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DA 24-0069

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2024 MT 208

APRIL MYERS, JAMES MYERS,

DARRYL WHITCANACK, PATRICIA MILLER, 

EVERETT WESTERMAN, PATRICIA WESTERMAN, 

JAMES STEVENSON, LONNIE BEKEL, and CINDY BEKEL,

 Plaintiffs and Appellants,

 v.

JOSEPH KLEINHANS and AMANDA KLEINHANS,

 Defendants and Appellees.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twenty-Second Judicial District,

In and For the County of Carbon, Cause No. DV-22-81

Honorable Matthew J. Wald, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellants:

Eric Edward Nord, Crist, Krogh, Alke & Nord, PLLC, Billings, Montana

For Appellees:

Shane P. Coleman, Frans A. Andersson, Daniel W. Beierwaltes, Billstein, 

Monson & Small, PLLC, Billings, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: July 24, 2024

 Decided: September 17, 2024

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

09/17/2024

Case Number: DA 24-0069
2

Justice Ingrid Gustafson delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Appellants are a group of residents in the Whitehorse Estates Minor Subdivision, 

including April and James Myers, Darryl Whitcanack, Patricia Miller, Everett and Patricia 

Westerman, James Stevenson, and Lonnie and Cindy Bekel (collectively the neighbors). 

The neighbors appeal the Order on Motions for Summary Judgment issued by the 

Twenty-Second Judicial District Court, Carbon County, on November 30, 2023. The Order 

granted summary judgment in favor of Joseph and Amanda Kleinhans and determined they

did not violate the restrictive covenants by converting their garage into an accessory 

dwelling unit (ADU) and renting it out as an Airbnb.

¶2 We reverse and remand to the District Court for action consistent with this Opinion.

¶3 We restate the issue on appeal as follows:

Whether the District Court erred when it determined the restrictive covenants do 

not prohibit the short-term rental of a single-family residence.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶4 There is no material dispute as to the facts in this case, but rather the parties dispute 

the meaning of the restrictive covenants governing their neighborhood. The neighbors and 

the Kleinhans reside on the same road within their subdivision. The neighbors filed a 

complaint against the Kleinhans on September 21, 2022, for violating the subdivision’s 

covenants and restrictions. The neighbors alleged the Kleinhans violated the covenants by 
3

converting their garage into an ADU rental property and renting it out as an Airbnb.

1

 By 

renting out their ADU, the neighbors alleged the Kleinhans violated the covenant that 

requires subdivision property to be used only for a single-family dwelling and the covenant 

that prohibits operation of a commercial business from subdivision property.

¶5 The language of the covenants state:

No parcels within Whitehorse Estates Minor Subdivision may be subdivided 

and only single family dwellings and their associated outbuildings may be 

constructed within the boundaries of the subdivision, and only one such 

dwelling may be constructed on any lot within the subdivision. For the 

purpose of this restriction “single family dwelling” shall mean a building 

under one roof designed and intended for use and occupancy as a residence 

by a single family.

Further, the covenants state a dwelling “[m]ust be a structure intended for the use as a 

single family dwelling.” The “commercial business” provision states “[n]o commercial 

business, trade, or manufacture of any sort or nature shall be allowed.” 

¶6 The neighbors sought declaratory and injunctive relief requiring the Kleinhans to 

comply with the covenants and damages related to a breach of contract claim for violating 

the covenants. Both parties filed cross motions for summary judgment with respect to the 

interpretation of the covenants. The District Court granted summary judgment in favor of 

the Kleinhans on November 30, 2023. The District Court reasoned neither covenant at 

issue prohibits Airbnb rentals. The court interpreted the single-family dwelling covenant 

1 Airbnb is an online platform that allows individuals to rent out their properties or spare rooms to 

guests. A garage apartment listed on Airbnb typically refers to a self-contained living space above 

or adjacent to a garage, which hosts offer to travelers as a short-term rental. 
4

as structural rather than a use restriction, meaning the covenant only restricted the structural 

design to one single-family building and did not regulate it to use by only a single family.

The court found the commercial business covenant to be ambiguous and thus it could not 

prohibit the Kleinhans from renting their ADU as an Airbnb. Pursuant to the court’s award 

of summary judgment in favor of the Kleinhans, it also awarded them their request for their 

Bill of Costs, including appearance and deposition transcript fees, in the amount of 

$4,594.35. The neighbors now appeal.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶7 We review summary judgment rulings de novo for conformance with M. R. Civ. P. 

