water development has emerged which places

water supply projects in the context of demand-side issues, water quality and ecosystem preservation. The

WEAP system can address issues such as sectoral demand analyses, water conservation, water rights and

allocation priorities, stream flow simulations, reservoir operations, hydropower generation, pollution loading

and project benefit-cost analyses. WEAP is applicable to municipal or agricultural areas, single subbasins or

complex river systems. The primary system components are database management, forecasting, and policy

analysis. WEAP’s systematic framework maintains and compares the water supplies and demand for the

specified geographic area during the defined time frame. Alternative water use scenarios and management

strategies may be evaluated. Water supply and use data may be displayed in a variety of tables and graphs.

Network diagrams are available to show the interconnected relationships between the components of the water

demand-supply system. Disaggregated demand forecasts may be performed for municipal, industrial,

agricultural, and other types of water use over a long-term planning horizon. Several optional forecasting

methods are available. All surface and ground water supplies can be included in a simulation. Major multiplepurpose reservoirs as well as local water supply reservoirs may be modeled. Withdrawals for water treatment

plants, discharges from wastewater treatment plants, return flows, groundwater pumpage, and transmission

losses are included in the water accounting system. Supplies and demands are compared at a site specific level,

such as a water treatment or wastewater treatment plant, or at an aggregate level such as a city or county.
E-18 Water Supply Handbook

Stream flow data can be entered for the historical period-of-record or a critical drought period or alternatively

stream flows can be entered characterizing typical wet, dry, and normal years. The model uses a monthly time

interval.
APPENDIX F

OUTLINES FOR 

WATER CONTROL DOCUMENTS

DECEMBER 1998

Table of Contents

 Item Page

Standing Instructions to Project Operators for Water Control ...... F- 1

Water Control Plan ...................................... F- 5

Water Control Manual .................................... F- 9

Master Water Control Manual ............................. F-23

Appendix F: Outlines for Water Control Documents F-1

 Omit for Type II projects that are not in a water resource system. 1

STANDINGINSTRUCTIONSTO PROJECT

OPERATORSFORWATER CONTROL

(Title Page)

STANDING INSTRUCTIONS TO THE PROJECT OPERATOR FOR WATER CONTROL

(STRUCTURE OR PROJECT NAME)

(Stream)

(River Basin)

(State)

Exhibit 

1

to the

Water Control Plan (or Manual)

for

(Parent Project Name)

District

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers

(Date)

(Revised Date)
F-2 Water Supply Handbook

PHOTOGRAPHS

Include sufficient photographs to document the structure/project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

See following guide for narrative development of “Standing Instructions.”

PERTINENT DATA

The pertinent data shown here should be limited to one or two pages. Additional

information can be included as an exhibit.

GUIDE FOR NARRATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF STANDING INSTRUCTIONS

I - BACKGROUND AND RESPONSIBILITIES

1-01. General Information.

a. Cite compliance with EM 1110-2-3600 and ER 1110-2-240, and state that a copy

of these Standing Instructions must be kept on hand at the project site at all times, and that any

deviation from the Standing Instructions will require approval of the District Commander.

b. Identify authorized project purposes and all water control objectives.

c. Identify chain of command and the entity to which the project operation is

responsible for water control actions.

d. State project location and brief description of water control structures.

e. Describe constraints on physical operation of the water control structure.

f. Include a statement as to whether O&M is by the Corps or by local interests, and a

statement as to whether it is a local protection project. Reference the Code of Federal

Regulations (CFR Title 33, Part 208.10) when it applies.

1-02. Role of Project Operator. 

a. Normal Conditions (not dependent on day-to-day instruction). Applies to Type II

and some Type III projects. Include the following statement. “The Project Operator is
Appendix F: Outlines for Water Control Documents F-3

responsible for water control actions during normal hydrometeorological conditions (non-flood,

non-drought) without daily instruction. However, the water control manager should be contacted

any time conditions are such that consultation or additional instruction regarding water control

procedures is needed.”

OR

a. Normal Conditions (dependent on day-to-day instruction). Applies to some Type

III and most Type IV projects. Include the following statement when appropriate. “The Project

Operator will be instructed by water control managers on a daily basis for water control actions

under normal conditions.”

b. Emergency Conditions (flood or drought). The same as above, as appropriate,

during flood events and other emergency conditions.

II - DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING

2-01. Normal Conditions. Instructions for collecting water data under normal

hydrometeorological conditions, and instructions for reporting the water data to the District

office.

2-02. Emergency Conditions. The same as the above during flood events and other emergency

conditions. Specify more intensive requirements when appropriate.

2-03. Regional Hydrometeorological Conditions. Include the following statement. “The Project

Operator will be informed by the water control manager of regional hydrometeorological

conditions that may/will impact the structure.”

III - WATER CONTROL ACTION AND REPORTING

3-01. Normal Conditions. Specific step-by-step instructions for water control action under

normal hydrometeorological conditions, taking into account any constraints on water control or

physical operation, and specific step-by-step instructions for reporting the action and any unusual

conditions to the water control manager.

3-02. Emergency Conditions. The same as the above during flood events and other emergency

conditions.

3-03. Inquiries. Include the following statement. “All significant inquires received by the

Project Operator from citizens, constituents or interested groups regarding water control

procedures or actions must be referred directly to water control managers.”
F-4 Water Supply Handbook

3-04. Water Control Problems. Include the following statement. “The water control manager

must be contacted immediately by the most rapid means available, in the event that an operational

malfunction, erosion, or other incident occurs that could impact project integrity in general or

water control capability in particular.”

3-05. Communication Outage. Specific step-by-step instructions for water control action, in the

event a communication outage with the water control manager occurs during either normal or

emergency conditions, considering constraints.

PLATES

1. Maps of the project area showing the water control structures, streams, levees,

dikes, channels, water data stations and parameters measured, with a vicinity map insert depicting

the drainage area above the project.

2. Schematic drawing of the project facilities, including a plan and profile of water

control structures which show key water levels (headwater and tailwater), and other pertinent

information.

3. Forms for collecting water data, reporting water data, and reporting water control

actions.

4. Discharge rating curves, if appropriate, with key elevations identified and a rating

table inserted on the graph.

5. Water control diagrams and release schedules, if appropriate, for normal and

emergency conditions, and for communication outages.

6. List of points of contact in District and/or Division office.

7. Other supporting plates, if needed.
Appendix F: Outlines for Water Control Documents F-5

 This format is used for Type III projects when a water control manual is not prepared. 2

Use the format of Chapter VII in ETL 1110-2-251 for Type III and IV projects when a water

control manual is prepared.

WATER CONTROLPLAN

(Title Page)

WATER CONTROL PLAN2

(STRUCTURE OR PROJECT NAME)

(Stream)

(River Basin)

(State)

Appendix 

To the 

Master Water Control Manual

for 

(Parent Project Name)

District

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

(Date)

(Revised Date)
F-6 Water Supply Handbook

 Detailed presentation of these topics in the system master manual is preferred when one 3

is prepared.

PHOTOGRAPHS

In photographs sufficient to document all water control structures.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

See following guide for narrative development of a “Water Control Plan.”

PERTINENT DATA

The pertinent data shown here should be limited to one or two pages. Additional

information can be included as an exhibit.

GUIDE FOR NARRATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF A WATER CONTROL PLAN

I - INTRODUCTION

State the requirement for the Water Control Plan (ref. ER 1110-2-240, ref. Part 208.10 of

CFR, Title 33, when applicable, and state as Type III project). Include in concise summary form;

project authorization, purpose, location, description, and completion date of the principal and

related projects.

II - PROJECT FEATURES

Description in concise summary form of all water passageways (discharge facilities, inflow

and outflow, channels, etc.), related water resource projects, and all public use facilities.

III - HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY.

3

Provide in concise summary form the following information:

•Watershed description

•Climate

•Runoff
Appendix F: Outlines for Water Control Documents F-7

Ibid. 4

•Table showing average monthly precipitation in inches and average monthly runoff in 

both inches and cfs

•Water quality design conditions

•Water passageway characteristics

•Data collection stations and maintenance of instrumentation

•Data collection procedure and reporting (refer to exhibit on “Standing Instructions to the

Project Operator”)

•Method of preparing hydrologic forecasts if done in-house

•Source, access procedure and overall suitability of, forecasts if obtained from NWS

IV - WATER CONTROL PLAN

1. Provide in detailed form the following information:

•Overall summary of the water control plan, including;

o Objectives 

o Major constraints

•Specific objectives

•Regulating procedures

•Beneficial effects of regulation for each water control objective

2. Address the following objectives as appropriate. The discussion should include examples

of regulation and any constraints.

•Flood control (include regulation for design flood)

•Navigation

•Water supply

•Water quality

•Fish and wildlife

•Hydropower

•Recreation

•Any other water control objectives and incidental achievements

V - PROJECT MANAGEMENT4

Provide in detailed form the following information:

•Project owner
F-8 Water Supply Handbook

•Role of the regulating office (water control managers, and summarize requirements for

the Water Control Morning Report for the subject project)

•Role of the Project Operator (refer to exhibit on “Standing Instructions”)

•Communication between the District office and project operator

•Coordination with local, state and other Federal agencies (as required)

•Future changes to the project and the impact on water control

PLATES

1. Map and plan of project area with vicinity map insert.

2. Plan and profile of structure clearly showing all discharge facilities.

3. Data collection network map (designate auto-recording, auto-reporting and key control

point(s)).

