# Importation of Fresh Fruit of Avocado ( P ersea americana

Mill. var. ‘Hass’) from Mexico into the Continental United

States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico

A Qualitative, Pathway

- Initiated Pest Risk Assessment

January 30 , 2014

Ver sion 1

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 i 

## Executive Summary

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment document to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commercially produced fresh fruit of avocado

, P ersea a mericana Mill. var. ‘Hass’ ( Lauraceae )

, for consumption from Mexico into the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico

. Based on the market access request from Mexico , we considered the pathway to include the currently required systems approach fo r shipping restrictions, safeguards, municipality requirements, orchard and grower requirements, packinghouse requirements, certification, pest detection, and inspection as described in 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30 (2011). All processes and conditions considered duri ng the risk assessment process become mandatory conditions for entry of the commodity.

Based on the scientific literature, port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and information from the government of Mexico , we developed a list of all potential pests with actionable regulatory status for the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico that are known to occur in Mexico and known to be associated with the commodity anywhere in the world. From this list, we identified and further analyzed the organ isms that have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity following harvesting from the field and prior to any post

- harvest processing.

Of the pests selected for further analysis, we determined that the following are not candida tes fo r risk management, because no endangered area exists within the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico : P aracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Philephedra lutea ( Hemiptera: Coccidae ), and Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).

Commerical consignments of ‘Hass’ Avocadoes are already are permitted into the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico from the Mexican state of Michoacan (only) under a systems approach ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ). The current systems approach used in Mexico specifically address es the following insects: Conotrachelus aguacatae

, C. perseae

, Copturus aguacatae , Heilipus lauri ( Coleoptera: Curculionidae )

, and Stenoma catenifer ( Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae ) ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ). Given that, we found a Negligible overall likelihood of introduction for those insects

. Expanding the region from which exports are permitted in Mexico is not likely to alter the effectiveness of the mitigations. Given similar biology and impacts to the above listed pests, we also gave the followi ng pests Negligible risk ratings : Conotrachelus serpentinus ( Coleoptera: Curculionidae ), Cryptaspasma perseana ( Lepidoptera: Tortricidae )

. These pests

— Conotrachelus serpentinus for Hawaii and Puerto Rico; Cryptaspasma perseana for Continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico

— should be included for inspection, cutting and culling in the CFR.

W e rated Phytophthora citricola and P

. heveae (Oomycetes: Pythiales) as Negligible because infected fruits are highly likely to be removed from the pathway by the post

- harvest practices

. We determined that the following pests are candidates for risk management, because they met the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction

, and they received an overall likelihood of introduction risk rating above Negligible

.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 ii Pest t ype Taxonomy Scientific n ame Likelihood of Introduction overall rating Arthropod s Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Medium

Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Pseudophilothrips perseae (Watson) Medium

Thysanoptera: Thripidae Scirtothrips aceri (Moulton) Low Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara Low Fungi Ascomycetes: Myriangiales Sphaceloma perseae Jenkins Low Viroid N/A Avocado sunblotch viroid Low



### Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and we did not address them in this document.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocado from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 iii 

## Table of Contents

Executive Summary

................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... i

1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 1 1.2. Initiating event

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 1 1.3. Determination of the necessity of a weed risk assessment for the commodity

.................... 2 1.4. Description of the pathway

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 2 2. Pest List and Pest Categorization

................................ ................................ ............................ 4 2.1. Pests considered but not included on the pest list

................................ ................................ 5 2.2. Pest list

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 7 2.3. Notes on pests identified in the pest list

................................ ................................ ............. 46 2.4. Pests selected for further analysis

................................ ................................ ...................... 46 3. Assessing Pest Risk Potential

................................ ................................ ................................ . 47 3.1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 47 3.2. Assessment results

................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 48

4. C onclusions

................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 8 8 5. Acknowledgements

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 90

6. Literature Cited

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 90 7. Appendix A. Organisms identified to the genus level that are reported on Persea americana Mill in Mexico and that have actionable or undetermined regulatory status.

. 106Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 1 

## 1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This document was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), to evaluate the risks associated with the importation of commercially produced fresh fruit of avocado ( P ersea americana Mill. var. ‘Hass’ ) for consumption from Mexico into the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico

. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk analyses. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided by the IPPC, specifically the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) o n “ Pest Ris k Analysis for Quarantine Pests ” ( IPPC, 2011 ). The use of biological and phytosanitary terms is consistent w ith the “ Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms ” ( IPPC, 2012 ).

Three stages of pest risk analysis are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation ; Stage 2, Risk Assessment ; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2.

This is a qualitative risk assessment

. W e express the risk based on qualitative ratings for the likelihood and consequences of pest introduction via the import ed avocado fruit from Mexico

. The details of the methodology and rating criteria are found in the Guidelines for Plant Pest Risk Assessment of Imported Fruit and Vegetable Commodities, Version 6.0 ( PPQ, 2012 ).

The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. Identification of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is undertaken in Stage 3 (Risk Management) and is not covered in this risk assessment . R isk management will be specifie d in a separate document.

1.2. Initiating e vent

The importation of fruits and vegetables for consumption into the United States is regulated under Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 319.56 (7 CFR §319.56) ( 2012 ). At this time, commercial consignments of ‘ H ass’ avocados are permitted into the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico ONLY from the Mexican state of Michoacan ( municipalities: Acuitizio, Apatzingan, Ario, Cotija de la Paz, Erongaricuaro, Hidalgo, Irimbo, Los Reyes, Madero, Nuevo Parangaricutiro, Paracuaro, Periban, Salvador Escalante, Tacambaro, Tangamandapio, Tancitaro, Taretan, Tingambato, Tinguindin, Tocumbo, Turicato, and Tuxpan ) ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ; APHIS, 2013 ). This assessment was prepared in response to a request from Mexico to change the Federal Regulation to expand the current export region to allow entry from the entirety of Mexico into the continental Un ited States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico

.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 2 1.3. Determination of the necessity of a weed risk assessment for the commodity

In some cases, the imported commodity may have the potential of becom ing invasive in the pest risk analysis ( PRA ) area. The likelihood that this may happen is evaluated in a weed risk assessment, conducted separately from the commodity risk assessment.

Weed risk assessments do not need to be conducted for plant species that are widely established (native or natural ized) or cultivated in the PRA area, for commodities that are already enterable into the PRA area from other countries, or when the plant part(s) cannot easily propagate on their

own or be propagated. We determined that a weed risk assessment is not needed for avocados because avocados are cultivated and grown in the continental United States, Hawaii

, and Puerto Rico and are enterable from other countries ( NRCS, 2013 ; APHIS, 2013 )

.

1. 4 . Description of the p athway

The IPPC (201 2 ) defines a pathway as “any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest .” In the context of commodity pest risk assessments, the pathway is the commodity to be imported, together with all the processes the commodity undergoes that may have an impact on p est risk. In this risk assessment , the specific pathway of concern is the importation of fresh fruit of avocados ( P ersea americana Mill. var. ‘Hass’) for consumption from Mexico into the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico ; t he movement of this commodity provides a potential pathway for the introduction and/or spread of plant pests

. The United States and Mexico have agreed on a systems approach to be used for the importation of avocados from Michoacan ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ) that is applicable to the potent ial expansion of the export region as assessed in this document.

The following description of this pathway f ocus es on the conditions that may affect plant pest risk , including morphological and physiological characteristics of the commodity , as well as pr ocesses the commodity will undergo from production in Mexico through importation and distribution in the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. These conditions provided the basis for creating the pest list and assessing the likelihood of introduction of the pests selected for further analysis ; therefore, all components of the pathway, as they are described below, should be considered mandatory conditions for importation of the commodity.

1.4.1 . Description of the c ommodity The commodity f

or import is the fresh fruit of P ersea americana Mill. var. ‘Hass’ for consumption. Avocado trees are generally 30

- 60 f ee t tall, and considered “almost” evergreen ( Morton, 1987b ). Fruit is pear

- shaped and 3

- 13 in ches long and up to 6 in ches wide. Skin color varies from yellow

- green to nearly black and may be smooth or pebbled. Flesh is generally pale to rich

- yellow, buttery and bland or nutlike in flavor. Each fruit contains a single seed 2

- 2.5 in ches in diameter that is hard and heavy ( Morton, 1987b ).

1.4.2. Production and harvest procedures in the exporting area As described in 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30 (2011) , specific safeguards must be adhered to in Mexico. Municipalities from which avocados are to be shipped must be listed as and approved municipality in the bilateral work plan provided to APHIS by the Mexican national plantPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 3 protection organization ( NPPO ) . Surveys must be conducted at least semiannually (inclusive of

once during the wet season and once during the dry season). The municipalities must be found free of the large avocado seed weevil Heilipus lauri , the avocado seed moth Stenoma catenifer

, and the small avocado seed weevils Conotrachelus aguacatae and C. perseae

. Trapping for Ceratitis capitata must take place, and any findings reported to APHIS. Specific orchards and growers must be registered with the Mexican NPPO’s avocado export program and listed as an approved orchard or grower. Requirements specific to the orchards include: (i) The orchard and all contiguous orchards and properties must be surveyed semiannually and found to be free from the avocado stem weevil Copturus aguacatae ; (ii) Avocado fruit that has fallen from the trees must be removed from the orchard at least
once every seven days and may not be included in field boxes o f fruit to be packed for export; (iii) Dead branches on avocado trees in the orchard must be pruned and removed from the orchard; (iv) Harvested avocados must be placed in fiel d boxes or containers of field boxes that are marked to show the official registration number of the orchard. The avocados must be moved from the orchard to the packinghouse within 3 hours of harvest or they must be protected from fruit fly infestation unt il moved; (v) The avocados must be protected from fruit fly infestation during their movement from the orchard to the packinghouse and must be accompanied by a field record indicating that the avocados originated from a certified orchard.

If any of the ab ove

- listed pests are found during surveys, the Mexican NPPO must immediately take measures to isolate and eradicate the pest. Affected orchards will immediately lose their export certification until APHIS and the Mexican NPPO agree that eradication measure s have been effective.

1.4.3. Packinghouse procedures in the exporting area Specific packinghouse procedures have been listed in 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30 (2011) and relevant sections relayed here. P ackinghouses must be registered as an approved packinghouse in the annual work plan provided to APHIS from the Mexican NPPO. When avocados are being prepared for shipment to the United States (inclusive of Hawaii and Puerto Rico), fruit is only accepted from orchards certified by the Mexican NPPO. The packinghouse mus t have all openings to the outside covered by screening with openings of 1.6 mm or less, or some other insect prevention barrier

, as well as double doors at the entrance to the facility and at the interior entrance to the area where avocados are packed. Pr ior to culling, a biometric sample of avocados per consignment must be selected, cut, and inspected by the Mexican NPPO or approved designee and found free of pests. The identity of the avocados must be maintained on field boxes or containers in order to a llow for tracebacks if pests are found at the packinghouse or U.S. ports of entry. Prior to packing, each avocado must be cleaned of all stems, leaves, and other extraneous plant parts and labeled with a sticker bearing the official registration number of the packinghouse.

1.4.4. Shipping and storage conditions Avocados must be packed in clean, new boxes or bulk shipping bins, or in clean reusable crates and clearly marked with the identity of the grower, packinghouse, and exporter. A lid, insect

-Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 4 proof me sh, or other material must protect avocados from reinfestation of pests after leaving the packinghouse. A sealed refrigerated truck or container must be used to transport avocados to the port of export. All consignments must be accompanied by a phytosanita ry certificate issued by the NPPO of Mexico certifying that the conditions specified in 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30 have been met. Specific s hipping and storage conditions have not been indicated ; however, general information for shipment of ‘H ass ’ avocados includes shipment at 7 ° C, with a relative humidity of 85

- 90 percent. Chilling injury is likely at or below 4 ° C ( McGregor, 1987 ). Consignments may arrive at land borders or ocean containers through air or sea ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ; PPQ, 2011 ).

1.4.5 Inspection procedures at U.S. ports of entry On arrival at U.S. ports of entry, Mexican avocados are subject to inspection and general requirements of 7 CFR 319.56

- 3 (APHIS, 2013). Consignments must be in sealed containers and accompanied by both an APHIS import permit and a Mexican Phytosanitary Cer tificate. The certificate must have the Additional Declaration that "The avocados in this consignment meet the requirement of 7 CFR 319.56

- 30." Individual boxes or shipping bins must be clearly marked with the identity of the grower, packinghouse, and expo rter, and covered with pestproof packaging. Fruit is subject to inspection for pest damage. Additional inspections to include fruit cutting may be required if actionable pests are found. Additional specific information may be found in the bilateral operati onal workplan.

1.4. 6 . Summary of the pathway The figure below summarizes the pathway of concern: the importation of fresh fruit of avocado ( P ersea americana Mill. var. ‘Hass’) for consumption from Mexico into the continental United States, Hawaii

, and Puerto Rico

.



## 2. Pest List and Pest Categorization

In this section, we identify the plant pests with actionable regulatory status for the continental United States, Hawaii

, and Puerto Rico that could potentially become established in thePest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 5 contin ental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico as a result of the importation of avocados from Mexico , and we determine which of these pests meet the criteria for further analysis. Pests are considered to be of regulatory significance if th ey are actionable at U.S. ports

- of

- entry. Actionable pests include quarantine pests, pests considered for or under official control, and pests that require evaluation for regulatory action.

2.1. Pests considered but not included on the pest list

2.1. 1 . Rarely intercepted pests The following pests were intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on avocados from Mexico ; however

, they have been intercepted less than five times since 1985 ( PestID, 2011 ) and are not considered likely to be normally associated with commercially produced avocados from Mexico: Ahasverus advena, Aleurocerus palmae, Amboria sp., Anomala sp., Ataenius sp., Calcisuccinea aff. luteola

, Capaneus tetricus, Chalcodermus sp., Cyclocephala sp., Dallasiellus sp., Diabrotica porracea, Diplotaxis sp., Dyscinetus sp., Elsinoe sp., Empoasca sp. , Estigmene sp., Gryllus sp., Ligyrus sp., Luperosoma sp., Myochrous sp., Pachybrachius sp., Phyllophaga sp., Physorhinus sp., Pityophthorus sp., Planococcus ha lli, Polymerus sp., Sphaceloma psidii, and Trichoplusia ni. If additional interceptions occur or we find new reports of this association in the literature, we may reevaluate this association and subsequent risk.

2.1. 2 . Pests with weak evidence for association with the commodity or for presence in the export

area A nastrepha species and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) : Historically, the risk of introducing Anastrepha species and Ceratitis capitata into the United States was one of the greatest concerns related to the importation of Mexican avocados. Recent laboratory and field experiments determined that uninjured, commercially produced ‘Hass’ avocados in Mexico do not serve as hosts for the Anastrepha ludens, A. serpentina, A. striata , and A. obliqua o r Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) ( Aluja et al., 2004 ; De Graaf, 2009 ; SENASA, 2010 ; Willink and Villagran, 2007 ). These results, in conjunction with sampling of very larg e quantities of imported Hass avocados over an extended period without any findings of Anastrepha spp. larvae or Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), led APHIS

- PPQ to conclude that the ‘Hass’ avocado, when harvested and safeguarded according to the parameters o f the current systems approach for ‘ Hass ’ avocados from Mexico ( 7 CFR § 319.56, 2011 ), is not a host to Anastrepha spp. fruit flies or Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Consequently, Anastrepha spp. fruit flies and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were not included on this p est list.

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell : Dekle ( 2008 ) reports that C. rubens is present in Mexico, but we found no other corroborating reports. This was insufficient evidence for its presence in Mexico, so we did not include this pest on the pest list.

Ceroplastes stellifer Westwood (= Vinsonia stellifera Westwood): The main source used for reference of this pest on avocado stems was ScaleNet ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2013 )

, which cites a list of pests associated with various host plants in the western Indian Ocean as published by Mamet, 194 3 ). An extensive literature search did not reveal any additional or more recent records of this species occurring in association with avocado in the field. Therefore, we did not include it on the pest list.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 6 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley : A recent pu blication by Wright ( 2011 ) corrected a single, older report that D

. neobrevipes was associated with P

. americana. Based on that information, we did not include this pest on the pest list.

Neosilba pendula Bezzi : Records of N. pendula in Mexico could not be confirmed (e.g., CABI, 2013; Maes, undated ), despite extensive research conducted in central and south American regions. In addition, extensive studies of the field host plants for N. pendula in Brazil by Uchoa and Nicacio (2010) did not find any avocado infestations by this fruit fliy. Therefore, it is not included on the pest list.

Nipaecoccus viridis Westwood : Erroneous reports that N. viridis is present in Mexico or anywhere in the world (e.g., Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ) were c orrected recently by Williams and Miller ( 2010 )

. Therefore, we did not include this pest on the pest list.

Pulvinaria simulans Cockerell: This pest is included in a “Check list of the avocado pests of the world” ( Ebelin g, 1959 ). However, an extensive literature search did not find any more recent or primary literature indicating that P. simulans may be found infesting avocados in the field. Therefore, we did not include this pest on the pest list.

Tetraleurodes trunc atus Sampson & Drews: Persea americana is listed as a host plant for T.
truncatus by Evans (2007) based on the records from the Whitefly Taxonomic and Ecological Database. However, t his publication does not provide any references indicating the status or origin of the information. An extensive literature search did not reveal any primary sources indicating that T. tru n catus may be a pest of avocado in the field. Therefore, we did not include it on the pest list.

Xylell a fastidiosa : Xylella fastidiosa is reported in Mexico and the United States ( CABI/EPPO, 2006 ) and has been reported on ce on avocado ( Montero

- Astúa et al., 2008 ); however, it was not listed in the pest list because there are many strains of X

. fastidiosa ( CABI, 2011a ). The record of X

. fastidiosa occurring on avocado was from Costa Rica ( Montero

- Astúa et al., 2008 ). It is not known if the strain occurring in Costa Rica occurs in other parts of the world. The Costa Rica report says the str ain found on avocado had 99 to 100 percent sequence identity to a Pierce's disease strain from California (Temecula1) and 94 to 95 percent to a citrus variegated chlorosis strain from Brazil (Found

- 5) ( Montero

- Astúa et al., 2008 )

. If future studies suggest a strain different than what occurs in the United States occurs in Mexico on avocado

, this pathogen will be re

- evaluated for its risk to the United States.

