2014 IL App (1st) 140327
FIFTH DIVISION June 27, 2014
No. 1-14-0327
In re A.P., a Minor ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of (The People of the State of Illinois, ) Cook Cou nty. ) Petitioner-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 12 JD 03423 ) A.P., ) Honorable ) Patricia Mendoza, Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE McBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court , with opinion. Presiding Justice Gordon and Justice Palmer concurr ed in the judgment and opinion. OPINION ¶ 1 After a jury trial, respondent A.P. was adjudicated a delinquent minor for the offense of robbery and sentenced as a habitual juvenile offend er and committed to the Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) until his twenty-first birth day, as required pursuant to section 5-815(f) of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Act) (705 ILCS 405/ 5-815(f) (West 2012)). On appeal from that order, respondent contends that: (1) the habitual j uvenile offender provision of the Act is unconstitutional under the eighth amendment of the United States Constitution, the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution, and the Supreme Court's decision in Miller v. Alabama , 567 U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012); and (2) the habitual juvenile offender provision of the Act violates federal and state due process a nd the equal protection clauses of the United States and Illinois Constitutions. We affirm. ¶ 2 On August 29, 2012, the State filed a petition for adjudication of wardship for respondent, who was 15 years old at the time. The petition alleged that respondent committed two counts of each of the following: aggravated rob bery, robbery, theft from person, aggravatedNo. 1-14-0327

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battery, and battery, all based on an incident that occurred on August 28, 2012. Respondent does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence, so w e will discuss the facts only to the extent necessary to understand the current appeal. ¶ 3 At trial, Christian Gomez, who was 19 years old at the time of trial, testified that at approximately 3 p.m. on August 28, 2012, he and his cousin, Jose Soria, were traveling from Soria's house to Gomez's house. Gomez was on a sco oter and Soria was on his rollerblades. As they approached the intersection of 59th and Richmo nd Streets, Gomez noticed two individuals, one he identified as respondent, crossing the stree t at the intersection and heard someone say, "A." Gomez continued walking with his cousin but s aw respondent and the other individual again on Richmond. Gomez stopped and respondent sa id, "What you is?" Gomez believed respondent was asking what gang Gomez belonged to. Respondent also asked Soria the same question in Spanish. Gomez told respondent that he was not in a gang, and then respondent told Gomez to "Drop the crown." Gomez believed responde nt was asking him to drop the rival gang sign and Gomez told respondent he did not know how. Respondent showed Gomez how to do it. Eventually Gomez did what respondent asked so respo ndent would leave them alone. At this point, respondent was standing in front of Gomez ab out two feet away and Gomez noticed that respondent had a tattoo on his arm with "[a] face, a knight going down with the letter A going down." After Soria also threw down the gang sign, respondent and the other individual let Gomez and Soria leave. Gomez and Soria continued w est on 59th Street, but only traveled half of a block when respondent and the other individual stopped Gomez and Soria again. Respondent stood in front of Gomez and the other in dividual stood in front of Soria. Respondent told Gomez and Soria to "[l]ift up [their] shirts" and they did. Gomez was wearing a gold chain with two gold medallions around his neck and respon dent "snatched" the chain from Gomez'sNo. 1-14-0327

