Intemet Address (URl). http://www.epa.gov

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

page #

Introduction:

EPA's Mission and Goals 3

Overview ofthe 2002 Budget 5

Goals:

Goal I:

Goal 2:

Goal 3:

Goal 4:

Goal 5:

Goal 6:

Goal 7:

Goal 8:

Goal 9:

Goal 10:

Clean Air .....................•••....•.....•.....•........... 17

Clean and Safe Water . ...............................•.......... 31

Safe Food ........................................••.......... 43

Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Work Places, and Ecosystems 53

Better Waste Management, Restoration of

Contaminated Waste Sites and Emergency Response 67

Reduction ofGlobal and Cross-Border

Environmental Risks _ _ 81

Quality Environmental Infonnation 91

Sound Science Improved Understanding ofEnvironmental

Risk, and Greater Innovation to Address Environmental Problems 101

A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater Compliance

With the Law 111

Effective Management 119

Additional Information:

Categorical Grants Program 131

Water Infrastructure Financing .............•....................... 133

Trust Funds .....................••.....•.....•.....••.....•.... 137

Budget Tables .................•...••....••....••.....•......... 141
Photos counesy of Steve Delaney and Renell Mcewan

2
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EPA's Mission and Goals I

The mission ofthe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environmentair, water, and land-upon which life depends.

•

•

•

Clean Air: The air in every American

community will be safe and healthy to

breathe. In particular, children, the

elderly, and people with respiratory

ailments will be protected from health

risks of breathing polluted air.

Reducing air pollution will also

protect the environment, resulting in

many benefits, such as restoring life in

damaged ecosystems and reducing

health risks to those whose

subsistence depends directly on those

ecosystems.

Clean and Safe Water: All

Americans will have drinking water

that IS clean and safe to drink.

Effective protection of America's

rivers, lakes, wetlands, aquifers, and

coastal and ocean waters will sustain

fish, plants, and wildlife, as well as

recreational, subsistence, and

economic activities. Watersheds and

their aquatic ecosystems will be

restored and protected to unprove

public health, enhance water quality,

reduce flooding, and provide habitat

for wildlife.

Safe Food: The foods Americans eat

will be free from unsafe pesticide

residues. Particular attention will be

given to protecting sub-populations

that may be more susceptible to

adverse effects of pesticides or have

higher dietary exposures to pesticide

residues. These include children and

3

•

•

•

people whose diets include large

amoWlts of noncommercial foods.

Preventing Pollution and Reducing

Risk in Communities, Homes,

Workplaces, and Ecosystems:

Pollution prevention and risk

management strategies aimed at

eliminating, reducing, or minimizing

emISSions and contamination will

result m cleaner and safer

environments in which all Americans

can reside, work, and enjoy life. EPA

will safeguard ecosystems and

promote the health of natural

corrunWlities that are integral to the

quality oflife in this nation.

Better Waste Management,

Restoration of Contaminated Waste

Sites, and Emergency Response:

America's wastes will be stored,

treated, and disposed of in ways that

prevent harm to people and the natural

environment. EPA will work to clean

up previously polluted sites, restore

them to uses appropriate for

surrounding communities, and

respond to and prevent waste-related

or industrial accidents.

Reduction of Global and CrossBorder Environmental Risks: The

United States will lead other nations in

successful, multilateral efforts to

reduce significant risks to human

health and ecosystems from climate
I

L....-- EPA's Mission and Goals _ I

•

change, stratospheric ozone depletion,

and other hazards of international

concern.

Quality Environmental

Information: The public and

decision makers at all levels will have

access to information about

environmental conditions and human

health to inform decision making and

help assess the general environmental

health of communities. The public

will also have access to educational

services and information services and

tools that provide for the reliable and

secure exchange of quality

environmental information.

•

•

A Credible Detcrrcnt to Pollution

and Greater Compliance with the

Law: EPA will ensure full

compliance with laws intended to

protect human health and the

environment.

Effective Management: EPA will

maintain the highest-quality standards

for environmental leadership and for

effective internal management and

fiscal responsibility by managing for

results.

• Sound Science, Improved

Understanding of Environmental

Risk, and Greater Innovation to

Address Environmental Problems:

EPA will develop and apply the best

available science for addressing

current and future environmental

hazards as well as new approaches

toward lDlprovmg environmental

protection.

4
I Annual Plan and Budget Overview

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A New Era o[Cooperation in Environmental Protection

The Environmental Protection

Agency's 2002 Annual Plan and Budget

request of $7.313 billion in discretionary

budget authority. and 17,500 workyears,

reflects a commitment to work for the

American people to protect the air, land, and

water, demonstrating that environmental

protection and economic prosperity go hand

in hand.

The Nation has made significant

progress in protecting the environment and

human health over the past three decades.

The Administration is committed to providing

all Americans a clean, healthy environment,

while developing new and effective methods

to achieve environmental progress. This

budget reflects the Administration's

commitment to setting high standards for

environmental protection, focusing on results

and perfonnance.

Strengthening Partnerships with State, Local

and Tribal Governments

The budget works for the American

people by providing critical enviromnental

and health protections, while recognizing that

state, local and tribal governments often have

the best solutions for their enviromnental

challenges. included within the Agency's

$3.7 billion Operating Program totals, the

Agency's program grants to state and tribal

governments are funded at the highest level

ever - SI.l billion. These grants help states

and tribes administer programs delegated to

states and tribes under Federal environmental

statutes. Our commitment is to provide more

flexibility to states and local communities to

5

craft solutions that meet their umque

environmental needs.

In particular, two new grant programs

allow states to craft solutions that meet their

unique needs. A new enforcement grant for

states, funded at S25 million, provides

effective enforcement of environmental laws

at the state level. This enforcement grant

program suppons state efforts in inspections,

civil actions, investigations, and training

activities, while reducing the Agency's direct

role in these areas. In addition, this budget

provides S25 million for grants to help states

upgrade and integrate their environmental

data, providing a powerful tool for citizens,

state and local governments, and industry.

Cleaning and Protecting America's Water

Over the past three decades, our

Nation has made significant progress in water

pollution prevention and cleanup. While we

have substantially cleaned up many of our

most polluted waterways, and provided safer

drinking water for millions of U.S. residents,

significant challenges remain. This budget

request addresses the challenge to provide

clean and safe water in every American

community.

• Protection from Drinking Water

Contaminants. The 2002 request

strengthens work with the states and

tribes to implement new health-based

standards to control for microbial

contaminants, disinfectants and their

byproducts, and other contaminants.
I Annual Plan and Budget Overview '----------

• Drinking Water State Revolving Fund.

The Drinking Water State Revolving

Fund (DWSRF) request of $823

million will provide substantial

funding to states and tribes to upgrade

and modernize drinking water

systems.

91 percent ofthe population served by

community water systems is expected

to receive drinking water meeting all

health-based standards in effect as of

1994, up from 83 percent in 1994.

• Beaches Grants. This budget includes

$2 million for grants to states to

develop monitoring and notification

programs for coastal recreation waters.

This funding supports the Agency's

implementation of the "Beaches

Envirorunental Assessment and

Coastal Health Act of 2000."

• Helping States Address Run-off and

Restore Polluted Waters. The

President's 2002 Budget provides

significant resources to states to build

on successes we have achieved in

protecting the Nation's waters, by

providing states and tribes with grants

to address polluted run-off, protect

valuable wetlands, and restore

polluted waterways.

6

In 2003, water quality will improve on a

watershed basis such that 600 ofthe

Nation's 2,262 watersheds will have

greater than 80 percent of assessed

waters meeting all water quality

standards. (Water quality is surveyed

biennially.)

• Sewer Overflow Control Grants. The

President's 2002 budget includes $450

million fOT State Sewer Overflow

Control grants, a newly authorized

program to address pollution from

combined sewer overflows and

sanitary sewer overflows, which

remains the Nation's most significant

municipal wastewater problem. These

funds will be allotted to states

according to the existing fonnula for

allotting wastewater grants.

• Clean Water State Revolving Fund.

This budget request includes $850

million for states and tribes for the

Clean Water State Revolving Fund

(CWSRF). States receive

700 CWSRF projects are intended to

initiate operations, including 400

projects providing secondary treatment,

advanced treatment, combined sewer

overflow correction (treatment), and/or

stonnwater treatment. Cumulatively,

7,900 CWSRF-funded projects will have

initiated operations since program

inception.
I Annual Plan and Budget Overview I '---------

•

capitalization grants, which enable

them to provide low interest loans to

conununities to construct wastewater

treattnent infrastructure and fund other

projects to enhance water quality.

This investment keeps EPA on track

with our commitment to meet the goal

for the CWSRF to provide $2 billion

average in annual financial assistance

over the long-tenn even after Federal

assistance ends.

Prolectim! Human Health along the

U.SlMexico Border. This budget

includes $74.8 million for water and

wastewater projects along the

U.S./Mexico Border. These resources

help the Agency address the serious

envirorunental and human health

problems associated with untreated

and industrial and municipal sewage

on the U.S./Mexico border.

A cumulative 790 thousand residents

ofthe U.S./Mexico border area will

be protected from health risks

because of the construction of

adequate water and wastewater

sanitation systems since 1994.

toxic air pollutant emissions. new pollution

sources, and mobile sources. In 2002, EPA

will assist states, tribes and local governments

in devising additional stationary source and

mobile source strategies to reduce ozone and

Certify that 3 new areas ofthe

remaining 52 nonartainment areas have

attained the I-hour NAAQS for ozone.

thus increasing the number of people

living in areas with healthy air quality

by 2.9 million.

particulate maner. The Agency also will

develop strategies and rules to help states and

tribes reduce emissions and exposure to

hazardous air pollutants. particularly in urban

areas, and reduce harmful deposition in water

bodies. A key to achieving the Clean Air

Goal is $219.6 million included in this budget

for air grants which go directly to states and

tribes.

Air toxic emissions nationwide from

stationary and mobile sources combined

will be reduced by five percent from

200 I (for a cumulative reduction of 40

percent from the 1993 annual level of

4.3 million tons).

Clean and Healthy Air

Under tbe Clean Air Act, EPA works

to make the air clean and healthy to breathe by

setting standards for ambient air quality,

7

Addressing Climate Change

This budget request includes $122.7

million to meet the Agency's climate change

objectives by working with business and other

sectors to deliver multiple benefits - from

cleaner air to lower energy bills - while

improving overall scientific understanding of
I Annual Plan and Budget Overview

EPA and its partners intend to complete

65 Superfund cleanups (construction

completions) for an overall total of 897

construction completions by the end of

2002.

• KeeoIng Superfund Workmg. This

budget continues a commitment to

clean up toxic waste sites with $1.3

billion for Superfund cleanups. The

Agency will also work to maximize

the participation ofresponsible parties

in site cleanups while promoting

fairness in the enforcement process.

This budget will continue the dramatic

progress we have made in cleaning up

climate change and its potential consequences.

The core ofEPA's climate change efforts are

government/industry partnership programs

designed to capitalize on the tremendous

opportunities available to conswners,

businesses, and organizations to make sound

investments in efficient equipment and

practices. These programs remove barriers in

the marketplace, resulting in faster

deployment oftechnology into the residential,

commercial, transportation, and industrial

sectors ofthe economy.

Greenhouse gas emissions will be

reduced from projected levels by

approximately 73 million metric tons of

carbon equivalent per year through EPA

partnerships with businesses, schools,

state and local governments, and other

organizations. This reduction level will

be an increase of 7 million metric tons

over 200 I reduction levels.

ease reporting burdens for the

community, and standardize

processes.

Cleaning Up Toxic Waste

regulated

business

Integrating Environmental Information

The President's Budget provides $25

million for new grants to states to develop and

implement the National Environmental

Infonnation Exchange Network. These grants

will build on work that is already Wlderway in

several states, allowing them to participate in

an integrated multi-media infonnation

network that will streamline reporting,

improve infonnation quality, and make the

management and accessibility of

environmental infonnation more efficient.

This approach will provide improved

infonnation for environmental assessment and

decision-making, help to provide more

reliable, quality infonnation for the public,

8

•

toxic waste sites, while protecting

hwnan health, and returning land to

productive use. Through 2000,

cleanups have been completed at 757

sites, and 6,286 removal actions have

been taken.

Revitalizing Local Economies and

Creating Jobs Through Brownfields

Cleanup and Redevelopment. The

2002 budget request includes over $97

million for the Brownfields program,

which is an increase of $5 million

above the 200 I Enacted Level. The

additional resources will support the

redevelopment and revitalization of

Brownfields communities by
Annual Plan and Budget Overview

providing funding for additionaJ

assessment pilots and state voluntary

cleanup programs. The Brownfields

program will continue to promote

local cleanup and redevelopment of

industrial sites. returning abandoned

land to productive use and bringing

jobs to blighted areas.

In 2002, EPA Brownfield, funding will

result in 250 site assessments (for a

cumulative total of 2,750), 2,000 jobs

generated (for a cumulative total of

14,000), and the leveraging of$300

million in cleanup and redevelopment

funds (for a cumulative total of$3.4

billion).

Sound Science

The 2002 President's Budget supports

EPA's efforts to improve the role ofscience in

decision-making by using scientific

information and analysis to help direct policy

and establish priorities. The Agency will

achieve maximum environmental and health

protections by employing the best methods,

models, tools, and approaches. This budget

request includes $575 million to develop and

apply sound science to address both current

and future environmental challenges. The

budget request supports a balanced research

and development program designed to address

Administration and Agency priorities, and

meet the challenges of the Clean Air Act

(CAA), the Safe Drinking Water Act

(SDWA), the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,

and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Food

Quality Prote<:tion Act (FQPA), and others.

9

Research will provide data on health

effects and exposure to particulate

matter (PM), and provide methods for

assessing the exposure and toxicity of

PM in healthy and potentially

susceptible subpopuJations to strengthen

the scientific basis for reassessment of

the PM NAAQS.

Supporting States' Enforcement Efforts

The President's Budget includes a new

$25 million enforcement grant program. This

reflects a shift in emphasis for enforcement

from Federal enforcement to state

enforcement for those programs already

delegated to the states. This shift creates a

new $25 million grant program for states and

tribes that will bring enforcement closer to the

entity being regulated. EPA will offer media

specific and multi-media funding to states and

tribes for compliance assurance activities

including compliance assistance and

incentives, inspections, and enforcement

actions.

Ensuring Safe Food through the Food

Quality Protection Act (FQPA)

The 2002 request includes $148.8

million to help meet the multiple challenges of

the implementation of the Food Quality

Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 '0 that all

Americans will continue to enjoy one of the

safest, most abundant, and most affordable

food supplies in the world. FQPA focuses on

the registration of reduced risk pesticides to

provide an alternative to the older versions on
I Annual Plan and Budget Overview I

'----------

the market, and on developing and delivering

information on alternative

pesticides/techniques and best pest control

practices to pesticide users. FQPA

implements a "whole fann'! approach to

pollution management and will help fanners

transition - without disrupting production - to

safer substitutes and alternative fanning

practices. Expanded support for tolerance

reassessments will reduce the risks to human

health from older pesticides. Reassessing

existing tolerances ensures food safety,

especially for infants and children; and

ensures that all pesticides registered for use

meet the most current health standards. This

budget request also supports FQPA-related

By the end of 2002, EPA will reassess a

cumulative 66% ofthe 9,721 pesticide

tolerances required to be reassessed over

ten years. This includes 70% ofthe 893

tolerances having the greatest potential

impact on dietary risks to children.

10

science through scientific assessments of

cumulative risk, including funds for validation

of testing components of the Endocrine

Disrupter Screening Program.

Summary

This President's 2002 Budget for EPA

provides the resources and vision necessary to

reach our Nation's environmental mission to

protect the environment and hwnan health.

This budget represents this Administration's

commitment to work with our environmental

partners to develop innovative environmental

programs that ensure stewardship of our land,

air, and water for generations to come.
Environmental Protection Agency's

2002 Budget Totals $7.3 Billion

(dollars in billions)

o Water Inruslruclure

o Trust Funds

o Optrating Program

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• FY 1993-2001 reflect EPA'sfinal enacted operating plan.

II
Environmental Protection Agency's

2002 Workforce Totals 17,500

18,110 18,000

17,739 17,670

17,508 17 SOD

17,280

17,106 17,082 17,152

, , , , 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

NOTE: FY 1993 through 2000 reflect actual PTE usage.

12
Environmental Protection Agency's

2002 Budget by Goal

Total Agency: $7,312.6 million*

Goat 8

4.2%

Goal 7

2.6%

Goal 6

3.9%

Goal 5

20.6%

Goal 9

5.6%

Goal 4

4.1%

Goal 10

5.9%

Goal 3

1.5%

Goal 1

7.7%

Goal 2

43.9%

Goal 1: Clean Air

Goal 2: Clean & Safe Water

Goal 3: Safe Food

Goal 4: Preventing Pollution & Reducing Risk in Communities, Homes, Workplaces, & Ecosystems

Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration ofContaminated Waste Sites, & Emergency Response

Goal 6: Reduction of Global & Cross-Border Environmental Risks

Goal 7: Quality Environmental Information

GoalS: Sound Science, Improved Understanding ofEnvironmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

Goal 9: A Credible Deterrent to Pollution & Greater Compliance with the Law

Goal 10: Effective Management

.. Includes $4.0M in offsetting receipts

13
14
GOALS
16
GOAL]:

Clean Air
18
Goal : Clean.Air

Goal 1: 7.7~o

Strategic Goal: The air in every American community will be safe and

healthy to breathe. In particular children the elderly and people with

respiratory ailments will be protected from health risks of breathing polluted

air. Reducing air pollution will also protect the envirorunent, resulting in

many benefits~ such a restoring life in damaged ecosystems and reducing

health risks to those who e subsistence depends directly on those ecosystems.

Resource Summary

(dollar. in thousands)

FY2001 FY2002 FY 2002 VS.

Enacted Request FY 2001

Clean Air 5590,082.0 5564,628.0 (525,454.0)

Attain AAQ 456,019.5 $436470.3 ($19549.2

Reduce Air Taxies Risk $112,272.7 $109,247.2 (S3,025.5)

Reduce Acid Rain $21,789.8 $18,910.5 ($2,879.3)

Workyears 1,855.6 1,810.8 (44.8)

Means and Strategies

Criteria pollutants. EPA develops

standards to protect human health and the

environment that limit concentrations of the

most widespread pollutants (known as criteria

pollutants), which are linked to many serious

health and environmental problems:

lung conditions, such as asthma, and

is associated with increa ed

medication use, visits to emergency

rooms and hospital admissions.

Ozone can inflame and damage the

lining of lungs. Also causes damage

to vegetation and contributes to

visibility problems.

• Ground-level ozone. Impairs normal

functioning of the lungs in healthy

people, as well as in those with

respiratory problems. Relatively low

amounts can cause coughing

shortness of breath and pain,

especially when taking a deep breath.

Ground-level ozone can aggravate

19

• Particulate matter (PM). Coar e

particles can aggravate respiratory

conditions such as astluna. Exposure

to fine particles is associated with

several serious health effects,

including -premature death. When

exposed to PM, eople with existing

heart or lung diseases - such a

asthma, chronic obstructive
Goal 1: Clean Air

•

pulmonary disease, congestive heart

disease, or ischemic heart disease -

are particularly vulnerable and are at

increased risk of premature death or

admission to the hospital or

emergency room. Also PM affects the

environment through visibility

impairment.

Sulfur dioxide (SOJ. Long-term

exposure to both sulfur dioxide and

fine particles can aggravate respiratory

illness, alter the defense mechanisms

of lungs, and aggravate existing

cardiovascular disease. People who

may be most susceptible to these

effects include individuals with

cardiovascular disease or chronic lung

disease, as well as children and the

elderly. Sulfur dioxide is also a major

contributor to acid rain.

•

failure, cerebrovascular disease,

anemIa, chronic obstructive lung

disease) and possibly fetuses and

young infants may also be at greater

risk to carbon monoxide pollution.

Lead. Accumulates in the body in

blood, bone, and soft tissue and can

affect the kidneys, liver, nervous

system and other organs. Excessive

exposure to lead may cause kidney

disease, reproductive disorders, and

neurological impairments such as

seizures, mental retardation, and/or

behavioral disorders. Femses and

children are especially susceptible to

low doses of lead, often suffering

central nervous system damage or

slowed growth.

1996 National Toxic Air Pollutant Emissions by

Source

• Nitrogen dioxide (NOJ. Exposure to

N02 causes respiratory symptoms

such as coughing, wheezing, and

shortness of breath in children and

adults with respiratory disease, such as

asthma. Even short exposures to

nitrogen dioxide affect lung function.

Nitrogen dioxide also contributes to

acidic deposition, eutrophication in

coastal waters, and visibility

problems.

Major Sour&os

{lMge Industrial)

2.4%

SmlIlhlr Nee and

Othor Soucu

26%

Onroad Mobilll

Sou_

:>0%

• Carbon monoxide (CO). People with

cardiovascular disease may experience

chest pain and generally increased

cardiovascular symptoms when

exposed to carbon monoxide,

particularly while exercising. People

with marginal or compromised

cardiovascular and respiratory systems

(e.g., individuals with congestive heart

20

General summaI)' 01 the aummed Mtion.J fHTJiuiwq i'J It. UJSJ6 N.fion.1 To./Q InVfllftO~

b'JljfKI ot) source .-ecton .nd ~(l end rvr.1 df.Jir1ntIIM$

Note: "lobi:' ~rce emissions do not irtdudo diesoi particutates.

