## SUPPLEMENTAL FILE 2:
**ENVIRONMENTAL AND WILDLIFE**  **MONITORING DATA**

Prepared by

Versar Incorporated

6850 Versar Center Springfield, VA 22151

Under

EPA contract EP

- W

- 10

- 005

Also Prepared by

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20460

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 2 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## Table of Contents

1 TBBPA

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 3

1.1 M EASURED C ONCENTRATIONS IN S URFACE W ATER (D ISSOLVED AND P ARTICULATE P HASES )

................................ .......... 3

1.2 M EASURED C ONCENTRATIONS IN S EDIMENT

................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 6

1.3 M EASURED C ONCENTRATIONS IN W ASTEWATER

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 13

1.4 M EASURED C ONCENTRATIONS IN S EWAGE S LUDGE AND B IOSOLIDS

................................ ................................ ......... 15

1.5 M EASURED C ONCENTRATIONS IN O THER S EDIMENT /S LUDGE

................................ ................................ ................. 20

1.6 M EASURED C ONCENTRATIONS IN L ANDFILL L EACHATE

................................ ................................ ........................... 22

1.7 M EASURED C ONCENTRATIONS IN S OIL

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 24

1.8 M EASURED C ONCENTRATIONS IN A MBIENT A IR

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 26

1.9 M EASURED C ONCENTRATIONS IN P RECIPITATION

................................ ................................ ................................ . 29

1.10 M EASURED C ONCENTRATIONS IN W ILDLIFE B IOTA

................................ ................................ ................................ 31



### 2 TBBPA

- BIS(DIBROMOPROPYL ET HER)

................................ ................................ ....................... 38

2.1 M EASUREMENTS IN E NVIRONMENTAL M EDIA

................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 38

2.2 M EASUREMENTS IN W ILDLIFE

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 41



### 3 TBBPA

- BIS(ALLYL ETHER)

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 43

3.1 M EASUREMENTS IN W ILDLIFE B IOTA

................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 45



### 4 TBBPA

- BIS(METHYL ETHER)

................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 46

4. 1 M EASUREMENTS IN E NVIRONMENTAL M EDIA

................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 46

4.2 M EASUREMENTS IN W ILDLIFE

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 51



### REFERENCES

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 55

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Page 3 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data The summaries below are taken from primary data sources with reliability ratings of 1, 2 or 4 ( OECD,

2003 )

. 1



## 1 **TBBPA**

**1.1 Measured Concentrations in Surface Water**  **(Dissolved and Particulate Phases)** 

Measured concentra tions of TBBPA in surface water , extracted from eight sources, are summarized
bel ow and tabulated in Table S2

- 1.

North America

As part of a Masters of Science thesis presented to the University of Guelph, Quade (2003) developed an analytical method for the determination of TBBPA in sediment (suspended and bott om) and sewage sludge using accelerated solvent extraction and micro

- column clean

- up prior to analysis by isotope dilution gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS)

. Because the chemical analysis did not include partitioning or fractio nating steps that would separate TBBPA from an y methylated TBBPA (MeTBBPA) that may be present in the sediment originally, and the samples were methylated during analysis, the reported TBBPA concentrations are the s um of both TBBPA and

MeTBBPA

. Quade (2003) tested the method on suspended sediment samples (i.e. particulate phase of surface water) collected from the Detroit River in 2000

. There were no known point sources of TBBPA
in the Detroit River system . H owever, the area is heavily industrialized and densely populated

. TBBPA was detected in all eight samples at concentrations of 0.6 to 1.84 μg/kg dw

. The highest concentration was from a sample collected downstream from a Detroit Rive r sewage treatment plant

.

Pellizzari et al. (1978) conducted a study in southern Arkansas to investigate the presence of brominated organic compounds in the environment from a geographical area associated with the bromine industry

. V arious environmental media samples (water, sediment, soil and ambient air) were collected on and off plant proper ty for analysis of TBBPA and other brominated chemicals

. TBB PA was not detected (< 50 μg/L) in two s urface water samples collected near one facility in El Dorado, AR in April 1977

. The type of water body sampled was not reported.

Europe

Harrad et al. (2009) assessed the s easonal and spatial vari ability of TBBPA and HBCD in surface water
collected from nine English lakes with no known major point source inputs

. Sediment and fish were collected in the study as well

. Average TBBPA concentrations in three water samples collecte d from

1 For a rating of 1, the study shoul d have a valid analytical method, data should be representative, statistical analysis could be conducted, and sampling (location, time period, matrix) should be adequate. For a rating of 2, three criteria from the rating of 1 should be met, excluding the r equirement for conducting statistical analys e s. A rating of 4 indicates that measurements are available but data are limited and reliability cannot be judged ( OECD, 2003 )

.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 4 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data each lake in the summer , fall and winter of 2008

- 2009 ranged from 0.000076 to 0.002083 μg/L in the dissolved phase, 0.000061 to 0.0012 73 μg/L in the suspended sediment phase, and 0.00014 0 to
0.00320 0 in the combined phase (sum of dissolved and suspended sediment phase)

. Seasonal variation of TBBPA in water was reported as minimal . H owever, the intersite spatial variability was relatively high . The site with the highest TBBPA concentration had an average value that was 23 times higher than the site with the lowest average concentration.

As part of a n analytical method de velopment study for the simult aneous determination of select
brominated flame retardants in river water and in river bed sediment, ( Labadie et al., 2010 ) measured
TBBPA concentrations in water and se diment samples collected in 2008 from five sampling stations on

a suburban river (Predecelle River) in Paris, France

. Acceptable recoveries wer e achieved

. As analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (GC

- NCI

- MS),

TBBPA concentrations were < MDL ( <0.000035 μg/L ) in the particulate phase (n=5) , and ranged from <MDL (<0.000035) to 0.000064 μg/L in the dissolved phase (n=5)

.

Asia

T wo recent studies have investigated the presence of TBBPA in lakes located near highly developed regions in eastern China

. In 2010, Xu et al. (2013) investigated the occurrence and distribution
characteristics of TBBPA in water and sediments from a severe ly eutrophic lake, Taihu Lake

. In the dissolved phase of water samples, TB BPA concentrations ranged from <LOD ( <0.00013) to 0.001 1 2 μg/L

. TBBPA was d etected in 3 of 12 samples

.

Yang et al. (2012) conducted a study in 2008 to investigate the tissue distribution of T BBPA in four fish species and the seasonal variation of TBBPA in the lake water and sediment of Lake Chaohu

. This lake is
located near several brominated flame retardant manufacturers. TBBPA concentrations in water samples coll ected from seven sampling stations in July, September, and November ranged from < MQL ( < 0.04 ) to 4.87 μg/L

. TBBPA concentrations in water followed a temporal pattern with levels highest in July followed by September and then November ( P >0.05).

He et al. (2013) determined TBBPA and HBCD concentration s in water, sediments, sediment cores, and
three fi sh species i n the Dongjiang River, which runs through a highly industrialized area of southern
China

. TBBPA was detected in the dissolved phase of all five water samples collected in 2010 at
concentrations rang ing from 0.00111 0 to 0.00283 0 μg/L ( 0.00175 0 μg/L mean )

. TBBPA ranged from ND

to 1.6 μg/kg dw ( 1.3 μg/kg dw mean ) in the particulate phase

.

The Environment Agency of Japan has been investigating levels of chemical substances in the environment since fiscal year 1974

. In the environmental survey

, TBB P A was most recently evaluated in 2007, where it was detected at one of 48 sites (one sample) at a value of 0.0051 μ g/L. The detection

limit was 0.0021 μ g/L (MOE, 2014)

.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 5 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 1

. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Surface Water (Dissolved and Particulate Phases)

Location Water Body Year Phase N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration (μg/L , unless noted
otherwise ) Comments Reference (Reliability Rating d )
Range b Central Tendency c
North America United States; Detroit, MI Detroit River 2000 Particulate 8 (0) 0.6

- 1.84 (μg/kg dw) e NR Heavily industrialized and densely populated; t he highest
concentration was collected downstream from a sewage treatment plant Quade (2003) (4)

United Stat es; El Dorado , AR Not Reported 1977 NR 2 (2) All <50

-- In v icinity of an organo

- bromide production facilit y Pellizzari et al. (1978) (2)
Europe England 9 L akes 2008

- 2009; summer, fall,

winter Dissolved
Particulate
Combined 27 (0) 27 (0) 27 (0) 0.000076

- 0.002083 f

0.000061

- 0.001273 f

0.000140

- 0.003200 f NR

NR

NR No known major point source inputs Harrad et al. (2009) (2)

France ; Paris Predecelle River 2008 Dissolved
Particulate 5 (2) 5 (5) <0.000035

- 0.000064

<0.000035 NR

NR Suburban; up and downstream

WW TP and towns Labadie et al. (2010) (2) Germany

- Upstream:

1 5 (11)

Downstream: 15 (12) Upstream:

0.0081

- 0.0204

Downstream:

0.0011

- 0.0188 NR Near sewage treatment plants Kuch et al. (2001) (4)

Asia China, eastern Taihu Lake 2010 Dissolved 12 (9) < 0. 000 13

- 0.00112 NR Adjacent to highly developed cities and towns; severe eutrophication Xu et al. (2013) (2)

China, eastern Lake Chaohu 2008; Jul, Sep,
and Dec NR 7 sites (NR) <0.04

- 4.87 NR Adjacent to most developed regions in China Yang et al. (2012) (2)

China,
southern Dongjiang River 2010 Dissolved
Particulate 5 (0) 5 (NR) 0.001110

- 0.002830

ND

- 1.6 ( μg/ kg dw) 0.00175 mean 1.3 ( μg/ kg dw) mean Highly industrialized He e t al. (2013) (2)

Japan; 48 sites NR 2007 NR 48 ( 47 ) < 0.0021

- 0.0051 NR MOE (2014) 

### _ENREF_19 (4) NR = Not reported

a N refers to the number of samples, unless otherwise noted

. The number of non

- detect values is reported in pare nthesis

. Values reported as < “X” value are assumed
to be non

- detect.

b The range is the minimum and maximum values reported

. Non

- detect values are shown as less than the detection limit.

c The central tendency values shown are as reported in the reference.

d Reliability rating: 1 = valid without restrictions; 2 = valid with restrictions; 4 = not assignable.

e Sum of both TBBPA and MeTBBPA.

f Mean values of 3 samples per lake

.

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Page 6 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 1.2 **Measured Concentrations in Sediment**

Measured concentrations of TBBPA in sediment , extracted from twenty

- two sources, are summarized
below and tabulated in Table S2

- 2

.

North America

In addition to suspended sediment from the Detroit River (refer to Table S2

- 1), Quade (2003) analyzed bottom sediment collected from eight stations on Lake Ontario in 2002

. TBBPA (dete rmined as the sum of both TBBPA and MeTBBPA) was quantified in three of the eight samples (0.029 to 0.063 μg/kg dw) and was below the detection limit in the other five samples

. Quade (200 3) noted that laboratory recoveries were small in some samples (34

- 38%), possibly due to organic content of the samples

. The reported concentrations, however, accounted for the losses during preparation and clean

- up because
calculations were based on th e response to the labeled internal standard.

TBBPA concentrations in s ediment samples collected in the Pellizzari et al. (1978) study from the vicinity of multiple organo

- bromide production facilities in southern Arkansas in 1976 and 1977 ranged from ND to 330,000 μg/kg (wet or dry weight not reported)

. TBBPA was detected in six of the eight samples

. The highest concentration was from a sample collected in w ater backed up in a reclamation

area

. Other samples were collected from ponds and running water.

South America

Baron et al. (2013) investigated the presence o f b rominated flame retardants in coastal, estuarine and

river sediments from highly urbanized and industrialized areas of Colombia (n=13) and Chil e (n=19)

. According to the authors, TBBPA was only detected in two Columbian samples (Bocas de Ceniza and Mallorquin Swamp) at a maximum concentration of 0.58 μg/kg dw . H owever, it should be noted that
this value is <LOD (< 2.7 μg/kg dw)

.

Europe

In the Harrad et al. (2009) study, surficial sediment samples collected in 2008

- 2009 from nine Eng lish
lakes with no known major point source inputs showed detectable levels of TBBPA in all samples

. Concentrations ranged from 0.33 to 3.8 μg/kg dw (n=9)

.

Mean c oncentrations of TBBPA in river bed sediment samples collected in 2008 from five sampling

stations on the Predecelle River , a suburban river in Paris, France , ranged from 0.0 65 to 0. 280 μg/kg

dw ( Labadie et al., 2010 )

.

In Spain, sewage sludge and sediment samples from the Ebro River and Cinca River were analyzed as part of an analytical method development study for the simultaneou s determination and quantification of TBBPA and related compounds and HBCD using liquid chromatography

– quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC

- QqLIT

- MS) ( Guerra et al., 2010 )

. In three sediment samples
collected in 2008 from the Ebro River near three different WWTP s, TBBPA concentrations ranged from

<LOD ( <2.7) to 3.1 μg/kg dw. In four sediment samples collected in 2006 from the Cinco River

, up

- and

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 7 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data down

- stream of a heavily industrialized town with a chemical industry, TBBPA concentrations ranged
from <LOD ( <2.7) to 15 μg/kg dw

. The maximum concentration was detected in the sample collected
at the station near the industrial town.

