United States

Environmental Protection

Agency

Office Of

Chief Financial Officer

(2732)

6~~-1

EPA 205·5·99-001

January 1999

EJBD

ARCHIVE

EPA

205-

s99-

001

&EPA Summary Of The 2000 Budget
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page #

Introduction

EPA Mission and Purpose.............................................................................. 3

EPA Goals..................................................................................................... 5

Overview

Overview of the 2000 Budget......................................................................... 7

Goals

Goal 1: Clean Air......................................................................................... 15

Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water ...................................................................... 25

Goal 3: Safe Food ........................................................................................ 35

Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

 Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems................................. 41

Goal 5: Better Waste Management and Restoration of

 Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response .............................. 53

Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental

 Risks........................................................................................................ 61

Goal 7: Expansion of Americans’ Right to Know About

 Their Environment................................................................................... 67

Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental

 Risk and Greater Innovation to Address Environmental Problems............ 75

Goal 9: A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater Compliance

 With the Law ........................................................................................... 87

Goal 10: Effective Management................................................................... 91

Additional Information

Better America Bonds.................................................................................. 99

State and Tribal Assistance Grants............................................................. 101

Water and Air Infrastructure Financing ...................................................... 105

Trust Funds................................................................................................ 109

21st Century Research Fund........................................................................ 111

Budget Tables............................................................................................ 113
2

Cover Photo of Lake Tahoe: Courtesy of Susan Burris
EPA Mission and Purpose

3

The mission of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to

protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment -- air,

water, and land -- upon which life depends. EPA’s purpose is to ensure

that:

♦ All Americans are protected from

significant risks to human health and

the environment where they live,

learn, and work.

♦ National efforts to reduce environmental risk are based on the best

available scientific information.

♦ Federal laws protecting human

health and the environment are

enforced fairly and effectively.

♦ Environmental protection is an

integral consideration in U.S. policies concerning natural resources,

human health, economic growth,

energy, transportation, agriculture,

industry, and international trade, and

these factors are similarly considered

in establishing environmental policy.

♦ All parts of society: communities,

individuals, business, state and local

governments, and tribal governments

have access to accurate information

sufficient to effectively participate in

man-aging human health and

environmental risks.

♦ Environmental protection contributes

to making our communities and

ecosystems diverse, sustainable, and

economically productive.

♦ The United States plays a leadership

role in working with other nations to

protect the global environment.
4
EPA Goals

5

EPA has developed a series of ten strategic, long-term Goals in its Strategic

Plan. These goals, together with the underlying principles that will be used to

achieve them, define the Agency’s planning, budgeting, analysis, and accountability

process.

♦ Clean Air: The air in every American

community will be safe and healthy to

breathe. In particular, children, the elderly,

and people with respiratory ailments will

be protected from health risks of breathing

polluted air. Reducing air pollution will

also protect the environment, resulting in

many benefits, such as restoring life in

damaged ecosystems and reducing health

risks to those whose subsistence depends

directly on those ecosystems.

♦ Clean and Safe Water: All Americans

will have drinking water that is clean and

safe to drink. Effective protection of

America's rivers, lakes, wetlands, aquifers,

and coastal and ocean waters will sustain

fish, plants, and wildlife, as well as

recreational, subsistence, and economic

activities. Watersheds and their aquatic

ecosystems will be restored and protected

to improve public health, enhance water

quality, reduce flooding, and provide

habitat for wildlife.

♦ Safe Food: The foods Americans eat will

be free from unsafe pesticide residues.

Children will especially be protected from

the health threats posed by pesticide

residues, because they are among the most

vulnerable groups in our society.

♦ Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk

in Communities, Homes, Workplaces

and Ecosystems: Pollution prevention

and risk management strategies aimed at

cost-effectively eliminating, reducing, or

minimizing emissions and contamination

will result in cleaner and safer

environments in which all Americans can

reside, work, and enjoy life. EPA will

safeguard ecosystems and promote the

health of natural communities that are

integral to the quality of life in this Nation.

♦ Better Waste Management, Restoration

of Contaminated Waste Sites, and

Emergency Response: America’s wastes

will be stored, treated, and disposed of in

ways that prevent harm to people and to

the natural environment. EPA will work

to clean up previously polluted sites,

restoring them to uses appropriate for

surrounding communities, and respond to

and prevent waste-related or industrial

accidents.

♦ Reduction of Global and Cross-Border

Environmental Risks: The United States

will lead other nations insuccessful,

multilateral efforts to reduce significant

risks to human health and ecosystems from

climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, and other hazards of international

concern.
EPA Goals

56

♦ Expansion of Americans’ Right to

Know About Their Environment: Easy

access to a wealth of information about the

state of their local environment will expand

citizen involvement and give people tools

to protect their families and their

communities as they see fit. Increased

information exchange between scientists,

public health officials, businesses, citizens,

and all levels of government will foster

greater knowledge about the environment

and what can be done to protect it.

♦ Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental Risk, and

Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems: EPA will

develop and apply the best available

science for addressing current and future

environmental hazards, as well as new

approaches toward improving environmental protection.

♦ A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and

Greater Compliance with the Law:

EPA will ensure full compliance with laws

intended to protect human health and the

environment.

♦ Effective Management: EPA will

establish a management infrastructure that

will set and implement the highest quality

standards for effective internal management and fiscal responsibility.
Overview of the 2000 Budget

7

For nearly three decades, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its

partners have made significant strides in controlling pollution and other

environmental risks to human health and the environment. The air, land, and water

are now safer for all Americans due to our Nation’s investment in environmental

protection.

The 2000 Annual Plan and

Congressional Justification requests

$7.2071 billion in discretionary budget

authority, and 18,406 FTE. In addition,

the President’s 2000 request includes

$200.0 million in mandatory budgetary

authority for Superfund orphan shares,

and $1.9 billion in bond authority for

new “Better America Bonds.” The 2000

budget request will help build strong,

healthy communities for the 21st

Century. This budget proposal is built

on the principle that a healthy environment and a healthy economy go hand in

hand.

Building Livable Communities

 through “Better America Bonds”

EPA will play a key role in

implementing the “Better America

Bonds” program, which is a major

component of the Administration’s Livability Initiative. These bonds will help

state and local governments take the

initiative in safeguarding their land and

water for future generations. Since

1960, urban sprawl has consumed 1.5

million acres of farmland annually. This

initiative will help state and local

governments to preserve open space,

protect water quality, and clean up

abandoned industrial sites.

This initiative will provide $9.5

billion in bond authority over five years

($1.9 billion in 2000) for investments by

state and local communities, resulting in

Federal tax credits of almost $700

million over the next five years. These

bonds will help communities preserve

green space for attractive, livable

communities and promote sustainable

economic development. This innovative

financial tool will be a model for future

environmental protection by giving

communities the flexibility they need to

direct resources to their most pressing

environmental needs.

Clean Air Partnership Fund

One of the Administration’s most

important public health commitments is

to improve the air that Americans

breathe. Over one third of Americans

still live in areas where the air does not

meet the new air quality standards.

This budget includes $200.0 million in

new funding for a Clean Air Partnership

Fund. This fund will provide new grant

resources and opportunities for cities,

states and tribes to partner with the

private sector, the federal government

and each other to provide healthy, clean

air in the communities in which we live.

The Clean Air Partnership Fund

will demonstrate locally managed programs that achieve early integrated reductions in soot, smog, air toxics and

greenhouse gases. The Fund will direct

new resources to state and local governments to find the most innovative,

cost-effective and protective ways to

reduce soot, smog, air toxics and green-
Overview of the 2000 Budget

8

house gases that contribute to climate

change.

The Air Toxics program will

develop tools and data that will allow the

Agency to move the program from an

almost exclusively technology based

program to a risk-based program with a

significant focus on urban air toxics.

The Air Toxics program has been

provided with approximately $18 million

in new funding. The recent Cumulative

Exposure Project (CEP) indicates that

concentrations of air toxics may be high

in almost every area of the country,

especially in and around urban areas.

The air toxics program is geared to

reduce risks for people who live and

work in urban areas, that include a

disproportionate number of poor and

minority Americans. It will bring

increased protection to a large number of

sensitive populations, such as children

and the elderly.

Meeting the Climate Change

 Challenge

Furthermore, this budget invests

approximately $216 million for EPA’s

portion of the Climate Change Technology Initiative (CCTI). This multiagency program continues the Administration’s commitment to address the

significant threat that global warming

poses to public health and the

environment. This is the second year of

the Administration’s five-year commitment to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions through partnerships with

businesses, schools, state and local

governments, other organizations, and

investments in energy efficient

technologies and tax incentives for consumers who purchase energy efficient

products.

Protecting Children’s Health

One of the Clinton-Gore Administration’s highest priorities has been,

and continues to be, protecting the health

of our children – giving them a healthier

start in life. Children are among the

most vulnerable members of society. As

part of the government-wide interagency

initiative on children’s asthma, EPA is

taking a leadership role in reducing

children’s exposure to asthma-causing

toxins in our environ-ment. President

Clinton has provided an additional $17

million dollars for children’s asthma for

education, outreach, research, and air

monitoring activities. An increase of

$12 million dollars in funding is for

science activities that focus on other

chronic childhood afflictions and ailments, such as cancer and developmental

disorders.

Ensuring Clean and Safe Water

This budget supports EPA’s

efforts to clean up and restore our

Nation’s rivers, lakes and coastal waters,

as well as its restoration of watersheds

across the country, with $630 million for

the Clean Water Action Plan (CWAP), a

multi-Agency initiative to protect the

Nation’s watersheds and promote clean

water, and an additional $21 million in

related funding. A key focus of the Plan

is to reduce non-point source pollution,

and this budget includes $200 million for

non-point source grants.

EPA’s 2000 President’s Budget

also includes a proposal that will allow
Overview of the 2000 Budget

9

states greater flexibility to address their

most pressing water quality problems.

The proposal will give states the

option to set aside up to 20 percent of

their 2000 Clean Water State Revolving

Fund (CWSRF) allotment for making

grants for implementation of non-point

source pollution and estuary management projects. Pollution from non-point

sources is now the leading cause of

water pollution. These sources of pollution are harder to identify and control

than those associated with point sources.

In addition, although the CWSRF

shows a decrease from the previous year,

the Administration is still on track to

meet its goal for the CWSRF to provide

an average of $2.0 billion in annual

financial assistance. A total of almost

$16 billion has already been provided to

capitalize the CWSRF, almost 90

percent more than originally authorized

by Congress (the program was scheduled

to end in 1994).

The Administration is also on

track to meet its goal for the Drinking

Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF),

to provide an average of $500 million a

year, and has proposed a $50 million

increase for the DWSRF in 2000.

A $50 million increase is provided for water and wastewater projects

along the U.S./Mexico Border. With

these resources, the Agency provides

direct grant assistance to address the

environmental and public health problems associated with untreated industrial and municipal sewage on the

Border.

Empowering Citizens with Knowledge

 about their Environment

The Agency is committed to

enabling citizens to assess the risks

posed by their specific environments and

allow them to make better decisions on

how to handle those risks. This budget

includes an investment of $13.5 million

additional dollars in the Chemical Rightto-Know Initiative, which will ensure

that the public has basic health data for

industrial chemicals released in their

communities due to a voluntary partnership with industry. Through this and

other Right-to-Know programs supported by the Agency, Americans will

have unprecedented access to information. As a further step in our

commitment to improving and expanding access to information, we are

pioneering a new Information Office

which will advocate the use and

management of information as a

strategic resource to enhance public

health and environmental protection.

Cleaning up Toxic Waste Sites

The 2000 budget continues a

commitment to clean up toxic waste sites

with $1.5 billion for Superfund cleanups,

and $200 million in mandatory spending

authority for Superfund orphan shares, to

reduce the effect of uncontrolled releases

on local pop-ulations and sensitive

environments. The Agency will continue to address clean-up efforts at over

89 percent of Superfund sites.

Combined with continuing administrative reforms, these funds will help

meet the President’s pledge to complete

the clean up of two-thirds of

Superfund hazardous waste sites by

2002.
Overview of the 2000 Budget

10

Revitalizing Communities through the

 Brownfields Initiative

The 2000 budget continues the

President’s Brownfields initiative, which

promotes local cleanup and redevelopment of industrial sites, bringing jobs to

blighted areas. This budget includes

$91.7 million for technical assistance

and grants to communities for site

assessment and redevelopment planning,

as well as revolving loan funds to

finance clean-up efforts at the local

level. Through 2000, EPA will have

funded Brownfields site assessment

pilots in 350 communities.

Strengthening Tribal Partnerships

The Agency continues its commitment to tribal programs with a total

request of $165.8 million. New funding

will provide tribes with program and

technical assistance and will assure that

tribes have adequate information with

which to make environmental decisions.

In addition, the President’s Budget

proposes to eliminate the current

statutory ceiling on grant funds that may

be awarded to tribes for non-point source

activities under the Clean Water Act

(CWA). This is especially significant

since there is increasing demand for the

limited pool of tribal grant funds.

Summary

EPA’s 2000 President’s Budget

moves our Nation forward with innovative, common sense, cost-effective

programs to ensure strong and healthy

communities in the 21st Century by

addressing environmental problems

through innovative programs and

focusing on high-risk areas. The budget

continues our commitment to partnerships, good stewardship and strong

leadership in the Nation’s efforts for a

clean, safe and healthy environment.

 

1

 Does not include a $20.0 million offset for user

fees.
1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2000 **

Better America Bonds

Operating Programs

Trust Funds

Water and Air Infrastructure

In 2000, The Agency's Budget Totals $7.4 Billion

$2,602

$1,728

$2,552

$2,661

$1,763

$1,144

$2,662

$1,673

$3,223

$2,744

$1,517

$2,020

$3,109

$1,454

$2,236

$3,330

$1,565

$2,468

$3,491

$1,572

$2,527

$3,682

$1,572

$1,953 $1,900

$6,882M

$5,568M

$7,558M

$6,281M

$6,799M

$7,363M $7,590M

$7,207M

$1.9M

**Better America Bonds - In 2000 the Adminstration is proposing bond authority of $1.9 billion.
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

The Agency's Workyear Increase in 2000 

14,290

3,449

13,330

3,776

13,575

3,705

13,796

3,356

13,580

3,502

13,801

3,707

14,656

3,750

14,546

3,838

Operating Programs

17,280 18,406 17,106 18,385 17,508 17,082 17,152 17,739

NOTE: FY 1993 through 1998 reflect actual FTE usage.

Trust Funds

12
13

GOALS
14
Clean Air

15

Strategic Goal: The air in every American community will be safe and healthy to

breathe. In particular, children, the elderly, and people with respiratory ailments will be

protected from health risks of breathing polluted air. Reducing air pollution will also

protect the environment, resulting in many benefits, such as restoring life in damaged

ecosystems and reducing health risks to those whose subsistence depends directly on

those ecosystems.

Resource Summary

(Dollars in Thousands)

FY 1999

Enacted

FY 2000

Request

FY 2000 - FY 1999

Difference

Clean Air $536,368.0 $722,058.8 $185,690.8

Attain NAAQS for Ozone and PM $384,863.2 $489,618.4 $104,755.2

Reduce Emissions of Air Toxics $90,700.3 $175,485.3 $84,785.0

Attain NAAQS for CO, SO2, NO2, Lead $42,184.1 $36,523.5 ($5,660.6)

Acid Rain $18,620.4 $20,431.6 $1,811.2

Total Workyears: 1,762.3 1,802.6 40.3

Means and Strategy:

Despite concerted efforts to

achieve cleaner, healthier air, air

pollution continues to be a widespread

public health and environmental problem

in the United States, contributing to

illnesses such as cancer, respiratory,

developmental, and reproductive

problems. In many cases, air pollutants

end up on the land or in rivers, lakes,

and streams, harming the life in them.

Air pollution also makes soil and

waterways more acidic, reduces

visibility, and corrodes buildings.

EPA is responding to air

pollution because the problem is national

and international in scope. The majority

of the population lives in expanding

urban areas, where air pollution crosses

local and state lines and, in some cases,

crosses our borders with Canada and

Mexico. Federal assistance and

leadership are essential for developing

cooperative state, local, tribal, regional,

and international programs to prevent

and control air pollution and for ensuring

that national standards are met.

Criteria pollutants.

EPA develops standards to

protect public health and the

environment that limit concentrations of

the most widespread pollutants (known

as criteria pollutants), which are linked

to many serious health and

environmental problems:

♦ Ground-level ozone. Causes respiratory illness, especially in active

children; aggravates respiratory

illnesses such as asthma; and causes
Clean Air

16

damage to vegetation and visibility

problems.

♦ Carbon monoxide (CO). Interferes

with the delivery of oxygen to body

tissues, affecting particularly people

with cardiovascular diseases.

♦ Sulfur dioxide (SO2). Aggravates

the symptoms of asthma and is a

major contributor to acid rain.

♦ Nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Irritates the

lung and contributes to the formation

of ground-level ozone, acidic

deposition, and visibility problems.

♦ Lead. Causes nervous system

damage, especially in children,

leading to reduced intelligence.

♦ Particulate matter (PM). Linked to

premature death in the elderly and

people with cardiovascular disease

and to respiratory illness in children;

affects the environment through

visibility impairment.

Hazardous air pollutants.

Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs),

commonly referred to as air toxics or

toxic air pollutants, are pollutants that

cause, or may cause, adverse health

effects or ecosystem damage. The Clean

Air Act Amendments of 1990 list 188

pollutants or chemical groups as

hazardous air pollutants and target

sources emitting them for regulation.

Examples of air toxics include heavy

metals such as mercury and chromium,

dioxins, and pesticides such as chlordane

and toxaphene. HAPs are emitted from

literally thousands of sources including

stationary as well as mobile sources.

Adverse effects to human health and the

environment due to HAPs can result

from exposure to air toxics from

individual facilities, exposures to

mixtures of pollutants found in urban

settings, or exposure to pollutants

emitted from distant sources that are

transported through the atmosphere over

regional, national, or even global

airsheds.

Compared to information for the

criteria pollutants, the information about

the potential health effects of HAPs

(and their ambient concentrations) is

relatively incomplete. Most of the

information on potential health effects of

these pollutants is derived from

experimental animal data. Of the 188

HAPs mentioned above, almost 60

percent are classified by EPA as known,

probable, or possible carcinogens. One

of the more documented ecological

concerns associated with toxic air

pollutants is the potential for some to

damage aquatic ecosystems. Deposited

air pollutants can be significant

contributors to overall pollutant loadings

entering water bodies.

Acid rain.

The Clean Air Act Amendments

of 1990 established a program to control

emissions from electric power plants that

cause acid rain and other environmental

and public health problems. Emissions

of SO2 and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react

in the atmosphere and fall to earth as

acid rain, causing acidification of lakes

and streams and contributing to the

damage of trees at high elevations. NOx

emissions are a major precursor of

ozone, which affects public health and

damages crops, forests, and materials.
Clean Air

17

NOx deposition also contributes to

eutrophication of coastal waters, such as

the Chesapeake and Tampa Bays.

Additionally, before falling to earth, SO2

and NOx gases form fine particles that

affect public health by contributing to

premature mortality, chronic bronchitis,

and other respiratory problems. The fine

particles also contribute to reduced

visibility in national parks and

elsewhere. Acid deposition also

accelerates the decay of building

materials and paints and contributes to

degradation of irreplaceable cultural

objects such as statues and sculptures.

Percent Change in National Air Quality Concentrations and Emissions (1988-1997)

Percent Decrease in

Concentration

1988-1997

Percent Decrease in

Emissions

1988-1997

Carbon Monoxide (CO) 38 25

Lead 67 44

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 14 1 (NOx)

Ozone (Pre-existing NAAQS) (1– hr) 19 20 (VOC)

Ozone (Revised NAAQS) (8 – hr) 16

PM10 26 12

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 39 12

The table above summarizes the 10-year

percent changes in national air quality

concentrations and emissions. It shows that

air quality has continued to improve during

the past 10 years for all six pollutants.

Nationally, air quality concentration data

taken from thousands of monitoring stations

across the country have continued to show

improvement since the 1980's for ozone,

PM, CO, NO2, SO2, and lead. In fact, all the

years throughout the 1990s have shown

better air quality than any of the years in the

1980s. This steady trend of improvement

resulted despite the fact that weather

conditions in the 1990s were generally more

conducive to higher pollution levels, such as

ground-level ozone formation.

The dramatic improvements in

emissions and air quality occurred

simultaneously with significant increases in

economic growth and population. The

improvements are a result of effective

implementation of clean air laws and

regulations, as well as improvements in the

efficiency of industrial technologies.
Clean Air

18

While progress has been made, it is

important not to lose sight of the magnitude

of the air pollution problem that still

remains. Despite great progress in air

quality improvement, in 1997 there were

still approximately 107 million people

nationwide who lived in counties with

monitored air quality levels above the

primary national air quality standards.

To continue to reduce air

pollution, the Clean Air Act sets

specific targets for the mitigation

of each air pollution problem and

identifies specific activities and a

multi-year schedule for carrying

them out. The Act also requires

the air quality monitoring that

helps us measure progress. In

addition, the Act lays out a specific

roadmap for achieving those goals

- what we the Agency and our

partners -- states, tribes, and local

governments -- have to do to clean

up the air. One constant across the titles in

the Act is that the pollution control

strategies and programs it contains are all

designed to get the most cost-effective

reductions early on. The early reductions

program in toxics, Phase 1 of the Acid Rain

program, and the Maximum Achievable

Control Technology (MACT) program were

all designed to achieve early reductions,

making our air cleaner and safer to breathe.

The problems that remain are some of the

most difficult to solve.

We have developed

strategies to address this

difficult increment and

overcome the barriers that

have hindered progress in

clean air in the past. We will

use the flexibility built into the

Clean Air Act, which is not

wedded to hard and fast

formulas or specific technological requirements.

We will focus our

efforts on:

Com.p'8rison of Growth Areas and Emissions Trends

Number of Pea,p,le Living in CQunties w,ith Air Quality

Concenfra.tions Abov,e the Level of the NAAQS in 199i7
Clean Air

19

♦ Coupling ambitious goals with steady

progress – The emphasis will be on

near-term actions towards meeting the

standards, while giving states, tribes, and

local governments time to come up with

more difficult measures. We recognize

that it will be difficult for some areas of

the country to attain the new National

Ambient Air Quality Standards

(NAAQSs) for ozone and fine particles,

and we believe it will take more than

individual efforts to achieve the needed

emission reductions. We will work with

states, tribes, and local governments to

identify ways to achieve interim

reductions, principally through regional

strategies, national measures, and the air

toxics and acid rain programs by

building on cross-pollutant emission

reductions.

Using these strategies gets steady

progress toward the goal and for many areas

will achieve the goal. For those areas where

additional measures are required, this work

will allow steady progress toward the goal

while providing the time to identify

measures that will get that last increment to

fully achieve the goal.

♦ Maintaining accountability with

flexibility – Ensuring that there is no

backsliding in the progress already made

to meeting the Clean Air goal is critical.

We will also use the Act’s flexibility to

develop innovative measures such as the

NOx trading program, which builds on

the acid rain program to help states,

tribes, and local governments reduce

emissions at the lowest cost.

♦ Fostering technical innovations where

they provide clear environmental

benefits - Market-based approaches

provide “niches” for many types of t

echnologies; no one size will fit all.

Sources can improvise, innovate, and

otherwise be creative in reducing

emissions. We will promote such

technological innovation and then

disseminate it to others to show how

they can get needed reductions.

♦ Building partnerships - There are

numerous forms of partnerships, all of

which we have used at one point or

another in implementing the Clean Air

Act: using public outreach to educate

people on the air problems and

encourage them to work to solve them;

involving groups, such as the multi-state

Ozone Transport Assessment Group, to

study a problem and provide

recommendations to EPA on ways to

solve it; working with organizations like

the National Academy of Sciences

(NAS) on both short-term and long-term

research priorities; and engaging in

regulatory negotiations to bring

stakeholders to work on a problem and

address a specific regulatory issue. We

will continue to use these types of

partnerships as appropriate to implement

the Clean Air Act.

Research

The Agency is seeking to understand

further the root causes of the air toxics

environmental and human health problems

in urban areas and, thereby improving the

ability to weigh alternative strategies for

solving those problems. Research will be

devoted to the development of currently

unavailable health effects and exposure

information to determine risk and develop

alternative strategies for maximizing risk

reductions. We will be able to model and

characterize not only the current toxics risk

and compare national program alternatives,
Clean Air

20

but also identify regional and local “hot

spots” and model alternative strategies to

assist states and localities in solving their air

and water toxics problems.