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neck and the other individual grabbed a chain and m edallion from Soria's neck. Respondent then was "still looking at [Gomez], but he was going bac k, *** pretending he had a gun in his back." As respondent continued walking backward, he said, "You do something stupid, I'm going to kill you." Gomez believed respondent had a gun. Gomez watched respondent and the other individual continue north on Richmond Street, and t hen Gomez and Soria went to Gomez's house. ¶ 4 After speaking to his mother, Gomez called 9-1-1. Gomez then spoke with a police officer in front of his house, told the officer wha t had happened, and gave the officer a description of respondent, including the tattoo, an d of the other individual. The officer left and Gomez remained in front of his house with two other police officers. Eventually, those officers drove Gomez to 59th Street and Francisco Avenue, ab out a block away from 59th and Richmond Streets, where Gomez saw respondent and the other i ndividual on the sidewalk, with their hands behind their backs. Gomez immediately recognized a nd identified respondent to the police as the individual that had stolen his chain. Gomez al so identified the other individual as responsible for stealing Soria's chain. One of the officers sh owed Gomez and Soria a medallion which Soria identified as his medallion that had been stolen th at day. ¶ 5 Jose Soria, who was 18 years old at the time of tri al, substantially corroborated Gomez's testimony. He testified that on August 28, 2012, h e was wearing a gold chain with a fake gold medallion that had a picture of the Virgin of Guada lupe on it. As Soria and Gomez approached 59th and Richmond Streets on their way to Gomez's h ouse, Soria noticed "two bad guys" who started "saying things" to Soria and Gomez. Soria identified respondent as one of the individuals he saw. Eventually, respondent stopped Soria and G omez and asked them to "throw down the crown" and demonstrated how to do it, and Soria com plied because he wanted respondent toNo. 1-14-0327

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leave him and Gomez alone. Soria and Gomez then co ntinued on their path until Soria felt respondent's arm around Soria. Respondent told Sor ia and Gomez to lift up their shirts. Soria lifted up his shirt but said to respondent, "Look, I don't have anything, why are you stopping us if we're nothing, you know we're nothing." Then, resp ondent took Gomez's chain and the other individual took Soria's chain. Respondent told Sor ia and Gomez if they did something stupid, he would kill them, and respondent's hand was behind h is back, "pretending that he had a gun but we didn't know if he had a gun." Soria was scared that respondent would kill them. Respondent and the other individual then ran away toward 58th and Richmond Streets. Soria and Gomez then went to Gomez's house, and after Gomez called the 9-1-1, they went out front to wait for the police. Gomez gave descriptions of the offenders t o the first officers that arrived. Those officers left and then a "truck" arrived with two police off icers. Soria and Gomez got into the truck and eventually were driven by the officers to 59th and Richmond Streets, where Soria identified respondent and the other individual as the ones who had stolen the chains from Soria and Gomez. A police officer also showed Soria his chai n and medallion that had been stolen. ¶ 6 Officer Sean Donahue testified that at approximatel y 4 p.m. on August 28, 2012, he and his partner received a dispatch call of robbery whi le they were on duty and they proceeded to the area of 59th and Richmond Streets. They saw no pos sible offenders so they then proceeded to 60th Street and Albany Avenue where they spoke with Gomez and Soria, the victims. Donahue discussed the robbery with them and asked Gomez for a description of the offenders. Gomez gave a description of the two offenders, including a description of a tattoo on one offender's lower left arm: an upside-down knight's head. Don ahue and his partner then left to search for possible offenders. Near 59th Street and Francisco Avenue, they saw two individuals walking that matched the description from Gomez and Soria, respondent and another individual. As theyNo. 1-14-0327

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pulled up to the individuals, Donahue noticed respo ndent had a tattoo on his lower left arm, the upside-down helmet of a knight in shining armor. D onahue and his partner exited their vehicle and asked respondent and the other individual to ap proach them. The officers performed a protective pat-down of the suspects and no weapons were found. Gomez and Soria were relocated to 59th Street and Francisco Avenue and i dentified the two individuals as the offenders that had robbed them. Donahue and his partner then performed custodial searches of respondent and his co-offender. They recovered a medallion wi th a picture of the Virgin Mary on it from respondent, which was Soria's. ¶ 7 Officer Julian Morgan, Donahue's partner on the aft ernoon of August 28, 2012, substantially corroborated Donahue's testimony. Mo rgan also testified that, after the victims positively identified the offenders, he performed t he custodial search on respondent and recovered a medallion with a picture of [the Virgin ] Mary on it. He took the medallion over to the victims sitting in the vehicle and Soria identi fied it as his. Morgan further testified that respondent's tattoo was "[a]bsolutely" a sign of di srespect toward the Ambrose gang because the tattoo was the upside-down knight's helmet and the upside-down letter "A," which was respondent "throwing down the Ambrose symbol." He said the upside-down tattoo was a "bold
statement." ¶ 8 The jury found respondent guilty of robbery and not guilty of aggravated robbery. ¶ 9 At the sentencing hearing, the State presented evid ence that respondent had been convicted of aggravated battery in 2010 and of burg lary in 2011. Certified copies of both adjudications were admitted into evidence. The Sta te asked that respondent be committed to the DJJ until his twenty-first birthday pursuant to the habitual juvenile offender provision of the Act.No. 1-14-0327