2.1. 3 . Organisms identified only to the genus level In commodity import risk assessments, the taxonomic unit for pests selected for evaluation beyond the pest categorization stage is usually the species ( IPPC, 2011 ) , as assessments focus on organisms for which biological i nformation is available. Therefore, generally, we do not assess risk for organisms identified only to the genus level, in particular if the genus in question is reported in the import area. Often there are many species within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the import area and, consequently, whether it has actionable regulatory status for the import area. On the other hand, if the genus in question is absent from the import area, any unidentified organisms in the genus can have actionable status; however,Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 7 because such an organism has not been fully identified, we cannot properly analyze its likelihood and consequences of introduction.

In light of these issues, we usually do not include organisms identified only to the genus level in the main pest list. Instead, we address them separately in Appendix A

. The information can be used by risk managers to determine if measures beyond those intended to mitigate fully identified pests are warranted. Often, however, the developm ent of detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as internal fruit feeders or foliage pests, allows effective mitigation measures to eliminate the known organisms as well as similar but incompletely identified o rganisms that inhabit the same niche.

One organism, Colletotrichum boninense Moriwaki, Toy. Sato & Tsukib, was identified to the species level

. H owever , recent taxonomic work by Damm et al. ( Damm et al., 2012) found C. boninense to be a large species complex ({Damm, 2012 #289 )

, and the species boninense is no longer associated with the pathogen reported from avocado in Mexico ( Silva

- Rojas and Avila

Quezada, 2011 ) a nd may very wel l be a species already present in the United States. Damm reported that “ITS sequences of endophytic strains of.... C. boninense isolates from Persea Americana from Mexico ( Silva

- Rojas and Avila

- Q uezada, 2011 )...and Passiflora sp. in Florida, USA (Tarnow s ki & Ploetz, 2010) are identical or similar to those of C. karstii (and C. phyllanthi ) ” ( Damm et al., 2012 )

. Colletotrichum karstii is reported from the United States ( Tarnowski and Ploetz, 2010 ). Due to the uncertainty of the identity of this organism

, we cannot assess its risk. If new infor mation indicat es that it is a species not present in the United States

, its risk will be re

- evaluated. No Colletotrichum species have been intercepted in permit cargo from Mexico ( PestID, 2013 )

.

2.2. Pest l ist

In Table 1

, we list pests associated with avocado that occur in Mexico

. The list comprises pests that occur in Mexico on any host and are reported to be associated with avocado

, whether in Mexico or elsewhere in the world. For each pest

, we indicate 1) the par t of the imported plant species with which the pest is generally associated, and 2) whether the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated , in viable form, with the commodity following harvesting from the field and prior to any post

- harvest proce ssing

. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and information provided by the government of Mexico

. Pests in shaded rows are pests identified for further evaluation , as we consider them

reasona bly likely to be associated with the harvested commodity; w e summarize these pests in a separate table (Table 2 ). Pl ease note that in the pest list , we do not provide information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathwa y for non

- actionable pests. Even if non

- actionable pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because they already occur in the import area . Therefore, for

non

- actionable pests we indicate that i nformation with N/A (not applicable).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 8 Table 1

. P ests reported on P ersea americana Mill. (in any country) and present in Mexico (on any host)

. Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? ARTHROPODS Acari: Eriophyidae Calepitrimerus muesebecki Keifer MX ( Estrada

Venegasa et al., 2002 ), CON US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 CON US:

No HI, PR: Yes L ( Jeppson et

al., 1975 ) No

Acarina: Tarsonemidae Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (= Hemitarsonemus latus Banks) MX ( de Cross

et al., 2010 ), US ( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

Acarina: Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus californicus Banks (= B. australis Baker 6 ) MX , US

( CABI, 2011a ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) 6 MX , US

( EPPO, undated ) Childers et

al., 2003 No N/A N/A

Acarina: Tetranychidae Allonychus littoralis (McGregor) MX ( Migeon

and Dorkeld, 2006 ) Migeon and

Dorkeld, 2006 Yes L ( Posada Ocohoa, 1989 ) 7 No

1 Geographic Distribution: MX = Mexico, US = United States, CONUS = continental United States, HI = Hawaii, PR = Puerto Rico, FL = Florida, CA = California, GA = Georgia, LA = Louisiana, MD = Maryland, MS = Mississippi, NC = North Carolina, TX = Texas, NJ = New Jersey, AZ = Arizona, NV = Nevada, OR = Oregon (Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species is considered a n actionable pest for the United States.)

2 Brackets [ ] around the status designation indicate that the pest has a li mited distribution in the import area (continental United States, Puerto Rico, and/or Hawaii) and is either under official control or under consideration for official control.

3 Entries in bold indicate answers based on reportable/non

- reportable status in PestID (201 3 ) ; non

- bolded answers are based on distribution records found.

4 For the non

- actionable pests in Table 1 we put N/A (= Not Applicable) in the columns for “Plant Part(s) Association” and “Follow Pathway.” See discussion in section 2.1 for more i nformation.

5 Plant parts: Br = Branch, Fl = Flower, F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence, L = Leaf, R = Root, Sd = Seed, S = Stem, and T

= T runk. N/A = Not Applicable

6 Species of Brevipalpus mites can vector citrus leprosis

, which occurs in Mexico ( CABI, 2011a ). If intercepted on citrus, mites are treated as vectors of this disease as they could continue feeding on the lesions. Avocado, however, is not a host of this disease and we do not expect the pathogen to be transmitted by mites previously feeding on citrus since leprosis is non

- persistent circulative in a vector.

7 Based on info rmation for Allonychus sp

. ( Posada Ocohoa, 1989 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 9 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (R iley) MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ), CON US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) , HI ( Migeon and Dorkeld, 2013 ) Ebeling,

1959 CON US,

HI: No PR: Yes L ( Steven,

2004 ) No

Eotetranychus tremae De Leon MX

, CON US

( Bolland et al., 1998 ) Bolland et

al., 1998 CON US:

No HI, PR: Yes Leaf of other

host plants ( Flechtmann, 1996 ) No

Oligonychus biharensis (Hirst) MX

( McDonald, undated

- a ) McDonald,

undated

- a CON US ,

PR: Yes HI: No L ( McDonald,

undated

- a ) No

Oligonychus mcgregori (Baker & Pr itchard) MX

( McDonald, undated

- b ) McDonald,

undated

- b Yes L ( Posada Ocohoa, 1989 ) No

Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker & Abbatiello MX ( Hoddle,

1998 ), US ( Bolland et al., 1998 ) Hoddle, 1998 No N/A N/A

Oligonychus peruvianus (McGregor) MX ( CABI,

2011a ), US ( Bolland et al., 1998 ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

Oligonychus platani (McGregor) MX ( Bolland

et al., 1998 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Oligonychus punicae (Hirst) MX, US

( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) Waite and

Barrera, 2002 No N/A N/A

Oligonychus viridis (Banks) MX

, CON US

( Bolland et al., 1998 ), PR ( Migeon and Dorkeld, 2013 ) Bolland et

al., 1998 CON US,

PR: No HI: Yes L of other host

plants ( Jeppson et al., 1975 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 10 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Oligonychus yothersi (McGregor) MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 19 83 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 No N/A N/A

Panonychus citri (McGregor) MX, US

( Bolland et al., 1998 ) Bolland et

al., 1998 No N/A N/A

Tetranychus gloveri Banks MX, US

( Bolland et al., 1998 ) Bolland et

al., 1998 No N/A N/A

Tetranychus mexicanus (McGregor) MX, US

( Bolland et al., 1998 ) Bolland et

al., 1998 N o N/A N/A

Tetranychus tumidus Banks MX, US

( Jeppson et al., 1975 ) Jeppson et

al., 1975 No N/A N/A

Tetranychus urticae Koch MX, US

( Bolland et al., 1998 ) Bolland et

al., 1998 No N/A N/A

Acarina: Tydeidae Lorryia formosa Cooreman MX ( Jeppson

et al., 1975 )

, US ( Muma, 1971 ) Jeppson et

al., 1975 No N/A N/A

INSECTA Coleoptera: Anthribidae Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Bostrichidae Apate monachus Fabricius (= A. monacha F.) MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ), PR ( Martorell, 1976 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 CON US ,

HI: Yes PR: No S ( CABI,

2011a ) No

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Trachyderes succinctus ssp. succinctus (Linné) MX ( Maes et

al., undated ) Maes et al.,

undated Yes S ( Ploetz et al., 1994 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 11 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Deloyala guttata (Olivier) MX ( Ebeling,

1959 ), US ( Rausher, 1984 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Diabrotica balteata Leconte MX ( CABI,

2011a ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Curculionidae Caulophilus latinasus Say (= C. oryzae (Cyllenhal)) MX, US

( McKenzie, 1935 ; CABI, 2011a ) McKenzie,

1935 ; CABI

, 2011a No N/A N/A

Conotrachelus aguacatae Barber MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ) MacGregor

and Guti errez, 1983 Yes F, L ( CABI, 2011a ) Yes

Conotrachelus
perseae Barber MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ) Waite and

Barrera, 2002 Yes F ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) Yes

Conotrachelus serpentinus (Klug) MX ( Alfieri

Jr. et al., 1984 ), CON US ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ; Alfieri Jr. et al., 1984 ) Alfieri Jr. et

al., 1984 ; Whitehead, 1979 CON US:

No HI, PR: Yes F ( Alfieri Jr.

e t al., 1984 ) Yes

Copturomimus hustachei Hagedorn MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ) Waite and

Barrera, 2002 Yes S ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) No

Copturomimus
perseae Hustache MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ) Waite and

Barrera, 2002 Yes S ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) No

Copturus aguacatae Kissinger MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 Yes S ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) Yes

Copturus constrictus Champion MX ( McGuire

and Crandall, 1967 ) McGuire and

Crandall, 1967 Yes S ( CABI, 2011a ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 12 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Heilipus albopictus Champion MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 Yes F, S ( Castañeda

Vildozola et al., 2010 ) No 8

Heilipus lauri Bohemann MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) MacGreg or

and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 Yes F, Sd ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) Yes

Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman) MX, CON US

( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

Rhynchophorus palmarum (Linnaeus) MX ( CABI,

2011a ) CABI, 2011a Yes F, Fl, L, S of various host plants ( CABI, 2011a ) No 9

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Cryptocarenus diadematus Eggers MX ( Wood,

1992 ), CON US ( Atkinson et al., 2010 ) Wood, 1992 CON US: No HI, PR: Yes S ( Atkinson et

al., 2010 ) No

Euphoria leucographa Gory & Percheron MX ( PestID,

2011 ), CON US ( Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ) PestID, 2011 No N/A N/A

Macrodactylus mexicanus Burmeister MX ( Peña et

al., 2002 ) Peña et al.,

2002 Yes F, Fl, L ( Aragón

García et al., 2010 ) No 10

Coleoptera: Scolytidae Araptus schwarzi (Blackman) MX ( Wood,

1992 ) Wood, 1992 No N/A N/A

Cnesinus carinatus Wood MX ( Wood,

1992 ) Wood, 1992 Yes S ( Wood, 1992 ) N o

8 Adults of Heilipus albopictus may feed on the surface of the fruit, and larvae develop in stems and not fruit ( Castañeda

- Vildozola et al., 2010 ). They are considered highly unlikely to re main with the fruit through harvesting and processing.

9 Rhynchophorus palmarum is highly unlikely to follow the pathway because adults are highly mobile and because it is primarily a pest of palms

. Reports on other hosts are typically of adults feeding ex ternally on ripe fruit ( CABI, 2011a ); those individuals are highly unlikely to remain with avocados through standard post

- harvest processing.

10 Macrodactylus mexicanus feeds on the surface of fruit ( Aragón

- Garcí a et al., 2010 ) and it is highly unlikely to remain with the fruit through harvesting and processing.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 13 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Cnesinus costulatus Blanford MX ( Atkinson

and Martinez, 1985 ) Atkinson and

Martinez, 1985 Yes S ( Wood, 1992 ) No

Cnesinus electinus Woo d MX ( Wood,

1992 ) Wood, 1992 Yes S ( Wood, 1992 ) No

Cnesinus eostulatus Blandford MX ( Wood,

1992 ) Wood, 1992 Yes S ( Wood, 1992 ) No

Cnesinus gracilis Blandford MX ( Wood,

1992 ) Wood, 1992 Yes S ( Wood, 1992 ) No

Cnesinus myelitis Wood MX ( Atkinson

and Martinez, 1985 ) Atkinson and

Martinez, 1985 Yes S ( Wood, 1992 ) No

Cnesinus prominulus Wood MX ( Wood,

1992 ) Wood, 1992 Yes S ( Wood, 1992 ) No

Cnesinus pullus Blandford MX ( Wood,

1992 ) Wood, 1992 Yes S ( Wood, 1992 ) No

Cnesinus punctatus Blandford MX ( W ood,

1992 ) Wood, 1992 Yes S ( Wood, 1992 ) No

Corthylus comatus Blandford MX ( Bright

and Skidmore, 1997 ) Bright and

Skidmore, 1997 Yes S ( Peña et al., 2002 ) No

Corthylus nudus Schedl MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 Yes S ( Peña et al., 2002 ) No

Corthylus papulans Eiehhoff MX, CON US

( Wood, 1992 ) Wood, 1992 CON US: No HI, PR: Yes S ( Wood,

1992 ) No

Hypothenemus gossypii (Hopkins) MX, CON US

( Wood, 1992 ) Wood, 1992 CON US: No HI, PR: Yes S ( Atkinson

and Peck, 1994 ) No

Hypothenemus seriatus (Eiehhoff) MX, US

( Wood, 1992 ) Wood, 1992 No N/A N/A

Microcorthylus vescus Wood MX ( Bright

an d Skidmore, 1997 ) Bright and

Skidmore, 1997 Yes S ( HYPP, undated ) N/A

Microcorthylus vicinus Wood MX ( Bright

and Skidmore, 1997 ) Bright and

Skidmore, 1997 Yes S ( HYPP, undated ) N/A

Monarthrum pennatum (Schedl) MX ( Bright

and Skidmore, 1997 ) Bright and

Skidmore, 1997 Yes S ( Noguera

Martinez and Atkinson, 1990 ) No

Pagiocerus frontalis (Fabricius) MX, US

( Wood, 1992 ) Wood, 1992 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 14 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Phloeocleptus atkinsoni Wood MX ( Atkinson

and Martinez, 1985 ) Atkinson and

Martinez, 1985 Yes S ( Atkinson and Martinez, 1985 ) No

Phloeocleptus caudatus Wood MX ( Bright

and Skidmore, 1997 ) Bright and

Skidmore, 1997 Yes S ( Atkinson and Martinez, 1985 ) No

Phloeocleptus cristatus Wood MX ( Atkinson

and Martinez, 1985 ) Atkinson and

Martinez, 1985 Yes S ( Atkinson and Martinez, 1985 ) No

Phloecleptus plagiatus Wood MX ( Atkinson

and Martinez, 1985 ) Atkinson and

Martinez, 1985 Yes S ( Atkinson and Martinez, 1985 ) No

Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) MX, CON US

( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a CON US: No HI, PR: Yes S ( CABI,

2011a ) No

Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

Xylosandrus morigerus (Blandford) MX ( CABI,

2011a ) CABI, 2011a Yes S, R ( CABI, 2011a ) N/A

Diptera: Lonchaeidae Neosilba batesi Curran MX ( Aluja et

al., 2004 ), US ( Ahlmark and Steck, 1997 ) Ahlmark and

Steck, 1997 No N/A N/A

Diptera: Muscidae Atherigona orientalis Schiner MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aetalionidae Aetalion quadratum Fowler MX ( Ebeling,

1959 ), US ( NHM of LA, undated ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby MX ( Whiley

et al., 2002 ), CON US (FL, TX) ( Evans, 2008 ), HI ( CABI, 2011a ), PR ( Evans, 2008 ) Whiley et al.,

2002 [Yes] L, S ( CABI, 2007 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 15 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Aleurodicus coccolobae Quaintance & Baker MX ( Evans,

2008 ), CON US (FL) ( Hodges and Evans, 2005 ) Evans, 2008 [Yes] L ( Miller et al., 2000 ) No

Aleurodicus cocois Curtis MX ( CABI,

2011a ), CON US (FL) ( Hodges and Evans, 2005 ), PR ( Martorell, 1976 ) CABI, 2011a [Yes] L ( CABI, 2011a ) No

Aleurodicus dispersus Russell MX, PR, HI

( Evans, 2008 ), CON US (FL) ( CABI, 2011a ) Evans, 2008 No 11 N/A N/A

Aleurodicus dugesii (Cockerell) MX ( Ebeling,

1959 ), US ( Evans, 2008 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Aleurodicus pulvinatus (Maskell) MX ( Evans,

2008 ) Evans, 2008 Yes L ( CABI, 2011a ) No

Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin MX, CON US

(FL) ( EPICA, 2009 ) EPICA, 2009 [Yes] L ( Miller et al., 2000 ) No

Aleuroglandulus subtilis Bondar MX ( Evans,

2008 ), US ( Dooley III et al., 2010 ) Evans, 2008 No N/A N/A

Aleuropl eurocelus abnormis (Quaintance) MX, US

( Evans, 2008 ) Evans, 2008 No N/A N/A

Aleurotrachelus trachoides (Back) MX, US

( Evans, 2008 ) Evans, 2008 No N/A N/A

Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) MX, US

( Evans, 2008 ) Evans, 2008 No N/A N/A

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) Vasquez et

al., undated No N/A N/A

11 No action on commodities for consumption (PestID, 2011).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 16 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Bemisia tabaci (B biotype) (Gennadius) (= B. argentifolia (Bellows et al.)) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) Pegg et al.,

2002 No N/A N/A

Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

Dialeurodes denticulatus (Bondar) (= D. michoacanensis ) MX ( Evans,

2008 ) Evans, 2008 Yes L ( Fasula and Weems, 2010 ) 12 No

Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky) MX, US

( Evans, 2008 ) Evans, 2008 No N/A N/A

Paraleyrodes goyabae (Goeldi) MX ( Teliz,

2000 ) Teliz, 2000 Yes L ( Teliz, 2000 ) No

Paraleyrodes minei Iaccarino MX, US

( Evans, 2008 ) Evans, 2008 No N/A N/A

Paraleyrodes perseae Quaintance MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Waite and

Barrera, 2002 No N/A N/A

Paraleyrodes sp. near goyabae (Goeldi) MX ( Ebeling,

1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 Yes L ( Posada Ocohoa, 1989 ) No

Tetraleurodes perseae Nakahara MX, US

( Evans, 2008 ) Evans, 2008 No N/A N/A

Tetraleurodes quadratus Sampson & Drews MX ( Evans,

2008 ) Evans, 2008 Yes L ( Miller et al., 2000 ) No

Tetraleurodes

ursorum (Cockerell) MX, US

( Evans, 2008 ) Evans, 2008 No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Hald eman) MX, US