Ha.zardous air pollutants.

Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), commonly

referred to as air toxics or toxic air pollutants,

are pollutants that cause, or may cause,

adverse health effects or ecosystem damage.

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 list
Goal 1: Clean Air

188 pollutants or chemical groups a

hazardous air pollutants and target sources

emitting them for regulation. Examples of air

toxics include: heavy metals uch as mercury

and chromium dioxins, and pesticides such as

chlordane and toxaphene. HAPs are emitted

from literally thousands ofsources including

stationary as well as mobile sources. Adverse

effects to human health and the environment

due to HAPs can result from even low level

exposure to air toxics from individual

facilities exposures to mixture of pollutants

found in urban settings, or exposure to

pollutants emitted from distant sources that

are transported through the atmosphere over

regional, national or even global airsheds.

Compared to information for the

criteria pollutants, the information about the

potential health effects of HAPs (and their

ambient concentrations) is relatively

incomplete. Most of the infonn.ation on

potential health effects of these pollutants is

derived from experimental animal data. Ofthe

188 HAPs Ii ted in the Clean Air Act, almost

60 percent are classified by EPA as known,

probable, or possible carcinogens. One ofthe

often documented ecological concerns

associated with toxic air pollutants is the

potential for some to damage aquatic

ecosystems. Deposited air pollutants can be

significant contributors to overall pollutant

loadings entering water bodie .

trees at high elevations. Acid deposition al 0

accelerate the decay ofbuilding material and

paints and contributes to degradation of

irreplaceable cultural objects such as statues

and sculptures. Ox emissions are a major

precursor of ground-level ozone, which

affects human health and damages crop

forests, and materials. Additionally, Ox

deposition contributes to eutrophication of

coastal waters, such as the Chesapeake Bay

and Tampa Bay. Before falling to earth S02

and

°gases form fine particles that

ultimately may affect human health by

contributing to premature mortality, chronic

bronchitis, and other respiratory problems.

The fine particles also contribute to reduced

visibility in national parks and elsewhere.

Trends. Air quality has continued to

improve during the past 10 years.

Concentrations of all six criteria pollutants

have decreased. Nationally air quality

concentration data taken from thousands of

monitoring tations acros the country have

continued to show improvement since the

1980s for ozone, PM, CO, N02, 802, and

lead Areas in the country where air pollution

levels persistently exceed national ambient air

quality standards are designated in

"nonattainment." As this chart shows, all the

years throughout the I990s have shown better

air quality than any of the years in the 1980s

90 11 U 9J 94 95 III t1 98 99 00 01 02 OJ 04 05

'Iseel year

Change in Nonattainment Are,.....,..as_..--~-:-_.,

P.RO.lECT£D

co 1lG2

",----------------1

80 I-"-"'-=-o=..~---

70 -

60 1---

i =I---~-----'--- -~-==--__-_ 30

20

10 - ---=~.".----:::::==------"==_'

Acid rain. The Clean Air Act

Amendment of 1990 established a program

to control emissions from electric power

plants that cause acid rain and other

environmental and human health problems.

Emission of S02 and nitrogen oxides (N0J

react in the atmosphere and fall to earth as

acid rain causing acidification of lakes and

streams and contributing to the damage of

21
Goal 1: Clean Air

improvements are a result of effective

implementation of clean air laws and

regulations, as well as improvements in the

efficiency of industrial technologies.

While substantial progress has been

made, it is important not to lose sight of the

magnitude of the air pollution problem that

still remains. Despite great progress in air

quality improvement, over 150 million tons of

air pollution were released into the air in 1999

in the United States and approximately 62

million people lived in counties where

monitored data showed unhealthy air for one

or more ofthe six principal pollutants. Even

in cities with nonattainment status, air quality

millions of people Uving in Counties with

monitored levels above the NAAQS

150

IIi 1991 El1999

o 50 100

co

PB

002

based upon nonattainment areas. TIris steady

trend of improvement resulted in spite of

weather conditions in the 1990s which were

generally more conducive to higher pollution

levels, especially ground-level ozone

formation. Emissions of hazardous air

pollutants have also been reduced

significantly; estimates ofnationwide air toxic

emissions have dropped approximately 23

percent between 1990 and 1996. For

example, perchloroethylene monitored in 16

urban sites in California showed a drop of 60

percent from 1989 to 1998. Benzene, emitted

from cars, trucks, oil refineries and chemical

processes, is another widely monitored toxic

air pollutant. Measurements taken from 84

urban monitoring sites around the country

show a 39 percent drop in benzene levels

from 1993 to 1998. There have been dramatic

reductions (10 to 25 percent) in sulfates

deposited in the most sensitive systems

located in the northeastern United States since

the implementation ofthe acid rain program in

1995.

The dramatic improvements III

enussIOns and air quality occurred

simultaneously with significant increases in

economic growth and population. The

~01Qt>\o1~ 4100 N~~1le...

... tJ.s.o-lloooIIti<~~1ffli.

.. lllliO.... h:\·t*I1Mli

l.:.m-,.~ l;t-~~ !"o)l,loJ.,.J..U;. :~;rw:{j'i';':: ::Ifol'.:il-~ H ~¥="!':i, :"~~::y.»~ !~-rin~~;r,-1"!i:l:;d f.f!)~~.4r, w-..Ir:V;r a~'";("

~'~~~11:0..'1 -!i-r.l".r.. .••t"t '4f v Jh-~~»tr ~h:l:"_ ~;;l~i ;-rr";'ti·~1$ol (f l~~ ~~f J~'IK"4P:~ .11I' f4..~'IJ!,(di>. ~~·.lI'1·dJl j~'r,L"'"!:..

standards were met most ofthe time of hours

monitored. However, it is important to note

that serious health effects can occur with even

limited· exposure. Some national parks,

including the Great Smoky Mountains and the

Shenandoah, have high air pollution

concentrations resulting from the transport of

pollutants many miles from their original

sources and from biogenic VOCs within the

parks. In 1999, for the second consecutive

year, average rural I-hour ozone (smog) levels

22
Goal 1: Clean Air

were greater than the average levels observed

for urban sites.

Strategy. To continue to reduce air

pollution, the Clean Air Act sets specific

targets for the mitigation of each air pollution

problem. The Act also mandates the air

quality monitoring that helps measure

progress. In addition, the Act lays out a

specific roadrnap for achieving those goals

that EPA and its partners -- states, tribes, and

local governments -- have to do to clean up

the air. One constant across the titles in the

Act is that the pollution control strategies and

programs it contains are all designed to get the

most cost-effective reductions early on. The

early reductions program in taxies, Phase 1 of

the Acid Rain program, Tier I and Tier 2 auto

emission standards, more stringent standards

on diesel exhaust from trucks and buses, the

reformulated gasoline program, and the

Maximum Available Control Technology

(MACT) standards program were all designed

to achieve early reductions, making our air

cleaner and safer to breathe. The problems

that remain are some of the most difficult to

solve.

The Agency has developed strategies

to address this difficult increment and

overcome the barriers that have hindered

progress towards clean air in the past. The

Agency will use flexible approaches, where

possible, instead of hard and fast formulas or

specific technological requirements. Efforts

will focus on:

• Coupling ambitious goals with steady

progress - The emphasis will be on

achieving near-term actions towards

meeting the standards, while giving

states, tribes, and local governments

time to implement more difficult

23

•

measures. The Agency recognizes

that it will be difficult for some areas

of the country to attain the new

National Ambient Air Quality

Standards (NAAQS) for ozone and

fine particles, and the Agency believes

it will take more than individual state

efforts to achieve the needed emission

reductions. The Agency will work

with states, tribes, and local

governments to identify ways to

achieve interim reductions, principally

through regional strategies, national

strategies, and the air toxics and acid

rain programs by building on multipollutant emission reductions.

This approach ensures progress

toward the goal and, for many areas,

will achieve the goal. For those areas

where additional measures are

required, this work will allow progress

toward the goal while providing the

time to identify measures that will get

that last increment to fully achieve the

goal. For example, many areas will

still be implementing measures to

implement the I-hour ozone standard

while they are developing new

strategies for achieving the revised 8-

hour standard.

Maintaining accountability with

flexibility - In 2001, the Agency

released final guidance for states that

want to use economic incentive

programs to improve air quality and

visibility. Economic incentive

programs include a variety of

measures designed to increase

flexibility and efficiency, while

maintaining accountability and

enforceability oftraditional air quality
I Goal!: Clean Air I '---------

•

•

management programs. EPA's

guidance encourages cost-effective

and innovative approaches to

achieving air pollution goals.

Economic incentive programs are

incorporated into states' strategies for

meeting air quality standards and

visibility goals.

In addition, recent mobile source

rulemakings established programs to

reduce vehicle and engine emissions

and to reduce sulfur levels in fuel.

These programs meet industry needs

for flexibility, while containing clear

deadlines, milestones, and reporting

requirement to monitor compliance.

Fostering technical innovations where

they provide clear environmental

benefits - Market-based approaches

provide "niches" for many types of

technologies; no one size will fit all.

Sources of pollution can improvise,

innovate, and otherwise be creative in

reducing emissions. The Agency will

promote such technological

innovation and then disseminate it to

others to show how they can get

needed reductions. For example, in

2002 EPA plans to work with states

on developing a process for State

Implemented Plan (SIP) credits for

new tecMologies and for developing

early emissions reductions programs

that could help minimize the impact of

environmental regulations on

economic growth in urban areas.

Building partnerships - There are

numerous fonus of partnerships, all of

which have been used by EPA at one

point or another in implementing the

24

•

Clean Air Act. EPA uses public

outreach to educate people on air

problems and encourages them to

work to solve them. EPA involves

broad-based groups, such as the multistate Ozone Transport Assessment

Group, to study a problem and provide

recommendations to EPA on ways to

solve it. EPA also works with

organizations like the National

Academy of Sciences (NAS) on both

short-tenn and long-term research

priorities. EPA also engages in

regulatory negotiations to bring

stakeholders to work on a problem

and address a specific regulatory

issue. EPA will continue to use these

types of partnerships, as appropriate.

For example, EPA is working with

five regional planning bodies on

regional strategies for addressing

regional haze. Since many of the

strategies for addressing haze and PM

are the same, this effort will also

provide for partnering to implement

the PM standard.

Anticipating upcoming issues and

ensuring that research is underway in

those areas. The Agency is seeking to

better understand the root causes of

the environmental and hwnan health

problems created by air toxics in

urban areas, thereby improving the

ability to weigh alternative strategies

for solving those problems. Research

will be devoted to the development of

currently unavailable health effects

and exposure infonnation to determine

risk and develop alternative strategies

for reducing risks. Based on this

research the Agency will be able to

model and characterize not only the
------ Goal 1: Clean Air I

current taxies risks and compare

national program alternatives, but also

identify regional and local "hot spots,"

and model alternative strategies to

assist states and localities in solving

their air and water taxies problems.

Using these strategies. the Agency will

work with areas that have the worst problems

to develop strategies accounting for unique

local conditions that may hinder them from

reaching attainment. The Agency also will

work with states, tribes, and local

governments to ensure that work they are

doing on the PM and ozone standards

effectively targets both pollutants, as well as

regional haze, air toxies and greenhouse gas

emissions to maximize the effectiveness of

control strategies. On the national level, the

Agency will continue to implement or

establish Federal standards to require cleaner

motor vehicles, fuels and non-road equipment

that are cost effective and technically feasible.

The Agency also will target source

characterization work, especially development

and improvement of emissions information,

that is essential for the states, tribes and local

agencies to develop strategies to meet the

standards. The Agency will look closely at

urban areas to determine the various sources

oftoxics that enter the air, water, and soil and

determine the best manner to reduce the total

toxics risk in these urban areas. The Agency

will also focus on research that will inform

and enhance our regulatory decisions as well

as research that explores emerging areas.

Research

To reach the objective of attaining and

reviewing the NAAQS for tropospheric

ozone, particulate matter (PM), and other

pollutants, research will provide methods,

25

models, data and assessment criteria on health

risks, focusing on the exposures, mechanisms

of injury, and components which affect

human health. [n 2002, EPA wiH provide

tropospheric ozone precursor measurements

methods, emissions-based air quality models,

observation-based modeling methods, and

source emissions information to guide SIP

development. In support of Agency efforts to

attain the NAAQS for PM, research in 2002

will continue to provide data on human

exposure to PM and the health effects of that

exposure, as well as provide methods for

assessing the exposure and toxicity of PM.

Modest research and technical support efforts

to support other NAAQS pollutants will also

be carried out.

Air toxics research investigates the

root causes of air toxies environmental and

human health problems in urban areas.

Efforts will focus on providing new methods

to estimate human exposure and health effects

from high priority air toxies, and mobile

source air toxies. With this information, the

Agency will be in a better position to

determine risk and develop alternative

strategies for maximizing risk reductions.

Highlight,

Reduce emissions of criteria pollutants

Ground-level ozone, fme PM and

regional haze have many similarities. All

three problems result from their formation

under certain atmospheric conditions in the

presence of gases, such as NOx and Volatile

Organic Compounds (VOC,), emitted by the

same types of sources. Because of these

similarities, there are opportunities for

integrated strategies for reducing pollutant
I Goal 1: Clean Air I -------

emissions in the most cost-effective ways.

In 2002, EPA will assist states, tribes

and local governments in devising additional

stationary source and mobile source strategies

to reduce ozone and particulate matter. Some

specific activities and initiatives in this

program for 2002 will include:

The non-road sources include

industrial spark-ignition engines (e.g.,

forklifts and generators), recreational

gasoline engine (e.g., all terrain

vehicles and off-road motorcycles),

and recreational marine gasoline and

diesel engines.

•

•

•

•

Propose a decision on whether to

retain or revise the NAAQS for PM.

Implement Tier U (light-duty) vehicle

and gasoline standards and 2004/2007

heavy-duty highway engine and diesel

sulfur requirements. This includes

continued assessment of required

technology. Continue implementing

other mobile source programs, such as

the Tier I standards for locomotives

and Phase 2 standards for smalJ sparkignition handheld engines (e.g.,

trimmers, brush cutters, and

chainsaws).

Continue to help create voluntary

diesel retrofit projects to reduce PM

and, where possible, N0,lt. Continue

to develop projects to reduce diesel

idling time at truck stops and along

highways.

Propose standards for heavy-duty nonroad, land-based diesel engines and

vehicles, potentially including new

diesel fuel sulfur requirements.

Propose standards for conunercial

marine diesel engines used in oceangoing vessels. Finalize regulatory

program that will address emissions

from a range of unregulated non-road

sources and highway motorcycles.

26

•

•

•

Continue and expand the voluntarily

organized, state-run regional program

for seasonal ozone control. EPA

administers the NO,lt Allowance and

Emissions Tracking Systems for the

N0,lt Budget Program, as requested by

nine states in the Northeast Ozone

Transport Region (OTR). In 2002,

this program will be in its fourth

compliance year. The Clean Air

Markets Division has launched a

multi-year effort to re-engineer the

infonnation technology support

structure for the Allowance and

Emissions Tracking Systems; system

modernization is needed to handle

increased emissions reporting and

allowance trading activities, for

improved public access, and timely

exchange of data with state partners.

Continue to work with tribes:

developing programs for Indian

Country, making eligibility

detenninations, completing VOC and

NO,lt emission inventories and

approving tribal air programs as

appropriate.

Continue efforts to improve emission

models and start development of the

"new generation model" that will

greatly improve EPA's ability to

support the development of emissions
Goal 1: Clean Air

Some specific activities and initiatives in this

program for 2002 include:

control programs, as well as providing

support to the states and tribes in their

detennination of program needs to

meet air quality standards

• Continue outreach efforts to promote

public awareness of the Air Quality

Index and the effects of pollution.

Continue to enhance the content and

promotion ofthe Green Vehicle Guide

website. These activities will

encourage consumers to purchase the

cleanest and most fuel efficient

vehicle that meets their needs.

• Develop a program of SIP credits that

result from voluntary measures to

reduce emissions.

For all NAAQS pollutants, the Agency

will continue to redesignate areas in

attainment as they meet the standards, carry

out the regular review of the NAAQS using

the most current science, and ensure the

maintenance of NAAQSs in areas that have

clean air. For the CO, 5°2, and lead

NAAQSs, there are some states that have

areas that cannot meet the standards because

of some particular, source-specific problem.

These sources are often high~profile and

critical to the local economy. EPA will work

cross~Agency to develop strategies that help

them to comply, while being sensitive to

economic and other issues.

Target air toxies in urban areas

In 2002, EPA will develop strategies

and rules to help states and tribes reduce

emissions and exposure to hazardous air

pollutants, particularly in urban areas, and

reduce harmful deposition in water bodies.

27

•

•

•

•

•

•

lmplement the final mobile source air

toxics rule, issued in December 2000,

by gathering emissions data,

conducting exposure analyses, and

evaluating the need for additional

controls in 2002.

incorporate toxics emissions data into

the mobile source models.

Make further progress in linking

release and exposure information from

the various media programs to

determine multi-media toxics

exposure and use this information to

develop cross-media strategies to

more effectively reduce urban

exposures to toxic emissions.

Develop the final Federal plan for

small municipal waste combustors.

Promulgate a Generic MACT rule that

covers carbon black production,

cyanide chemical manufacturing,

ethylene processes, and spandex

production.

Promulgate remaining 10~year MACT

standards, including standards

covering plywood and composites

wood products with facilities in 41

states, reciprocating internal

combustion engines with over 30,000

facilities, over 10,000 municipal

landfills, and miscellaneous organic

hazardous air pollutants from 23

different source categories.
I Goal 1: Clean Air

2002 Annual Performance Goals

In 2002, research will focus on completing

health assessments for some of the highest

priority hazardous air pollutants, and

improving our understanding of the current

distribution and actual exposures to these high

priority air toxics. These products will yield

new infonnation that will be essential to

effectively and efficiently decreasing future

risk to the American public through reduced

air toxics emissions.

Continue market~based acid rain program

In 2002, Phase IT of the Acid Rain

Program will complete its second compliance

year and commence the third year of

operation. The Program requires annual

reductions in 502 emissions from more than

2,500 electric utility units (gas-fired, oil-fired,

and coal-fired) and reductions in year-round

NOx emissions from approximately 750 coaJfired units. The market-based approaches

pioneered by EPA in the Acid Rain Program

are being used to solve other air quality

problems (e.g., ground-level ozone).

Research

EPA's NAAQS-related research

program focuses on the infonnation needed to

support NAAQS implementation and review

and to help guide states in developing their

SIPs used to achieve the NAAQS. In 2002,

research on tropospheric ozone will produce

a final version of the ozone Air Quality

Criteria Document (AQCD), a crirical part of

the ozone NAAQS review. The PM research

program will continue work to strengthen the

scientific basis for the five-year reassessment

ofthe PM NAAQS, including epidemiological

studies that will help move the Agency toward

its objective ofreducing Americans' exposure

to hannful PM. Also included under this

objective will be research supporting

implementation and review ofthe lead, carbon

monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen

dioxide NAAQS.

Air toxics research will provide effects

infonnation, as well as the exposure, source

characterization, and other data to quantify

existing emissions, key pollutants, and

strategies for cost effective risk management.

28

•

•

•

•

In 2002, certify that three new areas of

the remaining 52 nonattainment areas

have attained the I-hour NAAQS for

ozone, thus increasing the number of

people living in areas with healthy air

quality by 2.9 million.

In 2002, maintain healthy air quality

for 1.3 million people living in 15

areas attaining the PM standards and

increase by 60 thousand the number of

people living in areas with healthy air

quality that have newly attained the

standard.

In 2002, maintain healthy air quality

for 44.3 million people living in 70

areas attaining the CO, S02' NOx' and

Lead standards and increase by 350

thousand the number of people living

in areas with healthy air quality that

have newly attained the standard.

In 2002, provide data on the health

effects and exposure to PM and

provide methods for assessing the

exposure and toxicity of PM in

healthy and potentially susceptible
I

------ Goal 1: Clean Air I

•

•

subpopulations to strengthen the

scientific basis for reassessment of the

NAAQS for PM.

In 2002, air taxies emissIOns

nationwide from stationary and mobile

sources combined will be reduced by

5 percent from 2001 (for a cumulative

reduction of40 percent from the 1993

level of 4.3 million tons per year.)

In 2002, maintain or increase aruma)

S02 emission reduction of

approximately 5 million tons from the

29

•

1980 baseline. Keep annual emissions

below level authorized by allowance

holdings and make progress towards

achievement of Year 20 I0 S02

emissions cap for utilities.

