Cleveland-Akron, OH

National Compensation Survey

February 1998

________________________________________________________________________________________________

U.S. Department of Labor

Alexis M. Herman, Secretary

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Katharine G. Abraham, Commissioner

Revised March 1999

Bulletin 3090-47

The Bureau of Labor Statistics has identified data errors in the National Compensation Survey bulletin previously published

for this area. This revised bulletin presents

the corrected data.
iii

Preface

his bulletin provides results of a February 1998 survey

of occupational pay in the Cleveland-Akron, OH,

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA). Data

shown in this bulletin were collected as part of the Bureau

of Labor Statistics’ (BLS) new program known as the National Compensation Survey (NCS).

The survey could not have been conducted without the

cooperation of the many private firms and government jurisdictions that provided pay data included in this bulletin.

The Bureau thanks these respondents for their cooperation.

Survey data were collected and reviewed by Bureau of

Labor Statistics field economists under the direction of

Greg Philipaitis, Assistant Regional Commissioner for Operations of the Chicago Regional Office. The Office of

Compensation and Working Conditions, in cooperation

with the Office of Field Operations and the Office of Technology and Survey Processing in the BLS National Office,

designed the survey, processed the data, and analyzed the

survey results.

For additional information regarding this survey, please

contact the BLS Chicago Regional Office at (312) 353-

1880. You may also write to the Bureau of Labor Statistics

at: Division of Compensation Data Analysis and Planning,

2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Room 4175, Washington,

DC 20212-0001, or call (202) 606-6220, or send e-mail to

ocltinfo@bls.gov.

The data contained in this bulletin are also available at

the BLS Internet site (http://stats.bls.gov/comhome.htm).

Data are in three formats: an ASCII file containing the

published table formats; an ASCII file containing positional

columns of data for manipulation as a data base or spreadsheet; and a Portable Document Format (PDF) file containing the entire bulletin.

Material in this bulletin is in the public domain and,

with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. This information will be made available to sensory

impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202)

606-7828; TDD phone: (202) 606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.

T
v

Contents

Page

Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 1

Wages in the Cleveland-Akron, OH, CMSA.............................................................................................. 2

Tables:

A-1. Hourly earnings for selected occupations, all workers, all industries........................................... 4

A-2. Hourly earnings for selected occupations, all workers, private industry and

 State and local government........................................................................................................... 8

A-3. Hourly earnings for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers,

 all industries ................................................................................................................................. 12

A-4. Weekly and annual earnings and hours for selected occupations,

 full-time workers only, all industries ............................................................................................ 16

B-1. Mean hourly earnings by occupational group and levels, all industries,

 private industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers ............................ 19

B-2. Mean hourly earnings for selected occupations and levels, all industries,

 private industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers ............................ 23

C-1. Mean hourly earnings by occupational group and selected characteristics,

 all industries ................................................................................................................................. 29

C-2. Mean hourly earnings by occupational group and industry division,

 private industry, all workers ......................................................................................................... 30

C-3. Mean hourly earnings by occupational group and establishment employment size,

 private industry, all workers ......................................................................................................... 31

C-4. Number of workers represented by occupational group ............................................................... 32

Appendix A:

Technical Note ..................................................................................................................................... 33

 Appendix table 1. Number of establishments studied and represented............................................ 37

 Appendix table 2. Relative standard errors...................................................................................... 38

 Appendix table 3. Average work levels........................................................................................... 42
1

Introduction

his survey of occupational pay was conducted in the

Cleveland-Akron, OH, Consolidated Metropolitan

Statistical Area (CMSA). The CMSA includes Ashtabula,

Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage, and

Summit Counties, OH.

This bulletin consists primarily of tables whose data are

analyzed in the initial textual section. Tabulations provide

information on earnings of workers in a variety of occupations and at a wide range of work levels. Also contained in

this bulletin is information on the program, a technical note

describing survey procedures, and several appendixes with

detailed information on occupational classifications and the

generic leveling methodology.

NCS design and products

The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS) new National

Compensation Survey (NCS) is designed to provide data on

the levels and rates of change of occupational wages and

employee benefits for localities, broad geographic regions,

and the nation as a whole. One output of the NCS will be

the Employment Cost Index, a quarterly measure of the

change in employer costs for wages and benefits. This

bulletin is limited to data on wages and salaries. These

data are similar to those released under the Occupational

Compensation Survey (OCS), which has been discontinued.

NCS more extensive than OCS

The wage data in this bulletin differ from those in previous Occupational Compensation Surveys by providing

broader coverage of occupations and establishments within

the survey area.

Occupations surveyed for this bulletin were selected

using probability techniques from a list of all those present

in each establishment. Previous OCS bulletins were limited to a preselected list of occupations, which represented

a small subset of all occupations in the economy. Information in the new bulletin is published for a variety of occupation-based data. This new approach includes data on

broad occupational classifications such as white-collar

workers, major occupational groups such as sales workers,

and individual occupations such as cashiers.

In tables containing work levels within occupational series, the work levels are derived from generic standards that

apply to all occupational groups. The job levels in the

OCS bulletins were based on narrowly-defined descriptions

that were not comparable across specific occupations.

Occupational data in this bulletin are also tabulated for

other classifications such as industry group, full-time versus part-time workers, union versus nonunion status, time

versus incentive status, and establishment employment size.

Not all of these series were generated by the OCS program.

The establishments surveyed for this bulletin were limited to those with 50 or more employees. Eventually, NCS

will be expanded to cover those now-excluded establishments. Then, virtually all workers in the civilian economy

will be surveyed, excluding only agriculture, private households, and employees of the Federal Government.

T
2

Wages in the

Cleveland-Akron, OH

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area

traight-time wages in the Cleveland-Akron, OH,

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area averaged

$15.80 per hour during February 1998. White-collar workers had an average wage of $18.96 per hour. Blue-collar

workers averaged $13.26 per hour, while service workers

had average earnings of $9.53 per hour. (All comparisons

in this analysis cover hourly rates for both full- and parttime workers, unless otherwise noted.)

0

5

10

15

20

Chart 1. Average hourly wage rates by occupational 

group, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 

Dollars per hour

$

WhitecollarBluecollarService

workers

Within each of these occupational groups, average

hourly wages for individual occupations varied. For example, white-collar occupations included registered nurses at

$19.83 per hour, secretaries at $13.00, and general office

clerks at $10.89. Among occupations in the blue-collar

category, truck drivers averaged $15.96 per hour while

stock handlers and baggers averaged $8.55. Finally, service occupations included nursing aides, orderlies and attendants at $8.23 per hour and maids and housemen at $7.15.

Table A-1 presents earnings data for 142 detailed occupations; data for other detailed occupations surveyed could

not be reported separately due to concerns about the confidentiality of survey respondents and the reliability of the

data.

Survey results show that private industry workers in

Cleveland-Akron, OH earned $15.17 per hour, while surveyed State and local government workers averaged

$18.71. Table A-2 reports the average hourly rate for

white-collar occupations as $18.31 in private industry and

$21.48 in State and local government. Blue-collar occupations showed an average hourly rate of $13.11 in private

industry and $15.02 in State and local government. Service

occupations within private industry averaged $7.78 per

hour while those found in State and local government averaged $13.61.

0

5

10

15

20

25

White-collar Blue-collar Service

Private industry State and local government

Chart 2. Average hourly rates for private industry and 

State and local government, Cleveland-Akron, OH, 

February 1998 

Dollars per hour

$

Table A-3 presents data for workers considered by the

survey respondents to be either full-time or part-time. Average wages for full-time workers, all occupations, were

$16.76 per hour, compared with an average of $8.83 per

hour for part-time workers.

Data for specific work levels within major occupational

groups are reported in table B-1. Occasionally, wage estimates for lower levels of work within major occupational

groups are greater than estimates for higher levels. This

can occur due to the mix of specific occupations (and industries) represented by the broad group as well as by the

variability of the estimate. Some levels within a group may

not be published because no workers were identified at that

S
3

level or because there were not enough data to guarantee

confidentiality and reliability.

Work levels for all major groups span several levels,

with professional specialty occupations and executive, administrative, and managerial occupations typically starting

and ending at higher work levels than the other groups.

Published data for administrative support occupations, including clerical, ranged from level 1 to level 9. As illustrated in Chart 3, the average hourly rate was $7.69 for

level 1, $9.85 for level 3, $13.20 for level 5, and $16.35 for

level 7.

0

5

10

15

20

1357

Level

Chart 3. Average hourly rates by work level for 

administrative support occupations, including clerical, 

Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 

Dollars per hour

$

Surveyed union workers had an average hourly rate of

$16.83, as reported in table C-1. Wages for nonunion

workers averaged $15.42. Time workers, whose wages

were based solely on an hourly rate or a salary, averaged

$15.61 per hour. Incentive workers, whose wages were at

least partially based on productivity payments, averaged

$19.63 per hour.

Table C-2 shows wage data for specific industry

divisions within private industry. In the private sector,

hourly wages averaged $17.00 in all goods-producing industries; $16.92 in manufacturing. In service producing

industries, hourly wages averaged $14.38 in services. Data

for other industry divisions did not meet publication criteria.

Table C-4 reports that a total of 874,466 workers were

represented by the Cleveland-Akron, OH survey. Whitecollar occupations included 472,249 workers, or 54 percent, blue-collar occupations included 263,742 workers, or

30 percent; and service occupations included 138,475

workers, or 16 percent.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Chart 4. Distribution of workers represented by 

occupational group, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 

Percent

Whitecollar

BluecollarService

 workers

Data are also presented in appendix table 1 on the number of establishments studied by industry group and employment size. The relative standard errors of published

mean hourly earnings for all industries, private industry,

and State and local government are available in appendix

table 2. The average work levels for published occupational groups and selected occupations are presented in appendix table 3.
Table A-1. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, all industries,

Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998

Occupation3

All industries

Mean

Percentiles

10 25 Median

50 75 90

All occupations ....................................................................... $15.80 $6.75 $9.25 $13.53 $19.54 $27.00

All occupations excluding sales ............................................ 15.91 7.00 9.50 13.70 19.67 27.04

White-collar occupations ................................................... 18.96 8.00 11.19 16.00 23.05 33.65

White-collar occupations excluding sales ......................... 19.56 8.95 11.88 16.73 23.56 34.11

Professional specialty and technical occupations ............ 22.24 12.11 15.57 20.22 26.81 34.88

Professional specialty occupations ............................... 23.91 13.46 17.75 21.76 29.10 35.94

Engineers, architects, and surveyors ....................... 27.26 19.73 22.12 26.44 30.75 35.37

Electrical and electronic engineers ....................... 29.49 24.00 24.46 27.41 30.83 44.23

Industrial engineers .............................................. 24.65 19.81 20.70 23.82 26.70 31.96

Mechanical engineers ........................................... 24.09 20.32 20.67 23.22 26.50 28.85

Engineers, N.E.C. ................................................. 27.70 18.91 22.12 26.44 32.02 35.74

Mathematical and computer scientists ..................... 27.47 19.76 23.88 26.71 31.25 35.36

Computer systems analysts and scientists ........... 27.74 20.94 23.88 27.01 31.25 35.61

Natural scientists ...................................................... 28.73 16.98 18.60 23.09 40.43 46.06

Health related occupations ....................................... 21.17 15.75 17.75 20.10 21.76 25.40

Physicians ............................................................ 36.42 16.94 16.94 20.10 57.69 78.80

Registered nurses ................................................ 19.83 15.81 17.94 20.00 21.49 22.87

Dietitians ............................................................... 15.25 11.00 11.00 15.61 17.30 18.45

Respiratory therapists ........................................... 17.03 14.47 16.00 17.50 18.00 18.46

Physical therapists ................................................ 26.64 20.68 22.94 25.38 28.00 33.33

Teachers, college and university .............................. 34.84 20.08 25.92 32.22 42.63 48.82

Teachers, except college and university .................. 26.07 11.50 18.38 26.32 34.29 39.24

Prekindergarten and kindergarten ........................ 15.15 6.50 7.00 8.57 21.43 35.84

Elementary school teachers ................................. 29.42 16.06 21.81 32.02 35.96 40.14

Secondary school teachers .................................. 30.23 17.71 23.62 32.43 36.95 40.14

Teachers, special education ................................. 25.72 18.30 20.53 25.91 31.93 34.58

Teachers, N.E.C. .................................................. 26.65 15.74 19.04 26.07 33.33 39.94

Substitute teachers ............................................... 10.45 6.67 8.57 11.43 12.75 12.75

Vocational and educational counselors ................ 21.08 13.64 14.01 18.47 24.64 35.96

Librarians, archivists, and curators ........................... 21.11 12.82 14.21 19.75 25.24 35.94

Librarians .............................................................. 21.16 12.82 14.00 19.80 25.24 35.94

Social scientists and urban planners ........................ 27.04 19.92 22.56 24.68 30.65 37.12

Social, recreation, and religious workers .................. 15.88 11.12 12.02 14.63 18.50 23.79

Social workers ...................................................... 15.87 11.12 12.05 14.63 18.50 23.79

Lawyers and judges .................................................. – – – – – –

Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and

professionals, N.E.C. .......................................... 17.38 11.54 13.09 15.70 19.89 26.76

Designers ............................................................. 18.96 13.44 15.70 18.80 21.00 23.63

Editors and reporters ............................................ 21.51 11.28 14.87 20.88 26.92 37.26

Professional occupations, N.E.C. ......................... 15.41 9.99 12.81 14.94 16.83 18.39

Technical occupations .................................................. 16.67 10.75 12.50 15.15 18.66 21.98

Radiological technicians ....................................... 16.58 11.33 14.17 16.73 19.76 21.10

Licensed practical nurses ..................................... 13.58 11.86 12.50 13.31 14.33 15.84

Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. ....... 14.92 8.50 11.08 14.38 16.99 19.81

Electrical and electronic technicians ..................... 17.94 11.90 14.37 18.19 21.98 21.98

Engineering technicians, N.E.C. ........................... 12.77 8.00 9.50 11.85 14.91 19.62

Drafters ................................................................. 14.23 10.40 11.64 13.11 17.00 20.25

Computer programmers ....................................... 19.12 12.40 15.47 17.16 25.00 25.00

Technical and related occupations, N.E.C. .......... 16.58 10.91 13.00 15.93 18.66 23.31

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ... 27.54 14.43 17.10 22.84 33.81 44.83

Executives, administrators, and managers ............... 31.41 15.83 20.20 27.96 37.13 49.59

Administrators and officials, public administration 23.90 11.67 17.38 20.65 34.62 34.62

Financial managers .............................................. 31.64 17.70 21.34 27.35 38.22 49.18

Managers., marketing, advertising and public

relations .......................................................... 35.13 16.05 20.44 33.03 36.76 59.81

Administrators, education and related fields ......... 35.00 20.09 31.25 37.13 38.69 47.01

Managers, medicine and health ........................... 30.68 20.19 20.19 25.25 34.41 65.00

Managers, service organizations, N.E.C. ............. 16.47 10.71 10.77 11.56 17.81 21.55

Managers and administrators, N.E.C. .................. 32.90 16.81 21.41 28.09 37.02 55.24

Management related occupations ............................ 20.07 13.46 15.53 17.74 22.60 28.85

Accountants and auditors ..................................... 21.35 13.94 15.91 18.27 24.52 29.88

Other financial officers .......................................... 22.77 12.98 15.38 17.79 27.44 33.81

Personnel, training, and labor relations

specialists ....................................................... 17.86 14.42 15.82 17.08 19.24 22.76

See footnotes at end of table.

4
Table A-1. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, all industries,

Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 — Continued

Occupation3

All industries

Mean

Percentiles

10 25 Median

50 75 90

White-collar occupations (-Continued)

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations 

(-Continued)

Management related occupations (-Continued)

Purchasing agents and buyers, N.E.C. ................ $20.69 $15.27 $15.38 $19.90 $23.15 $29.71

Management related occupations, N.E.C. ............ 18.58 13.95 15.87 17.26 19.96 23.94

Sales occupations ............................................................ 14.06 5.50 6.29 10.45 17.31 26.44

Supervisors, sales occupations ............................ 16.99 9.20 10.85 15.00 22.71 27.31

Advertising and related sales occupations ........... 13.72 5.57 13.22 13.75 15.00 17.68

Sales occupations, other business services ......... 19.22 6.75 10.03 17.73 23.92 32.45

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing,

and wholesale ................................................. 31.19 15.39 18.17 26.44 41.31 54.77

Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats ............. 15.80 7.99 11.54 14.30 17.88 29.09

Sales workers, other commodities ........................ 9.80 5.20 5.84 7.29 10.71 19.50

Cashiers ............................................................... 7.94 5.25 5.50 6.00 7.29 10.45

Administrative support occupations, including clerical ..... 11.56 7.25 9.00 11.00 13.96 16.25

Supervisors, general office ................................... 16.05 10.57 12.04 15.10 18.23 24.04

Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and

adjusting clerks ............................................... 16.89 9.75 11.63 16.03 21.51 21.51

Computer operators .............................................. 13.47 10.00 11.83 14.42 15.81 15.85

Secretaries ........................................................... 13.00 9.50 10.96 12.77 14.78 16.83

Receptionists ........................................................ 9.83 7.69 8.41 9.86 10.98 11.57

Information clerks, N.E.C. ..................................... 10.10 8.07 8.07 8.11 9.76 16.08

Order clerks .......................................................... 11.60 6.35 9.00 11.50 14.00 17.25

Personnel clerks except payroll & timekeeping .... 14.09 9.00 10.00 14.02 16.06 22.75

Library clerks ........................................................ 9.05 5.50 6.87 9.00 10.87 12.69

Records clerks, N.E.C. ......................................... 10.55 7.26 8.50 10.79 13.19 13.89

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ...... 11.17 8.50 9.19 10.61 12.82 14.95

Payroll and timekeeping clerks ............................. 13.40 9.50 10.92 13.08 16.37 17.83

Billing clerks .......................................................... 10.07 7.39 8.15 9.62 12.18 13.99

Telephone operators ............................................ 9.20 7.50 8.26 9.84 10.17 10.26

Mail clerks except postal service .......................... 7.71 6.24 6.50 7.68 9.15 9.81

Dispatchers ........................................................... 9.44 5.80 6.55 8.18 13.96 16.67

Production coordinators ........................................ 16.69 13.85 14.79 16.92 18.89 19.72

Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ................... 12.03 8.50 9.10 11.45 14.26 15.84

Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators .. 12.64 9.83 10.47 12.35 13.70 15.36

Investigators and adjusters except insurance ...... 12.08 8.00 9.00 12.14 13.45 17.31

Bill and account collectors .................................... 11.23 9.38 9.61 11.09 11.68 12.67

General office clerks ............................................. 10.89 7.20 8.45 10.18 12.98 15.75

Bank tellers ........................................................... 8.76 7.05 7.84 8.50 9.16 10.70

Data entry keyers ................................................. 9.87 7.50 8.05 8.79 11.17 14.38

Teachers’ aides .................................................... 11.85 7.15 8.82 10.38 14.42 17.51

Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. ......... 12.29 8.41 9.93 12.61 15.00 15.47

Blue-collar occupations ..................................................... 13.26 7.00 9.12 12.55 16.87 20.61

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations .......... 16.80 10.55 13.29 16.25 19.84 23.62

Automobile mechanics ......................................... 15.84 13.50 15.00 15.56 16.45 18.34

Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics ....... 16.88 12.02 14.43 16.28 20.69 20.69

Industrial machinery repairers .............................. 17.35 11.16 12.20 18.13 21.91 23.62

Machinery maintenance occupations ................... 11.21 8.50 8.50 10.29 11.18 18.05

Millwrights ............................................................. 21.63 17.25 17.77 23.27 23.31 23.31

Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. .......................... 16.33 10.50 14.50 16.56 18.15 20.23

Supervisors, construction trades, N.E.C. .............. 24.41 14.31 19.13 27.20 30.61 33.26

Carpenters ............................................................ 18.98 10.62 18.99 19.47 22.60 22.60

Electricians ........................................................... 20.42 15.69 16.63 19.38 23.62 26.03

Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters .................. 17.90 11.94 13.85 15.21 23.31 23.31

Construction trades, N.E.C. .................................. 14.61 9.72 12.67 13.98 18.40 18.40

Supervisors, production occupations .................... 17.99 10.90 13.75 17.50 21.20 26.20

Tool and die makers ............................................. 19.03 14.00 14.95 18.50 23.62 24.31

Precision assemblers, metal ................................. 12.26 8.64 10.36 11.48 14.35 16.25

Machinists ............................................................. 14.89 12.90 14.00 14.93 16.17 17.35

Miscellaneous precision workers, N.E.C. ............. 15.53 13.34 14.26 16.40 16.87 18.45

Inspectors, testers, and graders ........................... 16.09 10.74 13.75 15.04 18.20 19.81

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............. 12.27 7.50 8.63 11.50 14.79 20.07

Lathe and turning machine operators ................... 14.59 10.50 11.75 15.00 17.00 20.50

See footnotes at end of table.