The N ordic Council of Ministers conducted a preliminary investigat ion of the presence of emerging
b rominated flame retardants in the Nordic environment through the collection of a few samples from a variety of media (air, sediment sludge, and biota) at several sites ( Schlabach et al., 2011 )

. Environmental samples were collected between 2005 and 2010, with the majority col lected in 2009

. S ediment samples were collected in urban areas of Denmark (n=2; marine), Faroe Islands (n=3; marine), Finland (n=3; bays and lake), Sweden (n=1) and Norway (n =1; marine )

. Most samples were
collected near WWTPs , sludge treatment plants or pr esumed hotspots

. TBBPA was detected in only one sample from the Faroe Islands (presumed urban hotspot) at 16 μg/kg dw

. TBBPA was below the
detection limit , which ranged from <0.1 to <0.4 μg/kg dw

, in all remaining samples

A study was also conducted by the Norwegian Institute for Water Research in 2003 to investigate

c ontamination with brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins in sediment and fish of the Drammens River and the Drammensfjordd, located in an industrialized a rea in the south east of Norway ( Schlabach et al., 2004 )

. TBBPA was detected in all sediment samples at concentrations of 0.02 to 10 μg/kg dw in the Drammens River (n=7) and at 0.3 to 39

. 2 μg/kg dw in the Drammensfjordd

. The highest concentrations in the Drammens River and the Drammensfjordd were close st to the industrial

area.

The Netherland s Institute for Fisheries Research ( de Boer et al., 2002 ) conducted a multi

- part study in
which TBBPA and HBCD were measured in sediment, sewage sludge

, landfill leachate and aquatic biota
from rivers and estuari es surrounding the North Sea

. Select results, as well as a summary of the data, were also presented in Morris et al. (2004)

. In river and estuarine sediment collected between 2000
and 2002 from the United Kingdom , Belgium

, the Netherlands and Ireland, TBBPA conce ntrations ranged from ND (<0.1

- <2.4 ) to 9,75 3 μg/kg dw (n=73)

. The highest concentration measured was found in a freshwater sediment sample from the River Skerne in northeast England, near the vicinity of a BFR
manufacture r

. The River Ske rne is a tributary of the Tees River , which showed the next highest TBBPA

concentrations in England (ND to 57.7 μg/kg dw ) . TBBPA was not present, however, in the sediment sampled offshore of the Tee s estuary.

In a Swedish study ( Sellstrom and Jansson, 1995 ) that analyzed a limited number of sediment and sewage sludge samples

, TBBPA was detected in surficial sediment samples (n=2) collected upstream and downstream of a plastics industry where TBBPA is used

. TBPPA concentrations were 34 and 270 μg/kg dw , respective ly.

Asia

Recently, numerous studies have been conducted in China to investigate levels of TBBPA and other
b rominated flame retardants in the environment

. As part of an analytical method development study using enzyme

- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

, Xu et al. (2012) determined TBBPA levels in soils from farmlands, soils from an e

- waste recycling site, and in sediments of a canal , all collected in 2011 from the Beijing area

. The results agreed well with those of a LC

- MS/MS method

. In thir teen surface sediment samples collected along the Qinghe canal, TBBPA was detected at concentrations ranging

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 8 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data from 0.3 to 22 μg/kg dw (7.7 μg/kg dw mean )

. The canal receives widespread runoff, discharge from

sewage treatment plants, and direct dumping of ho usehold and yard wastes

. Samples with elevated TBBPA levels were collected from the vicinity of downtown and an upstream e

- waste site.

Qu et al. (2013) analyzed samples of soil, sediment , rice hull and earthworm s collected near a
brominated flame retardant manufacturing plant in Liuyang, Hunan, China for TBBPA and /or TBBPA
derivatives

. Additionally, moll usks from nine cities on the Bohai Sea were analyzed

. TBBPA
concentrations in sediment collected from six sites in the Liuyang River in 2010 ranged from <LOD ( <0.03 ) to 132 μg/kg dw. TBBPA levels were highest in sediment samples collected near the outlet of the BFR plant and decreased downstream

. T he lowest levels were detected in sediment found upstream of the BFR plant

. As such, the authors state that the brominated flame retardant plant is most likely the release source of TBBPA and derivatives.

In addition to surface water, Xu et al. (2013) and Yang et al. (2012) investigated TBBPA levels in
sedi ment samples collected from two eastern Chinese lakes located near highly developed regions

. In Xu et al. (2013)

, TBBPA concentrations in surface sediment samples collected in 2009 from Taihu Lake (n=12) ranged from 0.056 to 2.15 μg/kg dw ( 0.7 ± 0.54 μg/kg dw mean )

. Higher concentrations were noted in areas more influenced by human activities

.

I n samples from Lake Chaohu collected in 2008

, Yang et al. (2012) measured mean TBBPA
concentrations of 105.8 to 230.5 μg/kg dw in surface sediments (maximum individual concentration of

518 μg/kg dw) and 88 to 155 μg/kg dw in sediment cores (0

- 12 cm)

. The highest levels were observed at the entrance of the most polluted inflow rivers and nearest an industrial city

. TBBPA concentrations in surface sediment followed a temporal pattern . The levels were highest in spring, lower in autumn,
even lower in summer and the lowest in winter ( P <0.05)

. The concentrations of TBBPA in the sediment

core s decreased from surface to bottom layers.

In the He et al. (2013) study of the sediment, water and fish of the Dongjiang River, which runs through

a highly industrialized area of s outh ern China, TBBPA was detected in the majority of the surface sediment samples collected in 2010 ( 39 of 42 samples )

. TBBPA concentrations ranged from N D to 82.3 μg/kg dw ( 15.2 μg/kg dw mean )

. Two sediment cores (0

- 76 cm) were also collected

. TBBPA concentrations ranged from 7.9 to 450 μg/kg dw ( n=13; 91.6 μg/kg dw mean ) in the core from the outlet of the largest tributary of the catchment (Core 1) and from 0.2 to 14 μg/kg dw ( n=15; 2.9 μg/kg

dw mean ) in the core situated in the middle of one small tributary of the catchment (Core 2)

. In both

cores , TBBPA levels were significantly higher in th e upper section than the lower section.

Surface sediment from six rivers

, including the Dongjiang River

, and an estuar y in the Pearl River Delta
of southern China

, were also investigated by Feng et al. (2012) for the presence of TBBPA i n samples
collected between 2 009 and 2010. Overall, TBBPA was detected in the majority of the samples at concentrations rang ing from <MDL (<0.025) to 304 μg/kg dw (n=121)

. Mean concentrations ranged
from 0.471 μg/kg dw in the Pearl River Estuary to 64.7 μg/kg dw in the Dayanhe River

. Both rural and urban rivers were sampled, with the majority of the rivers impacted by industry

. The highest concentrations were in the Dayanhe River

, which runs through an agricultural area where e

- waste is also processed.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 9 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data TBBPA levels in surface sedim ent and sediment cores from the Dongjiang River were also previously
measured in 2006 by Zhang et al. (2009)

. No TBBPA manufac turing plants were located in the study region

. TBBPA was present in al l surface sediment samples (n=15 ), at 3 .8 to 230 μg/kg dw

. In cores (0

- 60 cm) , TBBPA was highest in the upper section s at maximum levels of 9.4 to 18 μg/kg dw

.

Several studies have investigated the occurr ence of TBBPA in the J apanese environment

. Ohta et al. (2004) investigated the levels of TBBPA and other b rominated flame retardants in stock fish of the Osaka Bay and in sediment collected from the coastal area of the Setouchi Sea in 2003. TBBPA was detected in 17 sediment samples from the Set ouchi Sea at 0. 08 to 5 μg/kg dw. T he highest levels were from samples collected from an area containing many chemical factories

.

Watanabe et al. (1983a) analyzed sediment from samples in estuaries in the Osaka Bay and rivers in Osaka, as well as in estuaries outside of Osaka

. All samples were collected between 1981 and 1983

. TBBPA levels we re lowest in sediment from estuaries outside of Osaka, at ND (<0.5) to 1.8 μg/kg dw (n=7 )

. In the estuaries of the Osaka Bay , TBBPA levels ranged from 0.5 to 4.5 μg/kg dw (n=6)

. Levels

were highest in sediment from rivers in Osaka, at 22 to 140 μg/kg dw (n=6)

. The sampling sites in the

rivers were near the city center of Osaka and receive large amounts of effluents from sewage treatment plants, municipal incinerators and factories

.

The environmental surveys conducted across Japan by t he Environment Age ncy of Japan show that

TBBPA was detected (<0.57

– 6

. 2 μg/kg dw ) in 26 sediment samples collected from 6 4 sampling areas

in 200 7 (n=1 92 ) ( MOE, 2014 ).

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 10 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 2. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Sediment

Location Water Body Year N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration (μg/kg dw ) Comments Reference (Reliability Rating d ) Range b Central Tendency c
North America

United States and
Canada Lake Ontario; 8 stations 2002 8 (5) ND

– 0.063 e NR Quade (2003) (4)

United States;
El Dorado , AR Ponds, clear running water,
reclamation areas 1976

- 1977 8 (2) ND

– 330,000 (weight type not reported) NR In v icinity of organo

- bromide production facilit ies Pellizzari et al. (1978) (2)

South America

Columbia Magdalena

River area ( coastal, estuarine, and river); 5 sites 2009

- 2010 13 (13 f ) All <2.7 f

-- H ighly urbanized and
industrialized areas Baron et al. (2013) (2)

Chile Biobio region ( coastal and estuarine); 3 sites 2009

- 2010 19 (19) All <2.7

-- H ighly urbanized and
industrialized areas Europe England 9 lakes 2008

- 2009 9 (0) 0.33

- 3.8 NR No known major point source inputs Harrad et al. (2009) (2)
France; Paris Predecelle River ; 5 stations 2008 15 (0) 0.0 65

- 0. 28 g NR Suburban river; Up and downstream up WW TP and

towns Labadie et al. (2010) (2)

Spain Ebro River

Cinca River 2008

2006 3 (1) 4 (2) <2.7

- 3.1

<2.7

- 15 NR

NR - N ear WWTP

- U p and downstream of town with chemical industry Guerra et al. (2010) (2)

Denmark

Faroe Islands

Finland

Sweden

Norway Two marine sites

Three marine/harbo r sites

Two coastal/estuary bays ; one lake

NR

One marine site 2009

2007

- 2009

2009

2009

2009 2 (2)

3 (2)

3 (3)

3 (3)

1 (1) All <0.2

<0.1

- 16

All <0.1

All <0.4

All <0.1 --

NR

--

--

-- - One sample collected close to sludge treatment outlet , urban

- Presumed hotspots

, urban

- Major multi

- affected rivers; lake downstream of a city

- Near effluent point s of WWTPs,
urban

- Receiving water of WWTP,
urban Schlabach et al. (2011) (4)

Norway Drammens River Drammensfjord 2003

2003 7 (0) 4 (0) 0.02

- 10

0.3

- 39.2 NR

NR Highest levels were close to
industrial areas Schlabach et al. (2004) (4) Belgium Scheldt Basin (11 rivers) 2001 19 (4) <0.1

- 67 5.4±16 mean de Boer et al. (2002) (4) and Morris et al. (2004) (2) The Netherlands Western Scheldt ( estuarine) 2000 19 (6) <0.1

- 3.2 1±1 mean
The Netherlands 8 rivers ( estuarine and

r iverine ) 2000 9 (1) <0.1

- 6.9 2.2±2.2 mean

United Kingdom 6 rivers ( estuarine and

r iverine ) 2000

- 2002 22 (12) < 2.4

- 9,753 451±2077 mean Maximum value from R iver
Skerne near the vicinity of a BFR
manufacture r

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 11 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 2. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Sediment

Location Water Body Year N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration (μg/kg dw ) Comments Reference (Reliability Rating d ) Range b Central Tendency c
Ireland Two rivers NR 4 (1) <2.4

- 3.7 NR de Boer et al. (2002) (4)

Sweden NR NR Up : 1 (0)

Down: 1 (0) Up: 34

Down: 270 --

-- Up and downstream of plastics industry were TBBPA is used Sellstrom and Jansson (1995) (2)

Asia China, northern; Beijing Qinghe Canal 2011 13 (0) 0.3

- 22 7.7 mean Urban Xu et al. (2012) (2)

China , eastern ; Liuyang, Hunan Liuyang River 2010 6 sites (NR) <0.03

- 132 NR U p

- and downstream of the effluent outlet of a BFR factory Qu et al. (2013) (1)

China , eastern Taihu Lake 2010 12 (0) 0.056

- 2.15 0.7±0.54 mean Adjacent to highly developed cities and towns; severe eutrophication Xu et al. (2013) (2)

China, eastern Lake Chaohu 2008 (spring,

summer and winter) Surface: 10 sites (0)

Core: 10 sites (0) 105.8

- 230.5 h (518.3 max)

88

- 155 h means: 230.5 in spring, 130.2 in summer, and

105.8 in winter Adjacent to mo st developed regions in China; h ighest levels
at the entrance of the most polluted inflow rivers and
nearest an industri al city Yang et al. (2012) (2)

China, southern ; Pearl River Delta Dongjiang River catchment 20 10 Surface = 42 (3) Core 1 = 19 (0) Core 2 = 19 (0) ND

- 82.3

7.9

- 450

0.2

- 14 15.2 mean
91.6 mean 2.9 mean Highly industrialized; c ore expected to encompass ~15

years.