Using these strategies, we will work

with areas that have the worst problems to

develop strategies accounting for unique

local conditions that may hinder them from

reaching attainment. We will also work with

states/locals and tribes to ensure that work

they are doing on the PM and ozone

standards effectively targets both pollutants,

as well as regional haze, to maximize

control strategies. On the national level, we

will continue to target source

characterization work, especially emission

factors, that is essential for the states, tribes

and locals to development strategies to meet

the standards

Highlights:

This budget request includes a new

$200 million Clean Air Partnership Fund to

provide through grants an opportunity for

cities, states, and tribes to partner with the

private sector, the Federal government and

each other to provide healthy clean air to

local citizens. The Fund will demonstrate

smart multi-pollutant strategies that reduce

air toxics, soot and smog, as well as

greenhouse gases to protect our health and

climate. The Clean Air Partnership Fund

will bring the most creative ideas for

cleaning the air we breathe to where they are

needed most -- local communities.

Innovative ideas for clean air -- ideas that

save money and reduce pollution -- can be

demonstrated to create a cleaner, more

efficient environment at the local level. The

Clean Air Partnership Fund will act as a

magnet for local innovation and investment.

As part of fulfilling the President’s

mandate for common-sense, flexible

implementation of the new PM NAAQS,

OAR must provide Regions, states, and

tribes with new information and tools that

they need to characterize the PM2.5 problem

and develop cost-effective solutions.

Because PM2.5 is a newly regulated

pollutant, only very limited source and

emissions data are available. Development

of refined characterization and emission

inventory tools that relate mass and

speciated monitoring data to potential

emission sources will greatly enhance the

information gained from the PM2.5

monitoring network. Also, emissions

characterization will include information on

the chemical composition of directly emitted

particles, which is essential for developing

source signatures used in relating ambient

data to sources, as well as in conducting

source-related health risk assessments.

Initial results for this characterization effort

will be used in the next periodic review of

the PM2.5 NAAQS. Emission characterization will focus primarily on fugitive

emissions from area sources, diesel

emissions from mobile sources, and selected

major point source categories. The

characterization and activity data work will

be done in conjunction with states and

tribes.

EPA is also aware that in some cases

individual states, tribes, and local

governments cannot solve their air pollution

problems merely by analysis of problems

and development of solutions within their

own jurisdictions. For a number of

situations, upwind emissions from other

jurisdictions contribute significantly to

nonattainment -- or interfere with

maintenance--of a NAAQS, or affect

visibility. In such cases, states, tribes, and

local governments will have to join together
Clean Air

21

in multi-jurisdictional efforts to gather and

analyze data to document the degree of

transport and recommend and implement

strategies to reduce the transported

contributions. The Ozone Transport

Assessment Group, the Ozone Transport

Commission, and the Grand Canyon

Visibility Transport Commission are

examples of such efforts. EPA has been

actively involved in these efforts and intends

to become involved in any similar future

efforts that are needed.

Moreover, as some of these

programs move into the implementation

stage, EPA will provide the data system

infrastructure to operate emissions trading

programs. For example, EPA will operate

the allowance and emissions tracking

systems for the Ozone Transport

Commission’s NOx trading program.

Ozone and PM Research

EPA’s Tropospheric Ozone and PM

Research Programs are devoted to the

mission of providing an improved scientific

basis for: 1) periodic review and revision of

the NAAQS, as needed; and 2)

implementation and attainment of the

NAAQSs.

Under the Tropospheric Ozone

Research Program, the Agency develops

information, methods, models, and

assessments to support implementation of

the current ozone NAAQS and the required

review of the standard every five years.

Implementation-related research is

coordinated through NARSTO (the North

American Research Strategy for

Tropospheric Ozone) to improve the

scientific basis for future ozone attainment

strategies through the implementation and

attainment of NAAQS. The NAAQS review

efforts are closely coordinated within EPA

to ensure assessment documents are

produced in time to support policy

decisions.

Under the PM Research Program,

research focuses on areas recommended by

NAS that contribute to the NAAQS review

and implementation and attainment of the

NAAQS. Such areas include: outdoor

measures versus actual human exposures;

exposure of sensitive subpopulations to PM;

dosimetry; effects of PM and copollutants;

susceptible subpopulations; mechanisms of

injury; assessment of hazardous PM

components; source-receptor measurement

tools; application of methods and models;

and analysis and measurement. Research

will also aid in ensuring that the sites, which

were initially designed to support

implementation, are sufficient to meet the

health and exposure research needs.

Targeting Air Toxics Risks in Urban Areas

To date, our air toxics program

priority has been to reduce toxic emissions

through technology-based MACT standards.

Since 1990, EPA has issued 27 air standards

which, when fully implemented, will reduce

one million tons per year of toxic air

emissions. The next step is to begin to

identify and reduce the remaining risk. Our

plan is to build on current technical

capabilities and develop inventories,

modeling capability, and an air toxics

monitoring network to determine risk and

measure risk reduction on a national and

local scale. In addition, we plan to measure

risk and determine if additional regulations

are needed to address residual risk

remaining after the MACT standards are

promulgated.
Clean Air

22

In 2000, EPA will promote a new

national regulatory strategy that targets the

highest risk toxics in the most populated

areas. The Agency will target both

stationary and mobile sources as well as the

interrelationships with the water and solid

waste media. EPA proposes to make a very

deliberate effort to use risk assessment tools

to set an agenda that provides a new focus

for the air toxics program. This includes

setting an alternative cross-media agenda

based on cumulative environmental risk.

The concept of making risk-based decisions

is not new to the Agency, but the technical

difficulty of determining risk has restricted

its use. When risk assessment is used, it is

generally applied very narrowly -- for

example, in setting individual standards --

but has not been used to set a broad multimedia program agenda. We believe that the

science of determining risk has advanced

sufficiently to enable the Agency to make

much better cross-Agency decisions on how

to protect public health and the environment.

Air Toxics Research

The Air Toxics Research Program

will provide the effects information, as well

as the exposure, source characterization, and

other data, to quantify existing emissions,

key pollutants, and strategies for cost

effective risk management. The program

will focus on the 30 most hazardous air

pollutants found in urban areas. Research

will focus on these areas: (1) health effects

characterization and methods; (2) exposure

assessment methods and models; (3)

assessments and assessment methods; and

(4) risk reduction and mobile emission

models.

Acid Rain

The Acid Rain program will begin

Phase II in the emissions reduction program

with calendar year 2000. In Phase II, the

allowance allocation for the Phase I plants is

to be reduced and all the remaining

powerplants, with limited exceptions, are to

be subjected to the allowance requirements.

There will be a cap on power plant SO2

emissions. Regional reductions of nitrogen

oxide pollution from powerplants using an

emissions trading approach will get to clean

air faster and cheaper without imposing

unfair burdens on local communities.

Other Highlights

For all NAAQS pollutants, we will

continue area redesignations as they meet

the standard, carry out the regular review of

the NAAQS using the most current science,

and ensure that areas that have clean air stay

clean. For the CO, SO2, NO2 and lead

programs, there are some states that have

areas that cannot meet attainment because of

some particular, source-specific problem.

These sources are often high-profile and

critical to the local economy. We will work

cross-Agency to develop strategies that help

them to comply while being sensitive to the

economic and other issues.

EPA has established a permitting

program, run by the states, for air emission

sources to bring all the regulatory

requirements of a plant into one unified

operating permit document. There are also

permit programs preconstruction facilities.

EPA will continue to simplify and

streamline the rules and guidance in

implementing these programs to simplify

their use by the industrial sources.

EPA is responsible for operating the

Clean Air Status and Trends Network

(CASTNet) dry deposition network and for

providing support for operations of the

National Atmospheric Deposition Program
Clean Air

23

(NADP) wet deposition network and for a

number of visibility monitoring sites. These

monitoring efforts play a crucial role in the

Acid Rain Program’s ongoing assessment

activities, including reporting program

results for GPRA and fulfilling assessment

responsibilities under Title IX of the Clean

Air Act and the U.S.-Canada Air Quality

Agreement. In 2000, EPA will be analyzing

the costs and benefits of the program for

inclusion in NAPAP’s 2000 Integrated

Assessment Report to Congress.

Assessment activities are critical to

determine what environmental and public

health results are being achieved as emission

reductions are realized. Assessing the

results of the Acid Rain Program will

involve analyses over various spatial scales

as well as over time to address the expected

lag times for seeing ecological responses to

large reductions in emissions and deposition.

2000 Annual Performance Goals

♦ In 2000 EPA will certify that 5 of the

estimated 30 remaining nonattainment

areas have achieved the one-hour

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

(NAAQS) for ozone.

♦ In 2000 Air Toxics emissions

nationwide from stationary and mobile

sources combined will be reduced by 5%

from 1999 (for a cumulative reduction of

30% from the 1993 level of 1.3 million

tons.
Goal 1: Key Programs

24

FY 2000

FY 1999 President's

Enacted Budget

Clean Air

Acid Rain -CASTNet $4,000.00 $4,000.00

Acid Rain -Program Implementation $9,951.30 $12,183.30

Air Toxics Research $19,681.70 $20,561.60

Air,State,Local and Tribal Assistance Grants: $155,901.80 $167,222.00

 Other Air Grants

Clean Air Partnership Fund $0.00 $200,000.00

Common Sense Initiative $0.00 $635.60

EMPACT $2,750.40 $2,486.50

Federal Air Toxics Standards $17,620.30 $14,902.90

Mobile Sources $47,824.50 $51,521.60

Particulate Matter Monitoring Network (non-grant) $25,000.00 $14,613.00

Particulate Matter Monitoring Network Grants $50,700.00 $42,535.00

Particulate Matter Research $55,656.80 $61,855.60

Project XL $0.00 $390.50

Tribal Capacity $3,812.70 $3,894.90

Tropospheric Ozone Research $20,083.40 $7,217.90
Clean Water

25

Strategic Goal: All Americans will have drinking water that is clean and safe to drink.

Effective protection of America's rivers, lakes, wetlands, aquifers, and coastal and ocean

waters will sustain fish, plants, and wildlife, as well as recreational, subsistence, and

economic activities. Watersheds and their aquatic ecosystems will be restored and

protected to improve public health, enhance water quality, reduce flooding, and provide

habitat for wildlife.

Resource Summary

(Dollars in Thousands)

FY 1999

Enacted

FY 2000

Request

FY 2000 -FY 1999

Difference.

Clean and Safe Water $3,418,339.7 $2,551,369.2 ($866,970.5)

Safe Drinking Water, Fish and Recreational Waters $1,092,624.2 $1,079,342.0 ($13,282.2)

Conserve and Enhance Nation's Waters $339,236.8 $311,444.1 ($27,792.7)

Reduce Loadings and Air Deposition $1,986,478.7 $1,160,583.1 ($825,895.6)

Total Workyears: 2,495.1 2,522.0 26.9

Means and Strategy:

Safe and clean water is needed

for drinking, recreation, fishing, maintaining ecosystem integrity, and commercial uses such as agricultural and

industrial production. Our health,

economy, and quality of life depend on

reliable sources of clean and safe water.

Waterfowl, fish, and other aquatic life

that live in and on the water, as well as

plants, animals, and other life forms in

terrestrial ecosystems are dependent on

clean water.

While the nation has made

considerable progress over the past 25

years, some waters still do not meet

current Clean Water Act standards. The

National Water Quality Inventory 1996

Report to Congress indicates that 16

percent of assessed rivers and streams

and 35 percent of assessed lake acres are

not safe for fish consumption; 20 percent

of assessed rivers and streams and 25

percent of lake acres are not safe for

recreational activities (e.g, swimming);

and 16 percent of assessed rivers and

streams and 8 percent of lake acres are

not meeting drinking water uses. Many

of the remaining challenges require a

different approach to environmental

protection because they are not

amenable to traditional end-of-pipe

pollution controls. These problems

derive from the activities of people in

general. EPA must motivate people to

be responsible in their day-to-day

decisions that can affect the quality of

their rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands, and

estuaries.

To help achieve the nation’s

clean and safe water goals, EPA will

expand implementation of the watershed

approach in carrying out its statutory

authorities under the Safe Drinking

Water Amendments of 1996 and the
Clean Water

26

Clean Water Act. Protecting watersheds

involves participation by a wide variety

of stakeholders, a comprehensive assessment of the condition of the

watershed, and implementation of solutions based on the assessment of

conditions and stakeholder input. Full

involvement of stakeholders at all levels

of government, the regulated community, and the public are fundamental

to the watershed approach. The watershed approach helps EPA, its federal

partners, states, tribes, local governments, and other stakeholders to

implement tailored solutions and maximize the benefits gained from the use of

increasingly scarce resources.

EPA will continue to implement

the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 which charted a new and

challenging course for EPA, states,

tribes, and water suppliers. One of the

central provisions of the Amendments

that remains an EPA priority is

significantly strengthening the source

water protection program, which builds

directly on the watershed approach.

Other provisions that EPA will continue

to support include establishing drinking

water safety standards, which place

emphasis on microbiological contaminants, disinfectant and disinfection

byproducts (DBPs), and other pollutants

identified as posing potentially high

risks; capitalizing and managing the

drinking water state revolving fund

(DWSRF) program to assist public water

systems in meeting drinking water

standards; providing assistance to small

systems to build or strengthen technical,

managerial, and financial capacity;

establishing an operator certification

program; and providing “right-to-know”

reports for all customers of public water

systems.

EPA has increased its efforts to

provide states and tribes tools and

information to assist them in protecting

their residents from health risks

associated with contaminated recreational waters and noncommerciallycaught fish. These tools will help reduce

health risks, including risks to sensitive

populations such as children and

subsistence and recreational anglers.

EPA activities include development of

criteria, enhanced fish tissue monitoring,

risk assessment, and development of fish

and shellfish consumption advisories.

EPA will also establish improved safety

guidelines and pollution indicators so

that local authorities can monitor their

recreational waters in a cost-effective

way and close them to public use when

necessary to protect human health. For

beaches, EPA’s three-part strategy is to

strengthen beach standards and testing,

improve the scientific basis for beach

assessment, and develop methods to

inform the public about beach

conditions.

85

104

128

146

159

175.5 178.9 181.3

1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1998 1999 2000

Year

0

50

100

150

200

Millions

U.S. POPULATION SERVED BY SECONDARY

 TREATMENT OR BETTER
Clean Water

27

Under the Clean Water Act, EPA

will continue to develop scientificallybased water quality standards and

criteria and work with its partners to

apply them on a watershed basis. EPA

will work with states and tribes to

improve implementation of total

maximum daily load (TMDL) programs

that establish the analytical basis for

watershed-based decisions on the need

for additional pollution reductions where

standards are not being met. EPA will

continue to develop and revise national

effluent guideline limitations and

standards, capitalize and manage the

Clean Water State Revolving Fund

(CWSRF) program and other funding

mechanisms, and streamline the National

Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

(NPDES) permit program. The Agency

will continue implementing its strategy

for reducing the NPDES permit backlog.

The Agency, in partnership with States,

will develop strategies that target

permitting activities toward those

facilities posing the greatest risk to the

environment. This is particularly

important because the NPDES program

will be expanded with the completion of

the phase II storm water rule, new

strategy for animal feeding operations

and coverage of additional wet-weather

sources contributing to pollution

problems. EPA will also continue

reorienting all its point source programs

to focus and coordinate efforts on a

watershed basis.

The CWSRF is a significant financial tool for achieving clean and safe

water, and for helping meet the

significant needs for wastewater

infrastructure over the next 20 years.

With approximately $16 billion worth of

capitalization grants (almost 90 percent,

which is more than originally authorized

by Congress) all 50 states and U.S.

territories have benefited from this and

other wastewater funding. To further

support the objectives of the Clean

Water Action Plan, the Agency proposes

for 2000 to allow states to reserve up to

an amount equal to 20 percent of their

CWSRF capitalization grants to provide

grants of no more than 60 percent of the

costs of implementing non-point source

and estuary management projects. Such

grant funds may not be used for

publicly-owned treatment works projects. Projects receiving grant assistance

must, to the maximum extent practicable, rank highest on the State’s list

used to prioritize projects eligible for

assistance. States may make these

grants using either a portion of their

capitalization grant itself, or using other

funds in their state revolving fund (e.g,

state match, repayments, bond proceeds). Grants may also be used with

loans for eligible projects for communities which might otherwise find

loans unaffordable.

EPA has stepped up efforts to

engage a variety of stakeholders to

reduce nutrients, pathogens, and other

pollutants from nontraditional categories

of point sources, including animal

feeding operations, storm water drains,

sanitary sewer overflows, and combined

sewer overflows.

EPA is assisting states and tribes

to characterize risks, rank priorities, and

implement a mix of voluntary and

regulatory approaches through state

nonpoint source management programs.

State and tribal nonpoint source pro-
Clean Water

28

grams are being strengthened to ensure

that beneficial uses of water are achieved

and maintained. States will continue to

implement coastal nonpoint source

programs approved by EPA and the

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration under the Coastal Zone

Act Reauthorization Amendments, and

to work with the U.S. Department of

Agriculture to promote implementation

of Farm Bill programs consistent with

state nonpoint source management needs

and priorities. EPA will also provide

tools to states to assess and strengthen

controls on air deposition sources of

nitrogen, mercury, and other toxics.

With respect to wetlands, EPA

will work with federal, state, tribal,

local, and private sector partners on

protection and community-based

restoration of wetlands, and with its

federal partners to avoid, minimize, and

compensate for wetland losses through

the Clean Water Act Section 404 and

Farm Bill programs.

The President’s Clean Water

Action Plan, announced in February

1998, calls for more than 100 specific

key actions by EPA and by many other

federal agencies with either water

quality responsibilities or activities that

have an impact on water quality. These

key actions cover most aspects of the

water program at EPA. The Action Plan

mobilizes federal, state, and local

agencies to achieve the nation’s clean

water goals through the watershed

approach, brings a sharp focus to the

critical actions that are required, and

establishes deadlines for meeting these

commitments over the next several

years.

Under the Clean Water Action

Plan in 2000, watershed restoration

action strategies will be completed in

high priority watersheds across the

nation that will enable local leaders to

take a stronger role in setting priorities

and solving water quality problems that

affect the quality of life in their

communities. States will finish

upgrading their nonpoint source

management programs to fully

incorporate all nine key elements of a

comprehensive solution to polluted

runoff problems and coastal states will

submit final plans with policies and

mechanisms to reduce polluted runoff in

coastal areas. EPA will work with

states, tribes, municipalities, and the

regulated community to ensure that the

Phase II rules for the stormwater

program are implemented to solve

problems caused by sediment and other

pollutants in our waters. EPA will also

establish criteria for nutrients (i.e.

nitrogen and phosphorus) so that states

can start developing water quality

standards for nutrients to protect waters

from harmful algal blooms, dead zones,

and fish kills.

Research

EPA’s research efforts will

continue to strengthen the scientific

basis for drinking water standards

through the use of improved methods

and new data to better evaluate the risks

associated with exposure to chemical

and microbial contaminants in drinking

water. To support the Safe Drinking

Water Act (SDWA) and its 1996

Amendments, the Agency’s drinking

water research will develop dose-
Clean Water

29

response information on DBPs,

waterborne pathogens, arsenic and other

drinking water contaminants for

characterization of potential exposure

risks from consuming tap water,

including an increased focus on filling

key data gaps and developing methods

for chemicals and microbial pathogens

on the Contaminant Candidate List

(CCL). The Agency will develop and

evaluate cost-effective treatment technologies for removing pathogens from

water supplies while minimizing DBP

formation, and for maintaining the

quality of treated water in the

distribution system and preventing the

intrusion of microbial contamination.

Research to support the development of ecological criteria will

improve our understanding of the

structure, function and characteristics of

aquatic systems, and will evaluate

exposures to stressors and their effects

on those systems. This research can then

be used to improve risk assessment

methods to develop aquatic life, habitat,

and wildlife criteria. The Agency also

will develop cost-effective technologies

for managing contaminated sediments

with an emphasis on identifying

innovative in situ solutions. EPA will

continue to develop diagnostic tools to

evaluate the exposures to toxic

constituents of wet weather flows, and

develop and validate effective watershed

management strategies for controlling

wet weather flows, especially when they

are high volume and toxic. This

research will also develop effective

beach evaluation tools necessary to

make timely and informed decisions on

beach advisories and closures.

Highlights:

Contaminated water can cause illness

and even death, and exposure to

contaminated drinking water poses a

special risk to such populations as

children, the elderly, and people with

compromised immune systems. In 1994,

17 percent of those served by

community water systems were supplied

drinking water that violated health

standards at least once during the year.

In an effort to ensure that all Americans

have water that is safe to drink, EPA will

meet a vital milestone in 2000, by

ensuring that 91 percent of the popIn 2000, 91 percent of the population served by

community water systems will receive drinking water

meeting all health based standards in effect as of

1994

76

78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

1994199519961997

2000 APG 

2005 Goal
Clean Water

30

ulation served by community water

systems will receive drinking water

meeting all health-based standards in

effect as of 1994. In establishing new

contaminant protective levels, increased

resources will assist states in implementing the requirements of two new healthbased rules - the Stage 1 D/DBP and

Interim Enhanced Surface Water

Treatment Rule. EPA will also increase

resources for drinking water rule-making

and data collection priorities, including

risk assessment and improved analytical

methods, on potential contaminants

identified in the 1998 Contaminant

Candidate List (CCL). EPA is also

using the 1998 CCL for determining

drinking water research priorities in

addition to establishing rule-making and

data collection priorities.

In February 1998, the Administration unveiled its Clean Water Action

Plan providing a comprehensive strategy

for assessing and restoring the Nation’s

most impaired watersheds. Fundamental

to the Agency’s efforts to conserve and

enhance the nation’s waters is the

management of water quality resources

on a watershed basis, with the full

involvement of all stakeholders includeing communities, individuals, businesses, state and local governments, and

tribes. A key performance goal for

2000, and part of EPA’s commitments

under the Clean Water Action Plan, is

for EPA, in conjunction with other

Federal agencies, to prepare a Watershed

Restoration Progress Report. In this

report, which will be presented to the

President, the nation’s governors, tribal

leaders, and the public will evaluate

progress in implementing restoration

actions and recommend any actions

needed to improve progress towards

meeting clean water goals. Also in

2000, through EPA’s Five Star Program,

the Agency commits to cooperate and

support wetland and river corridor

projects in 210 watersheds, with the

ultimate goal of supporting 500 watersheds by 2005.

A key element of the Agency’s

effort to achieve its overarching goal of

clean and safe water is the reduction of

pollutant discharges from point sources

and nonpoint sources. The National

Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

(NPDES) program (which includes

NPDES permits, urban wet weather,

large animal feeding operation, mining,

pretreatment program for non-domestic

wastewater discharges into municipal

sanitary sewers, and biosolids management controls), establishes controls on

pollutants discharged from point sources

into waters of the United States. Key

annual performance goals for 2000 are to

reduce industrial discharges of toxic

pollutants by 4 million pounds per year,

nonconventional pollutants by 1,551

million pounds per year, and conventional pollutants by 388 million pounds

per year as compared to 1992 reduction

levels.

States report that pollution from

nonpoint sources is the largest cause of

water pollution, with agriculture as a

leading cause of impairment in 25

percent of the river miles surveyed. In

order to restore and maintain water

quality, significant loading reductions

from nonpoint sources (NPS) must be

achieved. Because EPA has limited

direct NPS authority under the Clean

Water Act, state NPS programs are

critical to our overall success. To

achieve reductions in loadings, it is
Clean Water

31

essential to work with states to adopt and

expeditiously implement the nine key

program elements in their existing

nonpoint source programs. To provide

an incentive for states to upgrade their

NPS programs, EPA committed in the

CWAP that all states must have

incorporated all nine key elements into

an approved Section 319 Non-point

Source Management program to receive

any Section 319 funding exceeding $100

thousand beginning in 2000. In addition,

EPA will encourage states to make use

of Clean Water State Revolving Funds

(CWSRF) and other Federal resources to

finance projects that address polluted

runoff.

Research

In 2000, EPA’s drinking water

research will include an increased focus

on filling key data gaps and developing

methods for contaminants on the CCL.

Research will also continue supporting

the 1996 Amendments to SDWA

priorities, emphasizing research on

sensitive subpopulations, adverse

reproductive effects of drinking water

contaminants, and disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Research efforts in

2000 will work towards improving

methods associated with the evaluation

and control of risks posed by exposure to

drinking water contaminants, such as

disinfection by-products, microbial

contaminants, and arsenic.

Research in support of

conserving and enhancing the nation’s

waters will work to increase

understanding of landscape

characteristics and ecosystem structure

and function and will also reduce

uncertainty surrounding the effects of

chemical, biological and physical

stressors on aquatic ecosystems. This

work includes developing stressorresponse models for chemical

contaminants, improving the ability to

identify critical stressors, and predicting

impacts from increased nutrient run-off

that include an increase in harmful algal

blooms. Under the Clean Water Act,

states are required to develop designated

uses for their waters. Some of this

research will provide an improved

biological basis for these designated

uses, a longer-term direction identified

by the Office of Water for improving

existing water quality across the country.

Some of the modeling research in this

objective is related to activities in the

Clean Water Action Plan.