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¶ 10 In mitigation, the defense presented evidence that, since respondent had been in custody at the juvenile detention center, he had won first and second place in two different poetry competitions, had a 3.9 grade point average in scho ol, had at least one session to remove his tattoos, had no desire to return to his old neighbo rhood, and had secured residential placement as an alternative to prison. In allocution, responden t stated that no matter what happened at sentencing, he was going to "make something of hims elf." ¶ 11 The circuit court found respondent was a habitual j uvenile offender and sentenced respondent to a mandatory term of commitment to the DJJ until his twenty-first birthday. ¶ 12 On appeal, respondent first contends the habitual j uvenile offender provision of the Act violates the eighth amendment of the United States Constitution and the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution because the pro vision removes the trial court's discretion in sentencing minors who are adjudicated habitual juve nile offenders, primarily relying on the Supreme Court’s decision in Miller v. Alabama , 567 U.S. ___,132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012). ¶ 13 Initially, we note our supreme court has determined that the eighth amendment and the proportionate penalties clause do not apply to juve nile proceedings initiated by a petition for an adjudication of wardship. In re Rodney H. , 223 Ill. 2d 510, 521 (2006). The court explained that both the eighth amendment and the proportionate pen alties clause apply only to the criminal process, "that is, to direct actions by the governm ent to inflict punishment." Id . at 518. The court concluded that proceedings under the Act are not criminal in nature, and that an adjudication of wardship is not a direct action by the State to inflict punishment within the meaning of the eighth amendment and proportionate p enalties clause. In re Rodney H. , 223 Ill. 2d 510, 518, 521 (2006); see also In re Jonathan C.B. , 2011 IL 107750, ¶ 95 (noting that, "[r]ecently, this court again reiterated that 'it i s undoubtedly true that a delinquency adjudicationNo. 1-14-0327

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is still not the legal equivalent of a felony convi ction despite the amendments to the Act' ") (citing In re Lakisha M. , 227 Ill. 2d 259, 270 (2008)). Nonetheless, even if the eighth amendment and proportionate penalties clause applie d to the Act, we conclude that the habitual juvenile offender provision is constitutional. ¶ 14 Whether a statute is constitutional is a question o f law and we therefore review it de

novo . People v. Sharpe , 216 Ill. 2d 481, 486-87 (2005). Statutes carry a strong presumption of constitutionality. Id . at 487. To overcome this presumption, the party challenging the statute has the burden of establishing that the statute violate s the constitution. Id . "We generally defer to the legislature in the sentencing arena because the legislature is institutionally better equipped to gauge the seriousness of various offenses and to fa shion sentences accordingly." Id . "The legislature's discretion in setting criminal penalt ies is broad, and courts generally decline to overrule legislative determinations in this area un less the challenged penalty is clearly in excess of the general constitutional limitations on this a uthority." Id

. ¶ 15 The eighth amendment, as applied to the states thro ugh the fourteenth amendment, prohibits the infliction of cruel and unusual punis hment for criminal offenses, as well as punishments that are disproportionate in relation t o the offense committed or the status of the offender. U.S. Const., amend. VIII; Miller, 567 U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2464. Our Supreme Court has observed:

"As we noted the last time we considered life-witho ut-parole sentences imposed on juveniles, '[t]he concept of p roportionality is central to the Eighth Amendment.’ [Citation.] And we view that concept less through a historical prism than accord ing to ' "theNo. 1-14-0327