5
Table A-1. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, all industries,

Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 — Continued

Occupation3

All industries

Mean

Percentiles

10 25 Median

50 75 90

Blue-collar occupations (-Continued)

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors 

(-Continued)

Punching and stamping press operators .............. $11.66 $6.00 $7.35 $9.75 $16.38 $20.08

Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing

machine operators .......................................... 12.76 9.00 10.00 12.64 15.13 16.57

Fabricating machine operators, N.E.C. ................ 14.01 8.00 10.69 12.92 20.28 20.61

Molding and casting machine operators ............... 10.41 7.68 8.40 10.30 10.75 13.48

Printing press operators ....................................... 14.51 9.34 12.21 14.48 17.90 18.48

Textile sewing machine operators ........................ 8.76 7.16 7.80 8.52 9.22 10.94

Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators 7.63 6.25 7.25 7.25 8.00 8.54

Packaging and filling machine operators .............. 10.45 7.50 8.00 9.00 11.70 18.08

Extruding and forming machine operators ............ 10.88 9.40 9.50 10.59 11.14 14.94

Mixing and blending machine operators ............... 15.26 8.00 11.95 17.25 18.28 20.16

Painting and paint spraying machine operators ... 13.16 9.30 9.56 12.40 15.58 20.16

Slicing and cutting machine operators .................. 11.01 7.50 7.65 9.05 14.78 17.25

Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. ........... 12.22 7.50 9.52 12.05 14.32 17.09

Welders and cutters .............................................. 15.92 10.00 12.35 13.48 20.32 21.86

Assemblers ........................................................... 11.72 6.00 8.20 10.00 14.57 20.02

Miscellaneous hand working occupations, N.E.C. 12.37 8.00 9.35 14.30 14.70 14.79

Production inspectors, checkers and examiners .. 12.31 8.45 9.50 11.24 14.22 19.37

Production testers ................................................. 11.03 6.00 6.75 10.18 13.45 18.19

Transportation and material moving occupations ............. 15.09 8.60 11.48 14.85 18.83 20.65

Truck drivers ......................................................... 15.96 9.50 12.87 16.00 20.65 20.65

Bus drivers ............................................................ 14.55 11.28 13.53 13.77 17.06 17.06

Crane and tower operators ................................... 18.58 16.38 16.91 19.48 20.14 20.14

Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators .. 12.57 8.00 10.50 11.70 14.92 19.89

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...... 9.69 5.45 6.25 9.20 12.40 14.79

Groundskeepers and gardeners except farm ....... 9.33 6.00 7.00 8.60 11.58 13.38

Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, and

laborers, N.E.C. .............................................. 13.50 10.00 10.25 13.17 14.09 23.02

Construction laborers ........................................... 16.11 13.39 13.39 15.68 19.15 19.90

Production helpers ................................................ 8.67 5.15 5.35 8.55 10.70 14.78

Stock handlers and baggers ................................. 8.55 5.25 5.79 7.25 10.95 13.05

Machine feeders and offbearers ........................... 8.18 6.05 6.25 7.60 8.85 11.82

Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. ....... 10.11 6.25 7.50 9.75 11.38 16.87

Hand packers and packagers ............................... 9.37 6.50 7.00 8.50 12.61 12.85

Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ................... 9.73 5.15 5.35 10.04 13.04 13.55

Service occupations ........................................................... 9.53 5.15 6.15 8.25 11.70 16.97

Protective service occupations ................................. 14.04 6.84 9.60 13.56 18.13 21.12

Firefighting occupations ........................................ 15.41 11.69 12.46 14.34 19.21 19.21

Police and detectives, public service .................... 18.21 15.98 16.97 17.61 19.90 20.95

Guards and police except public service .............. 8.85 5.75 6.43 7.50 10.21 13.72

Food service occupations ......................................... 6.67 2.13 4.80 6.50 8.63 11.23

Supervisors, food preparation and service

occupations .................................................... 11.89 7.50 9.68 11.29 13.85 15.00

Bartenders ............................................................ 4.49 2.13 2.13 4.00 6.00 8.25

Waiters and waitresses ........................................ 3.01 2.13 2.13 2.13 2.32 4.80

Cooks ................................................................... 8.39 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 11.60

Food counter, fountain, and related occupations 5.99 5.15 5.15 5.63 6.68 7.11

Kitchen workers, food preparation ........................ 6.61 5.15 5.25 6.00 7.25 9.85

Waiters’/Waitresses’ assistants ............................ 3.02 2.13 2.13 2.13 3.60 5.50

Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. ................. 7.38 5.50 6.00 7.00 8.42 10.09

See footnotes at end of table.

6
Table A-1. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, all industries,

Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 — Continued

Occupation3

All industries

Mean

Percentiles

10 25 Median

50 75 90

Service occupations (-Continued)

Health service occupations ....................................... $8.85 $6.50 $7.34 $8.25 $9.75 $12.00

Health aides, except nursing ................................ 9.89 6.00 7.62 9.25 11.91 13.28

Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ............... 8.23 6.70 7.25 7.98 9.00 10.37

Cleaning and building service occupations .............. 9.15 5.50 6.00 8.17 11.18 14.25

Supervisors, cleaning & building service workers 11.88 7.25 7.25 12.79 15.64 18.00

Maids and housemen ........................................... 7.15 5.75 6.00 6.64 8.33 9.09

Janitors and cleaners ........................................... 9.17 5.50 6.00 8.17 11.18 14.25

Personal service occupations ................................... 11.41 5.50 7.12 9.47 14.09 20.79

Early childhood teachers’ assistants .................... 7.80 5.15 6.29 6.98 9.62 10.68

Service occupations, N.E.C.. ................................ 9.70 6.00 7.22 8.65 11.93 15.68

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid

to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living

adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for

overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. 

The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and

dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. The 10th,

25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles designate position in the

earnings distribution. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of

the workers receive the same as or more than the rate shown,

and half receive the same as or less than the rate shown. At the

25th percentile, one-fourth of the workers earn the same as or

less than the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth earn

the same as or more than the rate shown. The 10th and 90th

percentiles follow the same logic. 2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers.

Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a

part-time schedule based on the definition used by each

establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week

schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one

establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a

40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule. 3 A classification system including about 480 individual

occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.

Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major

occupational groups. 

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data

did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and

occupational levels may include data for categories not shown

separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." 

7
Table A-2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, private industry and State and local government,

Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998

Occupation3

Private industry State and local government

Mean

Percentiles

Mean

Percentiles

10 25 Median

50 75 90 10 25 Median50 75 90

All occupations ..................................................... $15.17 $6.39 $8.70 $12.88 $18.89 $25.48 $18.71 $9.30 $12.26 $16.33 $22.03 $34.34

All occupations excluding sales .......................... 15.26 6.74 9.00 12.98 19.04 25.26 18.72 9.28 12.25 16.37 22.03 34.35

White-collar occupations ................................. 18.31 7.69 10.61 15.32 21.78 31.47 21.48 10.52 13.57 18.85 28.55 37.08

White-collar occupations excluding sales ....... 18.99 8.54 11.42 15.94 22.16 32.16 21.50 10.52 13.57 18.85 28.63 37.08

Professional specialty and technical

occupations .............................................. 21.00 12.00 15.00 19.58 24.64 31.00 25.28 12.99 17.94 23.96 33.40 38.79

Professional specialty occupations ............. 22.72 13.46 17.33 21.00 26.75 33.00 26.21 13.36 18.70 25.32 33.98 39.51

Engineers, architects, and surveyors ..... 27.26 19.73 22.10 26.19 30.89 35.45 – –––––

Electrical and electronic engineers ..... 29.49 24.00 24.46 27.41 30.83 44.23 – –––––

Industrial engineers ............................ 24.65 19.81 20.70 23.82 26.70 31.96 – –––––

Mechanical engineers ......................... 24.09 20.32 20.67 23.22 26.50 28.85 – –––––

Engineers, N.E.C. ............................... 27.70 18.91 22.12 26.44 32.02 35.74 – –––––

Mathematical and computer scientists ... 27.75 19.36 23.88 27.40 31.39 35.61 – –––––

Computer systems analysts and

scientists ....................................... 28.07 20.38 23.88 27.53 32.54 35.61 – –––––

Natural scientists .................................... – – – – – – – –––––

Health related occupations ..................... 21.26 16.00 17.79 20.10 21.63 25.38 19.88 7.75 15.75 18.45 25.32 26.42

Physicians .......................................... 36.42 16.94 16.94 20.10 57.69 78.80 – –––––

Registered nurses .............................. 19.83 16.00 18.06 20.05 21.49 22.52 19.94 15.00 15.75 16.00 24.00 30.79

Dietitians ............................................. 15.25 11.00 11.00 15.61 17.30 18.45 – –––––

Respiratory therapists ......................... 17.03 14.47 16.00 17.50 18.00 18.46 – –––––

Physical therapists .............................. 26.64 20.68 22.94 25.38 28.00 33.33 – –––––

Teachers, college and university ............ 33.44 20.44 25.92 29.29 42.63 45.38 – –––––

Teachers, except college and university 14.86 7.00 8.86 14.23 18.13 25.76 28.66 17.37 20.93 30.26 35.64 39.96

Elementary school teachers ............... – – – – – – 32.22 21.25 26.93 33.43 37.71 41.36

Secondary school teachers ................ 20.57 14.22 16.05 18.42 24.45 29.98 33.02 22.70 29.67 34.08 37.95 40.55

Teachers, special education ............... – – – – – – 25.72 18.30 20.53 25.91 31.93 34.58

Teachers, N.E.C. ................................ 18.99 12.50 15.74 17.01 20.00 29.59 27.90 18.28 20.00 26.97 33.40 39.96

Vocational and educational

counselors .................................... – – – – – – 21.37 14.01 14.01 18.47 25.05 35.96

Librarians, archivists, and curators ......... 18.01 12.82 12.82 18.01 21.78 25.24 24.51 14.00 16.21 21.53 35.94 35.94

Librarians ............................................ 18.01 12.82 12.82 18.01 21.78 25.24 24.65 14.00 16.57 21.53 35.94 35.94

Social scientists and urban planners ...... – – – – – – – –––––

Social, recreation, and religious workers 14.36 10.73 12.02 13.94 16.39 18.50 16.61 11.35 12.10 15.37 20.41 24.94

Social workers .................................... 14.36 10.73 12.02 13.94 16.39 18.50 16.61 11.35 12.25 15.37 20.41 24.94

Lawyers and judges ................................ – – – – – – – –––––

Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes,

and professionals, N.E.C. ................. 17.34 11.54 13.09 15.68 19.80 26.92 – –––––

Designers ........................................... 18.96 13.44 15.70 18.80 21.00 23.63 – –––––

Editors and reporters .......................... 21.51 11.28 14.87 20.88 26.92 37.26 – –––––

Professional occupations, N.E.C. ....... 15.40 9.99 12.81 14.94 16.83 18.39 – –––––

Technical occupations ................................ 16.72 11.02 12.40 14.83 18.51 21.98 16.25 8.50 14.24 16.39 19.66 22.02

Radiological technicians ..................... 16.58 11.33 14.17 16.73 19.76 21.10 – –––––

Licensed practical nurses ................... 13.32 11.80 12.36 13.23 14.10 15.20 – –––––

Health technologists and technicians,

N.E.C. ........................................... 15.73 10.64 12.11 14.40 18.25 20.16 – –––––

Electrical and electronic technicians ... 18.31 12.50 14.53 19.52 21.98 21.98 – –––––

Engineering technicians, N.E.C. ......... 12.71 8.00 9.25 11.54 14.86 19.62 – –––––

Drafters ............................................... 14.23 10.40 11.64 13.11 17.00 20.25 – –––––

Computer programmers ..................... 19.09 12.40 15.41 16.83 25.00 25.00 – –––––

Technical and related occupations,

N.E.C. ........................................... 16.06 10.00 11.91 15.92 18.37 27.04 17.54 13.83 15.39 16.83 20.63 22.02

Executive, administrative, and managerial

occupations .............................................. 28.69 14.90 17.23 23.73 33.81 47.38 22.91 11.67 15.87 19.96 32.99 38.69

Executives, administrators, and

managers .......................................... 32.98 16.54 21.34 29.42 37.98 55.29 25.12 10.77 15.87 20.65 34.62 38.69

Administrators and officials, public

administration ............................... – – – – – – 23.90 11.67 17.38 20.65 34.62 34.62

Financial managers ............................ 31.65 17.70 21.34 27.35 38.22 52.88 – –––––

Managers., marketing, advertising

and public relations ....................... 35.90 16.05 20.44 33.48 38.51 59.81 – –––––

Administrators, education and related

fields ............................................. 25.23 10.50 13.99 26.10 29.13 31.95 38.24 32.99 37.08 38.69 38.99 48.05

Managers, medicine and health ......... 30.68 20.19 20.19 25.25 34.41 65.00 – –––––

See footnotes at end of table.

8
Table A-2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, private industry and State and local government,

Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 — Continued

Occupation3

Private industry State and local government

Mean

Percentiles

Mean

Percentiles

10 25 Median

50 75 90 10 25 Median50 75 90

White-collar occupations (-Continued)

Executive, administrative, and managerial

occupations (-Continued)

Executives, administrators, and

managers (-Continued)

Managers, service organizations,

N.E.C. ........................................... $27.59 $18.80 $18.80 $21.55 $46.88 $46.88 – –––––

Managers and administrators, N.E.C. 33.78 17.50 21.63 29.66 37.16 55.29 $22.42 $13.80 $15.50 $19.63 $23.44 $32.70

Management related occupations .......... 20.43 13.17 15.39 17.23 23.32 29.88 18.58 14.56 15.90 18.99 20.04 23.33

Accountants and auditors ................... 21.50 13.39 15.87 17.79 25.48 31.25 – –––––

Other financial officers ........................ 23.36 12.50 14.67 19.56 28.21 33.81 – –––––

Personnel, training, and labor

relations specialists ...................... 17.43 13.41 15.82 16.93 18.54 22.76 18.91 15.22 17.08 18.99 20.43 23.35

Purchasing agents and buyers,

N.E.C. ........................................... 20.69 15.27 15.38 19.90 23.15 29.71 – –––––

Management related occupations,

N.E.C. ........................................... 18.44 13.94 15.38 16.67 20.75 27.88 – –––––

Sales occupations .......................................... 14.04 5.50 6.25 10.45 17.41 26.44 – –––––

Supervisors, sales occupations .......... 17.01 9.20 10.85 14.99 22.71 27.70 – –––––

Advertising and related sales

occupations .................................. 13.73 5.57 13.22 13.75 15.00 17.68 – –––––

Sales occupations, other business

services ........................................ 19.22 6.75 10.03 17.73 23.92 32.45 – –––––

Sales representatives, mining,

manufacturing, and wholesale ...... 31.19 15.39 18.17 26.44 41.31 54.77 – –––––

Sales workers, motor vehicles and

boats ............................................. 15.80 7.99 11.54 14.30 17.88 29.09 – –––––

Sales workers, other commodities ...... 9.80 5.20 5.84 7.29 10.71 19.50 – –––––

Cashiers ............................................. 7.81 5.25 5.50 6.00 7.25 10.45 – –––––

Administrative support occupations, including

clerical ...................................................... 11.34 7.25 8.75 10.70 13.68 15.77 12.65 7.46 10.26 12.58 14.78 17.83

Supervisors, general office ................. 15.25 10.57 10.75 13.39 16.83 24.04 – –––––

Supervisors, distribution, scheduling,

and adjusting clerks ...................... 16.89 9.75 11.63 16.03 21.51 21.51 – –––––

Secretaries ......................................... 13.04 9.48 11.06 12.74 14.86 16.75 12.88 9.82 10.64 12.99 14.78 16.83

Receptionists ...................................... 9.63 7.69 8.25 9.63 10.58 11.75 – –––––

Information clerks, N.E.C. ................... 10.10 8.07 8.07 8.11 9.76 16.08 – –––––

Order clerks ........................................ 11.60 6.35 9.00 11.50 14.00 17.25 – –––––

Personnel clerks except payroll &

timekeeping .................................. 13.35 9.00 9.00 10.95 15.53 22.75 – –––––

Library clerks ...................................... 8.95 6.38 7.29 10.09 10.87 10.87 9.07 5.50 6.67 9.00 10.85 13.35

Records clerks, N.E.C. ....................... 10.63 7.27 8.54 10.79 13.19 13.89 – –––––

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing

clerks ............................................ 10.94 8.50 9.19 10.61 12.50 14.33 12.86 8.06 11.48 12.51 16.32 16.83

Payroll and timekeeping clerks ........... 12.33 9.50 10.15 11.20 13.64 17.67 – –––––

Billing clerks ........................................ 10.07 7.39 8.15 9.62 12.18 13.99 – –––––

Telephone operators .......................... 9.20 7.50 8.26 9.84 10.17 10.26 – –––––

Mail clerks except postal service ........ 7.71 6.24 6.50 7.68 9.15 9.81 – –––––

Production coordinators ...................... 16.69 13.85 14.79 16.92 18.89 19.72 – –––––

Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks 12.03 8.50 9.10 11.45 14.26 15.84 – –––––

Insurance adjusters, examiners, &

investigators ................................. 12.64 9.83 10.47 12.35 13.70 15.36 – –––––

Investigators and adjusters except

insurance ...................................... 12.06 8.00 9.00 12.14 13.52 17.31 – –––––

Bill and account collectors .................. 11.23 9.38 9.61 11.09 11.68 12.67 – –––––

General office clerks ........................... 10.10 7.21 8.08 9.73 11.30 13.70 12.98 6.99 10.18 12.05 15.75 17.98

Bank tellers ......................................... 8.76 7.05 7.84 8.50 9.16 10.70 – –––––

Data entry keyers ............................... 9.11 7.00 8.00 8.50 9.69 12.50 – –––––

Teachers’ aides .................................. – – – – – – 11.88 7.15 8.82 10.38 14.46 17.61

Administrative support occupations,

N.E.C. ........................................... 12.61 8.50 10.05 13.25 15.10 15.47 9.43 6.00 6.77 8.76 10.90 13.57

Blue-collar occupations ................................... 13.11 7.00 8.75 12.05 16.88 20.61 15.02 11.09 13.29 14.63 16.63 18.85

Precision production, craft, and repair

occupations .............................................. 17.02 10.50 13.00 16.50 20.69 23.62 15.40 12.26 14.00 15.56 16.63 18.39

See footnotes at end of table.