4. Water Control Diagram (guide curve), with release schedule and explanatory notes, when

applicable.

5. Discharge rating curves with rating table insert (designate important related elevations).

6. Hydrograph examples of water control regulation (inflow and outflow), with hyetographs

(for floods of record and the design flood).

7. Frequency and duration curves for headwater or pool and control point or tailwater

(discharge and stage). 

8. Other plates as required for the project at hand.

EXHIBITS

1. Detailed Pertinent Data.

2. Other Exhibits, as appropriate.

3. Memorandum of Understanding or other Agreement.

4. Standing Instructions to the Project Operator for Water Control.
Appendix F: Outlines for Water Control Documents F-9

Required for all Type III and IV projects. 5

WATER CONTROLMANUAL

(Title Page)

WATER CONTROL MANUAL5

(Project Name)

(Stream)

(River Basin)

(State)

District

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

(Date)

(Revised Date)
F-10 Water Supply Handbook

PHOTOGRAPH

Include a choice photograph of the dam and reservoir or a composite of photos on one page

showing spillways, outlet works, energy dissipators, exit channels, power facilities, overflow embankments,

fuse plugs, and other pertinent control structures. If additional photographs are desired, include on

separate pages.

NOTICE TO USERS OF HIS MANUAL

Regulations specify that this Water control Manual be published in a hard copy binder with loose

leaf form, and only those sections, or parts thereof, requiring changes will be revised and printed. 

Therefore, this copy should be preserved in good condition so that inserts can be made to keep the manual

current. Changes to individual pages must carry the date of revision, which is the Division’s approval date.

REGULATION ASSISTANCE PROCEDURES

In the event that unusual conditions arise during non-duty hours, communication can be achieved

by contacting, in the order listed, one of the following personnel (provide a telephone listing).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

See following guide for narrative development of “Water Control Manual.”

PERTINENT DATA

The pertinent data shown here should be limited to approximately one page. Additional

information can be included as an exhibit. Restrict information in this section to the following: (specific

guidance to be provided by Division).

1. Location (state, county, river, and river mile).

2. Drainage area above the damsite and the uncontrolled areas above any major control

points downstream; 1 inch of runoff = acre-feet.

3. Type, length, height, top width of dam, dikes, and tidal barriers; type and size of all

discharge facilities; spillway, outlet works, water supply pipes, penstocks, and locks.

4. Real estate guide taking lines by fee and easement.

5. Pertinent elevations with corresponding reservoir areas, incremental and cumulative

storage and discharge capacities of spillway and outlet works for maximum pool, top induced surcharge,

top flood control pool, top conservation pool, top inactive pool, invert lowest intake, and streambed. Also
Appendix F: Outlines for Water Control Documents F-11

indicate the volumes of sediment reserve, dead storage, and the range of any seasonal joint use or

commingled storage reservations, when applicable.

GUIDE FOR NARRATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF A WATER CONTROL MANUAL

I - INTRODUCTION

1-01. Authorization. Cite applicable OCE Directives regarding preparation of manual; ER 1110-2-240,

ER 1110-2-241, Section 7 of 22 December 1944 Flood Control Act and, when applicable, by request of

local interests to regulate project, and other.

1-02. Purpose and Scope. Brief discussion of purpose and scope of manual (use language in ER 1110-

240). Refer to guidance in EM 1110-2-3600 on scope and content.

1-03. Related Manuals and Reports. Master manual and others in same system; list of prior reports

pertinent to project such as design memorandums, master plans, and emergency plans.

1-04. Project Owner. Name of agency.

1-05. Operating Agency. Dam attended continuously or part-time (specify period of attendance);

damtender living nearby, name, office phone, damtender also operating other structures (reregu-lation,

diversion, other) by remote control/manually; a non-Corps project with physical operation and maintenance

officially per-formed by Corps.

1-06. Regulating Agencies. Corps direct and indirect responsi-bility for various project purposes including

hydrologic forecasts; cite authority of Corps (owner, Section 7 Regulation, through FERC, non-Corps

project with regulation officially performed by Corps, other); phone and address of regulating office if nonCorps.

II - DESCRIPTION

2-01. Location. Stream, river mile, basin, state, county, nearby community.

2-02. Purpose. Concise paragraph stating (not explaining authorized purposes and incidental benefits).

a. Those assigned by Congress initially in the legislation authorizing the project construction.

b. Those subsequently assigned by Congress in law(s) specific to the project.

c. Those contained in or derived from general Congressional acts.

d. Incidental benefits - those which accrue to any purpose other than an authorized purpose

incidental to the operation for the authorized purposes.
F-12 Water Supply Handbook

2-03. Physical Components. Structural in general, hydraulic in particular, operating machinery. Show

subparagraphs for embankment, dikes, barriers, spillway, outlet works, hydro-electric power facilities,

water supply facilities, etc. Discuss multilevel outlets for water quality control.

2-04. Related Control Facilities. Integrated components of subject project; e.g. reregulation, diversion,

pumpback, local protection, or other structures.

2-05. Real Estate Acquisition. Fee and easement takings in reservoir area, downstream channels, etc. 

Show backwater curves (profiles), if appropriate.

2-06. Public Facilities. Number and type of public use sites: contour map showing location of sites,

especially campsites, islands, and trailer parks upstream and downstream of damsite.

III - HISTORY OF PROJECT

3-01. Authorization. Cite Congressional legislation applicable to project formulation; i.e. Flood Control

Act, House Document, Public Laws, etc. (See Project Document).

3-02. Planning and Design. Brief history of planning and design.

3-03. Construction. Significant dates such as start of construction, diversion, deliberate impoundment,

filling of conservation pool, and start of hydropower generation (may be shown in a table).

3-04. Related Projects. Other projects (Corps and non-Corps) in same system that affect water control

objectives.

3-05. Modifications to Regulations. Brief history of changes to the water control plan due to change in

needs and conditions since project formulation, related studies.

3-06. Principal Regulation Problems. Associated with regulation since project completion; erosion, boils,

severe leakage, embankment overtopping or failure, structural hydraulic malfunction, groundwater table,

flooding, nondamaging channel capacity (examples), and encroachment. (Some of this information can

probably be presented in tabular form). Plate showing area of encroachment or channel deterioration.

IV - WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS

4-01. General Characteristics. Total and contributing drainage area; slope, shape, elevation range,

vegetation, tributaries; possible damage centers caused by high pool/backwater.

4-02. Topography.

4-03. Geology and Soils.

4-04. Sediment. Discussion of erosion and sediment production in watershed.

4-05. Climate. General description of climate over the water-shed. Use tables to show extreme and

average or 30-year normal values by month. Show watershed average or representative stations. Include

paragraphs on temperature, precipitation, snow, evaporation and wind.
Appendix F: Outlines for Water Control Documents F-13

4-06. Storms and Floods. Types (thunderstorms, hurricanes, etc.), time of year, major floods of record,

and damages (limit to a few major floods).

4-07. Runoff Characteristics. Runoff related to antecedent rain, initial loses, time of concentration,

monthly and annual streamflow distribution at key points, graphical display of record, seasonal variations,

low flow, high flow, and tabulation of monthly and annual inflow volume at project for period of record. If

data is available on computer, then cite automation records and how to access.

4-08. Water Quality. Description of water quality characteristics of the watershed and effects on

operation of the lake. Describe the effects of agricultural and industry in the basin on water quality of the

lake.

4-09. Channel and Floodway Characteristics. Downstream shape, condition, capacity, improvements,

stability, tributaries, encroachments, alignment, water surface profiles, also description of damage centers

and key control points, time of water travel (show graphically on plate), overbank, dikes, levees, control

structures, and discharge rating curves for key stations.

4-10. Upstream Structures. Drainage area and regulated by whom.

4-11. Downstream Structures. Drainage area and regulated by whom.

4-12. Economic Data. May be tabular with brief descriptions.

a. Population.

b. Agriculture.

c. Industry.

d. Flood Damages. Average annual damages incurred and prevented, stage-damage curves for

downstream reaches which are affected by this project (reaches affected by several projects should be

shown in master manual). Curves would show stage versus structural damage and stage versus acres

flooded.

V - DATA COLLECTION AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

5-01. Hydrometeorological Stations.

a. Facilities. Show locations on map, include USGS or NWS station numbers, types of stations

(reporting, staff gauge, telemark etc.), inflow, outflow, water level, precipitation, groundwater,

evaporation, snowpack, designated key stations, automated/manual status, automatic data processing

compatibility, general adequacy of hydrometeorologic information available on a real time basis, reliability,

reference chapters regarding hydrologic forecasting, and management.

b. Reporting. Stations reporting directly to office, reporting criteria, method, how reports from

other stations are obtained, measurements, summary of activities during normal day-to-day and flood 
F-14 Water Supply Handbook

emergencies, reference instructions to damtender in back of manual, hydrologic/meteorologic

measurements, and reporting.

c. Maintenance. Arrangements, who to contact for repair, etc.

5-02. Water Quality Stations.

a. Facilities. Location, number, and type.

b. Reporting. Same type of information as in paragraph 5-01b.

c. Maintenance. Same type of information as in paragraph 5-01c.

5-03. Sediment Stations. (Same type of information as in paragraph 5-01 and 5-02.

5-04. Recording Hydrologic Data. Method of recording and storing data, length of time to maintain

records, forms, records management, and data banks for automated data processing.

5-05. Communication Network. Physical description of main and secondary networks showing diagram of

network standby facilities and reliability. General status, type, and adequacy of data transmission,

emergency warning and remote control, time of interrogation, emergency standby, reliability, and other uses

of network.