( Evans, 2008 ) Evans, 2008 No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes floridensis (Quaintance) MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ), PR ( Evans, 2008 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

12 Based on information available for Dialeurodes citri.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 17 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Trialeurodes similis Russell MX ( Ebeling,

1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) Ebeling,

19 59 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aphididae Aphis gossypii Glover MX ( CABI, 2011a ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/ A N/A

Aphis spiraecola Patch MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer MX, US ( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

Toxoptera aurantii (Fonscolombe) MX ( CABI,

201 1a ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae Bambusaspis bambusae (Boisduval) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Idona minuenda (Ball) MX ( Peña et

al., 2002 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock MX, US

( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes cistudiformis Townsend & Cockerell MX, US

( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 18 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock MX, US

( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No 13 N/A N/A

Coccus hesperidum (L) MX

( MacGregor and Guti errez, 1983 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 No N/A N/A

Coccus longulus (Douglas) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Coccus viridis (Green) MX, CON US

( Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ), HI ( Zimmerman, 1948 ), PR ( Martorell, 1976 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) MX ( Ben

- Dov

et al., 2010 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) (= Coccus mangiferae Fernald) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Parthenolecanium corni (Bouche) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

13 Action required for propagative ma terial only ( PestID, 2011 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 19 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Philephedra lutea (Cockerell) MX, US

( Nakahara and Gill, 1985 ) Nakahara and

Gill, 1985 CON US ,

PR: No HI: Yes I, F, L, S of

other host plants ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes

Philephedra tuberculosa Nakahara & Gill MX, US ( Ben

Do v et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Pulvinari a floccifera Westwood MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Pulvinaria psidii Maskell MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) (= S. hemisphaerica (Targioni)) MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 No N/A N/A

Saissetia miranda (Cockerell & Parrott in Cockerell) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Saissetia oleae (Bern.) MX ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Coreidae Burtinus notatipennis Stal MX ( Ebeling,

1959 ), US ( Henry and F roeschner, 1988 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Capaneus humerosus Distant MX ( Ebeling,

1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 Yes L ( CABI, 2007 ) No

Veneza phyllopus (Linnaeus) (= Leptoglossus phyllopus (L )) MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ), US ( CABI, 2011a ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 20 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Hemiptera: Diaspididae 14 Abgrallaspis aguacatae Evans, Watson & Miller MX ( Ben

- Dov

et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 Yes F, L, S ( Evans et al., 2009 ) Yes 14

Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) (= Hemiberlesia cyanophylli ( Signoret)) MX, US

( Watson, undated ) Watson,

undated No N/A N/A

Abgrallaspis perseae Davidson MX

( Davidson, 1964 ), CON US (GA, TX) ( Alvarez, 1976 ) Davidson,

1964 [Yes] F ( Davidson, 1964 ), L ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes 14

Acutaspis agavis (Townsend & Cockerell) (= Chrysomphalus agavis (Townsend & Cockerell)) MX, US

( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 CON US ,

PR: No HI: Yes L ( Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 ), F ( Alvarez, 1976 ) Yes 14

Acutaspis aliena (Newstead) (= Melanaspis aliena (Newstead), Pseudischnaspis alienus Houser) MX, CON US

(FL) ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ), US (FL) Ebeling,

1959 CON US ,

HI: No PR: Yes F, L ( PestID,

2011 ) Yes 14

Acutaspis perseae (Comstock) (= Chrysomphalus
perseae Leonardi) MX, US

( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Acutaspis scutiformis (Cockerell) (= Chrysomphalus scutiformis Berlese & Leonardi) MX ( Ebeli ng,

1959 ), CON US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ; Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 CON US :

No HI, PR: Yes L ( Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 ) No

14 Although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are highly unlikely to become established via this pathway , and are considered n on

- actionable on fruits for consumption at U.S. ports

- of

- entry

. Please see discussion in section 2.3 for a detailed explanation.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 21 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus nerii Bouche MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 201 0 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus aonidum (L) MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) MX ( Ben

- Dov

et al., 2010 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) (= Abgrallaspis howardi (Cockerell)) MX ( Peña et

al., 2002 ), US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ) Peña et al.,

2 002 No N/A N/A

Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

Diaspis boisduvali i Signoret MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Diaspis coccois Lichtenstein MX ( Peña et

al., 2002 ), US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ) Peña et al.,

2002 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 22 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Diaspis miranda (Cockerell) MX ( Alvarez,

1976 ) Alvarez,

1976 Yes F ( Alvarez, 1976 ) Yes 14

Diaspis sp. near miranda 15 MX ( Alvarez,

1976 ) Alvarez,

1976 Yes F ( Alvarez, 1976 ) Yes 14

Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni

- Tozzetti) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Furcaspis biformis (Cockerell) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia diffinis (Newstead) MX ( Peña et

al., 2002 ), CON US (FL, GA, LA, MD, MS, NJ, NC, TX) ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ) Peña et al.,

2002 [Yes] F, L, S ( Watson, undated ) Yes 14

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia sp. near lataniae 20 MX ( Alvarez,

1976 ) Alvarez,

1976 Yes F ( Alvarez, 1976 ) Yes 14

Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) MX

( MacGregor and Gut ierrez, 1983 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 No N/A N/A

Howardia biclavis (Comstock) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

15 Exact identity is unknown ( Alvarez, 1976 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 23 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell) (= Chrysomphalus rossi Leonardi ) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Lopholeucaspis cockerelli (Grandpré & Charmoy) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/ A

Melanaspis deklei Deitz & Davidson MX, CON US

( Ben

- Do v et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 CON US:

No HI, PR: Yes S ( Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 ) 16 No

Melanaspis squamea Ferris MX ( Ben

- Dov

et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 Yes S ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ) No

Morganella longispina (Morgan) MX, US

( Watson, undated ) W atson,

undated No N/A N/A

Mycetaspis personata (Comstock) MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ), US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 No N/A N/A

Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock) (= Aspidiotus spinosus (Comstock)) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Parlatoria proteus (Curtis) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al.

, 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) MX, US

( Watson, undated ) Watson,

undated No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) MX ( Ben

- Dov

et al., 2010 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

195 9 No N/A N/A

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) MX, US

( Watson, undated ) Watson,

undated No N/A N/A

16 Based on biology of Melanaspis squamea.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 24 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Pseudoparlatoria

ostreata Cockerell MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Unaspis citri (Comstock) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Velataspis dentata (Hoke) MX ( Peña et

al., 2002 ), US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ) Peña et al.,

2002 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Flatidae Hansenia pulverulenta (Guerin

- Meneville) MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 Yes L, S ( C.M.I., 1987 ) 17 No

Hemiptera: Lygaeidae Pseudopachybrachius basalis (Dallas) MX (PestID

2011), US ( Chordas III et al., 2005 ) PestID, 2011 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Margarodidae Icerya purchasi Maskell MX, US

( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Membracidae Aethalion quadratum Fowler MX

( MacGregor and Guti errez, 1983 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 Yes S ( Waite and Barrera, 200 2 ) No

17 We found no information on the biology or feeding habits of Hansenia pulverulenta. Therefore, we assumed that H. pulverulenta affects leaves and stems, as is generally the case for members of the Flatidae ( C.M.I., 1987 )

.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 25 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Hoplophorion
monogramma (Germar) (= Metcalfiella
monogramma (Germar)) MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ) Waite and

Barrera, 200 2 Yes S ( Barrera et al., 1998 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) No

Umbonia crassicornis (Amyot & Serville) MX, US ( DPI,

2009 ) DPI, 2009 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Monophlebidae Crypticerya montserratensis (Riley & Howard) (= Icerya montserratensis Riley & Howard) MX ( Ben

- Dov

et al., 2010 ), PR ( Martorell, 1976 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 CON US ,

HI: Yes PR: No L, S ( Posada

Ocohoa, 1989 ) No

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Brochymena quadripustulata F. MX

( MacGregor and Gu tierrez, 1983 ), US ( Henry and Froeschner, 1988 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 No N/A N/A

Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (= Pseudococcus brevipes ) MX (Ben Dov

undated), US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel) MX ( Ben

- Dov

et al., 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ), US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2010 ; Miller et al., 2005 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/ A

Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) MX ( CABI,

2011a ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 26 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) MX ( CABI,

2011a )

, CON US (CA, FL, GA, LA, SC, TX) ( CABI, 2011a ) , HI, PR ( Sagarra and Peterkin, 1999 ) CABI,

2011a ; Sagarra and Peterkin, 1999 [Yes] F, L, S of various host plants ( CABI, 2011a ) Yes

Nipaecoccus jonmartini Williams & Granara de Willink MX ( Ben

- Dov

et al., 2010 ; Ben

- Dov, 1994 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 Yes L ( PestID, 2011 ) No

Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell) (= Pseudococcus nipae Cockerell) MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 No N/A N/A

Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink MX ( CABI,

2011a ; Ben

Dov, 1994 ; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992 ), CON US (FL, MT), HI, PR ( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a [Yes] F, Fl, L, S ( CABI, 2011a ; PestID, 2011 ) Yes

Paraputo olivaceus (Cockerell) (= Farinococcus olivaceus (Cockerell)) MX ( Ebeling,

1959 ), US ( McKenzie, 1967 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & Cockerell MX ( Ben

- Dov

et al., 2010 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Planococcus citri (Risso) MX ( CABI,

2011a ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 27 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Planococcus minor (Maskell) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ), HI ( NAPIS, 2011 ) Ben

- Dov et

al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) (= P. gahani Green) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni

- Tozzetti) (= P. adonidum ) MX, US

( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) MX, US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2010 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Psyllidae Trioza aguacate MX ( Hollis and Martin, 1997 ) Hollis and

Martin, 1997 Yes L ( Hollis and Martin, 1997 ) No

Trioza anceps Tuthill MX ( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 Yes L ( Hoddle, 2013 ) No

Trioza koebelei Kirkaldy MX

( McKenzie, 1935 ) McKenzie,

1935 Yes L ( Popenoe, 1920 ) No

Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae Dysdercus obliquus (Herrich

- Schaeffer) MX ( Ebeling,

1959 ), US ( Henry and Froeschner, 1988 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Largus succinctus (Linnaeus) (= L. cinctus Herrich

Schaeffer) MX ( Ebeling,

1959 ), US ( CABI, 2011a ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 28 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Hemiptera: Tingidae Pseudacysta perseae (Heidemann) MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 No N/A N/A

Hymenoptera: Formicidae Atta cephalotes (Linnaeus) MX ( CABI,

2011a ) CABI, 2011a Yes L ( CABI, 2011a ) No

Atta mexicana (Smith) MX ( Peña et al., 2002 ), US ( CABI, 2011a ) Peña et al.,

2002 No N/A N/A

Atta sexdens (Linnaeus) MX

( CariPestNet, undated ) CariPestNet,

undated Yes L ( CABI, 2011a ) No

Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) MX, CON US,

HI, PR ( CABI, 2011a ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Geometridae Sabulodes aegrotata (Guenee) MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ), US ( Whiley et al., 2002 ) Waite and

Barrera, 2002 US: No

HI, PR: Yes F, L ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ) No 18

Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Caloptilia perseae (Busck) (= Gracilaria perseae Busck) MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ), CON US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Waite and

Barrera, 2002 CO N US:

No HI, PR: Yes L ( Waite and

Barrera, 2002 ) No

Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae Pyrrhopyge chalybea Scudder MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 Yes L ( Diaz Castro, 1977 ) No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Peridroma saucia (Hübner) MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

18 Sabulodes aegrotata feeds on the surface of the fruit ( Peña et al., 2002 ) and is highly unlikely to remain with the fruit through standard harvesting and processing.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 29 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Spodoptera eridania Stoll in Cramer MX, US

( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae Stenoma catenifer Walsingham MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 Yes F, L ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ), Sd ( CABI, 20 11a ) Yes

Lepidoptera: Papilionidae Papilio crespontes Cramerg MX, US

( McAuslane, 2009 ) Garcia et al.,

2001 No N/A N/A

Papilio garamas abderus Hoppfer (= P. garamas
garamas Hubner) MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ), US ( Opler and Warren, 2004 ) Peña et al.,

2002 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 [Yes] L ( Barrera et al., 1998 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) No

Papilio victorinus morelius Rothschild and Jordan MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ) Waite and

Barrera, 2002 Yes L ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) No

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Amyelois transitella (Walker) (= Paramyelois transitella Walker) MX ( McGuire

and Crandall, 1967 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ) Hill, 2008 No N/A N/A

Accinctapubes albifasciata (Druce) (= Stericta albifasciata (Druce)) MX

( McKenzie, 1935 ) McKenzie,

1935 Yes L, B r ( Solis and Styer, 2003 ) No

Lepidoptera: Saturniidae Copaxa decrescens Draudt MX ( Garcia et

al., 2001 ) Garcia et al.,

2001 Yes L ( Garcia et al., 2001 ) No

Copaxa multifenestrata (Herrich

- Schaffer) MX ( Peña et

al., 2002 ) Peña et al.,

2002 Yes L ( Barrera et al., 1998 ) No

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Amorbia cuneana (Walsingham) MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ), CON US ( Peña et al., 2002 ) Waite and

Barrera, 2002 CON US:

No HI, PR: Yes F, L ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ) No 19

19 Amorbia cuneana and A. essigana feed on the surface of the fruit ( Peña et al., 2002 ) and are highly unlikely toPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 30 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Amorbia emigratella Busck MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ), US ( Zimmerman, 1948 ) MacGregor

and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 No N/A N/A

Amboria essigana Busck MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ), CON US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Waite and

Barrera, 2002 CON US:

No HI, PR: Yes F, L ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ) No 22

Argyrotaenia
montezumae (Walsingham) MX ( Gilligan

et al., 2011 ) CON US ( Ratnasingha m, 2007 onwards ) Gilligan et

al., 2011 CON US:

No HI, PR: Yes F, L (Ebeling,

1959) 20 No 21

Cryptaspasma
perseana Gilligan & Brown MX ( Gilligan

et al., 2011 ) Gilligan et

al., 2011 Yes F, Sd ( Gilligan et al., 2011 ) Yes

Platynota stultana Walsingham MX ( CABI,

2011a ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ) Ebeling,

1959 No N/A N/A

Thysanoptera: Heterothripidae Heterothrips decacornis Crawford MX

( J ohansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), CON US (FL), PR ( Mound and Marullo, 1996 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 CON US,

PR: No HI: Yes Fl, L

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Heterothrips mexicanus Watson MX

( Joha nsen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

N aime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Joha nsen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

remain with the fruit through harvesting and processing.

20 Based on t he biology of Argyrotaenia citrana (Fernald) (CABI, 2013).

21 As a large, external feeder, it is highly unlikely that A. montezumae would remain on the harvested commodity.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 31 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Thysanoptera: Panchaetothripinae Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande) MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ), US ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a No N/A N/A

Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood) MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ), US ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a No N/A N/A

Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin) MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ), US ( Zimmerman, 1948 ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a No N/A N/A

Pseudophilothrips
perseae (Watson) (= Liothrips perseae Watson) MX ( Urias

Lopez et al., 2007 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) Urias

- Lopez

et al., 2007 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 Yes F ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ), Fl, L ( Urias

- Lopez et al., 2007 ) Yes

Stephanothrips occidentalis Hood & Williams MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ), US ( Zimmerman, 1948 ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a No N/A N/A

Thysanoptera: Thripidae Arorathrips mexicanus (Crawford) MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), US ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 No N/A N/A

Aurantothrips orchidaceus (Bagnall) MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), US ( Funderburk et al., 2007 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 [Yes] Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande) MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), US ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Jo hansen

Naime et al., 2003 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 32 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood) MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), US ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 No N/A N/A

Caliothrips punctipennis (Hood) MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), CON US ( Diffie et al., 2008 ; Mound and Marullo, 1996 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 CON US:

No HI, PR: Yes Fl, L

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Exophthalmothrips chiapensis Johansen MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Frankliniella albacuriosa Johansen MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Joha nsen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Frankliniella aurea Moulton MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Frankliniella borinquen Hood MX

( Cambero

Campos et al., 2009 ), PR ( Martorell, 1976 ) Cambero

Campos et al., 2009 [Yes] Fl ( Johanse n and Mojica, 2007 ) No

Frankliniella sp. nr

. bruneri Watson MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a Yes Fl ( Peña et al., 2002 ) 22 No

Frankliniella brunnescens Priesner MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

22 U nconfirmed reports exist that Frankliniella bruneri and F. chamulae attack fruit ( Peña et al.

, 2002) , but we f ou nd no confirmation of this . Therefore, we did not list fruit.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 33 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Frankliniella cephalica Hood MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ), US ( Ebeling, 1959 ; Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Waite and

Barrera, 2002 No N/A N/A

Frankliniella chamulae Johansen MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a Yes Fl ( Peña et al., 2002 ) 27 No

Frankliniella cubensis Hood MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ), PR ( Martorell, 1976 ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a [Yes] Fl ( Peña et al., 2002 ) No

Frankliniella curiosa Priesner MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Frankliniella difficilis Hood MX

( Camb ero

Campos et al., 2009 ), PR ( Martorell, 1976 ) Cambero

Campos et al., 2009 [Yes] Fl ( Johansen and Mojica, 2007 ) No

Frankliniella dubia Priesner MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Frankl iniella fallaciosa Priesner MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a Yes Fl, L, S ( Hoddle et al., 2002a ) 23 No

Frankliniella gossypiana Hood MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ), US ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Ho ddle et al.,

2002a No N/A N/A

Frankliniella insularis (Franklin) MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ), US ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a No N/A N/A

Frankliniella inutilis Priesner MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

23 Frankliniella fallaciosa w as collected by beating avocado branches with young foliage and flowers present ( Hoddle et al., 2002a ) ; no specific plant part of association was mentioned

.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 34 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Frankliniella invasor Sakimura MX

( Cambero

Campos et al., 2009 ) Cambero

Campos et al., 2009 Yes Fl ( Johansen and Mojic a, 2007 ) No

Frankliniella kelliae Sakimura MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), US ( D iffie et al., 2008 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 No N/A N/A

Frankliniella minor Moulton MX ( Instituto

de Biología, undated ) Cambero

Campos et al., 2009 Yes Fl ( Johansen and Mojica, 2007 ) No

Frankliniella minuta (Moulton) MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), US ( Mound and Marullo, 1996 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 No N/A N/A

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ), US ( CABI, 2011a ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a No N/A N/A

