RECORD IMPOUNDED

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-5511-18

F.A.T.,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

C.T.D., 

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Submitted November 5, 2020 – Decided March 19, 2021

Before Judges Sumners and Mitterhoff.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, 

Chancery Division, Union County, Docket No. FD-20-

1529-19.

Weinberger Divorce & Family Law Group, LLC, 

attorneys for appellant (Richard A. Outhwaite, on the 

brief).

Respondent has not filed a brief.

PER CURIAM

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the 

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
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Defendant C.T.D.1appeals from a July 17, 2019 order of the Family Part 

that granted plaintiff F.A.T.'s request for visitation with her grandson, R.D. On 

appeal, defendant argues that: (1) the trial judge erred in awarding plaintiff 

visitation under the Grandparent Visitation Statute (GVS), N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1; and 

(2) the matter should be remanded for a plenary hearing. Because the trial 

judge's ruling in this case did not make any findings of fact or conclusions of 

law referencing the GVS, we remand the matter for a plenary hearing consistent 

with this opinion. 

We discern the following facts from the limited record before us. Plaintiff 

is the maternal grandmother of ten-year-old R.D. On May 28, 2019, plaintiff 

filed a verified pro se complaint in the Chancery Division, Family Part seeking 

visitation with her grandson.2 Plaintiff alleged that she had not seen her 

"grandson in over a year." Plaintiff further contended that she made several 

unsuccessful attempts to communicate with defendant and the paternal 

grandmother to arrange visits with R.D. 

1

 We use initials to protect the privacy of the parties. R. 1:38-3(d)(3) and (13). 

2

 J.F., R.D.'s mother, was also listed as a defendant but did not participate in the 

underlying matter. 
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The matter came before the Family Part on July 17, 2019. Both plaintiff 

and defendant appeared pro se. Defendant testified that plaintiff had 

"disappeared for multiple years" and "not kept in contact" with R.D. Plaintiff 

countered that she was "very interested" in seeing her grandson and reached out 

on special occasions such as birthdays and holidays. The trial judge made a 

brief inquiry as to plaintiff's residency status and occupation. The judge 

indicated that, because plaintiff was supervising J.F.'s visitation, it would be 

unreasonable that she would be precluded from visiting R.D. The judge 

ultimately concluded that plaintiff has "the right to have some communication 

and contact with" R.D. 

That same day, the trial judge issued an accompanying written order 

which sets forth, in part, that: 

Plaintiff's application for visitation with grandchild 

[R.D.] . . . is granted in part. Commencing on Saturday, 

July 27, 2019, plaintiff shall have visitation with the 

child on alternate Saturdays from 12:00[p.m.] to 

5:00[p.m.]. Plaintiff shall pick up and drop off the child 

curbside at defendant [C.T.D.'s] residence. The 

visitation schedule shall be subject to the child's hockey 

schedule, and if the child's activity conflicts with the 

visitation, the parties shall adjust the hours or the days 

if necessary. Defendant [J.F.] is prohibited from being 

present during plaintiff's visitation. 
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Neither the judge's oral ruling nor the written order applied, or even mentioned, 

the criteria set forth in the GVS. This appeal ensued. 

Our standard of review is well-established. We generally accord 

deference to the Family Part's fact-finding because of the court's "special 

expertise" in family matters and "superior ability to gauge the credibility of the 

witnesses who testify before it . . . ." N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. F.M., 

211 N.J. 420, 448 (2012) (citing Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998)). 

Under the GVS, "[a] grandparent . . . of a child residing in [New Jersey] 

may make application before the Superior Court . . . for an order for visitation.

It shall be the burden of the applicant to prove . . . that the granting of visitation 

is in the best interests of the child." N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1(a). The GVS represents an 

infringement on the fundamental right to parent, and the only interest that 

permits the State "to overcome the presumption in favor of a parent's decision 

and to force grandparent visitation over the wishes of a fit parent is the 

avoidance of harm to the child." Moriarty v. Bradt, 177 N.J. 84, 115 (2003). 

Therefore, to obtain visitation under the GVS, the grandparents must establish, 

"by a preponderance of the evidence[,] that [such] visitation is necessary to 

avoid harm to the child." Id. at 117.
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Moreover, the court may not approve a visitation schedule unless the 

grandparent first establishes the potential for harm to the child and overcomes 

the presumption in favor of parental decision-making. Rente v. Rente, 390 N.J. 

Super. 487, 493-94 (App. Div. 2007). The court must determine if visitation is 

in the child's best interests, based on the factors enumerated in the GVS. Ibid. 

These factors include:

(1) The relationship between the child and the 

applicant;

(2) The relationship between each of the child's parents 

or the person with whom the child is residing and the 

applicant;

(3) The time which has elapsed since the child last had 

contact with the applicant;

(4) The effect that such visitation will have on the 

relationship between the child and the child's parents or 

the person with whom the child is residing;

(5) If the parents are divorced or separated, the time 

sharing arrangement which exists between the parents 

with regard to the child;

(6) The good faith of the applicant in filing the 

application;

(7) Any history of physical, emotional or sexual abuse 

or neglect by the applicant; and

(8) Any other factor relevant to the best interests of the 

child.
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[N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1(b).]

Rule 1:7-4(a) requires that trial judges "by an opinion or memorandum 

decision, either written or oral, find the facts and state its conclusions of law 

thereon . . . on every motion decided by a written order that is appealable as of 

right . . . ." See Shulas v. Estabrook, 385 N.J. Super. 91, 96 (App. Div. 2006) 

(requiring an adequate explanation of basis for the court's action). 

Unfortunately, our review of the trial judge's order is hampered because 

she did not make factual findings or reach conclusions of law, nor did she 

address the factors set forth in the GVS. The scant factual findings do not meet

the statute's requirements. See Salch v. Salch, 240 N.J. Super. 441, 443 (App. 

Div. 1990) ("Meaningful appellate review is inhibited unless the judge sets forth 

the reasons for his or her opinion."). Therefore, we are constrained to vacate 

the judge's order and remand for a plenary hearing at which the parties can 

present evidence directed at the standards set forth in the GVS. At the 

conclusion of the hearing, the judge shall articulate whether the best interests of 

the child favor visitation with F.A.T. in accordance with the statute. 

Vacated and remanded for a plenary hearing consistent with this opinion. 

We do not retain jurisdiction.