56. Dick Anderson Constr., Inc. v. Monroe Prop. Co., 2011 MT 138, ¶ 16, 361 Mont. 30, 

255 P.3d 1257. “Like interpretations of contracts, a district court’s interpretation of a 

restrictive covenant is a conclusion of law reviewed for correctness.” Lewis & Clark Cnty. 

v. Wirth, 2022 MT 105, ¶ 14, 409 Mont. 1, 510 P.3d 1206. Summary judgment is proper 

when there is no genuine issue of material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment 

as a matter of law. M. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3). To meet the Rule 56 burden of showing that 

there is a genuine issue of material fact, the non-moving party must set out specific facts 

showing the existence of a genuine issue of material fact by more than mere denial, 

speculation, or pleading allegation. M. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2).

DISCUSSION

¶8 Whether the District Court erred when it determined the restrictive covenants do

not prohibit the short-term rental of a single-family residence.
5

¶9 When interpreting a restrictive covenant, we apply the same principles applicable 

to contract interpretation. Lewis & Clark Cnty., ¶ 16. When the language of a covenant is 

clear, extrinsic evidence is not considered, and “the Court must apply the language as 

written.” Creveling v. Ingold, 2006 MT 57, ¶ 8, 331 Mont. 322, 132 P.3d 531. When 

interpreting a contract, we give words their plain and ordinary meaning unless a technical 

meaning is apparent. Section 28-3-501, MCA; Krajacich v. Great Falls Clinic, LLP, 2012

MT 82, ¶ 17, 364 Mont. 455, 276 P.3d 922. “The whole of a contract is to be taken together 

so as to give effect to every part if reasonably practicable, each clause helping to interpret 

the other.” Section 28-3-202, MCA. An ambiguity exists only when the language of the 

covenant can reasonably have two different meanings. Czajkowski v. Meyers, 2007 MT 

292, ¶ 21, 339 Mont. 503, 172 P.3d 94. 

¶10 Here, the language of two specific covenants is at issue. First, we consider the 

single-family dwelling covenant which states:

No parcels within Whitehorse Estates Minor subdivision may be subdivided 

and only single family dwellings and their associated outbuildings may be 

constructed within the boundaries of the subdivision, and only one such 

dwelling may be constructed on any lot within the subdivision. For the 

purpose of this restriction “single family dwelling” shall mean a building 

under one roof designed and intended for use and occupancy as a residence 

by a single family.

The District Court found the covenant prohibits the structural construction of more than 

one single-family dwelling on any one lot, but the covenant does not restrict the lot’s use 

to residence by a single family. Citing Patton v. Madison County, the Kleinhans assert the 

District Court was correct, arguing this covenant to be a structural restriction which limits 
6

the type and number of buildings on the property, but does not place restrictions on the use 

of the property—that the phrase “single family dwelling” is a structural restriction that does 

not restrict the use of the property to single families only. They assert short-term rentals 

do not alter the residential purpose of the property. See Patton v. Madison County, 265

Mont. 362, 372, 877 P.2d 993, 998 (1994). We agree with the Kleinhans this is a structural 

restriction that does not necessarily alter the residential purpose of the property. 

¶11 As a structural restriction, the covenant only allows one single-family dwelling per 

lot and its associated outbuildings. Here, the Kleinhans have created two separate 

single-family dwellings on their lot by converting their garage into an ADU. The ADU is 

not under the same roof as their own house, rather it is a separate dwelling unit within an 

associated outbuilding. Arguably, this could accommodate family and over-night visitors. 

The covenants are silent as to structural limitations on visitor or outbuilding 

accommodations.

¶12 As the structural restriction does not definitively preclude the structural 

modifications the Kleinhans made to their associated outbuilding, we must next consider 

the commercial business covenant which states: “[n]o commercial business, trade, or 

manufacture of any sort or nature shall be allowed” within the subdivision. The Kleinhans 

assert that neighbors’ interpretation of the commercial business prohibition would permit 

them to have only non-paying guests stay in their ADU and that Craig Tracts considered 

and rejected this argument. The Kleinhans misconstrue the issue and our holding in Craig 
7

Tracts Homeowners’ Association, Inc. v. Brown Drake, LLC, 2020 MT 305, 402 Mont. 

223, 477 P.3d 283. 

¶13 In Craig Tracts, owners of a fishing lodge advertised on a website and a Facebook 

page short term stays at a nightly fee. The restrictive covenants provided that the property

“shall be used for residential purposes only.” This Court considered whether short-term 

rentals of a fishing lodge violated this use restriction.