5-06. Communication With Project.

a. Regulation Office With Project Office. Direct or indirect mode normal day-to-day flood

warning, emergency regulation, and all other purposes and releases.

b. Between Project Office and Others. List areas requiring flood warning, type of warning

facilities, recreation areas, campsites, floodway/plain encroachment, remote control or reregulation,

diversion, and related structures of another agency.

5-07. Project Reporting Instructions. Instructions for reporting hydrologic data, items affecting release of

water, confirmation of change in releases as instructed, complaints, operating machinery failure, out-ofservice times for maintenance.

5-08. Warnings. Description of responsibility for issuing various types of warnings. Procedures, phone

numbers, locations, etc., should be shown in a tabulation. Include instructions for providing warnings of

discharge changes.

VI - HYDROLOGIC FORECASTS

6-01. General. Streamflow, lake level, and water quality prediction of forecasting. Include role of Corps

and role of other agencies.
Appendix F: Outlines for Water Control Documents F-15

6-02. Flood Conditions Forecasts.

a. Requirements. Time required to compute flow hydrograph, time increment of forecast

ordinates, key hydrologic and control point stations, use of data in general interpretation of flood control

diagrams, consideration of uncontrolled runoff toward target flow at control stations, and target storage

levels in the lake.

b. Methods. Methods and procedures of hydrologic forecast-ing , upstream/downstream flow, unit

hydrograph, Antecedent Precipitation Index, stage-discharge relations, nomographs, rainfall-runoff

relations, computer applications, relationship with NWS regarding forecasting, and sample of computer

application program and how to access.

6-03. Conservation Purpose Forecasts.

a. Requirements. Hourly/daily/weekly hydropower, mosquito control, fish spawning, special

recreation events, water supply/quality needs, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, other needs.

b. Methods. Methods and procedures for nonflood streamflow synthesis, water release

temperature or dissolved oxygen, use of hydrologic data, computer applications, repetitive period for

predicting, and sample of computer application program and how to access.

6-04. Long-Range Forecasts.

a. Requirements. Long-range streamflow synthesis, joint use or seasonal flood

control/conservation storage utilization and reservation, snowpack, runoff, irrigation release scheduling,

pool level predictions for recreation ecological conditions, monthly/seasonal hydropower scheduling lake

turnover, nesting grounds, fishing, water supply/quality needs, drought conditions regarding water rights,

navigation interest, low flow, and other.

b. Methods. Procedures for both flood control and conservation, seasonal outlook/forecast,

snowpack surveys, repetitive period for predicting, use of hydrologic data, reliability of predictions,

consideration of uncontrolled runoff in target flow at control point, computer applications.

6-05. Drought Forecast. Same type of information required in paragraph 6-04, plus reference documents

(descriptions, completion dates and physical locations).

VII - WATER CONTROL PLAN

7-01. General Objectives. Overall and in general terms how the water control plan meets purposes as

stated in paragraph 2-02.

7-02. Constraints. Physical, legal, political, social, and major conflicts between purposes associated with

this project. Reference master manual for the system.

7-03. Overall Plan For Water Control. In general terms, consideration and treatment of coordinated

system regulation among purposes and with other projects; compatibility among purposes, examples of

comprehensive regulation for flood control/conservation; storage yield limitations.
F-16 Water Supply Handbook

7-04. Standing Instructions to Damtender. Reference appropriate exhibit during normal conditions. 

During communication outage, unforeseen emergency events requiring deviations from prevailing

regulation schedules, spillway/outlet works restrictions.

7-05. Flood Control. Include normal and emergency regulations. Detailed explanation of release

scheduling procedures during flood emergency, computer applications role of Corps, relative emphasis

upon controlling peak outflow or pool level and backwater, use of seasonal or joint use storage, regulation

with respect to storage zones including surcharge, use of streamflow predictions, forecasting total flow

downstream, reference exhibits, etc. Also list constraints, e.g. upstream/downstream encroachments,

storage age limitations, inadequate warning facilities, nondamaging channel capacity, low-water crossing,

weak channel banks, allowable rate of release change, physical discharge capability, integrated regulations

with other project/purpose.

7-06. Recreation. Include special releases for whitewater boat racing, canoe racing and other. Also

include constraints such as droughts, floods, long-term/frequent inundation, rapid pool rise, pool

fluctuation for other project purposes, adverse water quality, planned seasonal fluctuations, high-velocity

downstream, prolonged flood release, etc.

7-07. Water Quality. Provide short-and-long term release scheduling and storage in general to provide for

water quality. List constraints, e.g. commingled storage, lack of allocated storage, water rights, droughts,

floods, and outlet facilities.

7-08. Fish and Wildlife. Accomplishment of fish and wildlife objectives by reregulation for other

purposes, fluctuation on pool level for spawning or waterflow, temperature control, cold water fishery,

multilevel releasing, etc. Constraints include lack of allocated storage, other project purposes, floods,

droughts, undesirable quality, single-level intake, and water rights.

7-09. Water Supply. Provide releases to stream or withdrawal from reservoir for municipal, industrial,

and/or irrigation usage; reference contract(s), low flow requirements, fish and wildlife, water rights; short

term release scheduling; long-rang release planning, storage utilization (seasonal commingled, joint use). 

Show storage accounting method for more than one use of conservation storage. Reference and discuss

example regulation exhibit. Constraints include storage space and yield, water rights, and other project

purposes.

7-10. Hydroelectric Power. (Both Federal and non-Federal) Installed capacity; run-of-river with/without

pondage, peaking, load factor, plant factor; relation to system load, minimum requirements for generation;

contracts for primary and secondary energy, restrictions during flood periods. Provide the role of the

Corps and FERC license in short-and-term generation scheduling, use of synthesized streamflow, 

snowpack surveys, pumpack operation, coordination with reregulation structure, utilization of

storage/pondage in general and seasonally. Include rule curves and energy in storage curve for both

Federal and non-Federal projects, and signed agreements with non-Federal hydropower developers at

Corps projects. Constraints include overload limitation, storage, inflow, flood releases, tailwater, ice jams,

head limitation on pool, release fluctuation, absence of reregulation structure, coordination with down

stream reregulation, conflict with navigation, pumpback rate, water quality regulation and other projects.

7-11. Navigation. Release scheduling, accomplishment in general, lock filling and emptying procedure,

aids to navigation, reference and discuss example regulation exhibit, integration with other projects. 

Constraints include release fluctuation for other purposes, critical high/low flow rates, sediment, dredging,
Appendix F: Outlines for Water Control Documents F-17

lock size, lock filling/emptying time, other project purposes, lack of storage allocation for navigation

releases and integrated regulation with other projects.

7-12. Drought Contingency Plans. Descriptions, completion dates, and where plans are physically located

(can be attached as an addendum to the manual or be a stand-alone document) if properly referenced in

manual.

7-13. Flood Emergency Action Plans. Same type of information as provided in paragraph 7-12.

7-14. Other. Health and welfare, mosquito control, debris control, low flow, ice jams, special or

emergency drawdown, upstream/downstream groundwater table, releasing to aid construction

upstream/downstream, toxic and hazardous spills, other as appropriate.

7-15. Deviation From Normal Regulation. Describe approval and notification procedures required when

deviations from the normal water control plan are necessary. The District Commander is occasionally

requested to deviate from normal regulation of the lake. Prior approval for a deviation is required from the

Division Engineer except as noted in paragraph 7-15a. Deviation requests usually fall into the following

categories:

a. Emergencies. Examples of some emergencies that can be expected to occur at a project are;

drowning and other accidents, failure of the operation facilities, chemical spills, treatment plant failures and

other temporary pollution problems. Water control actions necessary to abate the problem are taken

immediately unless such action would create equal or worse conditions. Districts must inform their

divisions office as soon as practicable, Prepare written confirmation of the deviation and description of the

cause and furnish it to the division water control manager. Divisions may develop forms to facilitate the

reporting of emergency deviations.

b. Unplanned Minor Deviations. There are unplanned instances that create a temporary need for

minor deviations from the normal regulation plan, although they are not considered emergencies. 

Construction accounts for the major portion of these incidents and typical examples include utility stream

crossings, bridge work, and major construction contracts. Deviations are sometimes necessary to carry out

maintenance and inspection of facilities. Requests for changes in release rates generally involve time

periods ranging from a few hours to a few days. Each request is analyzed on its own merits. In evaluating

the proposed deviation, consideration must be given to upstream watershed conditions, potential flood

threat, condition of the lake, and alternative measures that can be taken. In the interest of maintaining good

public relations, requests generally are complied with, providing there are no foreseen adverse effects on the

overall regulation of the project (or projects) for the authorized purposes. Approval for these minor

deviations normally will be obtained from the division office by telephone. Written confirmation explaining

the deviation and its cause will be furnished to the division water control manager.

c. Planned Deviations. Each condition should be analyzed on its merits. Sufficient data on flood

potential, lake and watershed conditions, possible alternative measures, benefits to be expected, and

probable effects on other authorized and useful purposes, together with the district recommendation, will be

presented by letter or telefacsimile to the division for review and approval.

7-16. Rate of Release Changes. Show the normal allowable rate of increase and decrease in releases.
F-18 Water Supply Handbook

VIII - EFFECT OF WATER CONTROL PLAN

8-01. General. Discuss the overall effects and benefits from the project.