In 2000, research efforts

supporting the reduction of pollutant

loadings will primarily focus on Wet

Weather Flows. EPA’s March 1995

Report to Congress on stormwater

discharges, cited pollution from Wet

Weather Flows (WWFs) as the leading

cause of water-quality impairment. This

degradation of water quality poses

significant risks to human and ecological

health through the uncontrolled release

of pathogenic bacteria, protozoans and

viruses as well as a number of

potentially toxic, bioaccumulative

contaminants. WWF research will

continue to develop diagnostic tools to

evaluate the exposures to toxic

constituents of WWFs, and develop and

validate effective watershed

management strategies for controlling

WWFs, especially during high volume

and toxic WWFs. This research will

also develop and provide effective beach

evaluation tools necessary to make
Clean Water

32

timely and informed decisions on beach

advisories and closures.

2000 Annual Performance Goals:

♦ In 2000, reduce uncertainties and

improve methods associated with the

 by exposure to disinfection by-prod-

 ucts in drinking water.

♦ In 2000, reduce uncertainties and

improve methods associated with the

evaluation and control of risks posed

by exposure to microbial contaminants in drinking water.

♦ In 2000, 91 percent of the population

served by community drinking water

systems will receive drinking water

meeting all health-based standards

that were in effect as of 1994, up

from 83 percent in 1994.

♦ In 2000, reduce consumption of

contaminated fish and exposure to

contaminated recreational waters by

increasing the information available

to the public and decision-makers.

(Supports CWAP).

♦ In 2000, identify the primary life

support functions of surface waters

that contribute to the management of

sustainability of watersheds.

♦ In 2000, assure that States and Tribes

have effective, up-to-date water

quality standards programs adopted

in accordance with the Water Quality

Standards regulation and the Water

Quality Standards program priorities.

♦ In 2000, environmental improvement

projects will be underway in 350

high priority watersheds as a result

of implementing activities under the

CWAP.

♦ In 2000, working through the Five

Star Program, EPA will have cooperated on and supported wetland

and river corridor projects in 210

 watersheds. (Supports CWAP).

♦ In 2000, another two million people

will receive the benefits of secondary

treatment of wastewater, for a total

of 181 million people.

♦ In 2000, develop modeling, monitoring and risk management

methods that enable planners and

regulatory officials to more accurately characterize receiving and

recreational water quality and to

select appropriate control technologies.

♦ In 2000, industrial discharges of

toxic pollutants will be reduced by 4

million pounds per year (a 14 percent

reduction) and conventional pollutants will be reduced by 388 million

pounds per year (a 9 percent

reduction) as compared to 1992

discharges when considerations for

growth are considered.

♦ In 2000, industrial discharges of nonconventional pollutants will be

reduced by 1.5 billion pounds per

year (a 7 percent reduction) as

compared to 1992 discharges when

considerations for growth are considered.
Goal 2: Key Programs

33

FY 2000

FY 1999 President’s

Clean and Safe Water Enacted Budget

Chesapeake Bay (CWAP) $19,630.10 $18,899.30

Clean Water Action Plan: Related Research $0.00 $2,068.50

Common Sense Initiative $0.00 $960.90

Drinking Water Implementation $31,688.00 $31,803.80

Drinking Water Regulations $33,886.20 $43,484.90

Effluent Guidelines (CWAP) $22,365.80 $23,193.00

EMPACT $1,939.90 $476.40

Great Lakes (CWAP) $5,381.60 $4,366.30

Gulf of Mexico (CWAP) $3,798.90 $4,290.60

Lake Champlain (CWAP) $2,000.00 $1,000.00

Long Island Sound (CWAP) $900.00 $500.00

National Estuaries Program/Coastal Watersheds (CWAP) $16,544.30 $17,048.80

National Nonpoint Source Program Implementation (CWAP) $15,476.70 $15,198.80

NPDES Program (CWAP) $35,142.80 $46,338.80

Pacific Northwest (CWAP) $713.60 $823.90

Pfiesteria (CWAP) $2,500.00 $500.00

Project XL $564.20 $175.40

Rural Water Technical Assistance $13,050.00 $688.00

Safe Drinking Water Research $47,728.10 $41,468.20

Source Water Protection (CWAP Related) $11,685.80 $11,501.90

South Florida/Everglades (CWAP) $3,099.30 $3,084.60

State Nonpoint Source Grants (CWAP) $200,000.00 $200,000.00

State Pollution Control Grants (Section 106) (CWAP) $115,529.30 $115,529.30

State PWSS Grants $93,780.50 $93,780.50

State Underground Injection Control Grants $10,500.00 $10,500.00

State Water Quality Cooperative Agreements (CWAP) $19,000.00 $19,000.00

State Wetlands Program Grants (CWAP) $15,000.00 $15,000.00

UIC Program $11,744.70 $11,815.90

Water Infrastructure: Alaska Native Villages $30,000.00 $15,000.00

Water Infrastructure:Boston Harbor $50,000.00 $0.00

Water Infrastructure:Bristol County $2,610.00 $3,000.00

Water Infrastructure:Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) $1,350,000.00 $800,000.00

Water Infrastructure:Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) $775,000.00 $825,000.00

Water Infrastructure:New Orleans $6,525.00 $10,000.00

Water Quality Criteria and Standards (CWAP) $17,842.50 $22,280.70

Watershed Research $8,376.10 $8,478.60

Wetlands (CWAP) $16,110.60 $18,124.50
34
Safe Food

35

Strategic Goal: The foods Americans eat will be free from unsafe pesticide residues.

Children especially will be protected from the health threats posed by pesticide residues,

because they are among the most vulnerable groups in our society.

Resource Summary

(Dollars in Thousands)

FY 1999

Enacted

FY 2000

Request

FY 2000–FY 1999

Difference

Safe Food $67,546.4 $78,583.2 $11,036.8

Reduce Agricultural Pesticides Risk $29,139.0 $30,830.1 $1,691.1

Reduce Use on Food of Pesticides Not

Meeting Standards

$38,407.4 $47,753.1 $9,345.7

Total Workyears: 702.4 712.2 9.8

Means and Strategy:

The U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) plays a major

role in the lives of all Americans by

ensuring that agricultural use of

pesticides will not result in unsafe food.

EPA accomplishes this by working to

protect human health and the

environment from risks associated with

agricultural pesticide use, while ensuring

that exposure from any individual

agricultural pesticide use will not, with

reasonable certainty, cause harm.

EPA regulates pesticides under

two main statutes: the Federal

Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide

Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food and

Drug Control Act (FFDCA). FIFRA

requires that pesticides be registered

(licensed) by EPA before they may be

sold or distributed in the United States,

and that they perform their intended

functions without causing unreasonable

adverse effects on people or the

environment when used according to

EPA-approved label directions.

FFDCA authorizes EPA to set

tolerances, or maximum legal limits, for

pesticide residues in or on food.

Tolerance requirements apply equally to

domestically-produced as well as

imported food. Any food with residues

not covered by a tolerance, or in

amounts that exceed an established

tolerance, may not be legally marketed

in the United States.

Both FIFRA and FFDCA have

been amended by the Food Quality

Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996, which

enhances protection of children and

other sensitive sub-populations.

Because of EPA’s work under these

laws, Americans enjoy one of the safest,

most abundant, and most affordable food

supplies in the world.

Pesticides subject to EPA

regulation include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, disinfectants, plant growth regulators and other

substances intended to control pests.

The regulations directly affect pesticide
Safe Food

36

producers, formulators, distributors, retailers, commercial pest control firms,

farms, farm workers, industrial and

governmental users, and all households.

Pesticides are used in agriculture,

greenhouses, on lawns, in swimming

pools, industrial buildings, households,

and in hospitals and food service

establishments. Total U.S. pesticide

usage in 1995 was about 4.5 billion

pounds, and there are about 1.3 million

certified pesticide applicators in the U.S.

Herbicides are the most widely used

pesticides and account for the greatest

expenditure and volume. Biopesticides

and other non-conventional, or safer,

pesticides make up about 20 percent of

the total. Agriculture accounts for over

70 percent of all applications.

Through its food safety programs, EPA enhances health and

environmental protection in a number of

ways, including the following:

♦ Establishing a single, health-based

standard for pesticide residues in

food, and eliminating past inconsistencies in the law which treated

residues in some processed foods

differently from residues in raw and

other processed foods.

♦ Providing for a more complete

assessment of potential risks, with

special protections for potentially

sensitive groups, such as infants and

children.

♦ Ensuring that pesticides are periodically reassessed for con-sistency

with current safety standards and the

latest scientific and tech-nological

advances.

♦ Expanding consumers’ “right to

know” about pesticide risks and

benefits.

♦ Expediting the approval of safer,

reduced risk pesticides.

Consumers are at risk for

potential adverse effects from pesticide

residues ingested either directly or

through processed foods. Pesticides also

“bioaccumulate” throughout the food

chain. A critical step in protecting the

public health is to evaluate food use

pesticides for potential toxic effects such

as birth defects, seizures, cancer,

disruption of the endocrine system,

changes in fertility, harmful effects to

the kidneys or liver, or short term effects

such as headaches or disorientation.

Ensuring that any residues on food are at

acceptable levels is the essence of the

Safe Food goal.

The Agency works toward a

twofold strategy for accomplishing the

objectives of the Safe Food goal:

♦ EPA encourages the introduction of

new, safer pesticide ingredients

(including new biological agents)

within the context of new pestmanagement practices.

EPA’s Pesticide Regulations Affect a Cross-Section

of the Population:

•30 major pesticide producers and another 100 smaller

producers2500 formulators

•29,000 distributors and other establishments

•40,000 commercial pest control firms

•One million farms

•Several million industry and government users

About 90 million households
Safe Food

37

♦ At the same time, the Agency

systematically works toward

reducing the use of currently

registered pesticides with the highest

potential to cause adverse health

effects. FIFRA mandates Special

Review, reregistration reviews and

other risk-management measures

available in the registration

authority. FQPA mandates additional screening for aggregate exposure,

common mechanisms of toxicity and

an additional tenfold safety factor to

ensure protection of children and

infants.

In 2000, the Agency will

accelerate the pace of new registrations

for pesticides that offer improved

prevention or risk reduction qualities

compared to those currently on the

market. Progressively replacing older,

higher-risk pesticides is one of the most

effective methods for curtailing adverse

impact on health and the ecosystem

while preserving food production rates.

Other priorities in 2000 include

evaluating existing tolerances for

currently registered pesticides to ensure

they meet the FQPA health standard and

to screen and require testing of certain

pesticides and chemicals to evaluate

their potential for disrupting endocrine

systems in animals or in humans. The

emphasis will be on balancing the need

for pesticides, and allowing for smooth

transitions to safer pesticide alternatives.

EPA uses its FIFRA registration

authorities and the FFDCA mechanism

in tandem to systematically manage the

risks of such exposures by establishing

legally permissible food-borne exposure

levels, or tolerances. EPA manages the l

legal use of pesticides, up to and

including the elimination of pesticides

that present a danger to human health

and the environment. This task involves

a comprehensive review of existing

pesticide use as stipulated by the

reregistration provision, as well as a

comprehensive reassessment and update

of existing tolerances on a six-year

schedule, as required by FQPA.

An additional dimension is the

pursuit and incorporation of the latest

scientific advances in health-risk

assessment practices, ensuring current

uses meet the test of a reasonable

certainty of no harm, as stipulated by

FQPA. This includes the incorporation

of new scientific data relating to the

effects of endocrine disruption.

Finally, in addition to setting the

requirements of continued legal use of

agricultural pesticides, EPA works in

partnership with USDA, FDA and the

states toward the broader effort to

prevent the misuse of agricultural

pesticides.

More information about EPA’s

food safety efforts is available on the

Office of Pesticides Program’s website

at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides.

Research

FQPA identifies the need for

science to evaluate all potential routes

and pathways of human exposure to

pesticides and their effects. Research in

2000 will continue the program started

in 1998 and will center on such

initiatives as assessing the risk of

exposures of varying frequency and

duration. Research will also compare
Safe Food

38

the effects of pesticide exposure to

mixtures of pesticides and other toxics

chemicals with exposure to the

individual chemicals.

Highlights

Reduce Agricultural Pesticides Risk

The Federal Food, Drug and

Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) and the

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and

Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) authorize

EPA to set terms and conditions of

pesticide registration, marketing and

use. EPA will use these authorities to

reduce the use of pesticides with the

highest potential to cause cancer or

neurotoxic effects, including those

which pose particular risks to children.

New food/feed-use pesticides are

registered after an extensive review

and evaluation of human health and

ecosystem studies and data. The

Registration program includes special

registration activities, tolerance setting,

and permits for experimental and

emergency use.

In 2000, the Agency will

continue to decrease the risk the public

faces from agricultural pesticides (from

1995 levels) through the regulatory

review and approval of new pesticide

chemicals, including reduced risk

pesticides and biopesticides. The

Reduced Risk Initiative, which began

in 1993, expedites the registration of

reduced risk pesticides. Under this

strategy, EPA will continue to provide

accelerated review of pesticides which

meet the criteria of reduced risk, i.e.,

reduced levels of acute toxicity,

reduced exposure to humans or

non-target organisms, and reduced

environmental burden, considering

comparisons with available alternative

pesticides. These accelerated pesticide

reviews provide an incentive for

industry to develop, register, and use

lower risk pesticides. Additionally, the

availability of these reduced risk

pesticides provide alternatives to older,

potentially more harmful products

currently on the market.

In addition to registering safer

pesticides, EPA reviews petitions for

temporary uses of pesticides to respond

to emergency situations, such as a pest

infestation on a crop, and exceptions

for research purposes. These actions,

provided for under FIFRA, include the

issuance of emergency exemptions

allowing the use for a limited time of a

pesticide not registered for that specific

purpose. Another provision addresses

special local needs which allow

registration of products by states for

specific uses not Federally registered;

experimental use permits allowing

pesticide producers to test new

pesticides uses outside the laboratory;

amendments to previously approved

pesticides (e.g., to reflect label

revisions or changed formulations for

products already registered);

applications for new uses of a pesticide; and additional registrations for

new products containing a pesticide

already registered.

Reduce Use of Pesticides Not Meeting

Current Standards on Food

The Food Quality Protection Act

(FQPA) requires the Agency to revise

its risk-assessment practices to ensure

the adequate protection of children’s
Safe Food

39

health and other vulnerable groups, and

to reevaluate some 9,700 food residue

tolerances approved before the passage

of FQPA. To meet the tolerance

reassessment requirement, the Agency

will complete approximately 1,950

additional tolerance reassessments in

2000. The Agency will also screen and

test these pesticides for their potential

to disrupt the endocrine system.

In 2000, the Agency’s Pesticide

Reregistration program is now in its

final phase. The Reregistration

program will enable EPA to review

pesticides currently on the market to

ensure they meet the FQPA health

standards. Pesticides found not in

compliance will be eliminated or

restricted in order to minimize harmful

exposure. The issuance of a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED)

summarizes the health and

environmental effects findings of the

chemical reregistration. The findings

determine whether the products

registered under this chemical are

eligible for reregistration. 

In 2000, EPA will complete 20

REDs and approximately 750 product

reregistrations. By 2002, active ingredient and product reregistration will

be complete for all pesticides

subject to reregistration under FIFRA

‘88. By 2006, all 9,700 of the

reassessments of pesticide residue

tolerances mandated by FQPA will be

completed.

FQPA requires that EPA

establish a process for periodic review

of pesticide registrations. This requires

the updating of all pesticide registrations using current scientific data,

risk assessment methodology, program

policies and effective risk reduction

measures.

Research

To address uncertainties

associated with the Agency’s ability to

assess risk from exposure to pesticides

and other toxic chemicals, research in

2000 will continue to focus on

developing new methods and models to

evaluate and assess exposures to

pesticides and toxic chemicals,

particularly cumulative/aggregate exposures, and to evaluate and predict

potential human health effects of

exposures to pesticides and toxic

chemicals, emphasizing cumulative

exposure (e.g., multiple acute

exposures, exposure to chemical

mixtures, etc.). Methods will be

developed for integrating effects and

exposure data for use in assessing the

risks associated with chemicals

regulated under FQPA.

FY 2000 Annual Performance Goals

♦ In 2000, decrease adverse risk from

agricultural uses from 1995 levels

and assure that new pesticides are

safe by such actions as registering 6

new chemicals, 1,800

amendments, 500 me-toos, 100 new

uses, 45 inerts, 375 special

registrations, 105 tolerances and 13

reduced risk chemicals/biopesticides.

♦ In 2000, EPA will reassess 20% of

the existing 9,700 tolerances to

ensure that they meet the statutory

standard of "reasonable certainty of

no harm," achieving a cumulative

53% assessed.
Goal 3: Key Programs

40

FY 2000

FY 1999 President's

Enacted Budget

Safe Food

Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program $2,581.60 $3,734.00

Pesticide Registration $17,491.60 $19,868.00

Pesticide Reregistration $24,971.50 $29,125.60

Pesticide Residue Tolerance Reassessments $9,540.80 $10,844.00
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,

Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

41

Strategic Goal: Pollution prevention and risk management strategies aimed at costeffectively eliminating, reducing, or minimizing emissions and contamination will result

in cleaner and safer environments in which all Americans can reside, work, and enjoy

life. EPA will safeguard ecosystems and promote the health of natural communities that

are integral to the quality of life in this Nation.

Resource Summary

(Dollars in Thousands)

FY 1999

Enacted

FY 2000

Request

FY 2000-FY 1999

Difference

Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

$237,789.8 $277,166.0 $39,376.2

Reduce Public and Ecosystem Exposure $43,178.2 $51,050.8 $7,872.6

Reduce Lead Poisoning $30,817.4 $29,213.5 ($1,603.9)

Safe Handling and Use of Commercial Chemicals $42,443.2 $56,874.1 $14,430.9

Healthier Indoor Air $29,629.4 $40,778.6 $11,149.2

Improve Pollution Prevention Strategies, Tools $21,884.0 $25,116.1 $3,232.1

Decrease Quantity and Toxicitiy of Waste $18,852.5 $21,026.0 $2,173.5

Assess Conditions in Indian Country $50,985.1 $53,106.9 $2,121.8

Total Workyears: 1,124.9 1,117.9 -7.0

Means and Strategy:

The diversity and fragility of

America’s environments (communities,

homes, workplaces and ecosystems)

requires EPA to adopt a multi-faceted

approach to protecting all Americans

from the threats posed by pesticide and

toxic chemicals. The underlying principle of the activities incorporated under

this goal is the application of pollution

prevention. Preventing pollution before

it does damage to the environment is

cheaper and smarter than costly cleanup

and remediation, as evidenced with

Superfund and PCB cleanups. Pollution

prevention involves changing the

behavior of those that cause the pollution

and fostering the wider use of preventive

practices as a means to achieve cost

effective, sustainable results.

Under this Goal, EPA ensures

that pesticide use not only results in safe

food, but also causes no unnecessary

exposure either to human health or to

natural ecosystems. In addition to the

array of risk-management measures

entailed in the registration authorities

under FIFRA for individual pesticide

ingredients, EPA has specific programs

to foster worker and pesticide-user

safety as well as ground-water
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,

Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

42

protection, and the Agency fosters the

safe, effective use of antimicrobial

agents. These programs work to ensure

the comprehensive protection of nontarget organisms and endangered species

in particular, and to reduce the

contribution of particular pesticides to

specific ecological threats such as

endocrine disruption or pollutant loading

in precise geographic areas. Within this

context, EPA pursues a variety of field

activities at the regional, state and local

levels, including the promotion of

pesticide environmental stewardship

programs with user groups as partners.

Finally, EPA promotes the use of

sensible Integrated Pest Management

(IPM) and the prevention of misuse in

the panoply of uses within both the

urban and rural environments.

Much remains to be done to

safeguard our nation’s communities,

homes, workplaces and ecosystems.

Preventing pollution through regulatory,

voluntary, and partnership actions -

educating and changing the behavior of

our citizens - is a sensible and effective

approach to sustainable development

while protecting our nation’s health.

Preventing pollution through

partnerships is central to the Agency’s

Chemical Right-to-Know initiative in

2000. This new initiative will provide

the public with information on the basic

health and environmental effects of the

2,800 chemicals produced at the highest

volumes in the U.S. Most Americans

come into daily contact with many of

these chemicals, yet relatively little is

known about their potential impacts.

Basic hazard testing information will be

the focus of a high visibility, voluntary

challenge program recognizing industry’s contribution to the public

knowledge base on these prevalent

chemicals. Risks to children is a particular focus, and the Agency will

supplement the information from

industry with additional testing to

identify and address any chemicals of

special concern for children’s health.

Also central to the Agency’s

work under this goal in 2000 will be

increased attention on documenting and

taking action to reduce risk from

chemicals that persist, bioaccumulate or

are highly toxic (PBT’s) and from

chemicals that have endocrine disruption

effects. These chemicals have very high

potentials for causing long-term damage

to humans and to ecosystems.

Accumulating in the food chain, often

far from the source of initial exposure,

and disrupting the life cycle and creation

of healthy offspring, in essence these

chemicals produce a multiplier effect

that is difficult to halt once it is in action

in the environment. Pollution prevention

and controlling releases are the

mainstays of protection, once these

chemicals are correctly identified.

The Agency mixes both

regulatory and voluntary methods to

accomplish its job. For example, each

year the New Chemicals program

reviews and manages the risks of over

2,000 new chemicals and 40 products of

biotechnology that enter the marketplace. This new chemical review

process not only protects the public from

the immediate threats of harmful

chemicals, like PCBs, from entering the

marketplace but it has also contributed to

changing the behavior of the chemical

industry, making industry more aware

and responsible for the impact these
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,

Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

43

chemicals have on human health and the

environment. This awareness has led

industry to produce safer “greener”

alternative chemicals and pesticides.

Fewer harmful chemicals are entering

the marketplace and our environment

today because of the New Chemical

Program. Through our Design for the

Environment program, today’s EPA

forms partnerships with industry to find

sensible solutions to prevent pollution.

In one example, taking a sector

approach, EPA has worked with the

electronics industry to reduce the use of

formaldehyde and other toxic chemicals

from the manufacture of printed wiring

boards. 

In several cases achieving the

strategic objectives under this goal is a

shared responsibility with other federal

agencies. For example EPA’s role in

reducing the levels of environmental

lead exposure involves promotion of

federal-state partnerships to lower

specific sources of environmental lead,

such as lead-based paint and other

lead-content products. These partnerships emphasize public education and

empowerment strategies, which fit into

companion federal efforts (e.g., HHS

and the Centers for Disease Control;

HUD) to monitor and reduce

environmental lead levels. Likewise, the

results of EPA’s efforts to reduce indoor

air exposures are measured by

public-health agencies. EPA focuses on

specific agents (e.g., radon), on general

categories of indoor facilities (schools,

homes and workplaces), and on the

characteristic risks presented in each

category.

Intrinsic to the effort to prevent

pollution is the minimization of the

quantities of waste generated by

industry, municipalities and hazardouswaste management operations. Strategies

range from fostering recycling and other

resource-recovery processes to broadbased campaigns to re-engineer the

consumption and use of raw materials or

personal conservation of resources.

Since this Goal focuses on how

Americans live in communities, it

features the particular commitment of

promoting environmental protection in

Indian country, as consistent with our

trust relationship with tribes, and is

cognizant of the nation’s interest in

conserving the cultural uses of natural

resources.

Research

The human health and

ecosystems research included in this

objective is designed to provide direct

support to EPA’s regulatory program for

pesticides and toxic substances. The

information developed from application

of human health research will

significantly increase understanding of

the impacts of specific pesticides and

toxic substances on human health.

Ecosystems research will help EPA

develop the evaluative effects methods

that are used in the regulation of toxic

substances, including pesticides, in

ecosystems. Test methods developed

through this research program are

incorporated in the existing compendium

of test methods used to support Agency

regulatory requirements.
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,

Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

44

Highlights:

EPA seeks to prevent pollution at the

source as the first choice in managing

environmental risks to humans and

ecosystems. Where pollution prevention

at the source is not a viable alternative,

the Agency will employ risk

management and remediation strategies

in a cost effective manner. Reducing

pollution at the source will be carried out

using a multi-media approach in the

following manner:

Reduce Public and Ecosystem Exposure

to Pesticides

Reducing risk from exposure to

pesticides requires a multi-faceted

approach. Beyond being exposed

through the food we eat, the general

public, applicators, and farm workers

may be exposed through direct handling,

groundwater contamination or aerial

spray. One intent of the Food Quality

Protection Act (FQPA) is to protect the

public by shifting the nation toward safer

pesticide use. At the same time,

appropriate transition strategies are

important to the nation as well, to avoid

disruption of food supply or sudden

changes in the market that could result

from abrupt termination before well

targeted safer equivalents can be

identified and made available. For these

reasons, the Strategic Agricultural

Partnership initiative is an important

priority in 2000. The Strategic

Agricultural Partnership will assist in

developing alternative pest management

tools and effective implementation

approaches. The Agency will work

closely with industry, agricultural

pesticide users and other stakeholders to

develop an effective transition to the

safer pesticides required by the FQPA.