2

 The property owners asserted those 

who stayed at the lodge engaged in residential use activities including bathing, grooming, 

dressing, sleeping, cooking, eating, relaxing, and other activities people do when residing 

in their homes. In considering the restrictive covenant we determined the word 

“residential” was ambiguous because a “residence” can refer simply to a building used as 

a dwelling place, or it can refer to a place where one intends to live permanently. Craig 

Tracts, ¶ 15. As the covenant was ambiguous, we looked to evidence beyond the restrictive 

covenant document—including that the homeowners association previously allowed short 

term rentals, the covenants had been amended to remove commercial business restrictions, 

and the use of the property was not inconsistent with that of a residential location—to 

ultimately determine the operation of the lodge as a short-term rental business did not 

violate the restrictive covenants. Craig Tracts, ¶ 19. In Craig Tracts, we did not interpret 

2 Earlier, the Craig Tracts Homeowners Association covenants had restricted commercial use

stating, “There shall be no use of the real property or any building constructed thereon for 

commercial or business use or for the use of a motel, hotel or apartment house, except for 

professional occupations.” This language had been subsequently removed from the covenants. 

Craig Tracts, ¶¶ 3-4. 
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whether operation of a short-term rental business violated a use provision restricting 

commercial business use such as the one present here. 

¶14 In considering the commercial business restriction, the District Court pointed out 

the covenants do not define “commercial business.” As such, the District Court determined 

“commercial business” was ambiguous, and if applied broadly, would lead to absurd 

results.3 The District Court found short-term rentals did not fall into the category of 

commercial business, rather they are of such a short nature that the low level of commerce 

does not reach the level of commercial business referred to in the covenants. 

¶15 However, according to Montana contract law, when a term is not specifically 

defined in a document, we must apply the plain, ordinary meaning, unless a technical 

meaning is apparent. Section 28-3-501, MCA. The Montana Code Annotated defines 

“business” as “any lawful activity conducted primarily for the sale of services to the 

public.” Section 70-31-102, MCA. The Montana Code Annotated also defines 

“commerce” to include “all commerce within this state and subject to the jurisdiction of 

this state and includes the operation of any business or service establishment.” Section 

50-30-102, MCA. Cambridge Dictionary defines “commercial” as “used for selling goods 

or providing services for money, rather than for personal use.”

4

 Black’s Law Dictionary 

defines “commercial” as “[o]f, relating to, or involving the buying and selling of goods.” 

3 Such as precluding residents from having garage sales.

4 Commerce, Cambridge Dictionary, https://perma.cc/WJF7-Y4CT (last visited Sept. 11, 2024). 
9

Commercial, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). It defines “business” as “[a] 

commercial enterprise carried on for profit.” Business, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 

2019). Thus, applying the ordinary meaning of “commercial business,” we find the term 

is not susceptible to more than one meaning, and there is no ambiguity. It is clear the 

covenant prohibits for-profit business use on subdivision property, and the Kleinhans are 

in violation of this covenant when they rent out their ADU as an Airbnb.

5

 When we read 

the covenants as a whole to ascertain their meaning, Newman v. Wittmer, 277 Mont. 1, 6, 

917 P.2d 926, 929 (1996), they clearly prohibit what the Kleinhans are doing—operating 

a commercial short term rental business carried on for profit.

¶16 While it is true, as the Kleinhans argue, that ambiguities in covenants must be 

interpreted to allow for the free use of property, Craig Tracts, ¶ 19, we decline to read 

ambiguities into a covenant that is clear on its face. Section 1-2-101, MCA (courts may 

not insert what has been omitted nor omit what has been inserted). 

¶17 As such, we determine the Kleinhans, by operating a commercial short term rental

business carried on for profit, are in violation of the subdivision’s covenants. As discussed 

above, the District Court incorrectly determined “commercial business” was ambiguous 

before applying the plain meaning of the term.

5 While the District Court believed such interpretation would lead to the preclusion of things such 

as garage sales, that issue is not before us and we make no determination as to whether infrequent, 

isolated sale of a resident’s personal property constitutes a “commercial business.” 
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Bill of Costs

¶18 Because we reverse the District Court’s award of summary judgment in favor of 

the Kleinhans, we also reverse the District Court’s award of the Kleinhans’ Bill of Costs. 

CONCLUSION

¶19 We reverse and remand to the District Court to enter summary judgment in favor of 

the neighbors consistent with this Opinion. 

/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON

We concur: 

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ LAURIE McKINNON

/S/ BETH BAKER

/S/ JIM RICE