8-02. Flood Control.

a. Spillway Design Flood. General description, routing, total volume, stored volume, peak inflow,

duration, maximum discharge, and maximum pool (show plate).

b. Standard Project Flood (SPF). General description, routing, Standard Project Storm (SPS),

total volume, stored volume, duration, maximum discharge, peak inflow, maximum pool percent flood

storage, or quantity surcharge storage utilized (show plate).

c. Other Floods. General description, routing, total volume, stored volume, comparison with flood

or record or SPF, peak inflow/outflow, maximum pool, and surcharge storage utilized.

8-03. Recreation. Discuss effects and benefits.

8-04. Water Quality. Discuss effects and benefits.

8-05. Fish and Wildlife. Discuss effects and benefits.

8-06. Water Supply. Discuss effects and benefits.

8-07. Hydroelectric Power. Discuss effects and benefits.

8-08. Navigation. Discuss effects and benefits.

8-09. Drought Contingency Plans. Discuss effects and benefits.

8-10. Flood Emergency Action Plans. Discuss effects and benefits.

8-11. Frequencies.

a. Peak Inflow Probability. Graph showing inflow probability.

b. Pool Elevation Duration land Frequency. Above and below top of conservation pool, i.e.

include graph (plate) with curves based on top of conservation pool as datum. Show one curve for

frequency and one for duration. Plot of pool elevation for period of record. Table of annual peak

discharges could be included.

c. Key Control Points. Stage/discharge curves, and frequency/duration curves (show bank-full,

damage zones).

8-12. Other Studies.

a. Examples of Regulation. Up-to-date studies to develop and test regulation plan, yield analysis,

criteria, data utilized, interpretations, integrated system regulation, new projects, seasonal storage

investigation, hydrologic forecasting techniques, model development and other.
Appendix F: Outlines for Water Control Documents F-19

b. Channel and Floodway Improvement. Flood plain management studies and reports,

encroachment, increase/decrease in channel capacity and seasonal channel capacity. Reference and discuss

sample regulation exhibit, integration with other projects, and other.

IX - WATER CONTROL MANAGEMENT

9-01. Responsibilities and Organization.

a. Corps of Engineers. Owner/operator/regulator or combination thereof. Specify whether

regulatory responsibilities is direct (day-to-day) or indirect (interagency agreement, advisory capacity, or

by request). Differentiate between regulatory responsibility for various project purposes when applicable. 

Describe the role of the Corps when responsibility is indirect for both regulation and hydrologic forecasts

(advisory/assistant/consultant). Provide an organizational chart, brief explanation of operation and

maintenance responsibility. Reference instructions to damtender in back of this manual and any

interagency coordination activities (see paragraph 9-02 and also Communications, chapter V), and

instructions about reporting to higher authority.

b. Other Federal Agencies. Explanation or responsibilities similar to paragraph 9-01a. For

example, Bureau of Reclamation project but Corps indirectly/directly prescribes real-time flood control

and/or navigation regulation, or Corps project, but Bureau indirectly/directly prescribes regulation for

irrigation.

c. State and County Agencies. Furnish information similar to paragraph 9-01a and b, furnish

standards for water quality, serve in participation capacity through coordinated activities (see paragraph 9-

02).

d. Private Organization. Furnish information similar to paragraph 9-01a, b, and c. (See ER

1110-2-8156 for additional information.)

9-02. Interagency Coordination. Explanation of coordination with press, community leaders, and other

Federal, State, or local agencies concerning water control plan, flood fighting, special events, etc.

a. Local Press and Corps Bulletins. Explanation of coordination with local press for releases of

public interest regarding conservation and flood aspects, gate closure, navigation season, reservoir levels,

and other. Publication of news release bulletins regarding status of reservoirs concerning navigation,

public use, agricultural harvesting, and flood emergency. Must avoid any conflict with NWS

responsibilities for public notification as delegated by Congress.

b. Nation Weather Service (NWS). Coordination in data collection and providing forecasts of

streamflow, precipitation, runoff, etc., real-time and long-range forecasts, and exchange of data.

c. U.S. Geological Survey. Coordination in data collection, gauge maintenance, sampling

programs, streamflow measurement, etc.
F-20 Water Supply Handbook

d. Power Marketing Agency. Release schedules for hydroelectric power generation, monthly

meetings or power allocation, etc.

e. Other Federal, State, or Local Agencies. Bureau of Reclamation, Environmental Protection

Agency, State, private, other contacts, routine or random. Owners of non-Corps projects which directly

affect Corps regulation.

9-03. Interagency Agreements. Formulation or modification of interagency agreements such as Section 7

Regulations, power contracts, field working agreements, memorandums of understanding, and other

(reference exhibit).

9-04. Commissions, River Authorities, Compacts, and Committees. Title and concise function of

institutional group (officially established) who share interest in river basin water control activities;

hydroelectric power marketing; seasonal outlook regarding water supply (municipal, industrial, irrigation);

storage utilization in general; Federal/State/local participating agencies; and other.

9-05. Non-Federal Hydropower. Non-Federal hydropower facility at Corps project. Furnish information

and explanation of responsibilities similar to that comprised in paragraph 9-01.a. Reference all agreement

documents (i.e., MOU’s, MOA’s, etc.) that define the Corps responsibilities to real-time flood control

regulation at the Corps project. 

9-06. Reports. Monthly charts, short-term hydrologic reports, emergency regulation reports, graphical and

tabular summaries. Flood situation reports, quarterly, seasonal, or annual reports, including hydrologic

forecasts (also postflood reports). Suggest tabulation to show report, when required; form number; and

regulation requiring report.

TABLES

Disperse tables one page or less in size throughout the text. Include all tabulations over one page

in this section to facilitate narrative continuity withing the text. Include tables showing elevation versus

area and elevation versus capacity in increments of one foot or less. These tables should cover elevation

ranges from bottom of the lake to maximum pool.

EXHIBITS

Label the following items as exhibits instead of appendices, reserving the latter term to tie

individual manuals with master manuals. The number of exhibits will vary from project to project. 

“Standing Instructions to Damtenders” should be the last exhibit.

1. Supplementary Pertinent Data. May be extensive, but should be limited to aspects

pertinent to water control. Several pertinent items are worthy of inclusion in this portion of the manual as

it provides a compact ready reference source and facilitates quick orientation of important aspects relative

to water control. Pertinent data should be used to document many aspects related to water control that do

not warrant narration to expedite compilation and to avoid unnecessary wordiness of the text. A few items

which constitute brief tables in themselves may be more suitable dispersed within the text to accompany
Appendix F: Outlines for Water Control Documents F-21

related discussions. However, abbreviated repetition of many items in the text is acceptable, since this

exhibit will provide an overview of the project. Suggest all pages of the exhibit be of a different color than

the remainder of the manual.

2. Formal Agreements. Examples are:

•Water Supply Agreements

•Power License Agreements

•Memorandums of Understanding

•Field Working Agreement

•Section 7 Flood Control Regulations

•Letters from other agencies or minutes of requesting commissions acknowledging or concurring in

important or unusual aspects of the water control plan, and

•Non-Federal hydropower MOU/MOA’s

To conserve space it may be desirable to show only the portion of agreement pertinent to water control,

e.g., omit payment schedules.

3. Standing Instructions to Damtenders. Instructions may pertain to part or all of the

following aspects: conservation regulation, normal flood regulation, emergency regulation; instructions

during loss of communication for flood and non-flood conditions; public flood warning; data collection and

reporting of data and regulation (print in color or with a special border).

PLATES

As appropriate, considering utility (need, clarity, conciseness) and avoiding repetition, preferably

in the order of treatment in the manual. 
F-22 Water Supply Handbook
Appendix F: Outlines for Water Control Documents F-23

MASTER WATER CONTROL MANUAL

OUTLINE

TITLE PAGE

PHOTOGRAPHS OF PROJECTS

NOTICE TO USERS OF THIS MANUAL

REGULATION ASSISTANCE PROCEDURES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I - INTRODUCTION

 II - BASIN DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

 III - GENERAL HISTORY OF BASIN

 IV - DESCRIPTION OF PROJECTS

 V - DATA COLLECTION AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

 VI - SYSTEM HYDROLOGIC FORECASTS

 VII - SYSTEM WATER CONTROL PLAN

VIII - EFFECT OF SYSTEM WATER CONTROL PLAN

 IX - SYSTEM WATER CONTROL MANAGEMENT

PERTINENT DATA FOR BASIN

TEXT OF MANUAL

Note: This outline is intended for preparation of Master Water Control Manuals. The

format and content as presented in Appendix F, Part 3, should be used as a guideline. The

chapter titles above should always be used; however, additional chapters may be added as

required. Discretion may be employed in the selection of topics and subtopics within the chapter

headings as they relate to the basin/watershed. 
APPENDIX G

DEFINITIONS

AND

CONVERSION FACTORS

DECEMBER 1998

Table of Contents

 Item Page

Definitions ....................................... G-1

Conversion Factors ................................ G-5

Appendix G: Definitions and Conversion Factors G-1

DEFINITIONS

Acre-Foot. A unit for measuring the volume of water. It is equal to the quantity of water required to cover

1.0 acre to a depth of 1.0 foot and is equal to 43,560 cubic feet. It is used in measuring volumes of water used

or stored.

Amortization. The economic process of repaying or liquidating a debt or recovering the wealth invested in a

project over a determined period of time.

Appropriation Water Right. The legal right to the use of a carefully designated amount of water regardless

of land ownership or place of use. Allocations among users are made by temporal priority (the party who first

beneficially used the water). This system is used predominately in the western United States.