Frankliniella panamensis Hood MX

( Joha nsen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

N aime et al., 2003 No N/A N/A

Frankliniella pestinae Sakimura & O’Neill MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Frankliniella rostrata Priesner MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Frankliniella salviae Moulton MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), CON US ( Mound et al., 2005 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 CON US:

No HI, PR: Y es Fl, L

( Johansen

Naime et a l., 2003 ) No

Frankliniella seneciopallida Johansen MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 35 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Frankliniella simplex Priesner MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Frankliniella williamsi Hood (= F. spinosa Moulton) MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), US ( Diffie et al., 2008 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 No N/A N/A

Frankliniella zucchini Nakahara & Monteiro MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouche) MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ), US ( Whiley et al., 2002 ) Waite and

Barrera, 2002 No N/A N/A

Leucothrips furcatus Hood MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ), CON US ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a CON US:

No HI, PR: Yes L ( Hoddle et

al., 2008 ) No

Leucothrips piercei (Morgan) MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), US ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 No N/A N/A

Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), US ( Hod dle et al., 2008 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 No N/A N/A

Neohydatothrips annulipes (Hood) MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), CON US ( Diffie et al., 2008 ; Mound et al., 2005 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 CON US:

No HI, PR: Yes Fl, L

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 36 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Neohydatothrips burungae (Hood) MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ), US ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a No N/A N/A

Neohydatothrips inversus (Hood) MX

( Jo hansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), CON US ( Diffie et al., 200 8 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 C ON US:

No HI, PR: Yes Fl, L

( Joha nsen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Neohydatothrips signifer Priesner MX ( Hoddle,

1999 ) Hoddle , 1999 Yes L ( Mound and Marullo, 1996 ) No

Neohydatothrips tibialis Priesner MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a Yes L ( Mound and Marullo, 1996 ) No

Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach) MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), CON US (AZ, CA, GA, IL, NE, NJ, OK, TN, UT) ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 [Yes] Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Scirtothrips albosilvicola Johansen & Mojica MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Scirtothrips aceri (Moulton) MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 20 02 ), US ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 CON US:

No HI, PR: Yes F ( Waite and

Barrera, 2002 ), L ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Yes

Scirtothrips aztecus Johansen & Mojica MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) MX ( Hoddle

et al., 2002a ), US ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ), HI ( Zimmerman, 1948 ) Hoddle et al.,

2002a No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 37 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Scirtothrips cognatoalbus Johansen & Mojica MX

( Johansen

Naime et a l., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 20 03 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al

., 2003 ) No

Scirtothrips danieltelizi Johansen & Mojica MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Scirtothrips detereomangus Johansen & Mojica MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Scirtothrips hectorgonzalezi Johansen & Mojica MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Scirtothrips longipennis (Bagnall) MX ( Johansen

and Mojica

Guzman, 19 98 ), HI ( C.M.I., 1985 ) CON US, PR ( Mound and Palmer, 1981 ) Joha nsen and

Mojica

Guzman, 1998 No N/A N/A

Scirtothrips mangiferaffinis Johansen & Mojica MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Scirtothrips martingonzalezi Johansen & Mojica MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara ( = S. uruapaniensis ; S. kupandae ; S. manihotifloris ; S. tacambarensis ; S. aguacatae ) 24 MX ( Waite

and Barrera, 2002 ), CON US, HI ( CABI, 2011a ) Waite and

Barrera, 2002 CON US,

HI: N o PR: Yes F ( Waite and

Barrera, 200 2 ) Yes

Scirtothrips silvatropicalis Johansen & Mojica MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

24 Taxonomy is based on Stevenson, 1975 )

.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 38 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Scirtothrips silvicola Johansen & Mojica MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Scirtothrips totonacus Johansen & Mojica MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Scirtothrips willihennigi Johansen & Mojica MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Scirtothrips zacualtipanensis Johansen & Mojica MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 Yes Fl, L ( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ) No

Scolothrips sexmaculatus (Pergande) MX

( Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ), US ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ) Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 N o N/A N/A

Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) MX

( MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ), US ( Whiley et al., 2002 ) Whiley et al.,

2002 No N/A N/A

Thrips palmi Karny MX, CON US (CA, FL, TX), HI, PR ( CABI, 2011a ) CABI, 2011a [Yes] F, L, S ( CABI, 2011a ) Yes

Thrips tabaci Lindeman MX ( Peña et

al., 2002 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ) Peña et al.,

2002 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 39 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? FUNGI and CHROMISTANS Albonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Broome) Rossman & Samuels (= Calonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Broome) Sacc; Nectria rigidiuscula Berk. & Broome) Anamorph: Fusarium decemcellulare C. Brick MX ( CABI,

2011a ; Farr et al., 2013 ) CONUS (OK, FL) ( Farr et al., 2013 ; Ploetz, 1996 ), PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) Ohr et al.,

2003 ; Pegg et al., 2002 No 25 F ( Ohr et al., 2003 ; Pegg et al., 2002 ) Yes

Armillaria mellea (Vah1:Fr.) P. Kumm. MX ( Alvarez,

1976 ; CABI, 2011a ), CONUS ( CABI/EPPO, 1997 ; Farr et al., 2013 ), HI ( Farr et al., 2013 ) Alvarez,

1976 ; Pegg et al., 2002 ; Teliz, 2000 PR : Yes

CONUS, HI : No R, S (lower)

( CABI, 2011a ) No

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbr. (= Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) Anamorph: Corticium rolfsii Curzi MX, CONUS,

HI, PR ( C.M. I., 1969 ) Alfieri Jr. et

al., 1984 No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. & Duggar MX, CONUS,

HI ( Farr et al., 2 013 ) Menge and

Ploetz, 2003 PR : Yes

CONUS, HI : No S ( Alvarez,

1976 ; Rodriguez, 1972 ; Teliz, 2000 ); No

Dialonectria episphaeria (Tode : Fr.) Cooke (= Fusarium episphaeria (Tode : Fr.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen) MX ( Vidales

Fernández, 2009 ), US ( Farr et al., 2013 ) Vidales

Fernández, 2009 No N/A N/A

25 In 2012, A. ridiguscula was de

- regulated in the United States (PestID, 2012).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 40 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. : Fr. MX ( Fernando

Ceja Torres et al., 2000 ), CONUS, PR ( UGA, 2011 ), HI ( HEAR, 2005 ) Fernando

Ceja Torres et al., 2 000 No N/A N/A

Fusarium roseum Link : Fr. MX (Vidales

Fernández, 2009), US (Farr, 2011) Vidales

Fernández, 2009 No N/A N/A

Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis : Fr) P. Karst. MX ( Morales

Garcia, 1989 ), CONUS, HI ( Farr et al., 2013

, UGA, 2010b ), PR ( Farr et al., 2013 ) Bigel ow et

al., 1998 No N/A N/A

Gibberella intricans Wollenw. Anamorph: Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. MX ( Fernando

Ceja Torres et al., 2000 ), CONUS ( Farr et al., 2013 ), PR ( UGA, 2011 ), HI ( USDA

- FS, 2004 ) Fernando

Ceja Torres et al., 2000 No N/A N/A

Glomerella acutata Guerber & J.C. Correll Anamorph: Colletotrichum

acutatum J. H. Simmonds MX ( Avila

Quezada et al., 2007 ), US ( Farr et al., 2013 ) Avila

Quezada et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Glomerella cingulata (Stone.) Spauld. & H. Schren Anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. & Sacc. (Penz.) MX

( Fucikovsky and Luna, 1987 ; Ploetz

e t al., 1994 ; PestID, 2011 ), CONUS, HI, PR ( UGA, 2010b ) PestID, 2011 ;

Ploetz et al., 1994 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 41 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman Anamorph: Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. MX ( Fernando

Ceja Torres et al., 2000 ), US ( Farr et al., 2013 ; UGA, 2011 ) Fernando

Ceja Torr es et al., 2000 No N/A N/A

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (= Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat., Diplodia natalensis Pole

- Evans) MX, CONUS

( Diffie et al., 2008 ), HI ( Diffie et al., 2008 ; HEAR, 2005 ), PR ( Diffie et al., 2008 ; Stevenson, 1975 ) Ohr et al.,

2003 No N/A N/A

Mycosphaerella
perseae L.E. Miles MX ( Farr et

al., 2013 ; Teliz, 2000 ), CONUS (FL) ( Farr et al., 2013 ), PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) Farr et al.,

2013 ; Stevenson, 1975 HI : Yes

CONUS, PR: No L ( Stevenson,

1975 ; Teliz, 2000 ) No

Neonectria ditissima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman (= Nectria galligena Bres ) MX (Vidales

Fernández, 2009), US ( Farr et al., 2013 ) Vidales

Fernández, 2009 No T ( Vidales

Fernández, 2009) No

Pestalotiopsis adusta (Ellis & Everh.) Steyaert MX ( PestID,

2011 ), US ( Farr et al., 2013 ) PestID, 2011 ;

Teliz, 2000 No N/A N/A

Pestalotiopsis versicolor (Speg .) Steyaert (= Pestalotia versicolor Speg.) MX ( Teliz,

2000 ), CONUS (FL) ( Alfieri Jr. et al., 1984 ), PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) Teliz, 2000 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 42 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Phyllachora gratissima Rehm. MX ( PestID,

2011 ; Teliz, 2000 ), PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) PestID, 2011 ;

Teliz, 2000 [Yes] L ( Farr et al., 2013

, Teliz, 2000 ) No

Phyllosticta micropuncta Cooke (= P. perseae Ellis & G. Martin) MX ( Teliz,

2000 ), CONUS ( Farr et al., 2013 ) Teliz, 2000 HI, PR : Yes CONUS : No L ( Farr et al.,

2013 ; Teliz, 2000 ) No

Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert (= Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Duggar) MX ( Morales

Garcia, 1989 ), CONUS ( CABI, 2011a ; UGA, 2010b ) Morales

Garcia, 1989 ; Teliz, 2000 No R ( Teliz, 2000 ) No

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands MX ( Morales

Garcia, 1989 ), CONUS, HI, PR ( UGA, 2010b ) Ploetz et al.,

1994 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora citricola Sawada 26 MX

( Fucikovsky and Luna, 1987 ; Oudemans, 19 94 ), CONUS, HI ( Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ) Erwin and

Ribeiro, 1996 ; Ploetz et al., 1994 PR : Yes

CONUS, HI : No F, S ( Erwin

and Ribeiro, 1996 ; Faber et al., 1997 ; Fucikovsky and Luna, 1987 ) Yes

Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (= P. parasitica Dastur) MX, CONUS,

HI, PR ( Farr et al., 2013 ) Erwin and

Ribeiro, 1996 No N/A N/A

26 Phytophthora citricola is present in hosts other avocado in the United States and Hawaii ( Farr et al., 2013 ). Phytophthora citricola has long been considered a complex of subgroups and Hong et al. ( 2009 ) found that the avocado subgroup of Phytophthora constituted a distinct species from P. citricola . They reassigned that subgroup
to a new s pecies Phytophthora mengei Browne, Gallegly, Hong. In that work, however, only avocado isolates from CA were used, and it is unclear if P. citricola isolates from MX would test the same. Therefore, we treated them here as P. citricola

.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 43 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Phytophthora heveae A. Thomps. 27 MX ( Abad,

2011 ; Ochoa

A scencio et al., 2011 ), CONUS ( Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ) Abad, 2011 ;

Erwin an d Ribeiro, 1996 ; Fernando Ceja Torres et al., 2000 ; Ochoa

Ascencio et al., 2011 PR, HI :

Yes CONUS : No F ( Erwin and

Ribeiro, 1996 ; Fernando Ceja Torres et al., 2000 ), S ( Fernando Ceja Torres et al., 2000 ) Yes

Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Butler) E. J. Butler MX, CONUS,

HI, PR ( Farr et al., 2013 ) Erwin and

Ribeiro, 1996 No N/A N/A

Pseudocercospora
purpurea (Cooke) Deighton (= Cercospora
purpurea Cooke) MX

( Fucikovsky and Luna, 1987 ), CONUS ( Ploetz et al., 1994 ), HI ( Gonsalves and Ferreira, 1994a ), PR ( CABI, 2011a ) Fucikovsky

and Luna, 1987 ; Ploetz et al., 1994 No N/A N/A

Pythium ultimum Trow MX ( C.M.I.,

1981 ), CONUS, HI, PR ( C.M.I., 1981 ) French, 1989 No N/A N/A

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. : Fr.) Vuill. Syn.: R. nigricans Ehrenb. MX, CONUS,

HI, PR ( Farr et al., 2013 ) Ohr et al.,

2003 No N/A N/A

27 The Phytophthora species that occur on avocado in Mexico is an ongoing study

. P hytophthora boehmeriae has been reported on avocado in Mexico ( Coria Avalos, 1985 ; Romero Cova and Solis Aragon, 1996 ; Teliz, 2000 ), but these reports were thought to be mis

- identifications ( Abad, 2009 ; Coffey, 2009 ) , and recently the species found on avocado in Mexico was confirmed to be Phytophthora heveae ( Abad, 2011 ; Ochoa

- Ascencio et al., 2011 )

. Some references place P

. heveae as a synonym of P

. palmivora ( CABI, 2011a

, 2011b ); however, molecular work puts them in different clades ( Kang, 2011 ). They also have morphological differences ( Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ). Phytophthora heveae is reported from the continental United States ( Farr et al., 2013

, Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ). Records of P

. heveae in Hawaii and Puerto Rico were not found; however, confusion with closely related species may be affecting distribution records.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 44 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. Black MX ( C.M.I.,

1985 ), PR ( C.M.I., 1 985 ; Stevenson, 1975 ) Ploetz et al.,

1994 ; Teliz, 2000 CONUS,

HI : Yes PR : No R ( Ploetz et

al., 1994 ) No

Rosellinia necatrix Prill. Anamorph: Dematophora necatrix R. Hartig MX ( C.M.I.,

1987 ), CONUS ( C.M.I., 1987 ; Ploetz et al., 1994 ) Ploetz et al.,

1994 ; Teliz, 2000 HI, PR :

Yes CONUS : No R ( Ploetz et

al., 1994 ) No

Rosellinia pepo Pat. MX ( C.M.I., 1968 ), PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) Ploetz et al.,

1994 CONUS,

HI : Yes PR : No R ( Ploetz et

al., 1994 ) No

Sphaceloma perseae Jenkins MX

( Fucikovsky and Luna, 1987 ; PestID, 2011 ), CONUS ( C.M. I., 1986a ), PR ( C.M.I., 1986a ; Stevenson, 1975 ) PestID, 2011 ;

Teliz, 2000 HI : Yes

CONUS, PR : No F ( Pegg et al.,

2002 ; PestID, 2011 ), L ( Pegg et al., 2002 ) Yes

Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk Anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani Kühn MX ( Alvarez,

1976 ), CONUS, HI, PR ( Farr et al., 2013 ; UGA, 2010b ) Alvarez,

1976 ; Farr et al., 2013 No N/A N/A

Verticillium albo

atrum Reinke & Bert. MX ( Morales

Garcia, 1989 ), CONUS, HI ( UGA, 20 10b ); PR ( C.M.I., 1986b ) Morales

Garcia, 1989 ; Teliz, 2000 No N/A N/A

BACTERIA AND PHYTOPLASMAS Agrobacteriurn tumefaciens (Smith & Town.) Conn MX ( Alvarez,

1976 ), CONUS, PR, HI ( UGA, 2010a ) Teliz, 2000 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 45 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? Erwinia carotovora subsp. c arotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. (= Pectobacterium

carotovorum subsp.
carotovorum (Jones) Hauben et al. emend. Gardan et al.) MX ( CABI,

2011a ), H I ( CABI, 2011a ; HEAR, 2005 ), CONUS, PR ( CABI, 2011a ; UGA, 2010a ) Bradbury,

1986 No N/A N/A

Erwinia herbicola (Lijhnis) Dye (= Pantoea agglomerans (Ewing and Fife) Gavini) MX

( Fucikovsky and Luna, 1987 ), CONUS ( CABI, 2011a ), PR ( University of Puerto Rico, 2001 ), HI ( HEAR, 2005 ) Fucikovsky

and Luna, 1987 No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall MX

( Fucikovsky and Luna, 1987 ), CONUS, PR ( C.M.I., 1988 ), HI ( HEAR, 2005 ) Bradbury,

1986 No N/A N/A

NEMATODES Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne MX ( CABI,

2011a ), CONUS (CA, FL, TX) ( NGD C, 1984 ), HI, PR ( Williams and Granara d e Willink, 1992 ) Williams and

Granara de Willink, 1992 [Yes] R ( Williams and Gra nara de Willink, 1992 ) No

VIRUSES and VIROIDS Avocado sunblotch viroid MX

( Fucikovsky and Luna, 1987 ), CONUS (CA, FL) ( Ploetz et al., 1994 ) Ploetz et al.,

1994 HI, PR :

Yes CONUS : No All plant parts

including seed ( Ploetz et al., 1994 ; Dodds et al., 2006 ) YesPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 46 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Host association Actionable

pest 2

, 3 Plant part(s)

association 4 , 5 On

harvested commodity? ALGAE Cephaleuros virescens Ktz. MX ( PestID,

2011 ), CONUS ( Holcomb et al., 1997 ; Nelson, 2008 ); PR ( Morton, 1987a ), HI ( Nelson, 2008 ) PestID, 2011 ;

Nelson, 2008 No N/A N/A



### 2. 3

. N otes on p ests i dentified in the p est l ist

Armored scales : We did not further analyze the armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) identified in this risk assessment as quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway ( Abgrallaspis aguacatae , A

. perseae , Acutaspis albopicta

, A

. scutiformis

, A

. aliena

, Diaspis miranda

, Diaspis
sp. near miranda

, Hemiberlesia diffinis

, Hemiberlesia sp. near latania

, Melanaspis deklei , and M

. squamea ), because armored scales are highly unlikely to establish via this pathway due to their very limited ability to disperse to new host plants ( Miller et a l., 1985 ; PERAL, 2007 ). Only a certain immature form of armored scales, the crawler stage, can self

- disperse. Crawlers are highly unlikely to successfully disperse by walking from their natal host since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces. They are typically disperse d from plant to plant by wind. Additionally, their dispersal period is limited to approximately 24 hours, after which they start feeding, become firmly anchored to the host tissue, and lose their legs. Adult females have no wings or legs. Dispersal from fruit discarded into the en vironment is highly unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peels.