- 8 - evolving standards of decency that mark the progres s of a maturing society." ' [Citation.]" Id . at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2464. ¶ 16 The proportionate penalties clause, or article I, s ection 11, of the Illinois Constitution, is similar to but not identical with the eighth amendm ent. Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11; People v. Clemons , 2012 IL 107821, ¶ 36. The section provides that "[a]ll penalties shall be determined both according to the seriousness of the offense an d with the objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship." Ill. Const., art. I, § 11. The second requirement of the clause, that penalties must have the objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship, was an addition to the 1970 Illinois Constitution. Clemons , 2012 IL 107821, ¶ 39. "The convention record indicates that the framers intended, with this addi tional language, to provide a limitation on penalties beyond those afforded to the eighth amend ment." Id . However, our supreme court has also stated that there is "no indication that the p ossibility of rehabilitating an offender was to be given greater weight and consideration than the ser iousness of the offense in determining a proper penalty." People v. Taylor , 102 Ill. 2d 201, 206 (1984) (citing People v. Waud , 69 Ill. 2d 588, 596 (1977)). ¶ 17 Section 5-815 of the Act, which governs habitual ju venile offenders, provides:

"(a) Definition. Any minor having been twice adju dicated a delinquent minor for offenses which, had he been prosecuted as an adult, would have been felonies under the laws o f this State, and who is thereafter adjudicated a delinquent minor fo r a third time shall be adjudged an Habitual Juvenile Offender whe re: 1. the third adjudication is for an offense occurring after adjudication on the second; andNo. 1-14-0327

- 9 - 2. the second adjudication was for an offense occurring after adjudication on the first; and 3. the third offense occurred after January 1, 1980; and the third offense occurred after January 1, 1980; and 4. the third offense was based upon the commission of or attempted commission of the follow ing offenses: first degree murder, second degree murde r or involuntary manslaughter; criminal sexual assault o r aggravated criminal sexual assault; aggravated or h einous battery involving permanent disability or disfigure ment or great bodily harm to the victim; burglary of a home or other residence intended for use as a temporary or perman ent dwelling place for human beings; home invasion; rob bery or armed robbery; or aggravated arson. Nothing in this Section shall preclude the State's Attorney from seeking to prosecute a minor as an adult as an alte rnative to prosecution as an habitual juvenile offender.
* * * (f) Disposition. If the court finds that the prer equisites established in subsection (a) of this Section have been proven, it shall adjudicate the minor an Habitual Juvenile Off ender and commit him to the Department of Juvenile Justice un til his 21stNo. 1-14-0327

- 10 - birthday, without possibility of parole, furlough, or non-emergency authorized absence. However, the minor shall be en titled to earn one day of good conduct credit for each day served as reductions against the period of his confinement. Such good c onduct credits shall be earned or revoked according to the procedu res applicable to the allowance and revocation of good conduct cre dit for adult prisoners serving determinate sentences for felonie s." 705 ILCS 405/5-815 (West 2012). ¶ 18 The Illinois Supreme Court has previously held that the habitual juvenile offender provision of the Act is constitutional. People ex rel. Carey v. Chrastka , 83 Ill. 2d 67, 78-80 (1980). More specifically, relying on the United S tates Supreme Court’s holding in Rummel v. Estelle , 445 U.S. 263 (1980), the Illinois Supreme Court i n Chrastka found that "state legislatures have traditionally been allowed wide l atitude in setting penalties for State crimes [citation], and we do not believe that the disposit ion authorized here rises to the level of cruel and unusual punishment by any stretch of the imagin ation." Chrastka , 83 Ill. 2d at 81-82; see also Rummel , 445 U.S. at 280-81, 284-85 (finding that the impo sition of a life sentence with a possibility of parole under a recidivist statute up on a defendant convicted, successively, of fraudulent use of a credit card, passing a forged c heck, and obtaining money by false pretenses was not a cruel and unusual punishment). ¶ 19 In support of his argument that the habitual juveni le offender provision violates the eighth amendment and the proportionate penalties cl ause, respondent primarily relies on the United States Supreme Court’s recent decision in Miller , 567 U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 2455.No. 1-14-0327