Authorized Project. A project specifically authorized by Congress for construction, generally, through

language in an authorization or appropriation act, or a project authorized pursuant to Section 201, of the 1965

Flood Control Act.

Base Flow. One of three components that comprise streamflow and is that component that is return flow from

groundwater.

Conjunctive Use. The combined use of surface and groundwater sources of water so as to achieve a greater

aggregate yield than if the two had been operated separately.

Construction Cost. The total expenditures to physically build the project including the cost of lands,

relocations, engineering, design, administration, and supervision. This cost is sometimes referred to as the

“first cost.”

Cost Allocation. A systematic distribution of costs among the project purposes of a multipurpose project.

Cost Sharing. The division of cost among various entities which gain benefit including Federal, state, local,

or private interests.

Design Flood. The probabilistic estimate of a flood whose magnitude will be equaled or exceeded with a given

frequency (for example, 0.1, meaning that on average it will be exceeded 10 times in a 100-year interval).

Drought. A relative term which is generally associated with a sustained period of significantly lower soil

moisture levels and water supply relative to the normal levels around which the local environment and society

have stabilized.

Drought Contingency Plans. General guides that allow for dynamic management of projects, or systems of

projects, to address drought needs.

Drought Management Plans. See definition for Drought Contingency Plans.
G-2 Water Supply Handbook

Drought Preparedness Study. Planning of management for drought, prepared cooperatively by Federal and

non-Federal agencies.

Economic Life. The period determined by the estimated point in time at which the combined effect of physical

depreciation, obsolescence, changing requirements for project services, and time and discount allowances will

cause the cost of continuing the project to exceed the benefits to be expected from continuation. It may be

equal to or greater than the amortization period and may be equal to, but is generally less than, the physical

life.

Evaporation. The changing of the liquid molecule of water to vapor.

Financial Feasibility. Criterion of project acceptability, based upon the financial value of the returns to the

sponsoring entity exceeding the financial value of the costs to the sponsoring entity.

Future Use Storage. This is storage space in a project that is not under a repayment agreement and/or is under

a repayment agreement, but the payments have not yet started.

Groundwater. The water that occurs beneath the earth’s surface.

Guide Curves. A drawing that represents a compilation of regulating criteria, guidelines, curves, and

specifications that govern basically the storage and release functions of a water resource project (also called

Water Control Diagrams).

Hydrograph. A graphic plot of streamflow over time.

Immediate Use Storage. This is storage space in a project that is under a repayment agreement and payments

have been initiated. 

Investment Cost. The construction cost plus interest during construction. In water supply agreements, this is

the construction cost allocated to that portion of the water supply storage space plus interest during

construction for those projects paid out over time, but does not include (if there is any) interest on the unpaid

balance.

Joint Costs. Total project costs less the summation of separable costs.

Joint-use Costs. Total project costs less all specific costs.

Prior Appropriation Water Right. The legal right to use water is based on the doctrine of “first in time is first

in right,” regardless of location or ownership of adjacent land.

Regulation Schedule. A schedule for the operation of a reservoir or system of reservoirs to meet the

management goal or objective of the water control plan.

Riparian Water Right. The legal right to use water on land that is adjacent (riparian) to a stream. The amount

of water accompanying this right is the maximum that can be used by a riparian landowner without

unreasonably impairing other riparian owners. This system is used predominately in the eastern United States.
Appendix G: Definitions and Conversion Factors G-3

Safe Yield. The maximum quantity of water which can be reliably available throughout the most severe

drought of record, or some other specified criterion. The critical period is often taken as the lowest natural flow

on record for the stream.

Seasonal Storage. The maximum allowable water that may be stored in the flood control pool, for other

multipurpose use, on a seasonal basis.

Separable Costs. Costs incurred to add a purpose to a project. These costs are normally calculated as a step

in project (plan) formulation in considering the economic feasibility of including a purpose in a joint project.

The separable cost is the minimum amount which should be considered for allocation to a given purpose. The

separable cost for any specified purpose is determined by subtracting from the cost of the multipurpose project

the cost of the most economical alternative project to obtain the same benefits as for the other purposes with

the specified purpose omitted.

Specific Costs. The costs of identifiable project features normally serving only one purpose, such as a

powerhouse or switch yard. These costs are the total cost of identifiable project features for that purpose.

Specific Facilities. Identifiable project features normally serving only one purpose.

Standard Project Flood. The Standard Project Flood (SPF) is the discharge hydrograph resulting from the

Standard Project Storm (SPS). The SPS is a hypothetical storm having the most severe flood-producing

rainfall depth-area-duration relationship and areal distribution pattern that is considered reasonably

characteristic of the region in which the drainage area is located.

Storage Space. The volume in a reservoir project between two different elevations. The normally unit of

storage space is acre-feet. There may or may not be any water available within this space.

Water Control Diagrams. These contain the regulation criteria in the form of guide curves and regulation

schedules for individual reservoirs. They are used as guides to define various amounts of storage space as

primary and secondary flood control storage. 

Water Control Plan. The regulation of a project to meet the water management goals of the stream. In many

cases, this will be a multi project plan requiring the integration of several individual plans in order to meet the

overall river basin management objectives. In such cases, a master water control manual is prepared to define

system regulation.

Water Rights. A form of real property, protected by state and Federal laws. Depending on the legal system

used in the locale, water rights may originate in ownership of riparian lands or be acquired by statutorilyrecognized methods of appropriation.

Yield. The quantity of water which can be taken, continuously, for any particular economic use. For

municipal and industrial water supply purposes, this is normally taken as the flow which can be guaranteed

during the 50-year drought on a 98% dependability.
G-4 Water Supply Handbook
Appendix G: Definitions and Conversion Factors G-5

CONVERSION FACTORS

Length (Example: 1 meter = 39.370 inches)

Item centimeter meter kilometer inch foot mile

centimeter 1 0.01 10{-5} 0.39370 0.032808 6.2137 x 10{-6}

meter 100 1 0.001 39.370 3.2808 6.2137 x 10{-4}

kilometer 10{5} 1000 1 39,370 3280.8 0.62137

inch 2.54 0.0254 2.54 x 10{-5} 1 0.083333 1.5783 x 10{-5}

foot 30.48 0.3048 3.048 x 10{-4} 12 1 1.8939 x 10{-4}

mile 1.6093 x 1609.3 1.6093 63,360 5280 1

10{5}

Area (Example: 1 acre = 43,560 square feet)

Item sqm ha sqft ac sqmi

square meter 1 10{-4} 10.764 2.4711 x 10{-4} 3.8610 x 10{-7}

hectare 10{4} 1 107,639 2.4711 0.0038610

square foot 0.092903 9.2903 x 10{-6} 1 2.2957 x 10{-5} 3.5870 x 10{-8}

acre 4046.9 0.40469 43,560 1 0.0015625

square mile 2.590 x 10{7} 259.00 2.7878 x 640 1

10{7}
G-6 Water Supply Handbook

Volume (Example: 1 cubic meter = 35.315 cubic feet)

Item liter cubic hectare- cubic U.S. acre-foot

meter meter foot gallon

liter 1 0.001 10-{7} 0.035315 0.26417 8.1071 x 10{-7}

cubic meter 1000 1 10{-4} 35.315 264.17 8.1071 x 10{-4}

hectare- 10{7} 10{4} 1 353,147 2.6417 x 8.1071

meter 10{6}

cubic foot 28.317 0.028317 2.8317 x 1 7.4805 2.2957 x 10{-5}

10{-6}

U.S. gallon 3.7854 0.0037854 3.7854 x 0.13368 1 3.0689 x 10{-6}

10{-7}

acre-foot 1.2335 x 1233.5 0.12335 43,560 325,851 1

10{6}

Other conversions:

1 milliliter = 1 cubic meter

1 U.S. gallon x 1.2 = 1 imperial gallon

1 cubic foot / second-day = 1.9835 acre-feet = 86,400 cubic feet

1 acre foot = 43, 560 cubic feet = 1,234 cubic meters = 325,829 gallons

Flow (volume/time) or Discharge (Example: 1 gallon / minute = 1.6130 acre-foot / year)

Item liter / cubic meter / cubic feet / gallon / million acresecond second second minute gallons / foot /

day year

liter / sec 1 0.001 0.035315 15.850 0.022824 25.567

cubic meter 1000 1 35.315 15,850 22.824 25,567

/ sec

cubic feet / 28.317 0.028317 1 448.83 0.64632 723.97

sec

gal / min 0.063090 6.3090 x 10{-5} 0.0022280 1 0.00144 1.6130

MGD 43.813 0.043813 1.5472 694.44 1 1120.1

acre-ft / yr 0.039113 3.9113 x 10{-5} 0.0013813 0.61996 8274 x 10{-4} 1

Equivalent Flow Rates

1 million acre feet per year = 1,381.3 cubic feet/sec = 39.1 cubic meters/sec = 829.7 million gals/day

1 cubic foot per second = 724 acre-feet/year = 0.028 cubic meters/sec = 0.65 million gallons/day

1 cubic meter per second = 25,546 acre feet/year = 35.3 cubic feet/sec = 22.8 million gallons/day

1 million gallons per day = 1,121 acre feet/ year = 1.547 cubic feet/sec = 0.0438 cubic meters/sec
Appendix G: Definitions and Conversion Factors G-7

Kinematic Viscosity (Example: 1 square foot / second = 929 square centimeters / second)

Item square meter square square foot / sec centistoke

/ second centimeter / sec

sqm / sec 1 10{4} 10.7 10{6}

sqcenm / sec (stoke) 10{-4} 1 0.00107 100

sqft / sec 0.0929 929 1 9.34 x 10{4}

centistoke 10{-6} 0.01 1.07 x 10{-5} 1

Pressure (force/area) (Example: 1 ft. H2O = 0.433 psi)

Item kPa psi ft H2O m H2O atm

kPa 1 0.145 0.334 0.102 0.00989

psi 6.89 1 2.31 0.704 0.0680

ft H2O 2.99 0.433 1 0.305 0.0294

m H2O 9.81 1.42 3.28 1 0.0965

atm 101 14.7 33.9 10.4 1

 kPa = kilopascal ft-lb

 1 kPa = 1 kN/sqm

 kN/sqm = kilonewton per square meter

 psi = pounds of force per square inch

 ft H2O = feet of water column which would exert the same pressure

 m H2O = meters of water column which would exert the same pressure

 atm = atmospheres

To convert from feet or meters to similar units of another fluid divide by the specific gravity of that fluid (e.g.,

to convert ft water to ft mercury divide by 13.6, the specific gravity of mercury.)