2. 4

. P ests selected for further analysis

We identif

ied 18 pests for further analysis (Table 2 ). All of these organisms are actionable pests for the continental United States, Hawaii

, and /or Puerto Rico and have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity plant part(s) at the time of harvest and remaining with the commodity, in via ble form, throughout the harvesting process

.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 47 Table 2

. Pe sts selected for further analysis

. Type Pest Classification Pest Scientific Name Actionable pest for: CONUS HI PR Arthropods Coleoptera: Curculionidae Conotrachelus aguacatae    Conotrachelus perseae    Conotrachelus serpentinus   Copturus aguacatae    Heilipus lauri    Hemiptera: Coccidae Philephedra lutea  Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Maconellicoccus hirsutus    Paracoccus marginatus    Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae Stenoma catenifer    Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Cryptaspasma perseana    Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Pseudophilothrips perseae   

Thysanoptera: Thripidae Scirtothrips aceri   Scirtothrips perseae  Thrips palmi    Fungi a nd Chromistans Phytophthora citricola  Phytophthora heveae   Sphaceloma perseae 
Viroids Avocado sunblotch viroid  



## 3. Assessing Pest Risk Potential

3.1

. Introduction

For each pest selected for further analysis, we estimate its overall pest risk potential. Risk is described by the likelihood of an adverse event

, the magnitude of the consequences , and uncertainty

. In this risk assessment, we first determine for each pest if there is an endangered area within the import area. The endangered area is defined as the portion of the import area where ecological factors favor the establishment of the pest and where the presence of the pest will result in economically important l osses. Then we determine the overall risk of each pest using two separate components: 1) the likelihood of its introduction into the endangered area on the imported commodity (i.e., the likelihood of an adverse event), and 2) the consequences of its introduction (i.e., the magnitude of the consequences). In general, we assess both of these components for each pest. However, if we determine that the ri sk of either of these components is negligible, it is not necessary to assess the other, as the overall pest risk potential would be negligible regardless of the result of the second component.

The likelihood and consequences of introduction are assessed using different approaches. For the consequences of introduction, we determine if the pest meets the threshold (Yes/No) of likely causing unacceptable consequences of introduction. This determination is based on estimatingPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 48 the potential conseq uences of introduction in terms of physical losses (rather than monetary losses). The threshold is based on a proportion of damage rather than an absolute value or amount. Pests that are like to impact at least 10 percent of the production of one or more h osts are deemed “threshold pests.”

For likelihood of introduction, which is based on the likelihoods of entry and establishment, we qualitatively assess risk using the ratings Negligible, Low, Medium, and High. The risk factors comprising the model for l ikelihood of introduction are interdependent and, therefore, the model is multiplicative rather than additive. Thus, if any one risk factor is rated as Negligible, then the overall likelihood will be Negligible. For the overall likelihood of introduction r isk rating, we define the different categories as follows: High: P est introduction is highly likely to occur. Medium: Pest introduction is possible , but for that to happen, the exact combination of required events needs to occur

. Low: Pest introduction is unlikely to occur because one or more of the required events are unlikely to happen, or the full combination of required events is unlikely to align properly in time and space

. Negligible: Pest introduction is highly unlikely to occur given the exact combi nation of events required for successful introduction

.

3.2. Assessment r esults

3.2. 1

. Avocado sunblotch viroid We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Low. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. We determined that the establishment of a vocado sunblotch viroid in Hawaii and Puerto Rico is likely to cause unacceptable impacts . We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

Determination of the portion of Hawaii and Puerto Rico endan gered by a vocado sunblotch viroid Climatic suitability Avocado sunblotch viroid is present in Australia, South America (Peru,

Venezuela), Africa (South Africa), Asia (Israel)

, Europe (Spain), Mexico, and the continental United States (Florida and California) ( Dale J.L et al., 1982 ; Dodds et al., 2006 ; Lopez

- Herrera, 1987 ; Torr e

- A, 2009 ). A comparison of these regions with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones ( Magarey et al., 2008 ) indicates that establishment may occur throughout H awaii and Puerto Rico

. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Avocado is the only known natural host for a vocado sunblotch viroid

( Dale J.L et al., 1982 ). Avocados are grown in Hawaii and Puerto Rico ( NRCS, 2013 ). Economically important hosts at risk a 

### Avocados are an economically important crop grown in Hawaii and

Puerto Rico ( Crane et al., 2010 ; NASS, 2009 ).

Pest po tential on economically important hosts at Avocado sunblotch viroid is a minor problem where tree certification

programs exist ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 )

. If propagation material is not persistently kept clean

, however, it can become a severe and widespreadPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 49 risk problem ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ). The viroid typically c auses the

following: abnormal tree growth; red, yellow, pink or white streaks on young branches; leaves may become bleached in appearance and fruit may develop white, yellow, or red blotches/depressions ( Dodds et al., 2006 ; Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ). Some trees may become symptomless after expressing symptoms, and som e infected trees remain symptomless carriers

, complicating surveillance/management ( Dodds et al., 2006 ). Both symptomless and symptomatic trees will have “greatly” reduced yields ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ) or may have a heavy fruit set of small fruit ( Dodds et al., 2006 ). Defined Endangered Area The endangered area encompasses avocado production throughout

Hawaii and Puerto Rico.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of a vocado sunblotch viroid into the Hawaii and Puerto Rico via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Low MU Avocado sunblotch viroid is systemic in the host tree and infected trees are often stunted and exhibit a sprawling growth. All infected trees, symptomless or not, usually have greatly reduced yield ( Dodds et al., 2006 ). Fucikovsky and Luna ( Fucikovsky and Luna, 1987 ) reported that a vocado sunblotch viroid was understudi ed in Mexico due to its extremely low incidence. We found no

a dditional reports. Hence, w e rated t he pest prevalence as L ow. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- har vest processing before shipment Low MC Specific guidelines indicate a strict policy of inspection, cutting, and culling of avocado fruit in the packinghouse to detect various pests that may be contaminating the fruit ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ). Symptomatic avocado fruit are highly likely to be culled, but symptomless fruit would go undete cted. Consequently, we did not change the previous rating (A1)

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and Low C No transport or storage conditions have been provided that may reduce thePest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 50 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) storag e conditions of the consignment prevalence of a vo cado sunblotch viroid on the fruit (see Section 1.4 : Description of pathway). Typical shipping conditions for avocado seem unlikely to affect the viroid

. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Low N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Low M C Avocado is t he only known natural host for this viroid and it has no known vectors ( Dale J.L et al., 1982 ; Dodds et al., 2006 ). The p rimary means of dispersal is graft transmission or natural root grafts in the field ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ). The viroid is seed transmitted at high rates (estimated 80

- 100 percent) with symptomless trees and only occasionally with trees expres sing symptoms ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ). To in fect other avocado trees, seeds from d iscarded fruit (with seeds) would need to germinate and survive, and be in close
pro ximity to other avocado plants. Pollen transmission is reported but only affects fruit; no other parts of the tree ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ). Given the limited host range and the l imited ability for natural dispersal, the likelihood of coming into contact with host material is Low. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area Low MC Less than 10 percent of the population (including the continental United States) lives in the endangered area. Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Low N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Low N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=UncertainPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 51 Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Avocado sunblotch viroid into Hawaii and Puerto Rico (i.e., the PRA area) Criteria Meets criteria? (Y/N) Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Direct Impacts Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes MC Avocado sunblotch viroid is a minor problem where tree certification programs exist. However, if persistent efforts are not utilized to keep propagation material clean, it can become a severe and widespread problem ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ). Damages as listed under p est potential on economically important hosts above indicate that i f Avocado sunblotch viroid were introduced into Hawaii or Puerto Rico it would be an additional pathogen to screen for in propagation/certification schemes. Due to the complications of symptomless carriers and yield reductions it is likely this viroi d would have a significant damage potential. Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes MU Avocado sunblotch can be spread
t hrough mechanical transmission (up to 30%), root grafting, pollen transmission, and seed transmission (especially with symptomless carriers) ( Dodds e t al., 2006 ). S ymptomless carriers may also contribute to spread potential ( Dodds et al., 2006 )

. Spatial analysis of the USDA avocado germplasm collection found the effective range of spre ad for a vocado sunblotch viroid increased more than threefold during a 13 ye ar span and despite strict sanitation procedures, incidence of the viroid increased ( Schnell, 2 011 ). The wide geographic distribution of a vocado sunblotch viroid ( see Climatic suitability above) suggests it would not be limited should it become introduced into Hawaii or Puerto Rico.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 52 Criteria Meets criteria? (Y/N) Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

Trade Impacts Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phytosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

Conclusion Is the pest likely to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 2

. Conotrachelus aguacatae Based on the current systems approach used in Mexico, w e determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Negligible. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible, no analysis of consequences of introduction
was necessary.

Determination of the portion of the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico endangered by Conotrachelus aguacatae Climatic suitability Conotrachelus aguacatae is only known to occur in Mexico, specifically

central Mexico ( O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982 ; Whitehead, 1979 ). A comparison of this region with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones ( Magarey et al., 2008 ) indicates that establishment in the continental United States may occur in Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11. Additionally, the climate throughout Hawaii and Puerto Ric o appear suitable for establishment of C. aguacatae

. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area The only known host of C. aguacatae is avocado ( Persea americana )

( CABI, 2013 ). In the continental United States, avocado is primarily grown in California ( NASS, 2009 ) and Florida ( NRCS, 2013 ), but may also be found in Texas ( Crane et al., 2010 ). Avocados are also commercially grown in Hawaii ( NASS, 2009 ; NRCS, 2013 ) and Puerto Rico ( Crane et al., 2010 ; NRCS, 2013 ). These areas all fall within the regions determined to be suitable for establishment of C. aguacatae

.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 53 Economically important hosts at risk a 

### Avocados are an economically important crop grown in the continental

United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico ( Boriss et al., 2013 ; Crane et al., 2010 ; NASS, 2009 ). Pest potential on economically important hosts at risk Up to 85 percent fruit loss has b een documented ( Peña, 1998 ).

Defined Endangered Area The endangered area includes avocados grown throughout Hawaii and

Puerto Rico, as well as in California, Florida, and Texas in the continental United States.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 201 3 ; #3 ).



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Conotrachelus aguacatae into the endangered area via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Low C T he systems approach outlined in

s ection 1.4 includes specific measures for surveys and inspections to detect
any presence of this pest in the field ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ). Orchards in which C. aguacatae is detected would not be eligible for export certification. Conotrachelus aguacatae would therefore always have a low association with these harvested ‘Hass’ avocados for export. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

harvest processing before shipment Negligible C G uidelines call for strict inspection, cutting, and culling of avocado fruit in the packinghouse ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 )

, which appear to be effective

. A ny C

. aguacatae infesting harvested fruit are highly likely to be detect ed and removed from the pathway in the packinghouse. Consequently

, we decreased the previous rating (A1) from Low to Negligible , and the analysis of this pest stops here. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storag e conditions of the consignment N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 54 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 3

. Conotrachelus perseae Based on the current systems approach used in Mexico, w e determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Negligible. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible, no analysis of consequences of introduction
was necessary

.

Determination of the portion of the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico endangered by Conotrachelus perseae Climatic suitability Conotrachelus perseae is currently established in Mexico, Costa Rica,

Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua ( O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982 ; Whitehead, 1979 ). A comparison of these regions with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones ( Magarey et al., 2008 ) indicates that establishment in the continental United States may occur in Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11. Additionally, the climate throughout Hawaii and Puerto Rico appear s suitable for establis hment of C. perseae

. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Conotrachelus perseae is an important pest of avocado ( Waite and

Barrera, 2002 ; Whitehead, 1979 ). In the continental United States, avocado is primarily grown in California ( NASS, 2009 ) and Florida ( NRCS, 2013 ), but may also be found in Texas ( Crane et al., 2010 ). Avocados are also commercially grown in Hawaii ( NASS, 2009 ; NRCS, 2013 ) and Puerto Rico ( Crane et al., 2010 ; NRCS, 2013 ). These areas all fall within the regions determined to be s uitable for establishment of C.
perseae

.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 55 Economically important hosts at risk a 

### Avocados are an economically important crop grown in the continental

United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico ( Boriss et al., 2013 ; Crane et al., 2010 ; NASS, 2009 ). Pest potential on economically important hosts at risk Infestations of C. perseae may result in losses of up to 80 percent in

avocado ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ).

Defined Endangered Area The endangered area includes avocados grown throughout Hawaii and

Puerto Rico, as well as in California, Florida, and Texas in the continental U nited States.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Conotrachelus perseae into the endangered area via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rati ng and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Low C T he systems approach outlined in section 1.4 includes specific measures for surveys and inspections to detect any presence of this pest in the field ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ). Orchards in which C. perseae is detected would not be eligible for export certification. Conotrachelus
perseae would therefore always have a low association with harvested ‘Hass’ avocados for export into the United States. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Negligible C G uidelines call for strict inspection, cutting, and culling of avocado fruit in the packinghouse ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ), and which appear to be effective

. A ny C

. perseae infesting harvested fruit

are highly likely to be detect ed and removed from the pathway in the packinghouse. Consequently

, we decreased the previous rating (A1) from Low to Negligible , and the analysis of this pest stops here. Risk Element A3: Likelihood N /A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 56 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rati ng and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) of surviving transport and storag e conditions of the consignment Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 4

. Conotrachelus serpentinus Based on the current systems approach used in Mexico for other Conotrachelus species of

concern, w e determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Negligible

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible, no analysis of consequences of introduction was necessary.

Determination of the portion of Hawaii and Puerto Rico endangered by Conotrachelus serpentinus Climatic suitability Conotrachelus serpentinus is present in Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas,

Cuba, and Haiti ( Whitehead, 1979 ). A comparison of this region with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones ( Magarey et al., 2008 ) indicates that establishment is possible throughout Hawaii and Puerto Rico for establishment of C. serpentinus

. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Conotrachelus serpentinus may attack avocados ( Persea americana ) as

well as other Persea spp. ( Whitehead, 1979 ). Economic ally important hosts at risk a 

### Avocados are an economically important crop grown in the continental

United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico ( Boriss et al., 2013 ; Crane et al., 2010 ; NASS, 2009 ). Pest potential on economically important hosts at Conotrachelus serpentinus may damage avocado fruit, but the extent of

the damage that may be attributed to this species is unclear ( Whitehead, 1979 ). As indicated by Whitehead (1979), C. serpentinus is a potentialPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 57 risk pest of commercially produced avocado. Defined Endangered Area The endangered area includes avocados and Persea spp. grown

throughout Hawaii and Puerto Rico.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plant s ( IPPC, 2011 ).



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Conotrachelus serpentinus into the endangered area via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Low C The life cycle and association with avocado fruit of C. serpentinus appears to be the same as that of C. aguacatae and C. perseae ( Whitehead, 1979 ). T he systems approached outlined in s ection 1.4 includes specific measures for surveys and inspections to reduce prevalence of C. aguacatae and C.
perseae in the field ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ). Those s urveys should also detect this species ( Whitehead, 1979 ) , and detection should also result in rejection of the fruit

. Conotrachelus serpentinu s would therefore always have a low association with harvested ‘Hass’ avocados for export into the United States. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Negligible C G uidelines call for strict inspection, cutting, and culling of avocado fruit in the packinghouse to detect C. aguacatae and C.
perseae ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 )

. A ny C

. serpentinus escaping detection in the field are highly likely to be detect ed and removed from the pathway in the packinghouse. Consequently

, we dec reased the previous rating (A1) from Low to Negligible , and the analysis of this pest stops here. Risk Element A3: Likelihood N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 58 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 5

. Copturus aguacatae Based on the current systems approach used in Mexico, w e determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Negligible. We present the results of this assessment i n the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible, we did no t analyze the consequences of introduction.

Determination of the portion of the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico endangered by Copturus aguacatae Climatic suitability Copturus aguacatae occur s in Mexico and as far south as Guatemala ( Bravo

- Monzo n and Espinosa

- Garcia, 2008 ; Engstrand et al., 2010 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ). A comparison of this regi on with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones ( Magarey et al., 2008 ) indicates that establishment in the continental United States may occur in Zones 9

- 11. Ad ditionally, the climate throughout Hawaii and Puerto Rico appear suitable for establishment of C. aguacatae

. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area The only known host of C. aguacatae is avocado ( Persea americana ) ( Bravo

- Monzon and Espinosa

- Garcia, 2008 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ). In the co ntinental United States, avocado is primarily grown in California ( NASS, 2009 ) and Florida ( NRCS, 2013 ), but may also be found in Texas ( Crane et al., 2010 ). Avocados are also commercially grown in Hawaii ( NASS, 2009 ; NRCS, 2013 ) and Puerto Rico ( CranePest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 59 et al., 2010 ; NRCS, 2013 ). These areas all fall within the regions determined to be suitable for establishment of C. aguacatae

. Economically imp ortant hosts at risk a 

### Avocados are an economically important crop grown in the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico ( Boriss et al., 2013 ; Crane et al., 2010 ; NASS, 2009 ). Pest potential on economically important hosts at risk Copturus aguacatae is an important pest of avocado in Mexico, reducing yield s and potentially killing trees ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ).

Defined Endangered Area The endangered area includes avocados grown throughout Hawaii and Puerto Rico, as well as in California, Florida, and Texas in the continental United States.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC , 2011 ).



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Copturus aguacatae into the endangered area via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Low C Larvae bore into the stems of avocado fruit and may be found in the stem close to the fruit , but this apparently only occurs under heavy infestations ( PERAL, 2005 ). The systems approach outlined in s ection 1.4 includes specific measures for surveys and inspections to eliminate prevalence of this pest in the field. Also, s tems associated with fruit for export to the United States must be less than 1⁄2 inch long ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ) . Overall, then, C. aguacatae is likely to have a low association with harvested avocado fruit

. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Negligible C G uidelines call for strict inspection, cutting, and culling of avocado fruit in the packinghouse ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 )

. A ny C

. aguacatae escaping detection in the field are highly likely to be detect ed and removed from the pathway in the packinghouse. Consequently

, we decreased the previous rating (A1)Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 60 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) from Low to Negligible , and the analysis of this pest stops here. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment N/A N/A

Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 6

. Cryptaspasma perseana Based on the current systems approach used in Mexico for other quarantined pests of concern,

w e determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Negligible. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible, no analysis of con sequences of introduction was necessary.