In 2002, 2 million tons of NOx from

coal-fIred utility sources will be

reduced from levels that would have

been emitted without implementation

of Title IV of the Clean Air Act

Amendments.
I Goal 1: Clean Air I '----------

Goal 1: Clean Air Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)

Acid Rain -CASTNet

Acid Rain -Program Implementation

Administrative Services

Air Taxies Research

Air,State,Local and Tribal Assistance Grants: Other Air Grants

Carbon Monoxide

EMPACT

Hazardous Air Pollutants

Lead

Nitrogen Oxides

Ozone

Particulate Matter

Particulate Matter Research

Regional Haze

Regional Management

Rent, Utilities and Security

Sulfur Dioxide

Tropospheric Ozone Research

30

FY 2001

Enacted

$3,991.2

SI2,248.7

$4,678.6

$22,238.7

$219,584.6

$4,062.3

$2,107.6

$52,044.2

$329.5

SI,379.4

567,981.6

$55,617.3

S68,765.0

$2,305.9

SI,674.4

524,652.0

$12,158.1

$6,551.0

FY 2002

President's

Budget

53,991.2

$12,581.3

$4,345.6

518,924.4

5219,584.6

$4,128.8

$0.0

$50,786.5

$339.9

$1,323.1

$69,615.1

S54,693.0

565,743.3

$2,352.1

SI,477.1

$26,059.1

SI2,495.2

56,786.0
GOAL 2:

Clean and Safe

Water
32
Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water

Goal 2: 43.S".

Strategic Goal: All Americans will have drinking water that is clean and afe

to drink. Effective protection ofAmerica's rivers, lakes wetlands, aquifers

and coastal and ocean waters will sustain fish, plants, and wildlife, as well as

recreational subsistence and economic activities. Watersheds and their

aquatic ecosystems will be restored and protected to improve public health,

enhance water quality reduce flooding, and provide habitat for wildlife.

Resource Summary

(do/l~ in thousands)

Clean and Safe Water

Safe Drinking Water, Fish and Recreational Waters

Protect Watersheds and Aquatic Communities

Reduce Loadings and Air Depo ition

Workyears

FY2001

Enacted

$3,675,947.8

$1,223,716.1

$457289.8

$1,994,941.9

2,715.0

FY2002 FY 2002 n.

Request FY 2001

$3,213,402.5 ($462,545.3)

$1,096,096.6 ($127,619.5)

$406,121.4 ($51 168.4)

$1,711,184.5 ($283,757.4)

2,694.1 (20.9)

Means and Strategy

To achieve the ation's clean and safe

water goals, EPA will operate under the

overarching watershed approach in carrying

out its statutory authorities under both the

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

Amendments of 1996 and the Clean Water

Act (CWA). Protecting water heds involves

participation by a wide variety of

stakeholder, a comprehensive assessment of

the condition of the watershed, and

implementation of solutions based on the

assessment of conditions and stakeholder

input. Full involvement ofstakeholders at all

levels of govenunent, the regulated

community and the public i fundamental to

33

the watershed approach. The watershed

approach helps EPA, its Federal partners

states, tribes local governments, and other

stakeholders to implement tailored solutions

and maximize the benefit gained from the use

ofincreasingly scarce resources.

EPA will continue to implement the

SDWA Amendments of 1996 that chart a new

and challenging course for EPA, states, tribes

and water suppliers. The central provisions of

the Amendments include: 1) improving the

way that EPA sets drinking water safety

standards and develops regulations that are

based on good science and data prioritization

of effort sound risk asses ment and effective

risk management; 2) establishing new

prevention approaches, including provisions
I Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water

----------'

for operator certification, capacity

development, and source water protection; 3)

providing better information to consumers,

including consumer confidence reports; and 4)

capitalizing and managing the Drinking Water

State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) program to

assist public water systems in meeting

drinking water standards.

EPA has increased efforts to provide

states and tribes tools and information to

assist them in protecting their residents from

health risks associated with contaminated

recreational waters and non-commerciallycaught fish. These tools will help reduce

health risks, including risks to sensitive

populations such as children and subsistence

and recreational anglers. EPA activities

include development ofcriteria, enhanced fish

tissue monitoring, risk assessment, and

development of fish and shellfish

consumption advisories. For beaches, EPA's

three-part strategy is to strengthen beach

standards and testing, improve the scientific

basis for beach assessment, and develop

methods to infonn the public about beach

conditions. These efforts were strengthened

by passage of the Beaches Environmental

Assessment and Coastal Health (BEACH) Act

of 2000 and its emphasis on development of

strong monitoring and notification programs.

Key to the watershed approach is

continuation ofEPA-developed scientificallybased water quality standards and criteria

under the CWA. Where water quality

standards are not being met, EPA will work

with states and tribes to improve

implementation of total maximum daily load

(TMDL) programs that establish the analytical

basis for watershed-based decisions on needed

pollution reductions. EPA will continue to

develop and revise national effluent guideline

34

limitations and standards, capitalize and

manage the Clean Water State Revolving

Fund (CWSRF) program and other funding

mechanisms, and streamline the National

Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

(NPDES) permit program to achieve progress

toward attainment of water quality standards

and support implementation of TMDLs in

impaired water bodies. The Agency will

continue to work on reducing the NPDES

pennit backlog, in partnership with states, by

targeting pennitting activities toward those

facilities posing the greatest risk to the

environment. In addition, the Agency will

continue to expand its training and electronic

information activities to improve the

efficiency and effectiveness of the NPDES

program. These strategies and activities are

particularly important as the NPDES program

faces significant new demands with the

implementation of the Phase IJ storm water

rule, and increased focus on concentrated

animal feeding operations (CAFOs),

combined sewer overflows (CSOs), and

sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs).

The CWSRF is a significant financial

tool for achieving clean and safe water and for

helping to meet the significant needs for

wastewater infrastructure over the next 20

years. This budget request includes $850

million for the CWSRF. This investment

keeps EPA on track with the Agency's

commitment to meet the goal for the CWSRF

to provide $2 billion average in annual

financial assistance over the long-tenn even

after Federal assistance ends. Total SRF

funds available for loans since 1987,

reflecting loan repayments, state match

dollars, and other sources of funding, are

approximately $34 billion, of which $30

billion has been provided to communities as

financial assistance. As of June 2000, $3.4
Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water

billion remained available for loans. For

2002, the Agency requests that state flexibility

to address their most critical demands be

continued by extending their authority for

limited funds transfers between the CWSRF

and DWSRF.

Core NPDES programs face

significant new demands as the Agency

continues to emphasize control of wet weather

sources of pollution, particularly from CSOs

and SSOs, to reduce water quality

impairments and achieve designated uses. For

2002, the Agency is requesting $450 million

for a new state sewer overflow control grant

program to address CSOs and SSOs as

authorized by the Consolidated

Appropriations Act 0£2ooo. Municipal point

sources, including sewer overflows, result in

thousands of discharges of raw sewage each

year and are a leading source of water quality

impairment generally.

EPA is assisting states and tribes to

characterize risks, rank priorities, and

implement a mix of voluntary and regulatory

approaches through improved state non.point

source (NPS) management programs.

Working with EPA, states and tribes are

strengthening their NPS to ensure that needed

nonpoint source controls are implemented to

achieve and maintain beneficial uses ofwater.

States will continue to implement coastal

NPS approved by EPA and the National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

under the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization

Amendments, and to work with the U.S.

Department of Agriculture to promote

implementation of Farm Bill programs

consistent with state non·point source

management needs and priorities. EPA will

also provide tools to states to assess and

35

strengthen controls on air deposition sources

of nitrogen, mercury, and other toxics.

With respect to wetlands, EPA will

work with Federal, state, tribal, local, and

private sector partners on protection and

community-based restoration ofwetlands, and

with its Federal partners to avoid, minimize,

and compensate for wetland losses through

the CWA Section 404 and Farm Bill

programs.

The dramatic progress made in

improving the quality ofwastewater treatment

since the 1970s is a national success. In 1972,

only 84 million people were served by

secondary or advanced wastewater treatment

facilities. Today 99 percent of community

wastewater treatment plants, serving 181

million people, use secondary treatment or

better.

EPA will work with states, tribes,

municipalities, and the regulated community

to ensure that the Phase II rules for the

stormwater program are implemented to solve

problems caused by sediment and other

pollutants in our waters. EPA will also

establish criteria for nutrients (i.e., nitrogen

and phosphorus) so that more states can

develop water quality standards that protect

waters from harmful algal blooms such as

pjiesteria, dead zones, and fish kills, which

develop as a result of an excess of these

nutrients. EPA will work with states to fund

priority watershed projects through the

CWSRF to reduce noopoint and estuary

pollution. The Agency will also work to

reduce pollution from failing septic systems.
Goa12: Clean and Safe Water

Research

EPA's research efforts will continue to

strengthen the scientific basis for drinking

water standards through the use of improved

methods and new data to better evaluate the

risks associated with exposure to chemical

and microbial contaminants in drinking water.

To support the SDWA and its 1996

Amendments, the Agency's drinking water

research will develop dose-response

infonnation on disinfection by-products

(DBPs), waterborne pathogens, arsenic and

other drinking water contaminants for

characterization of potential health risks from

consuming tap water, with a focus ~n filling

key data gaps and developing analytical

detection methods for measuring the

occurrence of chemicals and microbial

contaminants on the Contaminant Candidate

List (CCL). The Agency will develop and

evaluate cost-effective treatment technologies

for removing pathogens from water supplies

while minimizing DBP fonnation, and for

maintaining the quality oftreated water in the

distribution system and preventing the

intrusion of microbial contamination. By

reducing uncertainties and improving methods

associated with the assessment and control of

risks posed by exposure to microbial

contaminants in drinking water, EPA is

providing the scientific basis necessary to

protect human health and ensure that by 2005,

95 percent of the population served by

community water systems will receive water

that meets health-based drinking water

standards.

The research to support the

development of ecological criteria includes

understanding the structure and function and

characteristics of aquatic systems, and

evaluating exposures and effects of strcssors

36

on those systems. Research to develop

biological and landscape indicators of

ecosystem condition, sources of impainnent,

and stressor response/fate and transport

models are being developed to improve risk

assessment methods to develop aquatic life,

sediment, habitat, and wildlife criteria, and

risk management strategies. Through the

development of a framework for diagnosing

adverse effects of chemical pollutants in

surface waters, EPA will be able to evaluate

the risks posed by chemicals that persist in the

environment and accumulate in the food

chain, threatening wildlife and potentially

human health. This research will facilitate the

assessment ofecological health ofthe nation's

waters, providing water resource managers

with a tool for detennining whether their

aquatic resources support healthy aquatic

communities. The Agency also will develop

cost-effective technologies for managing

suspended solids and sediments with an

emphasis on identifying innovative in situ

solutions.

EPA will continue to develop

diagnostic tools to evaluate human and

ecological exposures to toxic constituents of

wet weather flows (WWF) (CSOs, SSOs and

storrnwater). These events pose significant

risks to human and ecological health through

the tulcontrolled release of pathogenic

bacteria, protozoans and viruses as well as a

number of potentially toxic, bioaccumulative

contaminants. EPA will develop and validate

effective watershed management strategies

and tools for controlling wet weather flows,

especially when they are and toxic. These

strategies and tools include: (1) new and

improved indicator methods to describe the

toxic inputs to watersheds from WWFs; (2)

methods to use condition and diagnostic

ecological indicators to evaluate wet weather
I

L..-- Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water _ I

flow management strategies In preventing

degradation of water and sediments quality by

contaminated runoff; (3) methods for

diagnosing multiple stressors in watershed

ecosystems; and (4) evaluation of low cost

watershed best management practices to

evaluate risks associated with various control

technologies for wet weather flows. This

research will also develop effective beach

evaluation tools necessary to make timely and

informed decisions on beach advisories and

closures.

Highlights

So that all Americans have water that

is safe to drink, EPA will work to ensure that

91 percent of the population will continue to

receive drinking water from systems meeting

all health-based standards in effect as of 1994,

up from 83 percent in 1994. The Agency will

continue to work with the states in

implementing rules required by the 1996

amendments to the SDWA to control for

microbial contaminants especially

Cryptosporidium, disinfectants and their

byproducts, arsenic, radon, radionuclides, and

other contaminants. By the end of 2002, EPA

will have promulgated or proposed

regulations on all the contaminants

specifically identified in the 1996 SDWA

amendments. Consequently, primary

attention in 2002 will be focused on setting

standards or issuing guidance/health

advisories for any of the up to five

unregulated microbes and chemicals that have

been determined through the 200 I

Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) process to

warrant regulation. The CCL process, a new

provision in the 1996 SDWA amendments,

makes risk prioritization the dominant factor

37

in selecting contaminants to regulate. EPA, in

partnership with the states, water systems,

environmental and public health groups. the

scientific community. and the public, must use

three criteria to determine whether or not to

regulate a contaminant, i.e., I) the

contaminant adversely affects human health;

2) it is known or substantially likely to occur

in public water systems with a frequency and

at levels of public health concern; and 3)

regulation of the contaminant presents a

significant opportunity for health risk

reduction. In addition, the Agency is

continuing to: identify potential high-risk

drinking water contaminants, conduct the

necessary scientific analyses and health risk

assessments, collect occurrence data, increase

monitoring, and involve the public in the

development of the second Drinking Water

CCL that, based on the requirements of the

1996 SDWA amendments, must be issued in

2003.

EPA, in concert with our many

partners, is pursuing a comprehensive strategy

for assessing and restoring the Nation's most

impaired watersheds. Fundamental to the

Agency's efforts to conserve and enhance the

Nation's waters is the management of water

quality resources on a watershed basis, with

the full involvement of all stakeholders

including commuDltles, individuals,

businesses, state and local govenunents, and

tribes. States may continue to develop and

implement integrated watershed plans, such as

strategies for watershed restoration, in those

waters identified by the states as most in need

of restoration. Starting in 2000, incremental

CWA section 319 funds are only available to

states with approved upgraded section 319

programs. EPA will also encourage, using a

watershed approach, the establishment of
Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water

additional planning groups or partnerships to

develop local comprehensive plans for

managmg dredged material in an

environmentally sound manner (including

beneficial use). EPA will be an active

participant in the development ofthese plans.

By 2002, with EPA's support, the

National Estuary Program will have restored

and protected an additional 50,000 acres of

habitat, including sea grass and shellfish beds.

In 2002, EPA will continue implementing the

national assessments regarding the causes of,

and appropriate management responses to,

harmful algal blooms and other marine pests

and diseases (including implementation ofthe

National Invasive Species Management Plan),

and hypoxia. EPA will also continue working

on an agency-specific action plan to

implement the Invasive Species Executive

Order. Finally, EPA will continue its

assessment of cruise ship discharges and

ballast water discharges, their impacts on the

environment, and management options for

addressing these discharges.

A key element ofthe Agency's effort

to achieve its overarching goal of clean and

safe water is the reduction of pollutant

discharges from point sources and nonpoint

sources. The NPDES program (which

includes NPDES pennits, urban wet weather,

large animal feeding operations, mining, the

pretreatment program for non-domestic

wastewater discharges into municipal sanitary

sewers, and biosolids management controls)

establishes controls on pollutants discharged

from point sources into waters of the United

States. Key annual perfonnance goals for

2002 are to reduce industrial discharges of

toxic pollutants, nonconventional pollutants,

and conventional pollutants. For 2002, the

38

Agency is requesting $450 million to fund a

state grant program to address eso and SSO

problems as authorized by the Consolidated

Appropriations Act of 2000. The

Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2000

provides the Agency the ability to better target

funds to the states and communities with the

greatest CSO and SSO needs, and to give

priority to financially-distressed communities.

To ensure that all point sources are covered by

current pennits, EPA has developed a backlog

reduction strategy under which 90 percent of

major pennittees and 73 percent of minor

pennittees will have current permits in place

by the close of2002. EPA will also continue

evaluating data received from monitoring sites

under the National Marine Debris Monitoring

Program. lIDs program monitors marine

debris in an effort to detennine sources of the

debris, much of which enters coastal waters

through stonnwater runoff.

States report that pollution from NPS

is the largest cause of water pollution, with

agriculture as a leading cause of impainnent

in 20 percent of the river miles assessed. In

order to restore and maintain water quality,

significant loading reductions from nonpoint

sources must be achieved. State NPS

programs are critical to protecting and

restoring the Nation's water resources. To

achieve reductions in NPS loadings, it is

essential for EPA to work with states to

expeditiously implement the nine key program

elements in their strengthened state NPS

programs. In addition, EPA will continue to

encourage states to make use ofCWSRF and

other Federal resources to finance projects

that address polluted runoff. As ofmid-2000,

states had invested nearly $1.2 billion in

nonpoint source pollution controls through the

CWSRF.
Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water

Research

to 2002, EPA's drinking water

research program will conduct research to

reduce uncertainties and improve methods

associated with the assessment and control of

risks posed by exposure to microbial

contaminants in drinking water, with a focus

on emerging pathogens listed on the eeL. As

required by the SDWA amendments. the first

eeL was published in 1998 and included nine

microbial contaminants in its Research

Priorities Category that require more data

before a regulatory detennination can be

made. There are significant data gaps with

regard to understanding the occurrence of

these microbes in source and distribution

system water. linkages between water

exposure and infection, and the effectiveness

of candidate treatment technologies to remove

and inactivate these contaminants. The

development of this crucial infonnation will

provide the scientific basis necessary to

protect human health and ensure that 95

percent of the population served by

community water systems will receive water

that meets drinking water standards.

a suspended solids and sediments research

program that will focus on developing tools

which allow for the detennination of

background levels of sediments and

suspended solids inherent to a region.

Another area ofresearch will focus on

growing evidence of the risk of infectious

diseases resulting from exposure to microbes

in recreational waters. Exposure to these

diseases is of particular concern after major

rainfall events that cause discharges from both

point sources and non-point sources. In 2002,

the beaches research program will continue to

develop monitoring and risk communication

alternatives in order to provide water quality

managers with tools to make timely and

informed decisions on beach advisories.

2002 Annual Performance Goals

• In 2002, 91 percent of the population

served by community water systems

will receive drinking water meeting all

health-based standards in effect as of

1994, up from 83 percent in 1994.

Although suspended solids and

sediment (non-contaminated) are a natural

part of aquatic ecosystems critical to the

energy cycle of the water body as well as the

provision ofmicrohabitats, they have become

a stressor associated with human activity that

adversely affects aquatic habitats. In a 1998

EPA Water Quality Inventory, Report to

Congress, suspended solids and sediments

were identified among the leading causes of

water quality impainnent for streams and

rivers. As part of EPA's efforts in 2002 to

conserve and enhance the nation's waters, the

aquatic stressors research program will initiate

39

•

•

•

In 2002, 85 percent of the population

served by community water systems

will receive drinking water meeting

health-based standards promulgated in

1998.

In 2002, reduce exposure to

contaminated recreation waters by

increasing the infonnation available to

the public and decision-makers.

in 2002, assure that states and tribes

have effective, up-to-date water

quality standards programs adopted in
I

______ Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water ----1I

•

•

•

accordance with the Water Quality

Standards regulation and the Water

Quality Standards program priorities.

In 2002, restore and protect estuaries

through the implementation of

Comprehensive Conservation and

Management Plans (CCMPs).

By 2003, water quality will improve

on a watershed basis such that 600 of

the Nation's 2,262 watersheds will

have greater than 80 percent of

assessed waters meeting all water

quality standards, up from 500

watersheds in 1998.

In 2002, 700 projects funded by the

Clean Water SRF will initiate

operations, including 400 projects

providing secondary treatment,

advanced treatment, eso correction

(treatment), and/or stann water

treatment. Cumulatively, 7,900

40

•

•

•

projects will have initiated operations

since program inception.

In 2002, industrial discharges of

pollutants to the nation's waters will

be significantly reduced through

implementation of effluent guidelines.

In 2002, current NPDES pennits

reduce or eliminate discharges into the

nation's waters of (1) inadequately

treated discharges from municipal and

industrial facilities; and (2) pollutants

from urban stonn water, CSOs, and

CAFOs.

In 2002, produce scientific reports to

support the development of the next

Contaminant Candidate List of

chemicals and pathogens for potential

regulatory action and research. These

reports will help ensure that future

regulations address the contaminants

of greatest public health concern.
I

'--- Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water ----JI

Coal 2: Clean and Safe Water Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2001

-

FY 2002

Presidcnl's

Administnr.rivc Services

8e~ctl Grants

Chesapeake eay

Clean Waler Exposure Resean:1I

Drinking WalCr Conswncr AWIII'CI1CII$

Drinking Waler ImplcmenLation

Drinking Water Regulations

Effluent Guidelines

EMPACT

Gn:al Lakes

GulfofMcxieo

Harmful Algal Blooms (HAR'!) and Related Researcb

Lake Champlain

Long Island Sound

Marine Pollution

National Estuaries Program/Coastal Watersheds

National Nonpoint Source Program Implcmc:ntarion

NPDES Program

Pacific NOMwesl

Pfieste'ria

Project XL

Regional Management

Rail. Utilities and Security

Ru.ral Water Technical Assiatane:e

Safe Drinking Water Researth

Source Water Protection

South AoridalEveraladea

State Nonpoinl Source Grants

State Pollution Control GTVlts (Section 106)

Slate PWSS Grants

Stale Underground Injection ConUtlI Gl1lDts

SIaIC WalCr Quali!}' Cooperative Apeements

Slate Wet1mds Program GnnlS

UlC ........