Power (energy/time) (Example: 1 horsepower = 0.746 kilowatts)

Item joule / sec pounds of kilowatt hp British thermal

force / sec unit / second

Joule / sec (watt) 1 0.738 0.001 0.00134 9.48 X 10{-4}

ft-lbf / sec 1.36 1 0.00136 0.00182 0.00128

kilowatt 1000 738 1 1.34 0.948

horsepower (hp) 746 550 0.746 1 0.707

Btu / sec 1055 778 1.05 1.41 1
G-8 Water Supply Handbook

References for conversion tables:

Maidment, David R. (1993), “Handbook of Hydrology,” Professor of Civil Engineering, University of 

Texas at Austin,McGraw Hill, Inc. (For tables on Kinematic Viscosity, Pressure, and Power).

Walski, Thomas M. (1984), “Analysis of Water Distribution Systems,” U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 

Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. (For 

tables on Length, Area, Volume, and Flow).
APPENDIX H

KEY WORD INDEX

DECEMBER 1998

Appendix H: Index H-1

INDEX

Subject / Key Word(s) Page Number(s) 

A&M Watershed Model ....................................................... 6-8, 6-10

E-4

Acre-Foot ..................................................................... 2-7

B-9

G-1, G-5

Agricultural Water Supply ......................................... 2-1, 2-4, 2-5, 2-16, 2-17

A-2

Amortization .................................................................. 2-17

B-10, B-15, B-16

G-1, G-2

Appropriation Water Rights ....................................................... 7-11

Audit ................................................................. 7-3, 7-4, 7-18

Bank Erosion .................................................................. E-10

Base Flow ..................................................................... E-5

G-1

Basin Climatic Index (BCI) ..................................................... 8-2, 8-3

Break Rates ................................................................... 7-19

Calibration ............................................................... 7-18, 7-22

E-4, E-7, E-9, E-13

CALIDAD (River Basin Simulation Model) ........................................ 6-8, 6-12

E-14, E-16

California Drought .............................................. 7-9, 7-10, 7-12-7-14, 7-22

CASC2D (Watershed Runoff Model) ............................................. 6-8, 6-10

E-4, E-6

Causal Model ................................................................. 8-15

CE-QUAL-R1 (Reservoir Water Quality Model) .................................... 6-8, 6-12

E-11, E-12

CE-QUAL-W2 (Dynamic Stream Water Quality Model) .............................. 6-8, 6-12

E-12

Channel Capacity ................................................................ 9-7

F-12, F-16, F-19

Channel Routing ............................................................... 9-13

E-6

Civil Works Construction Cost Index System (CWCCIS) ................................. 4-10

D-10, D-11

Climate Change ..................................................... 8-5-8-8, 8-10, 8-11

Conjunctive Use ................................................................ 7-12

G-1

Cost Accounts ................................................................. 4-13

Cost Allocation ....................................................... 2-11, 2-17, 2-20

4-1, 4-7, 4-9

D-3, D-4, D-10

G-1
H-2 Water Supply Handbook

Cost Sharing ...................................................... 2-3, 2-11, 2-16, 2-21

4-8

A-2, A-3, A-13

G-1

Dam Safety ................................................................... 2-11

A-3

E-4

Data Collection ............................................................. 9-9, 9-10

F-3, F-8, F-13, F-19, F-21, F-23

Data Exchange ............................................................ 9-10, 9-11

Data Processing ................................................................. 6-2

F-13, F-14

Data Transmission ............................................................... 9-9

F-14

Database ................................................... 3-1, 3-2, 3-4, 3-6, 3-8-3-10

9-8

E-17

Database Network ........................................................... 3-1, 3-10

Databases .............................................................. 3-1, 3-2, 3-8

6-7

Demand Forecasting .......................................................... 6-2, 6-8

7-6

8-12, 8-16-8-20

E-1

Demand Management ................................................... 6-9, 6-12, 6-13

8-21

Department of Energy ............................................................ 6-7

9-11

Design Flood ........................................................... F-7, F-8, F-18

G-1

Dissolved Oxygen .............................................................. 9-10

E-11-E-13

F-15

Diversions .................................................................... 7-12

B-3

E-9, E-14-E-16

Drawdown ..................................................................... 9-7

F-17

Drought Conditions ......................................................... 2-19, 2-20

6-9, 6-12

8-21

A-8

D-5

F-15

Drought Contingency Plans (DCP) ................................................ 7-6, 7-7

Drought Impacts ............................................................. 7-8, 7-9

Drought Indices ................................................................. 8-2
Appendix H: Index H-3

Drought Management ............................................................ 7-8

9-15

G-1

Drought Management Plans ....................................................... 9-15

G-1

Drought Planning ............................................................... 7-13

Drought Preparedness Study (DPS) ............................................. 7-14-7-16

Econometric ...................................................... 8-12-8-14, 8-16, 8-17

Economic Analysis .............................................................. 2-7

4-7

7-20

9-11

D-3, D-5

Economic Life .................................................................. 4-8

G-2

Emergency Water Supply ..................................................... 2-18, 2-19

End-Use Methods ..................................................... 8-12, 8-15, 8-16

Engineering News Record (ENR) ................................................... 4-10

D-10

Erosion ...................................................................... 6-11

7-18

9-1, 9-7

B-10, B-26

E-10

F-4, F-12

Estuaries ...................................................................... 6-9

8-8

E-10-E-12

Evaporation .............................................................. 8-2-8-4, 8-8

9-3, 9-10

E-14, E-15

F-12, F-13

G-2

Evapotranspiration ....................................................... 8-2, 8-4, 8-21

9-13

E-2, E-6

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) ................................... F-11, F-16

FEMWATER (Groundwater Model) .............................................. 6-8, 6-9

E-1, E-3

FESWMS-2DH (Finite Element Surface Water Model System) ......................... 6-8, 6-11

E-8-E-10

Financial Feasibility .......................................................... 4-7, 4-13

D-3, D-12, D-13

G-2
H-4 Water Supply Handbook

Fiscal Year ............................................................. 2-7-2-9, 2-21

4-5, 4-9, 4-10

7-7

A-9

B-6, B-11, B-25

D-10

Fish and Wildlife ............................................................. 4-5, 4-6

9-1, 9-14, 9-15

D-9

F-16, F-18

Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act .................................................. 9-1

FLDWAY (Stream Hydraulics Model) ............................................ 6-8, 6-11

E-8, E-9

Flood Control Storage ......................................................... 4-3, 4-9

D-5, D-8, D-10

G-3

Flood Damage .................................................................. 6-6

D-8

E-4

Forecasting .................................................... 6-2, 6-5, 6-8, 6-12, 6-13

7-6, 7-16, 7-22

8-1-8-5, 8-12-8-20, 8-22

9-6

E-1, E-4, E-9, E-16, E-17

F-13-F-16, F-19

Future Use ............................................................ 2-3, 2-10, 2-11

3-6, 3-7

B-2, B-6, B-14

G-2

General Circulation Model (GCM) ............................................... 8-8, 8-11

Global Warming ......................................................... 8-5-8-8, 8-10

Groundwater .................................................................. 2-20

6-2, 6-4, 6-7-6-9, 6-13, 6-14

7-1, 7-9-7-12

8-1, 8-4, 8-8

E-1-E-3, E-17

F-12-F-13,F-17

G-1, G-2

Groundwater Models .......................................................... 6-7, 6-9

E-1

Guide Curve .......................................................... 9-5, 9-12, 9-13

F-8

Hard Drive ................................................................. 6-1, 6-2

Hardware ................................................................... 6-1, 6-2

8-14

9-1
Appendix H: Index H-5

Headquarters (HQUSACE) .................................... 2-4, 2-6-2-8, 2-12-2-15, 2-19

3-10

4-3, 4-8, 4-14

7-23

9-17

B-11, B-19

HEC-1 (Flood Hdyrograph Package) ...................................... 6-5, 6-6, 6-8, 6-10

E-4

HEC-2 (Water Surface Profiles) .......................................... 6-5, 6-6, 6-8, 6-11

E-8, E-9

HEC-5 (Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation Systems) .................... 6-6, 6-8, 6-12

E-14

HEC-5Q (HEC-5 with Water Quality Analysis) ...................................... 6-6, 6-8

E-13

HEC-6 (Scour and Disposition in Rivers and Reservoirs) .......................... 6-6, 6-8, 6-11