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However, we find that, contrary to respondent’s arg ument, the reasoning in Miller does not affect our supreme court's holding in Chrastka

. ¶ 20 Miller

involved two 14-year-old offenders that were convi cted of murder and sentenced to mandatory life imprisonment without the possibil ity of parole. Miller , 567 U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2460. The Supreme Court ultimately held that mandatory life sentences without the possibility of parole "for those under the age of 1 8 at the time of their crimes" violated the eighth amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual p unishments. Id . at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2460. In coming to this conclusion, the Supreme Court rel ied on two of its previous decisions: Roper
v. Simmons , 543 U.S. 551 (2005), and Graham v. Florida , 560 U.S. 48 (2010). Miller , 567 U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2463-65. The Supreme Court e xplained:

"The cases before us implicate two strands of prec edent reflecting our concern with proportionate punishmen t. The first has adopted categorical bans on sentencing practice s based on mismatches between the culpability of a class of of fenders and the severity of a penalty. [Citation.] *** Several of the cases in this group have been specially focused on juvenile offen ders, because of their lesser culpability. Thus, Roper held that the Eighth Amendment bars capital punishment for children, and Graham concluded that the Amendment also prohibits a sente nce of life without the possibility of parole for a child who c ommitted a nonhomicide offense. Graham further likened life without parole for juveniles to the death penalty itself, thereby evoking a second line of our precedents. In those cases, we have pr ohibitedNo. 1-14-0327

- 12 - mandatory imposition of capital punishment, requiri ng that sentencing authorities consider the characteristics of a defendant and the details of his offense before sentencing hi m to death. [Citations.] Here, the confluence of these two lin es of precedent leads to the conclusion that mandatory life-without -parole sentences for juveniles violate the Eighth Amendmen t. *** Roper

and Graham establish that children are constitutionally different from adults for the purp oses of sentencing. Because juveniles have diminished culp ability and greater prospects for reform, we explained, 'they a re less deserving of the most severe punishments.' [Citation.] Thos e cases relied on three significant gaps between juveniles and adults . First, children have a ' "lack of maturity and an underdeveloped se nse of responsibility," ' leading to recklessness, impulsi vity, and heedless risk-taking. [Citation.] Second, children 'are mo re vulnerable ... to negative influences and outside pressures,' incl uding from their family and peers; they have limited 'contro[l] over their own environment' and lack the ability to extricate them selves from horrific crime-producing settings. [Citation.] An d third, a child's character is not as 'well formed' as an adult’s; hi s traits are 'less fixed' and his actions less likely to be 'evidence of irretrievabl[e] deprav[ity].' [Citation.]
***No. 1-14-0327

- 13 - Roper and Graham emphasized that the distinctive attributes of youth diminish the penological justif ications for imposing the harshest sentences on juvenile offenders, even when they commit terrible crimes." (Emphasis added.) Miller , 567 U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2464-65. ¶ 21 The Court emphasized that a mandatory sentence of l ife without parole for a juvenile did not allow for consideration of the juvenile's age a nd "its hallmark features–among them, immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences." Id . at___, 132 S. Ct. at 2465. The Court concluded that "in imposing a S tate’s harshest penalties , a sentencer misses too much if he treats every child as an adult." (E mphasis added.) Id . at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2468. ¶ 22 First, we note that Miller , Roper , and Graham all involved defendants who committed crimes when they were under the age of 18-years old , but were charged and convicted in the adult court system. See Miller , 567 U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2461-63 (the two p etitioners were 14-years-old at the time they committed their crime s in separate cases and in both cases the respective prosecutors exercised discretion to char ge the petitioners as adults); Roper , 543 U.S. at 557 (where the respondent was 17 years old when he committed his crime, he was outside the Missouri juvenile court system and tried as an adul t); Graham , 560 U.S. at 53 (the petitioner was 16 years old at the time he committed his crime and the prosecutor elected to charge him as an adult). In addition, the Supreme Court's decision in Miller did not foreclose a court's ability to impose life without parole on a juvenile offender, although it expected "this harshest possible penalty will be uncommon." Miller , 567 U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2469. More import antly, the Court did not hold that the eighth amendment prohib ited any mandatory penalties for juveniles,No. 1-14-0327