Detection limit not provided. He et al. (2013) (2)

China, southern ; Pearl River Delta Dongjiang River

Zhujiang River

Beijiang River

Xijiang River

Shunde tributaries of Dayanhe River

Dayanhe River

Pearl River Estuary 2009

- 2010 42 (3)

19 (0)

14 (0)

13 (2)

8 (0)

12 (0)

13 (0) <0.025

- 82.3

0.10

- 127

0.537

- 6.2

>0.025

- 1.33

0.264

- 27.1

0.741

- 304

0.060

- 1.39 15.16 mean; 6.43
median 28.37 mean; 13.38
median 2.80 mean; 2.70
median
0.51 mean; 0.422
median
4.59 mean; 1.38
median

64.7 mean; 13.38
median 0.471 mean; 0.388
median E lectronics

E lectronics

R ural and urban areas

R u ral/ industrialized

I ndustrial (appliances)

A gricultural/e

- waste

Receives input from all rivers in
delta Feng et al. (2012) (2)

China, southern ; Pearl River Delta Dongjiang River 2006 Surface = 15 (0)

Core 1 = 13 (NR)

Core 2 = 15 (NR) 3.8

- 230 9.4 (max) 18 (max) NR

NR

NR Highly industrialized; n o TBBPA manufacturing plants present Zhang et al. (2009) (2)

Japan, western Setouchi Sea (coastal areas) 2003 17 (0) 0. 08

- 5 NR Highest values from area with Ohta et al. (2004)

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 12 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 2. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Sediment

Location Water Body Year N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration (μg/kg dw ) Comments Reference (Reliability Rating d ) Range b Central Tendency c many chemical factories (4)
Japan Estuaries in Osaka Bay

R ivers in Osaka

Estuaries other than in
Osaka 1981

- 1983 6 (0)

6 (0)

7 (5) 0.5

- 4.5

22

- 140

<0.5

- 1.8 NR

NR

NR - Urban

- Urban ; STP, municipal incinerators, factories

- Urban Watanabe et al. (1983a) (2)

Japan ; 64 sites 200 7 19 2 ( 16 6) < 0.57

– 6

. 2 NR 

### _ENREF_19 MOE (2014 ) (4)

a N refers to the number of samples, unless otherwise noted

. The number of non

- detect values is reported in parenthesis

. Values reported as “<X” are assumed to be

non

- detect.

b The range is the minimum and maximum values reported

. Non

- detect values are shown as less than the detection limit.

c The central tendency values shown are as reported in the reference.

d Reliability rating: 1 = valid without r estrictions; 2 = valid with restrictions; 4 = not assignable.

e Sum of both TBBPA and MeTBBPA

. Quade (2003) n oted that laboratory recoveries were small in some samples (34

- 38%), p ossibly due to organic content of the samples

. The reported concentrations, however, accounted for the losses during preparation and clean

- up because calculations were based on the response to the
labeled internal standard.

f The authors stated that TBBPA was detected in tw o samples at a maximum of 0.58 μ g/kg, however, this value is less than the reported LOD of 2.7 μ g/kg.

g Values are mean of three samples per station.

h Mean values from spring, summer, and winter from each sampling station.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 13 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 1.3 **Measured Concentrations in Wastewater**

Measured concentrations of TBBPA in wastewater , extracted from four sources, are summarized below
and tabulated in Table S2

- 3

.

North America

Potvin et al. (2012) compare d removal efficiencies of TBBPA using typical wastewater treatment technologies, and identified the most significant mechanisms of removal

. In this Canadian study

, wastewater influent and effluent concentrations were determined at two types of plants: 1) a full

- scale conventional activated sludge (CAS) reactor equipped with rotating biological contr actors and a sand
filter as tertiary treatment, and 2) at three pilot

- sca le membrane bioreactors (MBRs), each with different sludge retention times

. All four reactors were fed the same municipal influent; TBBPA in the influent ranged from 0.001 to 0.041 μg /L (n=10)

. In effluent, TBBPA concentrations ranged from below the detection limit (<0.0001) to 0.0022 μg/L for the CAS plant (n=3 ; 0.0007±0.0013 μg/L mean )

. Concentrations averaged 0.006 ± 0.006 μg/L for the three MBR plants (n=26)

. Potvin et al. (2012)
determined that t he average TBBPA removal was significantly higher by t he CAS plant than the MBRs

.

Africa

Chokwe et al. (2012) investigated a gas chromatography

– mass spectrometry (GC

– MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of two types of endocrine disrupting compounds

. The method was tested on influent and effluent samples collected in 2012 from the Leeuwkuil wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located in the Vereeniging region of South Africa

. TBBPA concentrations were 6.629 to 6.806 μg/L in influent (n=2) and 3.269 μg/L in effluent (n=1).

Europe

de Boer et al. (2002) and Morris et al. (2004) r eported TBBPA re sults in influent

, effluent and sludge samples collected in 2002 from WWTPs in the Netherlands and southeast England

. Influent and effluent were sampled from five WWTPs in t he Netherlands with either high treatment capacity (population equi valents of 200,000 to 750, 000 ; n=4) or small treatment capacity (population equivalent of 100,000; n=1)

. In England, five WWTPs were also sampled, which served populations varying from 4,750 to 143,000

. According to Morris et al. (2004) , all facilities receive d domestic wastewater only

. In the Dutch samples, TBBPA was not detected in the particulate phase of any influent sample (<6.9 μg/kg dw) and was detected in the particulate phase of all effluent samples at 3.1

to 63 μg/kg dw (42±24 μg/kg dw mean)

. The dissolved phase was not analyzed. The Dutch influent and effluent sample s were prepared in slightly diffe rent ways

. I nfluent samples were filtered in the laboratory and the resulting residue was dried and used for analysis

. E ffluent samples were c entri fuged
at the location using a high throughput centrifuge , and then the residue was mixed with sodium sulphate and Soxhelt extracted

.

In the English samples, which were filtered to obtain both dissolved and particulate phases for analysis,
TBBPA was det ec ted in the influent at <0.015 to 0.0852 μg/L in the dissolved phase and <3.9 to 21.7

μ g/kg dw in the particulate phase

. TBBPA was not detected in the effluent of any sample (<0.015 μg/L in the dissolved phase and <3.9 μg/kg dw in the particulate phase).

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 14 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 3. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Wastewater

Location Wastewater Type Year Influent Effluent Comments Reference N (# ND ) a TBBPA Concentration N (# ND ) a TBBPA Concentration Range b Central Tendency c Range b Central Tendency c
North America

Canada ; Guelph, Ontario Municipal NR 3 (0) 0.013

- 0. 029 μg/L NR 3 ( 2 ) <0. 0001

- 0.0022 μg/L 0.0007±0.0013 μg/L m ean Conventional activated sludge (CAS) reactor with tertiary treatment Potvin et al. (2012) (4)

7 (0) 0.001

- 0.041 μg/L 0.021±0.0 1 4

mean 26 (0) Max 0.025 μg/L 0.006 ± 0.006 μg/L m ean Three pilot

- scale
membrane bioreactors

Africa

South Africa ; Vereeniging NR 2012 2 (0) 6.629

- 6.806 μg/L NR 1 (0) 3.269 μg/L NR Chokwe et al. (2012) (2)
Europe
The Netherlands (5 sites) D omestic 2002 Part.: 5 (5) All <6.9 μg/kg dw

-- Part.: 5 (0) 3.1

- 63 μg/kg dw 42±24 mean μg/kg dw Serves populations of

2 00,000

- 75 0, 000 (n=4) or

~10 0

, 000 (n=1 ) de Boer et al. (2002) (4) and
Morris et al. (2004) (2) England,
southeast (5 sites) D omestic 2002 Diss.:5 (1) Part.: 5 (4) <0.015

- 0.0852 μg/L

<3.9

- 21.7 μg/kg dw NR

75±8 mean μg/kg dw Diss.:5 (5) Part.: 5 (5) All < 0.015 μg/L All <3.9 μg/kg dw --

-- S erves populations of

4 ,800 to 143, 000

NR = Not reported

a N refers to the number of samples, unless otherwise noted

. The number of non

- detect values is reported in parenthesis

. Values reported as < “X” value are assume d
to be non

- detect.

b The range is the minimum and maximum values reported

. Non

- detect values are shown as less than the detection limit.

c The central tendency values shown are as reported in the reference.

d Reliability rating: 1 = valid without restrictions; 2 = valid with restrictions; 4 = not assignable.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 15 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 1.4 **Measured Concentrations in Sewage Sludge and**  **Biosolids**

Measured concentrations of TBBPA in sewage sludge and biosolids are extracte d from twelve sources
and are summarized below and tabulated in Table S2

- 4

.

North America

Quade (2003) measured concentrations of TBBPA in seven sewage sludge samples collected from five WWTPs in southern Ontario, Canada in 2002 and in seven biosolid samples collected from WWTPs in
four states of the United States between 1999 and 2001

. TBBPA (determined as the sum of TBBPA and methylated T BBPA) was detected in all Ontario sewage sludge samples (raw or digested) with concentrations ranging from 9.04 to 43.1 μg/kg dw . The Ontario WWTPs employed both primary and secondary treatment using aerobic digestion . O ne plant also employed tertiary filtration. TBBPA (determined as the sum of TBBPA and methylated TBBPA) was detected in all U

. S

. biosolid samples with concentrations ranging from 2.98 to 196 μg/kg dw

. The samples were obtained from plants that
utilize anaero bic digestion (n=4), lime stabilization (n=2), or composting (n=1) prior to land application

. Laboratory recoveries were small (~43% for Ontario sewage sludge and ~53% for U

. S

. biosolid s )

. H owever , losses during preparation and clean

- up were accounted for by the use of isotopically labeled
internal standard.

Lee and Pearl (2002) investigated the occurrence of TBBPA and other chemicals in 35 raw or digested sewage sludge samples collected between July 1994 and January 2001 from 21 lar ge, medium and small municipalities across Canada

. Raw sludge was sampled from primary sedimentation tanks and digested sludge was sampled from secondary clarifiers

. TBBPA concentrations ranged from 2.9 to 46.2 μg/kg dw in 34 out of 35 samples, and was not detected ( < 1 μg/kg dw) in one sample.

Europe

In 2009, Gorga et al. (2013) collected sewage sludge samples from 17 WWTPs located throughout the Catalonia region of northeastern Spain for analysis of TBBPA and other b rominated flame reta rdants

. These WWTPs service from 83,500 to 1,151,500 equivalent habitants

. Sewage sludge was treated following anaerobic digestion at the majority of these locations (n=14)

. In the remaining locations (n=3), sludge treatment was carried out by an activated sludge process. TBBPA in the anaerobically digested sludge was 15 to 472 μg/kg dw at 13 WTTPs and was not detected (<3 μg/kg dw) at the remaining WWTP. TBBPA in the activated sludge was 130 to 245 μg/kg dw at two WWTPs and was not

detected (<3 μg/kg dw) a t the remaining WWTP

. Including all WWTPs (n=17)

, TBBPA was detected at a
mean concentration of 104 μg/kg dw and a median concentration of 96.7 μg/kg dw.

In addition to sediment, Guerra et al. (2010) analyzed sewage sludge for TBBPA, HBCD, and related compounds from seven WWTPs in the northeast of Spain using the LC

- QqLIT

- MS method developed in the study

. All, s amples were co llected in 2008 from WWTPs serving populations ranging from 37,300 to 650,000 inhabitants

. TBBPA ranged from 411 to 1,329 μg/kg dw in sludge collected from three WWTPs treating both industrial and urban wastewater

. T wo of the facilities used primary settli ng and all facilities used activated sludge secondary treatment

. In four WWTPs treating only urban wastewater, TBBPA was detected in three of the samples at 287 to 1,032 μg/kg dw (facilities using primary settling

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 16 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data and activated sludge secondary treatment) and was <LOQ (<8.9 μg/kg dw) in one sample (facility using primary settling and biologic filters).

In the environmental survey conducted by t he Nordic Council of Ministers Schlabach et al. (2011)

, sewage sludge was analyzed for TBBPA from WWTPs in Denmark (n=2), Faroe Islands (n=2), Finland (n= 3), Iceland (n=2), Sweden (n=2) and Norway (n=2)

. Samples were collected in 2009 (year not reported for Icelan d) , and included facilities receiving a variety of wastewater types: municipal/domestic, industrial, and hospital

. TBBPA was only detected in two samples: at 32 μg/kg dw in one sample from Denmark (received wastewater from households and industry) and at 11 μg/kg dw in one sample from Faroe Islands (received municipal wastewater)



### . TBBPA was not detected (<1 to <20 μg/kg dw) in the remaining samples

.


### Öberg et al. (2002) analyzed 57 sewage sludge samples from 22 Swedish municipal wa stewater treatment plants for TB BPA. Samples were sent to the laboratory between October of 199 9 and September of 2000

. The reference did not provide specific details on the locations of the plants or the type of wastewater the plants processed

. TBBPA concentrations were <0.3 μg /kg to 220 μg /kg ww,
with a median of 2 μg /kg ww

. Lower and upper quart iles of 0.51 and 4.0 μg /kg ww , respectively, were reported

. The detection limit and number of samp les below the detection limit were not provided.

Metzger and Kuch (2003) collected 32 sludge samples from different WWTP s in Baden

- Württemberg in Southwestern Germany. No specifics were given on the characteristics or locations of the plants. TBBPA was found in samples at concentrations of 0.6 to 62 μg/kg dw, with a mean of 16 μg/kg dw.



### Sellstrom and Jans son (1995) obtained sewage sludge from two sewage treatment plants in Sweden

. In one sample collected from a sewage treatment plant that received leach water from a landfill with wastes from a producer of plastics containing TBBPA, TBBPA was detected at 56 μg/kg dw

. In one sample collected from a sewage treatment plant where no known users of TBBPA are connected,
TBBPA was detected at 31 μg/kg dw.

de Boer et al. (2002) and Morris et al. (2004) reported TBBPA results in sewage sludge samples
collected from the same Dutch and English WWTPs in which wastewater influent and eff luent samples were also collected ( see Table S2

- 3)

. According to Morris et al. (2004) , all facilities received domestic wastewater only

. In the Netherlands, an additional four facilities were sampled, resulting in sewage sludge samples from nine facilities, in cluding six high treatment capacity facilities (population equivalents of 200,000 to 750,000) and three small treatment capacity facilities (population equivalents of 100,000 to 150,000)

.