9
Table A-2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, private industry and State and local government,

Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 — Continued

Occupation3

Private industry State and local government

Mean

Percentiles

Mean

Percentiles

10 25 Median

50 75 90 10 25 Median50 75 90

Blue-collar occupations (-Continued)

Precision production, craft, and repair

occupations (-Continued)

Automobile mechanics ....................... $15.82 $12.00 $15.00 $15.55 $16.70 $21.00 – –––––

Bus, truck, and stationary engine

mechanics .................................... 17.73 12.02 15.69 17.52 20.69 20.69 – –––––

Industrial machinery repairers ............ 17.36 11.16 12.20 18.13 21.91 23.62 – –––––

Machinery maintenance occupations 11.05 8.50 8.50 10.29 10.29 18.05 – –––––

Millwrights ........................................... 21.63 17.25 17.77 23.27 23.31 23.31 – –––––

Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ........ 16.13 10.50 13.17 16.25 18.15 23.62 $16.91 $11.51 $16.32 $16.64 $20.23 $20.23

Carpenters .......................................... 18.98 10.62 18.99 19.47 22.60 22.60 – –––––

Electricians ......................................... 21.23 15.64 17.43 21.91 24.70 26.03 – –––––

Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters 20.26 10.50 15.21 23.27 23.31 23.31 – –––––

Supervisors, production occupations .. 17.99 10.90 13.75 17.50 21.20 26.20 – –––––

Tool and die makers ........................... 19.03 14.00 14.95 18.50 23.62 24.31 – –––––

Precision assemblers, metal ............... 12.26 8.64 10.36 11.48 14.35 16.25 – –––––

Machinists ........................................... 14.89 12.90 14.00 14.93 16.17 17.35 – –––––

Miscellaneous precision workers,

N.E.C. ........................................... 15.53 13.34 14.26 16.40 16.87 18.45 – –––––

Inspectors, testers, and graders ......... 15.81 11.07 13.70 15.01 17.15 19.40 – –––––

Machine operators, assemblers, and

inspectors ................................................. 12.25 7.50 8.62 11.50 14.78 20.07 – –––––

Lathe and turning machine operators 14.59 10.50 11.75 15.00 17.00 20.50 – –––––

Punching and stamping press

operators ...................................... 11.66 6.00 7.35 9.75 16.38 20.08 – –––––

Grinding, abrading, buffing, and

polishing machine operators ......... 12.76 9.00 10.00 12.64 15.13 16.57 – –––––

Fabricating machine operators,

N.E.C. ........................................... 14.01 8.00 10.69 12.92 20.28 20.61 – –––––

Molding and casting machine

operators ...................................... 10.41 7.68 8.40 10.30 10.75 13.48 – –––––

Printing press operators ..................... 14.51 9.34 12.21 14.48 17.90 18.48 – –––––

Textile sewing machine operators ...... 8.76 7.16 7.80 8.52 9.22 10.94 – –––––

Laundering and dry cleaning machine

operators ...................................... 7.63 6.25 7.25 7.25 8.00 8.54 – –––––

Packaging and filling machine

operators ...................................... 10.45 7.50 8.00 9.00 11.70 18.08 – –––––

Extruding and forming machine

operators ...................................... 10.88 9.40 9.50 10.59 11.14 14.94 – –––––

Mixing and blending machine

operators ...................................... 15.26 8.00 11.95 17.25 18.28 20.16 – –––––

Painting and paint spraying machine

operators ...................................... 13.16 9.30 9.56 12.40 15.58 20.16 – –––––

Slicing and cutting machine operators 11.01 7.50 7.65 9.05 14.78 17.25 – –––––

Miscellaneous machine operators,

N.E.C. ........................................... 12.14 7.50 9.50 12.05 14.32 17.09 – –––––

Welders and cutters ............................ 15.92 10.00 12.35 13.48 20.32 21.86 – –––––

Assemblers ......................................... 11.72 6.00 8.20 10.00 14.57 20.02 – –––––

Miscellaneous hand working

occupations, N.E.C. ...................... 12.37 8.00 9.35 14.30 14.70 14.79 – –––––

Production inspectors, checkers and

examiners ..................................... 12.31 8.45 9.50 11.24 14.22 19.37 – –––––

Production testers ............................... 11.03 6.00 6.75 10.18 13.45 18.19 – –––––

Transportation and material moving

occupations .............................................. 15.02 8.15 11.19 15.10 19.89 20.65 15.27 11.28 13.64 14.15 17.06 19.60

Truck drivers ....................................... 16.01 9.25 12.55 16.34 20.65 20.65 – –––––

Bus drivers .......................................... – – – – – – 14.60 11.33 13.65 13.77 17.06 17.06

Crane and tower operators ................. 18.58 16.38 16.91 19.48 20.14 20.14 – –––––

Industrial truck and tractor equipment

operators ...................................... 12.57 8.00 10.50 11.70 14.92 19.89 – –––––

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and

laborers ..................................................... 9.58 5.35 6.25 8.85 11.97 14.79 12.30 10.14 11.04 13.04 13.39 14.10

Groundskeepers and gardeners

except farm ................................... 9.05 6.00 7.00 8.00 11.70 13.44 – –––––

See footnotes at end of table.

10
Table A-2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, private industry and State and local government,

Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 — Continued

Occupation3

Private industry State and local government

Mean

Percentiles

Mean

Percentiles

10 25 Median

50 75 90 10 25 Median50 75 90

Blue-collar occupations (-Continued)

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and

laborers (-Continued)

Supervisors, handlers, equipment

cleaners, and laborers, N.E.C. ..... $13.50 $10.00 $10.25 $13.17 $14.09 $23.02 – –––––

Production helpers .............................. 8.67 5.15 5.35 8.55 10.70 14.78 – –––––

Stock handlers and baggers ............... 8.52 5.25 5.79 7.10 11.00 13.05 – –––––

Machine feeders and offbearers ......... 8.18 6.05 6.25 7.60 8.85 11.82 – –––––

Freight, stock, and material handlers,

N.E.C. ........................................... 10.11 6.25 7.50 9.75 11.38 16.87 – –––––

Hand packers and packagers ............. 9.37 6.50 7.00 8.50 12.61 12.85 – –––––

Laborers except construction, N.E.C. 9.28 5.15 5.35 9.59 12.99 13.55 – –––––

Service occupations ......................................... 7.78 2.32 5.75 7.25 9.08 11.91 $13.61 $8.03 $9.70 $12.63 $16.97 $20.40

Protective service occupations ............... 8.43 5.75 6.25 7.25 9.90 12.96 16.03 10.00 12.46 16.50 19.21 22.00

Firefighting occupations ...................... – – – – – – 15.41 11.69 12.46 14.34 19.21 19.21

Police and detectives, public service .. – – – – – – 18.21 15.98 16.97 17.61 19.90 20.95

Guards and police except public

service .......................................... 8.46 5.75 6.25 7.08 9.90 13.09 – –––––

Food service occupations ....................... 6.35 2.13 2.33 6.00 8.00 11.00 9.69 8.00 8.63 9.72 10.87 11.60

Supervisors, food preparation and

service occupations ...................... 12.07 7.50 10.33 11.53 14.04 15.00 – –––––

Bartenders .......................................... 4.49 2.13 2.13 4.00 6.00 8.25 – –––––

Waiters and waitresses ...................... 3.01 2.13 2.13 2.13 2.32 4.80 – –––––

Cooks ................................................. 8.00 5.65 7.00 7.75 8.75 10.50 – –––––

Kitchen workers, food preparation ...... 6.59 5.15 5.20 6.00 7.00 9.85 – –––––

Waiters’/Waitresses’ assistants .......... 3.02 2.13 2.13 2.13 3.60 5.50 – –––––

Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. 6.84 5.50 5.85 6.75 7.50 8.43 9.73 8.29 9.08 9.79 10.35 10.87

Health service occupations ..................... 8.51 6.30 7.10 8.20 9.31 11.03 11.30 7.34 7.34 12.02 13.00 13.56

Health aides, except nursing .............. 8.97 6.00 6.75 8.37 9.90 11.68 12.64 11.34 11.73 12.72 13.22 14.16

Nursing aides, orderlies and

attendants ..................................... 8.28 6.65 7.20 8.00 9.02 10.37 – –––––

Cleaning and building service

occupations ...................................... 8.60 5.50 5.85 7.25 9.65 13.96 10.40 7.16 8.49 9.36 12.60 14.25

Supervisors, cleaning & building

service workers ............................. 11.00 7.25 7.25 9.18 12.79 18.00 – –––––

Maids and housemen ......................... 7.15 5.75 6.00 6.64 8.33 9.09 – –––––

Janitors and cleaners ......................... 8.63 5.50 5.75 7.00 10.00 18.85 10.16 6.20 8.17 9.23 12.11 14.25

Personal service occupations ................. 9.98 4.75 6.29 8.25 10.78 20.48 13.76 6.28 8.65 12.73 18.41 21.36

Early childhood teachers’ assistants .. 7.09 5.15 6.29 6.74 8.12 9.87 – –––––

Service occupations, N.E.C.. .............. 7.73 3.50 6.00 7.75 9.00 11.43 – –––––

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They

include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium

pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is

computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers,

weighted by hours. The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles designate position in

the earnings distribution. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of the workers receive

the same as or more than the rate shown, and half receive the same as or less than the

rate shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of the workers earn the same as or less

than the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth earn the same as or more than

the rate shown. The 10th and 90th percentiles follow the same logic. 2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees are classified as

working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each

establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be

considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in

another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule. 3 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used to cover

all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of nine

major occupational groups. 

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication

criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may include data for

categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." 

11
Table A-3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers2, all industries, Cleveland-Akron, OH,

February 1998

Occupation3

All industries

Full-time Part-time

Mean

Percentiles

Mean

Percentiles

10 25 Median

50 75 90 10 25 Median50 75 90

All occupations ..................................................... $16.76 $7.91 $10.30 $14.42 $20.16 $28.24 $8.83 $5.18 $5.75 $7.00 $10.45 $16.00

All occupations excluding sales .......................... 16.74 8.00 10.33 14.43 20.16 28.03 9.20 5.15 5.98 7.25 11.18 17.51

White-collar occupations ................................. 19.96 9.19 12.14 16.86 24.08 34.62 10.84 5.50 6.25 8.00 13.85 20.08

White-collar occupations excluding sales ....... 20.22 9.50 12.50 17.10 24.52 34.62 12.62 6.25 7.21 10.73 16.42 21.01

Professional specialty and technical

occupations .............................................. 22.73 12.48 15.93 20.52 27.50 35.26 17.38 8.72 12.76 16.97 20.71 25.25

Professional specialty occupations ............. 24.50 14.25 18.01 22.46 29.86 36.59 18.28 8.57 13.64 18.47 21.49 26.52

Engineers, architects, and surveyors ..... 27.26 19.73 22.12 26.44 30.75 35.37 – –––––

Electrical and electronic engineers ..... 29.49 24.00 24.46 27.41 30.83 44.23 – –––––

Industrial engineers ............................ 24.65 19.81 20.70 23.82 26.70 31.96 – –––––

Mechanical engineers ......................... 24.09 20.32 20.67 23.22 26.50 28.85 – –––––

Engineers, N.E.C. ............................... 27.70 18.91 22.12 26.44 32.02 35.74 – –––––

Mathematical and computer scientists ... 27.47 19.76 23.88 26.71 31.25 35.36 – –––––

Computer systems analysts and

scientists ....................................... 27.74 20.94 23.88 27.00 31.25 35.61 – –––––

Natural scientists .................................... 28.73 16.98 18.60 23.09 40.43 46.06 – –––––

Health related occupations ..................... 21.21 15.61 17.55 19.99 21.63 25.32 20.99 16.00 18.50 20.71 22.17 26.44

Physicians .......................................... 35.09 16.94 16.94 20.10 57.69 72.12 – –––––

Registered nurses .............................. 19.68 15.75 17.75 19.93 21.31 22.36 20.46 16.86 19.06 20.86 21.88 24.00

Teachers, college and university ............ 35.62 23.32 27.09 32.86 42.63 49.59 – –––––

Teachers, except college and university 27.96 15.74 20.53 29.22 35.19 39.65 15.35 7.00 9.88 14.01 18.47 25.00

Prekindergarten and kindergarten ...... 16.43 6.50 7.22 9.68 25.55 35.84 – –––––

Elementary school teachers ............... 29.91 17.71 22.54 32.03 36.34 40.35 15.80 9.02 10.83 11.11 19.65 33.09

Secondary school teachers ................ 30.00 17.71 23.43 31.86 35.96 40.00 – –––––

Teachers, special education ............... 27.21 19.39 22.35 26.72 32.19 34.60 – –––––

Teachers, N.E.C. ................................ 28.96 17.01 21.68 28.55 34.18 39.96 18.62 7.73 15.00 18.50 19.69 33.40

Substitute teachers ............................. – – – – – – 10.45 6.67 8.57 11.43 12.75 12.75

Vocational and educational

counselors .................................... 25.83 15.71 18.73 22.09 35.15 37.17 – –––––

Librarians, archivists, and curators ......... 21.36 12.82 14.70 20.09 25.24 35.94 19.53 10.30 13.57 16.97 22.53 29.60

Librarians ............................................ 21.36 12.82 14.70 20.09 25.24 35.94 19.77 10.30 13.57 17.55 29.54 29.60

Social scientists and urban planners ...... 27.04 19.92 22.56 24.68 30.65 37.12 – –––––

Social, recreation, and religious workers 15.99 11.35 12.36 14.66 18.50 23.80 – –––––

Social workers .................................... 15.96 11.35 12.36 14.66 18.50 23.80 – –––––

Lawyers and judges ................................ – – – – – – – –––––

Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes,

and professionals, N.E.C. ................. 17.44 11.54 12.82 16.00 20.00 26.67 – –––––

Designers ........................................... 18.96 13.44 15.70 18.80 21.00 23.63 – –––––

Editors and reporters .......................... 21.51 11.28 14.87 20.88 26.92 37.26 – –––––

Professional occupations, N.E.C. ....... 15.22 9.99 12.81 14.86 16.83 18.21 – –––––

Technical occupations ................................ 16.91 10.68 12.50 15.39 18.77 21.98 13.86 10.88 12.35 14.00 15.20 16.51

Clinical laboratory technologists and

technicians .................................... – – – – – – 16.62 13.77 13.77 17.79 18.35 18.35

Radiological technicians ..................... – – – – – – 13.94 10.60 11.75 14.17 15.94 16.73

Licensed practical nurses ................... 13.59 11.73 12.44 13.25 14.32 15.84 13.56 12.35 12.58 13.32 14.45 15.15

Health technologists and technicians,

N.E.C. ........................................... 15.40 8.50 11.19 14.38 18.29 21.12 13.21 9.64 11.03 14.39 15.57 15.57

Electrical and electronic technicians ... 17.93 11.90 14.37 18.19 21.98 21.98 – –––––

Engineering technicians, N.E.C. ......... 12.77 8.00 9.50 11.85 14.91 19.62 – –––––

Drafters ............................................... 14.23 10.40 11.64 13.11 17.00 20.25 – –––––

Computer programmers ..................... 19.51 12.40 16.83 19.76 25.00 25.00 – –––––

Technical and related occupations,

N.E.C. ........................................... 16.61 11.06 13.00 15.99 18.66 22.14 12.86 9.15 9.68 10.40 10.96 30.00

Executive, administrative, and managerial

occupations .............................................. 27.80 14.65 17.31 23.15 34.13 45.40 14.43 11.67 11.67 12.12 16.67 19.21

Executives, administrators, and

managers .......................................... 31.71 16.05 20.60 28.85 37.13 49.70 – –––––

Administrators and officials, public

administration ............................... 26.72 17.38 20.65 20.65 34.62 34.62 – –––––

Financial managers ............................ 31.90 17.90 21.34 27.35 38.22 62.15 – –––––

Managers., marketing, advertising

and public relations ....................... 35.13 16.05 20.44 33.03 36.76 59.81 – –––––

See footnotes at end of table.

12
Table A-3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers2, all industries, Cleveland-Akron, OH,

February 1998 — Continued

Occupation3

All industries

Full-time Part-time

Mean

Percentiles

Mean

Percentiles

10 25 Median

50 75 90 10 25 Median50 75 90

White-collar occupations (-Continued)

Executive, administrative, and managerial

occupations (-Continued)

Executives, administrators, and

managers (-Continued)

Administrators, education and related

fields ............................................. $35.00 $20.09 $31.25 $37.13 $38.69 $47.01 – –––––

Managers, medicine and health ......... 30.68 20.19 20.19 25.25 34.41 65.00 – –––––

Managers, service organizations,

N.E.C. ........................................... 16.47 10.71 10.77 11.56 17.81 21.55 – –––––

Managers and administrators, N.E.C. 32.91 16.83 21.41 28.09 37.02 55.24 – –––––

Management related occupations .......... 20.17 13.52 15.66 17.74 22.76 28.97 $16.44 $12.12 $14.67 $16.00 $17.90 $20.75

Accountants and auditors ................... 21.35 13.94 15.91 18.27 24.52 29.88 – –––––

Other financial officers ........................ 22.77 12.98 15.38 17.79 27.44 33.81 – –––––

Personnel, training, and labor

relations specialists ...................... 18.15 14.42 15.87 17.18 19.75 23.35 – –––––

Purchasing agents and buyers,

N.E.C. ........................................... 20.69 15.27 15.38 19.90 23.15 29.71 – –––––

Management related occupations,

N.E.C. ........................................... 18.51 13.95 15.87 16.93 19.96 22.31 – –––––

Sales occupations .......................................... 17.18 6.50 9.52 13.94 20.66 31.50 6.64 5.20 5.45 5.91 7.00 8.94

Supervisors, sales occupations .......... 17.63 9.70 11.45 15.41 22.71 28.85 – –––––

Sales occupations, other business

services ........................................ 19.22 6.75 10.03 17.73 23.92 32.45 – –––––

Sales representatives, mining,

manufacturing, and wholesale ...... 31.19 15.39 18.17 26.44 41.31 54.77 – –––––

Sales workers, motor vehicles and

boats ............................................. 15.80 7.99 11.54 14.30 17.88 29.09 – –––––

Sales workers, other commodities ...... – – – – – – 6.42 5.20 5.50 6.00 6.60 8.23

Cashiers ............................................. 11.29 5.55 6.00 7.00 11.67 16.67 6.46 5.20 5.45 5.79 6.55 8.94

Administrative support occupations, including

clerical ...................................................... 12.05 8.05 9.50 11.50 14.21 16.74 8.03 6.25 6.25 7.50 9.16 11.31

Supervisors, general office ................. 16.05 10.57 12.04 15.10 18.23 24.04 – –––––

Supervisors, distribution, scheduling,

and adjusting clerks ...................... 17.08 9.75 11.63 16.03 21.51 21.51 – –––––

Computer operators ............................ 13.47 10.00 11.83 14.42 15.81 15.85 – –––––

Secretaries ......................................... 13.14 9.65 11.12 12.99 14.78 16.83 10.11 8.00 8.74 10.00 11.70 12.00

Receptionists ...................................... 9.92 7.69 9.00 9.89 10.98 11.57 9.03 7.00 7.50 8.25 9.27 13.00

Order clerks ........................................ 11.60 6.35 9.00 11.50 14.00 17.25 – –––––

Personnel clerks except payroll &

timekeeping .................................. 14.36 9.00 10.00 14.74 16.74 22.75 – –––––

Library clerks ...................................... 10.95 7.05 9.64 10.87 11.98 15.16 7.41 5.50 5.70 7.00 8.61 10.43

Records clerks, N.E.C. ....................... 10.59 7.26 8.53 10.79 13.19 13.89 – –––––

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing

clerks ............................................ 11.26 8.50 9.33 10.61 12.98 15.38 – –––––

Payroll and timekeeping clerks ........... 13.55 10.00 10.92 13.08 16.37 17.83 – –––––

Billing clerks ........................................ 10.33 7.39 8.50 9.75 12.18 13.99 – –––––

Telephone operators .......................... – – – – – – 8.51 7.50 7.50 7.75 9.77 10.56

Mail clerks except postal service ........ 7.74 6.24 6.50 7.68 9.15 9.81 – –––––

Dispatchers ......................................... 10.08 6.35 7.30 8.18 13.96 16.83 – –––––

Production coordinators ...................... 16.69 13.85 14.79 16.92 18.89 19.72 – –––––

Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks 12.09 8.50 9.10 11.45 14.26 15.84 – –––––

Stock and inventory clerks .................. 11.31 8.25 9.64 11.78 12.54 14.28 – –––––

Insurance adjusters, examiners, &

investigators ................................. 12.64 9.83 10.47 12.35 13.70 15.36 – –––––

Investigators and adjusters except

insurance ...................................... 12.80 9.00 10.76 12.42 15.28 17.31 9.44 7.38 8.00 8.00 12.07 12.50

Bill and account collectors .................. 11.23 9.38 9.61 11.09 11.68 12.67 – –––––

General office clerks ........................... 11.06 7.24 8.65 10.45 12.98 15.75 8.20 6.50 6.75 8.00 9.00 10.60

Bank tellers ......................................... 8.94 7.28 8.50 8.50 9.33 10.72 – –––––

Data entry keyers ............................... 9.93 7.50 8.05 9.00 11.17 14.38 8.14 7.00 7.40 7.50 8.00 10.00

Teachers’ aides .................................. – – – – – – 8.84 6.92 7.79 9.07 9.97 10.57

See footnotes at end of table.