In 2000, EPA will continue

increasing agricultural workers’ awareness and knowledge of pesticides and

worker safety through the Certification

and Training (C&T) and Worker

Protection (WP) programs. EPA will

continue to protect the nation’s

ecosystems and reduce impacts to

endangered species through Pesticide

Environmental Stewardship Program

(PESP), and integrated pest management

(IPM). The Agency will emphasize

efforts with our tribal partners to address

pesticide issues and enhance the

development of tribal technical capacity,

particularly in the areas of risk

management, worker safety, training,

and pollution prevention.

Together, the WP and the C&T

programs address the problem of direct

exposure. These programs safeguard

workers from occupational exposure to

pesticides by providing training for

agricultural workers, employers, pesticide applicators and pesticide

applicators and handlers. Training and

certification of applicators of restricted

use pesticides further ensures that

workers and other vulnerable groups are

protected from undue pesticide exposure

and risk. The Groundwater Strategy, a

cooperative efforts with states and

Regions to develop Pesticide

Management Plans (PMPs), will further

efforts to prevent pesticide pollution of

this vital resource. The Endangered

Species program will enlist the support

of the agricultural community and other

interested groups to protect wildlife and

critical habitats from pesticides. This
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,

Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

45

voluntary program is carried out through

communications and outreach efforts

and in coordination with other federal

agencies. PESP and IPM play pivotal

roles in moving the nation to the use of

safer methods of pest control, including

reduced risk pesticides. These closely

related programs promote risk reduction

through collaborative efforts with

stakeholders to utilize safer alternatives

to traditional chemical methods of pest

control.

Antimicrobial sterilants and

disinfectants are used to kill

microorganisms on surfaces and objects

in hospitals, schools, restaurants and

homes. Antimicrobials require appropriate labeling and handling to ensure

safety and efficacy. EPA will remain

focused on concerns regarding product

labeling and product efficacy and on

meeting other requirements for

antimicrobial sterilants set forth by

FQPA.

Pesticide issues also affect our

tribal partners. The Agency will

emphasize efforts to address pesticide

issues and enhance the development of

tribal technical capacity, particularly in

the areas of risk management, worker

safety, training, and pollution

prevention.

Reduce Lead Poisoning

During 2000, EPA will implement the Lead Certification and Training

Program for lead-based paint

professionals. Most States choose to

establish their own programs, however,

in an estimated 15 to 20 states the

Agency will directly implement Lead

Certification and Training. EPA will

also promulgate two major lead rules,

the debris and lead hazard standards

rules. Lead-based paint is the primary

source of lead-poisoning in children in

the U.S. today. EPA contributes to

solving this environmental problem

primarily by assisting in, and in some

cases guiding, federal activities aimed at

reducing the exposure to children in

homes with lead-based paint.

EPA has promulgated regulations

to set up a federal infrastructure,

including the lead assessment and

abatement training and accreditation rule

for targeted housing, and the lead real

estate notification and disclosure rule

(with HUD and HHS). In 2000 the

Agency will promulgate final rules on

disposal of lead-based paint debris and

establishment of standards regarding

hazardous levels of lead in paint, dust

and soil. EPA will also develop 3

proposals, setting standards for training

and certification for lead-based paint

abatement activities in public and

commercial buildings, bridges, and

superstructures, and reconversion and

remodeling. These activities will make

significant contributions to the objective

of reducing the blood lead levels of our

nation’s most vulnerable children.

Safe Handling and Use of Commercial

Chemicals and Microorganisms

Under TSCA, EPA identifies

and controls unreasonable risks

associated with chemicals. In 1999, the

Vice-President has called on EPA to

launch the Chemical Right-to-Know

Initiative, addressing a critical gap in

the nation’s knowledge about the health

and environmental hazards of high

production volume chemicals. The
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,

Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

46

initiative will work with industry to put

information about those chemicals into

the hands of the public, communities,

environmental groups, States and the

Regions as quickly as possible, as well

as take action to mitigate the risks

identified during these efforts.

Another priority is working to

implement the recommendations of the

Endocrine Disrupter Screening and

Testing Advisory Committee

(EDSTAC), which provides advice and

counsel to the Agency on a strategy to

screen and test chemicals and pesticides

that may cause endocrine disruption in

humans, fish, and wildlife. EPA must

implement the strategy by August 1999

and report to Congress by August 2000.

In 1999, EPA will begin the

validation of an EDSTAC recommended

screening test protocol and will complete

it in 2000. EPA then will begin testing

chemicals in commerce for endocrine

disrupting potential. It is expected that

by 2005 all high production volume

chemicals will have been screened for

endocrine disrupting potential and the

resulting priority chemicals will have

been tested or testing initiated, using the

approach and test methods developed

from recommendations of the EDSTAC.

In 2000, EPA will also continue

efforts in four important program areas,

including: existing chemicals; new

chemicals; national program chemicals

(including lead, fibers, dioxin, and

PCB’s); and the endocrine disruptor

testing program. The Agency reviews

chemicals already in commerce, along

with chemicals or microorganisms

before commercialization (i.e., “new”

chemicals) to determine whether they

can be handled and used safely. Another

focus is identifying opportunities for

increasing the introduction and use of

safer or “greener” chemicals.

For those chemicals whose

significant risks are well established

(such as PCBs, asbestos, and dioxin),

reductions in use and releases are

important to reducing exposure of the

general population and also of sensitive

sub-populations. EPA’s PCB control

efforts will shift from enforcing PCB use

standards toward encouraging phase-out

of PCB electrical equipment, ensuring

proper waste disposal methods and

capacity, and fostering PCB site

cleanups. An Agency-wide dioxin

strategy will respond to the latest science

and address dioxin risk management in a

more comprehensive cross-media

approach. EPA is also continuing work

on its Dioxin Exposure Initiative which

focuses on identifying and quantifying

the link between dioxin sources and the

general population exposure.

EPA’s research program will

support this effort by generating

scientific information used in improving

the test methods used to generate the

data. Research seeks to improve our

understanding of both the risks to human

health and adverse ecological effects.

To the extent that this research supports

testing guidelines that relate to both

toxic substances in general and to

pesticides, research under this objective

additionally supports EPA’s goal to

reduce the risks to the nation’s food

supply and the non-dietary pesticide

risks posed to human health and the

environment.
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,

Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

47

Achieving Healthier Indoor Air

The Indoor Environments

program will work on the education and

outreach activities which implement

portions of AAsthma and the

Environment: An Action Plan to Protect

Children,@ the draft Inter-agency Plan

being developed under the President’s

Task Force On Environmental Health

Risks and Safety Risks to Children. All

of the activities proposed for 2000 fall

within Recommendations 2 and 4 of the

inter-agency action plan. Recommendation 2 calls for the implementation of

public health programs that improve the

use of scientific knowledge to prevent

and reduce the severity of asthma

symptoms in children by reducing

environmental exposures. Recommendation 4 calls for implementation of

programs designed to eliminate the

disproportionate impact on minorities

and those living in poverty. EPA’s

proposed activities will be conducted

with close collaboration among EPA

offices, as well as with the Centers for

Disease Control (CDC), and the National

Institutes of Health institutes to ensure

that the activities complement those

being conducted by the Department of

Health and Human Services. In support

of the President’s Task Force on

Environmental Health Risks and Safety

Risks to Children, the Agency will

conduct a pilot program to expand air

pollution monitoring in up to two

communities downwind of industrialized

urban centers to better understand the

relationship between air pollution and

childhood asthma. Asthma highlights

include:

Asthma Management In and Through

Schools

EPA will expand the

implementation of its highly successful

indoor air quality ATools for Schools,@ an

indoor air quality management plan for

schools, to several thousand more

schools by developing and implementing

an incentive/recognition program. The

Agency also will substantially increase

implementation of the AOpen Airways@

asthma management program to reach

several thousand more elementary

schools and expand the AA is for

Asthma@ program for pre-school

children to 89 locations.

Increased Community Action

EPA will work with housing

groups, home health educators,

community groups, and building

operators to design and conduct pilots to

substantially reduce indoor environmental triggers for asthma in

low-income housing. The Agency also

will convene five state-wide urban

environmental asthma summits, and a

National Environmental Asthma Caucus

for practitioners, researchers, industry,

and government to identify the most

effective ways to target and educate the

public about environmental triggers of

asthma. For the first time, EPA will

provide funding to local communities

through established programs to work

with doctors, health clinics, and civic

groups to reduce children’s exposure to

environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), a

significant indoor environmental asthma

trigger.
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,

Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

48

Working with Managed Care to Get

Asthma Reduction

EPA will conduct economic

analyses to identify areas to provide

economic incentives for managed

care/health care organizations to help

reduce asthma attacks through patient

education about indoor environmental

triggers. Incentives for health care

providers to incorporate education into

their patient contacts could include

fewer doctor and urgent care visits,

lowered medication costs, etc. EPA will

join with other Federal agencies to

convene a cabinet level summit with

managed care CEO’s to solicit their help

in addressing asthma prevention by

integrating strong messages about indoor

environmental triggers into health

education programs.

Significantly Expand Multi-media

Campaigns

EPA will significantly expand to

several waves, national multi-media

campaigns on asthma and ETS. The

asthma campaign would be targeted to

children and urban residents, who need

to be educated about the indoor

environmental triggers of

asthma. The ETS campaigns

will target parents of small

children, counseling them not

expose children to smoke

inside the home. Research

indicates that multiple

messages are needed before the

public will act.

Improve Pollution Prevention

Strategies, Tools

Pollution prevention (P2) is

designed to prevent contaminants from

entering the environment. To support

that principle, current EPA strategies are

to institutionalize preventive approaches

in EPA’s regulatory, operating, and

compliance/ enforcement programs and

facilitate the adoption of pollution

prevention techniques by states, tribes

and industry. EPA is encouraging the

use of market incentives, environmental

management tools and new technologies

to promote wider adoption of P2

measures. Perhaps the fastest growing

opportunity for incorporating P2 into

basic business practices lie in private

sector partnerships, which enable EPA's

knowledge of P2 principles and

techniques to be combined with

industry-specific expertise in production

and process. These approaches provide

assistance and incentives to various

sectors of society (e.g., manufacturers,

product and service suppliers,

governments, consumers) to promote

behavioral change that is sustainable and

beneficial to the environment. These

activities promote greater ecological

efficiency and therefore help to reduce

the generation and release of productionrelated waste.

The Agency’s Pollution Prevention Program can be described in five parts:

1. A guiding social principle to promote source reduction as the core

environmental ethic of society – through education

2. Sustainable business practices to incorporate P2 approaches and

techniques as an essential part of how successful businesses operate –

through programs like Energy Star, WasteWise and Environmental

Accounting.

3. Core government actions, including EPA, other Federal and State

regulatory programs, grants reinvention, and enforcement activities.

4. Cleaner technologies and processes to help companies continuously

improve quality, competitiveness and environmental stewardship –

through partnerships like the Design for the Environment.

5. Safer products to ensure consumer and environmental protection –

through activities like the Consumer Labeling Initiative and

Environmentally Preferable Products.
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,

Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

49

Decrease the Quantity and Toxicity of

Waste

The Agency’s work encompasses

many activities to decrease waste that

include reducing toxic chemicals in

industrial hazardous waste streams,

reducing the generation of municipal,

hazardous and other solid waste, and

recycling hazardous and municipal solid

waste.

Reducing toxic chemicals in

industrial waste streams will result in

more efficient use of natural resources,

and decrease human exposure to toxic

wastes. The Agency will further

develop partnerships with industry to

minimize hazardous wastes by building

on the tools and coordination activities

that were put in place in 1998 and 1999.

The RCRA program is focusing

reduction efforts on the most persistent,

bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals in

hazardous waste which is consistent with

the national and international priority on

reducing the presence of persistent,

bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals

(PBTs) in the environment.

As part of the national leadership

to reduce the amount of waste generated,

and to improve the recovery and

conservation of materials through source

reduction and recycling, RCRA recycling and source reduction projects

will continue to move beyond the basics

in 2000. These efforts include

promoting financing and technology

opportunities for recycling/reuse

businesses and working with partners to

identify, analyze and share information

on waste reduction opportunities for

construction and demolition debris, food

wastes and other targeted waste streams.

The Agency will also continue working

to reduce the barriers to safe recycling of

hazardous waste, through changes to the

definition of solid waste, through

provisions in other regulatory standards

and through ongoing outreach to

stakeholders to explore additional

options. In 2000, the Agency will

initiate the hazardous waste recycling

strategy. Options being considered for

the strategy include outreach and

rulemakings that will reduce burden on

industry while ensuring safer recycling,

including some regulations stemming

from the Agency’s Common Sense

Initiatives (CSI).

Assess Conditions in Indian Country

EPA places particular priority on

working with Federally recognized

Indian tribes on a governmentto-government basis to improve environmental conditions in Indian country in a

manner that affirms the vital trust

responsibility that EPA has with the 554

tribal governments. The Agency will

concentrate on building Tribal

infrastructure and completing a

documented baseline assessment of

environmental conditions in Indian

Country to enable EPA/Tribes to

identify high priority human health and

environmental risks. These assessments

will provide a blueprint for planning

future activities through the development

of Tribal/EPA Environmental Agreements (TEAs) or other similar tribal

environmental plans to address and

support priority environmental multimedia concerns in Indian Country. EPA

will support innovative approaches for

implementation of tribal programs and

funding flexibility through participation
Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities,

Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

50

in Performance Partnership Grants

(PPGs).

2000 Annual Performance Goals:

♦ In 2000, protect homes,

communities, and workplaces from

harmful exposure to pesticides and

related pollutants through improved

cultural practices and enhanced

public education, resulting in a

reduction of 5%, or 20% cumulative

(from 1994 levels) in the number of

incidences of pesticide poisonings

reported nationwide.

♦ In 2000, administer federal programs

and oversee state implementation of

programs for lead-based paint

abatement certification and training

in 50 states, to reduce exposure to

lead-based paint and ensure

significant decreases in children’s

blood lead levels by 2005.

♦ In 2000, provide methods and

models to evaluate the impact of

environmental stressors on human

health and ecological endpoints for

use in guidelines, assessments, and

strategies.

♦ In 2000, ensure that of the up to

1800 new chemicals and

microorganisms submitted by industry each year, those that are

introduced in commerce are safe to

humans and the environment for

their intended uses.

♦ In 2000, 890,000 additional people

will be living in healthier residential

indoor environments.

♦ In 2000, 2,580,000 students, faculty

and staff will experience improved

indoor air quality in their schools.

♦ In 2000, the quantity of Toxic

Release Inventory (TRI) pollutants

released, treated or combusted for

energy recovery, will be reduced by

200 million pounds, or 2%, from

1999 reporting levels.

♦ In 2000, divert an additional 1% (for

a cumulative total of 29% or 64

million tons) of municipal solid

waste from land filling and

combustion, and maintain per capita

generation of RCRA municipal solid

waste at 4.3 pounds per day.

♦ In 2000, 20% of Tribal

environmental baseline information

will be collected and 20 additional

tribes (cumulative total of 65) will

have tribal/EPA environmental

agreements or identified environmental priorities.
Goal 4: Key Programs

51

FY 2000

FY 1999 President's

Enacted Budget

Preventing Pollution

Agricultural Worker Protection $4,365.20 $5,738.10

Common Sense Initiative $1,063.40 $979.60

Design for the Environment $4,554.00 $3,886.10

Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program $1,525.20 $3,934.90

Existing Chemical Data, Screening, Testing

 and Management $12,870.00 $23,045.60

Grants to States for Lead Risk Reduction $13,712.20 $13,712.20

Indoor Air Research $2,836.10 $0.00

Indoor Environments : Asthma $1,135.50 $12,323.70

Indoor Environments: Schools $2,921.00 $9,946.70

Indoor Environments: ETS $1,050.00 $2,194.30

Lead Risk Reduction Program $16,911.30 $14,986.30

National Program chemicals: PCBs, Asbestos,

 Fibers,and Dioxin $3,011.90 $3,289.20

New Chemical Review $13,409.60 $13,926.90

Pesticide Applicator Certification and Training $5,313.60 $6,765.60

Pesticide Registration $7,451.40 $10,365.00

Pesticide Reregistration $4,856.00 $4,865.70

Pesticides Program Implementation Grant $13,114.60 $13,114.60

Pollution Prevention Incentive Grants to States $5,999.50 $5,999.50

Pollution Prevention Program $8,872.30 $9,581.20

RCRA State Grants $3,073.00 $3,073.00

Recycling $4,980.80 $5,079.30

Source Reduction $2,728.80 $3,073.40

State Radon Grants $8,158.00 $8,158.00

Tribal Capacity $0.00 $300.00

Tribal General Assistance Grants $42,585.40 $42,585.40

Waste Minimization $2,195.30 $2,943.20
52
Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated

Waste Sites and Emergency Response

53

Strategic Goal: America’s wastes will be stored, treated, and disposed of in ways that

prevent harm to people and to the natural environment. EPA will work to clean up

previously polluted sites, restoring them to uses appropriate for surrounding

communities, and respond to and prevent waste-related or industrial accidents.

Resource Summary

(Dollars in Thousands)

FY 1999

Enacted

FY 2000

Request

FY 2000 - FY 1999

Difference

Better Waste Management, Restoration of

Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency

Response

$1,655,913.5 $1,656,719.5 $806.0

Reduce or Control Risks to Human Health $1,491,141.1 $1,477,134.1 ($14,007.0)

Prevent , Reduce and Respond to Releases, Spills,

Accidents or Emergencies

$164,772.4 $179,585.4 $14,813.0

Total Workyears: 4,316.9 4,246.1 -70.8

Means and Strategy

Improper waste management and

disposal threatens the health of people,

endangers wildlife, and harms vegetation

and natural resources. Uncontrolled

hazardous and toxic substances,

including radioactive waste, often

migrate to ground water, surface water,

and air. Consequently, they affect

streams, lakes, rivers, and water

supplies. Toxins bioaccumulate in fish

or accumulate in sediments. In 2000,

EPA will promote safe waste storage,

treatment, and disposal, clean up active

and inactive waste disposal sites, and

prevent the creation of new waste sites.

A principal objective of this goal

is to reduce or control the risks posed to

human health and the environment

through better waste management and

restoration of abandoned waste sites. In

partnership with states, tribal

governments, the public, and other

stakeholders, EPA will reduce or control

the risks to human health and the

environment at thousands of Superfund,

Brownfield, Resource Conservation and

Recovery Act (RCRA), and

Underground Storage Tank (UST) sites.

To achieve this goal, EPA strives to

apply the fastest, most effective waste

management and cleanup methods

available, while involving affected

communities in the decision making

process. Effective use of research and

enforcement strategies will also allow

the Agency to further reduce the risks

from exposures to hazardous waste.

Another principal objective of

this goal is to prevent, reduce, prepare

for, and respond to releases, spills,

accidents or emergencies. Through the

UST, RCRA, Chemical Preparedness

and Prevention, and Oil programs, the

Agency and its partners manage the
Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated

Waste Sites and Emergency Response

54

practices of thousands of facilities to

prevent dangerous releases to the

environment. When releases do occur,

EPA and its partners will have the

capabilities to successfully respond.

Research

Research efforts will continue to

focus on ground water and soils

research, which seeks to understand the

process that governs contaminant

transport and fate to improve

remediation and monitoring technologies, especially their cost -

effectiveness.

The principle areas of

concentration are exposure to soil and

ground water contaminants, assessment

of the risks posed by these contaminants,

cost-effective management of these

risks, and the development of innovative

technologies to characterize and

remediate contaminated sites. Work will

also continue under active waste

management and combustion facilities.

Through the development of new and

improved methods and models to assess

exposure and effects, this research will

provide the fundamental science and

modeling backbone needed to conduct

truly multimedia, multipathway

exposure modeling and risk assessment.

Highlights

In 2000, actions taken to clean up

Superfund sites will reduce the effect of

uncontrolled releases on local populations and sensitive environments.

EPA will complete construction at 85

Superfund sites and will take action to

address contamination at 300 sites using

removal authorities. EPA will also

obtain commitments from Potentially

Responsible Parties (PRPs) to start new

construction at National Priorities List

(NPL) sites.

The direction and emphasis of

the Superfund program in 2000 is to

build on past successes and maintain the

pace of site cleanups. Administrative

reforms will continue to provide

benefits, which include savings in the

cost and duration of Superfund actions.

Additionally, Administrative reforms

have improved the program’s

effectiveness and enabled the Agency to

accomplish the following as of

September 30, 1998:

♦ Over 89% of Superfund’s sites

(1,228 of 1,370) on the NPL are

either undergoing cleanup construction (remedial or removal) or

are completed.

♦ 585 Superfund sites have had all

cleanup construction completed

(41% of sites on the NPL).

♦ Approximately 5,500 removal

actions have been taken at hazardous

waste sites to immediately reduce the

threat to public health and the

environment.

♦ Nearly 31,000 sites have been

removed from the CERCLIS waste

site list to help promote the

economic redevelopment of these

properties.

To accomplish Superfund’s

objectives, EPA works with states,

Indian Tribes, and other Federal
Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated

Waste Sites and Emergency Response

55

agencies to protect human health and the

environment and to restore sites to uses

appropriate for the nearby communities.

The Agency also provides outreach and

education to the surrounding communities to improve their direct

involvement in every phase of the

cleanup process and understanding of

potential site risks.

One of Superfund’s major

program goals is to have potentially

responsible parties pay for and conduct

cleanups at abandoned or uncontrolled

hazardous waste sites. The Superfund

enforcement program maximizes PRP

participation and is committed to

reforms, which increase fairness, reduce

transactions costs and promote economic

redevelopment. The Agency also seeks

to recover costs associated with site

cleanup from responsible parties when

trust fund monies have been expended

Brownfields are abandoned,

idled, or under-used industrial and

commercial properties which are not

Superfund NPL sites. Economic

changes over several decades have left

thousands of communities with these

contaminated properties and abandoned

sites. Concerns about environmental

liability and cleanup, infrastructure declines, and changing development

priorities have worsened the situation.

As with the Superfund program,

the Brownfields Initiative has a

coordinated federal approach to assist

our partners in better addressing

environmental site assessment and

cleanup. In 2000, the Agency will fund

50 additional assessment demonstration

pilots and supplement 50 existing

assessment pilots to communities. These

pilots provide EPA, States, local

governments, and Federally recognized

Tribes with useful information and new

strategies for promoting a unified

approach to environmental site

assessment and characterization, and

redevelopment. Beginning in 2000, the

Agency will provide funding to states for

Brownfields site assessment activities

and to facilitate communication between

Brownfields pilots and State environmental authorities. To further enhance a

community’s capacity to respond to

Brownfields redevelopment, the Agency

will also make 70 awards to capitalize

Brownfields Cleanup Revolving Loan

Fund Pilots (BCRLF) to communities

completing their Brown-fields Site

Assessment Demonstration Pilot activities. EPA will fund 10 job training

pilots for community residents and will

provide $3.0 million to NIEHS to

support minority worker training and

augment the communities’ capacities to

cleanup Brownfields sites. In addition,

EPA will continue to explore

connections between RCRA low-priority

corrective action efforts and cleanup of

Brownfields properties.

In 2000, the RCRA Corrective

Action program will actively implement

the RCRA Cleanup Initiative. This

initiative targets active sites and is aimed

at reforming the current RCRA

Corrective Action Program. The

impetus of the RCRA Cleanup Initiative

is to remove barriers that would prevent

the Agency from achieving its GPRA

Objective of reducing risk to human

health and the environment. The RCRA

Cleanup Initiative has identified several

projects that are intended to: 1) reduce

impediments to achieving the Agency’s
Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated

Waste Sites and Emergency Response

56

objective; 2) enhance State and

stakeholder involvement and; 3) promote

innovative approaches to cleanup

actions. It incorporates several longer

term efforts to enhance the program into

a more comprehensive, focused

approach.

In 2000, the RCRA hazardous

waste permits program will have permits

or other approved controls in place for

146 additional RCRA hazardous waste

management facilities for a cumulative

total of 3,380 facilities. These efforts

will minimize the threat of exposure to

hazardous substances because the RCRA

program’s comprehensive framework

regulates the handling, transport,

treatment, storage, and disposal of

hazardous waste. To ensure that these

controls are more effective and efficient,

the Agency will streamline its permit

process for implementors and for the

regulated community.

The Agency has also developed a

strategy to address hazardous waste

combustion facilities. Phase I of the

Maximum Achievable Control

Technology (MACT) standards under

the Clean Air Act, which will revise

standards for incinerators and cement

and lightweight aggregate kilns that burn

hazardous waste will be finalized in

1999. Thus, as the MACT standards are

implemented by 2003, the Agency will

reduce the emissions of dioxins, furans,

and particulate matter from these

sources. These efforts will further reduce

the indirect exposure (primarily through

the food chain) to hazardous constituents

in emissions, especially to children.