Water In&astructure: Sewer ()vuflow Control GnLnts

Water lnfiutructure: Alask.a Native VilLages

Waler lnf'rastruclUTC:Brial0] County

Waler Infmstrutrure:Clcan Water State Revolving Fund (CW-SRF)

Waler Infrastructun::DrinkiTli Waler Slate Revolving Fl,IIld (DW·SRF)

Water Quality Criteria and Standanls

Water Quality Monitoring and Aucssmenl

Watershed Research

W,,",,,,,

41

59,122.0

50.0

$20.728.1

$2,640.6

$1,462.6

$32,149.1

$34.321.4

$21.782.4

5894.0

53,114.4

54,341.2

55,436.9

$1.995.6

54.989.0

$7.797.9

$18,192.5

$16,170.7

$39.405.2

$1.078.6

$99.8

$238.2

$5,861.9

539,794.0

$15,154.6

$51,501.6

510.689.8

$2,942.0

$237,476.8

$171,883.3

$93,100.2

510,950.9

$18,958.2

514.967.0

$10,836.9

50.0

$34,923.0

51.935.7

$1,347,030.0

$823,185.0

518,380.6

$11,166.9

$7.872.1

516,959.8

58,487.1

$2,000.0

518,818.7

52,686.6

52,463.2

$35.200.6

$30,398.6

$21.492.3

SO.,

$3,027.0

54.276.7

55,441.6

$954.8

$477.4

$7,820.2

$17,053.2

$16,342.4

$40,249.6

$1.103.8

$95.5

50.0

$5,523.8

545,013.2

$656.9

$46.994.7

510,337.2

52,855.0

$237,476.8

$169,883.3

$93,100.2

$10,950.9

$18,958.2

$14,967.0

$11.199.2

5450,000.0

$34,923.0

SO.,

$850,000.0

5823,185.0

518,787.5

511,309.2

$5,852.9

$17.291.2
42
GOAL 3:

Safe Food
44
Goal 3: Safe Food

Goal 3: 1.5%

Strategic Goal: The foods Americans eat will be free from unsafe pesticide

residues. Particular attention will be given to protecting sub-populations that

may be more susceptible to adverse effects ofpesticides or have higher dietary

exposures to pesticide residues. These include children and people whose

diets include large amounts of noncommercial foods.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2001

Enacted

FY 2002

Request

FY 2002 vs.

FY2001

Safe Food 5109,303.9 5108,245.0

Reduce Risks from Pesticide Residues in Food $44,577.4 $45,199.4

Eliminate Use on Food of Pesticides ot eeting Standards $64,726.5 $63,045.6

Workyears 796.9 770.9

(51,058.9)

$622.0

(51,680.9)

(26.0)

Means and Strategy

In 2002, the Agency will continue to

promote accelerated registrations for

The Agency uses a two-fold strategy

for accomplishing the objectives of the Safe

Food goal:

•

•

Encouraging the introduction ofnew

reduced risk pesticides (including new

plant incolporated protectants) within

the context of new pest-management

practices; and

Reducing the use of currently

registered pesticides with the highest

potential to cause adverse health

effects.

45

pesticides that provide improved risk

reduction or risk prevention compared to

those currently on the market. Progressively

replacing older, higher-risk pesticides is one

of the most effective methods for curtailing

adverse impact on health and the ecosystem

while preserving food production rates.

EPA uses its authorities to

systematically manage the risks of pesticide

exposures by establishing legally permissible

food-bome pesticide residue levels, or

tolerances. EPA manages the legal use of

pesticides, up to and including the elimination

of pesticides that present a danger to human

health and the environment. This task

involves a comprehensive review of existing

pesticide use as stipulated by the reregistration

provision as well as a comprehensive

reassessment and update ofexisting tolerance
Goal 3: Safe Food

within ten years, as required by Food Quality

Protection Act (FQPA).

The 2002 request emphasizes efforts

to evaluate existing tolerances for currently

registered pesticides to ensure they meet the

new FQPA health standards. This tolerance

reassessment program screens and requires

testing of certain pesticides and chemicals to

evaluate their potential for disrupting

endocrine systems in animals or in humans.

The emphasis will be on balancing the need

for pesticides with the risks of exposure, and

allowing for smooth transitions to safer

pesticide alternatives, through an open and

transparent process that seeks input from all

stakeholders.

EPA uses the latest scientific advances

in health-risk assessment practices, to ensure

that current pesticides meet the test of a

reasonable certainty of no hann, as stipulated

by FQPA. This includes the incorporation of

new scientific data relating to the effects of

endocrine disruption and the special needs of

susceptible populations such as children and

Native Americans.

New registration actions result in more

pesticides on the market that meet FQPA

standards, which brings the Agency closer to

the objective of reducing adverse risks from

pesticide use. Tolerance reassessments may

mean mandatory use changes because a

revision in the allowable residue levels can

involve changes in pesticide application

patterns, changes in the foods the pesticides

may be applied to, and other risk management

methods. As measured by the number of

tolerances that have been reassessed, the

Agency's progress in the tolerance

reassessment program directly serves the

objective of reducing the use on food of

pesticides that do not meet the new standards.

Bt and Conventional Crops as a Proportion of Total Acres, 1999

100 Ili!:; ::; .. ;

n:':,.t+;!>:- .... ..i "' I 80 . - '., >.'c< 'T;:'; u

"iii '" 60 :§

'5 40

'E

20

'"

a- 0

F"lIdCDm Cotton PDIOID

::: Acres of Conventional 57.69 10.75 1.32

ijiAcres of Bt --- 19.70 3.84 0.06 "1-----=--- --- - ------ - Total Acres (in millions) 77.39 14,~ 1,37

46
I Goal 3: Safe Food '---------

Biotechnology (Bt) is likely to be the

focus of continued public scrutiny in 2002 as

it accounts for a large share of acres planted.

For example, Bt corn and cotton made up

about 25 percent of all field com and conon

acres in 1999 (see box). Biotechnology has

great potential to reduce our reliance on some

older, more risky chemical pesticides, and to

lower worker risks. Given the public interest

in foods derived from biotechnology, EPA has

increased the number of public meetings and

scientific peer reviews of our policies and

assessments.

EPA is working closely with other

Federal agencies involved in biotechnology

and is also actively involved in developing

international standards for the regulation of

biotechnology products. Specific activities in

2002 will include: advancing scientific

knowledge of allergenicity; finalizing

decisions on exemptions to the plant

incorporated protectant rule, which defines

the type ofsubstances used in bioengineered

plants that must undergo scientific evaluation

by the Agency; and participating in the Codex

Ad-Hoc Intergovernmental Task Force on

Food Derived from Biotechnology, which is

working on international standards governing

foods derived from biotechnology. In

addition, EPA plans to register three new

plant incorporated protectants, provided they

are found not have adverse effects on human

health or the environment.

Finally, in addition to setting the

requirements of continued legal use of

agricultural pesticides, EPA works In

partnership with United States Department of

Agriculture (USDA), Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) and the states toward

the broader effort to prevent the misuse of

pesticides. In the ever changing environment

47

of pesticide use, accessibility to infonnation is

a primary component of an effective strategy

to inform the public on the appropriate, safe

use of pesticides to minimize risk.

More information about EPA's food

safety efforts is available on the Agency's

website at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides.

Research

Current approaches to human health

risk assessment focus on single pesticides and

do not adequately account for curnulative

risks arising from complex exposure patterns

and human variability due to age, gender, pre·

existing disease, health and nutritional status,

and. genetic predisposition. Existing tools for

controlling and preventing exposure are

limited to certain processes and materials.

The FQPA identifies clear science

needs, including the evaluation of all potential

routes and pathways of exposures to

pesticides, and resulting health effects,

particularly for sensitive subpopulations and

considering effects from cumulative

exposures.

EPA must develop tools adequate to

address the needs imposed by FQPA. In

2002, EPA's research program will continue

to focus on developing and validating

methods to identify and characterize, and

models to predict, the potential increased

susceptibility to hurnan health effects

experienced by infants and children;

identifying and understanding major exposure

routes, and pathways and processes, and

developing theoretical and experimentally

based multipathway exposure models for

pesticides and other toxic substances; and

addressing the adequacy of current risk
Goal 3: Safe Food

assessment methods and providing the

necessary risk assessment guidance. More

specifically, health effects research will

continue to focus on developing new and

improved test methods to evaluate the effects

of environmental exposure to pesticides and

other chemicals in sensitive subpopulations.

Highlights

Reduce Public Health Risk from Pesticide

Residues

The Federal Food, Drug and

Cosmetics Act (FFDCA) and the Federal

Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodentcide Act

(FIFRA) authorize EPA to set terms and

conditions of pesticide registration, marketing

and usc. EPA will use these authorities to

reduce residues of pesticides with the highest

JX>tential to cause cancer or neurotoxic effects,

including those which pose particular risks to

children and other susceptible populations.

All new pesticides, including food/feed-use

pesticides are registered after an extensive

review and evaluation of human health and

ecosystem studies and data, applying the most

recent scientific advances in risk assessment.

The Registration program includes

registration activities, such as setting

tolerances, registering new active ingredients,

new uses, and handling experimental use

pennits and emergency exemptions.

In 2002, the Agency will continue its

efforts to decrease the risk the public faces

from agricultural pesticides through the

regulatory review of new pesticides,

including reduced risk pesticides and

biopesticides. EPA expedites the registration

of reduced risk pesticides, which pose lower

potential dietary risks to consumers, lower

48

risks to agricultural workers, and reduce

potential risk to the earth's ozone layer,

groundwater, aquatic organisms or wildlife.

These accelerated pesticide reviews provide

an incentive for industry to develop, register,

and use lower risk pesticides. Additionally,

the availability of these reduced risk

pesticides provides alternatives to older,

potentially more harmful products currently

on the market.

Reduce Use on Food of Pesticides Not

Meeting Current Standards

In 2002, the Agency will continue

toward its ten year statutory deadline of

reassessing all 9,721 tolerances by meeting its

second statutory deadline of reassessing a

cumulative 66 percent of these tolerances by

August 2002. The Agency will also continue

to develop tools to screen pesticides for their

potential to disrupt the endocrine system. In

2002, EPA will work toward completing 30

Reregistration Eligibility Decisions (REDs)

and 750 product reregistrations.

The tolerance reassessment process

addresses the highest.risk pesticides first.

Using data surveys conducted by the USDA,

the FDA and other sources, EPA has

identified a group of "top 20" foods

consumed by children and matched those with

the tolerance reassessments required for

pesticides used on those foods. The Agency

has begun to track its progress in detennining

appropriate tolerances for these pesticides

under the new FQPA standards. In 2002,

EPA will continue its effort to reduce dietary

risks to children, by completing a cumulative

70 percent of these tolerances of special

concern.
I Goal 3: Safe Food

'-----------'

Organophosphates and carbamates are

believed to pose higher risks than other

groups of pesticides. These pesticides are

widely used and curtailing or restricting the

use of these chemicals will mean changes in

current farming practices. The need for broad

input and participation lead to a special

stakeholder process to address data, analysis

and regulatory requirements, protocol, and

scientific and public review as the Agency

moves to reduce the risks posed by some of

these pesticides. The Agency will continue

this important dialogue with stakeholders as

we work together to protect hwnan health and

the environment.

The reregistration maintenance fee,

which funds the salaries ofthe 200 workyears

that are involved in reregistering older

pesticides to ensure they meet current health

and safety standards, expires at the end of

2001. The 2002 President's Budget reflects

the expiration of the authority to collect

reregistration maintenance fees. Despite the

expiration of the fee, the reregistration

program will be fully funded in 2002. The

2002 budget request fills the resource gap

with funds previously appropriated for the

tolerance reassessment program.

The Reregistration program was

accelerated by the 1988 amendments to

FIFRA and enhanced by FQPA, which

included adding a tolerance reassessment

requirement. Through the Reregistration

program, EPA reviews pesticides currently

on the market to ensure they meet the latest

health standards. Pesticides not in compliance

49

with the new standards will be eliminated or

restricted in order to minimize potentially

hannful exposure. The issuance of an RED

for a pesticide under reregistration review

summarizes the health and environmental

effects findings ofthat pesticide, The findings

detennine whether the products registered

under this chemical are eligible for

reregistration.

FQPA added considerably more

complexity into the process of reregistering

pesticides. New statutory requirements have

made risk assessment more complex and

lengthened the "front end" of reregistration.

These requirements include considering

aggregate exposure and cumulative risk,

implementing new processes to increase

involvement of pesticide users and other

stakeholders, and ensuring a reasonable

opportunity for agriculture to make the

transition to new pest control tools and

practices. Over the longer run, these changes

will enhance protection of human health and

the environment.

Also, by the end of2002, EPA expects

to have incorporated public comments into all

science policy papers, finalizing most ofthem,

and will begin implementing these policies in

our risk assessments. Developing and

implementing these science policies -

particularly the policy for cumulative risk

assessment for pesticides with common

methods of toxicity - will cause a sharp

increase in the number of tolerances

reassessed in 2002.
100%

Goal 3: Safe Food

Cumu'.,I•• "'""'.....go of Ra..gl......lon Eligibility OMI.lon (flBI) C.... 10 be Como/alOd by 2008

(211O'-2DOI .....l1m....j

I 1I00

II "0

1=11'" I: "'-- ---"'----- .JI

_. ...2

..... Ill......P<Y's _ ... r-oe _"'REDs by 2110O. - Hd7(JOO, PAn.aoorrt!PIIiYd435at812RElh..

In 2000, the Agency targeted the

organophosphate pesticides (OPs) for

tolerance reassessment. Because the OPs

share a common mechanism of toxicity a

cumulative risk assessment across all of the

OPs is required before the reassessment of

their tolerances is completed. This extra stage

of cumulative assessment was not needed for

the tolerances reassessed in 1999 since

pesticides reviewed at that time either were

canceled voluntarily or had no common

mechanism of toxicity. The cumulative

assessment requires that EPA establish a

cumulative risk policy, which has taken the

Agency longer than first anticipated. EPA

expects to issue that policy by the end of

2001. Following that, the Agency will be able

to complete the reassessment of all ofthe OP

tolerances, producing a surge ofreassessments

completed in 2002. We are on schedule to

meet our statutory deadline of 66 percent of

all tolerances reassessed by August 3,2002.

As required by FQPA, EPA has

developed a tolerance fee rule that recovers

from pesticide manufacturers the full cost of

setting and reevaluating pesticide tolerances

on food. The tolerance program will be fully

funded through a combination of appropriated

funds and fees that begin in 2002. In future

years the program will be entirely funded

through the new tolerance fee.

50

FQPA also requires that EPA establish

a process for periodic review of pesticide

registrations. This requires the updating of all

pesticide registrations using current health

standards scientific data, risk assessment

methodology, program policies and effective

risk reduction measures. In 2002, the Agency

will continue developing the framework for

the registration review program.

Research

In 2002 EPA's research program will

continue to develop pesticides exposure and

effects data, risk assessment methods and

models for children and control technologies

needed to comply with the requirements of

FQPA. Specifically, health effects research

will continue to focus on developing new and

improved test methods to evaluate the effects

of environmental exposure to pesticides and

other chemicals in sensitive subpopuJations.

The exposure research program will continue

to devote attention to identifying those

pesticides, media, pathways, and activities that

represent the highest potential exposures to

children and other susceptible and/or sensitive

subpopulations and determine the factors that

influence these exposures. Risk assessment

research will develop methods for combining

exposures and assessing exposure-doseresponse relationships for pesticides and other

compounds with common modes of action

and different exposure patterns.
I Goal 3: Safe Food

2002 Annual Performance Goals

• In 2002, decrease adverse risk from

agricultural uses from 1995 levels and

assure that new pesticides that enter

the market are safe for humans and the

environment, through ensuring that all

registration action are timely and

comply with standards mandated by

law.

• By the end of2oo2, EPA will reassess

a cumulative 66 percent of the 9,721

pesticide tolerances required to be

reassessed over ten years. This

includes 70 percent of the 893

tolerances having the greatest potentia)

impact on dietary risks to children.

• In 2002, detections of residues of

carcinogenic and cholinesteraseinhibiting neurotoxic pesticides on

51

•

•

foods eaten by children will have

decreased by 15 percent (cumulative)

from their average 1994 to 1996

levels.

In 2002, assure that pesticide active

ingredients registered prior to 1984

and the products that contain them are

reviewed to assure adequate protection

for human health and the

environment. Also consider the

unique exposure scenarios such as

subsistence lifestyles of Native

Americans in regulatory decisions.

In 2002, at least one percent of

acre·treatments will use applications

ofreduced risk pesticides.
I

_____ Goal 3: Safe Food ---J

Goal3: Safe Food Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)

Administrative Services

Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program

Pesticide Registration

Pesticide Reregistration

Pesticide Residue Tolerance Reassessments

Rent, Utilities and Security

52

FY 2001

Enacted

$1,809.4

$5,721.0

$29,229.2

$33,469.2

$14,801.6

$10,604.9

FY 2002

President's

Budget

$1,317.5

$5,290.2

$29,669.3

$43,331.9

$5,846.0

$10,437.8
GOAL 4:

Preventing Pollution and

Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes,

Workplaces, and

Ecosystems
54
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

Goal 4: 4.1%

Strategic Goal: Pollution prevention and risk management strategies aimed

at eliminating, reducing or minimizing emissions and contamination will

result in cleaner and safer environments in which all Americans can reside,

work:, and enjoy life. EPA will safeguard ecosystems and promote the health

of natural communities that are integral to the quality oflife in this nation.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2002 vs.

Enacted Request FY 2001

Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in 5301113.7 5297,572.3 ($3,541.4)

Communities Homes Workplaces and Ecosystems

Reduce Public and Ecosystem Risk from Pesticides $51453.5 54472.9 $3019.4

Reduce Risks from Lead and Other Toxic Chemicals $34,304.2 $34741.7 $437.5

Manage ew Chemical Introduction and Screen Existing $64,915.8 $65,233.1 $317.3

Chemicals for Risk

Ensure Healthier Indoor Air $38634.2 $37,854.0 ($780.2)

Facilitate Prevention, Reduction and Recycling ofPBTs $47,448.3 $40,661.2 ($6,787.1)

and Toxic Chemicals

A ses Conditions in Indian Country 64,357.7 $64,609.4 $251.7

Workyears 1,171.3 1,161.7 (9.6)

Means and Strategy

The diver ity and sensitivity of

America s environments (communities,

homes, workplaces and ecosystems) requires

EPA to adopt a multi-faceted approach to

protecting the public from the threats posed

55

by pesticides toxic chemicals and other

pollutants. The underlying principle of the

activities in this goal is the application of

pollution prevention, which can be cheaper

and smarter than cleanup and remediation, as

evidenced by the high cost of Superfund,

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

(RCRA), and Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

(PCB) cleanups. Pollution Prevention (P2)

involves changing the behavior of those that

cause the pollution and fostering the wider use

of preventive practices as a means to achieve

effective, sustainable results.

Under this Goal, EPA ensures that

pesticides and their application methods do

not present unreasonable risks to human

health, the environment, and ecosystems. In

addition to the array of risk-management

measures entailed in the registration

authorities under the Federal Insecticide,

Fungicide, and Rodentcide Act (FIFRA) for

individual pesticide ingredients, EPA has

specific programs to foster worker and

pesticide.user safety, groundwater protection,

and the safe, effective use of antimicrobial

agents. These programs work to ensure the

comprehensive protection ofthe environment

and wildlife, endangered species in particular,

and to reduce the contribution of pesticides to

ecological threats such as pollutant loading in

select geographic areas. Within this context,

EPA pursues a variety offield activities at the

regional, state and local levels, including the

promotion of pesticide environmental

stewardship. EPA is also addressing

emerging threats such as endocrine disruptors

by developing and implementing new

screening technologies to assess a chemical's

impact on hormonal activity. Finally, EPA

promotes the use of sensible Integrated Pest

Management (IPM) and the prevention of

pesticide misuse in the panoply of uses within

both the urban and rural environments.

The Agency remains committed to

safeguarding our Nation's communities,

homes, workplaces, and ecosystems.

Preventing pollution through regulatory,

voluntary, and partnership actions -- educating

56

and changing the behavior of our public -- is

a sensible and effective approach to

sustainable development while protecting our

nation's health. Two groups with significant

potential to effect environmental change are

industry and academia. The Agency pursues

a number of these P2 with both of the these

groups. Likewise, improved understanding of

the potential risks to health from airborne

toxic chemicals present indoors may

strengthen our ability to reduce residents'

exposure through voluntary changes in

behavior and through potential product

refonnulation.

Preventing pollution through

partnerships is central to Agency chemical

right-to-know activities. These activities

include providing the public with information

on the basic health and environmental effects

of the 2,800 highest production volume

(HPV) chemicals in the United States

(chemicals manufactured in or imported into

the U.S. in quantities of at least I million

pounds). Most residents corne into daily

contact with many of these chemicals, yet

relatively little is known about their potential

impacts. Getting basic hazard testing

infonnation on large volume chemicals is the

focus of the "HPV Challenge Program," a

voluntary program recognizing industry's

contribution to the public knowledge base on

these prevalent chemicals. More than 469

companies have committed to voluntarily

provide these test data for more than 2,155 of

the HPV chemicals- a remarkable

partnership between government and the

private sector. The Agency intends to further

evaluate whether additional testing is

warranted for chemicals to which children are

exposed.
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

Children's health is also the

continuing focus ofthe multi-agency initiative

begun in 2000 to combat asthma in children.

Efforts in 2002 will target reductions in the

presence of indoor triggers of asthma, such as

environmental tobacco smoke and biological

contaminants, by continuing to educate the

public about the disease and about the steps

they can take to reduce the severity and

frequency of asthma attacks. Additional

voluntary work will be undertaken by schools

to empower their students to manage their

asthma symptoms better, by school personnel

to improve the indoor environments of their

schools, and by health care persOlUlel to

incorporate education about managing

environmental asthma triggers into asthma

treatment plans for their patients.