Determination of the portion of the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico endangered by Cryptaspasma perseana Climatic suitability Cryptaspasma perseana is distributed in Michoacán

, Mexico

, and central

Guatemala ( Gilligan et al., 2011 ). A comparison of that region with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones ( Magarey et al., 2008 ) indicates that establishment in the continental United States may occur in Zones 9

- 11. Additionally, the climates of Hawaii and Puerto Rico appear suitabl e for establishment of C. perseana

. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area The only known host of C. perseana is avocado ( Persea americana )

( Gilligan et al., 2011 )

. In the continental United States, avocado is primarily grown in California ( NASS, 2009 ) and Florida ( NRCS, 2013 ), but may also be found in Texas ( Crane et al., 2010 ). Avocado s are alsoPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 61

commercially grown in Hawaii ( NASS, 2009 ; NRCS, 2013 ) and Puerto Rico ( Crane et al., 2010 ; NRCS, 2013 ). These areas all fall within the regions determined to be suitable for establishment of C. perseana

. Eco nomically important hosts at risk a 

### Avocados are an economically important crop grown in the continental

United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico ( Boriss et al., 2013 ; Crane et al., 2010 ; NASS, 2009 ). Pest potential on economically important hosts at risk As a newly identified species ( Gilligan et al., 2011 ), the pest potential of

C. perseana is unclear. L arvae in the fruit may easily be confused with that of S. catenifer ( Gilligan et al., 2011 ), indicating some potential for similar damage to occur. Defined Endangered Area The endangered area includes avocados grown throughout Hawaii and

Puerto Rico, as well as in California, Florida, and Texas in the

con tinental United States.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Cryptaspasma perseana into the endangered area via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justifica tion for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Low M U Even though only newly described, C.
perseana was detected during avocado surveys for S. catenifer ( Gilligan et al., 2011 ). T he inspections currently required by 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30 (2011) for other avocado fruit pests such as S. catenifer are likely to also detect infestations of C. perseana

. The addition of this species to the CFR requirements would therefore result in a low association with harvested fruit for export . Because it i s a newly described species, we have some uncertainty about this conclusion

. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- har vest processing before shipment Negligible M U T he packinghouse procedures ( culling, cutting, and inspections ) currently required by 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30 (2011) for other avocado fruit pests such as S. catenifer are highly li kely to also detect infestations of C. perseana

. Adding this species to the CFR requirementsPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 62 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justifica tion for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) is therefore highly likely to remove the pest from the pathway. Thus

, we decreased the previous rating (A1) by

o ne level from Low to Negligible, and the analysis of this pest stops here. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment N/A N/A

Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 7

. Heilipus lauri Based on the current systems approach used in Mexico, w e determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Negligible. We present the results of this assessment in th e table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible, no analysis of consequences of introduction
was necessary.

Determination of the portion of the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico endangered by Heilipus lauri Climatic su itability Heilipus lauri is only known to occur in Colombia and south

- central

Mexico ( Castañeda

- Vildózola et al., 2013 ). A comparison of this region with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones ( Magarey et al., 2008 ) indicates that establishment in the continental United States may occur in Zones 9

- 11. Additionally, the climate s in Hawaii and Puerto Rico appear suitable for establishment of H. lauri

. Potential hosts at Heilipus lauri is an important pest of avocado ( Castañeda

- Vildózola etPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 63 risk in PRA Area al., 2013 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ). In the continental United States,

avocado is primarily grow n in California ( NASS, 2009 ) and Florida ( NRCS, 2013 ), but may also be found in Texas ( Crane et al., 2010 ). Avocados are also commercially grown in Hawaii ( NASS, 2009 ; NRCS, 2013 ) and Puerto Rico ( Crane et al., 2010 ; NRCS, 2013 ). These areas all fall within the regions determined to be suitable for establishment of H. lauri

. Economically important hosts at risk a 

### Avocados are an economically important crop grown in the continental

United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico ( Boriss et al., 2013 ; Crane et al., 2010 ; NASS, 2009 ). Pest potential on economically important hosts at risk Infestations of H. lauri may result in losses of up to 80 percent in

avocado ( Castañeda

- Vildo zola et al., 2013 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ).

Defined Endangered Area The endangered area includes avocados grown throughout Hawaii and

Puerto Rico, as well as in California, Florida, and T exas in the continental United States.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Heilipus lauri into the endangered area via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Jus tification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Low C Heilipus lauri is a major pest of avocado fruit in Mexico ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ), though it is not known to occur in Michoacân ( Castañeda

Vildozola et al., 2013 )

. T he systems approach outlined in section 1.4 includes specific measures for surveys and inspections to reduce prevalence of this pest in the field ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ). Orchards in which H. lauri is det ected would not be eligible for export certification. Heilipus lauri is therefore likely to have a low association with harvested ‘Hass’ avocados for export into the United States. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Negligible C Specific guidelines indicate a strict policy of inspection, cutting, and culling of avocado fruit in thePest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 64 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Jus tification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) packinghouse ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ) that have been shown to be effective

. A ny H. lauri infesting harvested fruit are highly likely to be detect ed and removed from the pathway in the packinghouse. Based on this evidence, we decreased the previous rating (A1) by o ne level from Low to Negligible, and the analysis of this pest stops here. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment N/A N/A

Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 8

. Maconellicoccus hirsutus Maconellicoccus hirsutus is considered a reportable/actionable pest at all U.S. ports of entry ( PestID, 2013 ). Reported as a pest of ‘Hass’ avocado in Mexico that may be associated with harvested fruit (CABI, 2011a; Sagarra and Peterkin, 1999 ) , the PRA area at risk includes the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Presence of M. hirsutus in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and some portions of the continental United States reduces the potential endangered area to some portions of the contine ntal United States as described below. N o endangered area exists in either Hawaii or Puerto Rico.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 65 We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium . We present the results of this assessment in the table below. We also determined that the establishment of M

. hirsutus in the endangered area within the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

Determination of the portion of the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico endangered by Maconellicoccus hirsutus Climatic suitability Maconellicoccus hirsutus is present in many parts of Asia, Africa,

Oceania, the Middle East, and the Caribbean and in some parts of the southern and western United States (CABI, 2012). Based on this distribution, we estimate that it may establish in the United States throughout Plant Hardiness Zones 7

- 11.

Maconellicoccus hirsutus is already established outdoors in some states considered to be at risk in the continental United States. Each of these states report the use of biological control efforts to reduce or maintain impact levels below economic status. These states include Cal ifornia ( Roltsch et al., 2006 ), Florida ( Hoy et al., 2011 ), Georgia ( Horton, 2008 ), Louisiana ( LDAF, 2006 ), South Carolina ( Chong, 2009 ), and Texas ( Burns et al., 2007 ). Maconellicoccus hirsutus is also already established outdoors in Hawaii and Puerto Rico ( Sagarra and Peterkin, 1999 ). Because of a lack of official control program (as defined by ISPM No. 5, IPPC, 2009 ), tho se areas are not endangered. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area The pest feeds on a large number of hosts in various families, including

ornamentals and native plants (CABI, 2012). Many of its hosts are widely distributed and abundant in the continental United States. Economically important hosts at risk a 

### Numerous economically important hosts grow in P lant H ardiness Z ones

7

- 11 in the United States, including citrus, avocado, cherry, plum, pepper, grapes, corn, beans and peas, eggplant, potato, cucumber, cabbage, squash, okra, and tomato (CABI, 2012). Pes t potential on economically important hosts at risk Where it is found in the United States, M. hirsutus is an economically

important pest ( Aristizabal et al., 2012 ). In India, M. hirsutus has caused economic losses in cotton, grapevine, mulberry, and pigeonpea (CABI, 2012). These hosts occu r in the United States in Zones 7

- 11. Defined Endangered Area Based on the current distribution of M. hirsutus in Hawaii and Puerto

Rico and the lack of official control in those regions, we determined no endangered area exists for Hawaii and Puerto Rico . In addition, the outdoor establishment and lack of official control in CA, FL, GA, LA, SC, and TX negate the potential for these states to be considered endangered. Therefore, for this risk assessment, the endangered area is considered to be a wide range of crops and environmental plants only in states within Plant Hardiness Zones 7

- 11 where M. hirsutus does not occur: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania,Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 66

Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plant s ( IPPC, 2011 ).



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Maconellicoccus hirsutus into the endangered area via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Low MC Avocado is not a regular field host for M. hirsutus : many reports indicate that avocados are at risk (e.g., CABI, 2013 ; EPPO, 2005 ; Hoy et al., 2011 ), but documentation of M. hirsutus on avocado trees occurs in only a few references (e.g., Sagarra and Peterkin, 1999 ). Tho se references , however, simply record presence on the plant with no ind ication of damage or infestation levels. Because of the low association of M. hirsutus with avocados , we rated prevalence as Low

. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- har vest processing before shipment Low MC Maconellicoccus hirsutus is a small, sessile external feeder (CABI, 2013). Inspection procedures outlined in Section 1.4 do not specify detection of small mealybugs, and are unlikely
to reduce the prevalence of this species, so we did not change the previous rating

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditi ons of the consignment Low MC Transport and storage conditions as described in Section 1.4 are not likely to affect pest populations. We did not change the previous rating (A2). Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Low N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Low MC The dispersing life stage of the pest has limited ability to disperse naturally. The sessile nature of M. hirsutus severely limit s the chance of contacting hosts ( Gullan and Kosztarab, 1997 ). SuccessfulPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 67 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) establishment of these insects in a new environment can occur only when mobile forms (i.e., crawlers) are present on the imported fruit and these frui t are placed in close proximity to a susceptible host. Because tho se circumstances are highly unlikely to co

- occur, M. hirsutus we rated this element Low. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U. S. population lives in the endangered

area. Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Maconellicoccus hirsutus into the continental United States (i.e., the PRA area) Criteria Meets criteria? (Y/N) Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Direct Impacts Risk Element C1: Damage
p otential in the endangered

area Yes C Crop production costs will significantly increase due to infestations of M. hirsutus ( Hoy et al., 20 11 ). Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes C The distribution of M. hirsutus is rapidly expanding through the movement of infested commodities or passenger baggage , particularly in regions where it has recently been introduced (e.g., Culik et al., 2013 ; Sagarra and Peterkin, 1999 ). Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 68 Criteria Meets criteria? (Y/N) Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Trade Impacts Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phytosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

Conclusion Is the pest likely to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 9

. Paracoccus marginatus Paracoccus marginatus is a reportable/actionable pest at all U.S. ports of entry ( PestID, 2013 ). Reported as a pest of ‘Hass’ avocado in Mexico that may be associated with harvested fruit (CABI, 2011a), the PRA area at risk includes the continent al United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Despite that, w e determined that no endangered area exists within those area s. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

Determination of the portion of the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico endangered by Paracoccus marginatus Climatic suitability Paracoccus marginatus is a tropical pest. It has been established

outdoors in Florida since 1998 ( Miller et al., 1999 ) , in Hawaii since 2004 ( Heu et al., 2007 ), and Puerto Rico since 2001 ( Pantoja et al., 2007 )

. Based on the tropical distribution of P. marginatus in Asia, northern Africa, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean ( Miller and Miller, 2002 ; Muniappan et al., 2009 ; Muniappan et al., 2008 ), we estimate that establishment may occur in Plant Hardiness Zones 10

- 11, as described by Magarey et al. (2008). Despite the lack of official control, and known movement of potential host plants from Florida to other regions ( Miller and Miller, 2002 ), P. marginatus is not spreading in the United States, and it is likely already est ablished in all of the regions suitable for population development. Defined Endangered Area Based on the current distribution of P. marginatus in the continental

United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico and lack of official control in these regions, we dete rmined that no endangered area exists

.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 69 3.2. 10

. Philephedra lutea We determined that no portion of Hawaii is likely to be endangered by Philephedra lutea because the pest does not pose a threat to any hosts of economic, e nvironmental, or social importance in the PRA area . Because no endangered area exists

, we did no t analy ze either the likelihood or consequences of introduction.

Determination of the portion of Hawaii endangered by Philephedra lutea Climatic suitability Philephedra lutea is present in Mexico, Guatemala, and the United States ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2013 ; Nakahara and Gill, 1985 ). In the United States, action is only required to Hawaii, the Virgin Islands, and the Pacific territories ( PestID, 2013 ). A comparison of this region with USDA Plant Hardine ss Zones ( Magarey et al., 2008 ) indicates that establishment could occur throughout Hawaii. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Potential hosts include Codiaeum variegatum

, Croton sp., Ficus sp., Magnolia sp., and Persea americana ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2013 ), which are all present in Hawaii ( Starr and Starr, n.d. ). Economically important hosts at risk a 

### In Hawaii, avocados are considered to be economically important ( Boriss et al., 20 13 ; Crane et al., 2010 ; NASS, 2009 )

. Pest potential on economically important hosts at risk We found v ery little information about P. lutea

. I t occurs in some regions of the United States and Mexico, but is only known from a few native plants and was no t economic ally important ( Nakahara and Gill, 1985 ). Despite multiple mentions of this species more recently (e.g., García et al., 2004 ; Garcia et al., 2006 ; Rosenblueth et al., 2012 ) we found no evidence that this species could cause economic harm. Consequently , we concluded that the pest potential on economically important hosts at risk is negligible. Defined Endangered Area We determined that no portion of Hawaii is likely to be endangered by P

. lutea because the pest does not pose a threat to any hosts of economic, environmental, or social importance in Hawaii.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “ec onomically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).



### 3.2. 11

. Phytophthora citricola Based on the current systems approach used in Mexico, w e determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Negligible. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Neg ligible, no analysis of consequences of introduction
was necessary.

Determination of the portion of Puerto Rico endangered by Phytophthora citricola Climatic suitability Phytophthora citricola is present in California, and Mexico, Hawaii, Taiwan, New Zea land, Australia, Japan, Greece, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom, Italy, Mexico, Canada, and Argentina ( Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ). Based on a comparison of this distribution with a global map of Plant Hardiness Zones ( Magarey et a l., 2008 ) , we estimate that it could establish throughout Puerto Rico

.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 70 Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Phytophthora citricola has a wide host range of woody tree and shrub hosts ( Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ). Potential hosts in Puerto Rico include Citrus spp., Hibiscus spp., Persea Americana

, Phaseolus vulgaris

, Psidium guajava

, Solanum lycopersicum

, and Vitis vinifera ( Erwin and Rib eiro, 1996 ; NRCS , 2013 ). Economically important hosts at risk a 

### Persea americana is an economically important crop in Puerto Rico ( Crane et al., 2010 ). Pest potential on economically import ant hosts at risk Phytophthora citricola causes trunk canker, collar rot , and fruit rot on avocado and , in general, is an important soilborne pathogen worldwide ( Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ; Bhat and Browne, 2007 )

. Defined Endangered Area The endangered area encompasses avocado production throughout Puerto Rico.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Phytophthora c i tricola into Puerto Rico via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Low MC L ow

- hanging fruit can be infec ted by irrigation water or by soil splash during heavy rains ( Faber et al., 1997 ). Infected fruit may eventually fall from the tree ( Fucikovsky and Luna, 1987 ). Since fruit is not the typical infection site and infected fruit may fall prior to harvest, we rated prevalence on t he harvested commodity as low

. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- har vest processing before shipment Negligible MC Specific guidelines indicate a strict policy of inspection, cutting, and culling of avocado fruit in the packinghouse ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 )

. Symptoms on fruit from P. citricola often develop before harvest

, a nd sometimes after harvest as fruit decay ( Faber et al., 1997 ) . T herefore

, infected fruits are highly likely to be removed from the pathway by the post

- harvest practices of inspection, cutting, and culling

. No Phytophthora
spp. have been intercepted with Mexican avocados permit cargoPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 71 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) ( PestID, 2013 ). Consequently, w e decreased the previous rating (A1) by one level from L ow to N eglible, and the analysis of this pest stops here. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storag e conditions of the consignment N/A N/A

Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 12

. Phytophthora heveae Phytophthora boehmeriae has been reported on avocado in Mexico ( Coria Avalos, 1985 ; Romero Cova and Solis Aragon, 1996 ; Teliz, 2000 ), but these reports were thought to be mi s

identifications ( Abad, 2009 ; Coffey, 2009 )

, and recently the species found on avocado in Mexico was confirmed to be Phytophthora hev eae ( Abad, 2011 ; Ochoa

- Ascencio et al., 2011 ). Some scientists think P

. heveae i s a synonym of P

. palmivora ( CABI, 2011a

, 2011b ) but they are actually in different clades ( Kang, 2011 ). They also have morphological differences ( Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ). Phytophthora heveae is reported in the continental United States ( Farr et al., 2013

, Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ) , but not in Hawaii and Puerto Rico

. Based on the current systems approach used in Mexico, w e determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Negligible. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible, no analysis of consequences of introduction
was necessary.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 72 Determination of the portion of Puerto Rico and Hawaii endangered by Phytophthora heveae Climatic suitability Phytophthora heveae is present in Malaysia, New Zealand, New Guinea, Brazil, Ivory Coast, Australia, India, Guatemala, Taiwan, China, and the continental United States ( Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ; Ko et al., 2006 )

. A comparison of these regions with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones ( Magarey et al., 2008 ) indicates that establis hment may occur throughout Puerto Rico and Hawaii. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Potential hosts in Puerto Rico and/or Hawaii include coconut ( Cocos nucifera ), eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus pilularis ) , avocado ( Persea americana ) , mango ( Mangifera indica ), Mexican yellow pine ( Pinus patula ), apple guava ( Psidium gaujava ), and cocoa ( Theobroma cacao ) ( Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ; NRCS, 2013 ). Economically important hosts at risk a 

### Phytophthora heveae causes disease on economically important fruit crops (a vocados , coconuts, mangoes, cocao, guava, etc.) that are grown in Puerto Rico and Hawai i ( Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ; NRCS, 2013 ). Pest potential on economically important ho sts at risk Phytophthora heveae causes a tree canker and/or constriction of the trunk on avocado that leads to die

- back and stunting, and potentially tree death ( Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ; Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ). On avocado fruit, it causes a dark basal rot that extends into the flesh ( Ochoa

- Ascencio et al., 2011 )

. Defined Endangered Area The endangered area encompasses avocado pr oduction throughout Puerto Rico and Hawaii.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).