E-8, E-10

HEC-PRM (Prescriptive Reservoir Model) ..................................... 6-6, 6-8, 6-12

E-14, E-15

HSPF (Hydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran) .................................... 6-8, 6-10

E-4, E-5

Hurricanes .................................................................... 8-10

F-13

Hybrid ....................................................................... 7-11

8-16, 8-17

Hydroelectric Power ............................................................. 2-5

3-2, 3-4, 3-9

6-6

7-9

9-1

E-11, E-14, E-15

F-16, F-18, F-20

Hydrograph .................................................................... 6-6

8-4

E-4, E-5, E-9

F-8, F-15

G-2, G-3

Hydrologic Data ................................................................ 3-1

9-10

F-14, F-15

Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) ................................. 3-1, 3-2, 3-4, 3-6, 3-10

6-4-6-8, 6-10-6-12

9-1, 9-17

E-4, E-8-E-10, E-13,-E-15

Hydrometeorological Data ................................................ 9-6, 9-10, 9-11

Hydropower Plants ............................................................. E-16

Immediate Use ............................................................... 3-6, 3-8

G-2

Impoundments .............................................................. 9-7, 9-16
H-6 Water Supply Handbook

Industrial Use .............................................................. 2-7, 2-17

7-4, 7-8

Institute For Water Resources (IWR) .......................................... 3-2, 3-6, 3-9

4-2, 4-14

6-4, 6-5, 6-8, 6-9, 6-13, 6-14

7-5, 7-7, 7-16, 7-22, 7-23

8-20, 8-21

E-1, E-16

Interagency Coordination ......................................................... 7-12

F-19

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ................................... 8-5, 8-8

Investment Cost ............................................................ 2-11, 2-17

3-6, 3-8

B-5, B-7, B-14

G-2

IRIS (Interactive River System Simulation) ........................................ 6-8, 6-12

E-14

Irrigation ........................................... 2-1-2-3, 2-5, 2-7, 2-8, 2-16, 2-17, 2-20

3-4, 3-8, 3-9

7-8, 7-9, 7-13, 7-14

8-16, 8-19-8-21, 8-23

A-1, A-3, A-6, A-9

B-29

E-16

F-15, F-16, F-19, F-20

IWR-MAIN (M&I Water Use Forecasting) ............................ 6-5, 6-8, 6-9, 6-13, 6-14

7-5, 7-16, 7-23

8-20, 8-21

E-1, E-16

IWR-MAIN 6.1 (Enhanced version of IWR-MAIN) .................................. 6-8, 6-13

7-5, 7-16

E-16

Joint Costs ..................................................................... G-2

Joint Storage ................................................................... 3-9

Joint-Use Costs ................................................................ 2-11

G-2

KYPIPE2 (Pipe Network Analysis) .............................................. 6-8, 6-11

7-22

E-7

Leak Detection ...................................................... 7-3-7-5, 7-18, 7-19

8-16, 8-19

Levees ........................................................................ E-8

F-4, F-13

Lock and Dam .................................................................. 3-4

E-9

Low Income Community ......................................................... A-14

Master Manual ................................................................ 9-17

F-6, F-11, F-13, F-15
Appendix H: Index H-7

Master Water Control Manual ..................................................... 9-17

F-5, F-23

G-3

Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) ............................................ 4-3, 4-4

F-21

Memory .................................................................... 6-1, 6-2

Method of Characteristics (MOC) ................................................ 6-8, 6-9

E-1, E-3

Microwave Communication Systems ................................................. 9-9

Model Development ........................................................... 6-3-6-5

F-19

MODFLOW (3-Dimensional Water Flow Model) ..................................... 6-8, 6-9

E-1-E-3

MODSIM (River Basin Network Simulation) ....................................... 6-8, 6-12

E-14, E-15

Multipurpose ................................................................ 2-1, 2-5

4-1

6-2

7-14

9-2, 9-4, 9-5, 9-13, 9-14

D-4, D-5, D-9, D-13

G-1, G-3

Municipal Water ................................................................ 2-3

6-10

7-8

D-1

E-16

National Drought Atlas ...................................................... 7-13, 7-16

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ........................................... D-13

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ................................ 8-4

E-5

F-15-F-19

National Study of Water Management During Droughts (NDS) ......................... 6-8, 6-14

7-7, 7-8, 7-16, 7-22, 7-23

National Weather Service (NWS) .................................................... 4-6

6-6

8-3-8-5

9-7

F-7, F-13, F-15, F-19

NWS-RFS .................................................................. 8-3-8-5

Non-Corps Projects ......................................................... 9-14, 9-15

F-20

Non-Federal Hydropower ..................................................... F-16, F-20

Operating Policies .............................................................. 6-12

E-16
H-8 Water Supply Handbook

Operation and Maintenance ............................................... 2-4, 2-10, 2-17

4-3-4-5, 4-8

7-17

8-19

A-11, A-14,

B-6, B-7, B-11, B-15

 F-11, F-19

Outages ....................................................................... F-4

Outdoor Use ............................................................... 7-2, 7-13

Outlet Works ................................................................... 9-2

B-2, B-3

F-10, F-11, F-16

Per Capita .................................................................. 2-6, 2-7

7-6

8-8, 8-13, 8-15

A-14

Per-connection ............................................................. 8-13, 8-14

Permanent Rights to Storage .................................................... 2-2, 2-4

A-11

B-8

Planning Assistance to States .............................................. A-2, A-4, A-13

Plant-in-Service Date ............................................................ 2-10

PLASM (Pickett-Lonnquist Aquifer Simulation Model) ................................ 6-8, 6-9

E-1, E-2

Pollutant ............................................................. 6-9, 6-10, 6-12

E-3, E-5, E-11

Position Analysis ............................................................. 8-3, 8-4

Precipitation .................................................................. 6-10

7-8-7-10, 7-13, 7-16

8-2-8-5, 8-8

9-3, 9-10, 9-13

E-4-E-6

F-7, F-12, F-13, F-19

Pressure ............................................................... 7-3, 7-17-7-22

8-19

E-7, E-10

G-6, G-7

Probabilistic .............................................................. 8-13, 8-14

G-1

Project Authorization ............................................................. 4-7

D-3, D-4

F-6

Public Domain ............................................................... 6-2, 6-3

Public Law 78-534 (Flood Control Act of 1944) ........................................ 2-1

3-4

A-1, A-5, A-6

B-23

Public Law 84-99 (Emergency Flood Control) ......................................... 2-18

A-1, A-2, A-7
Appendix H: Index H-9

Public Law 85-55 (Water Supply Act of 1958) ......................................... 2-2

3-4

4-1

A-1, A-9

Public Law 87-88 (Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1961) ....................... 2-2

A-1, A-10

Public Law 88-140 (Permanent Rights to Storage) .................................... 2-2, 2-4

A-1, A-11

B-8

Public Law 90-577 (Intergovernmental Cooperation Act of 1968) ............................ 2-4

A-2

Public Law 91-611 (River and Harbor and Flood Control Act of 1970) ...................... 2-12

4-8

A-2, A-12

D-14

Public Law 92-222 (River Basin Monetary Authorization Act of 1971) .............. A-1, A-2, A-12

Public Law 93-251 (Water Resources Development Act of 1974) ........................ 2-4, 2-18

A-1-A-4, A-8, A-13

Public Law 95-51 (Disaster Relief Act of 1974 Appropriations) ............................ 2-18

A-1, A-2, A-8

Public Law 99-662 (Water Resources Development Act of 1986) ............................ 2-2

A-1-A-3, A-6, A-10, A-12, A-13

B-25

Public Law 101-640 (Water Resources Development Act of 1990) ........................... 3-4

A-2, A-3, A-13, A-14

B-5, B-10, B-25

QUAL2E (Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model) .................................. 6-8, 6-12

E-11

Rainfall-Runoff Model ............................................................ 8-5

RANDOM WALK (Groundwater Solute Transport Model) ............................. 6-8, 6-9

E-1, E-2

Reallocation ......................................... 2-5, 2-7, 2-8, 2-11-2-15, 2-21

3-8

4-1-4-3, 4-5-4-9, 4-13, 4-14

7-16

A-11, A-14

B-1

D-3, D-6, D-8, D-10, D-12, D-15

Reallocation Report ......................................................... 2-12, 2-13

4-6-4-9, 4-13

B-1

D-3, D-5, D-6, D-10, D-12, D-15

Reclamation Act ............................................................... 2-16

A-1, A-10

Refined Position Analysis ....................................................... 8-3, 8-4

Regulation Schedules ............................................. 9-2-9-4, 9-12, 9-14, 9-15

F-16

G-3
H-10 Water Supply Handbook

Reimbursement .................................................... 2-8, 2-12, 2-17, 2-20

3-7

4-4

A-9

B-25

Repayment Agreements ...................................... 2-3, 2-6, 2-11, 2-17, 2-19, 2-21

4-13

D-4

Repayment Period .......................................................... 2-10, 2-11

A-3

B-5, B-7, B-16

D-12

Reservoir System Analysis ......................................................... 9-4

Revenues ............................................................. 2-8, 2-11, 2-19

4-2, 4-4, 4-7-4-9, 4-13

6-9

7-10

8-12, 8-19

D-3, D-4, D-6-D-8, D-12, D-15, D-16

Riparian Water Rights ........................................................... 7-11

G-2

River Flow ..................................................................... 9-1

8-1

Safe Yield ............................................................. 7-1, 7-8, 7-10

G-3

Seasonal Flood Control ........................................................... 9-4