13
Table A-3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers2, all industries, Cleveland-Akron, OH,

February 1998 — Continued

Occupation3

All industries

Full-time Part-time

Mean

Percentiles

Mean

Percentiles

10 25 Median

50 75 90 10 25 Median50 75 90

White-collar occupations (-Continued)

Administrative support occupations, including

clerical (-Continued)

Administrative support occupations,

N.E.C. ........................................... $12.80 $8.76 $10.09 $13.57 $15.29 $15.60 $9.48 $6.00 $7.50 $9.50 $10.89 $13.07

Blue-collar occupations ................................... 13.69 7.65 9.75 13.00 17.09 20.61 7.65 5.20 5.70 6.50 8.75 11.39

Precision production, craft, and repair

occupations .............................................. 16.81 10.60 13.30 16.25 19.84 23.62 13.69 8.12 8.50 10.69 23.80 23.80

Automobile mechanics ....................... 15.84 13.50 15.00 15.56 16.45 18.34 – –––––

Bus, truck, and stationary engine

mechanics .................................... 16.88 12.02 14.43 16.28 20.69 20.69 – –––––

Industrial machinery repairers ............ 17.35 11.16 12.20 18.13 21.91 23.62 – –––––

Machinery maintenance occupations 11.23 8.50 8.50 10.29 11.18 18.05 – –––––

Millwrights ........................................... 21.63 17.25 17.77 23.27 23.31 23.31 – –––––

Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ........ 16.50 11.08 14.72 16.56 18.19 23.06 – –––––

Supervisors, construction trades,

N.E.C. ........................................... 24.41 14.31 19.13 27.20 30.61 33.26 – –––––

Carpenters .......................................... 18.98 10.62 18.99 19.47 22.60 22.60 – –––––

Electricians ......................................... 20.42 15.69 16.63 19.38 23.62 26.03 – –––––

Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters 17.90 11.94 13.85 15.21 23.31 23.31 – –––––

Construction trades, N.E.C. ................ 14.76 9.54 12.67 13.98 18.40 18.40 – –––––

Supervisors, production occupations .. 17.99 10.90 13.75 17.50 21.20 26.20 – –––––

Tool and die makers ........................... 19.03 14.00 14.95 18.50 23.62 24.31 – –––––

Precision assemblers, metal ............... 12.26 8.64 10.36 11.48 14.35 16.25 – –––––

Machinists ........................................... 14.89 12.90 14.00 14.93 16.17 17.35 – –––––

Miscellaneous precision workers,

N.E.C. ........................................... 15.53 13.34 14.26 16.40 16.87 18.45 – –––––

Inspectors, testers, and graders ......... 16.09 10.74 13.75 15.04 18.20 19.81 – –––––

Machine operators, assemblers, and

inspectors ................................................. 12.39 7.60 8.85 11.60 14.95 20.07 6.61 5.30 5.70 6.10 7.25 8.70

Lathe and turning machine operators 14.59 10.50 11.75 15.00 17.00 20.50 – –––––

Punching and stamping press

operators ...................................... 11.66 6.00 7.35 9.75 16.38 20.08 – –––––

Grinding, abrading, buffing, and

polishing machine operators ......... 12.76 9.00 10.00 12.64 15.13 16.57 – –––––

Fabricating machine operators,

N.E.C. ........................................... 14.01 8.00 10.69 12.92 20.28 20.61 – –––––

Molding and casting machine

operators ...................................... 10.51 7.75 8.62 10.30 10.75 13.48 – –––––

Printing press operators ..................... 14.51 9.34 12.21 14.48 17.90 18.48 – –––––

Textile sewing machine operators ...... 8.78 7.07 7.75 8.52 9.25 11.03 – –––––

Packaging and filling machine

operators ...................................... 10.45 7.50 8.00 9.00 11.70 18.08 – –––––

Extruding and forming machine

operators ...................................... 10.88 9.40 9.50 10.59 11.14 14.94 – –––––

Mixing and blending machine

operators ...................................... 15.26 8.00 11.95 17.25 18.28 20.16 – –––––

Painting and paint spraying machine

operators ...................................... 13.16 9.30 9.56 12.40 15.58 20.16 – –––––

Slicing and cutting machine operators 11.01 7.50 7.65 9.05 14.78 17.25 – –––––

Miscellaneous machine operators,

N.E.C. ........................................... 12.26 7.55 9.52 12.05 14.32 17.09 – –––––

Welders and cutters ............................ 15.92 10.00 12.35 13.48 20.32 21.86 – –––––

Assemblers ......................................... 12.19 7.25 8.46 10.50 14.69 20.07 6.35 5.30 5.65 6.00 7.00 9.27

Miscellaneous hand working

occupations, N.E.C. ...................... 12.37 8.00 9.35 14.30 14.70 14.79 – –––––

Production inspectors, checkers and

examiners ..................................... 12.31 8.45 9.50 11.24 14.22 19.37 – –––––

Production testers ............................... 11.03 6.00 6.75 10.18 13.45 18.19 – –––––

Transportation and material moving

occupations .............................................. 15.28 8.75 11.60 15.13 19.48 20.65 11.47 7.28 10.00 11.67 13.77 13.77

Truck drivers ....................................... 16.19 10.52 13.10 16.30 20.65 20.65 – –––––

See footnotes at end of table.

14
Table A-3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers2, all industries, Cleveland-Akron, OH,

February 1998 — Continued

Occupation3

All industries

Full-time Part-time

Mean

Percentiles

Mean

Percentiles

10 25 Median

50 75 90 10 25 Median50 75 90

Blue-collar occupations (-Continued)

Transportation and material moving

occupations (-Continued)

Bus drivers .......................................... $15.21 $11.94 $13.68 $16.85 $17.06 $17.06 $12.63 $11.08 $11.39 $12.71 $13.77 $13.94

Crane and tower operators ................. 18.58 16.38 16.91 19.48 20.14 20.14 – –––––

Industrial truck and tractor equipment

operators ...................................... 12.61 8.00 10.50 11.70 14.92 19.89 – –––––

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and

laborers ..................................................... 10.55 6.00 7.28 10.00 13.04 15.06 7.28 5.20 5.70 6.25 8.20 10.45

Groundskeepers and gardeners

except farm ................................... 9.67 6.25 7.00 9.04 11.70 13.44 – –––––

Supervisors, handlers, equipment

cleaners, and laborers, N.E.C. ..... 13.94 10.00 11.70 13.17 14.15 23.02 – –––––

Construction laborers ......................... 16.11 13.39 13.39 15.68 19.15 19.90 – –––––

Production helpers .............................. 8.95 5.15 5.15 9.20 12.40 14.78 – –––––

Stock handlers and baggers ............... 10.77 6.55 9.17 10.62 12.92 14.88 6.30 5.20 5.35 5.80 6.50 8.20

Machine feeders and offbearers ......... 8.34 6.25 6.60 7.70 8.95 11.82 – –––––

Freight, stock, and material handlers,

N.E.C. ........................................... 10.27 6.00 7.50 9.92 11.53 16.87 9.76 7.00 7.50 9.50 10.75 13.34

Hand packers and packagers ............. 9.65 6.95 7.15 9.55 12.67 12.85 – –––––

Laborers except construction, N.E.C. 10.16 5.15 5.35 11.04 13.19 14.97 6.65 5.65 6.00 6.50 7.25 7.75

Service occupations ......................................... 10.71 5.91 7.34 9.23 12.98 19.20 6.56 2.13 5.15 6.00 7.69 11.18

Protective service occupations ............... 14.27 7.00 9.90 14.15 18.69 21.12 10.97 5.65 6.68 8.55 16.50 18.50

Firefighting occupations ...................... 15.47 11.69 12.82 14.34 19.21 19.21 – –––––

Police and detectives, public service .. 18.44 16.74 16.97 17.67 20.40 20.95 – –––––

Guards and police except public

service .......................................... 8.56 5.75 6.25 7.50 10.05 13.33 10.32 6.25 6.74 7.45 16.00 18.50

Food service occupations ....................... 7.99 2.13 5.50 8.00 10.33 12.98 5.49 2.13 2.13 5.75 7.00 9.00

Supervisors, food preparation and

service occupations ...................... 12.34 7.75 10.33 11.53 14.04 15.00 – –––––

Waiters and waitresses ...................... 3.27 2.13 2.13 2.13 4.80 4.80 2.78 2.13 2.13 2.13 2.13 6.50

Cooks ................................................. 8.59 7.00 7.50 8.40 9.00 10.50 8.12 5.45 6.25 7.50 9.00 11.60

Kitchen workers, food preparation ...... – – – – – – 6.27 5.15 5.15 6.00 6.75 8.30

Waiters’/Waitresses’ assistants .......... – – – – – – 3.12 2.13 2.13 2.13 4.25 5.50

Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. 8.01 5.75 6.80 7.50 9.79 10.46 6.84 5.49 5.75 6.50 7.75 8.69

Health service occupations ..................... 8.95 6.65 7.34 8.33 9.98 12.00 8.13 5.92 6.75 7.60 9.01 11.96

Health aides, except nursing .............. 10.06 6.00 7.94 9.36 11.78 13.28 8.82 5.15 6.00 7.52 12.11 13.11

Nursing aides, orderlies and

attendants ..................................... 8.30 6.75 7.34 8.00 9.02 10.54 7.72 5.92 6.75 7.60 8.65 9.50

Cleaning and building service

occupations ...................................... 9.74 5.91 7.00 8.92 11.38 14.72 7.64 5.50 5.50 6.00 8.00 12.11

Supervisors, cleaning & building

service workers ............................. 11.88 7.25 7.25 12.79 15.64 18.00 – –––––

Maids and housemen ......................... 7.13 5.75 6.00 6.64 8.23 9.05 – –––––

Janitors and cleaners ......................... 9.92 5.85 7.08 9.00 11.38 14.25 7.65 5.50 5.50 6.00 7.50 12.60

Personal service occupations ................. 13.13 6.53 8.25 11.36 17.59 22.57 6.99 3.50 6.00 6.37 8.65 12.32

Service occupations, N.E.C.. .............. 11.49 7.50 8.65 10.78 13.18 17.84 6.16 2.13 6.00 6.37 7.69 8.65

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They

include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium

pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is

computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers,

weighted by hours. The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles designate position in

the earnings distribution. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of the workers receive

the same as or more than the rate shown, and half receive the same as or less than the

rate shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of the workers earn the same as or less

than the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth earn the same as or more than

the rate shown. The 10th and 90th percentiles follow the same logic. 2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based

on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a worker with a

35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one

establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the

minimum full-time schedule. 3 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used to cover

all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of nine

major occupational groups. 

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication

criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may include data for

categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." 

15
Table A-4. Weekly and annual earnings1 and hours for selected occupations, full-time workers only2, all industries,

Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998

Occupation3

All industries

Mean

weekly

hours4

Weekly earnings Mean

annual

hours

Annual earnings

Mean Median Mean Median

All occupations ....................................................................... 39.7 $665 $574 2,011 $33,710 $29,723

All occupations excluding sales ............................................ 39.7 664 576 2,009 33,630 29,744

White-collar occupations ................................................... 39.5 789 673 1,979 39,499 34,320

White-collar occupations excluding sales ......................... 39.5 799 678 1,972 39,878 35,006

Professional specialty and technical occupations ............ 39.2 891 814 1,882 42,785 41,101

Professional specialty occupations ............................... 39.2 959 888 1,841 45,095 43,597

Engineers, architects, and surveyors ....................... 40.3 1,097 1,060 2,093 57,056 55,120

Electrical and electronic engineers ....................... 40.0 1,180 1,096 2,080 61,348 57,013

Industrial engineers .............................................. 41.3 1,019 1,012 2,149 52,981 52,645

Mechanical engineers ........................................... 40.0 964 929 2,080 50,111 48,298

Engineers, N.E.C. ................................................. 40.1 1,112 1,096 2,088 57,819 56,992

Mathematical and computer scientists ..................... 39.5 1,084 1,058 2,053 56,384 54,995

Computer systems analysts and scientists ........... 39.7 1,100 1,069 2,063 57,220 55,578

Natural scientists ...................................................... 40.0 1,149 924 2,080 59,758 48,027

Health related occupations ....................................... 39.7 841 794 2,054 43,564 41,309

Physicians ............................................................ 40.0 1,404 804 2,080 72,995 41,808

Registered nurses ................................................ 39.6 778 788 2,046 40,250 40,959

Teachers, college and university .............................. 39.6 1,411 1,292 1,584 56,427 57,143

Teachers, except college and university .................. 37.4 1,045 1,107 1,443 40,351 42,882

Prekindergarten and kindergarten ........................ 37.9 622 387 1,665 27,362 20,134

Elementary school teachers ................................. 36.3 1,087 1,190 1,348 40,332 43,887

Secondary school teachers .................................. 37.8 1,134 1,235 1,411 42,340 46,161

Teachers, special education ................................. 38.2 1,038 1,035 1,478 40,212 40,167

Teachers, N.E.C. .................................................. 37.7 1,093 1,096 1,478 42,815 42,436

Vocational and educational counselors ................ 39.2 1,012 949 1,713 44,249 43,701

Librarians, archivists, and curators ........................... 38.2 817 769 1,778 37,979 39,978

Librarians .............................................................. 38.2 817 769 1,778 37,979 39,978

Social scientists and urban planners ........................ 39.7 1,074 987 1,849 49,981 47,520

Social, recreation, and religious workers .................. 39.9 637 586 2,024 32,361 30,285

Social workers ...................................................... 39.9 636 586 2,023 32,292 30,285

Lawyers and judges .................................................. ––––––

Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and

professionals, N.E.C. .......................................... 39.6 690 631 2,046 35,687 32,656

Designers ............................................................. 39.8 754 752 2,067 39,196 39,104

Editors and reporters ............................................ 38.1 820 728 1,982 42,640 37,869

Professional occupations, N.E.C. ......................... 40.0 609 594 2,073 31,549 30,909

Technical occupations .................................................. 39.3 664 616 2,033 34,383 31,845

Licensed practical nurses ..................................... 38.9 529 520 1,969 26,756 26,770

Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. ....... 39.9 614 550 2,074 31,946 28,621

Electrical and electronic technicians ..................... 39.8 714 703 2,043 36,634 36,566

Engineering technicians, N.E.C. ........................... 40.0 511 474 2,080 26,569 24,648

Drafters ................................................................. 40.0 569 524 2,080 29,594 27,269

Computer programmers ....................................... 40.0 780 790 2,080 40,572 41,101

Technical and related occupations, N.E.C. .......... 40.0 664 637 2,079 34,522 33,134

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ... 39.9 1,110 923 2,062 57,331 47,944

Executives, administrators, and managers ............... 40.0 1,269 1,124 2,064 65,438 58,157

Administrators and officials, public administration 40.0 1,068 827 2,078 55,519 42,994

Financial managers .............................................. 39.6 1,263 1,094 2,059 65,682 56,888

Managers., marketing, advertising and public

relations .......................................................... 40.1 1,410 1,327 2,087 73,324 68,994

Administrators, education and related fields ......... 39.6 1,384 1,485 1,846 64,593 61,553

Managers, medicine and health ........................... 40.0 1,227 1,010 2,080 63,818 52,520

Managers, service organizations, N.E.C. ............. 40.0 659 462 2,080 34,259 24,045

Managers and administrators, N.E.C. .................. 40.2 1,322 1,154 2,088 68,735 60,008

Management related occupations ............................ 39.8 802 710 2,059 41,531 36,899

Accountants and auditors ..................................... 39.9 851 723 2,038 43,514 37,226

Other financial officers .......................................... 39.6 901 712 2,058 46,861 37,003

Personnel, training, and labor relations

specialists ....................................................... 39.8 723 687 2,072 37,611 35,734

Purchasing agents and buyers, N.E.C. ................ 41.6 860 796 2,162 44,740 41,392

Management related occupations, N.E.C. ............ 39.5 731 677 2,053 37,997 35,214

Sales occupations ............................................................ 39.6 680 556 2,058 35,349 28,891

Supervisors, sales occupations ............................ 40.3 710 616 2,094 36,920 32,053

Sales occupations, other business services ......... 40.1 772 713 2,088 40,134 37,086

See footnotes at end of table.

16
Table A-4. Weekly and annual earnings1 and hours for selected occupations, full-time workers only2, all industries,

Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 — Continued

Occupation3

All industries

Mean

weekly

hours4

Weekly earnings Mean

annual

hours

Annual earnings

Mean Median Mean Median

White-collar occupations (-Continued)

Sales occupations (-Continued)

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing,

and wholesale ................................................. 40.0 $1,248 $1,058 2,080 $64,874 $54,995

Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats ............. 41.4 655 572 2,155 34,050 29,765

Cashiers ............................................................... 37.9 428 257 1,973 22,269 13,354

Administrative support occupations, including clerical ..... 39.6 478 458 2,038 24,557 23,504

Supervisors, general office ................................... 40.0 642 604 2,080 33,384 31,408

Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and

adjusting clerks ............................................... 40.0 683 641 2,080 35,520 33,342

Computer operators .............................................. 40.0 539 577 2,080 28,020 29,994

Secretaries ........................................................... 39.6 520 510 2,038 26,786 26,499

Receptionists ........................................................ 39.7 394 394 2,059 20,431 20,509

Order clerks .......................................................... 39.7 461 460 2,066 23,967 23,920

Personnel clerks except payroll & timekeeping .... 39.7 570 590 2,064 29,634 30,659

Library clerks ........................................................ 38.0 416 408 1,977 21,647 21,197

Records clerks, N.E.C. ......................................... 38.7 410 405 2,012 21,314 21,041

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ...... 39.5 444 424 1,929 21,714 22,069

Payroll and timekeeping clerks ............................. 39.9 540 523 2,074 28,101 27,206

Billing clerks .......................................................... 40.0 413 390 2,080 21,496 20,280

Mail clerks except postal service .......................... 39.1 302 307 2,032 15,726 15,974

Dispatchers ........................................................... 40.0 403 327 2,080 20,970 17,014

Production coordinators ........................................ 40.0 668 677 2,080 34,711 35,194

Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ................... 40.0 483 458 2,080 25,138 23,816

Stock and inventory clerks .................................... 40.5 458 471 2,108 23,829 24,502

Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators .. 38.3 484 469 1,991 25,158 24,375

Investigators and adjusters except insurance ...... 39.8 510 497 2,070 26,506 25,834

Bill and account collectors .................................... 40.0 449 444 2,080 23,361 23,067

General office clerks ............................................. 39.7 439 418 2,057 22,749 21,715

Bank tellers ........................................................... 40.0 358 340 2,080 18,600 17,680

Data entry keyers ................................................. 40.0 397 360 2,080 20,655 18,720

Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. ......... 39.6 507 536 2,047 26,204 27,706

Blue-collar occupations ..................................................... 40.0 547 520 2,055 28,123 26,874

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations .......... 40.1 674 651 2,065 34,716 33,779

Automobile mechanics ......................................... 40.2 637 622 2,093 33,144 32,365

Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics ....... 40.0 675 651 2,080 35,115 33,862

Industrial machinery repairers .............................. 40.0 694 725 1,991 34,551 37,710

Machinery maintenance occupations ................... 40.0 449 412 1,911 21,471 21,341

Millwrights ............................................................. 40.0 865 931 1,888 40,833 48,402

Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. .......................... 40.0 660 662 2,078 34,304 34,445

Supervisors, construction trades, N.E.C. .............. 40.0 977 1,088 2,080 50,778 56,576

Carpenters ............................................................ 40.0 759 779 2,080 39,484 40,498

Electricians ........................................................... 40.0 817 775 2,080 42,480 40,310

Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters .................. 40.0 716 608 2,080 37,231 31,637

Construction trades, N.E.C. .................................. 40.0 591 559 2,080 30,706 29,078

Supervisors, production occupations .................... 40.7 733 700 2,118 38,103 36,400

Tool and die makers ............................................. 40.0 761 740 2,080 39,577 38,480

Precision assemblers, metal ................................. 40.0 490 459 2,080 25,497 23,878

Machinists ............................................................. 40.0 596 597 1,996 29,726 31,054

Miscellaneous precision workers, N.E.C. ............. 40.0 621 656 2,080 32,294 34,112

Inspectors, testers, and graders ........................... 40.0 644 602 2,080 33,476 31,283

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............. 40.1 496 464 2,058 25,509 24,024

Lathe and turning machine operators ................... 40.0 583 600 2,080 30,339 31,200

Punching and stamping press operators .............. 40.0 466 390 2,080 24,256 20,280

Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing

machine operators .......................................... 40.0 510 506 2,080 26,532 26,291

Fabricating machine operators, N.E.C. ................ 39.9 559 517 2,037 28,539 26,618

Molding and casting machine operators ............... 40.1 421 412 2,002 21,038 21,424

Printing press operators ....................................... 40.0 580 579 2,080 30,186 30,118

Textile sewing machine operators ........................ 40.0 351 341 2,080 18,264 17,722

Packaging and filling machine operators .............. 40.6 424 368 2,110 22,052 19,110

Extruding and forming machine operators ............ 40.0 435 424 2,080 22,635 22,027

Mixing and blending machine operators ............... 40.0 610 690 2,080 31,740 35,880

Painting and paint spraying machine operators ... 40.0 527 496 2,080 27,381 25,792

Slicing and cutting machine operators .................. 40.0 440 362 2,080 22,900 18,824

See footnotes at end of table.