Partnerships with non-profit environmental

and public health organizations with a

particular focus on children are used to bring

about these voluntary reductions in exposure

to asthma triggers found indoors. Achieving

the goals of the multi-agency effort to

maintain the government's efforts to combat

asthma in children reqUires effective

collaboration between EPA and other Federal

agencies.

Also central to the Agency's work

under this goal in 2002 will be continued

attention on documenting and taking action to

reduce potential risk from persistent,

bioaccumulative and highly toxic chemicals

(PBTs) and from chemicals that have

endocrine disruption effects. PBT chemicals

are of particular concern not only because

they are toxic but also because they may

remain in the environment for a long period of

time, are not readily destroyed, and may build

up or accumulate to high concentrations in

plant or animal tissue. In cases involving

57

mercury and PCBs, they may accumulate in

human tissue.

The Agency mixes both regulatory and

voluntary methods to accomplish its job. For

example, each year the Toxic Substances

Control Act (TSCA) New Chemicals program

reviews and manages the potential risks from

approximately 1,800 new chemicals and 40

products of biotechnology that enter the

marketplace. This new chemical review

process not only protects the public from the

possible immediate threats of harmful

chemicals, like PCBs, from entering the

marketplace, but it has also contributed to

changing the behavior of the chemical

industry. making industry more aware and

responsible for the impact these chemicals

have on human health and the environment.

This awareness has led industry to produce

safer "greener" alternative chemicals and

pesticides. Fewer hannful chemicals are

entering the marketplace and our environment

today because of the New Chemicals

Program.

The Design for the Environment

(OfE), Green Chemistry Program and Green

Engineering (GE) build on and expand the

new chemistry efforts. They target industry

and academia to maximize pollution

prevention. The Agency's DtE Program

forms partnerships with industry to find

sensible solutions to prevent pollution. In one

example, taking a sector approach, EPA has

worked with the electronics industry to reduce

the use of formaldehyde and other toxic

chemicals in the manufacture of printed

wInng boards. The Agency's Green

Chemistry Program also fonos partnerships

with industry and the scientific community to

find economically viable technical solutions to

prevent pollution. In addition, the Green

Engineering Program works with the
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

American Society of Engineering Education

(ASEE) to incorporate GE approaches into

engineering curricula.

The Pollution Prevention Framework

is another example of EPA successfully

influencing industry's approach to chemical

selection prior to commercialization. The P2

Framework accomplishes the following: (I)

integrates analytical methods and tools that

help predict exposures and risks of

chemicals, based on chemical structure and

estimates of environmental releases and

exposure; (2) allows stakeholders to evaluate

and compare chemical choices and to identify

environmentally preferable products and

processes; and (3) helps industry identify risk

issues early in product development, when

pollution prevention opportunities are most

cost-effective. In 2001 and 2002 EPA is using

the P2 Framework as part of the Sustainable

Futures effort to help companies shorten the

review cycle for introduction of new safer

chemicals into commerce, thereby benefitting

the environment, the companies and EPA.

In several cases, achieving the

strategic objectives under this goal is a shared

responsibility with other federal and state

agencies. For example, EPA's role in

reducing the levels ofchildren's lead exposure

involves promotion of federal-state

partnerships to lower specific sources of lead

to children, primarily from addressing leadbased paint hazards. These partnerships

emphasize development of a professional

infrastructure to identify, manage and abate

lead-based paint hazards, as well as public

education and empowennent strategies, which

fit into companion Federal efforts with the

Department of Health and Human Services

(HHS), Department of Defense (DOD),

58

Department of Energy (DOE), Department of

Justice (DOJ), Centers for Disease Control

(CDC), and Department of Housing and

Urban Development (HUD). These combined

efforts help to monitor lead levels in the

environment, with the intent of virtually

eliminating lead poisoning in children.

Intrinsic to the effort to prevent

pollution is the minimization ofthe quantities

of waste generated by industry, govenunent

agencies, and hazardous-waste management

operations. Strategies range from fostering

materials reuse and recycling and other

resource-recovery processes to broad-based

campaigns to re-engineer the consumption

and use of raw materials or personal

conservation of resources. Effective and

sustainable programs reduce the need for

storage, treatment or disposal of hazardous or

municipal wastes, while reducing costs to

industry and municipalities.

Since this Goal focuses on how the

public lives in communities, it features the

Agency's commitment of fulfilling its

responsibility for assuring human health and

promoting environmental protection in Indian

Country. EPA's policy is to work with tribes

on a government-to-government basis that

affinns the vital trust responsibility that EPA

has with 572 tribal governments and remains

cognizant of the Nation's interest in

conserving the cultural uses of natural

resources.

Research

Currently, there are significant gaps

with regard to the understanding of actual

human exposures to pesticides and toxic

substances in consumer products in residential
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

environments and potential human health

risks from such exposures to the general

population and susceptible subpopulations,

such as infants and children. Methods for

detecting and estimating human exposures to

these chemical stressors are extremely limited.

Health effects infonnation is not available for

most of these stressors. Tools that are

currently available to control or prevent

exposures are also limited to certain processes

or materials. To reduce human health and

ecological risks, research is needed to

develop/improve methods to evaluate hazard

on human health endpoints, models to

improve the biological basis for human health

risk assessment, and methods to identify

ecological hazards, predict ecological risk,

and characterize environmental stressor

interactions. In 2002, the Agency will

continue to support both human health and

ecosystems research to reduce risks and

improve the environmental safety of our

communities.

Highlights

EPA seeks to prevent pollution at the

source as the first choice in managing

environmental risks to humans and

ecosystems. Where pollution prevention at

the source is not a viable alternative, the

Agency will employ risk management and

cost effective remediation strategies.

Reducing pollution at the source will be

carried out using a multi-media approach in

the following environmental problem areas:

59

Reduce Public and Ecosystem Risks from

Pesticides

Reducing risk from exposure to

pesticides requires a multi-faceted approach.

Beyond being exposed through the food we

eat, the general public, applicators, and fann

workers may be exposed to pesticides through

direct handling, groundwater contamination or

aerial spray. One intent ofthe Food Quality

Protection Act (FQPA) is to protect the public

by shifting the nation toward safer pesticide

use. Appropriate transition strategies to safer

pesticides are important to the nation to avoid

disruption of food supply or sudden changes

in the market that could result from abruptly

terminating the use of a pesticide before welltargeted safer equivalents can be identified

and made available. For these reasons, the

strategic agricultural partnership program will

continue to be an important priority in 2002.

The initiative develops alternative pest

management tools and approaches. The

Agency will continue to work closely with

industty, agricultural pesticide users and other

stakeholders to effectively transition to the

safer pesticides and pest management

practices envisioned by the FQPA. In 2002,

the initiative will continue efforts to reach

more fanners, encourage them to adopt safer

pesticides, use environmental stewardship and

integrated pest management practices, and

adopt a "whole fann" approach to

environmental protection.

In 2002, through the Certification and

Training (C&T) and Worker Protection (WP)

programs, EPA will continue training and

educating farm workers and employers on the

dangers of pesticides and good worker safety

practices. EPA will continue to protect the
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

Nation's ecosystems and reduce impacts to

endangered species through the Pesticide

Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP)

and lPM. The Agency will emphasize efforts

with our tribal partners to address pesticide

issues and enhance the development oftribal

technical capacity, particularly in the areas of

risk management, worker safety, training, and

pollution prevention.

Together, the WP and the C&T

programs address the problem of worker

pesticide exposure. These programs

safeguard workers from occupational

exposure to pesticides by providing training

for workers, employers, and pesticide

applicators and handlers. Training and

certification of applicators of restricted use

pesticides further ensures that workers and

other vulnerable groups are protected from

undue pesticide exposure and risk.

Recertification requirements keep their

knowledge current with label changes and

application improvements. The Groundwater

Strategy, a cooperative effort with states and

regions to develop Pesticide Management

Plans (pMPs), will further efforts to prevent

pesticide pollution of surface and

groundwaters. The Endangered Species

program will enlist the support of the

agricultural community and other interested

groups to protect wildlife and critical habitats

from pesticides. This voluntary program is

carried out through communications and

outreach efforts and in coordination with

other Federal agencies. The PESP and IPM

play pivotal roles in moving the nation to the

use of safe pest control methods, including

reduced risk pesticides. These closely related

programs promote risk reduction through

collaborative efforts with stakeholders to

60

utilize safer alternatives to traditional

chemical methods of pest control.

Antimicrobial sterilants and

disinfectants are used to kill microorganisms

on surfaces and objects in hospitals, schools,

restaurants and homes. Antimicrobials

require appropriate labeling and handling to

ensure safety and efficacy. EPA remains

focused on accurate product labeling and

product efficacy and meeting other

requirements for antimicrobial sterilants set

forth by FQPA.

Reduce Risks from Lead and Other Toxic

Chemicals

EPA is part of the Federal effort to

address lead poisoning and elevated blood

levels in children by assisting in, and in some

cases guiding, federal activities aimed at

reducing the exposure of children in homes

with lead-based paint. During 2002, EPA will

continue implementing its comprehensive

program to reduce the incidence of lead

poisoning and elevated blood levels in

children nationwide.

During 2002, EPA will continue the

Lead Based Paint Training & Certification

Program in all fifty states through EPA

authorized state, territorial or tribal programs

or, in states and territories without EPA

authorization, through direct implementation

by the Agency. In the lead regulatory

program, EPA will propose one major rule

setting standard for deleading of buildings and

structures, and work towards finalizing a

major rule on training and certification for

renovation and remodeling activities.
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

EPA wi II continue to implement the

new Lead Hazards Standards Rule, the Lead

Renovation [nfonnatian Rule and the Real

Estate Notification & Disclosure Rule. EPA

is working with other Federal Agencies

including HHS, HUD, DOD, DOE, Consumer

Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and DOJ

on implementing a Federal Strategy to

virtually eliminate lead poisoning.

For other chemicals whose significant

risks are well established (such as PCBs,

asbestos. and dioxin), reductions in use and

releases are important to reducing exposure of

the general population as well as sensitive

sub-populations. In 2002, EPA's PCB control

efforts will encourage phase-out of PCB

electrical equipment, ensuring proper waste

disposal methods and capacity, and fostering

PCB site cleanups. The Agency plans to

develop an dioxin strategy to respond to the

latest science and address dioxin risk

management in a more comprehensive crossmedia approach. EPA is also continuing work

on identifying and quantifying the link

between dioxin sources and the general

population exposure.

Manage New Chemical Introduction and

Screen Existing Chemicals for Risk

Under TSCA, EPA identifies and

controls unreasonable risks associated with

chemicals. The chemical right-to-know

program addresses a critical gap in the

nation's knowledge about the health and

environmental hazards of HPV chemicals.

EPA is working with industry to put

information about those chemicals into the

hands of the public so they can make better

and more informed consumer choices.

61

Another Agency priority is

implementation of the Endocrine Disruptor

Screening Program (EDSP). The EDSP is

based on the recommendations of the

Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing

Advisory Committee (EDSTAC), which

provided advice and counsel to the Agency on

a strategy to screen and test chemicals and

pesticides that may cause endocrine disruption

in humans, fish, and wildlife. In 1999, EPA

began the validation of EDSP screening test

protocols which will be completed in 2001.

By 2005, EPA anticipates that all higb

production volume chemicals will be screened

for endocrine disrupting potential. The

resulting priority chemicals will be tested

using the approach and test methods

developed from recommendations of the

EDSTAC.

In 2002, EPA will also continue work

ill the areas of existing chemicals, new

chemicals, and national program chemicals

(including lead, fibers. dioxin, PCBs, and

mercury). The Agency reviews chemicals

already in commerce, along with chemicals or

microorganisms before commercialization

(i.e., "new" chemicals) to determine whether

they can be handled and used safely. Another

approach to safer chemicals is green

chemistry, which identifies opportunities for

increasing the design, development and use of

less toxic chemicals and chemical processes.

Ensure Healthier Indoor Air

In 2002, the Indoor Environments

program will continue to build on work begun

in 2000 and 2001 to protect children's health

by reducing the presence of indoor triggers of

asthma in homes and schools where children
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

spend the majority oftheir time. In particular,

the Agency will continue its education and

outreach activities which implement portions

of "Asthma and the Environment: An Action

Plan to Protect Children," the inter-agency

plan developed under the Task Force On

Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks

to Children (January 1999). EPA's activities

are designed to increase the understanding

that children with astluna, parents, caregivers,

health professionals, and school personnel

have about the links between the condition of

the indoor environment and asthma. Outreach

and education efforts can empower the public

to take voluntary actions to improve the

quality oftheir indoor environment. EPA will

continue to work in close collaboration with

the fll-IS's CDC and the National Institutes of

Health. EPA will continue its agreement with

the Advertising Council to use television,

print, and other media channels to educate the

public about the seriousness of the asthma

epidemic, and about the steps they can take to

identify and reduce asthma triggers in their

own environment. In addition, the Agency

will continue its efforts to improve indoor air

quality in Tribal lands.

Facilitate Prevention. Reduction and

Recycling ofPBT's and Toxic Chemicals

Pollution prevention and waste

minimization require a comprehensive effort

of minimizing the quantity and toxicity of

waste generated by industries, the government

and individual citizens. EPA's role includes

several specific activities addressing industrial

hazardous waste and municipal and industrial

solid waste.

62

Preventing pollution can be costeffective to industry in cases where it reduces

excess raw materials and energy use. P2 can

also reduce the need for expensive "end-ofpipe" treatment and disposal, enable firms to

avoid potential liability. and support quality

improvement incentives in place at facilities.

Current EPA strategies include

institutionalizing preventive approaches in

EPA's regulatory, operating, and

compliance/enforcement programs and

facilitating the adoption of pollution

prevention techniques by states, tribes, the

academic conununity and industry.

One approach the Agency employs is

the industrial sector-based focus that promotes

cleaner technologies leading to a reduction of

risks to health and the environment. EPA's

DfE program works in partnership with

industry to develop comparative risk,

performance, and cost information about

alternative technologies, chemicals, and

processes in order to make environmentally

informed business decisions.

EPA is a leader in reducing generation

of municipal and industrial solid waste

regulated under RCRA Subtitle D and in

improving the recovery and conservation of

materials and energy through source reduction

and recycling. EPA encourages source

reduction ofmunicipal solid waste through its

WasteWise program and encourages recycling

and the recycling market through such

programs as Pay As You Throw and Jobs

lbrough Recycling. In addition, working with

public and private sector stakeholders, EPA

has promoted financing and technology

opportunities for recycling/reuse businesses.

In 2002, the Agency will serve as a catalyst
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

for innovative source reduction and recycling

in many industrial sectors, including waste

reduction opportunities for construction and

demolition debris, food wastes, tires,

electronics equipment, carpet, transport

packaging, and plastic beverage packaging.

In the hazardous waste arena,

regulated under RCRA Subtitle C, the Agency

is focusing on reducing the presence of the

most PBT chemicals in hazardous waste by 50

percent by 2005 (compared to a 1991

baseline). This goal is consistent with other

national and international priorities for

reducing the presence of PBTs in the

environment. In 2002 the Agency will

encourage and support implementation at the

regional, state and local levels through

voluntary pollution prevention partnerships

that make economic sense while they decrease

human and environmental exposure to toxic

wastes.

The Agency will continue reducing the

barriers to safe recycling of hazardous waste

through changes to recycling regulatory

standards and ongoing outreach to

stakeholders to explore additional options.

The Agency will be focusing particularly on

ways to increase safe hazardous waste

recycling while reducing burden for small

businesses such as printing, electronics

recyclers, and metal finishing.

Assess Conditions in Indian Country

EPA places particular priority on

working with Federally Recognized Indian

Tribes on a governmenHo-government basis

to improve environmental conditions in Indian

country in a manner that affinns the vital trust

63

responsibility that EPA has with some 572

Tribal governments. The Agency will

concentrate on building Tribal programs and

completing a documented baseline assessment

ofenvironmental conditions for 38 percent of

Tribes (covering 50 percent of Indian

Country). These assessments will provide a

blueprint for platllling future activities

identified in TriballEPA Environmental

Agreements (TEAs) or similar tribal

environmental plans to address and support

priority environmental multi-media concerns

in Indian country.

In 2002, EPA is requesting a total of

$52.5 million for Indian General Assistance

Program grants. These resources will allow

most Tribes to support at least one or two

persons working in their community to build

a strong, sustainable environment for the

future. These people perform vital work by

assessing the status ofa Tribe's environmental

condition and building an environmental

program tailored to that Tribe's needs.

Another key role ofthis workforce is to alert

EPA ofserious conditions requiring attention

in the near term so that, in addition to

assisting in the building of Tribal

environmental capacity, EPA can work with

the Tribe to respond to immediate public

health and ecological threats.

EPA continues to consider additional

approaches for how EPA and Indian Tribes

might work together to protect public health

and the environment in Indian Country. As

part of that effort, EPA is proposing to

continue authority granted in 2001 to enter

into cooperative agreements with Tribes to

assist EPA in implementing environmental

programs in instances where the Tribe has not
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

achieved primacy, Implementation of this

approach would allow for a more gradual

transition to full program authorization by

allowing for varying degrees of Tribal

involvement based on an individual Tribe's

capabilities and interests. Agency-wide EPA

Tribal funding has grown from about $38

million to $218 million in the last decade.

Research

Health effects research in 2002 will

continue to focus on development of

mechanistically-based predictive models for

human health risk assessment, such as

structure-activity-relationship models to help

determine testing needs under Section 5 of

TSCA, which addresses new chemicals.

Research will also be conducted to address the

needs for methods to evaluate the special

sensitivities of certain subpopulations based

on age. genetic factors and health status.

Also, risk assessment research will continue

to develop the tools, methodology, and data to

conduct probabilistic assessments of

ecological risk from exposure to pesticides,

including the development of user friendly

models that link distributions of exposure and

toxicity to estimate the magnitude and

probability of effects.

2002 Annual Performance Goals

• In 2002, divert an additional 1 percent

(for a cumulative total of 31 percent or

69 million tons) of municipal solid

waste from land filling and

combustion, and maintain per capita

generation of ReRA municipal solid

waste at 4.3 pounds per day.

64

•

•

•

•

•

•

In 2002, 848,000 additional people

will be living in healthier residential

indoor environments.

In 2002, of the approximately 1,800

applications for new chemicals and

microorganisms submitted by

industry, ensure those marketed are

safe for humans and the environment.

Increase the proportion of commercial

chemicals that have undergone premanufacturing notification (PMN)

review to signify they are properly

managed and may be potential green

alternatives to existing chemicals.

In 2002, the quantity ofToxic Release

Inventory (TRI) pollutants released,

disposed of, treated or combusted for

energy recovery in 2002, (normalized

for changes in industrial production)

will be reduced by 200 million

pounds. or 2 percent, from 2001. This

data will be reported in 2004.

In 2002, 1,228,500 students, faculty

and staff will experience improved

indoor air quality in their schools.

In 2002, implementation of 10-15

model agricultural partnership projects

that demonstrate and facilitate the

adoption of fann management

decisions and practices that provide

growers with a "reasonable transition"

away from the highest risk pesticides.

In 2002. implement certification and

training of lead abatement

professionals.
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

• In 2002, baseline environmental

infonnation will be collected for 38

percent oftribes (covering 50 percent

of Indian Country).

• In 2002, EPA will make publicly

available screening level hazard data

and Assessments for eight percent of

the 2,800 High Production Volume

chemicals, as part of the Agency's

implementation of a comprehensive

strategy for screening, testing,

classifYing and managing the potential

risks posed by commercial chemicals.

65
Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in

Communities, Homes, Workplaces and Ecosystems

Goal 4: Preventing Pollution Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)

Key Program

Administrative Services

Air,State,Local and Tribal Assistance Grants: Other Air Grants

Children's Indoor Environments

Common Sense Initiative

Design for the Environmem

Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program

Environmental Monitoring and Asscssmem Program, EMAP

Existing Chemical Data, Screening, Testing and Management

Grants to States for Lead Risk Reduction

Indoor Environments

Lead Risk Reduction Program

National Program chemicals: PCBs, Asbestos, Fibcrs,and Dioxin

New Chemical Review

Pesticide Applicator Certification and Training

Pesticide Registration

Pesticide Reregistration

Pesticides Program Implementation Grant

Pollution Prevention Incentive Grants to States

Pollution Prevention Program

Radon

RCRA State Grants

Recycling

Regional Management

Rent, Utilities and Security

Source Reduction

Tribal General Assistance Grants

Waste Minimization

66

FY 2001

Enacted

52,322.2

S8,139.9

S14,714.1

5385.2

54,976.8

54,362.6

$143.0

524,429.6

$12,472.4

$7,469.4

SI4,248.6

56,115.1

£14,147.4

$10,022.5

$11.986.5

52,787.0

513,085.5

55,986.3

58,608.9

$6,562.7

$3,066.2

$3,351.1

5529.1

$1,270.3

SI,883.3

S52,469.7

51,979.9

FY 2002

President's

Budget

51,860.5

58,139.9

SI3,624.1

50.0

$4,979.0

53,662.3

S148.0

525,423.4

SI3,682.0

$7,576.3

514,519.4

56,388.9

SI4,622.7

510,349.1

$11,383.3

$2,811.3

513,085.5

55,986.3

58,871.5

56,733.0

53,066.2

53,712.7

5579.9

$4,345.6

52,052.7

$52,469.7

52,120.0
GOALS:

Better Waste

Management,

Restoration of

Contaminated

Waste Sites, and

....... Emergency Response
68
Goal. 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of

Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response

Goal 5: 20.6%

Strategic Goal: America s wastes will be stored, treated and disposed of

in ways that prevent hann to people and the natural environment. EPA will

work to clean up previously polluted site restore them to uses appropriate

for surrounding communities and respond to and prevent waste-related or

industrial accidents.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2001

Enacted

FY 2002 FY 2002 vs.