TBBPA ranged from 2 to 600 μg/kg dw in the sludge from the nine WW TPs

. Mo rris et al. (2004) reported a mean of 79 ± 196 μg/kg dw from eight of the WWTPs

. In southeast England, TBBPA in sewage sludge samples from five facilities (serving populations of 4,750 to 143,000) ranged from 15.9

to 112 μg/kg dw ( 59 ± 41 μg/kg dw mean )

. de Boer et al. (2002) and Morris et al. (2004) also sampled sewage sludge i n 2002 from three WWTPs in Ireland, with TBBPA concentrations ranging from <2.4 to

192 μg/kg dw ( 95 ± 83 μg/kg dw mean )

. Morris et al. (2004) states that the accumulation of TBBPA in sludge may be due to the use of recycled thermal paper in the production of t oilet paper, as
documented in Kuch et al. (2001)

.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 17 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Asia

Hwang et al. (2012) investigated the presence of b rominated flame retardants and PCDD/Fs in sewage sludge generated fro m industrial WWTPs (n=7) in Ulsan City, Korea and in municipal WWTPs (n=4) in
Busan, Korea. The industrial WWTPs receive d wastewater from the chemical fiber industry, engineering plastic industry, textile industry (including dyeing)

, oil refineries and the pulp industry. The

wastewater wa s first treated by a chemical treatment process to neutralize and precipitate impurities before the biological treatment process

. TBBPA was detected in these samples at 4.01 to 144 μg/kg

dw

. The municipal WWTPs receive d wastewater from the second largest city in Korea

. Three of the facilities received only sewage (serving populations of 200,000 to 1,100,000) and one facility received mixed wastewater (70%) in addition to municipal sewage (30%). With the exception of one sample, the Busan wastewater did not undergo an initial chemical treatment/precipitation process

. One sample also went through an a erobic digestion. T he l eve ls o f TBBPA in the Busan m unicipal s ewage sludge were higher and ranged from 67.1 to 618 μg/kg dw

. T he highest concentration was from a facility that
received mixed wastewater.

In addition to sediment, Feng et al. (2012) analyzed t wo sewage sludge samples from a wastewater treatment plant in Guangzhou , China . The WWTP treats water from both domestic and industria l sources at a proportion of approximately 6 to 4. The samples contained 657 and 732 μg/kg dw TBBPA

, with a mean of 694 μg/kg dw.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 18 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 4. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Sewage Sludge and Biosolids

Location Wastewater Type Year N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration (μg/kg dw , unless noted
otherwise ) Preparation/ Comments Reference (Reliability Rating d )
Range b Central Tendency c
North America Canada; Ontario 7 samples collected
from 5 WWTP sites 2002 7 (0) 9.04 to 43.1 NR Raw or digested (aerobic) Quade (2003)

United States; 4 states 7 samples collected
from WWTPs in four

states 1999

- 2001 7 (0) 2.98 to 196 NR Anaerobic digestion (n=4),

Lime stabilization (n=2), Composted (n=1) Quade (2003)

Canada; across 7 provinces Municipal (21 municipalities) 1994

- 2001 35 (1) ND

- 46.2 NR Raw (n=13) and digested (n=22) ; small, medium and large facilities.

Detection limit not reported. Lee and Pearl (2002) (2)

Europe Spain ; Catalonia NR (17 sites) 2009 14 (1) 3 (1) <3

- 472

<3

- 245 Overall (n=17): 104 mean;
96.7 median Anaerobic digested

Activate d sludge Gorga et al. (2013) (2)

Spain; Ebro River Urban/industrial (3 sites) 2008 3 (0) 411

- 1,329 NR Activated sludge Guerra et al. (2010) (2) Urban (4 sites) 2008 3 (0) 1 (1) 287

- 1,032
All <8.9 NR

-- Activated sludge Biologic filter

Denmark Domestic/Industrial (2 sites) 2009 2 (1) <3

- 32 NR NR Schlabach et al. (2011) (4)

Faroe Islands

- Hospital ( 1 site)

- Municipal (1 site) 2009

2009 1 (1) 1 (0) All <4

11 --

-- NR

NR
Finland Municipal/Industrial (3 sites) 2009 3 (3) All <1

- <3

-- D ewatered

Iceland NR (1 site) NR 2 (2) All <4

-- N on

- processed, non

dehydrated

Sweden M ixed sewage water from many communities (2 sites) 2009 2 (2) All <1

- <2 0

-- Digested dewaterised sludge

Norway NR (2 site s) 2009 2 (2) All <1

- <2

-- NR

Sweden Municipal (22 plants) 1999

- 2000 57 (NR) <0.3

- 220 (wet) 2 median (wet) NR Ö berg et al. (2002) (4)
Germany ; Baden

Württemberg 32 sites 2003 32 (NR) 0.6

- 62 16 mean NR Metzger and Kuch (2003) (4)

Sweden

- R eceives leach water
from landfill with
wastes from plastics industry

. 1995 1 (0) 56

-- NR Sellstrom and Jansson (1995) (2)

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 19 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 4. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Sewage Sludge and Biosolids

Location Wastewater Type Year N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration (μg/kg dw , unless noted
otherwise ) Preparation/ Comments Reference (Reliability Rating d )
Range b Central Tendency c

- N o known users of

TBBPA

. 1 (0) 31

-- NR

The Netherlands Domestic (9 sites) 2002 9 (0) 2

- 600 79±196 mean (8 sites only) NR de Boer et al. (2002) (4)
and Morris et al. (2004) (2) England, SE Domestic (5 sites) 2002 5 (0) 15.9

- 112 59± 41 mean NR
Ireland Domestic (3 sites) 2002 6 (1) <2.4

- 192 95±83 mean NR

Asia

Korea ; Ulsan City (Industrial) and Busan (Municipal) Industrial (7 sites)

Municipal (4 sites) 2011

2011 7(0)

4 (0) 4 .01

- 144

67.1

- 618 NR

NR - Chemical treatment + activated sludge

- Chemical treatment + activated sludge, Activated sludge, or Activated sludge + sludge anaerobic digestion Hwang et al. (2012) (2)

China; Pearl River Delta Domestic and Industrial (1 site) 2 (0) 657

- 732 694 mean NR Feng et al. (2012) (2)

a N refers to the number of samples, unless otherwis e noted

. The number of non

- detect values is reported in parenthesis

. Values reported as < “X” value are assumed
to be non

- detect.

b The range is the minimum and maximum values reported

. Non

- detect values are shown as less than the detection limit.

c The ce ntral tendency values shown are as reported in the reference.

d Reliability rating: 1 = valid without restrictions; 2 = valid with restrictions; 4 = not assignable.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 20 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 1.5 **Measured Concentrations in Other**  **Sediment/Sludge**

Measured concentrations of TBBPA in sludge and/or s ediment collected from sources other than WWTPs (i.e.

, stormwater collection areas, landfills, and recycling facilities) are summarized below and
tabulated in Table S2

- 5

. The se data were extracted from three sources.

Europe

TBBPA levels were measured in stormwater sludge and sediment by Schlabach et al. (2011)

. TBBPA was
not detected in sludge sampl es collected from urban drainage wells in Finland in 2009 (n=2 ; <0. 2 μg/kg

dw ) or in sludge from landfill effluent in Iceland (n=1), but was detected in a sludge sample from a
ditch near an industrial site in Finland in 2009 at 59 μg/kg dw (n=1)

.

In the Netherlands, de Boer et al. (2002) measured TBBPA in a sediment sa mple from a residential

sewer at 3.7 μg/kg dw.

Schlabach et al. (2011) also measured TBBPA in sludge from landfill leachate basin s in Sweden in 2009

. T BBPA was not detected (<1 μg/kg dw ) in any sample (n= 2 )

. TBBPA was also not detected (<0.4 μg/kg

dw ) in landfill sludge collected in the Netherlands (n=2) in 2002 de Boer et al. (2002)

.

In sludge from recycling facilities in Norway, including a car demolishing and e

- waste recycling facility (n=1) a nd a municipal recycling and landfill facility (n=1), TBBPA was also not detected (< 0 .2 μg/kg dw ) Schlabach et al. (2011)

.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 21 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 5. Measured Concent rations of TBBPA in 

### Other Sediment/Sludge

Location Site Year N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration (μg/kg dry ) Reference (Reliability Rating d ) Range b Central Tendency c Europe

Stormwater Sludge/Sediment

Finland

- Ditch near i ndustrial site (1 site)

- W aste deposit drainage wells in urban area (2 sites) 2009

2009 1 (0 )

2 (2) 59

All <0.1

- <0.2 --

-- Schlabach et al. (2011) (4)

Iceland F rom landfill effluent (1 site) NR 1 (1) ND (detection limit not provided) --

Residential S ewer Sludge/Sediment

The Netherlands Residential sewer (1 site) 2002 1 (0) 3.7

-- de Boer et al. (2002) (4)

Landfill Sludge/Sediment

Sweden L eachate basin from l andfill (2 sites) 2009 2 (2) All <0.6

- <1

-- Schlabach et al. (2011) (4)

The Netherlands Landfill (2 sites) 2002 2 (2) All <0.3

- <0.4

-- de Boer et al. (2002) (4)
and Morris et al. (2004) (2) Recycling Sludge/Sediment
Norway L eachate basin from recycling facilities (c ar demolishing/e

waste /municipal/ landfill) (2 sites) 2009 2 (2 ) All <0.1

- <0.2

-- Schlabach et al. (2011) (4)

a N refers to the number of samples, unless otherwise noted

. The number of non

- detect values is reported in parenthesis

. Values reported as < “X” value are assumed
to be non

- detect.

b The range is the minimum and maximum values reported

. Non

- detect values are shown as less than the detection limit.

c The central tendency values shown are as reported in the reference.

d Reliability rating: 1 = valid without restrictions; 2 = valid with restrictions; 4 = not assignable.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 22 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 1.6 **Measured Concentr ations in**  **Landfill Leachate**

Measured concentrations of TBBPA in landfill leachate , extracted from two sources, are summarized
below and tabulated in Table S2

- 6

.

Europe

de Boer et al. (2002) measured TBBPA concentrations in landfill leachate collected from nine locations

in t he Netherlands, three from southeast England, and three from Ireland

. According to Morris et al. (2004) , all landfills received domestic or municipal wastes only

. de Boer et al. (2002) noted that the
landfill leachate samples from the Netherlands were collected prior to purification and release to the
environment as landfill effluent

. de Boer et al. (2002) did not specifically state the sample collection timing for the English and Irish samples

. In the particulate phase of samples collected in t he Netherlands, TBBP A was measured at <5.5 to 320 μg/kg dw, with detection in only three of the nine samples ( de Boer et al., 2002 )

. Morris et al. (2004) reported a mean of 54 ± 108 μg/kg dw from 11 samples, which appears to include the nine landfill leachate samples in addition to the two land fill sludge samples discussed above

. TBBPA was not detected in either the dissolved phase (<0.015 μg/L) or particulate phase (<3.9 μg/kg dw) of samples collected in southeast England (n=3) or Ireland (n=6), as reported in de Boer et al. (2002)

.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 23 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 6. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in 

### Landfill Leachate

Location Site Phase Year N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration Comments Reference (Reliability Rating d ) Range b Central Tendency c Europe
The Netherlands Domestic and municipal waste only (9 sites) Particulate 2002 9 (6) <5.5

- 320 μg/kg dw 54± 108 μg/kg dw (n=11 , includes 2 landfill sludge samples ) Samples collected prior to treatment
for release for to the

environment. de Boer et al. (2002) (4) and Morris et al. (2004) (2)

England

, southeast Domestic and municipal waste only (3 sites) Dissolved
Particulate 2002 3 (3) 3 (3) All <0.015 μg/L All <3.9 μg/kg dw --

-- Ireland Domestic and municipal waste only (3 sites) Dissolved
Particulate 2002 6 (6) 6 (6) All <0.015 μg/L All <3.9 μg/kg dw --

-- Finland Site 1

- 2002 1(1) n.d.

-- Pelto la (2002)

Finland Metal dismantling

- 2002 1(0) 0.9 μg/L

Iceland Landfill effluent

- 2011 1(1) n.d.

-- Schlabach et al. (2011) Sweden Sludge from landfill
basins - 2009 2(2) < 1 μg/kg dw

-- --

Asia Japan Leachate from municipal
landfills: incineration ash, incombustables, crushed bulk waste [and sewage treatment sludge at one site] - 2004 6 landfills (raw)

3 landfills (treated) < 0.010

- 0.620 μg/L (raw)

< 0.001

– 0.011 μg/L (treated) Osako et al. (2004)
Japan

Japan Industrial waste landfill leachate; raw Dissolved
Overall 2004

- 0.0043 μg/L < 0.001 μg/L
Japan Industrial waste landfill leachate; treated Dissolved
Overall 2004

- < 0.0005 μg/L < 0.0005 μg/L
Japan Leachate

- - 5 landfills 0.0003

– 0.540 μg/L 0.130 μg/L (pre

- treatment)

0.0077 μg/L (post

- treatment) Suzuki and Hasegawa (2006)

a N refers to the number of samples, u nless otherwise noted

. The number of non

- detect values is reported in parenthesis

. Values reported as < “X” value are assumed
to be non

- detect.

b The range is the minimum and maximum values reported

. Non

- detect values are shown as less than the detection l imit.

c The central tendency values shown are as reported in the reference.

d Reliability rating: 1 = valid without restrictions; 2 = valid with restrictions; 4 = not assignable.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 24 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 1.7 **Measured Concentrations in Soil**

Measured concentration s of TBBPA in soil , extracted from three sources, are summarized be low and
tabulated in Table S2

- 7.

North America

Pellizzari et al. (1978) reported the presence of TBBPA in soil samples collected between 1976 and 1977 in the vicinity of multiple organo

- bromide production facilities in southern Arkansas

. TBBPA

c oncentrations ranged from <100 to 2 25,000 μg/kg (wet or dry weight not specified), with detection in 10 of 17 samples.