17
Table A-4. Weekly and annual earnings1 and hours for selected occupations, full-time workers only2, all industries,

Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 — Continued

Occupation3

All industries

Mean

weekly

hours4

Weekly earnings Mean

annual

hours

Annual earnings

Mean Median Mean Median

Blue-collar occupations (-Continued)

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors 

(-Continued)

Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. ........... 40.1 $491 $482 2,040 $25,000 $25,064

Welders and cutters .............................................. 40.0 637 539 2,080 33,112 28,038

Assemblers ........................................................... 40.1 488 420 2,084 25,399 21,840

Miscellaneous hand working occupations, N.E.C. 40.7 503 572 2,116 26,163 29,744

Production inspectors, checkers and examiners .. 40.0 492 450 2,080 25,601 23,379

Production testers ................................................. 40.0 441 407 2,080 22,950 21,174

Transportation and material moving occupations ............. 39.6 606 602 1,998 30,525 30,888

Truck drivers ......................................................... 39.9 646 651 2,070 33,517 33,363

Bus drivers ............................................................ 37.0 563 666 1,720 26,167 28,392

Crane and tower operators ................................... 40.0 743 779 1,276 23,702 34,549

Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators .. 40.2 506 468 2,088 26,336 24,336

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...... 40.0 422 400 2,074 21,873 20,800

Groundskeepers and gardeners except farm ....... 40.0 387 362 2,080 20,115 18,803

Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, and

laborers, N.E.C. .............................................. 39.6 552 527 2,059 28,692 27,394

Construction laborers ........................................... 40.0 644 627 2,080 33,511 32,614

Production helpers ................................................ 40.0 358 368 2,080 18,616 19,136

Stock handlers and baggers ................................. 40.0 431 425 2,058 22,176 22,048

Machine feeders and offbearers ........................... 40.0 334 308 2,080 17,355 16,016

Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. ....... 40.0 411 397 2,080 21,358 20,634

Hand packers and packagers ............................... 40.0 386 382 2,080 20,074 19,864

Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ................... 39.9 405 442 2,074 21,066 22,963

Service occupations ........................................................... 39.5 423 363 2,037 21,825 18,720

Protective service occupations ................................. 41.5 592 627 2,156 30,760 32,614

Firefighting occupations ........................................ 45.3 701 668 2,356 36,453 34,736

Police and detectives, public service .................... 40.0 737 707 2,080 38,348 36,754

Guards and police except public service .............. 40.0 342 300 2,080 17,802 15,600

Food service occupations ......................................... 39.1 312 310 1,996 15,940 15,113

Supervisors, food preparation and service

occupations .................................................... 41.1 508 528 2,096 25,856 27,477

Waiters and waitresses ........................................ 38.0 124 85 1,973 6,459 4,430

Cooks ................................................................... 38.8 333 320 2,016 17,306 16,640

Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. ................. 39.0 313 284 1,907 15,285 14,768

Health service occupations ....................................... 39.5 354 330 2,053 18,376 17,160

Health aides, except nursing ................................ 39.7 399 373 2,062 20,732 19,282

Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ............... 39.4 327 310 2,048 17,007 16,120

Cleaning and building service occupations .............. 39.6 386 357 2,058 20,057 18,554

Supervisors, cleaning & building service workers 41.1 489 469 2,139 25,412 24,398

Maids and housemen ........................................... 37.8 269 250 1,965 14,001 13,000

Janitors and cleaners ........................................... 39.8 395 360 2,065 20,497 18,720

Personal service occupations ................................... 35.3 463 428 1,757 23,069 22,131

Service occupations, N.E.C.. ................................ 39.8 458 431 1,985 22,807 22,422

1 Earnings are the straight-time wages or salaries paid to employees. They

include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are

premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. 

The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the

number of workers, weighted by hours. The median designates

position--one-half of the workers receive the same as or more, and one-half

receive the same as or less than the rate shown. 2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time

schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a

worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time

employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where

a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule. 3 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used

to cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified

into one of nine major occupational groups. 4 Mean weekly hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a

week, exclusive of overtime.

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet

publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may

include data for categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere

classified." 

18
Table B-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and levels2, all industries, private industry,

State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998

Occupational group3 and level

All workers 4 All industries

All industriesPrivate

industry

State and

local

government

Full-time

workers

Part-time

workers

All occupations ....................................................................... $15.80 $15.17 $18.71 $16.76 $8.83

All occupations excluding sales ............................................ 15.91 15.26 18.72 16.74 9.20

White-collar occupations ................................................... 18.96 18.31 21.48 19.96 10.84

Level 1 .............................................................. 6.65 6.64 6.77 8.32 6.18

Level 2 .............................................................. 8.17 8.04 8.76 8.84 7.08

Level 3 .............................................................. 9.49 9.13 12.13 9.83 7.76

Level 4 .............................................................. 11.18 10.88 12.82 11.49 8.51

Level 5 .............................................................. 13.95 13.41 16.77 14.20 12.04

Level 6 .............................................................. 15.28 15.64 13.72 15.44 13.57

Level 7 .............................................................. 18.85 18.32 20.64 18.94 16.11

Level 8 .............................................................. 20.75 20.04 22.39 20.75 20.79

Level 9 .............................................................. 23.83 22.07 26.81 24.12 19.03

Level 10 ............................................................ 28.70 28.82 27.75 28.95 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 31.31 31.14 32.66 31.58 25.67

Level 12 ............................................................ 38.21 38.51 36.67 38.21 –

Level 13 ............................................................ 49.25 50.27 43.96 48.94 –

Level 14 ............................................................ 70.56 72.30 – 70.56 –

Not able to be leveled ....................................... 21.54 21.45 22.45 22.28 10.01

White-collar occupations excluding sales ......................... 19.56 18.99 21.50 20.22 12.62

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.69 7.97 6.77 8.43 6.46

Level 2 .............................................................. 8.12 7.98 8.76 8.79 7.03

Level 3 .............................................................. 9.87 9.55 11.97 10.04 8.60

Level 4 .............................................................. 11.60 11.30 12.82 11.77 9.73

Level 5 .............................................................. 13.79 13.07 16.77 14.02 12.26

Level 6 .............................................................. 14.71 14.96 13.73 14.82 13.57

Level 7 .............................................................. 18.51 17.81 20.64 18.59 16.11

Level 8 .............................................................. 20.65 19.71 22.49 20.64 20.70

Level 9 .............................................................. 23.82 22.01 26.81 24.12 19.03

Level 10 ............................................................ 28.30 28.38 27.75 28.56 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 30.76 30.51 32.66 31.01 25.67

Level 12 ............................................................ 38.16 38.46 36.67 38.16 –

Level 13 ............................................................ 49.25 50.27 43.96 48.94 –

Level 14 ............................................................ 70.56 72.30 – 70.56 –

Not able to be leveled ....................................... 21.78 21.71 22.45 22.10 11.85

Professional specialty and technical occupations ............ 22.24 21.00 25.28 22.73 17.38

Professional specialty occupations ............................... 23.91 22.72 26.21 24.50 18.28

Level 5 .............................................................. 14.81 10.75 17.48 15.60 13.01

Level 6 .............................................................. 14.83 14.59 15.69 15.24 12.94

Level 7 .............................................................. 20.80 18.71 26.78 20.91 17.85

Level 8 .............................................................. 21.56 19.71 24.75 21.60 21.30

Level 9 .............................................................. 25.07 22.16 28.05 25.62 18.99

Level 10 ............................................................ 23.09 23.34 22.07 23.09 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 29.69 29.75 29.07 30.08 25.67

Level 12 ............................................................ 35.11 34.89 – 35.11 –

Level 13 ............................................................ 47.20 47.85 – 46.63 –

Not able to be leveled ....................................... 20.42 19.76 – 20.47 –

Engineers, architects, and surveyors ....................... 27.26 27.26 – 27.26 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 26.02 25.97 – 26.02 –

Level 10 ............................................................ 23.23 23.60 – 23.23 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 31.04 31.04 – 31.04 –

Level 13 ............................................................ 43.19 43.19 – 43.19 –

Mathematical and computer scientists ..................... 27.47 27.75 – 27.47 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 24.27 24.28 – 24.27 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 30.85 30.85 – 30.86 –

Level 12 ............................................................ 33.56 33.56 – 33.56 –

Natural scientists ...................................................... 28.73 – – 28.73 –

Health related occupations ....................................... 21.17 21.26 19.88 21.21 20.99

Level 7 .............................................................. 19.49 19.49 – 19.27 22.52

Level 8 .............................................................. 19.64 19.55 – 19.50 20.18

Level 9 .............................................................. 20.50 20.59 19.37 20.96 18.75

Level 11 ............................................................ 24.73 24.73 – – –

Not able to be leveled ....................................... 18.97 18.97 – 18.97 –

Teachers, college and university .............................. 34.84 33.44 – 35.62 –

See footnotes at end of table.

19
Table B-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and levels2, all industries, private industry,

State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 —

Continued

Occupational group3 and level

All workers 4 All industries

All industriesPrivate

industry

State and

local

government

Full-time

workers

Part-time

workers

White-collar occupations (-Continued)

Teachers, college and university (-Continued)

Level 12 ............................................................ $35.29 $34.72 – $35.29 –

Level 13 ............................................................ 42.26 – – 42.26 –

Teachers, except college and university .................. 26.07 14.86 $28.66 27.96 $15.35

Level 5 .............................................................. 17.23 – 22.33 – 12.52

Level 6 .............................................................. 11.68 10.22 – – 13.31

Level 7 .............................................................. 28.28 17.36 33.67 29.38 –

Level 8 .............................................................. 26.84 – 27.86 26.56 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 28.39 – 29.74 29.19 19.03

Librarians, archivists, and curators ........................... 21.11 18.01 24.51 21.36 19.53

Level 9 .............................................................. 23.87 – – 23.36 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 21.58 – 21.58 21.58 –

Social scientists and urban planners ........................ 27.04 – – 27.04 –

Social, religious, and recreation workers .................. 15.88 14.36 16.61 15.99 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 14.33 ––––

Level 7 .............................................................. 16.44 14.03 – 16.44 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 17.01 16.20 – 17.01 –

Lawyers and judges .................................................. –––––

Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and

professionals, N.E.C. .......................................... 17.38 17.34 – 17.44 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 12.88 12.88 – – –

Level 7 .............................................................. 18.16 18.22 – 18.16 –

Not able to be leveled ....................................... 16.59 16.40 – 16.40 –

Technical occupations .................................................. 16.67 16.72 16.25 16.91 13.86

Level 4 .............................................................. 12.07 12.07 – 12.11 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 13.77 13.78 – 13.84 12.89

Level 6 .............................................................. 14.29 14.76 – 14.35 14.01

Level 7 .............................................................. 18.29 18.63 16.78 18.46 15.29

Level 8 .............................................................. 20.03 20.64 18.35 20.21 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 19.52 – – 19.54 –

Not able to be leveled ....................................... 15.79 – – 15.79 –

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ... 27.54 28.69 22.91 27.80 14.43

Level 5 .............................................................. 14.69 15.76 – 15.81 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 16.02 16.91 – 16.02 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 17.04 17.28 16.48 17.16 –

Level 8 .............................................................. 19.04 18.82 19.47 19.04 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 21.59 22.07 19.35 21.62 –

Level 10 ............................................................ 27.22 26.29 – 27.22 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 31.92 31.39 – 31.92 –

Level 12 ............................................................ 39.60 40.22 36.73 39.60 –

Level 13 ............................................................ 52.28 53.59 – 52.28 –

Level 14 ............................................................ 72.42 73.72 – 72.42 –

Not able to be leveled ....................................... 36.91 37.58 – 36.91 –

Executives, administrators, and managers ............... 31.41 32.98 25.12 31.71 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 16.09 – – 16.13 –

Level 8 .............................................................. 17.81 18.05 – 17.81 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 21.65 22.21 19.19 21.69 –

Level 10 ............................................................ 27.22 25.91 – 27.22 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 32.40 31.90 – 32.40 –

Level 12 ............................................................ 39.69 40.38 36.73 39.69 –

Level 13 ............................................................ 52.28 53.59 – 52.28 –

Level 14 ............................................................ 72.42 73.72 – 72.42 –

Not able to be leveled ....................................... 36.80 37.70 – 36.80 –

Management related occupations ............................ 20.07 20.43 18.58 20.17 16.44

Level 5 .............................................................. 15.61 15.56 – 15.61 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 16.67 16.75 – 16.67 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 17.29 17.33 17.16 17.44 –

Level 8 .............................................................. 19.98 19.57 – 19.98 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 21.46 21.74 – 21.44 –

Level 10 ............................................................ 27.22 27.26 – 27.22 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 27.32 27.32 – 27.32 –

Sales occupations ............................................................ 14.06 14.04 – 17.18 6.64

Level 1 .............................................................. 6.22 6.22 – – 6.14

See footnotes at end of table.

20
Table B-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and levels2, all industries, private industry,

State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 —

Continued

Occupational group3 and level

All workers 4 All industries

All industriesPrivate

industry

State and

local

government

Full-time

workers

Part-time

workers

White-collar occupations (-Continued)

Sales occupations (-Continued)

Level 3 .............................................................. $7.10 $6.79 – $7.65 $6.51

Level 4 .............................................................. 9.63 9.63 – 10.33 6.49

Level 5 .............................................................. 14.73 14.73 – 15.04 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 22.35 22.49 – 22.35 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 23.60 23.60 – 23.60 –

Level 8 .............................................................. 21.52 21.76 – 21.50 –

Administrative support occupations, including clerical ..... 11.56 11.34 $12.65 12.05 8.03

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.69 7.97 6.77 8.43 6.46

Level 2 .............................................................. 8.12 7.98 8.77 8.80 7.03

Level 3 .............................................................. 9.85 9.52 11.97 10.01 8.56

Level 4 .............................................................. 11.55 11.19 12.82 11.72 9.56

Level 5 .............................................................. 13.20 13.03 16.60 13.36 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 14.15 14.18 14.06 14.17 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 16.35 16.18 16.92 16.35 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 22.66 23.20 – 22.66 –

Not able to be leveled ....................................... 11.41 10.71 – 11.72 9.72

Blue-collar occupations ......................................................... 13.26 13.11 15.02 13.69 7.65

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.89 7.80 – 8.29 6.98

Level 2 .............................................................. 9.83 9.49 14.60 10.05 7.63

Level 3 .............................................................. 12.25 12.20 13.01 12.34 10.09

Level 4 .............................................................. 14.07 14.07 14.02 14.13 9.68

Level 5 .............................................................. 14.33 14.13 15.64 14.36 12.38

Level 6 .............................................................. 15.50 15.44 16.17 15.52 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 18.37 18.65 16.55 18.37 –

Level 8 .............................................................. 20.75 20.75 – 20.75 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 26.28 26.33 – 26.28 –

Not able to be leveled ....................................... 11.34 11.34 – – –

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations .......... 16.80 17.02 15.40 16.81 13.69

Level 2 .............................................................. 10.14 10.14 – – –

Level 3 .............................................................. 10.24 9.86 – 10.25 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 12.71 12.80 – 12.71 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 14.09 14.09 14.08 14.06 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 15.61 15.51 16.17 15.64 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 18.73 19.13 16.15 18.73 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 26.77 26.83 – 26.77 –

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............. 12.27 12.25 – 12.39 6.61

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.66 7.66 – 7.78 –

Level 2 .............................................................. 8.85 8.85 – 9.02 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 12.44 12.44 – 12.50 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 13.79 13.79 – 13.79 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 13.61 13.61 – 13.61 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 15.48 15.48 – 15.48 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 16.62 16.64 – 16.62 –

Transportation and material moving occupations ............. 15.09 15.02 15.27 15.28 11.47

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.66 7.32 – 7.66 –

Level 2 .............................................................. 13.06 9.07 14.60 13.22 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 14.15 14.28 – 14.34 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 15.71 15.86 – 15.96 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 16.78 16.49 17.30 16.96 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 18.53 – – 18.53 –

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ..... 9.69 9.58 12.30 10.55 7.28

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.98 7.88 – 8.68 7.03

Level 2 .............................................................. 10.39 10.39 – 10.81 8.02

Level 3 .............................................................. 11.46 11.34 – 11.77 8.16

Level 4 .............................................................. 11.90 11.74 – 11.97 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 13.62 13.59 – 13.88 –

Service occupations ........................................................... 9.53 7.78 13.61 10.71 6.56

Level 1 .............................................................. 6.50 6.13 8.74 7.43 5.79

Level 2 .............................................................. 7.50 6.88 10.31 8.40 6.19

Level 3 .............................................................. 7.96 7.61 10.00 8.21 7.10

See footnotes at end of table.

21
Table B-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and levels2, all industries, private industry,

State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 —

Continued

Occupational group3 and level

All workers 4 All industries

All industriesPrivate

industry

State and

local

government

Full-time

workers

Part-time

workers

Service occupations (-Continued)

Level 4 .............................................................. $10.64 $10.26 $11.29 $10.77 $9.68

Level 5 .............................................................. 12.55 11.69 13.40 12.54 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 15.26 13.81 – 15.27 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 17.47 – 17.74 17.66 –

Level 8 .............................................................. 18.73 17.16 19.20 18.75 –

Protective service occupations ............................... 14.04 8.43 16.03 14.27 10.97

Level 2 .............................................................. 7.04 6.75 – – –

Level 4 .............................................................. 10.21 – – 10.23 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 12.25 ––––

Level 6 .............................................................. 16.02 – – 16.02 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 17.68 – 17.67 17.90 –

Food service occupations ........................................ 6.67 6.35 9.69 7.99 5.49

Level 1 .............................................................. 5.98 5.70 9.34 7.33 5.53

Level 2 .............................................................. 4.82 4.35 – 5.55 4.43

Level 3 .............................................................. 5.76 5.76 – 5.84 5.63

Level 4 .............................................................. 9.00 8.72 – 9.05 8.87

Level 5 .............................................................. 11.07 10.79 – – –

Health service occupations ..................................... 8.85 8.51 11.30 8.95 8.13

Level 1 .............................................................. 6.28 6.28 – – –

Level 2 .............................................................. 7.89 7.89 – 8.05 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 8.39 8.46 – 8.49 7.74

Level 4 .............................................................. 8.92 8.73 – 8.56 –

Cleaning and building service occupations ............ 9.15 8.60 10.40 9.74 7.64

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.09 6.65 – 7.52 5.97

Level 2 .............................................................. 10.27 10.20 10.38 11.26 8.77

Level 3 .............................................................. 9.07 8.50 9.68 9.48 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 10.35 – – 10.34 –

Personal service occupations ................................. 11.41 9.98 13.76 13.13 6.99

Level 1 .............................................................. 6.85 6.44 – – 6.52

Level 2 .............................................................. 5.30 5.25 – – 3.42

Level 3 .............................................................. 8.74 8.34 – – 8.54

Level 4 .............................................................. 14.57 14.66 – 15.04 –

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to

employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,

and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations,

holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed

by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of

workers, weighted by hours. 2 Each occupation for which wage data are collected in an

establishment is evaluated based on 10 factors, including knowledge,

complexity, work environment, etc. Points are assigned based on the

occupation’s ranking within each factor. The points are summed to

determine the overall level of the occupation. See technical note for

more information. 3 A classification system including about 480 individual

occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.

Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major

occupational groups. 4 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees

are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule

based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a

worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a

full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in

another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time

schedule.

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did

not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and

occupational levels may include data for categories not shown

separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." 