The Agency has several efforts to

better address risk in the RCRA Program. The proposed Hazardous Waste

Identification Rule seeks to reg-ulate

lower risk wastes, such as those that

have already undergone treatment, under

alternative state non-hazardous waste

regulation programs. The Air

Characteristics Study will be enhanced

in 2000 to better answer the question

whether some industrial wastes should

be classified as hazardous because of

risks posed by their air emissions. In

2000, as part of the Agency’s Air Toxics

Initiative, the RCRA program will

explore the need for regulatory changes

to focus on these risks from wastewater

treatment tanks, surface impoundments,

and landfills. The Agency is working to

improve test methods under its Toxic

Constituent Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

to better evaluate waste leaching

potential for assessing whether a waste

should be classified as hazardous, how

effective a treatment is, and whether

land disposal is an appropriate method

for managing particular wastes.

In 2000, the Agency will work

toward completing and implementing,

with states and industry, voluntary

guidelines for industrial non-hazardous

waste management. These voluntary

guidelines address a range of issues

including groundwater contamination,

air emissions, and alternatives to waste

disposal. Although the states implement

the municipal solid waste (MSW)

landfills regulatory programs, the

Agency establishes minimum national

standards for state compliance. The

Agency also reviews and approves state

MSW landfill permit programs.

Furthermore, the Agency will continue

working with states to ensure that an

additional 141 facilities for a cumulative

of 2,600 out of 3,536 RCRA municipal
Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated

Waste Sites and Emergency Response

57

solid waste facilities have approved

controls in place to prevent dangerous

releases to air, soil, groundwater, and

surface water. These activities will

provide a uniform application of

minimal safe management standards to

help ensure that sufficient controls are in

place.

The Agency conducts scientific

research to support its programs. Under

the RCRA program, the Agency will

conduct scientific research on active

hazardous waste management and

combustion facilities to ensure that our

regulatory approach will continue to be

successful in the future. The Agency

seeks innovative methods for stabilizing

and solidifying toxic constituents in

waste streams thereby reducing their

dispersion on the public and the

environment.

The Agency’s highest priorities

in the Underground Storage Tank (UST)

program are to (1) promote and enforce

compliance with regulatory requirements

aimed at preventing and detecting UST

releases, thereby reducing releases to the

environment and (2) to address the

backlog of 168,000 cleanups of Leaking

Underground Storage Tanks (LUST).

The Agency anticipates additional

releases will be discovered as owners

and operators comply with the

December 1998 requirements for

upgrading, replacing, or closing USTs.

In 2000, the Agency’s anticipates that

21,000 LUST cleanups will be

completed under the supervision of EPA

and its state, local, and tribal partners

and that approximately 90% of USTs

will be in compliance with the December

22, 1998 requirements.

Reducing chemical accidents is

vital to ensure that communities are not

exposed to hazardous materials. The

Agency continues its efforts to help

states and Local Emergency Planning

Committees (LEPCs) implement the

Risk Management Program (RMP).

EPA has made steady progress in this

area and in 2000, with additional

resources, will delegate the RMP to four

additional states for a cumulative total of

13. To assist in reaching this goal, EPA

will provide technical assistance grants,

as well as technical support outreach and

training to help both states and LEPCs

develop their accident prevention

capabilities. Through these activities,

States, local communities and

individuals will be better prepared to

prevent and prepare for chemical

accidents.

Every day oil spills pose risks to

human health, the environment and the

economy. EPA’s Oil Spill program

responds to and monitors oil spills that

occur in the waters of the United States

and adjoining shorelines. Approximately 20,000 oil spills are reported

annually. Over the past three years,

EPA has received and evaluated 35,000

oil spill notifications, served as lead

responder at 275 oil spills, and shared

responsibility with other parties at 475

responses. To prevent spills to the

greatest extent practicable, the Agency

will take preventive measures by

ensuring that 400 additional oil storage

facilities are in compliance with the

Spill Control and Countermeasures

(SPCC) regulations. In addition, the

Agency will improve the quality and

quantity of data provided in Area

Contingency Plans, especially concerning environmentally sensitive and
Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated

Waste Sites and Emergency Response

58

economically important areas. By

working with state and local

governments and industry, EPA’s Area

Planning activities ensure effective and

immediate cleanup of oil spills.

In the event of a terrorist act

where there is a threat to human health

or the environment, the Agency is

prepared to respond. The Agency has

begun to prepare and educate other

organizations such as our Federal

partners, and state and local planners

about the National Response System and

the National Domestic Preparedness

Program for terrorist events. In 2000,

the Agency will provide anti-terrorism

training to 19 of the most vulnerable

communities.

Research

In 2000, the Agency will

continue to focus its research efforts in

the exposure, risk assessment, and

remediation areas of waste research.

Developing field analytical methods for

characterizing groundwater and soils,

producing ecological soil screening

values for common soil contaminants,

and researching innovative uses of

abiotic treatment technologies continue

to be pivotal areas of focus in the

Agency’s effort to support the

assessment and remediation of sites with

contaminated soil and groundwater.

Research in support of multimedia science for the Hazardous Waste

Identification Rule (HWIR) will

continue in 2000. The intent of these

efforts is to develop a systems approach

to modeling and data management.

Such an approach will facilitate

scientifically credible assessments of

multimedia-based human and ecological

exposure to chemical stressors.

Combustion research will provide the

technical basis to determine risks and set

operational monitoring and controls for

individual combustion facilities.

2000 Annual Performance Goals:

♦ In 2000, 170 (for a cumulative total

of 408 or 24%) of high priority

RCRA facilities will have human

exposures controlled and 170 (for a

cumulative total of 289 or 17%) of

high priority RCRA facilities will

have groundwater releases controlled.

♦ In 2000, complete 21,000 Leaking

Underground Storage Tank (LUST)

Cleanups for a cumulative total of

246,000 cleanups since 1987.

♦ In 2000, EPA will fund Brownfields

site assessments in 50 more

communities, thus reaching 350

communities by the end of 2000.

♦ In 2000, EPA will complete 85

Superfund cleanups (construction

completions), continuing on a path to

reach 925 completed cleanups by the

end of 2002.

♦ In 2000, enhance scientificallydefensible decisions for site cleanup

by providing targeted research &

technical support.

♦ In 2000, ensure trust fund

stewardship by recovering costs from

PRPs when EPA expends trust fund

monies. Address cost recovery at all

NPL and non-NPL sites with a
Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated

Waste Sites and Emergency Response

59

statute of limitations on total past

costs equal to or greater than

$200,000.

♦ In 2000, maximize all aspects of

PRP participation., including 70% of

the work conducted on new

construction starts at non-Federal

Facility sites on the NPL, and

emphasize fairness in the settlement

process. Result is timely and protective clean up of the Nation's worst

contaminated sites and other

significant threats to public health.

♦ In 2000, ensure compliance with

Federal facility statutes and

CERCLA Agreements and ensure

completion of current NPL CERCLA

IAGs.

♦ In 2000, 146 more hazardous waste

management facilities will have

approved controls in place to prevent

dangerous releases to air, soil, and

groundwater, for a total of 65 percent

of 3,380 facilities.

♦ In 2000, 400 additional facilities will

be in compliance with the Spill

Prevention, Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) provisions of the oil

pollution prevention regulations (for

a cumulative of 890 facilities since

1997).

♦ In 2000, 90% of USTs will be in

compliance with the December 22,

1998, requirements, which improves

upon the estimated 65 percent as of

the December 22, 1998 deadline.

♦ In 2000, enhance scientifically

defensible decisions for active

management of wastes, including

combustion, by providing targeted

research and technical support.
Goal 5: Key Programs

60

FY 2000

FY 1999 President's

Enacted Budget

Waste Management

Assessments $87,738.80 $88,970.30

ATSDR Superfund Support $76,000.00 $64,000.00

Brownfields $91,538.90 $91,667.50

Civil Enforcement $1,234.00 $1,334.70

Common Sense Initiative $265.60 $95.50

Community Right to Know (Title III) $4,683.50 $5,099.40

Compliance Assistance and Centers $274.80 $342.70

EMPACT $398.40 $440.20

Federal Facilities $28,641.60 $28,720.40

Federal Preparedness $11,060.20 $11,060.20

Hazardous Substance Research:Hazardous Substance Research

Centers

$1,067.20 $1,092.50

Hazardous Substance Research:Superfund Innovative

Technology Evaluation (SITE)

$7,663.10 $7,114.60

Hazardous Waste Research $6,619.30 $7,249.60

Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUST) Cooperative

Agreements

$58,990.00 $57,750.00

NIEHS Superfund Support $60,000.00 $48,526.70

Oil Spills Preparedness, Prevention and Response $11,988.00 $12,437.50

Other Federal Agency Superfund Support $10,000.00 $11,035.00

Project XL $112.60 $114.30

RCRA Corrective Action $18,167.40 $22,755.50

RCRA Permitting $15,388.60 $16,773.00

RCRA State Grants $52,302.50 $52,302.50

Risk Management Plans $7,258.30 $11,804.60

Superfund - Cost Recovery $30,494.10 $30,494.10

Superfund - Justice Support $29,000.00 $28,663.50

Superfund - Maximize PRP Involvement (including reforms) $89,109.20 $89,234.50

Superfund Remedial Actions $588,190.00 $592,842.50

Superfund Removal Actions $199,419.10 $207,399.90

Underground Storage Tanks (UST) $6,077.90 $6,345.30

UST State Grants $10,544.70 $11,944.70

Waste Combustion $7,346.70 $7,297.70
Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks

61

Strategic Goal: The United States will lead other nations in successful, multilateral

efforts to reduce significant risks to human health and ecosystems from climate

change, stratospheric ozone depletion, and other hazards of international concern.

Resource Summary

(Dollars in Thousands)

FY 1999

Enacted

FY 2000

Request

FY 2000 FY 1999

Difference

Reduction of Global and Cross-border Environmental

Risks

$229,366.9 $407,414.2 $178,047.3

Reduce Transboundary Threats: Shared North

American Ecosystems

$71,025.9 $119,987.5 $48,961.6

Climate Change $127,968.9 $242,765.0 $114,796.1

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion $17,033.8 $27,046.5 $10,012.7

Protect Public Health and Ecosystems From

Persistent Toxics

$4,125.8 $6,943.1 $2,817.3

Achieve Cleaner and More Cost-Effective

Practices

$9,212.5 $10,672.1 $1,459.6

Total Workyears: 522.4 519.9 -2.5

Means and Strategy

Pollutants are oblivious to

geographic and political boundaries, and

their propensity to migrate threatens

human health and the environment,

demanding coordinated international

action. The United States addresses

global environmental problems, such as

climate change and stratospheric ozone

depletion, through bilateral and

multilateral consultations and agreements. Other problems are not global

but cross borders, such as between the

US and Mexico, and between the US and

Canada. In the Great Lakes, and in our

marine and Arctic environments, EPA

uses a geographic approach to direct

environmental action.

EPA will use a variety of approaches to prevent harm to the global

environment and ecosystems including:

1) forming bilateral and multilateral

environmental agreements, environmental foreign policy initiatives, and

regional and global negotiations; 2)

cooperating with other countries to

ensure that domestic and international

environmental laws, policies, and

priorities are recognized and implemented; 3) working with other Federal

agencies, states, business, and environmental groups to promote the flow of

environmentally sustainable technologies and services worldwide;

facilitating cooperative research and

development programs; and international

technical assistance, training and information exchange; and 4) promoting

public/private partnership programs to

reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks

62

Greenhouse gases, for example,

are produced by burning coal, oil, and

natural gas to heat our homes, power our

cars, and illuminate our cities.

Deforestation and land clearing also

contribute to the production of

greenhouse gases. These gases may

have several environmental effects:

raising atmospheric and ocean

temperatures, ultimately changing

weather patterns; increasing evaporation,

drying soil and increasing drought;

increasing precipitation and its intensity,

causing floods; increasing incidences of

heat waves; and raising sea levels.

Possible adverse consequences

for human health include: increasing

numbers of deaths associated with heat

waves; increasing incidence of allergic

disorders; and increasing diseases that

thrive in warmer climates, such as

malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever,

encephalitis, and cholera. Since the

early 1990s, EPA has been building

partnerships with businesses in all

sectors of the economy in order to meet

the 1990 Framework Convention on

Climate Change (FCCC) objective to

stabilize greenhouse gases emissions at

1990 levels. EPA also plays a major

role in the President’s Climate Change

Technology Initiative (CCTI), launched

in October, 1997, and included in the

1999 Budget.

Research

EPA’s research and assessment

activities will evaluate the potential

consequences of global change and

climate variability in the United States.

These assessments will focus on

evaluating the impacts of global change

on human health, ecosystems, and

economic systems at regional, state, and

local scales. Among the impacts the

agency will examine are the spread of

vector-borne and water-borne disease,

changes in landscape cover and the

migration of plant and animal species,

and changes in farm productivity and

food distribution. These research and

assessment activities are an integral part

of the U.S. National Assessment Process

of the U.S. Global Change Research

Program

Highlights

EPA’s continued leadership is

necessary to build the international

cooperation and technical capacity that

are essential to prevent harm to the

global environment and ecosystems that

we share with other nations. In 2000,

EPA will use a variety of approaches to

prevent harm to the global environment

and ecosystems.

Recognizing that no single

country can resolve the problem of

global climate change, EPA will help

facilitate the international cooperation

necessary to achieve the stabilization of

greenhouse gas concentrations. The

1992 Framework Convention on Climate

Change (FCCC) set the objective of

stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent

dangerous anthropogenic interference

with the climate system. On the

domestic side, EPA will encourage

voluntary partnerships, provide technical

assistance and promote State and local

efforts to achieve future green house gas

emission reductions. Administrationwide, the programs launched in the 1993

Climate Change Action Plan have the

potential to reduce U.S. greenhouse gas
Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks

63

emissions by over 160 million metric

tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE)

annually by the year 2010.

The Agency will contribute to

the science underpinning U.S. policy,

including the assessment of consequences of climate change and climate

variability. Particular attention will be

paid to the potential beneficial and

detrimental consequences of climate

variability and change for human health,

ecosystems, and economic systems at the

regional, state and local levels. EPA

will play a major part in peer-reviewed

economic and policy analyses that serve

U.S. policy-makers and international

negotiators.

To protect the earth’s stratospheric ozone layer, EPA will continue

to regulate ozone-depleting compounds

and foster the development and use of

alternative chemicals in the U.S. and

abroad.

The United States response to the

harmful effects of stratospheric ozone

depletion is its commitment to honor the

Montreal Protocol by phasing out

domestic production of ozone-depleting

substances (ODSs). EPA’s role stems

from the Protocol and Title VI of the

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.

EPA helps other countries find suitable

alternatives to ODSs , informs the public

about the dangers of overexposure to UV

radiation, and uses pollution prevention

strategies to require the recycling of

ODSs and hydroflourocarbons.

Reduced risks from toxics,

especially persistent organic pollutants

and selected metals that circulate in the

environment at global and regional

scales, will be achieved by working with

the Department of State and other

countries to control the production and

use or phaseout of targeted chemicals.

EPA is also working to reach agreement

on import and export requirements

applicable to certain chemicals, an

expansion of pollutant release and

transfer registers and the harmonization

of chemical testing, assessment and

labeling procedures. The goal of

international harmonization of test

guidelines is to reduce the burden on

chemical companies of repeated testing

in satisfying the regulatory requirements

of different jurisdictions both within the

United States and internationally.

Harmonization also expands the universe

of toxic chemicals for which needed

testing information is available, and

fosters efficiency in international

information exchange and mutual

international acceptance of chemical test

data. For test guideline harmonization,

EPA will continue to cooperate closely

with other Federal agencies and the

Organization for Economic Cooperation

and Development (OECD) in

harmonizing testing guidelines.

Internationally, the Agency will

oversee the implementation of the global

POPs convention and continue our

efforts in reducing the use of leaded

gasoline globally. Working with

Canada, we are moving to reduce

sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide

emissions that cause acid rain, and

protect shared ecosystems along our

northern border. EPA will assess and

report on the state of key Great Lakes

ecosystem components, provide current

status and trend information and

coordinate measurement of environmental indicators applicable to the entire
Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks

64

Great Lakes Basin. Through open lake

and nearshore sediments monitoring, and

the joint Great Lakes National Program

Office (GLNPO) Canadian integrated

atmospheric deposition network reports

will be issued on, or developed for, the

15 GLNPO "Monitoring Indices."

The U.S. is working with other

OECD member countries to implement

the International Screening Information

Data Set (SIDS) program, a voluntary

international cooperative testing

program started in 1990. The program’s

focus is on developing base-level test

information (including data on basic

chemistry, environmental fate,

environmental effects and health effects)

for international high production volume

chemicals. SIDS data will be used to

screen chemicals and to set priorities for

further testing and/or assessment. The

Agency will review testing needs for 50

SIDS chemicals in 2000.

To reduce environmental and

human health risks along the

U.S./Mexico Border, EPA is working

with the border states and Mexico in a

multi-media approach targeted at air and

water quality and hazardous waste

management and disposal. Nine

working groups will address key issues

working closely with state and local

agencies on both sides of the border.

EPA will also support the financing and

construction of wastewater treatment and

solid waste facilities.

The Agency will focus attention

on concern for children exposure to

environmental tobacco smoke. The

focus of the Agency’s international

program is to improve the protection of

children’s health from environmental

threats by: prioritizing the research

needs identified, seeking to allocate

research among countries and

international organizations, agreeing on

timelines, and developing international

reporting mechanisms. In addition, EPA

is focusing on those Sub-Saharan Africa

countries and specific sectors (i.e.,

refineries, mining companies, and

stockpilers of agricultural chemicals) in

those countries which are major

contributors to globally circulating

chemical/toxic risks, focusing on

pesticides, mercury and lead.

Research

Research and assessment

activities will examine the potential

consequences of climate change for

human health and ecosystems in three

regions in the United States: the MidAtlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the

Great Lakes regions. EPA will assess

the possibility of changes in disease

patterns due to changing climate, the

impact of heat stress on populations,

especially the elderly and children, and

the socioeconomic consequences of

extreme weather events, such as

hurricanes, floods, and droughts.

Researchers will also analyze the impact

of climate change and variation on the

ability of ecosystems to provide services

that many of us rely on but often take for

granted, such as water filtration and air

purification. The outcome of these

assessments will help inform decision

making regarding strategies to address

possible changes and variations in

climate.
Reduction of Global and Cross-Border Environmental Risks

65

FY 2000 Annual Performance Goals:

♦ In 2000, 9 additional water/waste

water projects along the Mexican

border will be certified for designconstruction for a cumulative total of

34 projects.

♦ In 2000, assess and report on the

state of key Great Lakes ecosystem

components, report current status

and trend information to Great Lakes

environmental managers, and coordinate measurement of SOLEC

environmental indicators applicable

to the entire Great Lakes Basin.

♦ In 2000, assess the consequences of

global change and climate variability

at a regional scale.

♦ In 2000, greenhouse gas emissions

will be reduced from projected levels

by more than 50 million metric ton

carbon equivalent per year through

EPA partnerships with businesses,

schools, State and local governments, and other organiza-tions.

Reduction level will increase 10

million metric tons over 1999.

♦ In 2000, reduce energy consumption

from projected levels by more than

60 billion kilowatt hours, resulting in

over $8 billion in energy savings to

consumers and businesses that

participate in EPA's climate change

programs. Increase of 15 billion

kilowatt hours & $5 million in

annual energy savings over 1999.

♦ In 2000, demonstrate technology for

a 70 mpg mid-size family sedan that

has low emissions and is safe,

practical, and affordable.

♦ In 2000, restrict domestic consumption of class II HCFCs below

208,400 metric tonnes (MTs) and

restrict domestic exempted production and import of newly produced

class I CFCs and halons below

130,000 MTs.

♦ In 2000, successfully conclude

international negotiations on a global

convention on Persistent Organic

Pollutants (POPs) reaching agreement on POPs selection criteria,

technical assistance, and risk

management commitments on specified POPs.

♦ In 2000, deliver 30 international

training modules; implement 6

technical assistance/ technology

dissemination projects; implement 5

cooperative policy development

project; & disseminate info products

on US environmental technologies

and techniques to 2500 foreign

customers.
Goal 6: Key Programs

66

FY 2000

FY 1999 President's

Enacted Budget

Global and Cross Border

CCTI: Research $10,000.00 $0.00

Climate Change Research $16,670.50 $22,833.60

Climate Change Technology Initiative: Buildings $38,800.00 $80,100.00

Climate Change Technology Initiative: Carbon Removal $0.00 $3,400.00

Climate Change Technology Initiative: Industry $18,600.00 $55,600.00

Climate Change Technology Initiative: State and Local $2,900.00 $5,000.00

 Climate Change Program

Climate Change Technology Initiative: Transportation $31,750.00 $61,900.00

EMPACT $671.40 $385.10

Environment and Trade $4,514.60 $4,236.80

Global Toxics $932.30 $2,967.00

Great Lakes National Program Office (CWAP) $14,614.60 $13,367.50

International Capacity Building $7,400.00 $10,400.00

Multilateral Fund $11,362.00 $21,000.00

Partnership with Industrial and Other Countries $6,176.40 $8,234.00

U.S. - Mexico Border $4,929.40 $5,056.30

Water Infrastructure:Mexico Border $50,000.00 $100,000.00
Expansion of Americans’ Right-to Know About Their

Environment

67

Strategic Goal: Easy access to a wealth of information about the state of their local

environment will expand citizen involvement and give people tools to protect their

families and their communities as they see fit. Increased information exchange between

scientists, public health officials, businesses, citizens, and all levels of government will

foster greater knowledge about the environment and what can be done to protect it.

Resource Summary

(Dollars in Thousands)

FY 1999

Enacted

FY 2000

Request

FY 2000-FY 1999

Difference.

Expansion of Americans' Right to Know About their

Environment

$133,467.2 $144,599.1 $11,131.9

Increase Quality/Quantity of Education, Outreach, Data

Availability

$67,818.5 $77,487.5 $9,669.0

Improve Public's Ability to Reduce Exposure $42,247.7 $41,230.8 ($1,016.9)

Enhance Ability to Protect Public Health $23,401.0 $25,880.8 $2,479.8

Total Workyears: 720.8 754.3 33.5

Means and Strategy

Providing all Americans with

access to sound environmental information and involving the public in our

work are essential parts of a

comprehensive approach to protecting

the environment. This goal is premised

on the concept that all U.S. citizens have

a “right-to-know” about the pollutants in

their environment, including land, air

and water pollution as well as potential

health effects of the chemicals used in

the food they consume and everyday

products they purchase. This premise is

especially important to minority, lowincome, and Native American

communities that suffer a disproportionate share of health effects from

poor environmental conditions. Access

to environmental information enables

American citizens to make informed

decisions about their local environment.

It also leads to creative and sustainable

solutions to environmental risks, as well

as opportunities for preventing pollution.

The Agency believes all U.S. citizens

have the right to knowledge and

representation in public policy and

environmental decision-making.

The purpose of this goal is to

empower the American public with

information, enabling them to make

informed decisions regarding environmental issues in their communities.

EPA will expand environmental education, outreach and data availability.

EPA will also expand the range of data it

collects and improve the quality and

usability of the data. The Agency will

also ensure the data are widely available

through the Internet, mass media and

other sources.
Expansion of Americans’ Right-to Know About Their

Environment

68

The right-to-know is fundamental to EPA’s mission and the effective

management of our data is an important

aspect of measuring our progress in

protecting the American people and the

environment from toxic substances and

pollution. The Agency has accelerated

its efforts to improve the accuracy of its

data, and to reduce the burdens to

industry associated with reporting. Also

the Agency is working to enhance the

coordination of data collection activities

with states and to improve our data

collection methods and use the latest

technologies to consolidate information

on a single Internet site.

The Agency is working to

redesign its internal structure to better

meet the information demands of the 21st

century. EPA’s new vision and

approach to information management

will involve the creation of a single

program manager and office responsible

for information management, policy and

information technology stewardship

across the Agency. This office would be

responsible for developing and

implementing information standards and

accountability systems that will improve

environmental information within the

Agency and the information provided to

the public. This office would oversee

data collection, assure data quality, and

make sure that data are appropriate for

intended uses. The office would also

work toward reducing information

collection and reporting burden; filling

significant data gaps; and providing

integrated environmental and public

health information and statistics to the

public.

Research

The President’s Environmental

Monitoring for Public Access and

Community Tracking (EMPACT) program will continue research to provide

the public with information regarding

local environmental conditions (e.g.

toxic pollutants, water and air quality).