Asia

In addition to sediment, Qu et al. (2013) investigated the presence of TBBPA in agricultural su rface soil samples collected in 2010, upstream and downstream of the effluent outlet for a brominated flame
retardant manufacturing plant at the Liuyang River within the Hunan province of China

. TBBPA was not
detected ( <0.03 μg/kg dw) in six agricultural soils samples

.

In the analytical method development study conducted by Xu et al. (2012) using surface soil and sediment collected in the Beijing area in 2011, TBBPA was measured in soil from an e

- waste recycling

site at 26 to 104 μg/kg dw (n=4)

. TBBPA was detected at lower levels in agricultural soil at < LOD (< 0.04 )

to 5.6 μg/kg dw (n=11), with detection in only two samples

. According to Xu et al. (2012) , the presence
of TBBPA i n the farmland soil s could be due to the recent input of compost containing organic pollutants.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 25 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 7. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Soil

Location Site Year N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration (μg/kg dw) Reference (Reliability Rating d ) Range b Central Tendency c
North America United States;
El Dorado , AR Vicinity of multiple

organo

- bromide production facilities 1976

- 1977 17 (7) <100

– 225,000 (weight type not reported) NR Pellizzari et al. (1978) (2)

Asia

China , eastern ; Liuyang, Hunan Agricultural soil near BFR factory (upstream
and downstream of
effluent outlet at the Liuyang River ) 2010 6 (6) All <0.03

-- Qu et al. (2013) (1)

China, northern; Beijing O pen e

- waste recycling site 2011 4 (0) 26

- 104 NR Xu et al. (2012) (2)

F armland 2011 11 (9) <0.04

- 5.6 NR NR=Not reported

a N refers to the number of samples, unless otherwise noted

. The number of non

- detect values is reported in parenthesis

. Values reported as “<X” are assumed to be

non

- detect.

b The range is the minimum and maximum values reported

. Non

- detect values are shown as less than the detection limit.

c The central tendency values shown are as reported in the reference.

d Reliability rating: 1 = valid without restrictions; 2 = valid with restrictions; 4 = not assignable.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 26 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 1.8 **Measured Concentrations in Ambient Air**

Measured concentrations of TBBPA in ambient air , extracted from six sources, are summarized below
and tabulated in Table S2

- 8

.

North America

Pellizzari et al. (1978) reported the presence of TBBPA in the particulate phase of air from sa mples collected between 1976 and 1977 in the vicinity of multiple organo

- bromide production facilities in
southern Arkansas

. Concentrations of TBBPA in eight samples ranged from ND ( <10) to 1

, 800 ng/m 3



### .

Alaee et al. (2003) investigated the occurrence of brominated flame retardants, including TBPPA, in archived air samples that had been collected from 1994 to 1995

. Samples came from three Arctic air monitoring stations : Alert and Tagish, Canada, and Dunai Island, Russia

. Four samples, each one a composite of four weekly filter samples, were an alyzed from each monitoring station

. TBB P A was not detected (< 0.00007 ng/m 3 

### ) in samples from the Alert and Tagish monitoring stations . O nly one sample
was collected from Dunai ( during the spring of 1994) had detectable levels of TBBPA (0.07 ng/m 3 

### in the

p articulate phase).

Europe

In the Nordic environmental screening study by Schlabach et al. (2011)

, c ombined phase air samples
were collected from ru ral and urban locations in Denmark and Sweden; particulate phase samples
were collected from an urban location in Oslo, Norway

. Indoor air samples were also collected near the Oslo, Norway location ( see Supplemental File 3 : Residential Monitoring )

. Samples we re collected in
2009 and 2010 In Sweden and Norway , samples were collected in 2009 and 2010. T he sampling dates were not reported for Denmark. TBBPA was detected in two samples from Oslo at concentrations of

0.050 ng/m 3 

### and 0.284 ng/m 3



### . TBBPA concentrations at other sites were below detection limits (<0.0002

- <0.001 ng/m 3 

### ).

In vestigators collected five air samples in the West Midlands conurbation, a large urban and industrially developed area in the United Kingdom that includes the city o f Birmingham

. Sampling took place between February and December 2007 using low volume active air samples. TBBPA concentrations ranged from 0.0007 to 0.0009 ng/m 3 

### (0.0008 ± 0.0001 ng/m 3 

### mean; 0.0007 ng/m 3 

### median) i n the particulate phase ( Abdallah et al., 2008 )

.

As part of an analytical method development study for determination of TBBPA following derivatization with silylation reage nts, Xie et al. (2007) measured TBBPA concentrations in air samples collected over rural land (GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht , Northern Germany) and coastal regions
of the Wadden Sea and the Northeast Atlantic from 2004 to 2006

. TBBPA concentrations in the vapor phase ranged from ND (<0.00004) to 0.00025 ng/m 3 

### at the GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht location and from 0.00021 to 0.00050 ng/m 3 

### for samples collected over the Wadden Sea

. Particulate phase concentrations ranged from 0.00016 to 0.00085 ng/m 3 

### at the GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht
location and from 0.00010 to 0.00019 ng/m 3 

### for samples collected over the Wadden Sea

. Concentrations of TBBPA were below the detection limit in all but two samples (vapor phase
concentrations of 0.00005 and 0.00017 ng/m 3 

### ) collect ed off the Northeast Atlantic

.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 27 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Asia

In a 200 4 environmental survey conducted by the Environmental Agency of Japan, air samples (phase not reported) were collected in two areas of Japan and analyzed for TBBPA ( MOE, 2014 )

. TBBPA was not detected in any of the samples ( <0.03 ng/m 3 

### ).

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 28 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 8

. Measured Concentrations in Ambient Air

Location Site Phase Year N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration (ng/m 3 ) Reference (Reliability Rating d )
Range b Central Tendency c

North America

United States; El Dorado, AR Vicinity of multiple

organo

- bromide production facilities Particulate 1976

- 1977 8 (4) <10

– 1,800 NR Pellizzari et al. (1978) (2)

Canada and Russia Remote Artic monitoring stations: Alert, Tagish, and
Dunai Island Particulate 1994

- 1995 12 (11) < 0.00007

- 0.07 NR Alaee et al. (2003) (4)

Europe Denmark; Lille Valby and Copenhagen Rural and urban
locations Combined Phase NR 2 (2) All <0.001

-- Schlabach et al. (2011) (4)

Norway; Oslo Urban location Particulate 2009

- 2010 3 (1) <0.001

- 0.284 NR Sweden; Rao and
Stockholm Rural and urban
locations Combined Phase 2009

- 2010 4 (4) <0.0002

- <0.0005

--

United Kingdom;
West Midlands
conurbation Large urban and industrially developed

area Particulate 2007 5 (0) 0.0007

- 0.0009 0.0008±0.0001

mean; 0.0007 median Abdallah et al. (2008) (1)

Germany , northern Rural area Vapor
Particulate 2004

- 2006 7 (1) 7 (0) <0.00004

- 0.00025

0.00016

- 0.00085 NR

NR Xie et al. (2007) (2)

Wadden Sea Coastal region Vapor
Particulate 2004

- 2006 2 (0) 2 (0) 0.00021

- 0.00050

0.00010

- 0.00019 NR

NR

Northeast Atlantic (North Sea to the Artic) Coastal region Vapor
Particulate 2004

- 2006 7 (5) 6 (6) <0.00004

- 0.00017
All <0.00004 NR

--

Asia
Japan; 2 sites Not reported NR 200 4 6 ( 6 ) All <0.03

-- MOE (2014 ) (4) NR=Not reported

a N refers to the number of samples, unless otherwise noted

. The number of non

- detect values is reported in parenthesis

. Values reported as “<X” are assumed to be

non

- detect.

b The range is the minimum and maximum values reported

. Non

- detect values are shown as less than the detection limit.

c The central tendency values shown are as reported in the reference.

d Reliabilit y rating: 1 = valid without restrictions; 2 = valid with restrictions; 4 = not assignable.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 29 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 1.9 **M easured Concentrations in**  **Precipitation**

Measured concentrations of TBBPA in precipitation were only investigated in one study, as
summarized b elow and tabulated in Table S2

- 9

.

Europe

In a study initiated by Greenpeace ( Peters, 2003 ) to investigate the presence of hazardous chemicals in precipitation, precipitation samples were collected from t he N etherlands (n=47), Belgium (n=1), and Germany (n=2) during a 4

- week period starting in February or March (year not reported)

. The samples were gathered using open samplers, thus it was not possible to differentiate between wet and dry deposition

. TBBPA was detected in 8 of 50 samples, at levels of <MDL (<0.0005 μg/L ) to 0.0026 μg/L

. The authors noted that samples were collected in the winter when passive venting from homes and factories is low, which could result in lower TBBPA emissions than during other seasons.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 30 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 9

. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Precipitation

Location Year N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration (μg/L) Comments Reference (Reliability Rating d ) Range b Central Tendency c Europe

T he N etherlands, Belgium, Germany NR 50 (42) <0.0005

- 0.0026 NR Wet and dry deposition Peters (2003) (2) NR = Not reported

a N refers to the number of samples, unless otherwise noted

. The number of non

- detect values is reported in parenthesis

. Values reported as < “X” value are assumed
to be non

- detect.

b The range is the minimum and maximum values reported

. Non

- detect values are shown as less than the detection limit.

c The central tendency values shown are as reported in the reference.

d Reliability rating: 1 = valid without restrict ions; 2 = valid with restrictions; 4 = not assignable



### .

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 31 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 1.10 **Measured Concentrations in Wildlife Biota** 

Measured concentrations of TBBPA in wildlife biota (marine mammals, invertebrate, fish, and vegetation) are summarized below and tabulated in Table S2

- 10

. The data were extracted from
thirteen sources.

Marine Mammals

Johnson

- Restrepo et al. (2008) reported the presence of TBBPA in the tissues of higher trophic level aquatic organisms collected from coastal waters of Florida between 1991 and 2004, as well as in humans ( see Supplemental File 1 : TBBPA Human Biomonitoring Data )

. TBBPA was present in all aquatic organism samples analyzed (n=31)

. Concentrations ranged from 0.056 to 8.48 μg/kg lw ( 1.2 ± 3 μg/kg

lw mean ) in blubber of bottlenose dolphin s , from 0.035 μg/kg to 35.6 μg /kg lw ( 9.5 ± 12 μg/kg lw

mean ) in muscle of bull shark s , and from 0.495 to 1.43 μg/kg lw ( 0.872 ± 0.5 μg/kg lw mean ) in the
muscle of Atlantic sharpnose shark s.

Concentrations of TBBPA were also measured in stranded or by

- caught h arbor porpoise

. Morris et al. (2004) reported TBBPA concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 418 μg/kg lw ( 83 ± 187 μg/kg lw mean) in
the blubber (n=5) of h arbor porpoise from UK rivers

. H owever, TBBPA was not detected in the blubber ( n=4 ; <12 μg/kg lw) or liver (n=1; <18 μg/kg lw) of h arbor porpoise samples originating from the
southern North Sea

. Samples from UK rivers were obtained in 1998

. North Sea samples were acquired
from the Museum of Natural History in the Netherlands (year not re ported)

. Law et al. (2006) also analyzed blubber samples from h arbor porpoise

. I n samples originating from the UK coast between 1994 and 2003, TBBPA con centrations ranged from <4 to 35 μg/kg ww, with detection in 18 of 68 samples.

Additionally, de Boer et al. (2002) and Morris et al. (2004) investigated the presence of TBBPA in stranded or by

- caught harbor seal originating from the Western Wadden Sea

. Samples were acquired
from the C entre for Research and Technology in Büsum, Germany (year not reported)

. TBBPA was not detected in either blubber (n=2, <15 μg/kg lw ) or liver (n=3, <67 to <231 μg/kg lw ).

Invertebrate s

In the environmental survey conducted by the Nordic Council of Ministers ( Schlabach et al., 2011 )

, TBBPA was not detected in mussels (n=3; <0.03 μg/kg lw) collected in 2009 from Iceland and Norway

. In Japan, TBBPA measurements in 2007 i n mussels collected from seven areas with diff erent levels of pollution showed TBBPA levels of <0.0 6 to 0. 09 μg/kg w w (n=3 1 ), with detection in 2 samples ( MOE,

2014 )

.

Driffield et al. (2008) analyzed shellfish (oyster, mussel, and scallop) samples from Scotland for brominated flame retardants, including TBBPA, using a LC

- MS/MS method developed and validated in

house

. The samples were collected between January and March, 2006 during a pre

- spawning period

. Samples were homogenized and pooled, yielding a total of 5 composite oyster samples, 10 composite mussel samples, and 20 composite scallop samples, which were further divided into gonad and adductor subsamples

. TBBPA was not detected in any of the shellfish samples, with LODs ranging from

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 32 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 0.010 to 0.35 μg/kg whole

. The a uthors also present analytical results for food samples collected throughout the UK as part of the 2004 UK Total Diet Study (TDS) ( see Supplemental File 1 : TBBPA Human Biomonitoring Data ).

de Boer et al. (2002) analyzed a variety of aquatic invertebrate species around Europe between 1999

a nd 2001

. In the North Sea, TBBPA levels were 5 to 96 μg/kg lw (45 ± 46 μg/kg lw mean) in whole whelk (n=3), <1 to 10 μg/kg lw (4 ± 5 μg/kg lw mean) in digestive tract of sea star (n=3) and < 1 to 35 μg/kg lw (11 ± 15 μg/kg lw mean) in the abdomen of the hermit crab s (n=9)

. In the United Kingdom, TBBPA was also present in one sea star collected in 2001 from mouth of the Tees Estuary at 205 μg/kg lw and in one starfish sample collected in 1999 in from the Tees River at 4.5 μg/kg ww

. TBBPA was not detected ( <0.4 μg/kg lw ) in one mysid shrimp sample collected from the Western Scheldt in the
Netherlands.