### Assessme nt of the likelihood of introduction of Phytophthora heveae into Puerto Rico and Hawaii via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Low MC Phytophthora heveae is a soilborne pathogen that typically causes bleeding cankers and root rots on Persea americana ( Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ) . L ow

- hanging fruit can be infected by irrigation water and splash during heavy rains ( Ochoa

Ascencio et al. , 2011 ; Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996 ). Diseased fruit may eventually fa ll from the tree ( Ochoa

Ascencio et al., 2011 ). Since fruit is
not the typical infection site and infe cted fruit may fall prior to harvest,Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 73 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) we rated prevalence on t he harvested commodity as L ow

. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- har vest processing before shipment Negligible MC Specific guidelines indicate a strict policy of inspection, cutting, and culling of avocado fruit in the packinghouse to detect various pests ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ). Symptoms on fruit often develop before harvest

, so any harvested infected fruit are hig hly likely to be culled . No Phytophthora spp. have been intercepted with Mexican avocado permit cargo ( PestID, 2013 ). Thus, we decreased the previous

r ating (A 1 ) from L ow to N egligible

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storag e conditions of the consignment N egligible N/A Typical shipping conditions for avocado seem unlikely to affect the pest population , so we did not change the previous risk rating. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 13

. Pseudophilothrips perseae We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium . We present the results of this assessment in the table below. We determined that the establishment of P

. perseae in the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 74 Determination of the portion of the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico endangered by Pseudophilothrips perseae Climatic suitability Pseudophilothrips perseae is present in Chile, Guatemala, Honduras,

and Mexico ( Mound et al., 2010 ; Urias

- Lopez et al., 2007 ). A comparison of this region with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones ( Magarey et al., 2008 ) indicates that establishment in the continental United States may occur in Zones 9

- 11. Additionally, the climate throughout Hawaii and Puerto Rico appear suitable for establishment of P. pers eae

. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Pseudophilothrips perseae is a pest of Persea species ( Mound et al.,

2010 ), including avocado ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ). In the continental United States, avocado is primarily grown in California ( NASS, 2009 ) and Florida ( NRCS, 2013 ), but may also be found in Texas ( Crane et al.

, 2010 ). Avocados are also commercially grown in Hawaii ( NASS, 2009 ; NRCS, 2013 ) and Puerto Rico ( Crane et al., 2010 ; NRCS, 2013 ). These areas all fall within areas suitable for establishment of P. perseae

. Economical ly important hosts at risk a 

### Avocados are an economically important crop grown in the continental

United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico ( Boriss et al., 2013 ; Crane et al., 2010 ; NASS, 2009 ). Pest potential on economically important hosts at risk Pseudophilothrips perseae is an “important pest” of avocado trees

( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ), causing economic damage on fruits and leaves ( Urias

- Lopez et al., 2007 ). Defined Endangered Area The endangered area includes avocados grown throughout Hawaii and

Puerto Rico, as well as in California, Florida, and Texas in the continental United States.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Pseudophilothrips perseae into the endangered area via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) High MU Pseudophilothrips perseae is an important pest in ‘Hass’ avocado production orchards in Mexico ( Urias

Lopez et al., 2007 ). No standard industry practices have been indicated that may reduce the prevalence of thrips on the harvested commodity. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Medium MU Specific guidelines indicate a strict policy of inspection, cutting, and culling of avocado fruit in the packinghouse to detect various insects (7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011)

. T hesePest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 75 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) inspection measures are highly likely to also detect external thrips present on the fruit. Therefore, we reduced the risk rating by one level to Medium. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage c onditions of the consignment Medium MC Transport and storage conditions as described in Section 1.4 are not likely to affect pest populations. We did not change the previous rating (A2). Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Medium N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Low MC The pest has a restricted host range. The host range of P. perseae is limited to Persea species ( Mound et al., 2010 ), including avocado ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ). Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U .S. population lives in the endangered area.

Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Pseudophilothrips perseae into the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico (i.e., the PRA area) Criteria Meets criteria? (Y/N) Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justifica tion for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Direct Impacts Risk Element C1: Damage
p otential in the endangered

area Yes C Pseudophilothrips perseae causes damage to fruits and leaves ( Urias

Lopez et al., 2007 ). Losses as high as 40 percent have been reported. Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes C Pseudophilothrips perseae has recently been spreading in Mexico ( Urias

Lopez et al., 2007 ). Risk Element C: Pest Yes N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 76 Criteria Meets criteria? (Y/N) Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justifica tion for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) introduction is likely to cause unacceptable direct impacts Trade Impacts Risk El ement D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phytosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

Conclusion Is the pest likely to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 14

. Scirtothrips aceri We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Low . We present the results of this assessment in the table below. We determined that the establishment of S. aceri in Hawaii and Puerto Rico is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

Determination of the portion of Hawaii and Puerto Rico endangered by Scirtothrips aceri Climatic suitability Scirtothrips aceri is present in Mexico, Central America, western continental United States and Chile ( Hoddle et al., 2008 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ). A comparison of these regions with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones (Magarey et al., 2008) indicates that es tablishment may occur throughout Hawaii and Puerto Rico

. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Potential hosts in Hawaii and Puerto Rico include Quercus sp. ( Hoddle
et al., 2008 ), and Persea americana ( Hoddle et al., 2002a ; Johansen

Naime et al., 2003 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ). Economically important hosts at risk a 

### Avocados are an economically important crop grown in Hawaii and Puerto Rico ( Crane et al., 2010 ; NASS, 2009 ). Pest potential on economically important hosts at risk Scirtothrips aceri is listed as one of the most important thrips species infesting avocados in Mexico ( Hofshi, 2001 ; Waite and Barrera, 2 002 ).

Defined Endangered Area The endangered area encompasses avocado production throughout Hawaii and Puerto Rico.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 77 Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Scirtothrips aceri into the endangered area via th e importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) High MC Scirtothrips aceri is one of the most important thrips species infesting avocados in Mexico ( Hofshi, 2001 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ). No standard industry practices have been indicated that may reduce the prevalence of thrips on the harvested commodity. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- har vest processing before shipment Medium M U Specific guidelines indicate a strict policy of inspection, cutting, and culling of avocado fruit in the packinghouse to detect various insects that may be contaminating the fruit (7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011)

. E xternal thrips on the fruit are also highly likely to be detected by those procedures,
t herefore, we lowered the risk rating to Medium. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storag e conditions of the consignment Medium C Transport and storage conditions as described in Section 1.4 are not likely to affect pest populations. We did not change the previous rating (A2). Risk Element A: Overa ll risk rating for likelihood of entry Medium N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Low MU Known host plants include avocado for which it is considered a major pest ( Hofshi, 2001 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ) , and oak ( Nakahara, 1997 ). Given this limited host range and the relatively limited ability for natural dispersal of thrips, the likelihood of coming into contact with host material is Low. Risk Element B2: Likelih ood of arriving in the endangered

area Low MC Less than 10 percent of the population (including the continental United States) lives in the endangered area. Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Low N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 78 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Low N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Scirtothrips aceri into Hawaii and Puerto Rico (i.e., the PRA area) Criteria Meets criteria? (Y/N) Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Direct Impacts Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes MU Initially thought to be a non

- pest in California ( Nakahara, 1997 ), S. aceri has recently been described as one of the most important thrips species in avocado production ( Hofshi, 2001 ; Waite and Barrera, 2002 ). Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes MU Available information does not indicate that spread for S. aceri may be limited should it become introduced into Hawaii or Puerto Rico. Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

Trade Impacts Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phytosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

Conclusion Is the pest likely to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=UncertainPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 79 3.2. 15

. Scirtothrips perseae We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Low . We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Furthermore, w e determined that the establishment of S

. perseae in Puerto Rico is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

Determination of the portion of the Puerto Rico endangered by Scirtothrips perseae Climatic suitability Scirtothrips perseae is found in Mexico, Guatemala, California, and Hawaii ( Hoddle et al., 2002a ). A comparison of these regions with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones (Magarey et al., 2008) indicates that establishment may occur throughout Puerto Rico

. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Persea americana is an important larval host plant for S. perseae ( Hoddle et al., 2002a ). Adults may also be found on other plant species when larval densities on avocado are high, though it appears the developmental host range is extremely li mited ( Hoddle et al., 2002a ). Economically important hosts at risk a 

### Avocados are an economically important crop grown in Puerto Rico ( Crane et al., 2010 ). Pest potential on economically important hosts at risk Scirtothrips perseae is a pest of major economic significance in avocado production systems in California ( Hoddle et al., 2002a ). Up to 85 percent crop losses have been recorded ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ). Defined Endangered Area The endangered area for S. perseae encompasses all avocado production areas in Puerto Rico.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Scirtothrips perseae into the endangered area via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) Medium MC Mature avocado fruit is not a preferred feeding site. Scirtothrips perseae is more likely to be associated with i mmature fruit and leaves ( CABI, 2013 ; Hoddle, 2002 ). Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- har vest processing before shipment Low M U Specific guidelines indicate a strict policy of inspection, cutting, and culling of av ocado fruit in the packinghouse to detect various insects that may be contaminating the fruit (7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011)

. T hese inspection measures are highly likely
to also detect external thrips on the fruit. Therefore, we lowered the riskPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 80 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) rating by one level from the previous rating

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment Low MC Transport and storage conditions as described in Section 1.4 are not likely to affect pest populations. We did not change the previous rating (A2). Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Low N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Low MC Scirtothrips perseae are poor fliers ( CABI, 2013 ; Hoddle et al., 2002b ), and would have a limited ability to disperse naturally from an infested fruit to an avocado plant. In addition, the reproductive host rang e of S.
perseae is restricted to P. americana ( Hoddle et al., 2002a )

. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area Low MC Less than 10 percent of the population ( including the continental United States and Hawaii) live in the endangered area. Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Low N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Low N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Scirtothrips perseae into Puerto Rico (i.e., the PRA area) Criteria Meets criteria? (Y/N) Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Direct Impacts Risk Element C1: Damage
p otential in the endangered

area Yes C Scirtothrips perseae is a pest of major econo mic significance in California; infestations can result in 50

- 80 percent crop losses and significant increases in production costs ( Hoddle et al., 2002a ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 81 Criteria Meets criteria? (Y/N) Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes C Following the initial introduction of S. perseae in California, the pest quickly spread and was known to occur in about 95 percent of avocado production areas by 2002 ( Hoddle et al., 2002a ). Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely to ca use unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

Trade Impacts Risk Ele ment D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phytosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

Conclusion Is the pest likely to cause unacceptabl e consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 16

. Sphaceloma perseae We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Low . We present the results of this assessment in the table below. We determined that the establishment of S

. perseae in Hawaii is likely to cause unacceptable impacts . We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

Determination of the portion of Hawaii endangered by Sphac eloma perseae Climatic suitability Sphaceloma perseae is present in the continental United States (Florida), parts of Latin Ameri ca, Morocco, the Philippines, South Africa ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ) , Mexico ( Fucikovsky and Luna, 1987

, PestID, 2013 ) and Puerto Rico ( C.M. I., 1986a ; Stevenson, 1975 )

. A comparison of these regions with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones ( Magarey et al., 2008 ) indicates that establishment may occur throughout Hawaii. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Avocado, the host of Sphaceloma perseae , is grown in Hawaii ( NRCS, 2013 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 82 Economically important hosts at risk a 

### Avocados are an important commercial crop in Hawaii ( NASS, 2009 ). Pest potential on economically important hosts at risk Sphaceloma perseae is a severe problem in humid tropical regions where it causes losses due to fruit drop and lower market value of avocado fruit ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ). Defined Endangered Area The endangered area encompasses avocado pr oduction throughout Hawaii.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Sphaceloma perseae into Hawaii via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation

of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) High MC Sphaceloma perseae causes raised corky lesions on the fruit ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ). Since 2005, there hav e been 219 permit cargo interceptions of avocado fruit from Mexico and hundreds more in baggage interceptions ( PestID, 2013 ). Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- har vest processing before shipment Medium MC Specific guidelines indicate a strict policy of inspection, cutting, and culling of avocado fruit in the packinghouse to detect various pests that may be contaminating the fruit ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ). Sphaceloma perseae is a pathogen of young tissues and fruit become resis tant once they are half grown ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ; Mossl er and Crane, 2012 ); therefore, it is likely symptoms will be evident on fruit and subject to culling . However, since there

are numerous S. perseae interceptions from Mexico in permit cargo since 2005 ( PestID, 2013 ), not a ll fruit is being culled prior to shipment. We decreased the rating for the previous risk element (A 1 ) by one level from high to medium

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storag e conditions of the consignment Medium C Transport and st orage (see Section 1.4: Description of the pathway) are unlikely to positively or negatively affect pest prevalence in the commodity.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 83 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and explanation

of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Medium N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Low MC Avocado is the primary host for Sphaceloma perseae and is grown commercially and naturally in Hawaii ( NASS, 2009 ; NRCS, 2013 ) . Conidia can form on fruit in cool, moist weather and are carried to other hosts by wind, rain, and insects (pas sively) ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ). Scab by fallen fruit are considered the primarily inoculum source for grove infections from year to year ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ). Due to the passive means of natural dispersal, infected fruit (for consumption) shipped to Hawaii would need to be discarded in close proximity to other avocado hosts, and the host would need to have young susceptible tissues available for infection. For these reasons, the likelihood of coming into contact with host material in Hawaii is considered Low. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered area Low MC Less than 10 percent of the population (including the continental United States) lives in the endangered area. Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Low N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Low N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Sphaceloma perseae into Hawaii Criteria Meets criteria? (Y/N) Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Direct Impacts Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered area Yes MU Sphaceloma perseae is a severe problem in humid tropical regions,Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 84 Criteria Meets criteria? (Y/N) Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) where it causes losses due to fruit drop, lower market value of fruit, and creates infection points for other pathogens ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ; Mossler and Crane, 2012 ). The tropical climate of Hawaii is likely to be conducive to S. perseae

. Management involves cultural practices to reduce inoculum, planting tolerant varieties, and application of preventative copper sprays, which must be applied multiple times during the growing season ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ; Mossler and Crane, 2012 ). Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes MC Sphaceloma perseae has been introduced and spread throughout various countries of the world ( Menge and Ploetz, 2003 ; Farr et al., 2013 ) and therefore is likely to spread in Hawaii

. Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

Trade Impacts Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phytosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

Conclusion Is the pest likely to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=UncertainPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 85 3.2. 17

. Stenoma catenifer Based on the current systems approach used in Mexico, w e determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Negligible. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Because the likelihood of introduction is Negligible, no analysis of consequences of introduction
was necessary.

Determinat ion of the portion of the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico endangered by Stenoma catenifer Climatic suitability Stenoma catenifer can be found in Mexico, Central America ( Belize,

Costa Rica, El Salvador

, Guatemala

, Honduras , Nicaragua, and Panama ), and South America ( Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana

, Peru, and Venezuela) ( CABI, 2013 ; Hoddle and Hoddle, 2008 ). A comparison of this region with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones ( Magarey et al., 2008 ) indicates that establishment in the continental United States may occur in Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11. Additionally, the climate throughout Hawaii and Puerto Rico appear s suitable for est ablishment of S. catenifer

. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Stenoma catenifer is a major pest of avocados throughout its range

( Hoddle and Hoddle, 2008 ). In the continental United Sta tes, avocado is primarily grown in California ( NASS, 2009 ) and Florida ( NRCS, 2013 ), but may also be found in Texas ( Crane et al., 2010 ). Avocados are also commercially grown in Hawaii ( NASS, 2009 ; NRCS, 2013 ) and Puer to Rico ( Crane et al., 2010 ; NRCS, 2013 ). These areas all fall within the regions determined to be suitable for establishment of S. catenifer

. Economically important hosts at risk a 

### Avocados are an economically important crop grown in the continental

United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico ( Boriss et al., 2013 ; Crane et al., 20 10 ; NA SS, 2009 ). Pest potential on economically important hosts at risk Up to 90 percent avocado f ruit loss has been documented ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ). Even in chemically treated production f ields, 60

- 80 percent yield losses may occur ( Hoddle and Hoddle, 2008 ).

Defined Endangered Area The endangered area includes avocados grown throughout Hawaii and

Puerto Rico, as well as in California, Florida, and Texas in the continental United States.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).



### Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Stenoma catenifer into the endangered area via the importation of avocados from Mexico Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested Low M C Stenoma catenifer is considered a major pest of avocado fruit in MexicoPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 86 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) commodity (= the baseline rating for entry) ( Waite and Barrera, 2002 ), though it is not known to occur in Michoacân ( Castañeda

- Vildozola et al., 2013 )

. However, the systems approach outlined in s ection 1.4 includes specific measures for surveys and inspections to reduce prevalence of this pest in the field ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ). Even in commercial prod uction fields using chemical treatments, damage due to infestations by S. catenifer may be significant ( Hoddle and Hoddle, 2008 ). R egular inspections of the orchards as outlined in section 1.4 are highly likely to detect this species, thereby reducing the possibility of population establishment. Given the addition of S. catenifer to the CFR , any finds of S. catenifer in an orchard for export to the United States will result in a loss of regi stration as an approved grower. Thus, w e think S. catenifer will only ever have a low association with these harvested ‘Hass’ avocados for export into the United States

. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- har vest processing before shipment Neg ligible C Specific guidelines indicate a strict policy of inspection, cutting, and culling of avocado fruit in the packinghouse ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 )

. Given the addition of S. catenifer to the CFR

, infested fruit are highly likely to be detect ed and removed from the pathwa y in the packinghouse. Based on this evidence, the rating for the previous risk element (A1) was decreased by

o ne level from Low to Negligible, and the analysis for this pest stops here. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storag e condi tions of the consignment N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 87 Risk Element Risk Rating Uncertainty

Rating a 

### Justification for rating and

explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary) Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Negligible N/A

Likelihood of Establishment Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area N/A N/A

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

Overall Likelihood of Introduction Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 3.2. 18

. Thrips palmi Thrips palmi is considered to be a reportable/actionable pest at all U.S. ports

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2013 ). Present in Mexico and potentially ass ociated with the harvested fruit of hass avocado (CABI, 2011a), the PRA area at risk for T. palmi encompasses the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. However, we determined that a full pest analysis is not needed for T. palmi because there is no endangered area in these regions. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

Determination of the portion of the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico endangered by Thrips palmi Climatic suitability Thrips palmi is distributed throughout tropical regions in Asia, Africa,

South America, Oceania, and the Caribbean ( CABI, 2013 ), including Hawaii , Puerto Rico, and southern Florida ( Capinera, 2010 ; Seal, 2001 ). While T. palmi is an important greenhouse pest, and some concern exists that it ma y infest protected environments anywhere, outdoor establishment of permanent populations is likely to be restricted to tropical regions ( Capinera, 2010 ). Thrips palmi is already established outdoors in Hawaii and Puerto Rico ( Capinera, 2010 ). In the continental United States, p ermanent populations have only been documented in Florida south of Orlando ( Capinera, 2010 ). Initially detected in 1990 ( Capinera, 2010 ), it is not under official control. Surveys conducted over the last 20 years indicate that T. palmi is likely established throughout the climate zone appropriate for population development. The possibility of T. palmi populations overwintering in greenhouses and then movingPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 88

outdoors in summer (e.g., Kawai, 1990 ; McDonald et al., 1999 ) has not been realized. Defined Endangered Area Based on the current distribution of T. palmi in the continental United

Stat es , Hawaii, and Puerto Rico and lack of official control in these regions , we determ ined that no endangered area exists

.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).