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only mandatory natural life sentences without the p ossibility of parole, which is not at issue in the present case. Id . Finally:

" Graham , Roper , and Miller stand for the proposition that a sentencing body must have the chance to take into a ccount mitigating circumstances before sentencing a juveni le to the 'harshest possible penalty.' [Citation.] The hars hest possible penalties involved in those cases, i.e. , the death penalty and life imprisonment without the possibility of parole, are simply not at issue here." People v. Harmon , 2013 IL App (2d) 120439, ¶ 54 (discussing whether the exclusive jurisdiction prov ision of the Act is unconstitutional). ¶ 23 Here, respondent was sentenced as a juvenile under the Act to commitment until the age of 21 years, a sentence that is not equivalent to b eing sentenced as an adult to death or to life without parole. In addition, respondent was only s entenced as a habitual juvenile offender to a mandatory commitment to the DJJ after he had commit ted two offenses that would have constituted a felony if he had been prosecuted as a n adult, and a violent third offense that was specifically delineated by the legislature in the A ct. 705 ILCS 405/5-815 (West 2012). The legislature is entitled to find that, in the case o f a recidivist, violent offender such as respondent , there are no mitigating circumstances to allow for a lesser penalty. See Taylor , 102 Ill. 2d at 206 (finding that "[t]he rehabilitative objective of ar ticle I, section 11, should not and does not prevent the legislature from fixing mandatory minim um penalties where it has been determined that no set of mitigating circumstances" would make a sentence of less than natural life proper for the crimes of two or more murders). Therefore, we find that section 5-815 does not violateNo. 1-14-0327

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either the eighth amendment of the United States Co nstitution or the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution. ¶ 24 Respondent relies on People v. Miller , 202 Ill. 2d 328 (2002), as additional support for his eighth amendment and proportionate penalty clau se claim. However, we find Miller to be distinguishable. In Miller , the defendant, a 15-year-old juvenile, was convic ted of two counts of first degree murder based on accountability based o n a shooting that resulted in two murders and in which the defendant agreed to be the lookout. Miller , 202 Ill. 2d at 330-31. The convergence of three statutes mandated a natural life sentence for the defendant, but the circuit court refused to impose the sentence, finding it in violation of the eighth amendment and the proportionate penalties clause. Id . at 331-32. Instead, the circuit court sentenced the defendant to 50 years’ imprisonment. Id . at 332. The supreme court affirmed the judgment of the circuit court, because the mandatory natural life sentence "eliminate[d] t he court’s ability" to consider the defendant’s "age or degree of participation in the crime." Id . at 340-42. Here, however, respondent was not convicted of a crime based on accountability and he was not sentenced to natural life imprisonment, one of the harshest possible penaltie s available, and therefore Leon Miller is inapposite to the present case. ¶ 25 Respondent also argues that Chrastka is not controlling because it relied on Rummel

. Respondent reasons that Rummel "found that a mandatory minimum sentence of natura l life for an adult offender did not violate the Eighth Amendm ent" and that the Supreme Court rejected Rummel ’s application to juveniles sentenced to mandatory minimum sentences of life imprisonment in Graham . Respondent concludes that "the rationale behind the Illinois Supreme Court's decision in Chrastka " is therefore unsupported and "ripe for reconsider ation." However, we first note that Rummel involved not just a mandatory life sentence, but a lso involved aNo. 1-14-0327