Fish

In the environmental survey conducted by the Nordic Council of Ministers ( Schlabach et al., 2011 )

, TBBPA was not detected in fish muscle (n=9; <0.03 μg/kg f resh w eight ) or fish liver (n=5; <0.4 μg/kg

f resh w eight ) collected in 2009 from the Faroe Islands, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden . Samples
were collected from a variety of locations, including marine environment, receiving waters to a WWTP
and an urban lake.

Harrad et al. (2009) measured TBBPA concentrations in f ish muscle colle cted in the summer of 2008 from seven lakes in England with no known major point source inputs , as well as in water and sediment from the same lakes ( see Tables S2

- 1 and S2

- 2 )

. TBBPA concentrations ranged from <LOQ ( <0.29) to 1.7 μg/kg lw, with detection i n four of thirty samples

.

Russell et al. (2008) measured brominated flame retardant levels, including TBBPA, in the muscle and liver of three deep water fish species (roundnose grenadier, black scabbard, and black dogfish)
collected in 2006 from the Rockall fishing area, to the west of Scotland

. TBBPA was below the LOQ (<0.3 μg/kg ww) in all samples (n=2 muscle and n= 3 liver).

In the Norwegian study conducted by the Norwegian Institute for Water Research in 2003 , T BBPA was analyzed in various fish species ( orfe, trout eel, cod) from the Drammens River and the Drammensfjordd, located in an industrialized area in the southeast of Norway ( Schlabach et al., 2004 )

. In fish muscle (n=3), TBBPA was below the detection limit (<5 to <300 μg/kg lw ) in two samples and
detected at 0.3 μg/kg lw in one sample. In cod fish liver (n=1), TBBPA was also below the detection limit (<9 μg/kg lw).

de Boer et al. (2002) analyzed a variety of fish species around Europe between 1999 and 2001

. TBBPA
levels were <0.3 to 1.8 μg/kg lw in cod liver (n=2) and <97 to 245 μg/kg lw in whiting muscle (n=3) from the North Sea, <4.8 to 3.3 μg/kg ww in whiting muscle (n=2) from the Tees River in England (mouth of Tees estuary), <0.2 μg/kg lw in hake liver (n=1) from the Atl antic Ocean (SW of Ireland), and <0.1 μg/kg

lw in g udgeon (n=1) from the Western Scheldt in t he Netherlands

. In eel, TBBPA ranged from <0.1 to 13 μg/kg lw ( 1.6 ± 3.2 μg/kg lw mean ) in the Scheldt Basin of Belgium (n=18) and from <0.1 to 1 .3 μg/kg lw (0.3 ± 0.5 μg/kg lw m ean ) in rivers of t he Netherlands (n=11 ).

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 33 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Two Chinese studies measured TBBPA concentrations in fish. He et al. (2013) meas ured TBBPA

concentrations in three fish species ( m ud carp, Nile tilapia, and p lecostomus) collected in 2009 in the Dongjiang River, which runs through a highly industrialized area of southern China

. T BBPA levels in water, sediments, sediment cores were al so identified in this study ( see Tables S2

- 1 and S2

- 2 )

. Reported TBBPA concentrations in fish ranged from ND to 66 μg/kg lw , with detection in the majority of the samples (31 of 34 samples). Mean concentrations for the three species ranged from 18.1 to 35.2 μg/kg lw ; there were no signi fi cant differences in TBBPA level between the three fi sh species.

In the second Chinese study, Yang et al. (2012) investigated the tissue distribution of TBBPA i n four fish

spe cies ( Culter alburnus, Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus and Silurus asotus ) in Lake Chaohu

, located adjacent to the most developed regions in eastern China, and assessed the seasonal variation of TBBPA
in the lake water and sediment ( see Tables S2

- 1 and S2

- 2 )

. In various fish species collected in 2008 from up to 10 sites on the lake

, mean TBBPA concentrations ranged from 2 8.5 to 39.4 μg/kg dw in whole samples, 75.2 to 126.4 μg/kg dw in kidney, 16.0 to 37.5 μg/kg dw in liver, 6.3 to 46 μg/ kg dw in muscle, and 12 to 21.9 μg/kg dw in adipose tissue, and below the detection limit ( <10 μg/kg dw ) in gills and spawns.

In t he environmental survey conducted across Japan by the Environment Agency of Japan i n 200 7

, TBBPA was detected in 73 of 8 0 fish samples from 1 6 sampling areas at concentrations ranging from

<0.0 3 to 0. 09 μg/kg ww

. In 200 3 , TBBPA was detected in 10 of 70 samples ( < 0.03

– 0.15 μg/kg ww)
from 14 sampling areas ( MOE, 2014 )

.

In the western Japanese environment, Ohta et al. (2004) investigated the levels of TBBPA and other
bromi nated flame retardants in stock fish (Japanese sea bass) of the Osaka Bay and the mouth of the Yamato River which flows into the Osaka Bay

. In samples collected between 1986 and 1999, TBBPA ranged from 3.4 to 23 μg/kg lw (n=14) in the edible filet tissue p ortion

. Ohta et al. (2004) note d that
accumulation levels of TBBP A in Japanese sea

- bass were relatively low and unrelated to the increase in
TBBPA demand and use in Japan

.

Avian

TBBPA was measured in avian matrices collected in Nordic areas, the Netherlands, England, and Japan

. As reported by Morris et al. (2004) , TBBPA was detected in liver samples of cormorant collected in England between 1999 and 200 0 at 2.5 to 14 μg/kg lw (7.1 ± 4.5 μg/kg lw mean). Results in wet weight units are reported in de Boer et al. (2002)

. TBBPA was not detected in any egg samples, which included those collected from guillemot in 2009 from the Faroe Islands (n=2, <0.1 μg/kg f resh w eight ) and Sweden (n= 2; <0.3 μg/kg f resh w eight). These were considered to be background areas and reflect long

- range transport of chemicals ( Schlabach et al., 2011 )

. TBBPA was also not detected in eggs from
the common tern collected in 2001 from the Western Scheldt of the Netherlands (n=10, <2.9 μg/kg l w and <0.3 μg/kg ww) ( de Boer et al., 2002 ) and ( Morris et al., 2004 ) . In the environmental survey conducted in Japan in 200 7 , TBBPA was not detected (<0. 06 μg/kg ww ) in Gray starlings collected from two areas of Japan (n=10) ( MOE, 2014 ).

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 34 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Vegetation

In the Schlabach et al. (2011) study, moss was collected in the v icinity of two incineration plants in the
Faroe Islands in 2009. TBBPA was not detected in e ither sample ( n=2, <0.5 μg/kg dw).

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 35 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 10. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Wildlife Biota
Species Tissue Type Location Year N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration (μg/kg lw, unless noted otherwise) Reference (Reliability Rating a )

Range b Central Tendency c
Marine Mamm a l

Bottlenose dolphin Blubber United States; FL

coast 1991

- 1996 4 (0) 0.056

- 1.53 0.451 mean Johnson

- Restrepo et al. ( 2008 ) (1)

2000

- 2001 5 (0) 0.1

- 8.48 1.86 mean

2001

- 2004 6 (0) 0.094

- 6.15 1.18 mean
Overall 1991

- 2004 15 (0) 0.056

- 8.48 1.2±3 mean

Bull shark Muscle United States; FL

coast 1993

- 1994 6 (0) 4.17

- 8.07 5.17 mean Johnson

- Restrepo et al. ( 2008 ) (1)

2002

- 2004 7 (0) 0.035

- 35.6 13.2 mean
Overall 1993

- 2004 13 (0) 0.035

- 35.6 9.5±12

Atlantic sharpnose shark Muscle United States; FL

coast 2004 3 (0) 0.495

- 1.43 0.872±0.5 mean Johnson

- Restrepo et al. ( 2008 ) (1)

Harbo r porpoise Blubber UK; various rivers 1998 5 (0) 0.1

- 418

0.05

- 376 (wet) 83±187 mean 75.3±168 mean (wet) de Boer et al. ( 2002 ) (4) and Morris et
al. ( 2004 ) (2)

Blubber UK; coast 1994

- 2003 68 (50) <4

- 35 (wet) NR Law et al. ( 2006 ) (2)

Blubber North Sea NR 4 (4) All <11

- <12

-- de Boer et al. ( 2002 ) (4) and Morris et
al. ( 2004 ) (2) Liver NR 1 (1) All <18

-- Harbo r seal Blubber Western Wadden Sea NR 2 (2) All <14

- <15

-- de Boer et al. ( 2002 ) (4) and Morris et
al. ( 2004 ) (2) Liver NR 3 (3) All <67

- <231

--

Aquatic In vertebrate

Mussel NR Iceland 2009 1(1) <0.03

-- Schlabach et al. (2011) (4)

NR Norway; Ase 2009 2(2) <0.03

-- Edible Parts Japan; 6 sites 2003 30 (18) <0.03

- 0.16 (wet) NR MOE ( 2014) (4)

Edible Parts Japan; 7 sites 2007 31 (29) <0.06

- 0.09 (wet) NR Oyster Whole Scotland 2006 5 (5) All < 0.020

- <0.050 (whole) -- Driffield et al. (2008) (2)

Mussel Whole 10 (10) All <0.010

- <0.12 (whole) --

Scallop Gonad and
Adductor 20 (20) All < 0.010

- <0. 35 (whole) --

Whelk Whole North Sea 1999 3 (0) 5

- 96 45±46 mean de Boer et al. (2002) (4) and Morris et al. (2004) (2) Mysid Shrimp NR The Netherlands;
Western Scheldt NR 1 (1) <0.4 <0.1 (wet) -- de Boer et al. (2002) (4)

Starfish Whole UK; Tees River 2001 1 (0) 4.5 (wet)

-- Sea star Digestive tract North Sea 1999 3 (1) <1

- 10 4±5 mean de Boer et al. (2002) (4) and Morris et

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 36 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 10. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Wildlife Biota
Species Tissue Type Location Year N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration (μg/kg lw, unless noted otherwise) Reference (Reliability Rating a )

Range b Central Tendency c
Whole UK; Tees estuary 2001 1 (0) 205

-- al. (2004) (2)

Hermit Crab Abdomen North Sea 1999 9 (4) <1

- 35 11±15 mean
Fish
Various species Muscle Faroe Islands (marine), Finland,
Iceland , Norway (receiving water to WWTP), Sweden (urban lake) 2009 9 (9) All <0.03 (fresh)

-- Schlabach et al. (2011) (4)

Liver NR 5 (5) All <0.4 (fresh)

--

Various species (nine species) Muscle England; 7 lakes 2008 30 (26) < 0.29

- 1.7 NR Harrad et al. (2009) (2)

Various species ( roundnose grenadier, black scabbard, and black dogfish) Muscle Scotland 2006 2 (2) All <0.3 (wet)

-- Russell et al. (2008) (4)

Liver 3 (3) All <0.3 (wet)

--

Various species (orfe, trout eel, cod) Muscle Norway: Drammens
River and the Drammensfjord 2003 3 (2) ND (<5

- <300)

- 0.3 NR Schlabach et al. (2004) (4)

Liver 2003 1 (1) <9 NR

Eel Tissue Belgium ; Scheldt

Basin (rivers) 2000 18 (10) <0.1

- 13

<0.1

- 2.6 (wet) 1.6±3.2 mean de Boer et al. (2002) (4) and Morris et al. (2004) (2) The Netherlands;

various rivers 1999 11 (8) <0.1

- 1.3

<0.1

- 0.2 (wet) 0.3±0.5 mean de Boer et al. (2002) (4) and Morris et al. (2004) (2)

Cod Liver North Sea 1999 2 (1) <0.3

- 1.8

<0.3

- 0.8 (wet) NR de Boer et al. (2002) (4) and Morris et al. (2004) (2) Whiting Muscle North Sea 1999 3 (1) <97

- 245 136±125 mean de Boer et al. (2002) (4) and Morris et al. (2004) (2)
UK; River Tees (mouth of Tees Estuary) 2001 2 (1) <4.8

- 3.3 (wet) NR de Boer et al. (2002) (4)

Hake Liver Atlantic Ocean, SW of
Ireland NR 1 (1) <0.2 <0.1 (wet) -- de Boer et al. (2002) (4)

G udgeon NR The Netherlands;
Western Scheldt NR 1 (1) <0.1 (wet and lipid)

-- de Boer et al. (2002) (4)

Mud c arp Muscle China, southern; Dongjiang River 2009 9 (0) e 6.5

- 66 35.2 mean He et al. (2013) (2 )

Nile t ilapia 15 (NR) e ND

- 51 18.1 mean
Plecostomus 10 (NR) e ND

- 53.4 21.2 mean

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 37 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 10. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Wildlife Biota
Species Tissue Type Location Year N (# ND) a TBBPA Concentration (μg/kg lw, unless noted otherwise) Reference (Reliability Rating a )

Range b Central Tendency c

arious species ( Culter alburnus, Cyprinus carpio,

Carassius auratus, and Silurus asotus) Whole China, eastern; Lake
Chaohu 2008 10 sites f 28.5

- 39.4 (dry) NR Yang et al. (2012) (2) Kidney 10 sites f 75.2

- 126.4 (dry) NR

Liver 10 sites f 16.0

- 37.5 (dry) NR
Muscle 10 sites f 6.3

- 46 (dry) NR Adipose Tissue 10 sites f 12

- 21.9 (dry) NR
Gills 10 sites f All <10 (dry)

-- Spawns 10 sites f All <10 (dry)

-- Various species Muscle Japan; 9 sites 2003 70 (60) <0.03

- 0.15 20 (wet) NR MOE (2014 ) (4)