## 4. Conclusions

Of the organisms associated with avocados worldwide and reported in Mexico , we i dentified organisms that are actionable pests for the continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico and have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity following harvesting from the field and prior to any post

- harvest processing. W e further evaluated these organisms for their l ikelihood of i ntroduction (i.e., entry plus establishment) and their potential c onsequences of i ntroduction. Pests that meet the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction and receive an overall likelihood of introduction risk rating above Negligible are candidates for risk management. The results of this risk assessment represent a baseline estimate of the risks associated with the import commodity pathway as described in section 1. 4

. Of the pests selected for further analysis, we determined that those identified in Table 3 are not candidates for risk management, either because no portion of the continental United States, Hawaii, or Puerto Rico is likely to be endangered by the pest

, they do not meet the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction, and/or because they received a Negligible overall risk rating for likelihood of introduction into the endangered area via the import pathway. We summarize the result s for each pest in Table 3

. All the other pests selected for further analysis are candidates for risk management

, because they meet the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction, and they received an overall likelihood of introd uction risk rating above Negligible. We summarize the results for each pest in Table 4

. Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and are not addres sed in this document.

Table 3

. Summary for pests selected for further evaluation and determined not to be candidates for risk management

. Pest Reason the pest is not a candidate for risk management Uncertainty statement (optional) a 

### Conotrachelus aguacatae Negligible Likelihood of Introduction Current systems approach ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ) determined to be an effective mitigation.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 89 Pest Reason the pest is not a candidate for risk management Uncertainty statement (optional) a 

### Conotrachelus perseae Negligible Likelihood of Introduction Current systems approach ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ) determined to be an effective mitigation. Conotrachelus serpentinus Negligible Likelihood of Introduction Current systems approach ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ) for other Conotrachelus species is highly likely to be effective for C. serpentinus

. Copturus aguacatae Negligible Likelihood of Introduction Current systems approach ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ) determined to be an effective mitigation. Cryptaspasma perseana Negligible Likelihood of Introduction Current systems approach ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ) for other Lepidoptera species is highly likely to be effec tive for C.
perseana

. Heilipus lauri Negligible Likelihood of Introduction Current systems approach ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ) determined to be an effective mitigation. Maconellicoccus hirsutus No endangered area within Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and certain areas of the continental United States due to current distribution. Only some areas of the continental United States are considered endangered due to the status of this pest as under consideration for
state

- mandated offici al control. Paracoccus marginatus No endangered area within the PRA area Philephedra lutea No endangered area within the PRA area Pest does not cause economic damage. Phytophthora citricola Negligible Likelihood of Introduction Current systems approach ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 201 1 ) is highly likely to be an effective mitigation. Phytophthora heveae Negligible Likelihood of Introduction Current systems approach ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ) is highly likely to be an effective mitigation. Stenoma catenifer Negligible Likelihood of Introduction Current systems approach ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 30, 2011 ) determined to be an effective mitigation. Thrips palmi No endangered area within the PRA area

a The uncertainty statement , if includ ed, identifies the most important source ( s ) of uncertainty

.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 90 Table 4 . Summary for pests selected for further evaluation and determined to be candidates for risk management

. All of these pests meet the threshold for unacceptable c onsequences of i ntroduction. Pest Likelihood of Introduction overall rating Destination

Avocado sunblotch viroid Low Hawaii and Puerto Rico only Maconellicoccus hirsutus Medium Continental United States Pseudophilothrips perseae Medium Continental United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico Scirtothrips aceri Low Hawaii and Puerto Rico only Scirtothrips perseae Low Puerto Rico only Sphaceloma perseae Low Hawaii only

a The uncertainty statement, if included, identifies the most important source(s) of uncertainty

.



## 5. Acknowledgements

Authors Heather Hartzog , Risk Analyst ( plant pathology ) a



### Tara Holtz , Risk Analyst (entomology) a 

### Cynthia Landry, Risk Analyst (entomology) a



### Reviewers Ignacio Baez, Staff Scientist (entomology) b



### Ron Sequeira, Associate Director, S & T (entomology) b 

### Kayimbi Tubajika, Risk Analyst (pathology) a 

### Marina Zlotina, Risk Analyst (entomology) a

a 

### Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ
b 

### USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology



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### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 106 

## 7. Appendix A. O rganisms identified to the genus level that are reported on Persea americana Mill in Mexico and that have actionable or undetermined regulatory
status.
Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

ARTHROPODS Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Chrysodina sp

. PestID, 2011 US ( Rouse, 1972 ) US: U

HI, PR: A L ( LeSage,

1991 ) No We found no evidence of presence in HI or PR. Coleoptera: Curculionidae Conotrachelus
sp

. PestID, 2011 US ( CABI, 2013 ) US: U

HI, PR: A F, L ( CABI,

2011a ) Yes We found no evidence of presence in HI or PR. However, the potential risk is assumed to be addressed through the analysis of C. aguacatae and C. perseae . No further information is needed. Copturus sp

. Ebeling,

1959 US

( Reinert and Howard, 1982 ) US : U

HI, PR: A S ( CABI,

2011a ) No We found no evidence of
pre sence in HI or PR.

Hyperodes sp

. PestID, 2011 US ( Peck et al., 2007 ) US: U

HI, PR: A L ( PestID,

2011 ) No We found no evidence of presence in HI or PR.

28 A=Actionable, U=Undetermined. If the genus does not occur in the continental United States, Hawaii, or Puerto Rico , th e organism has actionable status. If the genus occurs in the continental United States, Hawaii or Puerto Rico , the organism has undetermined regulatory status, because we cannot know if the unidentified species is one that occurs in the continental United States, Hawaii or Puerto Rico

. 29 The plant part(s) listed are those for the plant species under analysis. If the information is extrapolated, such as from plant part association on other plant species, this is noted.

30 “Yes” indicates simply that the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the harvested commodity ; the level of pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (low, medium, or high) is qualitatively assessed in Risk Element A1 as part of the likelihood of introduction assessment ( section 3).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 107 Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

Coleoptera: Scolytidae Corthylus spp

. Peña et al.,

2002 US ( CABI,

2013 ), PR ( Capriles and Navarro, 1967 ) US, PR: U

HI: A S ( Peña et al.,

2002 ) No We found no evidence of presence in HI.

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae Blapstinus sp

. PestID, 2011 US, PR ( Steiner, 2006 ), HI ( Beardsley and Tuthill, 1959 ) U F, L ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes Several Blapstinus
spe cies are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Paraleyrodes sp

. PestID, 2011 US, HI, PR ( Stocks, 2012 ) U L ( PestID, 2011 ) No Several Paraleyrodes species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Tetraleurodes
sp

. Waite and

Barrera, 2002 US, PR

( Nakahara, 1995 ) US, P R: U

HI: A L ( Waite and

Barrera, 2002 ) No We found no evidence of presence in HI. Several Tetraleurodes species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Tetralicia sp

. PestID, 2011 US ( Evans, 2007 ) US: U

HI, PR: A L ( PestID,

2011 ) No We found no evidence of presence in HI or PR. T. ericae is considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 108 Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

Trialeurodes sp

. PestID, 2011 US, HI, PR ( Ghahari et al., 2009 ) U L ( Barrera et al., 1998 ) No Several Trialeurodes species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Hemiptera: Aphididae Greenidea sp

. PestID, 2011 US ( Halbert, 2004 ), HI ( Beardsley, 1993 ) US, HI: U

PR: A L ( PestID,

2011 ) No We found no evidence of presence in PR. Several Greenidea species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports except HI. Action may be required only to HI ( PestID, 2013 ). Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Idona spp. Ebeling,

1959 US

( Ebeling, 1 959 ) U L ( Peña et al., 2002 ) No We found no evidence of presence in HI or PR. Idona minuenda is considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Scaphytopius sp

. Ebeling,

1959 US ( CABI,

2013 ), HI ( Beardsley, 1966 ), PR ( Maes and Godoy, 1 993 ) U L ( CABI, 2011a ) No Several Scaphytopius species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 109 Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

Hemiptera: Diaspididae 31 Abgrallaspis sp. PestID, 2011 US, HI, PR ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2013 ) U F ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes See footnote #30

Acutaspis sp

. PestID, 2011 US, HI, PR ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2013 ) U F ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes See footnote #30

Diaspidiotus sp

. PestID, 2011 US, HI, PR ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2013 ) U F, S ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes See footnote #30

Hemiberlesia sp

. PestID, 2011 US, HI, PR ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2013 ) U F, L, S ( Watson, undated ) Yes See footnote #30

Quadraspidiotus
sp

. PestID, 2011 US ( Alston et al., 2011 ) U F ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes See footnote #30 Hemiptera: Psyllidae Trioza sp

. PestID, 2011 US ( Mead, 2012 ), HI ( Uchida and Beardsley, 1992 ) US, HI: U

PR: A L ( PestID,

2011 ) No We found no evidence of presence in PR. Several Trioza species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Hymenoptera: Formicidae
Atta sp. CABI, 2011a US ( CABI, 2013 ) U L, F ( CABI, 2011a ) No 32 We found no evidence of presence in HI or PR. Several Atta species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).

31 Although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are highly unlikely to become established via this pathway. Please see discussion in section 2.3 for a detailed explanation.

32 Atta sp. is a surface pest ( CABI, 2011a ) and is unlikely to remain with the fruit through harvesting and processing.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 110 Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

PATHOGENS Alternaria sp. Alvarez,

1976 US, HI, PR

( CABI, 2013 ; UGA, 2011 ) U F, L ( Alvarez, 1976 ) Yes Example: Alternaria alternata (Fr. : Fr.) Keissl.

Aphelenchoides
sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ) ; HI ( USDA

ARS, 2013 ); PR ( McGawley et al., 1984 ) U R ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Aphelenchoide

s species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Ascoch yta sp. PestID, 2011 US ( CABI, 2013 ) ; HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U F, L

, St ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes Several A scochyta

s pecies are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Cephalothecium
sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( Yale

and Johnstone, 1951 ) ; HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U L ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Example: Cephalosporiu

m roseum Oudem. / Trichothecium

roseum

Ceratocystis sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ) ; HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U “ Twigs ” ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Ceratocystis species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Cercospora sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ) ; HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( UGA, 2011 ) U L ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Cercospora species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 111 Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

Cladosporium
sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ) ; HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U L ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Cladosporium species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Criconemoides
sp. Alvarez,

1976 US

( Cordero et al., 2012 ) ; HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Ferris, 2013 )

- Criconemoi des sphaerocep hala (For Puerto Rico) U R ( Alvar ez, 1976 ) No Several Criconemoides species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).

Curvularia sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Ste venson, 1975 ) U L ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Curvularia species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Diplodia sp. PestID, 2011 US (Farr et al, 2013); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U F, L ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes Several Diplodia species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Dorylaimus sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USDA

ARS, 2013 ) See remarks R ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No The genus Dorylaimus is listed as non

repor table ( PestID, 2013 ). Dothichiza sp. Alvarez,

1976 US (Farr et

al., 2013) US: U

HI, PR: A St ( Alvarez,

1976 ) No We found no evidence for Hawaii or Puerto Rico.Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 112 Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

Dothiorella sp. Alvarez,

1976 US (Farr et

al., 2013); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U F, St ( Alva rez, 1976 ) Yes Puerto Rico referenced by Botryosphaeri

a name (synonym). Several Dothiorella species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).
Erwinia sp. Alvarez,

1976 US, PR

( CABI, 2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ) U F ( Alvarez, 1976 ) Yes Puerto Rico referenced by Pantoea nam (synonym). Several Erwinia species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).
Fusarium sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); PR, HI ( UGA, 2011 ) U F , R, S t ( Alvarez, 1976 ) Yes Several Fusarium species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 201 3 ). Gibberella sp. Alvarez,

1976 Yes ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR UGA, 2010b ) U F ( Alvarez, 1976 ) Yes Several Gibberella species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Gloeosporium
sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U L ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Gloeosporium species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 113 Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

Glomerella sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U St ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Glomerella species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).
Gnomonia sp. Alvarez,

1976 Yes ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ) US, HI: U

PR: A St ( Alvarez,

1976 ) No No evidence found for Puerto Rico. Several Gnomonia species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Helicotylenchus
sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( USDA

ARS, 2013 ) U R ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Helicotylenchu

s species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Helminthosporiu

m sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U L ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Helminthospor ium species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).
Hemicriconemoi des sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ) US: U

HI, PR: A R ( Alvarez,

1976 ) No No evidence found for Hawaii or Puerto Rico Example: Hemicriconem oides mangiferae Siddiqi (limited U

. S

. distribution)Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 114 Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

Hoplolaimus sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Hoplolaim

us puertoricen sis ) U R ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Hoplolaimus species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).

Linochora sp. PestID, 2011 US (Farr et al., 2013) US: U

HI, PR: A F , L ( PestID,

2011 )

- single interception on fruit , most are leaves and not finding this host/pathogen assocation in the literature Yes No evidence found for Hawaii or Puerto Rico.

Macrosporium
sp. Alvarez,

1976 Yes (Farr et

al., 2013); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U St ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No The genus, Macrosporium

, is listed as

non

- reportable ( PestID, 2013 ).

Marssonina sp. Alvarez,

1976 US (Farr et

al., 2013); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U L ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Marssonina species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Meloidogyne sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( USDA

ARS, 2013 ) U R ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Meloidogyne species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 115 Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

Monilia sp. Alvarez,

1976 US (Farr et

al., 2013); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U F ( Alvarez, 1976 ) Yes

Monochaetia sp. Alvarez,

1976 US, HI

(Farr et al., 2013) US, HI: U

PR: A St ( Alvarez,

1976 ) No No evidence found for Puerto Rico. Several Monochaetia species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Mycosphaerella
sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U L ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Mycosphaerell

a species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).
Nectria sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U St ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Nectria species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).

Ovularia sp. Alvarez,

1976 US (Farr et

al., 2013) US: U

HI, PR: A R ( Alvarez,

1976 ) No No evidence was found for Hawaii or Puerto Rico. Several Ovulari a species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Perizomella sp. PestID, 2011 N/A non

actio nable (PestID, 2013) N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 116 Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

Pestalotia sp. Alvarez,

1976 US (Farr et

al., 2013); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stev enson, 1975 ) U L ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Pestalotia species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Phoma sp. PestID, 2011 US ( CABI, 2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U F , L ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes Several Phoma species are considered

non

- reportable
at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).

Phomopsis sp. PestID, 2011 US ( CABI, 2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U F, L ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes Several Phomopsis species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Phyllachora sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U L ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Phyllachora species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Phyllosticta sp. PestID, 2011 US ( CABI, 2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 197 5 ) U L ( PestID, 2011 ) No Several Phyllosticta species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Phymatotrichum
sp. Alvarez,

1976 US (Farr et

al., 2013); HI ( CABI, 2013 ) US, HI: U

PR: A R ( Alvarez,

1976 ) No Example: Phymatotrichu m omnivorum

considered

non

- reportable at all ports of entry ( PestID

, 2013 ) ; No evidence found for Puerto RicoPest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 117 Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

Polyporus sp. Alvarez,

1976 US (Farr et

al., 2013): PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ) U Trunk (cortex) ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Polyporus
sp ecies are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).

Prathigada sp. Alvarez,

1976 US (Farr et

al., 2013) US: U

HI, PR: A St ( Alvarez,

1976 ) No No evidence found for Hawaii or Puerto Rico. Pratylenchus sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( USDA

ARS, 2013 ) U R ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Pratylenchus species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Rhizoctonia sp. Alvarez,

1976 US, HI

(Farr et al., 2013); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U R ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No All species of Rhizoctonia are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Rosellinia sp. Alvarez,

1976 US, PR

( CABI, 2013 ); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ) U R ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No

Rotylenchus sp. Alvarez,

1976 US, PR

( CABI, 2013 ); HI ( USDA

ARS, 2013 ) U R ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Example for US, PR: Rotylenchus bradys (now Scutellonema bradys ). Several Rotylenchus species are considered

non

- reportable
at a ll ports ( PestID, 2013 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 118 Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

Sclerotinia sp. Alvarez,

1976 US, HI

( CABI, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U F ( Alvarez, 1976 ) Yes Several Sclerotinia species are consi dered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Septoria sp. Alvarez,

1976 US, PR

( CABI, 2013 ) ; HI ( UGA, 2010b ) U L ( Alvarez, 1 976 ) No Several Septoria species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Sphaceloma sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( Farr et al., 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U F ( Alvarez, 1976 ) Yes Several Sphaceloma species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 201 3 ). Stagonospora
sp. PestID, 2011 US (Farr et al., 2013); HI ( USGS

PIERC, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U L ( PestID, 2011 ) No Several Stagonospora s pecies are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Stemphylium sp. PestID, 2011 US ( CABI, 2013 ); HI ( UGA, 2010b ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ) U L ( PestID, 2011 ) No Several Stemphylium species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Thielaviopsis sp. PestID, 2011 US ( CABI, 2013 ); PR ( Stevenson, 1975 ); HI ( Gonsalves and Ferreira, 1994b ) U Branches, trunk (cortex) ( PestID, 2011 ) No Several Thielaviopsis species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Avocados from Mexico



### Ver. 1 January 30, 2014 119 Pest name Evidence of

presence on avocado in Mexico Genus

present in US, HI, PR? Regulatory

status 28 Plant part(s)

association 29 On

harvested plant part(s)? 30 Remarks

Trichodorus sp. Alvarez,

1976 US, HI, PR

( CABI, 2013 ) U R ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Several Trichodorus species are considered

non

- reportable at all p orts ( PestID, 2013 ). Trichothecium
sp. Alvarez,

1976 US, HI, PR

(Farr et al., 2013) U St ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Example: Trichothecium

roseum (Pers. : Fr.) Link Tylenchus sp. Alvarez,

1976 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI ( USDA

ARS, 2013 ) See remarks R ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Tylenchus sp. is listed as Non

- reportable at all ports of entry ( PestID, 2013 ) Verticillium sp. Alvarez,

1976 US, PR

( CABI, 2013 ); HI ( UGA, 2011 ) U R ( Alvarez, 1976 ) No Example: Verticillium albo

- atrum

. Several Verticillium species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Xanthomonas sp. Vidales

Fernández, 2009 US ( CABI,

2013 ); HI, PR ( UGA, 2010a ) U F ( Vidales

Fernández, 2009 ) Yes Several Xanthomonas species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ). Xiphinema sp. Alvarez,

1976 US, HI

( CABI, 2013 ) US, HI: U

PR: A R ( Alvarez,

1976 ) Yes Several Xiphinema species are considered

non

- reportable at all ports ( PestID, 2013 ).