F-15

Seasonal Operations for Water Supply ............................................... 2-20

Seasonal Storage ............................................................... F-18

G-3

Sedimentation .................................................................. 2-4

6-11

A-11

B-2, B-3, B-8, B-13

E-5, E-6

Sensitivity Approach .......................................................... 8-3, 8-5

Separable Costs ................................................................ 2-16

A-11

G-2, G-3

Shamir and Howard ............................................................. 7-20

Shared Vision Models ........................................................... 7-15

Simulation ......................................................... 6-5, 6-6, 6-10, 6-14

7-15

8-3, 8-5, 8-14, 8-22

9-12

E-2, E-5, E-7, E-9, E-11-E-15, E-17

Snowmelt ...................................................................... 8-2

9-13

E-4, E-5
Appendix H: Index H-11

Socioeconomic .................................................................. 7-6

8-7, 8-8, 8-11, 8-17-8-20

E-1

Software ....................................................... 6-1-6-5, 6-7, 6-8, 6-14

7-15, 7-23

8-14, 8-20

9-1

E-1-E-3, E-7, E-16, E-17

Soil Conservation Service (SCS) ................................................... 9-11

E-4

Soil Moisture ................................................................... 7-3

8-2-8-5

9-10, 9-11

E-6

G-1

Specific Costs ................................................................. 2-21

B-11

D-10

G-2, G-3

Specific Facilities ............................................................... 4-10

B-14

G-3

Spillways ..................................................................... 6-10

E-9

F-10

SSARR (Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation Model) ........................ 6-8, 6-10

Standard Project Flood ........................................................... F-18

G-3

Standing Instructions ........................................................ 9-15, 9-16

F-1, F-2, F-8, F-16, F-21

Stochastic ..................................................................... 6-3

8-3, 8-5, 8-7, 8-12-8-14, 8-16, 8-17

9-5

Storage Capacity ................................................................ 2-5

4-13

6-8, 6-12

7-17

9-4

B-8

Storage Space .................................................................. G-3

Stream Hydraulics ................................................... 6-2, 6-8, 6-10, 6-11

E-8, E-13

Streamflow ....................................................... 6-6, 6-10, 6-12, 6-13

7-8-7-10, 7-13, 7-16

8-2-8-5

9-5, 9-6, 9-8, 9-13

E-4, E-5, E-11, E-14, E-15

F-13-F-16, F-19

G-1, G-2
H-12 Water Supply Handbook

Submittal and Review ....................................................... 2-12, 2-19

Surface Water .................................................................. 4-5

6-9

7-1, 7-10-7-12

8-1

E-3, E-10

Surplus Water ............................. 2-1, 2-4, 2-7-2-9, 2-12, 2-13, 2-15, 2-17, 2-19, 2-20

3-4

A-1, A-5

B-23

SWMM (Stormwater Management Model) ......................................... 6-8, 6-10

E-4, E-5

SWRRB-WQ (Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins) ......................... 6-8, 6-10

E-4, E-6

TABS (Stream Hydraulic Model) ................................................ 6-8, 6-11

E-8, E-10

TAMUWRAP (Water Rights Package) ........................................... 6-8, 6-12

E-14

Temperature Stratification ......................................................... 6-6

Time-Series ....................................................... 8-3, 8-12, 8-16, 8-17

9-13

Trigger Planning ............................................................... 7-16

TR-20 (Interactive Input Computer Program) ....................................... 6-8, 6-10

E-4

UNET (Unsteady Flow through Open Channels) ................................ 6-6, 6-8, 6-11

E-8, E-9

United States Geological Survey (USGS) .............................................. 6-4

8-4

9-11

E-1, E-3, E-8, E-9

F-13, F-19

Unit-use .................................................................. 8-13, 8-14

WASP (Water Quality Model) .................................................. 6-8, 6-12

E-11

Wastewater .................................................................... 6-8

7-4, 7-9

E-1, E-17

Water Balance ................................................................. 6-13

8-8

Water Conservation .............................................................. 4-6

6-8, 6-9, 6-12-6-14

8-6, 8-19-8-21

7-1-7-6, 7-11-7-13, 7-16, 7-17, 7-23

 E-1, E-16, E-17

Water Control Agreements ........................................................ 9-14

Water Control Data System (WCDS) ................................................. 9-1

Water Control Database ........................................................... 9-8
Appendix H: Index H-13

Water Control Diagrams ....................................................... 9-3-9-5

F-4

G-2, G-3

Water Control Documents ..................................................... 9-2, 9-15

Water Control Manual ........................................................... 2-19

7-6

9-3, 9-15-9-17

B-2

F-5, F-9-F-11, F-23

G-3

Water Control Plan .............................................................. G-3

Water Demand ..................................................... 6-8, 6-11, 6-13, 6-14

7-1, 7-6, 7-23

8-1, 8-12-8-19, 8-22, 8-23

D-5

E-15-E-17

Water Distribution ............................................................... 2-5

6-2, 6-8, 6-10, 6-11

7-1, 7-16-7-23

E-7

G-7

Water Evaluation ............................................................... 6-13

8-22, 8-23

E-17

Water Law ............................................................... 7-10-7-13

Water Mains .............................................................. 7-19-7-21

Water Management Activities .................................................. 9-3, 9-12

Water Management Goals ..................................................... 9-2, 9-13

G-3

Water Management Models ..................................................... 6-2, 6-3

Water Quality Data ............................................................. 9-10

Water Quantity ................................................................. 2-5

6-2, 6-9

E-6

Water Resources Development Act of 1986 (WRDA ‘86) (Public Law 99-662) ................ 2-11

Water Resources Development Act of 1990 (WRDA ‘90) (Public Law 101-640) ................ 7-7

Water Rights ........................................................... 2-3, 2-5, 2-16

6-8

7-11, 7-12

B-3, B-24, B-29

E-14, E-15, E-17

F-15, F-16

G-3

Water Supply Act of 1958 (Public Law 85-500) ............................... 2-2, 2-5, 2-6, 2-9

4-1

A-1, A-9, A-10, A-12

B-1, B-4
H-14 Water Supply Handbook

Water Supply Agreements ..................................................... 2-5, 2-13

3-6, 3-8, 3-9

4-7

G-2

Water Supply Contracts ........................................................... 3-2

Water Supply Forecasting Methods .................................................. 8-3

Water Supply Storage ............................ 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, 2-6, 2-9, 2-11, 2-12, 2-14, 2-16

3-5, 3-6

4-1-4-4,4-6, 4-7

 A-1, A-3, A-4, A-9, A-14

B-1, B-3-B-6, B-8, B-9, B-26

D-12

E-14

G-2

Water Systems ............................................................... 2-3, 2-6

7-5, 7-6, 7-8, 7-10, 7-15, 7-17

8-11, 8-17, 8-19

WaterPlan 1 (State of California Water Conservation Model) ........................... 6-8, 6-13

7-5, 7-6

E-16

Watershed ..................................................................... 4-6

6-2, 6-8, 6-10, 6-11

8-3, 8-4

9-13

E-4-E-6

F-12, F-13, F-17, F-23

Watershed Runoff ....................................................... 6-2, 6-8, 6-10

9-13

E-4, E-6

Waterways Experiment Station (WES) ......................................... 6-4, 6-6, 6-7

E-3

WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning Model) ................................ 6-8, 6-13, 6-14

8-22

E-17

WQRRS (Water Quality for River-Reservoir Systems) ............................ 6-6, 6-8, 6-12

E-11, E-13

WSPRO (Water Surface Profile Model) ........................................... 6-8, 6-11

E-8

Yield ......................................................................... 2-3

4-7

7-1, 7-8, 7-10

8-1, 8-5, 8-7, 8-8, 8-13

 A-14

B-5, B-16, B-29

D-12

E-10

F-15, F-16, F-18

G-1, G-3
REPORT DOCUMENT PAGE

for

Water Supply Handbook

1. 

2. December 1996, Revised December 1998

3. Final

4. Water Supply Handbook

5.

6. Theodore M. Hillyer and Germaine A. Hofbauer

7. USACE, Water Resources Support Center

Institute for Water Resources

Casey Building, 7701 Telegraph Road

Alexandria, VA 22315-3868

8. Revised IWR Report 96-PS-4

9. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Directorate of Civil Works

20 Massachusetts Avenue, NW

Washington, D.C. 20314-1000

10.

11. Available from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, 

Springfield, VA 22161 (703) 487-4650

12a. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

12b.

13. The field of water resources covers a wide range of topics and subject matter. This

handbook focuses on one of those, the issue of water supply planning and resource management. 

Subject matter centers on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers projects and authorities, but is

equally valid for use by others interested in this topic. After an introductory chapter, the

handbook describes the authorities, policies and and procedures pertaining to storage of water

supplies in new and existing Corps reservoir projects and provides several water supply databases. 

Since reallocation is becoming more of an issue, a separate chapter is devoted to this topic. A

chapter is also provided which, in essence, is a self-contained pamphlet which can be reproduced
and provided to local sponsors who may desire to enter into water supply agreements. The

handbook then focuses on how water supplies are managed through modeling, water

conservation, forecasting, and water control systems. Eight appendices accompany the basic nine

chapters of the report, including an appendix on definitions and conversion factors and one as an

index of key words.

14. Authorities, conservation, databases, drought, forecasting, management, modeling,

partnership, policies, procedures, reallocation, reservoirs, water control systems.

15. 412

16.

17. Unclassified

18. Unclassified

19. Unclassified

20. Unlimited