Request FY 2001

Better Waste Management, Restoration of Contaminated $1,517,539.9 51,510758.2 (56781.7)

Waste Sites and Emergency Response

Control Risks from Contaminated Sites and Respond to $1352907.6 $1347,067.2 ($5,840.4)

Emergencies

Regulate Facilities to Prevent Releases $164,632.3 $163691.0 ($941.3)

Workyears 4396.1 4,265.8 (130.3

Means and Strategy

EPA and its partners will continue

their efforts to achieve this goal by promoting

better waste management, cleaning up

contaminated waste site and preventing

waste-related or industrial accidents. To date

EPA and it partners have made significant

progress toward achieving it two primary

objectives that address human health and the

environment at thousands of Superfund,

Brownfields Resource Con ervation and

Recovery Act (RCRA) underground storage

tank (UST) and oil sites. Brought together by

69

our conunon interest to protect health,

environment and livelihoods EPA and its

partners have established an effective

structure to manage the nation's hazardous

and solid wastes.

One ofthe objectives ofthis Goal i to

reduce or control the unacceptable risks posed

to human health and the environment through

better waste management and restoration of

abandoned waste sites. In partnership with

states, tribal governments the public, and

other stakeholders, EPA will reduce or control

the risks to human health and the environment

at thousands of Superfund, Brownfields,
Goal 5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of

Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response

ReRA, and UST sites. EPA's strategy is to

apply the fastest, most effective waste

management and cleanup methods available,

while involving affected communities in the

decision making process. The Agency will

employ enforcement efforts to further assist in

reducing risk to humans from hazardous

waste exposure.

The Agency recently established

objectives specific to Indian tribes to achieve

EPA's strategic goal for better waste

management in Indian Country and Alaska

Native Villages. These objectives stress clean

up and prevention assistance to tribes. In

meeting these objectives for the Agency's

programs, EPA will identify tribal needs,

support and promote the involvement oftribes

in implementation activities, and control risks

in Indian Country through assessment and

clean up of contaminated sites in consultation

and partnership with tribes.

To accomplish its Superfund

objectives, EPA works with states, tribes,

local governments, and other federal agencies

to protect human health and the environment

and to restore sites to uses appropriate for the

nearby communities. Site assessment is the

first step in detennining whether a site meets

the criteria for placement on the National

Priorities List (NPL) or for removal action to

prevent, minimize or mitigate significant

threats. The Agency also provides outreach

and education to the surrounding communities

to improve their direct involvement in every

phase of the cleanup process and

understanding of potential site risk, such as

risks posed by radioactive materials.

One ofthe Superfund program's major

goals is to have responsible parties pay for

70

and conduct cleanups at abandoned or

uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The

Superfund enforcement program maximizes

Potentially Responsible Party (PRP)

participation and is committed to refonns,

which increase fairness, reduce transaction

costs and promote economic redevelopment.

The Agency also seeks to recover costs

associated with a site cleanup from

responsible parties when Superfund trust fund

monies have been expended.

EPA and its partners will support the

cleanup and redevelopment of brownfields

communities. Brownfields are abandoned,

idled, or underused industrial and commercial

properties and are not traditional Superfund

sites as they are not generally highly

contaminated and present lesser health risks.

Economic changes over several decades have

left thousands of communities with these

contaminated properties and abandoned sites.

The Agency's Brownfields initiative

encourages the redevelopment of these sites

by addressing concerns such as environmental

liability and cleanup, infrastructure declines,

and changing development priorities.

A significant number of industrial

sites, including Federally~owned facilities, are

addressed by the RCRA corrective action

program, administered by EPA and

authorized states. These sites include some of

the most intractable and controversial cleanup

projects in the country, Approximately 3,500

industrial facilities must undergo a cleanup

under the RCRA program. Ofthese facilities,

EPA and state partners have identified over

1,700 facilities as high priority - where people

or the environment are likely to be at

significant current or potential risk. As

evidence ofsuccess in meeting this challenge,
GoalS: Better Waste Management, Restoration of

Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response

500 out of the 1700 high priority facilities

have recently documented that both exposure

to contamination and further migration of

contaminated groundwater have been

controlled. Furthennore, the RCRA

corrective action program continues to

emphasize redevelopment of ReRA

"Brownfields" sites.

To accomplish its leaking underground

storage tanks (LUST) objectives, the Agency

promotes rapid and effective responses to

releases from underground storage tanks

(USTs) containing petroleum by enhancing

state, local, and tribal enforcement and

response capability. The Agency's highest

priorities in the LUST program over the next

several years will be to address the backlog of

approximately 160,000 cleanups, and to

address LUST sites that are difficult to

remediate because they are contaminated by

methyl tertiary butyl etber (MTBE) and other

oxygenates. The LUST program addresses

the threat to groundwater from leaking

underground storage tanks that contain

petroleum by guiding UST owners and

operators to take appropriate measures to

clean up releases. The goal is to promote

corrective action in partnership with the states

to address these cleanup challenges, including

those posed by MTBE releases. Nearly all

corrective actions are undertaken by UST

owners and operators under the supervision of

state or local agencies. The Agency oversees

these activities in Indian Country.

As part of EPA's efforts to ensure the

LUST cleanup goals are achieved, the Agency

will also promote the cleanups of USTFieids.

USTFields are abandoned or underused

industrial and conunercial properties where

redevelopment is complicated by real or

71

perceived environmental contamination from

federally-regulated USTs. USTFields pilots

demonstrate what can be done to bring more

petroleum-impacted Brownfields sites back

into productive use for ecological, economic,

recreational, or other beneficial purposes.

The other objective of this Goal is to

prevent, reduce, and respond to releases,

spills, accidents or emergencies. Through the

UST and ReRA pennitting and inspection

programs, the Agency and its partners oversee

the practices ofthousands offacilities. When

releases do occur, EPA employees and those

of its partners, who are properly trained and

properly equipped, will ensure that the

Agency's objective is met by having the

capability to successfully respond.

In partnership with the states, the

Agency prevents releases, detects releases

early in the event they occur, and addresses

leaks from USTs containing petroleum and

hazardous substances. The strategy for

achieving this goal is to promote and enforce

compliance with the regulatory requirements

aimed at preventing and detecting UST

releases, thereby protecting our Nation's

groundwater. While the vast majority of the

714,000 active USTs have the proper

equipment per federal regulation, significant

work still remains to ensure UST owners and

operators properly maintain and operate their

systems. The Agency's role is to work with

states to promote compliance with the spill,

overfill, and corrosion protection

requirements, and ensure that the leak

detection requirements continue to be a

national priority. This encompasses

compliance for all federally regulated UST

systems, including those on private and public

property, Tribal lands, and Federal facilities.
GoalS: Better Waste Management, Restoration of

Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response

The Agency has primary responsibility for

implementation ofthe UST program in Indian

Country.

For facilities that currently manage

hazardous wastes, EPA ensures human health

and environmental protection through the

issuance of ReRA hazardous waste pennits.

The ReRA program works with state partners

to reduce the risks of exposures to dangerous

hazardous wastes by establishing a "cradle-tograve" waste management framework. This

framework regulates the handling, transport,

treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous

waste. ensuring that communities are not

exposed to hazards through improper

management. Hazardous waste management

facilities with appropriate controls in place

have made significant progress in minimizing

the threat of exposure to hazardous

substances. To date, 47 states, Guam and the

District of Columbia are authorized to issue

permits. State authorization for all portions of

the RCRA program, including regulations that

address waste management issues included in

permits, is an important Agency goal. In

addition, the Agency has developed a strategy

to address solid waste and hazardous waste on

Indian lands. A highlight ofthis strategy is the

interagency project with the Indian Health

Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs to

address issues surrounding open dumps and

their cleanup, the primary waste management

concern for tribes.

The Agency's chemical emergency

preparedness and prevention program

addresses some of the risks associated with

the manufacture, transportation, storage and

use of hazardous chemicals to prevent and

mitigate chemical releases. The program also

72

implementsright-to-know initiativesto inform

the public about chemical hazards and

encourages actions at the local level to reduce

risk. Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act

requires an estimated 16,000 facilities to

develop comprehensive risk management

plans (RMPs) and submit them to EPA, state

agencies, and Local Emergency Planning

Conunittees. The Agency believes that states

are best suited to implement the RMP

program because they benefit directly from its

success and they often have established

relationships with the communities that may

be at risk.

The oil spill program prevents,

prepares for, and responds to oil spills

mandated and authorized in the Clean Water

Act and Oil Pollution Act of 1990. EPA

utilizes its appropriated dollars to protect

inland watetways through oil spill prevention,

preparedness, and enforcement compliance.

There are 450,000 non-transportation-related

oil storage facilities that EPA regulates.

When necessary, the Agency undertakes oil

spill response which is funded through a

reimbursable agreement with the U.S. Coast

Guard.

Research

The 2002 research program supports

the Agency's objective of reducing or

controlling potential risks to human health

and the environment at contaminated waste

sites by accelerating scientifically defensible

and cost-effective decisions for cleanup at

complex sites, mining sites, marine spills, and

Brownfields m accordance with the

Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA),
GoalS: Better Waste Management, Restoration of

Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response

commonly known as Superfund. The research

program will: I) provide improved methods

and dose-response models for estimating risks

from complex mixtures contaminating soils

and groundwater; 2) provide improved

methods for measuring, monitoring, and

characterizing complex waste sites in tenns of

soils and groundwater; and 3) develop more

reliable technologies for cleanup of

contaminated soils and groundwater. The

Superfund lnnovative Technology Program

(SITE) fosters the development, use, and

acceptance of lower cost characterization and

cleanup technologies. In 2002, EPA will

deliver the annual SITE report to Congress,

which provides program/project status and

cost savings infonnation.

focus on characterizing and controlling

releases of metals from waste combustion.

Highlights

In 2002, EPA and state cleanup

actions will protect hurnan health by reducing

the effects of uncontrolled releases on local

populations and sensitive environments. The

Agency will build on past successes in

cleaning up sites. The following

accomplishments provide examples of what

has been done by the Agency to achieve its

goal:

• Cleaned up 757 Superfund NPL Sites

through 2000;

EPA regulates waste identification,

waste management, and combustion under

RCRA. These programs constitute the three

major areas of research under ReRA in 2002

as the Agency works towards preventing

releases through proper facility management.

Waste identification research will focus on

multimedia, multi-pathway exposure

modeling and environmental fate and

transport-physical estimation in support of

risk-based exemption levels for wastes;

development oftargeted exemptions of waste

streams that do not pose unacceptable risks;

and efforts to streamline the waste delisting

process. These risk-based efforts could

significantly reduce compliance costs while

maintaining EPA's goal to protect human

health and the environment. Waste

management research will focus on

developing more cost-effective ways to

manage/recycle non-hazardous wastes and

will examine other remediation technologies,

while combustion research will continue to

73

•

•

•

•

•

Completed over 6,200 Superfund

removal response actions from 1982

through 2000;

Secured PRP commitments, over the

life ofthe Superfund program, with an

estimated value of over $18 billion

(over $14.9 billion in response

settlements and more than $3.1 billion

in cost recovery settlements);

Resolved potential liability of 22,800

small volume waste contributing

parties through 460 de minimis

settlements;

Responded to an average of 70 oil

spills and monitored 130 oil spill

cleanups in a typical year;

Signed more than 360 agreements for

brownfields assessment pilots, over

100 agreements for brownfields
Goal5: Better Waste Management, Restoration of

Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response

•

cleanup revolving loan fund, and 37

for job training through 2000;

504 of approximately 1,700 high

priority ReRA sites targeted for

aggressive risk reduction have met

GPRA Environmental Indicator goals;

The Agency is working to improve its

response capability, workforce safety, and

coordination with its federal and local partners

to support the national effort ofresponding to

a terrorist event. Terrorist threats could

include biological, chemical and radiological

attacks on populations in the United States.

• 65 percent of approximately 2,750

hazardous waste management

facilities have controls in place;

• 86 percent of USTs are in compliance

with the 1998 deadline requirements;

• Cleaned up 250,000 leaking

WldergrOWld storage tanks since 1987;

• Funded 10 USTFields pilots.

In 2002, EPA will complete

construction at 65 private and Federal

Superfund sites for a cumulative total of 897.

The Agency will also take action to address

contamination at 285 sites using removal

authorities. The Superfund enforcement

program will also obtain PRP commitments to

initiate work at 70 percent of construction

starts at non-Federal facility sites on the NPL

and to conduct or fund removals.

In 2002, the Superfund redevelopment

initiative will facilitate the return of additional

Superfund sites to productive reuse. The

Agency has compiled a list of over 190

Superfund sites that have been recycled. At

these sites, more than 13,000 acres are now in

ecological or recreational use. Approximately

14,500 jobs, representing more than $450

million in annual income are located at sites

that have been recycled for commercial use.

74

The Brownfields Initiative coordinates

federal and state efforts to address

environmental site assessment and cleanup.

EPA's Brownfields program has experienced

a growth in applications for new and

supplemental pilots, averaging 198

applications per year. In 2002, half ofthe $5

million new investment in brownfields will be

used to award additional assessment

demonstration pilots with the funds going

directly to states, tribes, and local

governments. The Agency will provide

funding and technical support to 38 new

assessment demonstration pilots and 38

existing assessment demonstration pilots.

These pilots provide states (including U.S.

territories), political subdivisions (including

cities, towns, and counties), and Federally

recognized tribes with useful information and

new strategies for promoting a unified

approach to environmental site assessment

and characterization, and redevelopment. In

addition, the Agency and its Federal partners

will continue to support the existing 28

showcase community pilots which serve as

models to demonstrate the benefits of

interagency cooperative efforts in addressing

environmental and economic issues related to

brownfields. The showcase communities

capitalize on a multi-agency partnership

designed to provide a wide range of support

depending on the particular needs of each

community. In addition, the President's
GoalS: Better Waste Management, Restoration of

Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response

budget proposes that the Brownfields tax

incentive be made pennanent.

The Agency will also provide funding

to states for activities that are part of

brownfields site assessment pilots. These

activities include facilitating communication

among brownfields pilots and with state

environmental authorities. In addition, the

Agency will provide funding for the

development or enhancement of state

voluntary cleanup programs. The 2002 request

for the Brownfields program will increase

funding to the states for voluntary cleanup

programs and targeted brownfields

assessments.

To further enhance communities'

capacities to respond to Brownfields

redevelopment, the Agency will award

brownfields cleanup revolving loan funds

(BCRLF) pilots to 29 communities. All

communities with brownfields properties are

eligible to apply. EPA offers grants to

governmental entities which may discount

loans to nonprofit or other government

entities. In addition, EPA will award 10 job

training pilots for community residents and

will provide $3,000,000 to the National

Institute ofEnvirorunental Health Sciences to

supplement its minority worker training

programs that focus on brownfields workforce

development activities. In addition, EPA will

continue to explore connections between

RCRA low-priority corrective action efforts

and cleanup ofbrownfields properties.

In 2002, 172 additional high priority

RCRA facilities will have current human

exposures under control and 172 additional

high priority RCRA facilities will have

75

migration of contaminated groundwater under

control. To accomplish its ReRA objectives,

the Agency has improved the pace of cleanups

through administrative reforms announced in

1999 and 2001. The 1999 reforms

successfully established an enviromnent for

program implementers to be innovative and

results-oriented. To reinforce and build upon

the 1999 refonns, the Agency announced a

second round of administrative reforms in

2001 with the theme of "fostering creative

solutions." The Agency developed these

reforms, with input from states, industry and

environmental organizations, to accomplish

the following objectives: pilot innovative

approaches, accelerate the changing culture,

connect communities to cleanups, and

capitalize on redevelopment potential. As

evidence of the success of the reform effort

thus far, EPA recently announced that 500

high-priority facilities had met both GPRA

goals.

In 2002, the RCRA hazardous waste

permits program will have permits or other

approved controls in place for 82 additional

RCRA hazardous waste management facilities

for a cumulative total of 7J percent of the

universe (2,750 facilities). These efforts

minimize the threat of exposure to hazardous

substances because the RCRA program's

comprehensive framework regulates the

handling, transport, treabnent, storage, and

disposal of hazardous waste.

The Agency has several efforts

underway to reform the RCRA program so

that it better reflects actual levels ofrisk. The

hazardous waste identification rule and

follow-up efforts seek to exclude lower risk

wastes from hazardous waste regulation. In
GoalS: Better Waste Management, Restoration of

Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response

2002, the Agency plans to develop

exemptions for specific low-concern wastes as

well as concentration-based exemption levels

for constituents occurring in hazardous

wastes. The Agency is working to improve

test methods under its toxic constituent

leaching procedure to better evaluate waste

leaching potential for assessing whether a

waste should be classified as hazardous and

the effectiveness oftreatment.

As the maximum achievable control

technology (MACT) standards for hazardous

waste incinerators and kilns are implemented,

emissions of dioxins, furans, toxic metals,

acid gases and particulate matter from these

sources will be reduced. These efforts are

intended to further reduce the indirect

exposure to hazardous constituents in

emissions, especially to children.

Implementation efforts accelerate in 200 I and

focus on the transition from RCRA to Clean

Air Act (CAA)/ MACT air emissions

pennining and tracking of facility progress.

In 2000, the Agency initiated work on Phase

Il MACT standards for hazardous waste

burning boilers and halogen acid furnaces.

The Agency plans to propose the Phase .n rule

in 2002 to address emissions of dioxins,

furans, toxic metals, and particulate matter.

In 2002, the Agency will work with

states and industry to complete voluntary

guidelines for industrial non-hazardous waste

management and will begin implementation.

These voluntary guidelines address a range of

issues including groundwater contamination,

air emissions, and alternatives to waste

disposal.

76

Based on EPA' 5 mlmmum national

standards for municipal solid waste (MSW),

states regulate landfill practices. The Agency

has worked with states to review the national

standards and is initiating regulatory revisions

to provide additional flexibility so that

compliance is less costly and easier to

achieve.

In 2002, the Agency's LUST program

will create and foster improved federal, state

and local partnership efforts to assess,

cleanup, and help coordinate the

redevelopment of USTField tank sites. The

Agency will work with states to increase the

pace at which LUST cleanups are initiated and

completed, especially in respect to MTBE

releases. The Agency's goal is to ensure that

23,000 LUSTs are cleaned up in conjunction

with EPA's state, local, and tribal partners.

Reducing chemical accidents is vital to

ensure that conunWlities are not exposed to

hazardous materials. The Agency continues

its efforts to help states and local emergency

plalUling conunittees implement the risk

management plan (RMP) program. EPA has

made steady progress in this area and, in

2002, it will delegate the program to two

additional states for a cumulative total of

seventeen. To reach this goal, EPA will

provide technical assistance grants, technical

support, outreach, and training to state and

local emergency planning committees.

Through these activities, states, local

communities and individuals will be better

prepared to prevent and prepare for chemical

accidents.

Oil spills pose risks to human health

and the environment. The Federal oil spill
GoalS: Better Waste Management, Restoration of

Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response

2002 Annual Performance Goals

• In 2002, 172 (for a cwnulative total of

986 or 57 percent) of high priority

RCRA facilities will have human

exposures controlled and 172 (for a

cumulative total of 909 or 53 percent)

of high priority RCRA facilities will

have groundwater releases controlled.

pollutant interactions in a variety of natural

systems. In addition, EPA plans to develop

additional targeted exemptions from the

hazardous waste mixture and derived from

rules, as part of its efforts to better estimate

risk and regulatory standards. The research

also provides consultation on sampling and

sample design related to compliance with

proposed exit levels (levels below which a

waste is excluded from regulation) in support

ofthe HWIR. In 2002, EPA plans to update

the HWIR99 modeling methodology for

delisting hazardous wastes. Additionally.

waste management research will be conducted

to improve the management of both solid and

hazardous wastes. This includes development

and/or evaluation ofmore cost-effective waste

treatment. containment, and recycling

processes, along with technical guidance on

their design and implementation.

In 2002, 82 additional hazardous

waste management facilities will have

approved controls in place to prevent

dangerous releases to air, soil, and

groundwater, for a total of 71 percent

of 2.750 facilities.

partners will

Leaking

In 2002, EPA and its

complete 23,000

•

•

Research

program prevents, responds to and monitors

oil spills that occur in the waters afthe United

States and adjoining shorelines. Over 24,000

spills are reported annually, about half of

these in the inland zone which is EPA's

jurisdiction. EPA responds to approximately

70 significant spills a year and monitors the

work of others at approximately 130

additional spills a year. To reduce the risk of

hazardous exposure to people and the

environment, the Agency aims to prevent oil

spills from occurring, prepare for oil spills

that do occur, and respond to spills when

necessary.