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recidivist statute under which he was sentenced to a mandatory natural life sentence only after he had been convicted of three felony convictions succ essively. Rummel , 445 U.S. at 264. Similarly in Chrastka , and in the present case, the respondents were sen tenced as habitual juvenile offenders and to a mandatory minimum sente nce of commitment until the age of 21 years as a result of recidivism. Therefore, we sti ll find Chrastka to be applicable. Finally, as an appellate court, we are bound to honor our supreme court's conclusion on an issue "unless and until that conclusion is revisited by our supreme c ourt or overruled by the United States Supreme Court" and, accordingly, we must follow the court's conclusion in Chrastka

. People v. Fountain , 2012 IL App (3d) 090558, ¶ 23 (citing Mekertichian v. Mercedes-Benz U.S.A., L.L.C. , 347 Ill. App. 3d 828, 836 (2004)). ¶ 26 Next, respondent contends that the habitual juvenil e offender provision of the Act violates principles due process and equal protectio n. Specifically, respondent argues that the habitual juvenile offender provision violates due p rocess because there is no rational basis related to the legitimate government interest of th e Act. Respondent further argues that the habitual juvenile offender provision violates equal protection principles because it treats younger juveniles "more harshly" than older juveniles, cont rary to the idea of "lessened culpability" for the youngest juvenile offenders in Miller

. ¶ 27 As discussed above, whether a statute is constituti onal is a question of law is therefore reviewed de novo

. Sharpe , 216 Ill. 2d at 486-87. Statutes carry a strong p resumption of constitutionality and, to overcome the presumption, the party challenging the statute had the burden of establishing that the statute violates th e constitution. Id . at 487. "We generally defer to the legislature in the sentencing arena because the legislature is institutionally better equipped to gauge the seriousness of various offenses and to fashion sentences accordingly." Id . "TheNo. 1-14-0327

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legislature's discretion in setting criminal penalt ies is broad, and courts generally decline to overrule legislative determinations in this area un less the challenged penalty is clearly in excess of the general constitutional limitations on this a uthority." Id

. ¶ 28 The due process clauses of the United States and Il linois Constitutions provide that no person shall be deprived of "life, liberty, or prop erty, without due process of law." U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Ill. Const., art. I, § 2. A statute vi olates substantive due process when there is no rational relationship between the classification in the statute and a legitimate governmental
purpose. People v. Williams , 329 Ill. App. 3d 846, 851 (2002). ¶ 29 The constitutional guarantee of equal protection re quires the government to treat similarly situated individuals in a similar manner. People v. Breedlove , 213 Ill. 2d 509, 518 (2004). If a statute does not affect a fundamental right or involve a suspect class, it need only satisfy the rational basis test. Id . Under the rational basis test, review is general ly limited and deferential: it simply inquires whether the means employed by the statute to achieve the stated purpose of the legislation are rationally related t o the purpose of the statute. Id . A statute will be upheld under rational basis review if there is any conceivable set of facts to show a rational basis for the statute. People v. Johnson , 225 Ill. 2d 573, 585 (2007). Moreover, although the language used to describe the requirements for due process a nd for equal protection differs slightly, both have identical standards of validity. People v. Reed , 148 Ill. 2d 1, 11 (1992). ¶ 30 Section 5-101 of the Act sets forth the Act's purpo se as promoting "a juvenile justice system capable of dealing with the problem of juven ile delinquency, a system that will protect the community, impose accountability for violations of law and equip juvenile offenders with competencies to live responsibly and productively." 705 ILCS 405/5-101 (West 2012). In order to "effectuate this intent," the following were dec lared to be "important purposes": (1) protectingNo. 1-14-0327