22
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private

industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February

1998

Occupation3 and level

All workers4 All industries

All industriesPrivate

industry

State and

local

government

Full-time

workers

Part-time

workers

White-collar occupations:

Professional specialty and technical occupations:

Professional specialty occupations:

Electrical and electronic engineers ....................... $29.49 $29.49 – $29.49 –

Industrial engineers .............................................. 24.65 24.65 – 24.65 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 25.22 25.22 – 25.22 –

Mechanical engineers ........................................... 24.09 24.09 – 24.09 –

Engineers, N.E.C. ................................................. 27.70 27.70 – 27.70 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 28.02 28.02 – 28.02 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 32.68 32.68 – 32.68 –

Computer systems analysts and scientists ........... 27.74 28.07 – 27.74 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 23.89 23.85 – 23.89 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 30.91 30.91 – 30.92 –

Level 12 ............................................................ 33.56 33.56 – 33.56 –

Physicians ............................................................ 36.42 36.42 – 35.09 –

Registered nurses ................................................ 19.83 19.83 $19.94 19.68 $20.46

Level 7 .............................................................. 19.54 19.54 – 19.32 22.52

Level 8 .............................................................. 19.48 19.81 – 19.27 20.34

Level 9 .............................................................. 19.75 19.37 25.17 19.79 19.62

Level 11 ............................................................ 23.83 23.83 – – –

Dietitians ............................................................... 15.25 15.25 – – –

Respiratory therapists ........................................... 17.03 17.03 – – –

Physical therapists ................................................ 26.64 26.64 – – –

Prekindergarten and kindergarten ........................ 15.15 – – 16.43 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 27.94 – – 28.00 –

Elementary school teachers ................................. 29.42 – 32.22 29.91 15.80

Level 9 .............................................................. 28.75 – 32.31 29.17 –

Secondary school teachers .................................. 30.23 20.57 33.02 30.00 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 30.61 20.40 – 30.61 –

Teachers, special education ................................. 25.72 – 25.72 27.21 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 25.55 – 25.55 27.16 –

Teachers, N.E.C. .................................................. 26.65 18.99 27.90 28.96 18.62

Level 9 .............................................................. 27.82 – 27.81 – –

Substitute teachers ............................................... 10.45 – – – 10.45

Vocational and educational counselors ................ 21.08 – 21.37 25.83 –

Librarians .............................................................. 21.16 18.01 24.65 21.36 19.77

Level 9 .............................................................. 23.87 – – 23.36 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 21.58 – 21.58 21.58 –

Social workers ...................................................... 15.87 14.36 16.61 15.96 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 14.41 ––––

Level 7 .............................................................. 16.44 14.03 – 16.44 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 17.01 16.20 – 17.01 –

Designers ............................................................. 18.96 18.96 – 18.96 –

Editors and reporters ............................................ 21.51 21.51 – 21.51 –

Technical occupations:

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians – – – – 16.62

Radiological technicians ....................................... 16.58 16.58 – – 13.94

Licensed practical nurses ..................................... 13.58 13.32 – 13.59 13.56

Level 5 .............................................................. 12.89 12.89 – 12.83 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 13.51 13.51 – 13.44 13.72

Level 7 .............................................................. 14.35 ––––

Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. ....... 14.92 15.73 – 15.40 13.21

Level 4 .............................................................. 12.76 12.76 – – –

Level 6 .............................................................. 12.45 14.52 – – –

Electrical and electronic technicians ..................... 17.94 18.31 – 17.93 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 19.97 20.29 – 19.97 –

Engineering technicians, N.E.C. ........................... 12.77 12.71 – 12.77 –

Drafters ................................................................. 14.23 14.23 – 14.23 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 14.40 14.40 – 14.40 –

Computer programmers ....................................... 19.12 19.09 – 19.51 –

Technical and related occupations, N.E.C. .......... 16.58 16.06 17.54 16.61 12.86

Level 8 .............................................................. 20.52 – 18.34 20.53 –

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations:

Administrators and officials, public administration 23.90 – 23.90 26.72 –

Financial managers .............................................. 31.64 31.65 – 31.90 –

See footnotes at end of table.

23
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private

industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February

1998 — Continued

Occupation3 and level

All workers4 All industries

All industriesPrivate

industry

State and

local

government

Full-time

workers

Part-time

workers

White-collar occupations: (-Continued)

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations: 

(-Continued)

Financial managers (-Continued)

Level 9 .............................................................. $20.54 $20.54 – $20.73 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 31.00 31.00 – 31.00 –

Level 12 ............................................................ 44.84 45.11 – 44.84 –

Managers., marketing, advertising and public

relations .......................................................... 35.13 35.90 – 35.13 –

Level 12 ............................................................ 41.14 41.14 – 41.14 –

Administrators, education and related fields ......... 35.00 25.23 $38.24 35.00 –

Level 12 ............................................................ 37.30 – 37.66 37.30 –

Managers, medicine and health ........................... 30.68 30.68 – 30.68 –

Managers, service organizations, N.E.C. ............. 16.47 27.59 – 16.47 –

Managers and administrators, N.E.C. .................. 32.90 33.78 22.42 32.91 –

Level 8 .............................................................. 19.20 19.94 – 19.20 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 22.95 23.45 – 22.95 –

Level 10 ............................................................ 28.04 28.04 – 28.04 –

Level 11 ............................................................ 32.18 32.18 – 32.18 –

Level 12 ............................................................ 37.61 37.61 – 37.61 –

Level 13 ............................................................ 53.28 54.67 – 53.28 –

Level 14 ............................................................ 77.14 79.30 – 77.14 –

Not able to be leveled ....................................... 38.71 40.26 – 38.71 –

Accountants and auditors ..................................... 21.35 21.50 – 21.35 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 24.67 – – 24.67 –

Other financial officers .......................................... 22.77 23.36 – 22.77 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 22.36 22.36 – 22.36 –

Personnel, training, and labor relations

specialists ....................................................... 17.86 17.43 18.91 18.15 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 16.83 16.05 – 17.29 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 21.54 21.54 – 21.62 –

Purchasing agents and buyers, N.E.C. ................ 20.69 20.69 – 20.69 –

Management related occupations, N.E.C. ............ 18.58 18.44 – 18.51 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 15.57 15.57 – 15.57 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 19.07 ––––

Sales occupations:

Supervisors, sales occupations ............................ 16.99 17.01 – 17.63 –

Level 8 .............................................................. 20.07 20.71 – 20.07 –

Advertising and related sales occupations ........... 13.72 13.73 – – –

Sales occupations, other business services ......... 19.22 19.22 – 19.22 –

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing,

and wholesale ................................................. 31.19 31.19 – 31.19 –

Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats ............. 15.80 15.80 – 15.80 –

Sales workers, other commodities ........................ 9.80 9.80 – – $6.42

Level 3 .............................................................. 6.90 6.90 – – –

Cashiers ............................................................... 7.94 7.81 – 11.29 6.46

Level 1 .............................................................. 6.38 6.38 – – 6.26

Level 3 .............................................................. 7.06 6.63 – 7.32 6.72

Administrative support occupations, including clerical:

Supervisors, general office ................................... 16.05 15.25 – 16.05 –

Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and

adjusting clerks ............................................... 16.89 16.89 – 17.08 –

Computer operators .............................................. 13.47 – – 13.47 –

Secretaries ........................................................... 13.00 13.04 12.88 13.14 10.11

Level 2 .............................................................. 8.23 ––––

Level 3 .............................................................. 10.84 10.02 – 10.89 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 11.56 11.31 12.09 11.67 10.31

Level 5 .............................................................. 13.62 13.63 – 13.67 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 14.03 14.14 – 14.03 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 16.58 16.64 16.38 16.58 –

Receptionists ........................................................ 9.83 9.63 – 9.92 9.03

Level 2 .............................................................. 9.03 9.03 – 9.09 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 9.96 9.68 – 10.15 –

Information clerks, N.E.C. ..................................... 10.10 10.10 – – –

Level 3 .............................................................. 8.34 8.34 – – –

See footnotes at end of table.

24
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private

industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February

1998 — Continued

Occupation3 and level

All workers4 All industries

All industriesPrivate

industry

State and

local

government

Full-time

workers

Part-time

workers

White-collar occupations: (-Continued)

Administrative support occupations, including clerical: 

(-Continued)

Order clerks .......................................................... $11.60 $11.60 – $11.60 –

Personnel clerks except payroll & timekeeping .... 14.09 13.35 – 14.36 –

Library clerks ........................................................ 9.05 8.95 $9.07 10.95 $7.41

Level 1 .............................................................. 5.99 – 6.03 – 5.99

Level 2 .............................................................. 9.55 ––––

Level 4 .............................................................. 10.42 – 10.54 – 8.34

Records clerks, N.E.C. ......................................... 10.55 10.63 – 10.59 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 11.67 11.67 – 11.67 –

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ...... 11.17 10.94 12.86 11.26 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 9.91 9.60 – 9.99 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 10.71 10.71 – 10.71 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 12.54 – – 12.54 –

Payroll and timekeeping clerks ............................. 13.40 12.33 – 13.55 –

Billing clerks .......................................................... 10.07 10.07 – 10.33 –

Telephone operators ............................................ 9.20 9.20 – – 8.51

Level 2 .............................................................. 9.19 9.19 – – –

Mail clerks except postal service .......................... 7.71 7.71 – 7.74 –

Level 2 .............................................................. 7.72 7.72 – 7.72 –

Dispatchers ........................................................... 9.44 – – 10.08 –

Production coordinators ........................................ 16.69 16.69 – 16.69 –

Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ................... 12.03 12.03 – 12.09 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 11.38 11.38 – 11.52 –

Stock and inventory clerks .................................... – – – 11.31 –

Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators .. 12.64 12.64 – 12.64 –

Investigators and adjusters except insurance ...... 12.08 12.06 – 12.80 9.44

Level 3 .............................................................. 9.48 ––––

Level 4 .............................................................. 10.22 10.22 – – –

Bill and account collectors .................................... 11.23 11.23 – 11.23 –

General office clerks ............................................. 10.89 10.10 12.98 11.06 8.20

Level 2 .............................................................. 7.94 8.15 – 8.03 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 9.12 9.10 – 9.10 9.27

Level 4 .............................................................. 11.84 12.07 – 11.84 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 14.14 11.93 – 14.14 –

Bank tellers ........................................................... 8.76 8.76 – 8.94 –

Data entry keyers ................................................. 9.87 9.11 – 9.93 8.14

Level 2 .............................................................. 9.08 9.08 – – –

Teachers’ aides .................................................... 11.85 – 11.88 – 8.84

Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. ......... 12.29 12.61 9.43 12.80 9.48

Level 2 .............................................................. 9.41 9.83 – – 9.19

Level 3 .............................................................. 10.89 10.63 – 10.93 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 13.01 13.01 – 13.20 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 12.67 12.67 – 13.62 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 12.21 ––––

Level 7 .............................................................. 15.25 15.25 – 15.25 –

Not able to be leveled ....................................... 10.56 ––––

Professional occupations, N.E.C. ......................... 15.41 15.40 – 15.22 –

Not able to be leveled ....................................... 15.34 15.34 – – –

Blue-collar occupations:

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations:

Automobile mechanics ......................................... 15.84 15.82 – 15.84 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 16.04 – – 16.04 –

Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics ....... 16.88 17.73 – 16.88 –

Industrial machinery repairers .............................. 17.35 17.36 – 17.35 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 14.05 14.05 – 14.05 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 20.77 20.82 – 20.77 –

Machinery maintenance occupations ................... 11.21 11.05 – 11.23 –

Millwrights ............................................................. 21.63 21.63 – 21.63 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 21.63 21.63 – 21.63 –

Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. .......................... 16.33 16.13 16.91 16.50 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 12.21 12.67 – 12.68 –

Level 6 .............................................................. 17.28 17.97 – 17.28 –

See footnotes at end of table.

25
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private

industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February

1998 — Continued

Occupation3 and level

All workers4 All industries

All industriesPrivate

industry

State and

local

government

Full-time

workers

Part-time

workers

Blue-collar occupations: (-Continued)

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations: 

(-Continued)

Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. (-Continued)

Level 7 .............................................................. $18.97 $18.54 – $18.97 –

Supervisors, construction trades, N.E.C. .............. 24.41 – – 24.41 –

Carpenters ............................................................ 18.98 18.98 – 18.98 –

Electricians ........................................................... 20.42 21.23 – 20.42 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 20.45 21.26 – 20.45 –

Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters .................. 17.90 20.26 – 17.90 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 18.76 22.18 – 18.76 –

Construction trades, N.E.C. .................................. 14.61 – – 14.76 –

Supervisors, production occupations .................... 17.99 17.99 – 17.99 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 16.74 16.74 – 16.74 –

Level 9 .............................................................. 23.61 23.61 – 23.61 –

Tool and die makers ............................................. 19.03 19.03 – 19.03 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 19.03 19.03 – 19.03 –

Precision assemblers, metal ................................. 12.26 12.26 – 12.26 –

Machinists ............................................................. 14.89 14.89 – 14.89 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 15.56 15.56 – 15.56 –

Miscellaneous precision workers, N.E.C. ............. 15.53 15.53 – 15.53 –

Inspectors, testers, and graders ........................... 16.09 15.81 – 16.09 –

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors:

Lathe and turning machine operators ................... 14.59 14.59 – 14.59 –

Punching and stamping press operators .............. 11.66 11.66 – 11.66 –

Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing

machine operators .......................................... 12.76 12.76 – 12.76 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 13.63 13.63 – 13.63 –

Fabricating machine operators, N.E.C. ................ 14.01 14.01 – 14.01 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 12.90 12.90 – 12.90 –

Molding and casting machine operators ............... 10.41 10.41 – 10.51 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 10.72 10.72 – 10.72 –

Printing press operators ....................................... 14.51 14.51 – 14.51 –

Textile sewing machine operators ........................ 8.76 8.76 – 8.78 –

Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators 7.63 7.63 – – –

Packaging and filling machine operators .............. 10.45 10.45 – 10.45 –

Extruding and forming machine operators ............ 10.88 10.88 – 10.88 –

Mixing and blending machine operators ............... 15.26 15.26 – 15.26 –

Painting and paint spraying machine operators ... 13.16 13.16 – 13.16 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 12.47 12.47 – 12.47 –

Slicing and cutting machine operators .................. 11.01 11.01 – 11.01 –

Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. ........... 12.22 12.14 – 12.26 –

Level 2 .............................................................. 8.54 8.54 – 8.54 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 12.95 12.95 – 12.95 –

Welders and cutters .............................................. 15.92 15.92 – 15.92 –

Assemblers ........................................................... 11.72 11.72 – 12.19 $6.35

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.23 7.23 – 7.40 –

Level 2 .............................................................. 9.42 9.42 – 10.77 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 15.31 15.31 – 15.46 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 10.86 10.86 – 10.86 –

Miscellaneous hand working occupations, N.E.C. 12.37 12.37 – 12.37 –

Production inspectors, checkers and examiners .. 12.31 12.31 – 12.31 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 11.34 11.34 – 11.34 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 14.45 14.45 – 14.45 –

Production testers ................................................. 11.03 11.03 – 11.03 –

Transportation and material moving occupations:

Truck drivers ......................................................... 15.96 16.01 – 16.19 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 14.06 – – 14.06 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 16.79 16.90 – 17.10 –

Level 5 .............................................................. 16.11 16.27 – 16.40 –

Bus drivers ............................................................ 14.55 – $14.60 15.21 12.63

Level 2 .............................................................. 14.60 – 14.60 – –

Crane and tower operators ................................... 18.58 18.58 – 18.58 –

Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators .. 12.57 12.57 – 12.61 –

See footnotes at end of table.

26
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private

industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February

1998 — Continued

Occupation3 and level

All workers4 All industries

All industriesPrivate

industry

State and

local

government

Full-time

workers

Part-time

workers

Blue-collar occupations: (-Continued)

Transportation and material moving occupations: 

(-Continued)

Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators 

(-Continued)

Level 3 .............................................................. $14.44 $14.44 – $14.80 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 12.65 12.65 – 12.65 –

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:

Groundskeepers and gardeners except farm ....... 9.33 9.05 – 9.67 –

Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, and

laborers, N.E.C. .............................................. 13.50 13.50 – 13.94 –

Construction laborers ........................................... 16.11 – – 16.11 –

Production helpers ................................................ 8.67 8.67 – 8.95 –

Stock handlers and baggers ................................. 8.55 8.52 – 10.77 $6.30

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.16 7.16 – 9.48 6.05

Level 2 .............................................................. 11.47 11.47 – 11.85 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 10.91 11.05 – 11.63 –

Machine feeders and offbearers ........................... 8.18 8.18 – 8.34 –

Level 1 .............................................................. 6.66 6.66 – 6.81 –

Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. ....... 10.11 10.11 – 10.27 9.76

Level 1 .............................................................. 8.81 8.81 – – –

Level 2 .............................................................. 10.17 10.17 – 10.67 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 11.27 11.27 – 11.27 –

Hand packers and packagers ............................... 9.37 9.37 – 9.65 –

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.80 7.80 – – –

Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ................... 9.73 9.28 – 10.16 6.65

Level 1 .............................................................. 8.00 6.93 – 8.04 –

Level 2 .............................................................. 11.04 11.04 – – –

Service occupations:

Protective service occupations:

Firefighting occupations ........................................ 15.41 – $15.41 15.47 –

Police and detectives, public service .................... 18.21 – 18.21 18.44 –

Level 7 .............................................................. 18.21 – 18.21 – –

Guards and police except public service .............. 8.85 8.46 – 8.56 10.32

Food service occupations:

Supervisors, food preparation and service

occupations .................................................... 11.89 12.07 – 12.34 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 9.59 ––––

Bartenders ............................................................ 4.49 4.49 – – –

Waiters and waitresses ........................................ 3.01 3.01 – 3.27 2.78

Level 1 .............................................................. 3.73 3.73 – – 3.65

Level 2 .............................................................. 2.33 2.33 – – 2.13

Level 3 .............................................................. 2.94 2.94 – – –

Cooks ................................................................... 8.39 8.00 – 8.59 8.12

Level 3 .............................................................. 7.56 7.56 – 8.18 –

Food counter, fountain, and related occupations 5.99 ––––

Kitchen workers, food preparation ........................ 6.61 6.59 – – 6.27

Level 1 .............................................................. 6.08 6.08 – – 5.95

Level 3 .............................................................. 7.41 7.41 – – 7.39

Waiters’/Waitresses’ assistants ............................ 3.02 3.02 – – 3.12

Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. ................. 7.38 6.84 9.73 8.01 6.84

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.43 6.94 – 8.30 6.54

Level 2 .............................................................. 7.27 6.60 – 7.63 6.99

Health service occupations:

Health aides, except nursing ................................ 9.89 8.97 12.64 10.06 8.82

Level 3 .............................................................. 8.54 8.55 – 8.58 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 10.49 10.16 – 9.81 –

Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ............... 8.23 8.28 – 8.30 7.72

Level 2 .............................................................. 8.18 8.18 – 8.34 –

Level 3 .............................................................. 8.35 8.43 – 8.46 7.72

Level 4 .............................................................. 7.87 7.87 – – –

Cleaning and building service occupations:

Supervisors, cleaning & building service workers 11.88 11.00 – 11.88 –

See footnotes at end of table.

27
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private

industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February

1998 — Continued

Occupation3 and level

All workers4 All industries

All industriesPrivate

industry

State and

local

government

Full-time

workers

Part-time

workers

Service occupations: (-Continued)

Cleaning and building service occupations: 

(-Continued)

Maids and housemen ........................................... $7.15 $7.15 – $7.13 –

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.44 7.44 – 7.48 –

Janitors and cleaners ........................................... 9.17 8.63 $10.16 9.92 $7.65

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.04 6.51 – 7.52 5.81

Level 2 .............................................................. 10.67 10.90 10.38 12.17 8.77

Level 3 .............................................................. 9.56 9.37 9.68 10.19 –

Level 4 .............................................................. 12.25 ––––

Personal service occupations:

Early childhood teachers’ assistants .................... 7.80 7.09 – – –

Service occupations, N.E.C.. ................................ 9.70 7.73 – 11.49 6.16

Level 1 .............................................................. 7.42 ––––

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to

employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,

and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations,

holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed

by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of

workers, weighted by hours. 2 Each occupation for which wage data are collected in an

establishment is evaluated based on 10 factors, including knowledge,

complexity, work environment, etc. Points are assigned based on the

occupation’s ranking within each factor. The points are summed to

determine the overall level of the occupation. See technical note for

more information. 3 A classification system including about 480 individual

occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.

Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major

occupational groups. 4 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees

are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule

based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a

worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a

full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in

another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time

schedule.

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did

not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and

occupational levels may include data for categories not shown

separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." 

28
Table C-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and selected characteristics, all industries,

Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998

Occupational group2 Full-time

workers3

Part-time

workers3 Union4 Nonunion4 Time5 Incentive5

All occupations ....................................................................... $16.76 $8.83 $16.83 $15.42 $15.61 $19.63

All occupations excluding sales ............................................ 16.74 9.20 17.00 15.48 15.80 19.58

White-collar occupations ................................................... 19.96 10.84 20.50 18.68 18.76 22.21

White-collar excluding sales ............................................. 20.22 12.62 21.45 19.21 19.39 26.54

Professional specialty and technical occupations ............ 22.73 17.38 26.54 21.03 22.26 –

Professional specialty occupations ............................... 24.50 18.28 27.80 22.59 23.91 –

Technical occupations .................................................. 16.91 13.86 16.30 16.71 16.49 –

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ... 27.80 14.43 21.16 27.76 26.83 41.63

Sales occupations ............................................................ 17.18 6.64 9.84 14.59 11.28 19.69

Administrative support including clerical occupations ...... 12.05 8.03 12.21 11.45 11.56 –

Blue-collar occupations ..................................................... 13.69 7.65 15.82 11.26 13.19 14.80

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations .......... 16.81 13.69 17.97 15.63 16.71 19.22

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............. 12.39 6.61 15.68 10.42 12.23 12.78

Transportation and material moving occupations ............. 15.28 11.47 16.04 12.95 14.97 17.82

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ..... 10.55 7.28 12.31 8.07 9.62 –

Service occupations ........................................................... 10.71 6.56 13.45 7.60 9.52 –

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to

employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and

hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays,

nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay

of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. 2 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is

used to cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are

classified into one of nine major occupational groups. 3 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time

schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a

worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time

employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm,

where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule. 4 Union workers are those whose wages are determined through

collective bargaining. 5 Time workers’ wages are based solely on an hourly rate or salary;

incentive workers are those whose wages are at least partially based on

productivity payments such as piece rates, commissions, and production

bonuses.