EMPACT will provide at least 75 of the

nation’s largest metropolitan areas with

access to information regarding the

quality of their local environments, and

relevant scientific and technical tools to

interpret and evaluate potential impacts

and risks to these environments. Citizen

involvement in protecting the environment will also be expanded through the

Integrated Risk Information System

(IRIS). IRIS is a database of consensus

health information on environmental

contaminants and is used extensively by

EPA Program Offices and Regions

where consistent, reliable toxicity

information is needed for credible risk

assessments.

Highlights

The increasing easy availability

of public access to electronic media

offers unprecedented opportunities for

EPA to provide citizens with the

information necessary to effect substantial environmental improve-ments. In

support of this objective and the

President’s “Right-to-Know” goals, EPA

will continue to increase the amount and

quality of publicly available information

on environmental programs. EPA also

realizes that while it is important to

provide up-to-date, accurate information,

it must also ensure the public finds the

information useful. The Agency

collects data in a variety of systems, on a
Expansion of Americans’ Right-to Know About Their

Environment

69

variety of environmental pollutants that

impact land, air, water as well as data on

potential health effects of chemicals in

food and manufactured products. EPA

is aggressively seeking to integrate all

relevant sources of data and information

to enhance user-friendliness for the nontechnical user and to support comprehensive approaches to environmental

protection.

In partnership with states, the

Agency will pursue efforts to expand

publicly available information. This

includes the One-Stop Reporting

initiative, the Reinventing Environmental Information (REI) initiative, and

the Envirofacts database. The Center for

Environmental Information and

Statistics (CEIS) will serve as the

Agency’s point of internal focus and

convenient point of external public

access for integrated, multimedia

information. Data integration will be

promoted through such projects in 2000

as Integrated Data for Enforcement

Analysis (IDEA) and the Sector Facility

Indexing Project (SFIP) and

Environmental Monitoring for Public

Access and Community Tracking

(EMPACT).

The Agency-wide Enhanced

Public Access Project will make all

significant Agency guidance and policy

statements electronically accessible

along with site-specific interpretations of

the regulated entities’ environmental

management practices. In 2000, 90

percent of Agency policy and guidance

documents will be available via the

Internet to regions, states, industry, and

the public. EPA will also work to

develop and improve existing tools to

identify communities most disproportionately affected by toxic releases and

hazards. The Agency will focus on

collaboration and coordination of efforts

to address environmental justice issues

within EPA and with other Federal

agencies.

The Agency is working to ensure

that small business (and other small

entities, such as communities and

non-profit organizations) have easy

access to information and may

participate appropriately in regulatory

activities that affect them. EPA is

seeking as well to reduce paperwork

burden on small business. The Agency’s

Small Business Advocacy Chair has

moved aggressively to implement not

only the letter, but the spirit of the Small

Business Regulatory Enforcement

Fairness Act (SBREFA); the Agency has

completed 13 Small Business Advocacy

Panels to date, which have noticeably

reduced potential burdens on small

entities. The Agency's Small Business

Ombudsman serves as EPA's focal point

for small business outreach and

information; it also conducts oversight

and reports annually to Congress on state

assistance to small businesses under

Section 507 of the Clean Air Act.

In 2000, EPA will continue to

coordinate with the National Advisory

Council on Environmental Policy and

Technology (NACEPT) and its standing

committees to identify and foster new

environmental technologies. Other

activities include facilitating and

monitoring the Agency’s response to

NACEPT recommendations that are

accepted by the Administrator, and

managing statutorily-mandated advisory

committees dealing with North

American Free Trade Agreement
Expansion of Americans’ Right-to Know About Their

Environment

70

(NAFTA) implementation and U.S./

Mexico border issues. The advisory

committees are: the National Advisory

Committee/ Governmental Advisory

Committee and the Good Neighbor

Environmental Board.

The Agency will implement the

Electronic Data Interchange for

Discharge Monitoring Reports (DMR)

which will allow National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Systems (NPDES)

permittees to submit monitoring data

electronically to EPA, rather than filing

quarterly paper reports. As part of the

Agency’s integration efforts, drinking

water systems will provide customers an

annual consumer confidence report that

contains information about the quality

and source(s) of their drinking water

beginning in 2000. EPA’s watershedrelated electronic outreach efforts,

including Surf Your Watershed and the

Index of Watershed Indicators, will

directly support efforts to implement the

President’s “Right-to-Know” goal by

providing up-to-date, accurate pictures

of the conditions and stressors.

Under the Emergency Planning

and Community Right-To-Know Act

(EPCRA), EPA is committed to

expanding environmental release information gathered under the Toxic Release

Inventory (TRI) by increasing the

chemicals covered and expanding the

industrial sectors required to report.

Examples include: adding to the TRI

reporting list approximately 40

chemicals deferred from earlier

rulemakings, assessing the need to

include additional industrial sectors, and

evaluating the need for more in-depth

chemical use data. In 2000, EPA also

will process 110,000 facility reports and

issue the TRI Public Data Release for

reporting year 1998. EPA will continue

to expand the use of the Internet for

delivering this information and we are

making information available by zip

code, and facility. Over time, there has

been a significant decrease in the amount

of toxic materials released into the

environment, according to TRI reporting

by facilities.

The Pesticides program emphasizes effective public outreach as

well as extensive interaction with

stakeholders to ensure that the

information provided keeps pace with

the latest scientific developments.

Public access tools are selected for

convenience to a broad audience -

industry, farmers and agricultural

workers, and the public at large.

Websites, databases and risk modeling

programs are available along with

brochures, fact sheets, public meetings

and training sessions, and information

hotlines.

To help communities identify

information needs and devise methods to

collect environmental data, EPA is

developing and piloting risk-based

screening tools to help communities

understand environmental data. These

tools will be pilot-tested and then

disseminated to other communities

across the nation, enhancing the public’s

ability to address the areas of greatest

concern for their communities. To help

the public have adequate access to

timely and credible risk assessment

information, EPA will apply new and

upgraded technology that will

incorporate a systematic approach to

automated sampling, real-time analysis

and communication of environmental
Expansion of Americans’ Right-to Know About Their

Environment

71

data, and provide timely, reliable and

consistent environmental information in

a meaningful format that is easily

accessible by the public.

As a guiding principle, EMPACT

will strive to break new ground in the

use of updated technology solutions as

well as communication of environmental

information that the public needs to

know as part of their day-to-day

decision-making. EPA will coordinate

EMPACT activities among federal, state,

Tribal, and local governments as well as

stakeholders, such as community health

officials, businesses, industries, schools

and environmental organizations. The

Integrated Risk Information System

(IRIS) supports EPA’s community-based

environmental research which is used

extensively by EPA Program Offices

and Regions where consistent, reliable

toxicity information is needed for

credible risk assessments. Guidance and

support will be provided to risk assessors

through the provision of risk assessment

guidelines, expert consultation and

support, and risk assessment training.

Currently in development is a

state-of-the-art scientific information

system that will facilitate communication and increase efficiency to do

research among Agency staff and

stakeholder partners. It will be accessible on public world wide networks. Use

of web-enabled technology will provide

agency scientists and professionals easy

access for retrieval, analysis and archival

of data and documentation to support

human health and environmental

research using a standard desktop

Internet browser. The system will

improve scientists’ operations, reduce

research costs and facilitate new

analyses as teams of scientists will be

able to integrate research data. By 2000,

the system will be compatible with the

National Spatial Data Infrastructure

(NSDI) services.

Efforts to allow better integration

with our state and local partners will

continue, including support to the Local

Government Advisory Committee and

the Small Town Advisory Subcommittee. In addition, EPA will design

and manage meetings and conference

calls and work with states and state

associations to ensure that state concerns

are considered in Agency policies,

guidance, and regulations.

Finally, EPA will provide

technical assistance to both Headquarters

and Regional program office personnel

to ensure that small, minority and

women-owned businesses receive a “fair

share” of Agency procurement dollars.

This “fair share” may be received either

directly or indirectly through EPA

grants, contracts, cooperative agreements, or interagency agreements.

Pursuant to P.L. No. 102-389, the

Agency has a national goal of 8%

utilization of minority and womenowned businesses in the total value of

Agency procurements and financial

assistance agreements. This activity will

enhance the ability of small, minority

and women-owned businesses to

participate in the Agency’s objective to

protect public health.

2000 Annual Performance Goals:

♦ In 2000, the Agency will streamline

and improve the information

reporting process between state
Expansion of Americans’ Right-to Know About Their

Environment

72

partners and EPA by increasing the

number of state participants in the

One Stop Reporting program from

29 to 38.

♦ In 2000, ensure that EPA's policies,

programs and activities including

public meetings, address minority

and low income community issues so

that no segment of the population

suffers disproportionately from

adverse health or environmental

effects, and that all people live in

clean, healthy and sustainable

communities consistent with

Executive Order 12898.

♦ In 2000, improve public access to

compliance and enforcement documents and data, particularly to high

risk communities, through multimedia data integration projects and

other studies, analyses and

communication/outreach activities.

♦ In 2000, all community water

systems will issue annual consumer

confidence reports according to the

rule promulgated in August 1998.

♦ In 2000, process all submitted

facility chemical release reports;

publish annual summary of TRI data;

provide improved information to the

public about TRI chemicals; and

maximize public access to TRI

information.

♦ In 2000 75% of EMPACT communities have in place, or have

initiated, community-based strategies

or time relevant environmental

monitoring, information management and communication that will

result in sustained community

capacity to deliver timely environmental information.
Goal 7: Key Programs

73

FY 2000

FY 1999 President's

Enacted Budget

Right-to-Know

Center for Environmental Statistics (CEIS) $3,965.80 $8,054.40

Drinking Water Consumer Awareness $1,365.80 $1,467.90

EMPACT $8,206.30 $13,630.70

Environmental Education $7,767.60 $8,426.10

GLOBE $0.00 $1,000.00

Information Technology Management $4,234.80 $6,743.50

Pesticide Registration $5,214.20 $4,454.10

Pesticide Reregistration $5,461.70 $4,111.40

Reinventing Environmental Information (REI) $12,547.80 $15,731.80

SBREFA $760.30 $777.30

Small Business Ombudsman $1,110.30 $1,120.30

Small, Minority, Women-Owned Business Assistance $2,064.40 $2,338.40

Superfund - Maximize PRP Involvement (including

reforms)

$364.40 $0.00

Toxic Release Inventory / Right-to-Know (RtK) $19,799.60 $18,811.50

Urban Environmental Quality and Human Health $0.00 $3,395.00
74
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental

Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

75

Strategic Goal: EPA will develop and apply the best available science for addressing

current and future environmental hazards, as well as new approaches toward improving

environmental protection.

Resource Summary

(Dollars in Thousands)

FY 1999

Enacted

FY 2000

Request

FY 2000 vs FY 1999

Difference

Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Env. Risk

and Greater Innovation to Address Env. Problems

$346,996.2 $321,747.4 ($25,248.8)

Research for Ecosystem Assessment and

Restoration

$111,978.7 $118,553.3 $6,574.6

Research for Human Health Risk Assessment $50,573.7 $56,229.1 $5,655.4

Research to Detect Emerging Risk Issues $56,648.8 $49,806.9 ($6,841.9)

Pollution Prevention and New Technology for

Environmental Protections

$77,286.3 $55,801.7 ($21,484.6)

Increase Use of Integrated, Holistic, Partnership

Approaches

$16,390.5 $16,663.8 $273.3

Increase Opportunities for Sector Based

Approaches

$21,091.9 $10,018.5 ($11,073.4)

Regional Enhancement of Ability to Quantify

Environmental Outcomes

$6,505.5 $7,659.8 $1,154.3

Science Advisory Board Peer Review $2,486.7 $2,636.2 $149.5

Incorporate Innovative Approaches to

Environmental Management

$4,034.1 $4,378.1 $344.0

Total Workyears: 1,194.2 1,187.3 -6.9

Means and Strategy:

EPA has several strategies to

strengthen the scientific basis for

environmental protection and develop

innovations that will allow achievement

of our strategic objectives. The Agency

has implemented a risk-based research

planning process to use risk assessment

and risk management as principal

priority-setting criteria. EPA conducts

annual research program reviews to both

evaluate the status and accomplishments

of its research and determine strategic

planning priorities.

In 2000, EPA will continue the

Agency’s Postdoctoral Initiative, begun

in 1998, to enhance our intramural

research program. These positions will

provide a constant stream of

highly-trained postdoctoral candidates

who can apply state-of-the-science

training to EPA research issues. For
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental

Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

76

2000, new post-doctoral candidates will

be recruited to: (1) strengthen our

ability to meet the scientific challenges

of the next several years; (2) bring a

fresh scientific perspective and new

energy to our highest priority research

and development programs by working

with experienced ORD Principal

Investigators; (3) work in critically

important areas such as human exposure

modeling in particulate matter and

ecological risk assessment; and,(4)

improve our workforce diversity. Postdoctoral resources are spread throughout

the 2000 budget.

To better draw upon expertise of

the environmental academic community,

EPA created the Science to Achieve

Results (STAR) Program of peer

reviewed, mission-driven extramural

grants. The Agency is also working with

the National Research Council to

identify emerging environmental issues

for which we must begin planning the

necessary research. EPA’s research

program will increase the understanding

of environmental processes and the

capability to assess environmental risks

not only to human health, but also to

ecosystems.

The emphasis of ecological

monitoring research will shift from a

Mid-Atlantic integrated assessment of

ecosystem health to a Western Pilot

demonstration of methods developed in

the Mid-Atlantic. In addition, the

Coastal Monitoring Initiative beginning

in 2000 will fund the first national

demonstration of the status and trends

monitoring of the health of U.S.

estuaries. Knowing the current conditions of these ecosystems, how best to

measure those conditions, and what

problems exist are important parts of this

effort and will provide essential input to

the modeling and assessment elements

of the program. Process and modeling

research will seek to explain stressors

and their effect on an ecosystem, as well

as the way in which they cause that

effect.

EPA is also committed to

developing and verifying innovative

methods and models for assessing the

susceptibilities of populations to environmental agents, aimed at enhancing

current risk assessment and management

strategies and guidance. In response to

the heightened awareness and concern

over children’s health risks and the

provisions of the new legislation on food

safety, EPA established the Children’s

Health Research Program. In collaboration with the National Institute for

Environmental Health Sciences

(NIEHS), EPA has established eight

university-based research centers to

study the unique environmental risks

that threaten the health of our children,

with research focusing on childhood

asthma and developmental disorders.

The 2000 research program includes

plans to establish one additional center

focused on children’s health research to

conduct basic and applied research in

combination with community-based

prevention efforts that focus on

identifying and preventing environment-related diseases in children. This

center will look at non-asthma related

research issues including developmental

disorders. Agency research efforts for

asthma are part of the interagency work
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental

Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

77

under the President’s Task Force on

Environmental Health Risks and Safety

Risks to Children.

The Agency will establish

research capability and mechanisms to

anticipate and identify environmental or

other changes that may portend future

risk. A clear vision of future

environmental risk will enable EPA to

manage strategically for tomorrow and

tactically for today. Substantial capability to discern early warnings and

patterns of change will be developed

through work undertaken on endocrine

disruptors. Benefits will include an

improved framework for decisionmaking, increased ability to anticipate

and perhaps deter serious environmental

risks, and enhanced communication with

the public and other stakeholders.

In order to promote decisions

which place pollution prevention as the

first solution among many, research will

focus on the development of methods

and decision tools that are more

quantitative and easier for stakeholders

and decision-makers to use than those

currently available. Research on

pollution prevention technology and

approaches will accelerate the adoption

and incorporation of pollution prevention by developing, testing, and

demonstrating techniques applicable

across economic sectors. This research

will test the ability of risk assessors and

risk managers to develop tools and

methodologies which are meaningful

and understandable to the public in terms

of the costs and benefits associated with

the magnitude of the risk reduction

options.

A key element of EPA’s strategy

for reinvention is testing and adopting

innovative policy tools designed to

achieve better protection at less cost.

The Agency has a number of new tools

and approaches that are being tested or

implemented in various environmental

programs, including: market trading and

banking, third party certification of

environmental performance, and recognition and incentives for environmental

stewardship. In each area, EPA is

looking to advance the application of the

innovative tool or approach by promoting broader testing and incorporation

into our system of environmental

protection. For example, EPA’s Permit

Action Plan outlines a broad strategy for

building the next generation of environmental permitting. This strategy will

harmonize requirements across media,

and will make permitting more

accessible to the public and more

flexible for facilities.

Sector strategies complement

current EPA activities by allowing the

Agency to approach issues more

holistically; tailor efforts to the particular characteristics of each sector;

identify related groups of stakeholders

with interest in a set of issues; link

EPA’s efforts with those of other

agencies; and craft new approaches to

environmental protection.

Sustainable industry programs

serve as incubators and developers of

innovative approaches to environmental

policy making, testing alternative

regulatory and programmatic approaches

through regional projects, and multistakeholder processes. The experience
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental

Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

78

gained in working with six industry

sectors on the Common Sense Initiative

provides the basis for moving forward

with sector-based approaches to

environmental protection.

Also, President Clinton created

Project XL in March 1995 to provide

regulated entities and other stakeholders

with the opportunity to develop and

implement alternative environmental

management strategies that achieve

superior environmental performance in

exchange for regulatory flexibility.

Sector-based approaches will offer

valuable supplements to traditional

environmental policy and may become

the predominant means for environmental protection in the 21st century.

Nearly 7,000 businesses, trade

association, citizens groups, state and

local governments, and universities are

volunteering to improve environmental

performance in a timely, cost-effective

way through an array of EPA partnership

programs. Known collectively as Partners for the Environment, these

programs complement traditional

regulatory approaches to environmental

protection.

Partners set practical, meaningful

goals to improve and better protect the

environment -- from conserving water

and energy to reducing hazardous

emissions, waste, and pesticide risks.

These efforts are good for the environment, make good business sense, and

prove that pollution prevention pays.

Highlights

Research is an important aspect

of the Agency’s mission and ensures a

strong scientific foundation for the

process of identifying public health and

environmental issues and the approaches

taken to address them. EPA’s 2000

Annual Plan proposes a robust program

which continues to support its

commitment to developing and applying

the best available science for addressing

current and future environmental

hazards, as well as new approaches

toward improving environmental

protection.

Ecosystems Protection Research

Natural ecosystems provide valuable services and resources to the public,

such as air and water purification, flood

control, raw materials for manufacturing

and industrial processes, food, as well as

less tangible benefits such as recreation.

Many human activities alter or damage

ecosystems and their ability to provide

these goods and services. In order to

balance the growth of human activity

and the need to protect the environment,

it is important to understand the current

condition of ecosystems, what stressors

are changing that condition, what are the

consequences of those changes, and

what can be done to prevent, mitigate, or

adapt to those changes. EPA’s

ecosystems protection research is

organized in four main areas to address

these questions: ecological monitoring,

modeling, risk assessment, and risk

management.
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental

Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

79

Ecological monitoring research

addresses the question, “What is the

current condition of the environment,

and what stressors are most closely

associated with that condition?” To do

this, researchers develop indicators,

monitoring systems, and designs for

measuring the exposures of ecosystems

to multiple stressors and the response of

ecosystems at local, regional, and

national scales. In 2000, the Coastal

Research Initiative will provide EPA

with baseline and trend analyses for

important data gaps such as the aquatic

health of our nation’s estuaries.

Process and Modeling Research

addresses the question, “What are the

biological, chemical, and physical

processes affecting the condition of

ecosystems and their response to

stressors?” Drawing from information

gathered by monitoring efforts, process

and modeling research develops a basic

understanding of the processes that

govern ecosystem function, and the

technology to model those processes.

This modeling ability allows for

predictions of future landscapes, stressor

patterns, ambient conditions, and

receptor responses. Predicting the

impact of changes in conditions allows

resource managers to address problems

in ways that will more accurately

achieve the environmental protection

goals they seek.

Risk Assessment Research addresses the question, “What is the

relative risk posed to ecosystems by

stressors, alone and in combination, now

and in the future?” Ecological assessments can link stressors with consequences and evaluate the potential for

damage to particular ecosystems. This is

a valuable tool for environmental risk

managers at local, state, and federal

levels, enabling them to link high

priority ecosystems with ecosystems at

high risk. EPA’s research efforts in

support of the National Science and

Technology Council’s Integrated

Science for Sustainable Ecosystems

Initiative will develop methods and

models to integrate socioeconomic

analysis with landscape ecology and

ecological risk assessment and give

EPA, state, and local community-based

environmental partners capability to

identify the most significant environmental stress and select risk reduction

alternatives to improve or sustain

biological and chemical water quality in

streams, rivers, and estuaries. This

program will also develop a capacity to

evaluate and measure the success or

failure of policies in sustaining or

improving ecosystem health.

Risk Management and Restoration Research addresses the question,

“What options are available to manage

the risk to, or to restore, degraded

ecosystems?” Given the rate of

development of the man-made environment, present regulatory approaches may

not always limit risks to vulnerable

ecosystems to tolerable levels. There is

a need to develop new, cost-effective

prevention, control, and remediation

approaches for sources of stressors, and

adaptation approaches for ecosystems.
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental

Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

80

Research to Improve Human Health Risk

 Assessment

Advances in the state of

environmental science have illustrated

that new risk assessment methods are

needed to investigate complex environmental and human health issues that

were not considered by early

environmental legislation. Creating a

strong scientific foundation for risk

assessment and for subsequent risk

management decisions requires research

to reduce significant areas of scientific

uncertainty. In recent years, a number of

national scientific advisory groups have

developed specific recommendations to

assist in strengthening this foundation.

EPA has identified three major areas of

uncertainty as the focus for its Human

Health Risk Assessment Research

Program: 1) human exposure

measurements and models; 2)

identifying/characterizing hazards and

assessing dose response; and 3)

characterizing and assessing variation in

human exposure and susceptibility to

disease. Because substantial uncertainties are associated with these areas,

resolution will greatly advance the

science of human health risk assessment.

Research on human exposure

measurements and models will focus on

demonstrating a model to assess, predict,

and diagnose the population distribution

of multi-media, multi-pathway exposures to major classes of environmental

agents. Human exposure measurement

research will continue to develop,

demonstrate, and evaluate human exposure measurement and surveillance

through the National Human Exposure

Assessment Survey (NHEXAS)

program and the Borders XXI (NAFTA)

program. Research to develop

multipathway exposure models will continue to develop, demonstrate, and

evaluate measurement-based models that

represent multi-pathway sourceexposure-biomarker-dose relationships

and the physical and chemical factors

that affect potential and absorbed dose.

Research on residential pesticides will

continue to focus on methods to

significantly improve our understanding

of the extent of human exposure to

specific pesticides and toxic substances.

Research to identify/characterize

hazards and assess dose response

addresses both qualitative (hazard

identification) and quantitative (doseresponse analysis) concerns associated

with current risk assessments. This

research will focus on providing

mechanistically-based data, tools, and

approaches for more quantitative and

biologically defensible human health

risk assessments.

Research to characterize/assess

variation in human exposure and

susceptibility to disease has strong

support from national scientific advisory

organizations, the Administration and

Congress. EPA is also committed to

developing and verifying innovative

methods and models for assessing the

susceptibilities of populations to environmental agents, aimed at enhancing

current risk assessment and management

strategies and guidance. In collaboration

with the National Institute for

Environmental Health Sciences

(NIEHS), EPA has established eight
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental

Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

81

university-based research centers to

study the unique environmental risks

that threaten the health of our children,

with research focusing on childhood

asthma and developmental disorders.

The 2000 research program includes

plans to establish one additional center

focused on children’s health research to

conduct basic and applied research in

combination with community-based

prevention efforts that focus on

identifying and preventing environment-related diseases in children. This

center will look at non-asthma related

research issues including developmental

disorders. Agency research efforts for

asthma are part of the interagency work

under the President’s Task Force on

Environmental Health Risks and Safety

Risks to Children.

Emerging Risks Research

In 2000, research on emerging

environmental risk will respond directly

to the recommendations of numerous

external advisory panels, including the

Committee on Research Opportunities

and Priorities for EPA under the

National Academy for Public

Administration, and EPA’s Science

Advisory Board. Our goal is to establish

a clear vision of future environmental

risk which will enable EPA to manage

strategically for tomorrow and tactically

for today. Benefits will include an

improved framework for decisionmaking, increased ability to anticipate

and perhaps deter serious environmental

risks, and enhanced communication with

the public and other stakeholders.

Evidence has been accumulating

that humans and domestic and wildlife

species have suffered adverse health

consequences resulting from exposure to

environmental chemicals that interact

with the endocrine system, known as

endocrine disruptors (EDC). EPA has

developed the Endocrine Disruptor

Research Strategy for addressing areas

of major uncertainty. In 2000, the

highest priority areas of the Endocrine

Disruptor Research Strategy will be:

conducting integrated toxicology and

exposure studies in ecological systems

or human populations with suspected

contamination or exposure; the

development of PBPK/BBDR models;

the identification of major sources of

EDCs entering the environment; and the

development of tools for risk management. The program will also continue to

investigate the nature and extent to

which environmentally relevant exposures to chemicals are producing adverse

effects in humans and wildlife species.