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citizens from juvenile crime; (2) holding each juve nile offender directly accountable for his acts; (3) providing an individualized assessment of each alleged and adjudicated delinquent juvenile in order to rehabilitate and prevent further delinquen t behavior; and (4) to provide due process through which each juvenile offender and all intere sted parties will receive fair hearings and where legal rights are enforced and recognized. 70 5 ILCS 405/5-101(1) (West 2012). Section 5-101 also discusses various policies meant to help accomplish the listed goals, including protecting the community from crimes committed by m inors, allowing minors to reside at home whenever possible, and holding minors accountable f or their unlawful behavior and not allowing minors to think their delinquent acts have no conse quences for themselves or others. 705 ILCS 405/5-101(2) (West 2012). ¶ 31 Our state supreme court has previously conclusively found that the habitual juvenile offender provision in the Act was constitutional. Chrastka , 83 Ill. 2d at 79. There, similar to the present case, the respondents argued that the habit ual juvenile offender provision violated their rights to due process and equal protection. Id . at 78-80. The supreme court concluded that, despite the habitual juvenile offender provision re quiring mandatory commitment until the age of 21 years, the means chosen by the legislature were reasonable designed to remedy the evils which the legislature had determined to be a threat to the public health, safety, and welfare. Id

. at 79. The court explained:

"Under the Act, the court is dealing with a juvenil e who has allegedly committed three offenses within what is n ecessarily a short period of time. Significantly, the two predi cate adjudications afforded the juvenile the opportunity to have a hea ring at which he could present mitigating evidence and at which the trial judgeNo. 1-14-0327

- 19 - could exercise his discretion in determining the ap propriate disposition. Additionally, the two predicate adjud ications must have been for offenses which would have been feloni es if the individual were prosecuted as an adult [citation], and the third offense must be of a particularly serious nature to warrant the disposition authorized by the Act [citation]. The legislature could legitimately conclude that an individual who has co mmitted three such offenses benefited little from the rehabilitat ive measures of the juvenile court system and exhibits little prosp ect for restoration to meaningful citizenship within that system as it had heretofore existed. The rehabilitative purposes of the system are not completely forsaken, but after the commission by an individual of a third serious offense, the interest of society in being protected from criminal conduct is given additional considera tion. We consider it to be entirely reasonable and constitut ionally permissible for the legislature to so provide and t o authorize the disposition specified in the legislative scheme it has developed." (Emphasis omitted.) Id . at 79-80. See also People v. Taylor , 221 Ill. 2d 157, 170 (2006) (observing that a pol icy that seeks to "hold juveniles accountable for their actions and to prot ect the public does not negate the concept that rehabilitation remains a more important considerati on in the juvenile justice system than in the criminal justice system and that there are still si gnificant differences between the two").No. 1-14-0327

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¶ 32 The supreme court in Chrastka also found no equal protection violation because i t believed "the interest in protecting society from t he habitual juvenile offender has, through experience, proved to be as compelling as the inter est in protecting society from the habitual adult offender, and the broad authority of State le gislatures to deal with adult recidivists is well recognized." Chrastka , 83 Ill. 2d at 81. The court concluded that the p ossible variance in the ages of habitual juvenile offenders did not serve t o invalidate the means chosen to effectuate the purpose of the Act, because the " 'Constitution per mits qualitative differences in meting out punishment and there is no requirement that two per sons convicted of the same offense receive identical sentences.' " Id . (quoting Williams v. Illinois , 399 U.S. 235, 243 (1999)). ¶ 33 Respondent again relies on the Supreme Court's reas oning in Miller , Roper , and Graham , for support. However, as we discussed above, we fi nd these cases to be inapposite to the present case, deciding only the more narrow issue that a se ntencing body "must have the chance to take into account mitigating circumstances before senten cing a juvenile to the 'harshest possible penalty.' " Harmon , 2013 IL App (2d) 120439, ¶ 54 (quoting Miller , 567 at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2475). Respondent's sentence of mandatory commitme nt to the DJJ until the age of 21 years is not one of these harshest possible penalties. As w e discussed above, we are bound to honor the supreme court's conclusion unless and until our sup reme court revisits the issue or is overruled by the United States Supreme Court and are bound by the decision in Chrastka

. Fountain , 2012 IL App (3d) 090558, ¶ 23. Therefore, we conclude t hat the habitual juvenile offender provision of the Act does not violate the principles of const itutional due process or equal protection. ¶ 34 For the forgoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court. ¶ 35 Affirmed.