In 2002, contaminated sites research

will be conducted to: 1) reduce uncertainties

associated with soil/groundwater sampling

and analysis and to reduce the time and cost

associated with site characterization and site

remediation activities; 2) evaluate the

magnitude ofthe risks posed by contaminants

to human health and the ecosystem, the

contributions of multiple exposure pathways,

the bioavailability of adsorbed contaminants

and treatment residuals and the toxicological

properties of contaminant mixtures; and 3)

develop and demonstrate more effective and

less costly remediation technologies involving

complex sites and hard-to-treat wastes.

Waste Management research will

support the Hazardous Waste Identification

Rule (HWIR) and the study ofimproved ways

to minimize waste releases and impacts. In

2002, research will focus on reducing the

uncertainty associated with exposure

assessment model predictions by providing

improved data and models for quantifying

77
GoalS: Better Waste Management, Restoration of

Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response

•

•

•

•

Underground Storage Tank (LUST)

cleanups for a cumulative total of

approximately 294,000 cleanups since

1987.

In 2002, EPA will provide additional

site assessment funding to 38 new

communities, and to 38 existing

communities, resulting in a cumulative

total of 2,750 properties assessed, the

generation of 14,000 jobs, and the

leveraging of $3.4 billion in cleanup

and redevelopment funds since 1995.

In 2002, EPA and its state and tribal

partners will achieve levels of 75

percent UST compliance with

EPA/State leak detection

requirements; and 96 percent of UST

compliance with EPAlState December

22, 1998 requirements to upgrade,

close or replace substandard tanks.

(EPA is in the process of changing the

way it measures compliance, including

changing from a per tank, to a per

facility basis.)

In 2002, EPA and its partners will

complete 65 Superfund cleanups

(construction completions) to achieve

the overall goal of 897 construction

completions by the end of2002.

In 2002, ensure trust fund stewardship

by getting PRPs to initiate or fund the

work and recover costs from PRPs

when EPA expends trust fund monies.

Address cost recovery at all NPL and

non-NPL sites with a statute of

limitations (SOL) on total past costs

equal to or greater than $200,000.

78

•

•

•

•

•

In 2002, maximize all aspects of PRP

participation which includes

maintaining PRP work at 70 percent

ofthe new remedial construction starts

at non-Federal Facility Superfund, and

emphasize fairness in the settlement

process

In 2002, continue to make fonnerly

contaminated parcels of land available

for residential, commercial, and

industrial reuse by addressing liability

concerns through the Issuance of

comfort letters and Prospective

Purchaser Agreements (PPAs).

In 2002, certify that 6,000 55 gallon

drums of radioactive waste

(containing approximately 18,000

curies) shipped by DOE to the Waste

Isolation Pilot Plant are pennanently

disposed of safely and according to

EPA standards.

In 2002, provide at least SIX

innovative approaches that reduce

human health and ecosystem

exposures from DNAPLs and MTBE

in soils and groundwater, and from oil

and persistent orgamcs 10 aquatic

systems.

In 2002, within 18 months after final

listing on the NPL, EPA will make a

fmal offer for an interagency

agreement (lAG) that is consistent

with Agency policy and guidance at

100 percent of Federal facility

Superfund sites.
GoalS: Better Waste Management, Restoration of

Contaminated Waste Sites, and Emergency Response

Goal 5: Waste Management Key Programs

(dollars in thQusands)

Kcv Progrnm

Administrali~c Services

Assessments

Brownfields

Civil Enfo~nl

Community Righi 10 Know (Title Ill)

Compliance Assistance and Centers

EMPACT

Federal Facilities

Fedc",] Preparedness

Hazardous Substance Rcsearch:Hazardous Substance Research Centers

Hazardous Substance Research:Superfund Innovative Tcchn()logy Evaluation (SITE)

Hazardous Waste Research

Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUST)Cooperativc Agreements

Oil Spills Preparedness. Prevention and Response

Other Federal Agency Superfund Support

Planning and Resource Management

Project XL

ReRA COn'C(:t1ve Action

ReRA Permitting

ReRA State Grants

Regional Management

Rent, Utilities and Security

Risk Management Plans

Superfund - Cost Recovery

Superfund - Justice Support

Superfund _ Maximiu PRP Involvement (including rcfonns)

Superfund Remedial Actions

Superfund Removal Actions

Underground Storage Tanks (UST)

UST State GnmtS

Waste Combustion

79

FY 2001

Enacted

$22,287.1

$82,701.5

$92,608.6

51,264.7

$5,207.8

5785.8

51605

$30,624,6

$12,859.3

$4,527.7

16,554.0

56,990.0

158,341,3

$11,948.9

$10,676.5

$26.4

5126.4

$40,622.3

$14,309.0

160,169.8

19,695.2

553,497.2

$8,041.8

529,495.5

$28,437.3

581,473.8

$492,045.7

5198,638.1

$7,043.4

111,918.4

$4,302.2

FY 2002

President's

Budget

$23,064.0

577,651.3

$97,420.5

$1,363.8

15,136.8

$778.4

50.0

530,795.2

$12,963.4

$4,606.0

$6,636.9

58,994.1

$58,269.3

111,9435

$10,6765

$26.4

$144.6

S4l,l83.2

516,889.0

$60,169.8

$9,247.9

553,S44.6

57,643,9

$28, 12 l.!

$28, I50.0

$78,355.7

$492,408,2

$202,618.8

17,190.2

$11,918.4

15,423.1
80
GOAL 6:

Reduction ofGlobal

and Cross-Border

Environmental Risks
82
Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border

Environmental Risks

Goal 6: 3.9%

Strategic Goal: The United States will lead other nations in successfu~

multilateral efforts to reduce significant risks to human health and

ecosystems from climate change stratospheric ozone depletion, and other

hazards ofinternational concern.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousand

FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2002 VS.

Enacted Request FY 200]

Reduction of Global and Cross-border Eoviroomeotal $284,4]0.8 $282,698.9 ($],711.9)

Risks

Reduce Tran boundary Threats to Human and Ecosystem $96,077.3 $95,677.8 ($399.5)

Health in erth America

Reduce Greenhou e Gas Emis ions $155,286.2 $153,828.0 ($1,458.2)

Reduce Strate pheric Ozone Depletion $17,249.9 $17,115.3 ($134.6)

Protect Human Health and Ecosystems from PBTs and other $4,636.1 $4,809.7 $173.6

Toxies

Increase Dome tic and International Use of Cleaner and More $11,161.3

Cost-Effective Technologies

Workyear 521.0

$11,268.1

506.6

$106.8

(14.4)

Means and Strategy

To reduce environmental and human

health risks along the U.S./Mexico Border and

the Great Lakes, EPA employs both voluntary

and regulatory measures. Efforts in the

U.S./Mexico Border Area utilize a series of

83

workgroups that focus on pnonty issues

ranging from water infrastructure and

hazardous waste to outreach efforts focusing

on communities and businesses in the border

area. In the Great Lakes Basin, our strategy

targets multimedia problems through

monitoring and/or modeling efforts such as

th.e Great Waters atmospheric deposition
Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border

Environmental Risks

program, the Integrated Atmospheric

Deposition Network, and the Great Lakes

National Program Office's (GLNPO) open

water monitoring. Through these means,

federal, state, tribal, and provincial

environmental organizations arc targeting

their Great Lakes efforts and utilizing all

available authorities in order to achieve

restoration ofthese areas.

To prevent degradation ofthe marine

environment, the Agency - in conjunction

with the Department of State, the National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA), and other Federal agencies - is

focusing on the negotiation and

implementation oflegally-binding multilateral

agreements. These agreements are designed

to address sources of marine pollution that

impact the United States.

EPA will meet its climate change

objectives by working with business and other

sectors to deliver multiple benefits - from

cleaner air to lower energy bills - while

improving overall scientific understanding of

climate change and its potential consequences.

The core ofEPA's climate change efforts are

government/industry partnership programs

designed to capitalize on the tremendous

opportunities available to conswners,

businesses, and organizations to make sound

investments in efficient equipment and

practices. These voluntary programs remove

baniers in the marketplace, resulting in faster

deployment of energy efficient technology

into the residential, commercial,

transportation, and industrial sectors of the

economy. For example, the Partnership for a

New Generation of Vehicles (pNGV) joins

EPA and four other Federal agencies with

Ford, General Motors, and DaimlerChrysler to

84

develop a new generation of safe, attractive,

and affordable vehicles with ultra-low

emissions and high-fuel efficiency.

EPA is also working with key

developing countries, economies-in-transition,

and regional groups to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions through programs that focus on

infonnation and outreach, financing, energy

efficiency, air quality, and technology

transfer.

In order to restore and protect the

earth's stratospheric ozone layer, EPA will

work on both domestic and international

fronts to limit the production and use of

ozone-<1epleting substances (ODSs) and to

develop safe alternative compounds. EPA

will also provide education about the risk of

environmental and health consequences of

overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

To address the risks associated with

persistent and bioaccwnulative substances and

other toxics, the Agency employs two

fundamental approaches. The first approach

seeks to minimize the harmful impacts of

toxic substances, known to circulate in the

environment over long distances, through the

negotiation and implementation of specific

treaties. The second approach focuses on the

cooperative efforts of the Organization for

Economic Cooperation and Development

(DECD) and other international organizations

working to develop hannonized methods for

testing and assessing the toxicity of chemicals

and for measuring the effects of chemicals to

humans and the environment.

In addition to the specific strategies

noted above, the Agency employs a variety of
Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border

Environmental Risks

means to achieve the environmental objectives

outlined in this goal. These include:

• Implementing formal bilateral and

multilateral envirorunental agreements

with key countries; executing

environmental components of key

foreign policy initiatives; and, in

partnership with the Department of

State, engaging in regional and global

negotiations aimed at reducing risks

via formal and informal agreements.

• Cooperating with other countries to

ensure that domestic and international

environmental Jaws, policies, and

priorities are recognized and

implemented.

• Cooperating with other Federal

agencies, states, businesses, and

environmental groups to promote the

flow of environmentally sustainable

technologies and services worldwide.

Research

EPA is working to assess the

vulnerability of hwnan health and ecosystems

to various environmental stressors (e.g.,

climate change, land-use change, UV

radiation) at the regional scale, and to assess

adaptation strategies. The knowledge gained

from these assessments (e.g., the impacts

climate change could have on the spread of

vector-borne and water-borne disease, as well

as air and water quality), will allow policy

makers to find the most appropriate, sciencebased solutions to reduce risks to human

health and ecosystems posed by climate

change.

85

Highlight.

EPA's continued leadership is

necessary to build international cooperation

and technical capacity essential in preventing

harm to the global environment and

ecosystems we share with other nations. In

2002, EPA will use a variety of approaches to

prevent harm to the global environment and

ecosystems.

The Agency will host representatives

of foreign governments, industry, and Nongovernmental Organizations (NODs) at the

Agency's Headquarters, Regions, and labs.

The Agency will also disseminate thousands

of technical publications and CD-ROMs to

developing countries and provide access to

additional information through technical

training courses, the Office of International

Activities web site, the Spanish Language

Resources site, and other services.

EPA will work directly with other

countries and through multilateral

organizations to share innovative practices for

environmental management and to

disseminate environmental information.

These programs build the capacity of

developing countries to improve quality oflife

for their citizens, while also providing

reciprocal benefits to U.S. citizens. These

benefits include: the introduction of new

techniques for managing urban environments;

reduced environmental damage to the global

commons; reduced costs and effort through

data sharing; an increased demand for U.S.

environmental technologies and services; and,

the implementation of more transparent

enforcement and permitting regimes.
Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border

Environmental Risks

To reduce environmental and hwnan

health risks along the U.S./Mexico Border,

EPA will continue its work with the border

states and Mexico to target the quality of air,

drinking water and wastewater treatment, and

hazardous waste management and disposal.

Nine working groups will address key issues

while working closely with state and local

agencies on both sides of the border. EPA

will also continue to support the fmancing and

construction of water, wastewater treatment.

and solid waste facilities.

EPA, through GLNPO, will coordinate

implementation ofthe ecosystem approach in

the Great Lakes by its Federal, state, tribal,

and local partners, fully implementing a

"community-based" approach. GLNPO and

its partners will act consistently with the goals

ofthe Great Lakes Strategy and the Agency's

Strategic Plan. EPA, states, and local

communities will strategically target

reductions of critical pollutants through

Remedial Action Plans for Areas of Concern

and through Lakewide Management Plans for

Lakes Ontario, Michigan, Superior, and Erie.

Recognizing that no single country can

resolve the problem ofglobal climate change,

EPA will help facilitate the international

cooperation necessary to achieve the

stabilization of greenhouse gas

concentrations. The 1992 Framework

Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) set

the objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas

concentrations at a level that would prevent

dangerous anthropogenic interference with the

climate system. On the domestic side, EPA

will encourage voluntary partnerships,

provide technical assistance, and promote

86

state and local efforts to achieve future

greenhouse gas emission reductions.

To protect the earth's stratospheric

ozone layer in accordance with the United

States' commitment to the Montreal Protocol,

EPA will continue to regulate ozone-depleting

compounds, foster the development and use of

alternative chemicals in the U.S. and abroad,

infonn the public about the dangers of

overexposure to UV radiation, and use

pollution prevention strategies to require the

recycling of ODSs and hydroflourocarbons

(HCFCs).

Reduced risks from toxics, especially

persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and

selected metals that circulate in the

environment at global and regional scales, will

be achieved by working with other countries

- within the frameworks established by

international instruments - to control the

production or phase·out from the use of

targeted chemicals. EPA is also working to

reach agreement on import and export

requirements applicable to certain chemicals,

an expansion of pollutant release and transfer

registers, and the hannonization of chemical

testing, assessment, and labeling procedures.

The goal ofinternational harmonization oftest

guidelines is to reduce the burden on chemical

companies ofrepeated testing in satisfying the

regulatory requirements of different

jurisdictions both within the United States and

internationally. Harmonization also expands

the universe of toxic chemicals for which

needed testing infonnation is available, and

fosters efficiency in international information

exchange and mutual international acceptance

of chemical test data. EPA will continue to

cooperate closely with other Federal agencies
Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border

Environmental Risks

and with other industrialized nations within

the program framework of the OEeD in

harmonizing testing guidelines.

The U.S. is working with other OEeD

member countries to implement the

International Screening Information Data Set

(SInS) program, a voluntary international

cooperative testing program begun in 1990.

The program focuses on developing baselevel test information (including data on basic

chemistry, environmental fate, environmental

effects, and health effects) for international

high production volume chemicals. SillS

data will he used to screen chemicals and to

set priorities for further testing and/or

assessment. The Agency will review testing

needs for 95 sros chemicals in 2002.

Research

EPA will assess the possible effects of

global change, such as changes in climate and

climate variability, changes in land use, and

changes in UV radiation on air quality, water

quality, ecosystem health, and human health.

EPA will also examine possible adaptation

strategies that could enable communities to

take advantage ofopportunities and reduce the

potential risks associated with global change.

The outcome of these assessments will help

infonn decision-making regarding strategies

to address these possible changes.

2002 Annual Performance Goals

The United States expects to sign, in

2001, the legally-binding Stockholm

Convention on POPs, substances such as

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ODT),

polycblorinated Bipbenyl (PCBs) and dioxins.

These substances travel great distances in the

environment and thus threaten hwnans and

the ecosystem in the United States, even

though we have long worked domestically to

reduce releases into the environment. This

convention will require ratifying countries to

reduce and/or eliminate their production, use,

and/or release of specified POPs. To ensure

that developing countries comply with

obligations under this convention, the United

States is working with the Global

Environment Facility (ajoint funding program

run by the World Bank, the United Nations

Environment Program, and the United Nations

Development Program) to carry out capacity

building programs in developing countries.

87

•

•

•

In 2002, Great Lakes ecosystem

components will improve, including

progress on fish contaminants, beach

taxies, air toxics, and trophic status.

In 2002, increase the number of

residents in the Mexico border area

who are protected from health risks,

beach pollution, and damaged

ecosystems from nonexistent and

failing water and wastewater treatment

infrastructure by providing improved

water and wastewater service.

In 2002, greenhouse gas emissions

will be reduced from projected levels

by approximately 73 million metric

tons carbon equivalent (MMTCE) per

year through EPA partnerships with

businesses, schools, state and local

governments, and other organizations,

thereby offsetting growth in

greenhouse gas emissions above 1990

levels by about 20 percent.
Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border

Environmental Risks

•

•

•

In 2002, reduce energy consumption

from projected levels by more than 85

billion kilowatt hours, contributing to

over $10 billion in energy savings to

consumers and businesses.

In 2002, demonstrate technology for

an 85 miles per gallon (J\.1PG)

mid-size family sedan that has low

emissions and is safe, practical, and

affordable.

In 2002, assist 10 to 12 developing

countries and countries with

economies-ill-transition in developing

strategies and actions for reducing

emissions of greenhouse gases and

enhancing carbon sequestration.

•

•

•

In 2002, restrict domestic

consumption of class II HCFCs below

15,240 ODP-weighted metric toones

(ODP MTs) and restrict domestic

exempted production and import of

newly produced class I CFCs and

halons below 60,000 ODP MTs.

In 2002, increase the number of

children participating in the SunWise

School Program by 25 percent, and

reduce the rate of sunburns among

participants by 5 percent.

In 2002, enhance environmental

management and institutional

capabilities in priority countries.

• In 2002, provide analysis, assessment,

and reporting support to

Administration officials, the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change, and the FCCC.

• In 2002, in close cooperation with the

U.S. Department of Agriculture

(USDA), identify and assess

oppornmities to sequester carbon in

agricultural soils, forests, other

vegetation, and commercial products,

with collateral benefits for

productivity and the environment,

with carbon removal potential of up to

25 MMTCE by 2010.

• In 2002, provide assistance to at least

75 developing countries to facilitate

emissions reductions and achieve the

requirements of the Montreal

Protocol.

88
Goal 6: Reduction of Global and Cross-Border

Environmental Risks

Goal 6: Reduction of Environmental Risks Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)

Administrative Services

Climate Change Research

Climate Protection Program: Buildings

Climate Protection Program: Carbon Removal

Climate Protection Program: Industry

Climate Protection Program: International Capacity Building

Climate Protection Program: State and Local Climate Change Program

Climate Protection Program: Transportation

Commission for Environmental Cooperation - CEe

Environment and Trade

Great Lakes National Program Office

Intemational Safe Drinking Water

Multilateral Fund

Regional and Global Environmental Policy Development

Regional Management

Rent, Utilities and Security

Technical Cooperation with Industrial and Developing Countries

U.S./Mexico Border

Watcr Infrastructure: Mcxico Border

89

FY 2002

FY 2001 President's

Enactcd Budgct

$3,272.6 $3,335.3

522,550.4 $21,951.7

552.535.0 $52,730.9

5997.8 51,700.0

$31,929.6 527,295.2

55,501.7 56,315.1

52,494.5 $2,500.0

529,435.1 532,440.8

$3,269.0 53,403.6

$1.614.7 51.672.5

515,207.5 514,962.4

5384.4 $301.8

510,975.8 510,975.8

52,188.4 52,279.4

$196.2 $228.4

$4,612.6 $5.023.0

$4,162.2 $4,125.9

$4,213.7 $4,236.5

574.835.0 $74,835.0
90
GOAL 7:

Quality

Environmental

Information
92
Goal 7: 2.6%

Goal 7: Quality Enviro entallnformatio

Strategic Goal: The public and decision-makers at all levels will have

access to information about environmental conditions and human health to

inform decision-making and help assess the general environmental health of

communities. The public will also have access to educational services and

information services and tools that provide for the reliable and secure

exchange of quality environmental information.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2002 vs.

Enacted Request FY2001

Quality Environmentalloformation $178,253.4 $189 128.1 $10,874.7

Increase Availability of Quality Health and Environmental $95,812.3 $117,378.7 $21,566.4

lnformation

Provide Access to Tools for Using Environmental Information $63,302.4 $54,837.6 ($8,464.8)

Improve Agency lnfonnation Infrastructure and Security $19,138.7 $16,911.8 ($2,226.9)

Workyears 890.6 854.3 (36.3)

Means and Strategy

The purpose ofthis goal is to empower

the American public with information about

the environment. Accurate and accessible

environmental information better enables the

public to understand conditions and make

informed decisions about protecting the health

and the environment oflocal communities. It

can lead to creative and sustainable solutions

to environmental problems and opportunities

for pollution prevention. Environmental

information ofknown and documented quality

is crucial to sound decision-making and to

93

establishing public trus and confidence in

those decisions. EPA and its partners will

focus on six areas to accomplish this goal.

First, EPA will continue to increase

the availability of health and environmental

information by providing the public electronic

and non-electronic access to accurate and

reliable environmental data. This data will

include information collected by EPA, its

partners, and stakeholders.

Second, EPA will focus on

Information Integration. EPA and the states

are working together to develop a
I

------

Goal 7: Quality Environmental Information I

comprehensive and integrated infonnation

exchange network to facilitate information

sharing among EPA, the states, other Federal

agencies, tribes, localities, and the regulated

community. This will include standardized

data formats and definitions, a centralized

approached to receiving and distributing

infonnation, and improved access to timely

and reliable environmental information.

Infonnation Integration will improve

environmental decision making, improve data

quality and accuracy. ensure security of

sensitive data, avoid data redundancy, and

reduce the burden on those who provide and

those who access information.