Muscle Japan; 16 sites 2007 80 (73) <0.06

- 0.09 (wet) NR

Sea Bass Muscle Japan; Osaka Bay and
the mouth of the

Yamato River 1986

- 1999 14 (0) 3.4

- 23 NR Ohta et al. (2004) (4)

Avian

Cormorant Liver England 1999

- 2000 5 (0) 2.5

- 14

0.07

- 0.28 (wet) 7.1±4.5 mean 0.12 mean (wet) de Boer et al. (2002) (4) and Morris et
al. (2004) (2) Black guillemot Eggs Faroe Islands ; background area 2009 2 (2) All <0.1 (fresh)

-- Schlabach et al. (2011)

Guillemot Eggs Sweden ; background

area 2009 2 (2) All <0.3 (fresh)

--

Common tern Eggs The Netherlands;
Western Scheldt 2001 10 (10) All <2.9 All <0.3 (wet) -- de Boer et al. (2002) (4) and Morris et al. (2004) (2)

Gray starling; gull NR Japan; 2 sites 2003 10 (10) All <0.03 (wet)

-- MOE (2014) (4)

NR Japan; 2 sites 2007 10 (10) All <0.06 (wet)

-- Vegetation

Moss U ppermost part of the plant (representing 2

- 3 yrs of growth) Faroe Islands (near 2

i ncineration plant s) 2009 2 (2) All <0.5 (dry)

-- Schlabach et al. (2011)

NR = Not Reported

a N refers to the number of samples, unless otherwise noted. The number of non

- detect values is reported in parenthesis. Values reported as “<X” are assumed to be non

- detect.

b The range is the minimum and maximum values reported. Non

- detect values are show n as less than the detection limit.

c The central tendency values shown are as reported in the reference.

d Reliability rating: 1 = valid without restrictions; 2 = valid with restrictions; 4 = not assignable.

e Overall, TBBPA was not detected in 3 of the 34 samples. Detection frequency specifically for nile tilapia and plecostomus was not reported.

f Number of samples not reported; however, samples were collected f rom up to 10 sites on the lake

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 38 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 2 **TBB PA** 

**- bis(dibromopropyl ether)** 

Monitoring information on TBBPA

- bis(dibromopropyl ether) is provided below. Note, that individual summaries of each study are not provided as they were for TBBPA. However, there is significant overlap in the studies that

measu red TBBPA and those that measured this cluster member

.



## 2.1 **Measurements in Environmental Media**

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 39 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 11. Environmental Monitoring Data for TBBPA

- bis(dibromopropyl ether)

Environmental Medium/Area Country Location
details Date Single Est @ Range (% ND) Wt Type Detection

Limit N Units Reference

Soil farms; 2 km from e

- waste

area China Qingyuan
suburb 2006 n.d. n.d. dry 1.5 4 μ g/kg Shi et al. (2009) farms; 10 km from
industrial area China Pearl River
Delta 2007 39 (mean) 17.3

– 60.4 (0%) dry 1.5 4 μ g/kg Shi et al. (2009) 6 sites; near BFR factory China Liuyang 2010

- < 25

– 85.3 dry 25 (DL) 60 (LOQ) - μ g/kg Qu et al. (2013)

Sediment

urban industrial area China Dongjiang

River 2002

- < 1.5

– 190 dry 1.5 4 μ g/kg Shi et al. (2009)

urban industrial area Chi na Dongjiang

River 2006 858 (mean) 1.48

– 2300 dry 1.5 4 μ g/kg Shi et al. (2009) 6 sites; near effluent of BFR factory; surface China Liuyang River 2010 2500 (unknown) - dry 25 (DL) 60 (LOQ) - μ g/kg Qu et al. (2013) near metal recycler Norway Loselva River 2009 n.d. n.d. dry

- 3 μ g/kg Nyholm et al. (2013)

marine harbor at 3
locations near WWTP Norway Drammen 2009 n.d. (all locations) n.d. dry

- 3

ea. μ g/kg Nyholm et al. (2013)

marine harbor at 3
locations near WWTP Norway Tromso 2009 n.d. (all locations) n.d. dry

- 3

ea. μ g/kg Nyholm et al. (2013)

lake at 3 locations near

WWTP Norway Lake Mjosa 2009 n.d. (all locations) n.d. dry

- 3

ea. μ g/kg Nyholm et al. (2013)

Sediment Germany

- 2006 n.d. n.d.

- 10

- μ g/kg Koppen et al. (2006) Sewage Sludge 2 major WWTPs China Pearl River
Delta 2007 4527 (mean) 238

- 8946 dry 1.5 5 μ g/kg Shi et al. ( 2009)

3 WWTPs Norway Drammen;
Lille

hammer; 2009 n.d. n.d. dry

- 3

ea. μ g/kg Nyholm et al. (2013)

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 40 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 11. Environmental Monitoring Data for TBBPA

- bis(dibromopropyl ether)

Environmental Medium/Area Country Location
details Date Single Est @ Range (% ND) Wt Type Detection

Limit N Units Reference

Tromso Germany

- 2006 n.d. n.d.

- 22

- μ g/kg Koppen et al. (2006)

Waste Water
Water leachate from metal recycler Norway Loselva River 2009 0.081 (mean) - - - 3 μ g/L Nyholm et al. (2013) WWTP near possible BFR discharge Norway Drammen 2009 n.d. (influent)

n.d. (effluent) n.d. (influent)

n.d. (effluent) - - 3

ea. μ g/L Nyholm et al. (2013)

WWTP near possible BFR discharge Norway Lille

- hammer 2009 n.d. (influent)

n.d. (effluent) n.d. (influent)

n.d. (effluent) - 3

ea. μ g/L Nyholm et al. (2013)

WWTP near possible BFR discharge Norway Tromso 2009 0.018 (influent)

n.d. (effluent) (66%; influent)

n.d. (effluent) - 3

ea. μ g/L Nyholm et al. (2013)

Ambient Air 30 m above ground;
industrial area China Guangzhou City 2007 0.528 (mean) 0.131

- 1.24

- - ng/m 3 Shi et al. (2009) @type of value in parentheses *May have been converted from the publication if it was only a simple mathematical conversion (e.g., ng/L => μ g/L) **Type of limit will be specified if known

- Information not available in publication
N.d. = not detected

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 41 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 2.2 **Measurements in Wildlife**

Table S2

- 12

. 

### TBBPA

- bis(dibromopropyl ether) in Wildlife Biota Species Tissue Type Location Year N (% n.d.) Concentration ( μ g/kg lipid weight, unless noted) W t. type Detect.
limit * * Units* Reference

Range Central

Estimate

Mammals Ringed seal Liver Norway; Svalbard Islands/ remote area 2007

– 2009 10 (100%) n.d. n.d. wet 0.0005

– 0.292 μ g/kg Sagerup et al. (2010)

Arctic fox Liver Norway; Svalbard Islands/ remote area 2007

– 2009 10 (100%) n.d. n.d. wet 0.0005

– 0.292 μ g/kg Sagerup et al. (2010)

Polar bear Plasma Norway; Svalbard
Islands /r emote area 2007

- 2009 10 (100%) n.d. n.d. wet 0.0005

– 0.292 μ g/kg Sagerup et al. (2010) Fish and Shellfish Capelin Whole
fish Norway; Svalbard

Is lands / remote area 2007

- 2009 10 (100%) n.d. n.d. wet 0.0005

– 0.292 μ g/kg Sagerup et al. (2010) Common carp (farmed) Muscle China;

e

- waste area near city of Qingyuan Not
known 1 (100%) n.d. n.d. lipid 2.3 μ g/kg Shi et al. (2009)

Liver 1 (100%) Bighead carp (farmed) Muscle China; e

- waste area near Qingyuan (city) Not
known 2 (100%) n.d. n.d. lipid 2.3 μ g/kg Shi et al. (2009)

Liver 2 (100%)

Tilapia (farmed) Muscle China; e

- waste area near Qingyuan (city) Not
known 2 (100%) n.d. n.d. lipid 2.3 μ g/kg Shi et al. (2009)

Liver 2 (100%)

Mollusks Soft China; 9 sampling 2010 Unknown (9 < LOQ

- 0.8 (d.l.) μ g/kg Qu et al.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 42 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 12

. 

### TBBPA

- bis(dibromopropyl ether) in Wildlife Biota Species Tissue Type Location Year N (% n.d.) Concentration ( μ g/kg lipid weight, unless noted) W t. type Detect.
limit * * Units* Reference

(11 species) sites in Bohai Sea on
urban coast sampling sites) 50 (LOQ) (2013)

Birds

Common eider Liver Norway; Svalbard
Islands / remote area 2007

- 2009 10 (100%) n.d. n.d. wet 0.0005

– 0.292 μ g/kg Sagerup et al. (2010) Black legged
kittiwake Liver Norway; Svalbard
Islands / remote area 2007

- 2009 10 (100%) n.d. n.d. wet 0.0005

– 0.292 μ g/kg Sagerup et al. (2010)

Weathercock Muscle China; e

- waste area

nea r Qingyuan (city) Not
known 3 (100%) n.d. n.d. lipid 2.3 μ g/kg Shi et al. (2009)

Liver 3 (100%) Kidney 3 (100%)
@type of value in parens *May have been converted from the publication if it was only a simple mathematical conversion (e.g., ng/L => μ g/L) **Type of limit will be specified if known

- Information not available in publication
N.d. = not detected

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 43 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 3 **TBBPA**

**- bis(allyl ether)** 

Monitoring information on TBBPA

- bis(allyl ether) is provided below. Note that individual summaries of each study are not provided as they were for TBBPA. However, there is significant overlap in the studies that measured TBBPA and those that measured this cluster member.

Table S2

- 13

. 

### Environmental Monitoring Data for TBBPA

- bis(allyl ether)

Env. Medium Country Location
Details S ample

Date Single

Est. @ Range (% non

detects) W t. type Detect.
limit * * N Units* Reference

Soil Surface; from 6 agricultural sites; near BFR factory China Liuyang River (nearby) 2010

- < 5

– 24.1 dry 5

- μ g/kg Qu et al. (2013)

near BFR factory China Liuyang City 2009

- < d.l.

– 41.7 dry 40 pg μ g/kg Qu et al. (2011)

Sediment Surface; 6 sites; near
BFR fact ory discharge China Liuyang River 2010 13 (unknown) - dry 5 (DL) 1.5 (LOQ) - μ g/kg Qu et al. (2013) near BFR factory China Liuyang City 2009

- 143.4

– 10183.4 dry 40 pg

- μ g/kg Qu et al. (2011) Sediment recycler Norway Loselva River 2009 0.37 (unknown) n.d. dry

- - μ g/kg Nyholm et al. (2013) near municipal landfill Norway

- 2009 2.4 (unknown) - dry

- - μ g/kg Nyholm et al. (2013) marine harbor; 3
locations near WWTP Norway Drammen 2009 0.81 +/

- 0.47 (mean, sd at 1 loc)
n.d. (2 loc’s) - dry

- 3

ea. μ g/kg Nyholm et al. (2013)

marine h arbor; 3
locations near WWTP Norw ay Tromso 2009 n.d. (all loc’s) n.d. dry

- 3

ea. μ g/kg Nyholm et al. (2013) Lake;
3 locations near WWTP Norway Lake Mjosa 2009 n.d. (all loc’s) n.d. dry

- 3

ea. μ g/kg Nyholm et al. (2013) Sludge

3 WWTPs Norway Drammen; Lille

- 2009 n.d. n.d. dry

- 3 μ g/kg Nyholm et al.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 44 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 13

. 

### Environmental Monitoring Data for TBBPA

- bis(allyl ether)

Env. Medium Country Location
Details S ample

Date Single

Est. @ Range (% non

detects) W t. type Detect.
limit * * N Units* Reference

hammer; Tromso ea. (2013)

From s urface water near BFR factory China Liuyang City 2009

- < d.l.

– 0.049 - - - μ g/L Qu et al. (2011 )

Waste Water
Water leachate (seepage) from metal recycler Norway

- 2009 0.002 (unknown) - - - 3 μ g/L Nyholm et al. (2013)

Water leachate (seepage) from municipal landfill Norway

- 2009 n.d.

- - - - μ g/L Nyholm et al. (2013)

WWTP near possible BFR discharge Norway Drammen 2009 n.d. (influent)

n.d. (effluent) n.d. (influent)

n.d. (effluent) - - 3

ea. μ g/L Nyholm et al. (2013)

WWTP near possible BFR discharge Norway Lille

- hammer 2009 n.d. (influent)

n.d. (effluent) n.d. (influent)

n.d. (effluent) - - 3

ea. μ g/L Nyholm et al. (2013)

WWTP near possible BFR discharge Norway Tromso 2009 n.d. (influent)
n.d. (effluent) n.d. (influent)
n.d. (effluent) - - 3

ea. μ g/L Nyholm et al. (2013)

@type of value in paren these s *May have been converted from the publication if it was only a simple mathematical conversion (e.g., ng/L => μ g/L) **Type of limit will be specified if known

- Information not available in publication
N.d. = not detected

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 45 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 3.1 **Measurements in Wildlife Biota**

Table S2

- 1 4

. 

### TBBPA

- bis(allyl ether) in Wildlife Biota Species Tissue Type Location Year N (% n.d.) Concentration ( μ g/kg lipid weight, unless noted) W t. type Detect.
limit * * Units* Reference

Range Central

Estimate

Lake

trout Canada

- United States; Lake Ontario 1997

– 2004 30 (83%) n.d.

