NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MARIA TERESA RIOS MARTINEZ,

Petitioner,

v.
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent. No. 22

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- 067

- 255

MEMORANDUM *

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted March 25, 2024 ** Pasadena
, California

Before: RAWLINSON, LEE, and BRESS, Circuit Judges

.
Maria Teresa Rios Martinez ( Rios) , a native and citizen of Mexico , petitions

for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) decision dismissing her appeal

of an Immigration Judge (IJ) order denying her application for withholding of

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36

- 3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). 

# FILED

APR 1 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS2 22

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removal and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We review

the denial of withholding of removal and CAT relief for substantial

evidence. Sharma v. Garland
, 9 F.4th 1052, 1060, 1066 (9th Cir. 2021). “Under

this standard, we must uphold the agency determination unless the evidence compels
a contrary conclusion.” Duran

- Rodriguez v. Barr , 918 F.3d 1025, 1028 (9th Cir.

2019). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252
, and we deny the petition. 1

1. Substantial evidence supports the denial of withholding of removal. A
petitioner is eligible for withholding of removal if “ it is more likely than not, ”

Barajas

- Romero v. Lynch , 846 F.3d 351, 360 (9th Cir. 2017), that her “life or

freedom would be threatened in [the country of removal] because of [her] race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion

. ”

8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). To meet her burden, the petitioner must “demonstrate a

nexus between the harm [s] he allegedly faces upon return to [Mexico] and a
protected ground.” Zetino v. Holder , 622 F.3d 1007, 1011 (9th Cir. 2010). For
withholding of removal, the petitioner establishes this nexus by showing that a
protected ground was “a reason” for the past or feared harm. Barajas

- Romero , 846

F.3d at 360.

Rios testified that she had not previously been harmed or threatened in

1 We reject as unsupported the government’ s contention that Rios has forfeited her challenges to the BIA’s decision by failing meaningfully to advance them in her opening brief.3 22

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Mexico. But s he alleges that, if returned to Mexico
, s he will be persecuted because

of her membership in proposed social group s consisting of “Mexican females with
higher education,” “an individual perceived as wealthy,” and “a Mexican child
brought to the United States as a minor.” The BIA correctly determined that these

social groups lack particularity and social distinction. See , e.g. , Ramirez

- Munoz v.
Lynch , 816 F.3d 1226, 1229 (9th Cir. 2016) (holding that the proposed group of
“imputed wealth y Americans” is not cognizable) ; Barbosa v. Barr , 926 F.3d 1053,

1059 (9th Cir. 2019) (holding that the proposed group of persons “returning to

Mexico from the United States who are be lieved to be wealthy” is not cognizable)

(brackets omitted)

. 2

In addition, even assuming Rios put forward a cognizable particular social
group, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s further determination that Rios has

not established the required nexus between her feared persecution and membership

in a proposed social group. As the BIA recognized, Rios’s fears stem from

generalized crime and violence in Mexico, which does not establish a nexus to a

protected ground. See , e.g. , Zetino , 622 F.3d at 1016 (holding that a “desire to be

2 In her opening brief, Rios also claims she will face persecut ion based on her membership in the proposed social group of “Mexican females returning with family who still reside in the United States

. ” Because Rios did not raise this argument before the BIA and because the government has raised the exhaustion issue, we may not grant relief on this basis. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Santos

- Zacaria v. Garland
, 598 U.S. 411, 413 (2023)

. Regardless, Rios has not explained how this additional proposed social group would be cognizable.4 22

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free from harassment by criminals motivated by theft or random violence by gang
members bears no nexus to a protected ground”) ; Gormley v. Ashcroft , 364 F.3d

1172, 1177 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that random criminal acts bear no nexus to a

protected ground). Substantial evidence thus supports the BIA’s determination that

Rios’s fears of general gang violence in Mexico are insufficient to establish

eligibility for withholding of removal.

Lastly, s ubstantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that Rios failed

to establish a nexus between her feared persecution and her political opinions

concerning extortion and criminal organizations

. As the BIA explained, Rios

provided insufficient evidence that she held these political opinions, would continue

to hold th e se opinions upon returning to Mexico, or was known to hold th e se
opinions

. T he record does not compel a contrary conclusion.

2. Substantial evidence supports the agency ’ s denial of CAT relief. An

applicant for CAT relief bears the burden of establishing that s he “will more likely

than not be tortured with the consent or acquiescence of a public official if removed

to h er native country.” Xochihua

- Jaimes v. Barr , 962 F.3d 1175, 1183 (9th Cir.

2020). Rios testified that she had not been harmed or threatened in Mexico

. The

BIA also concluded that Rios’s claim s of torture were speculative and lacked indicia

of government consent or acquiescence. The record does not compel a conclusion

contrary to that of the agency.5 22

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PETITION DENIED. 3

3 The temporary stay of removal remains in place until issuance of the mandate. The motion for a stay of removal is otherwise denied.