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet

publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may

include data for categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not

elsewhere classified." 

29
Table C-2. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and industry division, private industry, all workers2, Cleveland-Akron,

OH, February 1998

Occupational group3 All private

industries

Goods-producing industries4 Service-producing industries5

Total Mining

ConstructionManufacturing

Total

Transportation

and

public

utilities

Wholesale

and

retail

trade

Finance,

insurance,

and

real

estate

Services

All occupations ........................................................................... $15.17 $17.00 – – $16.92 –––– $14.38

All occupations excluding sales ................................................ 15.26 16.84 – – 16.75 – – – – 14.34

White-collar occupations ....................................................... 18.31 22.49 – – 22.63 – – – – 17.22

White-collar excluding sales ................................................. 18.99 22.32 – – 22.45 – – – – 17.31

Professional specialty and technical occupations ................ 21.00 22.93 – – 22.99 – – – – 19.51

Professional specialty occupations ................................... 22.72 27.27 – – 27.27 – – – – 21.12

Technical occupations ...................................................... 16.72 15.96 – – 15.96 – – – – 14.63

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ....... 28.69 31.85 – – 32.05 – – – – 25.94

Sales occupations ................................................................ 14.04 25.95 – – 25.95 – – – – 15.43

Administrative support, including clerical occupations ......... 11.34 13.36 – – 13.47 – – – – 10.34

Blue-collar occupations ......................................................... 13.11 13.84 – – 13.56 – – – – 8.55

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations .............. 17.02 18.04 – – 17.52 – – – – 14.78

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .................. 12.25 12.49 – – 12.49 – – – – 6.73

Transportation and material moving occupations ................. 15.02 13.80 – – 13.66 – – – – 8.39

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ......... 9.58 11.39 – – 11.07 – – – – 6.72

Service occupations ............................................................... 7.78 13.03 – – 13.04 – – – – 7.96

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They

include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium

pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is

computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers,

weighted by hours. 2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees are classified as

working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each

establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be

considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in

another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.

3 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used to cover

all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of nine

major occupational groups. 4 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. 5 Service-producing industries include transportation and public utilities; wholesale

and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services.

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication

criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may include data for

categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." 

30
Table C-3. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and establishment employment size, private

industry, all workers2, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998

Occupational group3

All private

industry

workers

50 - 99

workers

100 workers or more

Total 100 - 499

workers

500

workers or

more

All occupations ....................................................................... $15.17 $13.24 $15.72 $13.89 $17.85

All occupations excluding sales ............................................ 15.26 12.90 15.87 13.99 17.95

White-collar occupations ................................................... 18.31 16.85 18.66 17.44 19.73

White-collar excluding sales ............................................. 18.99 17.33 19.31 18.43 19.97

Professional specialty and technical occupations ............ 21.00 16.97 21.45 19.49 22.49

Professional specialty occupations ............................... 22.72 16.78 23.41 22.60 23.75

Technical occupations .................................................. 16.72 17.51 16.65 14.63 18.41

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ... 28.69 32.37 27.87 28.37 27.34

Sales occupations ............................................................ 14.04 15.60 13.04 12.74 14.14

Administrative support, including clerical occupations ..... 11.34 10.36 11.61 11.08 12.10

Blue-collar occupations ..................................................... 13.11 11.86 13.49 11.86 16.05

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations .......... 17.02 14.95 17.89 16.01 19.89

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............. 12.25 9.88 12.81 11.28 16.07

Transportation and material moving occupations ............. 15.02 14.13 15.31 12.72 17.96

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ..... 9.58 9.63 9.57 9.26 10.04

Service occupations ........................................................... 7.78 6.25 8.43 7.57 10.07

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to

employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,

and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations,

holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed

by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of

workers, weighted by hours. 2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees

are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule

based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a

worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a

full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in

another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time

schedule. 3 A classification system including about 480 individual

occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.

Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major

occupational groups. 

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did

not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and

occupational levels may include data for categories not shown

separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." 

31
Table C-4. Number of workers1 represented by occupational group, Cleveland-Akron,

OH, February 1998

Occupational group2

All workers

All industries Private

industry

State and

local government

All occupations ....................................................................... 874,466 704,198 170,268

All occupations excluding sales ............................................ 818,631 648,718 169,913

White-collar occupations ................................................... 472,249 361,336 110,913

White-collar excluding sales ............................................. 416,414 305,855 110,558

Professional specialty and technical occupations ............ 194,554 126,614 67,940

Professional specialty occupations ............................... 154,464 90,982 63,482

Technical occupations .................................................. 40,090 35,632 4,458

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ... 76,500 60,910 15,589

Sales occupations ............................................................ 55,835 55,480 –

Administrative support including clerical occupations ...... 145,360 118,331 27,029

Blue-collar occupations ..................................................... 263,742 243,383 20,359

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations .......... 64,272 55,830 8,442

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............. 103,264 102,933 –

Transportation and material moving occupations ............. 32,451 23,021 9,430

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ..... 63,756 61,599 2,157

Service occupations ........................................................... 138,475 99,480 38,996

1 Both full-time and part-time workers were included in

the survey. Employees are classified as working either a

full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition

used by each establishment. Therefore, a worker with a

35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time

employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time

in another establishment, where a 40-hour week is the

minimum full-time schedule. 2 A classification system including about 480 individual

occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian

economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of

nine major occupational groups. 

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that

data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational

groups and occupational levels may include data for

categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not

elsewhere classified." 

32
33

Appendix A: Technical Note

This section provides basic information on the procedures and concepts used to produce the data contained in

this bulletin. It is divided into three parts: Planning for the

survey; data collection; and processing and analyzing the

data. While this section answers some questions commonly

asked by data users, it is not a comprehensive description

of all the steps required to produce the data.

Planning for the survey

The overall design of the survey, which was based on

the type of data to be produced, had to be developed before

data collection could begin.

Survey scope

This survey of the Cleveland-Akron, OH, Consolidated

Metropolitan Statistical Area covered establishments employing 50 workers or more in goods-producing industries

(mining, construction and manufacturing); serviceproducing industries (transportation, communications,

electric, gas, and sanitary services; wholesale trade; retail

trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services industries); and State and local governments. Agriculture,

private households, and the Federal Government were excluded from the scope of the survey. For purposes of this

survey an establishment was an economic unit which produces goods or services, a central administrative office, or

an auxiliary unit providing support services to a company.

For private industries in this survey, the establishment was

usually at a single physical location. For State and local

governments, an establishment was defined as all locations

of a government entity.

The Cleveland-Akron, OH, CMSA includes Ashtabula,

Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage, and

Summit Counties, OH.

Sampling frame

The list of establishments from which the survey sample

was selected (sampling frame) was developed from the

State unemployment insurance reports for the ClevelandAkron, OH, Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The reference month for the public sector is June 1994.

Due to the volatility of industries within the private sector,

sampling frames were developed using the most recent

month of reference available at the time the sample was

selected. The reference month for the private sector is June

1996. The sampling frame was reviewed prior to the survey and, when necessary, missing establishments were

added, out-of-business and out-of-scope establishments

were removed, and addresses, employment levels, industry

classification, and other information were updated.

Sample design

The sample for this survey area was selected using a

two stage stratified design with probability proportional to

employment sampling at each stage. The first stage of

sample selection was a probability sample of establishments. The sample of establishments was drawn by first

stratifying the sampling frame by industry and ownership.

The number of sample establishments allocated to each

stratum is approximately proportional to the stratum employment. Each sampled establishment is selected within a

stratum with a probability proportional to its employment.

Use of this technique means that the larger an establishment’s employment, the greater its chance of selection.

Weights were applied to each establishment when the data

were tabulated so that it represents similar units (by industry and employment size) in the economy which were not

selected for collection. See appendix table 1 for a count of

establishments in the survey by employment size. The second stage of sample selection, detailed below, was a probability sample of occupations within a sampled establishment.

Data collection

The collection of data from survey respondents required

detailed procedures. Collection was the responsibility of

the field economists, working out of the Regional Office,

who visited each establishment surveyed.

Occupational selection and classification

Identification of the occupations for which wage data

were to be collected was a multi-step process:

1. Probability-proportional-to-size selection of establishment jobs.

2. Classification of jobs into occupations based on the

Census of Population system.

3. Characterization of jobs as full-time v. part-time,

union v. nonunion, and time v. incentive.

4. Determination of the level of work of each job.

For each occupation, wage data were collected for those

workers who met all the criteria identified in the last three

steps. Special procedures were developed for jobs for
34

which a correct classification or level could not be determined.

In step one, the jobs to be sampled were selected at each

establishment by the BLS field economist during a personal

visit. A complete list of employees was used for sampling,

with each selected worker representing a job within the establishment.

As with the selection of establishments, the selection of

a job was based on probability proportional to its size in

the establishment. The greater the number of people

working in a job in the establishment, the greater its chance

of selection.

The number of jobs collected in each establishment was

based on an establishment’s employment size as shown in

the following schedule:

Number of employees Number of selected jobs

50-99 8

100-249 10

250-999 12

1000-2,499 16

2,500+ 20

The second step of the process entailed classifying the

selected jobs into occupations based on their duties. The

National Compensation Survey occupational classification

system is based on the 1990 Census of Population. A selected job may fall into any one of about 480 occupational

classifications, from accountant to wood lathe operator. In

cases where a job’s duties overlapped two or more census

classification codes, the duties used to set the wage level

were used to classify the job. Classification by primary

duties was the fallback.

Each occupational classification is an element of a

broader classification known as a major occupational group

(MOG). Occupations can fall into any of the following

MOG’s:

· Professional specialty and technical

· Executive, administrative, and managerial

· Sales

· Administrative support including clerical

· Precision production, craft, and repair

· Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors

· Transportation and material moving

· Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers

· Service occupations

A complete list of all individual occupations, classified

by the MOG to which they belong, is contained in appendix

B.

In step three, certain other job characteristics of the

chosen worker were identified. First, the worker was identified as holding either a full-time or part-time job, based

on the establishment’s definition of those terms. Then the

worker was classified as having a time versus incentive job,

depending on whether any part of pay was directly based

on the actual production of the worker, rather than solely

on hours worked. Finally, the worker was identified as

being in a union job or a nonunion job. See the “Definition

of Terms” section on the following page for more detail.

Generic leveling through point factor analysis

In the last step before wage data were collected, the

work level of each selected job was determined using a

“generic leveling” process. Generic leveling ranks and

compares all occupations randomly selected in an establishment using the same criteria. This is a major departure

from the method used in the past in the Bureau’s Occupational Compensation Surveys which studied specifically defined occupations with leveling definitions unique to each

occupation.

For this survey, the level of each occupation in an establishment was determined by an analysis of each of 10

leveling factors. Nine of these factors are drawn from the

U.S. Government Office of Personnel Management’s Factor Evaluation System, which is the underlying structure for

evaluation of General Schedule Federal employees. The

tenth factor, supervisory duties, attempts to account for the

effect of supervisory duties. It is considered experimental.

The 10 factors are:

· Knowledge

· Supervision received

· Guidelines

· Complexity

· Scope and effect

· Personal contacts

· Purpose of contacts

· Physical demands

· Work environment

· Supervisory duties

Each factor contains a number of levels and each level

has an associated written description and point value. The

number and range of points differ among the factors. For

each factor, an occupation was assigned a level based on

which written description best matched the job. Within

each occupation, the points for 9 factors (supervisory duties

was excluded) were recorded and totaled. The total determines the overall level of the occupation. Appendix table 3

presents average work levels for published occupational

groups and selected occupations. A description of the levels for each factor is shown in appendix C.

Tabulations of levels of work for occupations in the

survey follow the Federal Government’s white-collar General Schedule. Point ranges for each of the 15 levels are

shown in appendix D. It also includes an example of a leveled job and a guide to help data users evaluate jobs in their

firm.
35

Wage data collected in prior surveys using the new generic leveling method were evaluated by BLS researchers

using regression techniques. For each of the major occupational groups, wages were compared to the 10 generic

level factors (and levels within those factors). The analysis

showed that several of the generic level factors, most notably knowledge and supervision received, had strong explanatory power for wages. That is, as the levels within a

given factor increased, the wages also increased. Detailed

research continues in the area. The results of this research

will be published by BLS in the future.

Collection period

The survey was collected from October 1997 through

May 1998. The average payroll reference month was

February 1998. For each establishment in the survey, the

data reflect the establishment’s practices on the day of collection.

Earnings

Earnings were defined as regular payments from the

employer to the employee as compensation for straighttime hourly work, or for any salaried work performed. The

following components were included as part of earnings:

· Incentive pay, including commissions, production

bonuses, and piece rates

· Cost-of-living allowances

· Hazard pay

· Payments of income deferred due to participation

in a salary reduction plan

· Deadhead pay, defined as pay given to transportation workers returning in a vehicle without freight

or passengers

The following forms of payments were not considered

part of straight-time earnings:

· Shift differentials, defined as extra payment for

working a schedule that varies from the norm, such

as night or weekend work

· Premium pay for overtime, holidays, and weekends

· Bonuses not directly tied to production (e.g.,

Christmas bonuses, profit-sharing bonuses)

· Uniform and tool allowances

· Free room and board

· Payments made by third parties (e.g., tips, bonuses

given by manufacturers to department store salespeople, referral incentives in real estate)

· On-call pay

In order to calculate earnings for various time periods

(hourly, weekly, and annual), data on work schedules were

also collected. For hourly workers, scheduled hours

worked per day and per week, exclusive of overtime, were

recorded. Annual weeks worked were determined. Because

salaried workers, exempt from overtime provisions, often

work beyond the assigned work schedule, their typical

number of hours actually worked was collected.

Definition of terms

Full-time worker. Any employee that the employer considers to be full time.

Incentive worker. Any employee whose earnings are tied,

at least in part, to commissions, piece rates, production bonuses, or other incentives based on production or sales.

Level. A ranking of an occupation based on the requirements of the position. (See the description in the technical

note and the example for more details on the leveling process.)

Nonunion worker. An employee in an occupation not

meeting the conditions for union coverage (see below).

Part-time worker. Any employee that the employer considers to be part-time.

Straight-time. Time worked at the standard rate of pay for

the job.

Time-based worker. Any employee whose earnings are

tied to an hourly rate or salary, and not to a specific level of

production.

Union worker. Any employee is in a union occupation

when all of the following conditions are met:

· A labor organization is recognized as the bargaining

agent for all workers in the occupation.

· Wage and salary rates are determined through collective bargaining or negotiations.

· Settlement terms, which must include earnings provisions and may include benefit provisions, are embodied in a signed mutually binding collective bargaining

agreement.
36

 Processing and analyzing the data

Data were processed and analyzed at the Bureau’s National Office following collection.

Weighting and nonresponse

Sample weights were calculated for each establishment/occupation in the survey. These weights reflected the

relative size of the occupation within the establishment and

of the establishment within the sample universe. Weights

were used to aggregate the individual establishment/occupations into the various data series. Of the establishments surveyed, 28.2 percent (representing 236,896

employees) refused to supply information. If data were not

provided by a sample member, the weights of responding

sample members in the same or similar “cells” were adjusted to account for the missing data. This technique assumes that the mean value of the nonrespondents equals the

mean value of the respondents at some detailed “cell” level.

Responding and nonresponding establishments were classified into these cells according to industry and employment

size. Responding and nonresponding occupations within responding establishments were classified into cells which

were additionally defined by major occupation group and

job level.

Establishments which were determined to be out of

business or outside the scope of the survey (3.5 percent of

the total sample) had their weights changed to zero. If only

partial data were given by a sample establishment or occupation, or data were missing, the response was treated as a

refusal.

Estimation

The wage series in the tables are computed by combining the wages for individual establishment/occupations.

Before being combined, individual wage rates are weighted

by: number of workers; the sample weight adjusted for nonresponding establishments and other factors; and the occupation work schedule, varying depending on whether

hourly, weekly, or annual rates are being calculated.

Not all series that were calculated met the criteria for

publication. Before any series was published, it was reviewed to make sure that the number of observations underlying it was sufficient. This review prevented publishing a series that could have revealed information about a

specific establishment.

The number of workers estimates represent the total in

all establishments within the scope of the study and not the

number actually surveyed. Because occupational structures

among establishments differ, estimates of the number of

workers obtained from the sample of establishments serve

only to indicate the relative importance of the occupational

groups studied.

Data reliability

The data in this bulletin are estimates from a scientifically selected probability sample. There are two types of

errors possible in an estimate based on a sample survey,

sampling and nonsampling.

Sampling errors occur because observations come only

from a sample and not from an entire population. The

sample used for this survey is one of a number of possible

samples of the same size that could have been selected using the sample design. Estimates derived from the different

samples would differ from each other.

A measure of the variation among these differing estimates is called the standard error or sampling error. It indicates the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the average result of all

possible samples. The relative standard error (RSE) is the

standard error divided by the estimate. Appendix table 2

contains RSE data for selected series in this bulletin. RSE

data for all series in this bulletin are available on the Internet web site and by request to the BLS National Office.

The standard error can be used to calculate a “confidence interval” around a sample estimate. As an example,

suppose table A-1 shows that mean hourly earnings for all

workers was $12.79 per hour, and appendix table 2 shows a

relative standard error of 3.6 percent for this estimate. At

the 90-percent level, the confidence interval for this estimate is $13.55 to $12.03 ($12.79 plus and minus 1.645

times 3.6 percent times $12.79). If all possible samples

were selected to estimate the population value, the interval

from each sample would include the true population value

approximately 90 percent of the time.

Nonsampling errors also affect survey results. They

can stem from many sources, such as inability to obtain information for some establishments, difficulties with survey

definitions, inability of the respondents to provide correct

information, or mistakes in recording or coding the data

obtained. A Technical Reinterview Program done in all

survey areas will be used in the development of a formal

quality assessment process to help compute nonsampling

error. Although they were not specifically measured, the

nonsampling errors were expected to be minimal due to the

extensive training of the field economists who gathered the

survey data by personal visit, computer edits of the data,

and detailed data review.
Appendix table 1. Number of establishments studied by industry division and establishment employment size,

and number of establishments represented, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998

Industry

Number of

establishments represented

Number of establishments studied

Total studied 50 - 99

workers

100 workers or more

Total 100 - 499

workers

500 workers

or more

All industries ......................................................... 4,447 382 105 277 168 109

Private industry ................................................. 4,114 335 101 234 150 84

Goods-producing industries .......................... 1,337 120 29 91 59 32

Mining ....................................................... 4 2 1 1 1 –

Construction ............................................. 149 9 7 2 2 –

Manufacturing ........................................... 1,184 109 21 88 56 32

Service-producing industries ........................ 2,776 215 72 143 91 52

Tranportation and public utilities ............... 297 16 5 11 5 6

Wholesale and retail trade ........................ 1,224 59 30 29 25 4

Finance, insurance and real estate .......... 115 15 3 12 4 8

Services .................................................... 1,141 125 34 91 57 34

State and local government .............................. 334 47 4 43 18 25

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Overall industry and industry groups may include data for categories not shown separately.