– 1.7

- wet

- μ g/kg Ismail et al. (2006)

Mollusks (11 species) Soft China; 9 sampling
sites in Bohai Sea on urban coast 2010 Unknown (9 sampling sites) < LOQ < LOQ

- 0.13 (d.l.) 20 (LOQ) μ g/kg Qu et al. (2013)

@type of value in parens *May have been converted from the publication if it was only a simple mathematical conversion (e.g., ng/L => μ g/L) **Type of limit will be specified if known

- Information not available in publication
N.d. = not detected

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 46 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 4 **TBBPA**

**- bis(methyl ether)** 

Monitoring information on TBBPA

- bis(methyl ether) is provided below. Note, that individual summaries of each study are not provided as they were for TBBPA. However, there is significant overlap in the studies that measured TBBPA and those that measured this cluster member.



## 4.1 **Measurements in Environmental Media**

Table S2

- 15

. 

### Environmental Monitoring Data for TBBPA

- bis(methyl ether)

Env. Medium Country Location Details S ample

Date Single Est.@ Range (% non

detects) Wt.
type Detect.
limit** N Units* Reference

Sediment

Sediment Japan Estuaries, not near
Osaka 1981

- 1983 n.d. n.d. dry

- 7 μ g/kg Watanabe et al. (1983b)

Sediment Japan Estuaries in Osaka Bay 1981

- 1983 n.d. n.d. dry

- 6 μ g/kg Watanabe et al. (1983b)

Sediment Japan Rivers near Osaka 1981

- 1983 - n.d.

– 1.8 dry

- 6 μ g/kg Watanabe et al. (1983b)

Sediment Belgium Rivers in Scheldt Basin; reference sites 2001 < 0.1 wet

- 3 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Sediment Belgium Rivers in Scheldt Basin; other sites 2001

- < 0.1

– 0.3 (87.5% < 0.1) wet

- 16 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Sediment Belgium Rivers in Scheldt Basin; reference sites 2001

- < 0.1 dry

- 3 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Sediment Belgium Rivers in Scheldt Basin; other sites 2001

- < 0.1

– 0.5 (87.5% < 0.1) dry

- 16 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Sediment Belgium Rivers in Scheldt Basin; reference sites 2001

- < 0.6 or

< 0.8 TOC

- 3 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Se diment Belgium Rivers in Scheldt Basin; reference sites 2001

- n.d.

- 13 (87.5% < d.l.)

n.d. range is <

0.1 to

< 5.3 TOC

- 16 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Sediment Ireland Rivers Nore and 2002

- < 2.4

- < 2.4 dry

- 4 μ g/kg de Boer et al.

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 47 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 15

. 

### Environmental Monitoring Data for TBBPA

- bis(methyl ether)

Env. Medium Country Location Details S ample

Date Single Est.@ Range (% non

detects) Wt.
type Detect.
limit** N Units* Reference

Bregagh (2002)

Sediment United Kingdom River Tees 2002

- < 2.4

- < 2.4 dry

- 10 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)
Sediment The
Netherlands Estuary in Western
Scheldt 2002

- < 0.1

- < 0.1 wet

- 19 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Sediment The
Netherlands Estuary in Western
Scheldt 2002

- < 0.1

- < 0.1 dry

- 19 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Sediment The
Netherlands Estuary in Western
Scheldt 2002

- < 0.4

- < 3.0 TOC

- 19 μ g/kg d e Boer et al. (2002)

Sediment The Nether

lands Multiple rivers 2002

- < 0.1

– 0.4 (44% < d.l.) wet

- 9 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Sediment The Nether

lands Multiple rivers 2002

- < 0.1

– 0.6 (44% < d.l.) dry

- 9 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Sediment The Nether

lands Multiple rivers 2002

- < 0.6

– 6.7 (44% < d.l.) TOC

- 9 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002) Sediment (surficial) Sweden Upstream (2 km) from plastics industry using

TBBPA 1995 36 (unknown) - Igni

tion
loss 1 μ g/kg Sellstrom
and Jansson (1995)

Sediment (surficial) Sweden Upstream (2 km) from plastics industry using

TBBPA 1995 24 (unknown) - dry 1 Sellstrom
and Jansson (1995)

Sediment (surficial) Sweden Down

- stream (5 km) from plastics industry using

TBBPA 1995 2400 (unknown) - Igni

tion
loss - 1 μ g/kg Sellstrom
and Jansson (1995)

Sediment (surficial) Sweden Down

- stream (5 km) from plastics industry using

TBBPA 1995 1500 (unknown) - dry

- 1 μ g/kg Sellstrom
and Jansson (1995)

Sediment Norway Effluents from waste dumps 2002 < d.l.

– 1.23 (8% below dry

- 12 μ g/kg As cited in EC (2008)

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 48 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 15

. 

### Environmental Monitoring Data for TBBPA

- bis(methyl ether)

Env. Medium Country Location Details S ample

Date Single Est.@ Range (% non

detects) Wt.
type Detect.
limit** N Units* Reference

detection)

Sediment Germany Multiple rivers 2001

- < 0.2

- < 0.2

- 0.2 19 μ g/kg As cited in EC (2008) Sludge Sewage sludge United Kingdom Burnham (city) 2002

- < 2.4

- < 2.4 dry 2.4 6 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002) Sewage sludge Ireland Multiple cities 20 02

- < 2.4

- < 2.4 dry 2.4 6 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002) Sewage sludge T he Nether

lands 2002

- < 0.1

– 5.5 dry 9 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

S ewage sludge The Nether

lands Residential sewer 2002 < 0.1

- dry 1 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002) Sewage sludge The Nether

lands 2 landfills 2002 < 0.1

- dry 1

ea. μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002) Sewage sludge from sewage treatment plant Sweden Plant gets leach
water from landfill (plastics waste) 1995 < 3.7

- Igni

tion
loss - 1 μ g/kg Sellstrom
and Jansson (1995) Sewage sludge from sewage treatment plant Sweden Plant gets leach

wat er from landfill (plastics waste) 1995 < 1.9

- dry

- 1 μ g/kg Sellstrom
and Jansson (1995) Sewage sludge from sewage treatment plant Sweden Plant has no known

TBBPA user waste 1995 < 3.7

- Igni

tion
loss - 1 μ g/kg Sellstrom
and Jansson (1995) Sewage sludge (activated, primary or clarified/settled) Germany From eight waste

water treatment plants 2001 < d.l.

– 11 (42% nondetects) dry 0.2 12 μ g/kg As cited in EC (2008)

Waste Water and Leachate Waste water (influent; dissolved phase) United Kingdom Five cities 2002

- < 0.015

– < 0.015 - - 5 μ g/L de Boer et al. (2002)

Waste water (influent; particulate phase) United Kingdom Five cities 2002

- < 3.9

– < 3.9 - - 5 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002) Waste water (effluent; United Five cities 2002

- < 0.015

– - - 5 μ g/L de Boer et

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 49 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 15

. 

### Environmental Monitoring Data for TBBPA

- bis(methyl ether)

Env. Medium Country Location Details S ample

Date Single Est.@ Range (% non

detects) Wt.
type Detect.
limit** N Units* Reference

dissolved phase) Kingdom < 0.015 al. (2002) Waste water (effluent; particulate phase) United Kingdom Five cities 2002

- < 3.9

– < 3.9 - - 5 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Leachate from landfill (dissolved phase) United Kingdom Three cities 2002

- < 0.015

– < 0.015 - - 3 μ g/L de Boer et al. (2002)

Leachate from landfill (particulate phase) U nited Kingdom Three cities 2002

- < 3.9

– < 3.9 - - 3 μ g/kg de Boer et
al. (2002)

Leachate from landfill (dissolved phase) Ireland Three landfills 2002

- < 0.015

– < 0.015 - - 2

ea. μ g/L de Boer et al. (2002)

Leachate from landfill (particulate phase) Ireland Three landfills 2002

- < 3.9

– < 3.9 - - 2

ea. μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Wastewater from
sewage treatment plants (influent; particulate phase) The Nether

lands Various samples 2002

- < 0.8

- < 5.6 dry

- 5 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Wastewater from
sewage treatment plants (effluent; particulate phase) The Nether

lands Various samples 2002

- < 0.1

- 0.6 (40% not detected) dry

- 5 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Leachate from landfills (particulate phase) The Nether

lands Nine landfills 2002

- < 0.1

- < 6.2 dry

- 2 μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Waste water (influent; dissolved and particulate) Germany Baden

Württemberg 2001

- Not detected 0.0002

0.2 5

ea. μ g/L

μ g/kg Ad cited in EC (2008)

Waste water (effluent) Germany 2001

- < 0.00033

– 0.00145 (74% not detected) 0.0002 19 μ g/L As cited in EC (2008)

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 50 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 15

. 

### Environmental Monitoring Data for TBBPA

- bis(methyl ether)

Env. Medium Country Location Details S ample

Date Single Est.@ Range (% non

detects) Wt.
type Detect.
limit** N Units* Reference

Surface Water

Surface water Germany Upstream of

WWTPs 2001

- < 0.00042

– 0.00086 (73% not detected) - 0.0002 15 μ g/L As cited in EC (2008)

Surface water Germany Down

- stream of

WWTPs 2001

- < d.l.

– 0.00106 (93% not detected) - 0.0002 15 μ g/L As cited in EC (2008)

@type of value in parentheses ; *May have been converted from the publi cation if it was only a simple mathematical conversion (e.g., ng/L => μ g/L) **Type of limit will be specified if known ;

- Information not available in publication; N.d. = not detected

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 51 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

## 4.2 **Measurements in Wildlife**

Table S2

- 16. Environmental Monitoring Data for TBBPA

- bis(methyl ether) in Wildlife Biota

Species Tissue Type Location Year N (% n.d.) Concentration ( μ g/kg lipid weight, unless noted) W t. type Detect.
limit * * Units* Reference

Range Central Tendency

Mammals

Harbor porpoise Liver North Sea 2002 1 (100%) < 11 (all) - Lipid

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Fat 4 (75%) < 4

- 223
Harbor seal Liver Western Wadden

Sea 2002 3 (100%) < 3

- <
24 - lipid

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Fat 2 (50%) < 3

- 153

Harbor porpoise Fat United Kingdom 2002 5 (100%) < 5 (all)

- Wet

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Fish and Shellfish/Invertebrates Whiting Muscle North Sea 1999 3 (100%) < 9

- lipid

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Cod Liver North Sea 2002 2 (100%) < 0.1

- wet

- μ g/ kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Cod Liver North Sea 2002 2 (100%) < 0.2

- lipid

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002) Whiting Muscle United Kingdom 2002 3 (100%) < 4.8

- wet

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 52 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 16. Environmental Monitoring Data for TBBPA

- bis(methyl ether) in Wildlife Biota

Species Tissue Type Location Year N (% n.d.) Concentration ( μ g/kg lipid weight, unless noted) W t. type Detect.
limit * * Units* Reference

Range Central Tendency Gudgeon

- Netherlands;
Western Scheldt 2002 1 (100%) < 0.1

- Wet

- μ g/kg de Boer et al

. (2002)

1 (100%) < 0.1 Lipid

Hake Liver Atlantic Ocean,
near Ireland 2002 1 (100%) < 0.1

- wet

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Cod Liver Norway 2002 6 (100%) < 0.5 (all) - - 0.5 μ g/kg As cited in EC (2008)

Yellow eel Tail end Belgium; Scheldt
basin

- reference

sites 2000 3 (100%) < 0.1

- wet

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2 002)

Yellow eel Tail end Belgium; Scheldt
basin

- other sites 2000 15 (53%) < 0.1

– 2.5 - wet

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Yellow eel Tail end Belgium; Scheldt
basin

- reference

sites 2000 3 (100%) < 0.1

- <
0.2 - l ipid

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Yellow eel Tail end Belgium; Scheldt
basin

- other sites 2000 15 (47%) < 0.1

– 12 - lipid

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Eel

- Netherlands; Waal

River 2002 11 (9%) < 0.1

- 1. 3 - Wet

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

11 (9%) < 0.3

– 6.8 l i pid

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 53 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 16. Environmental Monitoring Data for TBBPA

- bis(methyl ether) in Wildlife Biota

Species Tissue Type Location Year N (% n.d.) Concentration ( μ g/kg lipid weight, unless noted) W t. type Detect.
limit * * Units* Reference

Range Central Tendency

Fish and
shellfish - Japan 1983 19 (89%) < d.l.

– 4.6 - wet

- μ g/kg As cited in EC (2008)

Common
whelk Soft, whole North Sea 1999 3 (100%) < 3 (all)

- l ipid

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Sea star Digestive tract; pyloric

caeca North Sea 1999 3 (100%) < 3 (all)

- lipid

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Hermit cra b Digestive tract North See 1999 9 (100%) < 3 (all)

- l ipid

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Starfish Whole United Kingdom 2002 1 (100%) < 4.8

- w et

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Mysid shrimp - Netherlands 2002 2 (100%) < 0.1

- <
0.3 - w et

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Blue mussel

- Norway 2002 6 (100%) < 0.1 (all) - - 0.1 μ g/kg As cited in EC (2008)

Mussel

- Japan 1983 1 (0%) 5

- w et

- μ g/kg As cited in
Simonsen et al. (2000)

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 54 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data Table S2

- 16. Environmental Monitoring Data for TBBPA

- bis(methyl ether) in Wildlife Biota

Species Tissue Type Location Year N (% n.d.) Concentration ( μ g/kg lipid weight, unless noted) W t. type Detect.
limit * * Units* Reference

Range Central Tendency

Birds

Cormorant Liver United Kingdom 2002 5 (100%) < 5

- wet

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

Common

tern Eggs Netherlands;
Western Scheldt 2002 10 (60%) < 0.2

– 0.8 - wet

- μ g/kg de Boer et al. (2002)

10 (60%) < 2

– 7.6 lipid

@type of value in paren these s *May have been converted from the publication if it was only a simple mathematical conversion (e.g., ng/L => μ g/L) **Type of limit will be specified if known

- Information not available

### Tetrabromob isphenol A Cluster

Page 55 of 59 Supplemental File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data 

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