We will continue to maintain a

strong graduate fellowship program

which was initiated in 1995 for the

purpose of training the next generation

of scientists and engineers. By

providing support for masters and

doctoral students in environmental

sciences and engineering, EPA helps to

develop the Nation’s environmental and

technology base for addressing the

environmental concerns in the next

century. The Exploratory Grants research program generates new ideas and

produces new scientific information by

encouraging creativity and innovation in

scientific research. Through publication of an annual general solicitation,
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental

Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

82

the program defines general areas in

which there exist significant gaps in

scientific knowledge and understanding,

and allows individual investigators from

the academic research community to

conceive, define, and propose research

projects.

Pollution Prevention and New

 Technologies

EPA supports pollution prevention as a necessary and logical strategy

for dealing with high-risk human health

and environmental problems that are

addressed by Federal environmental,

health, and safety regulations. In order

to promote decisions which place

pollution prevention as the first solution

among many, research must begin to

focus on the development of methods

and decision tools that are more

quantitative and easier for stakeholders

and decision makers to use than those

currently available. Two areas of

research contributing to the achievement

of the objective’s goals are: 1) the

Environmental Technology Verification

(ETV) program; and 2) the Mercury

Initiative.

ETV was created to substantially

accelerate the introduction of new environmental technologies into the domestic

marketplace. In 2000, the program will

support the development and implementation of innovative approaches for

current and future environmental

problems. As a result of the interest in

the ETV program abroad, EPA will

expand the application of U.S.

technologies, verified under ETV, to the

international marketplace. ETV will

also continue in this effort under its

twelve pilots; complete the last year of

its 5 year pilot phase (1995-2000); and

begin preparation of a report to Congress

for 2001. The report will contain a

summary of the major outputs of the

pilot phase, the costs of verification, the

results of verification in moving better

technologies into use, and recommendations for procedures to effectively

conduct an ongoing program.

Mercury research will focus on

the speciation and control of mercury

emissions from coal-fired utilities and

other combustors, risk management

alternatives for non-combustion sources

of mercury, and a continuing emphasis

on collecting and analyzing data and

information on mercury risks and

mercury risk communication. Improved

techniques for controlling mercury

emissions into the environment will

allow the Agency to achieve its

programmatic and regulatory goals and

meet an accelerated time table for

reducing mercury releases.

Increased Community-Based

 Approaches

In 2000, EPA will continue to

strengthen local partnerships to address

serious environmental risks to human

health or ecosystems. Regional

Geographic Initiatives (RGI) are an

approach EPA Regional offices use to

partner with states, local governments,

private organizations, and others. The

work targets specific environmental

problems identified as high risk to

human health and ecosystems which are
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental

Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

83

not adequately addressed by other

Agency resources.

Increased Facility-and Sector-based

 Strategies

EPA’s strategy for reinvention is

testing and adopting innovative policy

tools designed to achieve better

protection at less cost. The Agency has

a number of new tools and approaches

that are being tested or implemented in

various environmental programs, including: market trading and banking,

third party certification of environmental

performance, and recognition and

incentives for environmental stewardship.

Sector strategies complement

current EPA activities by allowing the

Agency to approach issues more

holistically; tailor efforts to the

particular characteristics of each sector;

identify related groups of stakeholders

with interest in a set of issues; link

EPA’s efforts with those of other

agencies; and craft new approaches to

environmental protection. Sustainable

industry programs serve as incubators

and developers of innovative approaches

to environmental policy making, testing

alternative regulatory and programmatic

approaches through regional projects,

and multi-stakeholder processes. Sectorbased approaches will offer valuable

supplements to traditional environmental

policy and may become the predominant

means for environmental protection in

the 21st century.

Science Advisory Board Peer Reviews

The Agency plans to support the

activities of the Science Advisory Board

(SAB) which provides independent

expert advice to Congress, the

Administrator, and the Agency on

scientific and engineering issues that

serve as the underpinnings for Agency

regulatory decision making. Each year,

the Administrator and EPA program

offices nominate numerous issues to the

SAB for peer review. The SAB selects

several of these issues for review each

year, culminating in reports that help the

Agency make better use of science in its

decision-making process. The issues

that are not selected for review can be

nominated again the following year.

The SAB’s broad, objective review of

important scientific and technical issues

promotes sound science within the

Agency’s scientific and technical

programs. The use of the SAB for peer

reviews supports the Agency-wide peer

review evaluation efforts, in response to

GAO findings in 1997.

2000 Annual Performance Goals:

♦ In 2000, provide new information on

the atmospheric concentrations,

human exposure, and health effects

of particulate matter (PM), including

PM2.5, and incorporate it and other

peer-reviewed research findings in

the second External Review.

♦ In 2000, provide methods to estimate

human exposure and health effects

from high priority urban air toxics,

and complete health assessments for
Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Environmental

Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

84

the highest priority hazardous air

pollutants (including fuel/fuel

additives).

♦ In 2000, report on monitoring

findings in the Mid-Atlantic Region

as a cost effective means of

measuring the condition of these

systems.

♦ In 2000, develop risk assessment

guidance and regional assessments

concerning risks to children exposed

to environmental contaminants.

♦ In 2000, develop tools to identify

hazards and formulate strategies to

manage risks from exposure to

endocrine disrupting chemicals capable of inducing adverse effects in

humans and wildlife.

♦ In 2000, complete development of

one or more computer-based tools

which simulate product, process, or

system design changes, and complete

proof-of-process structure for one or

more generic technologies (applicable to more than one environmental problem) to prevent or

reduce pollution in chemicals and

industrial processes.

♦ In: 2000, all 50 Project XL projects

will be implemented.
Goal 8: Key Programs

85

FY 2000

FY 1999 President's

Enacted Budget

Sound Science

Clean Water Action Plan: Related Research $1,406.00 $4,689.30

Coastal Environmental Monitoring $0.00 $6,549.00

Common Sense Initiative $4,679.50 $2,755.50

Endocrine Disruptor Research $12,466.70 $12,735.20

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, EMAP $33,255.00 $33,955.00

Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) $6,990.50 $7,749.50

Human Health Research $50,323.80 $55,836.70

Project XL $3,359.90 $3,454.40

Regional Geographic Program $8,070.60 $11,780.50

Regional Science and Technology $6,021.00 $7,659.80

Reinvention Programs, Development and Coordination $4,334.10 $4,378.10

Sustainable Development Challenge Grants $4,701.80 $4,714.80
86
A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater

Compliance with the Law

87

Strategic Goal: EPA will ensure full compliance with laws intended to protect human

health and the environment.

Resource Summary

(Dollars in Thousands)

 

FY 1999

Enacted

FY 2000

 Request

 FY 2000 – FY 1999

Difference

A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater

Compliance with the Law

$319,390.3 $331,335.0 $11,944.7

Enforcement Tools to Reduce Non-Compliance $272,965.9 $292,917.6 $19,951.7

Increase Use of Auditing, Self-Policing Policies $46,424.4 $38,417.4 ($8,007.0)

Total Workyears: 2,554.4 2,540.1 -14.3

Means and Strategy:

Many of the environmental

improvements in this country during the

past three decades can be attributed to a

strong set of environmental laws and

EPA’s aggressive enforcement of them.

Due to the breadth and diversity of

private, public, and federal facilities

regulated by EPA under various statutes,

the Agency needs to target its

enforcement and compliance assurance

activities strategically to address the

most significant risks to human health

and the environment and to ensure that

certain populations do not bear a

disproportionate environmental burden.

A strong enforcement program identifies

noncompliance problems, punishes

violators, strives to secure a level

economic playing field for law-abiding

companies, and deters future violations.

EPA’s continued enforcement efforts

will be strengthened through the

development of measures to assess the

impact of enforcement activities and

assist in targeting high priority areas.

State, Tribal and local governments bear much of the responsibility for

ensuring compliance, and EPA works in

partnership with them and other Federal

agencies to promote environmental

protection. Further, EPA cooperates

with other nations to enforce and ensure

compliance with international agreements affecting the environment. At the

Federal level, EPA addresses its responsibilities under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) by seeking

remedies for potentially adverse impacts

of major actions taken by EPA and other

Federal agencies.

The Agency’s enforcement and

compliance assurance program uses

compliance assistance and incentives

tools to enhance voluntary compliance

with regulatory requirements and reduce

adverse public health and environmental
A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater

Compliance with the Law

88

problems. Maximum compliance requires the active efforts of the regulated

community to police itself. EPA

supports the regulated community by

assuring that requirements are clearly

understood and by helping industry find

cost-effective options to comply through

the use of pollution prevention and

innovative technology. EPA will

continue to explore options for

encouraging self-directed audits and

disclosure; measuring and evaluating the

effectiveness of Agency programs in

improving compliance rates; providing

information and compliance assistance

to the regulated community; and

developing innovative approaches to

meeting environmental standards

through better communication, cooperative approaches and application of

new technologies.

Highlights:

Compliance Monitoring and Civil and

 Criminal Enforcement

EPA will continue to support

deterrence and compliance activities by

devoting a vast majority of its

compliance monitoring resources for onsite inspections including monitoring,

sampling and emissions testing. In

2000, the compliance monitoring

program will continue the cross-cutting,

multi-media initiative begun in 1999

which make full use of the Agency’s

statutory authorities.

In 2000, the Agency’s enforcement initiatives will include support of

the Clean Water Action Plan (CWAP) in

terms of increased enforcement in

priority watersheds and the Children’s

Health Initiative by supporting air

quality enforcement efforts. In 2000, the

Agency will provide funding to support

a tribal training program to assist tribal

regulatory officials in effectively managing compliance and enforcement

programs.

Compliance Assistance and Incentives

The Agency will continue to

support compliance assistance and

incentive tools to enhance voluntary

compliance with regulatory requirements

and reduce public health problems. In

2000, the Compliance Incentives

program will continue to implement the

policy on Incentives for Self-Policing as

a core element of the enforcement and

compliance assurance program. The

Compliance Assistance program will

continue to provide information and

technical assistance to the regulated

community to increase its understanding

of all statutory or regulatory environmental requirements.

State and Tribal Capacity

In 2000, the Agency’s enforcement and compliance assurance program

will work with and support state

agencies implementing authorized,

delegated, or approved environmental

programs. The Agency provides grant

funding, oversight, training and technical

assistance to states and tribes. We are

requesting additional funds to develop

and implement compliance and enforcement programs on tribal lands. The

increase will build upon a base program
A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater

Compliance with the Law

89

which assists tribes in implementing

pesticide compliance and enforcement

programs on tribal lands where states

have no enforcement authority.

2000 Annual Performance Goals:

♦ In 2000, deter & reduce noncompliance and achieve environmental and human health improvements by maintaining a strong,

timely and active enforcement

presence. EPA will direct enforcement actions to maximum compliance and address environmental

and human health problems; 75

percent of concluded enforcement

actions will require environmental or

human health improvements, such as

pollution reduction.

♦ In 2000, deter non-compliance by

maintaining appropriate levels of

compliance monitoring activity,

particularly in priority areas. In

2000, EPA will conduct 15,700

inspections and investigations, 50

percent of which are targeted at

priority areas.

♦ In 2000, improve capacity of states,

localities and tribes to conduct

enforcement and compliance assurance programs. EPA will provide

grants, guidance documents, training,

 classes and seminars, and assist with

 selected inspections.

♦ In 2000, ensure compliance with

legal requirements by assuring that

hazardous waste exports from the

United States are properly handled.

Implement U.S. international commitments, and gain enforcement and

compliance cooperation with other

countries, especially along U.S.

borders (Mexico/Canada).

♦ In 2000, increase entities selfpolicing and self-correction of

environmental problems through use

of EPA incentive policies: small

business, small community and audit

policies over 1997 levels.
Goal 9: Key Programs

90

 FY 2000

FY 1999 President's

Enacted Budget

Credible Deterrent

Civil Enforcement $83,090.40 $89,863.60

Civil Enforcement - CWAP/AFO Related $0.00 $1,462.00

Common Sense Initiative $1,082.80 $714.30

Compliance Assistance and Centers $23,215.40 $18,054.50

Compliance Incentives $4,075.60 $3,646.00

Compliance Monitoring $56,838.90 $64,170.30

Criminal Enforcement $33,786.50 $35,635.40

Enforcement Training $4,435.80 $5,117.20

NEPA Implementation $9,401.60 $9,697.70

Project XL $2,904.60 $3,008.50

RCRA State Grants $43,222.70 $43,227.00

State Pesticides Enforcement Grants $19,511.40 $19,911.60

State Toxics Enforcement Grants $7,364.20 $7,364.20
Effective Management

91

Strategic Goal: EPA will establish a management infrastructure that will set and

implement the highest quality standards for effective internal management and fiscal

responsibility.

Summary Resource

(Dollars in Thousands)

FY 1999

Enacted

FY 2000

Request

FY 2000 - FY 1999

 Difference

Effective Management $645,174.0 $715,653.6 $70,479.6

Executive Leadership $31,112.6 $32,155.4 $1,042.8

Management Services, Administrative, and

 Stewardship

$220,806.1 $245,211.1 $24,405.0

Building Operations, Utilities and New

 Construction

$353,366.1 $397,485.1 $44,119.0

Provide Audit and Investigative

 Products and Services

$39,889.2 $40,802.0 $912.8

Total Workyears: 2,991.2 3,003.3 12.1

Means and Strategy:

Efforts under this goal support

the full range of Agency activities for a

healthy and sustainable environment

including: effective vision and

leadership; sound management practices;

results-based planning and budgeting;

fiscal accountability; and quality

customer service. Rational policy

guidance and careful stewardship of our

resources form the foundation for

everything EPA does. The effectiveness

of EPA’s management will determine, in

large measure, how successful we are in

telling the story on our annual progress

toward the goals identified in the

Agency’s annual plan and the long-term

goals in the strategic plan. Agency

management systems and processes will

be supported by independent evaluations

that promote efficient and effective

programs in order to obtain the greatest

return on taxpayer investment.

The Agency will provide vision

and leadership as well as executive

direction and policy oversight for all

EPA programs. In keeping with its

commitment to protect children’s health,

the Agency will target resources towards

its many diverse children’s activities. In

2000, the Agency will evaluate health

outcomes related to environmental

health effects for asthma and lead

addressed in 11 Pilot Child Health

Champion Communities. The Agency

will provide policy direction and

guidance on equal employment

opportunity and civil rights. The

Agency’s Administrative Law Judges

and its Environmental Appeals Board
Effective Management

92

Judges will issue decisions on

Administrative complaints and environmental adjudications, respectively, in a

timely manner.

The Agency will provide the

management services, administrative

support and operations to enable the

Agency to achieve its environmental

mission while meeting its fiduciary and

workforce responsibilities. EPA will

manage an integrated planning, budgeting, analysis, financial management and

accountability process to ensure

effective stewardship of resources which

meets statutory requirements of the

Government Performance and Results

Act (GPRA), Chief Financial Officers

(CFO) Act, and related legislation. In

1999, the Agency will implement an

accountability system that captures all

key performance measures, and develop

a cost accounting system to enable

Agency managers and stakeholders to

know the full cost of Agency programs

and the resources associated with

achievement of environmental results.

The strategy for ensuring sound

management of administrative services

will be accomplished by managing

information systems effectively,

ensuring a high level of integrity and

accountability in the management of

grants and contracts, and investing in our

human resources to ensure that the

Agency’s workforce is of the highest

caliber and is fully prepared to deliver

national leadership and expertise in

environmental protection.

The Agency will provide a

quality work environment which places

high value on employee safety and

security and the design and

establishment of state-of-the-art laboratories. These facilities provide the

tools essential for researching innovative

solutions to current and future environmental problems and enhancing our

under-standing of environmental risks.

Plans for building operations and new

construction support existing infrastructure requirements that ensure

healthy, safe and secure work

environments that reflect the pollution

prevention values of EPA and help fulfill

the scientific and functional requirements of our programs. EPA has

adopted an aggressive strategy to utilize

energy savings performance contracts to

reduce energy consumption significantly

over the next five years. In 2000, EPA

makes major strides towards completing

the consolidated new Headquarters, as

well as the consolidated research lab at

Research Triangle Park in North

Carolina.

The Agency will provide audit

and investigative products and services,

all of which can facilitate the

accomplishment of the Agency’s mission. The Agency will increase

performance audit work with a focus on

environmental results, and assist the

Agency in implementing performance

evaluation to promote full compliance

with GPRA. We will continue emphasizing contract and assistance agreement

audits and investigations to ensure

integrity in the application of Agency

resources. The Agency plans to increase

collaboration between audits and

investigations to reduce the risk of fraud

and other improprieties. EPA will also

increase assistance and consulting

services to the Agency to help resolve

significant management problems and

achieve maximum efficiency and

effectiveness. These strategies will
Effective Management

93

assist the Agency in accomplishing its

mission and improve the performance

and integrity of its programs and

operations.

A major concern of Congress has

been the federal response to the Year

2000 date conversion issue. With

respect to this issue, it is anticipated that

all Agency mission-critical systems will

be Year 2000 compliant by March 1999.

In 2000, the Agency will continue

operational testing to ensure that all

mission-critical systems continue to

function correctly to support core

functions without interruption across the

Year 2000 date change.

Highlights:

Agency management provides

vision and leadership, and conducts

policy oversight for all Agency

programs. The effectiveness of EPA’s

management will determine, in large

measure, how successful we will be in

pursuit of the other goals identified in

the Agency’s annual plan. Sound

management principles, practices,

results-based planning and budgeting,

fiscal accountability, quality customer

service, rational policy guidance and

careful stewardship of our resources are

the foundation for everything EPA does

to advance the protection of human

health and the environment.

In keeping with our commitment

to protect children’s health, the Agency

will direct resources toward the

programs that will protect the children

from a range of environmental hazards.

In 2000, the Agency will focus

on reducing asthma through reduction

and avoidance of key asthma triggers,

including environmental tobacco smoke,

prevalent indoor allergens and ambient

air pollution. The Agency will employ

sound science methods and proper data

management to assess risks to children.

This is achieved by measuring exposures

to multiple chemicals in a national

sample of infants and children and by

developing data on the physiological and

biological characteristics of the young

that affect doses to target organs for use

in Agency risk assessments. EPA will

ensure that its standards address the

heightened risks faced by children and

that all covered regulations being revised

or developed in EPA address children’s

environmental health issues.

The Agency will provide sound

management of administrative services

throughout the Agency. In 2000, the

Agency will take a systematic and

rigorous approach toward modernizing

its information systems. A systems

modernization fund will be established

to provide resources to develop new and

upgrade existing information systems

throughout the Agency. Initial funding

of the modernization pool has been

provided by Agency offices. Strict

criteria will be used in the distribution of

resources. Modernization projects will

be funded based on competitive review,

be required to provide matching funds,

and will follow a planned and managed

schedule.

The Agency’s building operations and new construction budget

ensures a healthy, safe and secure work

environment for its employees, and

integrates pollution prevention and state-
Effective Management

94

of-the-art technology into its daily

activities. New construction and

renovation activities will continue at the

consolidated complex at Research

Triangle Park (RTP), National

Enforcement Investigations Center

(NEIC) and the New Headquarters

project. This request funds the final

construction phase of the RTP project as

well as transition costs for RTP and

HQs. EPA will also address critical

repairs in EPA facilities related to

employee health and safety. These

facilities provide the tools essential for

researching innovative solutions to

current and future environ-mental

problems and enhancing our understanding of environmental risks.

The Agency will continue to

manage its integrated planning, budgeting, analysis and accountability

process. In 2000, efforts will continue to

link annual plans to the long-term goals

and objectives of the Agency in order to

deliver the best environmental results

possible given the resources

appropriated by Congress. The Agency

will provide more accurate financial

reporting through cost accounting for

improved environmental decision

making. The Agency will also continue

to increase consultation with the EPA

Science Advisory Board and external

parties.

The Agency will strengthen preaward and post-award management of

assistance agreements. For example, by

July 2000, EPA will eliminate the entire

close-out backlog for non-construction

grants that ended before September 30,

1997. In the contracts area, Agency

efforts will focus on selecting the

appropriate contract vehicle to deliver

best value for the agency’s mission and

taxpayer, including reducing the use of

cost-reimbursable contracts. All contracts will be evaluated for possible

award or conversion to performance

based contracts. In addition, the Agency

will put increased emphasis on contract

oversight, including speeding up

contract processes through fast-tract

system enhancements and automation

efforts.

In 2000, the Agency will

implement its workforce development

strategy. The purpose of this initiative is

to attract, recruit, develop, and deploy

EPA’s employees to address the critical

environmental issues of the 21st century.

This initiative will implement a support

staff development pilot to improve the

professionalism and performance of our

clerical workforce; will identify and

develop career tracks for employees

skills and tools requirements needed to

fully develop in their chosen occupation;

and will develop leadership skills in

people throughout the organization while

improving the managerial competencies

of our line managers. A significant

component of the initiative is the EPA

intern program which is designed to hire

diverse, high performing individuals

who will become part of the Agency

future leader-ship.

The Agency will continue to

bring cases to settlement. The

Environmental Appeals Board will issue

final Agency decisions in environmental

adjudications on appeal to the Board.

These decisions are the end point in the

Agency’s administrative enforcement

and permitting programs. The

Administrative Law Judges (ALJs) who

provide hearings to those accused of
Effective Management

95

environmental violations are increasingly using alternative dispute

resolution techniques in bringing cases

to settlement and thereby, avoiding more

costly litigation.

EPA will provide audit and

investigative products and services, all

of which can facilitate the

accomplishment of its mission. Reviews

will be performed on Agency contracts.

EPA will also start reviews of Agency

compliance with the Government

Performance and Results Act through

selective verification and validation of

the process. The Agency will continue

investigations of alleged fraud, waste,

abuse, or other illegal activities to detect

and deter fraud, abuse, and other

improprieties, and help promote costeffective programs and the integrity of

contractors and employees.

2000 Annual Performance Goals:

♦ In 2000, evaluate health outcomes

related to environmental health

effects for asthma and lead addressed

in 11 Pilot Child Health Champion

Communities.

♦ In 2000, 100 percent of EPA's GPRA

implementation components (planning, budgeting, financial management, accountability, and program

analysis) are completed on time and

meet customer needs.

♦ In 2000, EPA will improve the

capability of its workforce by:

formalizing a leadership development approach; rolling out a training

curriculum to enhance necessary

cross-functional skills; clearly identifying and defining support staff

career paths; and continuing to hire

talented and diverse individuals.

♦ In 2000, all 58 mission-critical

systems will continue to support core

Agency functions without interruption across Year 2000 date

change.

♦ In 2000, EPA will ensure that all

new and ongoing construction

projects are progressing and completed as scheduled.

♦ In 2000, the OIG will provide

objective, timely, and independent

auditing, consulting, and investigative services.
Goal 10: Key Programs

96

FY 2000

FY 1999 President's

Enacted Budget

Effective Management

Administrative Law $2,324.30 $2,193.40

Assistance Agreement Audits $6,830.50 $6,632.00

Assistance Agreement Investigations $2,650.40 $2,728.40

Childrens Health, Program Development and Coordination $6,157.50 $5,744.80

Civil Rights/Title VI Compliance $1,637.10 $1,331.70

Contract and Procurement Investigations $2,913.00 $2,975.80

Contract Audits $4,950.60 $5,381.60

Contracts Management $24,986.00 $27,503.90

EMPACT $81.30 $563.60

Employee Integrity Investigations $953.40 $981.60

Environmental Finance Center Grants (EFC) $1,065.00 $940.00

Facility Operations: Agency Rental/ Direct Lease $170,571.80 $193,223.60

Facility Operations: Agency Utilities $10,015.20 $12,414.80

Facility Operations: Repairs and Improvements $15,428.00 $20,410.50

Facility Operations: Security $12,962.20 $13,162.20

Financial Statement Audits $4,187.50 $4,296.20

Grants Management $8,568.80 $9,455.70

Human Resources Management $21,932.00 $24,139.30

Immediate Office of the Administrator $2,791.30 $3,729.80

Information Technology Management $21,975.10 $22,282.50

New Construction :RTP New Building Project $36,000.00 $49,040.50

New Construction: New Headquarters Project $15,945.30 $17,496.30

Planning and Resource Management $69,120.10 $71,581.60

Program Audits $10,264.40 $10,509.60

Program Integrity Investigations $911.50 $927.80

Regional Management $42,535.00 $42,818.40

Regional Program Infrastructure $66,532.20 $67,954.20

Reinventing Environmental Information (REI) $2,507.10 $250.00
97

ADDITIONAL

INFORMATION
98
Better America Bonds

99

As one feature of the

Administration’s comprehensive Livability Agenda, Better America Bonds

will help communities grow in ways that

ensure sustainable economic growth.