37
Appendix table 2. Relative standard errors of mean hourly earnings1 for selected

occupations, all industries, private industry, and State and local government, all

workers2, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998

(in percent)

Occupation3 All industries

Private

industry

State and

local

government

All occupations ....................................................................... 1.7 2.0 2.6

All occupations excluding sales ............................................ 1.7 2.0 2.6

White-collar occupations ................................................... 2.0 2.5 3.1

White-collar occupations excluding sales ......................... 2.1 2.6 3.1

Professional specialty and technical occupations ............ 2.1 2.6 3.7

Professional specialty occupations ............................... 2.2 2.7 3.9

Engineers, architects, and surveyors ....................... 2.8 2.9 –

Electrical and electronic engineers ....................... 4.1 4.1 –

Industrial engineers .............................................. 4.6 4.6 –

Mechanical engineers ........................................... 7.0 7.0 –

Engineers, N.E.C. ................................................. 3.9 3.9 –

Mathematical and computer scientists ..................... 4.2 4.4 –

Computer systems analysts and scientists ........... 4.6 4.9 –

Natural scientists ...................................................... 13.9 – –

Health related occupations ....................................... 4.2 4.4 13.2

Physicians ............................................................ 27.5 27.5 –

Registered nurses ................................................ 1.3 1.2 12.8

Dietitians ............................................................... 8.2 8.2 –

Respiratory therapists ........................................... 1.5 1.5 –

Physical therapists ................................................ 4.4 4.4 –

Teachers, college and university .............................. 5.8 9.6 –

Teachers, except college and university .................. 4.7 12.4 3.5

Prekindergarten and kindergarten ........................ 30.2 – –

Elementary school teachers ................................. 4.0 – 2.8

Secondary school teachers .................................. 4.6 6.5 2.3

Teachers, special education ................................. 7.2 – 7.2

Teachers, N.E.C. .................................................. 8.3 12.6 8.4

Substitute teachers ............................................... 12.9 – –

Vocational and educational counselors ................ 17.2 – 17.8

Librarians, archivists, and curators ........................... 9.7 10.1 12.2

Librarians .............................................................. 9.7 10.1 12.2

Social scientists and urban planners ........................ 8.2 – –

Social, recreation, and religious workers .................. 6.2 4.8 8.3

Social workers ...................................................... 6.3 4.8 8.4

Lawyers and judges .................................................. – – –

Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and

professionals, N.E.C. .......................................... 5.1 5.2 –

Designers ............................................................. 5.6 5.6 –

Editors and reporters ............................................ 17.8 17.8 –

Professional occupations, N.E.C. ......................... 6.3 6.4 –

Technical occupations .................................................. 4.7 5.2 7.5

Radiological technicians ....................................... 10.0 10.0 –

Licensed practical nurses ..................................... 2.1 1.1 –

Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. ....... 8.7 7.4 –

Electrical and electronic technicians ..................... 8.9 9.2 –

Engineering technicians, N.E.C. ........................... 13.7 14.0 –

Drafters ................................................................. 6.8 6.8 –

Computer programmers ....................................... 9.7 9.9 –

Technical and related occupations, N.E.C. .......... 5.6 8.7 5.1

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ... 3.3 3.6 7.8

Executives, administrators, and managers ............... 4.3 4.6 10.5

Administrators and officials, public administration 22.7 – 22.7

Financial managers .............................................. 9.1 9.1 –

Managers., marketing, advertising and public

relations .......................................................... 10.1 10.2 –

Administrators, education and related fields ......... 5.8 17.2 3.1

Managers, medicine and health ........................... 14.4 14.4 –

Managers, service organizations, N.E.C. ............. 18.9 16.9 –

Managers and administrators, N.E.C. .................. 6.8 7.1 15.7

Management related occupations ............................ 3.5 4.2 4.1

Accountants and auditors ..................................... 8.0 8.7 –

Other financial officers .......................................... 9.7 10.4 –

See footnotes at end of table.

38
Appendix table 2. Relative standard errors of mean hourly earnings1 for selected

occupations, all industries, private industry, and State and local government, all

workers2, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 — Continued

(in percent)

Occupation3 All industries

Private

industry

State and

local

government

White-collar occupations (-Continued)

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations 

(-Continued)

Management related occupations (-Continued)

Personnel, training, and labor relations

specialists ....................................................... 3.1 3.6 4.3

Purchasing agents and buyers, N.E.C. ................ 7.7 7.7 –

Management related occupations, N.E.C. ............ 5.0 6.1 –

Sales occupations ............................................................ 6.6 6.6 –

Supervisors, sales occupations ............................ 11.2 11.5 –

Advertising and related sales occupations ........... 5.8 5.9 –

Sales occupations, other business services ......... 11.7 11.7 –

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing,

and wholesale ................................................. 11.3 11.3 –

Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats ............. 8.8 8.8 –

Sales workers, other commodities ........................ 13.2 13.2 –

Cashiers ............................................................... 12.4 12.6 –

Administrative support occupations, including clerical ..... 2.2 2.5 3.1

Supervisors, general office ................................... 8.7 11.5 –

Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and

adjusting clerks ............................................... 14.4 14.6 –

Computer operators .............................................. 7.2 – –

Secretaries ........................................................... 2.6 3.0 5.3

Receptionists ........................................................ 3.2 3.0 –

Information clerks, N.E.C. ..................................... 10.6 10.6 –

Order clerks .......................................................... 9.4 9.4 –

Personnel clerks except payroll & timekeeping .... 10.7 14.9 –

Library clerks ........................................................ 5.4 7.9 6.4

Records clerks, N.E.C. ......................................... 6.2 6.2 –

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ...... 4.1 4.6 9.2

Payroll and timekeeping clerks ............................. 6.6 6.1 –

Billing clerks .......................................................... 9.3 9.3 –

Telephone operators ............................................ 3.6 3.6 –

Mail clerks except postal service .......................... 4.9 4.9 –

Dispatchers ........................................................... 15.5 – –

Production coordinators ........................................ 4.7 4.7 –

Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ................... 6.2 6.2 –

Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators .. 4.7 4.7 –

Investigators and adjusters except insurance ...... 8.0 8.4 –

Bill and account collectors .................................... 5.7 5.7 –

General office clerks ............................................. 4.3 3.7 9.1

Bank tellers ........................................................... 4.2 4.2 –

Data entry keyers ................................................. 6.8 7.7 –

Teachers’ aides .................................................... 10.9 – 10.8

Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. ......... 4.5 4.4 11.5

Blue-collar occupations ..................................................... 1.8 2.0 3.3

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations .......... 2.0 2.3 2.8

Automobile mechanics ......................................... 3.6 5.6 –

Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics ....... 6.3 7.5 –

Industrial machinery repairers .............................. 4.8 4.9 –

Machinery maintenance occupations ................... 12.1 12.7 –

Millwrights ............................................................. 4.0 4.0 –

Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. .......................... 3.8 4.3 7.4

Supervisors, construction trades, N.E.C. .............. 9.9 – –

Carpenters ............................................................ 8.1 8.1 –

Electricians ........................................................... 4.4 4.2 –

Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters .................. 9.1 8.9 –

Construction trades, N.E.C. .................................. 8.6 – –

Supervisors, production occupations .................... 5.8 5.8 –

Tool and die makers ............................................. 6.6 6.6 –

Precision assemblers, metal ................................. 9.1 9.1 –

Machinists ............................................................. 3.5 3.5 –

Miscellaneous precision workers, N.E.C. ............. 6.1 6.1 –

See footnotes at end of table.

39
Appendix table 2. Relative standard errors of mean hourly earnings1 for selected

occupations, all industries, private industry, and State and local government, all

workers2, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 — Continued

(in percent)

Occupation3 All industries

Private

industry

State and

local

government

Blue-collar occupations (-Continued)

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations 

(-Continued)

Inspectors, testers, and graders ........................... 8.8 10.1 –

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............. 2.7 2.7 –

Lathe and turning machine operators ................... 7.8 7.8 –

Punching and stamping press operators .............. 19.9 19.9 –

Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing

machine operators .......................................... 6.6 6.6 –

Fabricating machine operators, N.E.C. ................ 7.3 7.3 –

Molding and casting machine operators ............... 5.5 5.5 –

Printing press operators ....................................... 5.8 5.8 –

Textile sewing machine operators ........................ 5.0 5.0 –

Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators 4.5 4.5 –

Packaging and filling machine operators .............. 9.6 9.6 –

Extruding and forming machine operators ............ 6.3 6.3 –

Mixing and blending machine operators ............... 12.4 12.4 –

Painting and paint spraying machine operators ... 7.4 7.4 –

Slicing and cutting machine operators .................. 12.6 12.6 –

Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. ........... 4.8 4.8 –

Welders and cutters .............................................. 8.2 8.2 –

Assemblers ........................................................... 5.6 5.6 –

Miscellaneous hand working occupations, N.E.C. 10.8 10.8 –

Production inspectors, checkers and examiners .. 6.6 6.6 –

Production testers ................................................. 17.8 17.8 –

Transportation and material moving occupations ............. 3.4 3.9 6.6

Truck drivers ......................................................... 4.4 4.8 –

Bus drivers ............................................................ 2.3 – 2.3

Crane and tower operators ................................... 3.6 3.6 –

Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators .. 5.7 5.7 –

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...... 3.1 3.1 4.4

Groundskeepers and gardeners except farm ....... 9.6 11.4 –

Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, and

laborers, N.E.C. .............................................. 10.6 10.6 –

Construction laborers ........................................... 8.7 – –

Production helpers ................................................ 10.8 10.8 –

Stock handlers and baggers ................................. 5.3 5.4 –

Machine feeders and offbearers ........................... 6.9 6.9 –

Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. ....... 5.5 5.5 –

Hand packers and packagers ............................... 8.0 8.0 –

Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ................... 10.4 12.5 –

Service occupations ........................................................... 3.6 2.9 5.4

Protective service occupations ................................. 7.9 10.9 6.0

Firefighting occupations ........................................ 7.3 – 7.3

Police and detectives, public service .................... 1.5 – 1.5

Guards and police except public service .............. 11.7 11.7 –

Food service occupations ......................................... 4.6 4.8 4.4

Supervisors, food preparation and service

occupations .................................................... 6.1 6.9 –

Bartenders ............................................................ 20.6 20.6 –

Waiters and waitresses ........................................ 10.6 10.6 –

Cooks ................................................................... 6.0 5.9 –

Food counter, fountain, and related occupations 2.9 – –

Kitchen workers, food preparation ........................ 5.8 5.9 –

Waiters’/Waitresses’ assistants ............................ 15.1 15.1 –

Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. ................. 4.1 2.7 3.1

Health service occupations ....................................... 2.7 2.3 8.8

Health aides, except nursing ................................ 5.3 5.4 2.7

Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ............... 2.4 2.4 –

Cleaning and building service occupations .............. 5.4 6.4 6.0

Supervisors, cleaning & building service workers 12.2 14.3 –

Maids and housemen ........................................... 4.6 4.6 –

Janitors and cleaners ........................................... 6.4 8.0 6.3

See footnotes at end of table.

40
Appendix table 2. Relative standard errors of mean hourly earnings1 for selected

occupations, all industries, private industry, and State and local government, all

workers2, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 — Continued

(in percent)

Occupation3 All industries

Private

industry

State and

local

government

Service occupations (-Continued)

Personal service occupations ................................... 12.1 10.2 15.5

Early childhood teachers’ assistants .................... 8.9 7.2 –

Service occupations, N.E.C.. ................................ 15.8 9.6 –

1 The relative standard error is the standard error

expressed as a percent of the estimate. Hourly

earnings for these occupations are presented in Tables

A-1 and A-2. Reliable relative standard errors could

not be determined for all occupations. 2 All workers include full-time and part-time

workers. Employees are classified as working either a

full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition

used by each establishment. Therefore, a worker with

a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a

full-time employee in one establishment, but classified

as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is

the minimum full-time schedule. 3 A classification system including about 480

individual occupations is used to cover all workers in

the civilian economy. Individual occupations are

classified into one of nine major occupational groups. 

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or

that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall

occupational groups and occupational levels may

include data for categories not shown separately. 

N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." 

41
Appendix table 3. Average work levels for selected occupations, all workers,

full-time and part-time workers, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998

Occupation1 All

workers

Full-time

workers

Part-time

workers

All occupations ................................................................................. 5 6 3

All occupations excluding sales ...................................................... 5 6 3

White-collar occupations ............................................................. 7 7 5

White-collar occupations excluding sales ................................... 7 7 5

Professional specialty and technical occupations ...................... 8 8 7

Professional specialty occupations ......................................... 8 9 7

Engineers, architects, and surveyors ................................. 10 10 –

Electrical and electronic engineers ................................. 11 11 –

Industrial engineers ........................................................ 9 9 –

Mechanical engineers ..................................................... 10 10 –

Engineers, N.E.C. ........................................................... 9 9 –

Mathematical and computer scientists ............................... 10 10 –

Computer systems analysts and scientists ..................... 10 10 –

Natural scientists ................................................................ 10 10 –

Health related occupations ................................................. 8 8 9

Physicians ...................................................................... 13 13 –

Registered nurses .......................................................... 8 8 8

Dietitians ......................................................................... 8 – –

Respiratory therapists ..................................................... 6 – –

Physical therapists .......................................................... 10 – –

Teachers, college and university ........................................ 11 11 –

Teachers, except college and university ............................ 8 8 7

Prekindergarten and kindergarten .................................. 7 7 –

Elementary school teachers ........................................... 8 8 8

Secondary school teachers ............................................ 8 9 –

Teachers, special education ........................................... 9 9 –

Teachers, N.E.C. ............................................................ 8 8 7

Substitute teachers ......................................................... 6 – 6

Vocational and educational counselors .......................... 6 8 –

Librarians, archivists, and curators ..................................... 9 9 8

Librarians ........................................................................ 9 9 8

Social scientists and urban planners .................................. 9 9 –

Social, recreation, and religious workers ............................ 7 7 –

Social workers ................................................................ 7 7 –

Lawyers and judges ............................................................ – – –

Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and professionals,

N.E.C. ........................................................................... 7 7 –

Designers ....................................................................... 7 7 –

Editors and reporters ...................................................... 9 9 –

Professional occupations, N.E.C. ................................... 7 7 –

Technical occupations ............................................................ 6 6 6

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ........... – – 7

Radiological technicians ................................................. 7 – 6

Licensed practical nurses ............................................... 6 6 6

Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. ................. 6 6 6

Electrical and electronic technicians ............................... 7 7 –

Engineering technicians, N.E.C. ..................................... 5 5 –

Drafters ........................................................................... 5 5 –

Computer programmers ................................................. 7 7 –

Technical and related occupations, N.E.C. .................... 6 7 6

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ............. 9 10 6

Executives, administrators, and managers ......................... 10 11 –

Administrators and officials, public administration .......... 9 10 –

Financial managers ........................................................ 11 11 –

Managers., marketing, advertising and public relations 11 11 –

Administrators, education and related fields ................... 11 11 –

Managers, medicine and health ..................................... 10 10 –

Managers, service organizations, N.E.C. ....................... 8 8 –

Managers and administrators, N.E.C. ............................ 11 11 –

Management related occupations ...................................... 8 8 7

Accountants and auditors ............................................... 7 7 –

Other financial officers .................................................... 8 8 –

Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists ........ 7 7 –

Purchasing agents and buyers, N.E.C. .......................... 8 8 –

Management related occupations, N.E.C. ...................... 8 8 –

Sales occupations ...................................................................... 4 6 2

Supervisors, sales occupations ...................................... 6 7 –

See footnotes at end of table.

42
Appendix table 3. Average work levels for selected occupations, all workers,

full-time and part-time workers, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 —

Continued

Occupation1 All

workers

Full-time

workers

Part-time

workers

White-collar occupations (-Continued)

Sales occupations (-Continued)

Advertising and related sales occupations ..................... 6 – –

Sales occupations, other business services ................... 6 6 –

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and

wholesale .................................................................. 7 7 –

Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats ....................... 6 6 –

Sales workers, other commodities .................................. 4 – 3

Cashiers ......................................................................... 2 4 2

Administrative support occupations, including clerical ............... 4 4 3

Supervisors, general office ............................................. 6 6 –

Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting

clerks ........................................................................ 7 7 –

Computer operators ........................................................ 5 5 –

Secretaries ..................................................................... 5 5 4

Receptionists .................................................................. 3 2 3

Information clerks, N.E.C. ............................................... 4 – –

Order clerks .................................................................... 4 4 –

Personnel clerks except payroll & timekeeping .............. 5 5 –

Library clerks .................................................................. 2 4 2

Records clerks, N.E.C. ................................................... 3 3 –

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ................ 4 4 –

Payroll and timekeeping clerks ....................................... 5 5 –

Billing clerks .................................................................... 4 4 –

Telephone operators ...................................................... 3 – 3

Mail clerks except postal service .................................... 2 2 –

Dispatchers ..................................................................... 3 4 –

Production coordinators .................................................. 6 6 –

Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ............................. 4 4 –

Stock and inventory clerks .............................................. – 4 –

Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators ............ 5 5 –

Investigators and adjusters except insurance ................ 4 5 3

Bill and account collectors .............................................. 4 4 –

General office clerks ....................................................... 4 4 2

Bank tellers ..................................................................... 4 4 –

Data entry keyers ........................................................... 3 3 2

Teachers’ aides .............................................................. 3 – 2

Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. ................... 4 5 3

Blue-collar occupations ............................................................... 4 4 2

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations .................... 6 6 4

Automobile mechanics ................................................... 7 7 –

Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics ................. 6 6 –

Industrial machinery repairers ........................................ 6 6 –

Machinery maintenance occupations ............................. 4 4 –

Millwrights ....................................................................... 7 7 –

Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. .................................... 6 6 –

Supervisors, construction trades, N.E.C. ........................ 7 7 –

Carpenters ...................................................................... 6 6 –

Electricians ..................................................................... 7 7 –

Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters ............................ 7 7 –

Construction trades, N.E.C. ............................................ 4 4 –

Supervisors, production occupations .............................. 7 7 –

Tool and die makers ....................................................... 7 7 –

Precision assemblers, metal ........................................... 6 6 –

Machinists ....................................................................... 6 6 –

Miscellaneous precision workers, N.E.C. ....................... 6 6 –

Inspectors, testers, and graders ..................................... 5 5 –

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ........................ 4 4 2

Lathe and turning machine operators ............................. 5 5 –

Punching and stamping press operators ........................ 3 3 –

Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine

operators .................................................................. 3 3 –

Fabricating machine operators, N.E.C. .......................... 4 4 –

Molding and casting machine operators ......................... 3 3 –

Printing press operators ................................................. 6 6 –

Textile sewing machine operators .................................. 3 2 –

Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators ........... 2 – –

See footnotes at end of table.

43
Appendix table 3. Average work levels for selected occupations, all workers,

full-time and part-time workers, Cleveland-Akron, OH, February 1998 —

Continued

Occupation1 All

workers

Full-time

workers

Part-time

workers

Blue-collar occupations (-Continued)

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors (-Continued)

Packaging and filling machine operators ........................ 3 3 –

Extruding and forming machine operators ...................... 3 3 –

Mixing and blending machine operators ......................... 4 4 –

Painting and paint spraying machine operators ............. 3 3 –

Slicing and cutting machine operators ............................ 3 3 –

Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. ..................... 4 4 –

Welders and cutters ........................................................ 5 5 –

Assemblers ..................................................................... 3 3 2

Miscellaneous hand working occupations, N.E.C. .......... 5 5 –

Production inspectors, checkers and examiners ............ 4 4 –

Production testers ........................................................... 4 4 –

Transportation and material moving occupations ....................... 4 4 3

Truck drivers ................................................................... 4 4 –

Bus drivers ...................................................................... 3 2 3

Crane and tower operators ............................................. 5 5 –

Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ............ 3 3 –

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ................ 2 2 2

Groundskeepers and gardeners except farm ................. 2 3 –

Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, and

laborers, N.E.C. ........................................................ 6 6 –

Construction laborers ..................................................... 3 3 –

Production helpers .......................................................... 2 2 –

Stock handlers and baggers ........................................... 2 2 1

Machine feeders and offbearers ..................................... 2 2 –

Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. ................. 2 3 1

Hand packers and packagers ......................................... 2 2 –

Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ............................. 2 2 2

Service occupations ..................................................................... 3 4 2

Protective service occupations ........................................... 5 6 3

Firefighting occupations .................................................. 7 7 –

Police and detectives, public service .............................. 7 7 –

Guards and police except public service ........................ 3 3 3

Food service occupations ................................................... 2 3 2

Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations 5 6 –

Bartenders ...................................................................... 2 – –

Waiters and waitresses .................................................. 2 2 2

Cooks ............................................................................. 3 4 3

Food counter, fountain, and related occupations ........... 2 – –

Kitchen workers, food preparation .................................. 2 – 2

Waiters’/Waitresses’ assistants ...................................... 2 – 2

Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. ........................... 2 2 2

Health service occupations ................................................. 3 3 3

Health aides, except nursing .......................................... 4 4 3

Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ......................... 3 3 3

Cleaning and building service occupations ........................ 2 2 2

Supervisors, cleaning & building service workers .......... 5 5 –

Maids and housemen ..................................................... 2 2 –

Janitors and cleaners ..................................................... 2 2 2

Personal service occupations ............................................. 3 4 2

Early childhood teachers’ assistants .............................. 3 – –

Service occupations, N.E.C.. .......................................... 3 4 2

1 A classification system including about 480

individual occupations is used to cover all workers in

the civilian economy. Individual occupations are

classified into one of nine major occupational groups.

The occupations titled authors, musicians, actors,

painters, photographers, dancers, artists, athletes, and

legislators cannot be assigned a work level.

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or

that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall

occupational groups and occupational levels may

include data for categories not shown separately. 

N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." 

44