The President’s budget proposes a new,

innovative, financing tool providing $9.5

billion in bonding authority to state,

local, and tribal governments over five

years through the use of Federal tax

credits instead of bond interest. In liew

of interest payments from state and local

governments, the Better American Bond

program will provide to bond holders

approximately $1.2 billion in tax credits

over the 15 year life of bonds issued

using the $1.9 billion in proposed 2000

bond authority.

EPA will be at the forefront of

giving local communities maximum

flexibility and resources to address the

most pressing environmental needs.

This new tool will allow communities to

preserve green space, create or restore

urban parks, protect water quality, and

clean up Brownfields. Communities

will, for instance, be able to protect land

either by acquiring title or purchasing

permanent easements. Bond proceeds

can also be used for reforestation, and

replanting. Pressure to develop green

space from previously undeveloped

properties can be lessened by enhancing

alternative land for redevelopment such

as Brownfields for new economic uses.

Rivers, lakes, coastal waters, and

wetlands can be restored or protected

from polluted runoff through land

acquisition and/or other measures.

To become eligible for a bond

allocation, state, local and tribal

governments will submit proposals to

EPA for initial review in consultation

with other Agencies. EPA will award

bond allocations in conjunction with the

Vice President’s Community Empowerment Board and other Agencies.

Preferences will be given to regional

proposals that reflect collaborative

planning by neighboring communities,

particularly partnerships among cities,

suburbs, and rural areas.

Through the availability of these

bonds, and the support of federal tax

credits, EPA will assist in building

healthy, livable communities for the 21st

century. Better America Bonds will

enable states, tribes and local governments to reconnect with their land and

water, preserve green space and provide

attractive settings for economic

development.
100
State, Local and Tribal Grants

101

(dollars in millions)

In 2000, the President’s Budget

requests a total of $885.0 million for 16

‘categorical’ program grants for state

and tribal governments. This is an

increase of $5.0 million over 1999.

These grants are part of EPA’s

Operating Programs even though they

are funded in the State and Tribal

Assistance Grant (STAG) appropriation

account. EPA will continue to pursue its

strategy of building and supporting state,

local and tribal capacity to implement,

operate, and enforce the Nation’s

environmental laws. Most environmental laws envision establishment of a

decentralized nationwide structure to

protect public health and the

environment. In this way, environmental goals will ultimately be achieved

through the actions, programs, and

commitments of state, tribal and local

governments, organizations and citizens.

In 2000, EPA will continue to

give more flexibility to state and tribal

governments to manage their environmental programs as well as provide

technical and financial assistance. First,

EPA and its state and tribal partners will

continue implementing the National

Environmental Performance Partnership

System (NEPPS). NEPPS is designed to

allow states more flexibility to operate

their programs with less interference

from the Federal government, while

increasing emphasis on measuring and

reporting environmental improvements.

Second, Performance Partnership Grants

(PPGs) will continue to allow states and

tribes funding flexibility to combine

categorical program grants to address

environmental priorities.

HIGHLIGHTS:

Air and Radiation Program Grants

In 2000, the President’s Budget

requests a total of $217.9 million for Air

and Radiation Program grants to help

state and tribal governments address air

and radiation program requirements.

This amount represents a net increase of

$3.2 million over 1999. Specific

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

$468

$548

$643

$665

$645 $674

$745

$880 $885

$468
State, Local and Tribal Grants

102

increases include: (1) a $13.7 million

investment to meet requirements

mandated by the ISTEA; and (2) a $3.0

million investment for additional

ambient monitoring of air toxics in urban

areas.

Underground Storage Tanks Grants

In 2000, the President’s Budget

requests a total of $11.9 million for the

Underground Storage Tanks (UST) grant

program. The UST program will

continue to support partnerships with

state and tribal governments. The

President’s Budget request includes an

increase of $1.4 million for grants to

Indian tribes to assist them in developing

the capability to administer and

implement the UST program.

Enforcement Program Grants

In 2000, the President’s Budget

requests a total of $27.3 million for

Pesticides and Toxic Substances

Enforcement grants. An increase of $0.4

million is requested to provide training

to senior Tribal regulatory officials in

the latest theories and techniques for

effective compliance and compliance

programs under the FIFRA Cooperative

Agreements.

Elimination of Tribal Cap on

 Non-point Sources

In 2000, the President’s Budget

is proposing to eliminate the statutory

one-third of one percent cap on Clean

Water Act section 319 Non-point Source

Pollution grant funds that may be

awarded to Tribes. This proposal is in

recognition of a clear gap between tribal

non-point source program needs and

available funds. The number of tribes

applying for and receiving section 319

Non-point Source Pollution (NPS) grants

have steadily increased from two in

1991 to eleven in 1999. Currently, 20

tribes have met the eligibility requirements to receive section 319(h) program

grants. This number is expected to

increase annually as more of the 554

federally recognized tribes become

eligible to participate in this program (23

tribes are working to become program

eligible). In 1999, because of the

statutory cap, only $0.7 million of the

$200.0 million total appropriated for

Section 319 grants is available to the

tribes.
State and Tribal Assistance Grants

103

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2000

FY 1998 FY 1999 President’s

Grant Enacted Enacted Budget

Air & Radiation

State and Local Assistance $181,933.0 $195,533.0 $198,690.0

Tribal Assistance $10,168.8 $11,068.8 $11,068.8

Radon $8,158.0 $8,158.0 $8,158.0

Subtotal: $200,259.8 $214,759.8 $217,916.8

Water

Pollution Control (Section 106) $95,529.3 $115,529.3 $115,529.3

Non-point Source $105,000.0 $200,000.0 $200,000.0

Wetlands Program $15,000.0 $15,000.0 $15,000.0

Water Quality Cooperative Agreements $20,000.0 $19,000.0 $19,000.0

Subtotal: $235,529.30 $349,529.3 $349,529.3

Drinking Water

PWSS $93,780.5 $93,780.5 $93,780.5

UIC $10,500.0 $10,500.0 $10,500.0

Subtotal: $104,280.5 $104,280.5 $104,280.5

Hazardous Waste

H.W. Financial Assistance $98,598.2 $98,598.2 $98,598.2

Underground Storage Tanks $10,544.7 $10,544.7 $11,944.7

Subtotal: $109,142.9 $109,142.9 $110,542.9

Pesticides & Toxics

Pesticides Program Implementation $13,114.6 $13,114.6 $13,114.6

Lead Grants $13,712.2 $13,712.2 $13,712.2

Subtotal: $26,826.8 $26,826.8 $26,826.8

Multimedia

Pollution Prevention $5,999.5 $5,999.5 $5,999.5

Pesticides Enforcement $17,511.6 $19,511.7 $19,911.6

Toxics Enforcement $6,864.2 $7,364.2 $7,364.2

Indian General Assistance Program $38,585.4 $42,585.3 $42,585.4

Subtotal: $68,960.7 $75,460.7 $75,860.7

GRAND TOTAL: $745,000.0 $880,000.0 $884,957.0
104
Water and Air Infrastructure Financing

105

(dollars in millions)

Water and Air Infrastructure Financing

FY 1999

Enacted

FY 2000

President’s

Budget

Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) $1,350.0 $800.0

Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) $775.0 $825.0

Mexican Border Projects $50.0 $100.0

Special Needs Projects $351.7 $28.0

Clean Air Partnership Fund $0.0 $200.0

TOTAL: $2,526.7 $1,953.0

Water and Air Infrastructure Funds

EPA’s Clean Air Partnership Fund

and Water Infrastructure Financing request

totals $1,953.0 million. Funds in these

programs support three goals in 2000: Clean

Air, Clean and Safe Water, and Reducing

Cross-Border Environmental Threats.

Clean Air Partnership Fund

In 2000 the Administration is

launching an investment of $200 million for

the Clean Air Partnership Fund – a program

that provides financing for smart, multipollutant control strategies that will reduce

air pollution as well as greenhouse gases,

and provide healthy clean air to local

citizens as soon as possible. Funds will be

for projects demonstrating simultaneous

early reductions in smog, soot or air toxics,

as well as greenhouse gases.

Recognizing that cost restraints often

play a part in businesses and municipalities

investing in short-term, single pollutant

strategies, the Clean Air Partnership Fund

will encourage many industries demonstrate

long-range comprehensive pollution reduction strategies. The Fund extends to electric

utilities and the transportation sector, and

grants will be made available to states, local

governments, and tribes.

Water Infrastructure Financing

EPA’s water infrastructure financing

efforts support two of EPA’s strategic goals:

Clean and Safe Water, and Reducing Global

and Cross-border Environmental Risks.

With significant needs over the next 20

years for wastewater infrastructure alone,

the Nation’s cities are faced a major price

tag for keeping our rivers, streams, and

beaches free from untreated sewage. Vast

quantities of pollution contaminate residential areas and wildlife habitats along our

border with Mexico. In Alaska native

villages, more than 20,000 households lack

even the most rudimentary 20th century

sanitation facilities and technology.

In hundreds of cities and towns, the

systems for ensuring safe drinking water lag

behind modern demands. In some cases, the

costs associated with meeting national

standards for drinking water quality

(‘maximum contaminant levels’) have

outstripped a community’s investment in

drinking water treatment and distributions

systems. In other cases, aging and

deteriorated systems need to be restored to

ensure continued protection of public health.
Water and Air Infrastructure Financing

106

The State and Tribal Assistance

Grants (STAG) Appropriation provides

financial assistance to states, municipalities

and tribal governments to fund a variety of

drinking water, water, and wastewater

infrastructure projects. These funds are

essential to fulfill the federal government’s

commitment to help our state, tribal and

local partners obtain adequate funding to

construct the facilities required to comply

with federal environmental requirements.

States and localities rely on a variety of

revenue sources to finance their environmental programs and to pay for the facilities

needed to keep the water clean and safe

from harmful contaminants.

Providing STAG funds through State

Revolving Fund (SRF) programs, EPA

works in partnership with the states to

provide low-cost financial assistance to

municipalities for infrastructure construction. SRF funds are also provided as grants

to tribal governments to help them address

their water, drinking water, and wastewater

needs. Special Needs projects also provide

focused wastewater grant assistance to local

areas facing extraordinary needs.

The President’s Budget requests a

total of $1,753.0 million in 2000 for EPA’s

Water Infrastructure programs, a decrease of

$773.8 million from 1999. Of the total

water infrastructure request, $1,653.0

million will support EPA’s Goal 2: Clean

and Safe Water, and $100.0 million will

support EPA’s Goal 6: Reduction of Global

and Cross-border Environmental Risks. The

$773.8 million decrease is the net result of a

$500.0 million reduction in the Clean Water

State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) and

Drinking Water State Revolving Fund

(DWSRF) programs, a $262.6 million

reduction in 1999 Congressional earmarks, a

net $61.1 million decrease for Special Needs

projects, and a $50.0 million increase for the

U.S./Mexico Border Fund.

The resources requested in this

budget will enable the Agency, in

conjunction with EPA’s state, local, and

Tribal partners, to achieve several important

goals for 2000. Some of these goals

include:

- 91 percent of the population served

by community water systems will

receive drinking water meeting all

health-based standards in effect since

1994, up from 83% in 1994;

- Another two million people will

receive the benefits of secondary

treatment of wastewater, for a total

of 181 million.

Goal 2: Enhancing Human Health

through Clean and Safe Water

Capitalizing Clean Water and Drinking

 Water State Revolving Funds

The Clean Water and Drinking

Water State Revolving Fund programs

demonstrate a true partnership between

states, localities, and the federal

government. These programs provide

Federal financial assistance to states,

localities, and tribal governments to protect

the nation’s water resources by providing

funds for the construction of drinking water

and wastewater treatment facilities. The

SRFs are two of the Agency’s premier tools

for building the financial capacity of our

partners. The President’s 2000 Budget

provides a total of $1.63 billion for the SRFs

within the STAG Appropriation, a net

decrease of $500.0 million from 1999.
Water and Air Infrastructure Financing

107

Capitalizing the CWSRF

As part of the President’s environmental initiatives, the Administration will

continue to capitalize the CWSRF, which

has almost $16.0 billion in capitalization

grants for the 50 states and Puerto Rico, or

almost 90 percent more than originally

authorized by Congress (the program was

scheduled to end in 1994). Through this

program, the federal government provides

financial assistance for wastewater and other

water projects, including nonpoint sources,

estuaries, stormwater, and combined sewer

overflows. Water infrastructure projects

contribute to direct ecosystem improvements

by lowering the amount of nutrients and

toxic pollutants in all types of surface

waters.

 In 2000, the President is requesting

$800.0 million for the CWSRF. This $550.0

million decrease from 1999 will have a

limited impact on this fund that now has

approximately $27.0 billion in assets. The

2000 CWSRF request, combined with future

requests, will still allow the Agency to meet

its long-term capitalization goal of providing

an average amount of $2.0 billion in annual

financial assistance.

Using the CWSRF to Address the Highest

 Priority Threats to our Waters

Pollution from nonpoint sources is

the largest cause of water pollution. In order

to better address the Nation’s most pressing

water quality problems, the Federal

government needs to provide incentives to

encourage more SRF resources to high

priority non-point projects.

In the Clean Water Action Plan

(CWAP), EPA committed to continue its

work with states to increase the number and

dollar amount of loans made through the

CWSRF for priority projects to prevent

polluted runoff. In 2000, the Agency is

proposing to allow states the option to

reserve up to 20 percent of their annual

CWSRF capitalization grants to provide

grant funding for implementation of nonpoint source and estuary management

projects. Projects receiving grants assistance must, to the maximum extent

practicable, rank highest on the state’s list of

prioritized projects eligible for funding

assistance. Grants may also be combined

with loans for eligible projects to help

communities which might otherwise find

loans unaffordable.

Capitalizing the DWSRF

In 2000, the President is requesting

$825.0 million for the DWSRF, which is an

increase of $50.0 million over 1999.

Through the DWSRF program, states will

provide loans to finance improvements to

community water systems and to restructure

small systems so that they can achieve

compliance with the mandates of the Safe

Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments.

Some non-state recipients, such as the

District of Columbia and the tribes, will

receive their DWSRF allocations in the form

of grants. The DWSRFs will be

self-sustaining in the long run and will

directly help offset the rising costs of

ensuring safe drinking water supplies and

assist small communities in meeting their

responsibilities. The Administration’s goal

for the DWSRF is for the fund to provide an

average of $500.0 million in annual

financial assistance.

Supporting Alaska Native Villages
Water and Air Infrastructure Financing

108

The President’s Budget requests

$15.0 million for Alaska native villages for

the construction of wastewater and drinking

water facilities to address very serious

sanitation problems. EPA will continue to

work with the Department of Health and

Human Services’ Indian Health Service, the

State of Alaska, and local communities to

provide needed financial and technical

assistance.

Assisting Needy Communities

The President’s Budget requests

$13.0 million for the construction of

wastewater treatment facilities for Bristol

County, MA, and New Orleans, LA. Funds

are targeted to these areas because of special

circumstances including financial hardship

and unique sewer system problems.

Goal 6: Reducing Cross-border

 Environmental Risks – U.S./Mexico

 Border

The President’s Budget requests a

total of $100.0 million for water

infrastructure projects along the U.S./

Mexico Border -- an increase of $50.0

million from 1999. The goal of this

program is to reduce the incidence of

waterborne diseases and enhance water

quality along the Mexico border. The

communities along both sides of the Border

are facing unusual human health and

environmental threats because of the lack of

adequate wastewater and drinking water

facilities. EPA’s U.S./Mexico Border

program provides funds to support the

planning, design and construction of high

priority water and wastewater treatment

projects along the U.S./Mexico Border and

for wastewater projects.
Trust Funds

109

 (dollars in millions)

 FY 1999

 Enacted

 Budget

 FY 2000

 President’s

 Budget

Response $1,005.2 $1019.4

Enforcement $145.0 $147.8

Management & Support $122.6 $132.5

Other Federal Agencies $175.0 $152.2

Transfers:

 IG $12.2 $10.8

 R&D $40.0 $37.3

Total Discretionary: $1,500.0 $1,500.0

Superfund Orphan Share

 (Mandatory) -- $200.0

Superfund Total: $1,500.0 $1,700.0

Workyears: 3,752.5 3,663.5

LUST: $72.5 $71.6

Workyears: 85.8 86.8

TRUST FUNDS TOTAL: $1,572.5 $1,771.6

WORKYEAR TOTAL: 3,838.3 3,705.3

SUPERFUND

In 2000, the President’s Budget

requests a total of $1,500.0 million in

discretionary budget authority, $200.0

million in mandatory budget authority

and 3,663.5 workyears for Superfund.

The 2000 Budget provides $1,019.4

million and 1,530.8 workyears for

Superfund cleanups and redevelopment

of Brownfields sites. Superfund

clean-up addresses public health and

environmental threats from uncontrolled

releases of hazardous substances. To

help address Brownfield sites, which are

abandoned, idled, or under-used

industrial and commercial facilities

where expansion or redevelopment is

complicated by real or perceived

environmental contamination, the

Agency will empower States,

communities, and other stakeholders in

economic redevelopment to work

together in a timely manner to assess,
Trust Funds

110

safely clean up, and sustainably reuse

Brownfields.

The 2000 President’s Budget

requests $147.8 million and 1,206.4

workyears for the Superfund Enforcement program. The Agency will

continue its efforts to obtain potentially

responsible party (PRP) response actions

to ensure that responsible parties

cooperatively contribute their equitable

share toward cleaning up Superfund

hazardous waste sites. Where PRP

negotiations fail, the Agency will either

pursue enforcement action to compel

PRP cleanup or use Trust Fund dollars to

remediate sites.

In 2000, there are several other

functions funded in the President’s

Budget. For instance, the President’s

Budget requests $132.5 million and

558.4 workyears for Management and

Support activities to perform Agencywide resource management and control

functions including budget development, budget utilization, financial

accounting and fiscal operations. The

President’s Budget requests $152.2

million for our Federal Agency Partners.

The Agency works with several Federal

agencies to perform essential services in

areas where the Agency does not posses

the specialized expertise. The Agency

for Toxic Substances and Disease

Registry (ATSDR), National Institute of

Environmental Health Services

(NIEHS), Department of Justice (DOJ)

receive 93% of Superfund resources

allocated to other Federal Agencies. The

Presidents’s Budget requests $52.4

million and 224.9 workyears transferred

to the Inspector General for program

auditing and to Research and

Development for innovative cleanup

technology testing.

LUST

The 2000 President’s Budget requests $71.6 million and 86.8 workyears

for the Leaking Underground Storage

Tank (LUST) program, a decrease of 1%

in resources and an increase of 1.0

workyear over 1999. Approximately

85% of this will be used for state

cooperative agreements and support for

tribal cleanup. The highest priority, over

the next several years will be to address

the backlog of 168,000 cleanups (as of

September 1998) yet to be completed.

In FY 2000 the Agency’s goal is to

complete 21,000 cleanups under the

supervision of EPA and its State, local,

and tribal partners.
21st Century Research Fund

111

The President’s Budget proposes

the establishment of the 21st Century

Research Fund to demonstrate the

Administration’s commitment to science

and technology and to enhance highpriority civilian research and development

activities.

BACKGROUND:

♦ This Fund supports key environmental

and research programs, and promotes

stability and growth for the highest

priority research efforts.

♦ EPA’s entire research and

development program and the Climate

Change Technology Initiative are

included in the 21st Century Research

Fund.

♦ The Fund includes major research and

development performed by Federal

agencies and includes National

Science and Technology Council

initiatives.
21st Century Research Fund

112

(dollars in millions)

FY 1999 FY 2000

Enacted Pres Bud

Goal 1: Clean Air

 Attain NAAQS for Ozone and PM $75.7 $69.1

 Reduce Emissions of Air Toxics $19.7 $20.6

Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water

 Safe Drinking Water, Fish and Recreational Waters $47.7 $41.5

 Conserve and Enhance Nation's Waters $19.5 $20.0

 Reduce Loadings and Air Deposition $8.4 $8.7

Goal 3: Safe Food

 Reduce Use on Food of Pesticides Not Meeting Standards $6.4 $6.6

Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

 Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

 Safe Handling and Use of Commercial Chemicals & Microorganisms $11.2 $11.5

 Healthier Indoor Air $2.8 $0.0

Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of

 Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response

 Reduce or Control Risks to Human Health $48.4 $41.5

 Prevent , Reduce and Respond to Releases, Spills,

 Accidents or Emergencies $6.6 $7.2

Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-border

 Environmental Risks

 Climate Change $16.7 $22.8

Goal 7: Expansion of Americans' Right to Know About

 their Environment

 Enhance Ability to Protect Public Health $11.5 $12.9

Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of

 Environmental Risk and Greater Innovation to Address

 Environmental Problems

 Research for Ecosystem Assessment and Restoration $111.4 $118.5

 Research for Human Health Risk Assessment $50.3 $56.2

 Research to Detect Emerging Risk Issues $49.2 $42.3

 Pollution Prevention and New Technology for Environmental

 Protections $76.6 $55.4

Office of Research & Development $562.3 $534.8

Climate Change Technology Initiative $109.5 $216.4

Total $671.8 $751.2
Environmental Protection Agency

Summary of Agency Resources

113

(dollars in thousands)

 FY 2000 FY 2000 – FY 1999

 FY 1999 President’s Difference

Agency Programs by Goal Enacted Budget Request Total Dollars

 1 Clean Air $536,368.0 $522,058.8 ($14,309.2)

2 Clean & Safe Water $941,589.7 $898,369.2 ($43,220.5)

3 Safe Food $67,546.4 $78,583.2 $11,036.8

4 Preventing Pollution $237,789.8 $277,166.0 $39,376.2

5 Better Waste Management $234,501.5 $245,433.5 $10,932.0

6 Global and Cross Border $179,366.9 $307,414.2 $128,047.3

7 Right-to-Know $131,153.5 $141,834.1 $10,680.6

8 Sound Science $341,660.5 $316,162.6 ($25,497.9)

9 Credible Deterrent $304,466.8 $316,086.2 $11,619.4

10 Effective Management $516,658.9 $578,982.2 $62,323.3

Subtotal Operating Programs: $3,491,102.0 $3,682,090.0 $190,988.0

5 Better Waste Management $1,421,412.0 $1,411,286.0 ($10,126.0)

7 Right-to-Know $2,313.7 $2,765.0 $451.3

8 Sound Science $5,335.7 $5,584.8 $249.1

9 Credible Deterrent $14,923.5 $15,248.8 $325.3

10 Effective Management $128,515.1 $136,671.4 $8,156.3

Subtotal Trust Funds: $1,572,500.0 $1,571,556.0 ($944.0)

1 Clean Air $0.0 $200,000.0 $200,000.0

2 Clean & Safe Water $2,476,750.0 $1,653,000.0 ($823,750.0)

6 Global & Cross Border $50,000.0 $100,000.0 $50,000.0

Subtotal Water and Air

 Infrastructure Financing: $2,526,750.0 $1,953,000.0 ($573,350.0)

GRAND TOTAL DISCRETIONARY: $7,590,352.0 $7,206,646.0* ($383,706.0)

Superfund Orphan Share (Mandatory) -- $200,000.0 $200,000.0

GRAND TOTAL BUDGET

 AUTHORITY: $7,590,352.0 $7,406,646.0* ($183,706.0)

BOND AUTHORITY:

 BETTER AMERICA BONDS $0.0 $1,900,000.0 $1,900,000.0

* Does not include a $20 million offset for user fees.
Environmental Protection Agency

Summary of Agency Resources

114

Workyears

 FY 2000 FY 2000 – FY 1999

 FY 1999 President’s Difference

Agency Programs by Goal Enacted Budget Request Total Dollars

1 Clean Air 1,762.3 1,802.6 40.3

2 Clean & Safe Water 2,495.1 2,522.0 26.9

3 Safe Food 702.4 712.2 9.8

4 Preventing Pollution 1,124.9 1,117.9 (7.0)

5 Better Waste Management 1,213.3 1,219.5 6.2

6 Global & Cross Border 522.4 519.9 (2.5)

7 Right-to-Know 708.6 741.9 33.3

8 Sound Science 1,184.9 1,178.0 (6.9)

9 Credible Deterrent 2,475.1 2,461.0 (14.1)

10 Effective Management 2,357.3 2,380.4 23.1

Subtotal Operating Programs: 14,546.3 14,655.4 (109.1)

5 Better Waste Management 3,103.6 3,026.6 (67.0)

7 Right-to-Know 12.2 12.4 0.2

8 Sound Science 9.3 9.3 2.5

9 Credible Deterrent 79.3 79.1 (0.2)

10 Effective Management 633.9 622.9 (11.0)

Subtotal Trust Funds: 3,838.3 3,750.3 (78.0)

1 Clean Air 0.0 0.0 0.0

2 Clean & Safe Water 0.0 0.0 0.0

6 Global & Cross Border 0.0 0.0 0.0

Subtotal Water and Air

 Infrastructure Financing: 0.0 0.0 0.0

GRAND TOTAL: 18,384.6 18,405.7 31.1