Third, the Agency will solicit

customer feedback to systematically improve

information usability; clarity, accuracy,

reliability, and scientific soundness. EPA will

develop and implement necessary data

standards and associated registries and ensure

that data quality is known and appropriate for

intended uses. EPA will also evaluate the

appropriateness of data used in its decisionmaking processes. The Agency is conunitted

to developing analytical and other tools to

help users interpret and use environmental

data and improve environmental decisionmaking.

Fourth, EPA will provide the means

for using and understanding environmental

information. Environmental data is most

meaningful when examined from a holistic

perspective, that is, when users are able to

examine all of the data about a particular

location at once. Users must also have access

to information that helps them understand the

limitations of data and the content or context

in which it is most useful.

94

Fifth, EPA is working to streamline

information collection, making it more

efficient and cost~effective by reducing

unnecessary costs and burden to EPA, states,

tribes, and the regulated community. The

Agency will critically examine the

infOimation reporting burdens placed on the

Agency's partners and on the regulated

community and ensure that information

collection addresses specific needs.

Finally, the Agency believes that

strengthening and securing its information

infrastructure is fundamental to increasing the

availability of environmental information.

EPA must remain vigilant in maintaining a

strong and secure information infrasnucture

that directly supports the mission of the

Agency.

By focusing on these areas, EPA

believes it will keep pace with the rapid

advances in information technology (IT) and

meet the growing demand for reliable, quality

environmental information. Also of great

importance is a conununications strategy that

will serve the Agency and the public as they

seek to avail themselves of environmental

information. Effectively managing the

process by which the public is educated and

informed regarding the Agency's resources is

pivotal to accomplishing the mission of the

Agency. To this end, the Agency will expand

its two-way communications with the public,

on a continuous loop of public participation

and interaction, for improved information

exchange and effective information

dissemination. EPA, through its public and

congressional liaison functions, Federal

Advisory Committee Act (FACA) functions,

media relations, print and web content review

and oversight responsibilities, and

environmental education responsibilities, will
I

------

Goal 7: Quality Environmental Information

implement strategies designed to inform and

educate all segments of the public about

Agency initiatives, policies, regulations,

services, and environmental information

resources, and will develop and monitor

feedback mechanisms to learn from them.

Research

The research program supports this

goal through the Integrated Risk Information

System (OOS) and the Risk Assessment

Forum (RAF). IRIS is an EPA database of

Agency consensus health infonnation on

environmental contaminants. The database is

used extensively by EPA, the states, and the

general public where consistent, reliable

toxicity information is needed for credible risk

assessments. In 2002, the Agency will

develop new and updated Agency consensus

human health assessments of environmental

substances of high priority to EPA and make

them publicly available on IRIS. The RAP

promotes Agency-wide consensus on difficult

and controversial risk assessment issues and

ensures that this consensus is incorporated

into appropriate Agency risk assessment

guidance. In 2002, tbe RAF will develop

technical papers to provide initial guidance on

difficult cumulative risk assessment issues.

These efforts provide data/guidance to

improve the scientific basis for environmental

decision-making.

Highlights

The unprecedented changes In

information technology, combined with an

increasing public demand for information, are

fundamentally altering the way the Agency

and the states collect, manage, analyze, use,

95

secure, and provide access to environmental

information. EPA is working with the states

and tribes to strengthen information quality,

leverage information maintained by other

government organizations, and develop new

tools that provide the public with

simultaneous access to multiple data sets,

allowing users to understand local, state,

regional, and national environmental

conditions.

Information Integration will be key to

achieving the Agency's objectives.

Information Integration builds on a

strengthened partnership between EPA and

the states. It uses an Internet-based,

multimedia approach to environmental

information exchange that is standards-based,

highly connected, dynamic, flexible, and

secure. Integration, with the broad-based

voluntary participation ofthe states and EPA

programs, will provide a wide range ofshared

environmental infonnation to the states,

tribes, localities, regulated community, EPA,

and the public.

m2002, EPA will launch a new grant

program that will provide states and tribes

assistance to develop the National

Environmental Information Exchange

Network (NELEN). This new grant program

will build on work currently underway in

several states and assist states and tribes in

evaluating their readiness to participate in

NEIEN, support their efforts to complete

necessary changes to their information

management systems to facilitate NELEN

participation, and enhance state information

integration efforts.

The Central Data Exchange (CDX)

will be EPA's enterprise-wide portal to the
Goal 7: Quality Environmental Information

Agency's information network. It will also

serve as EPA's node on NEIEN with the

states. CDX will support and translate

different data transmission fonnats used by

states, facilities, and laboratories.

In partnership with states, the Agency

will continue its efforts to expand publicly

available infonnation, both electronically via

the Internet and through other non-electronic

media. This includes the Envirofacts

database, a major data warehouse that

contains 11 national databases. It is used

extensively by EPA. the states, and the public.

In 2002, the Agency will continue its

efforts to promote public access through the

Agency-wide Access to Interpretative

Docwnents (AID, formally known as

Enhanced Public Access). This project is

intended to make all significant Agency

guidance, policy statements, and site-specific

interpretations of the environmental

management practices of regulated entities

electronically accessible to the states,

industry, and the public in a secure manner.

EPA will continue to manage the

Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Program.

The TRI Program provides the public with

information on the releases and other waste

management activities of toxic chemicals.

Two laws, Section 313 of the Emergency

Planning and CommunityRight-To-Know Act

(EPCRA) and Section 6607 of the Pollution

Prevention Act (PPA), mandate that EPA

annually collect information on listed toxic

chemicals from certain industries and make

the information available to the public through

various means, including a publicly accessible

national database. Using this infonnation,

96

citizens, businesses, commWlity groups,

researchers, and governments can work

together to better protect the environment.

In 2002, EPA will continue its effort

to reduce the TRl reporting burden on

industry and improve TRl data quality by

distributing its new software tool, TRl Made

Easy (TRl-ME). EPA also will increase the

percentage of TR1 chemical forms that are

submitted in digital format (electronically and

via floppy disc). EPA will also continue to

refine and expand the public's access to the

TRl data by improving the TRJ data access

tools.

In 2002, the Agency will continue to

modernize its information systems III

cooperation with the states. Modernization

efforts will include data integration and data

quality. These projects will be planned and

managed under an Agency-wide process that

includes the Clinger-Cohen Act investment

review and oversight by EPA management.

EPA's IT program will maintain its

commitment to strong customer service and

strategic investment in new technology to

ensure our continued ability to deliver IT

service efficiently, effectively, and securely.

Through a continuous emphasis on acquiring

the right IT skills, technologies, and services,

EPA will take additional steps in

strengthening and securing the Agency's IT

infrastructure. As a part of this effort, the

Agency will complete 30 risk assessments on

the Agency's central infrastructure and

financial and mission critical environmental

systems. The results ofthese assessments will

be documented and used to guide future

investment decision-making focused on

improving IT security and services.
I Goal 7: Quality Environmental Information

'-- -----J

The Agency's Quality System is

designed to ensure that the environmental data

collected and used by the Agency are of

appropriate quality for their intended use.

Policies and procedures have been established

throughout the Agency to assist individual

data collectors, data users. and decisionmakers in defining their needs for

environmental data and in ensuring that the

data they develop and use meet the stated

needs. All Agency organizations that collect

or use environmental data and their managers

and staff have responsibilities under the

Agency's Quality System to develop and

implement a quality system for their program

consistent with the Agency's system.

Organizations that receive Agency funds for

environmental data collection and use must

also develop and implement quality systems to

ensure that their decisions are supported by

data of known and documented quality.

These organizations include contractors, notfor-profit organizations (such as universities),

state, local, and tribal governments.

EPA's Quality Staff will develop the

Agency-wide policies and procedures for

planning, documenting, implementing, and

assessing data collection and use in Agency

decisions. The Quality Staffwill also develop

training material on the various policies and

oversee implementation of EPA

organizations' Quality Systems. These

Agency-wide policies are intended to ensure

that the Agency gets the "right data" for its

decisions.

To promote environmental literacy and

help the nation meet its educational goals,

EPA has created a national program to deliver

environmental education training to educators

across the country. A key ingredient of

education reform is to provide teachers with

97

the knowledge and skills they need to be more

effective educators. Many efforts are

underway to better equip teachers for the 21 st

century. Students and adults are provided

knowledge about environmental issues along

with important critical thinking and problem

solving skills needed to be effective learners

and decision makers.

The Agency will continue to

contribute to the Agency·wide Enhanced

Public Access Project. This Project is

intended to make all significant Agency

guidance, policy statements, and site-specific

interpretations of the regulated entities'

environmental management practices

electronically accessible to the regions, states,

industry, and the public. In 2002, 90 percent

of enforcement and compliance policy and

guidance will be available on the Internet

within 30 days of issuance. EPA will

continue to manage telephone hotlines,

disburse brochures and reports via the

National Service Center for Environmental

Publications (NSCEP), respond to public

inquiries, and maintain EPA's national library

networks to serve those without personal

computers.

The Agency's environmental justice

program will help communities access

information to ensure that they do not

experience a disproportionate amount of

pollution. Since 1994, more than 950 grants

have been awarded to community

organizations. As a result of these grant

awards, community-based organizations (i.e.,

grassroots groups, churches, and other

nonprofit organizations) have expanded

citizen involvement and given residents the

tools to learn more about exposure to

environmental hanns and about associated

risks, and, consequ~ntlYJ to protect their
I

------

Goal 7: Quality Environmental Information I

families and their communities as they see fit.

These small grants have served as the "seedmoney" for empowerment of the residents of

these communities, allowing them to speak

for themselves and make their own decisions.

In 2002, the program will continue to assist

community-based organizations through the

community small grants program.

Research

In 2002, to improve the scientific basis

for decision-making, the Agency will continue

to provide technical guidance for conducting

risk assessments. To achieve this goal, the

Agency's RAF will focus in three areas:

cumulative risk assessment, ecological risk

assessment, and risk assessments for children.

Efforts will result in technical guidance on the

identification of appropriate age groupings for

exposure assessments for children, technical

issue papers, and a framework for preparing

cumulative risk assessments. The Agency

will also collect, manage, and present

environmental information for the benefit of

the Agency and the public in order to enhance

the availability and utility of data,

information, and tools for decision making.

To that end, tbe Agency will develop new

andlor update Agency consensus human

health assessments of nine environmental

substances of bigh priority to EPA and make

them publicly available on IRIS.

2002 Annual Performance Goals

• In 2002, ensure that EPA's policies,

programs and activities address

disproportionately exposed and

under-represented population issues so

that no segment suffers

98

•

•

•

•

•

disproportionately from adverse health

and environmental effects.

In 2002, improve public access to

compliance and enforcement

documents and data through

multimedia data integration projects

and other studies, analyses and

communication/outreach activities.

In 2002, the Central Data Exchange, a

key component of the environmental

information exchange network, will

become fully operational and 15 states

will be using it to send data to EPA,

thereby improving data consistency

with participating states.

In 2002, 100 percent of the publicly

available facility data from EPA's

national systems accessible on the

EPA Website will be part of the

Integrated Error Correction Process,

reducing data error.

In 2002, EPA will reduce reporting

burden, improve data quality, lower

program costs, and speed data

publication by increasing the amount

ofTRl electronic reporting from 70 to

85 percent.

In 2002, complete risk assessments on

the Agency's critical infrastructure

systems, critical financial systems, and

mission critical environmental

systems.
Goal 7: Quality Environmental Information

Goal 7: Quality Environmental Information Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)

Administrative Services

Congressional Projects

Congrcssional/LegisJative Analysis

Data Collection

Data Standards

Direct Public Infonnation and Assistance

EMPACf

Environmental Education Division

Geospatial

GLOBE

lnfonnation Exchange Network

Lnformation lntegl1ltion

Infomullion Technology Management

NACEPT Support

NAFTA Implementation

National Association Liaison

Pesticide Registration

Pesticide Reregistration

Public Access

Regional Management

Regional Operations and Liaison

Reinvention Programs, Development and Coordination

Rent, Utilities and Security

SBREFA

Small, Minority, Women-Owned Business Assislanee

System Modernization

Toxie Release Inventory I Right-to-Know (RtK)

99

FY 2001

Enacted

$1,958.3

51,917.1

$4,350.5

52,096.6

57,045.3

54,331.2

510.607.5

59,578.1

5522.3

5997.8

50.0

$5,860.2

$25,297.8

$1,556.2

$402.2

5235.2

SO.O

SO.O

$15,702.3

52,993.1

$427.6

$1,623.1

510.264.3

$570.6

52,040.8

$13,474.2

$14,060.9

FY 2002

President's

Budget

S2,025.7

52,029.4

$4,787.6

SI,57\.6

S6.821.9

$11.097.8

SO.O

58.518.3

S512.3

SO.O

S25,000.0

S5,900.0

525,275.4

$1,654.6

S427.6

S258.7

S208.7

S201.1

519,751.2

5430.8

S470.6

Sl,791.3

SI0,957.4

S603.6

$2,152.8

S13,69O.0

S13,547.8
100
GOAL 8:

Sound Science,

Improved

Understanding of

Environmental Risk,

and Greater Innovation

to Address

Environmental

Problems
102
Goal 8: Sound Science, I proved Understanding of

Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

Goal 8: 4.2%

Strategic Goal: EPA will develop and apply the best available science for

addressing current and future environmental hazards as well as new

approaches toward improving environmental protection.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousands)

Sound Science, Improved Understanding of Env. 'Risk and

Greater Innovation to Address Env. Problems

Conduct Research for Ecosystem Assessment and Re tocation

Improve Scientific Basis to Manage Environmental Hazards and

Exposures

Enhance Capabilities to Respond to Future Environmental

Developments

Improve Environmental Systems Management

Quantify Environmental Results ofPartnership Approaches

Incorporate innovative Approaches

Demonstrate Regional Capability to Assist Environmental DecisionMaking

FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2002 vs.

Enacted Reque t FY2001

5334,326.0 $307,247.7 ($27,078.3)

S118158.6 S114,865.9 ($3,292.7)

55349.0 S55388.0 $39.0

$57,719.7 $55,848.2 (SI,871.5)

$58,562.1 $45462.3 (S13,099.8)

S9604.2 $7626.8 (Sl,977.4)

$25,313.6 $21,449.6 ($3,864.0)

$6,843.7 $3,594.1 ($3,249.6)

Conduct Peer Review to Improve Agency Decision

Workyears

$2,775.1

1024.1

$3,012.8

998.4

$237.7

(25.7)

Means and Strategy

EPA is continuing to ensure that it is a

source of sound scientific and technical

infonnation and that it is on the leading edge

of environmental protection innovations that

will allow achievement of the Agency's

strategic objectives. The Agency consults a

103

number of expert sources both internally and

externally and uses several deliberative steps

in planning its research programs. A a

starting point the Agency draws input from

the EPA Strategic Plan, available research

plans, EPA program offices and Regions

Federal research partners and outside peer

advisory bodies such as the Science Advisory

Board (SAB) and others. This input is used
Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of

Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

internally by cross-office teams that prioritize

research areas using risk and other factors

such as National Science and Technology

Council (NSTC) research and development

priorities, client office priorities, court orders,

and legislative mandates. EPA's research

program will increase our understanding of

environmental processes and our capability to

assess environmental risks to both human

health and ecosystems.

In the area of ecosystem protection

research, EPA will strive to establish baseline

conditions from which changes, and

ultimately trends, in the ecological condition

of the Nation's aquatic ecosystems can be

confidently documented, and from which the

results ofenvironmental management policies

can be evaluated at regional scales. Currently,

there is a patchwork ofmonitoring undelWay

in the aquatic systems of the United States.

Due to differences in objectives, methods,

monitoring designs and needs, these data

cannot be combined to estimate, with known

confidence, the magnitude or extent of

improvement or degradation regionally or

nationally in this economically critical

resource. Therefore, the ability to

demonstrate success or failure ofincreasingly

flexible watershed management policies,

regionally and nationally, is also not possible.

EPA's ecosystem protection research program

will provide the methods, designs, and

summary of existing monitoring programs to

develop the baseline required to address these

weaknesses. This work is an important step

toward providing the scientific understanding

to measure, model, maintain, or restore the

integrity and sustainability of ecosystems.

104

In order to improve the scientific basis

for identifying, characterizing, assessing, and

managing environmental exposures that can

pose the greatest health risks to the American

public, EPA is committed to developing and

verifying innovative methods and models for

assessing the susceptibilities of populations to

environmental agents. Many of the current

human health risk assessment methods,

models, and databases are based on

environmental risks for adults. This research

is aimed at enhancing current risk assessment

and management strategies and guidance to

better consider risk detennination needs for

children. This information will be useful in

detennining whether children are more

susceptible to environmental risks than adults

and how to assess risks to children.

EPA's leadership role in protecting

both human and ecosystem health requires

that the Agency continue to be vigilant in

identifying and addressing emerging issues.

EPA will continue to enhance its capabilities

to anticipate, understand, and respond to

future environmental developments. EPA will

address these uncertainties by conducting

research in areas that combine human health

and ecological considerations. Additionally,

EPA will conduct research to enhance its

capacity to evaluate the economic costs and

benefits and other social impacts of

environment policies. EPA is currently

investigating, with the help of the National

Academy for Public Administration (NAPA),

a number of futures methodologies for their

potential use in strategic, multi-year, and

arumal planning efforts. Continued research

in the areas ofendocrine disrupting chemicals

and mercury are leading toward the

development of improved methodologies for
Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of

Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

integrated human health and environmental

risk assessment and sOW1d approaches for risk

management. EPA efforts, in concert with

other agencies, will result in improved

methods to assess economic costs and

benefits, such as improved economic

assessments of land use policies, improved

assessments for the valuation of children's

health, and other social impacts of

environmental decision-making. Benefits of

these programs will include an improved

framework for decision-making, increased

ability to anticipate and perhaps prevent

potentially senous environmental risks,

improved methods for integrated human

health and ecosystem risk assessments.

improved methods for assessmg socioeconomic factors, and enhanced

communication with the public and other

stakeholders.

The Agency also seeks to develop and

verify improved tools and technologies for

characterizing, preventing, and cleaning up

contaminants associated with high priority

human health and environmental problems.

In order to do this, EPA will develop,

evaluate, and deliver technologies and

approaches from multiple sectors (e.g., metal

finishing, printing, pulp and paper, and

textile). Emphasis will be placed on

developing preventive approaches and

assessing those that are currently available for

industries and communities having difficulty

meeting pollution standards. The Agency is

accumulating data on perfonnance and costs

of environmental pollution prevention and

control technologies which will serve as a

basis for EPA, as well as other organizations,

to evaluate and compare the effectiveness and

105

costs of a variety of technologies developed

within and outside the Agency.

EPA's strategy for solving

environmental problems and improving our

system of environmental protection also

includes developing, implementing and

institutionalizing new policy tools,

collaborative community-based and sectorbased strategies, and the capacity to

experiment, test, and disseminate ideas that

result in better environmental outcomes. For

example, EPA's Sector Program Plan 2001-

2005 sets forth a vision and specific actions to

enhance the effectiveness of innovative sector

activities (at the Federal and state levels) and

to fully integrate sector approaches into the

Agency's overall mission and core programs.

Similarly, EPA is strengthening its capacity to

evaluate innovative approaches and make

institutional changes that adopt successful

innovations.

Sector strategies complement current

EPA activities by allowing the Agency to

approach issues more effectively; tailor efforts

to the particular characteristics of each sector;

identify related groups of stakeholders with

interest in a set of issues; link EPA's efforts

with those of other agencies; and craft new

approaches to environmental protection. EPA

is building on successful experiences from its

current sector-based programs such as the

Sustainable Industries Partnership Programs,

Design for the Environment, and sector-based

compliance assistance programs to expand the

ways in which the Agency is working in

partnership with industry sectors to meet high

environmental standards using flexible,

innovative approaches. While these programs

are innovative in and ofthemselves, they also
Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of

Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

foster the development of innovations at the

industry sector level, testing new regulatory

ideas, technologies, tools, and incentives in

non-adversarial settings.

Project XL provides regulated entities

a gateway to work with EPA, its coregulators, and other stakeholders to develop

and implement alternative environmental

management strategies that achieve superior

environmental perfonnance in exchange for

regulatory flexibility. These initiatives offer

a balance between the uncertainty in testing

promising new approaches and safeguards to

ensure the protection of human health and the

environment. These pilots, and those

conducted under the EPA/State Joint

Agreement to Pursue Regulatory Innovation

and other initiatives, if successful, will be

integrated into our system of environmental

protection. Sector-based and facility-based

approaches will offer valuable supplements to

traditional media-specific environmental

policy and, along with place-based and

pollutant-based approaches, offer a menu of

solutions to environmental issues.

llighlights

Research for Ecosystem Assessment and

Restoration

In order to balance the growth of

human activity and the need to protect the

envirornnent, it is important to understand the

current condition of ecosystems, what

stressors are changing that condition, what

the effects are ofthose changes, and what can

be done to prevent, mitigate, or adapt to those

changes. In 2002, the Western Environmental

106

Monitoring & Assessment Program

(WEMAP) study will be a primary activity of

EPA's monitoring research. Streams and

coastal estuaries will continue to be sampled

in 2002 and landscape indicators will continue

to be developed. This study will detennine

the aquatic biological health of streams in

arid, grassland, and alpine ecosystems in

western states. The national coastal

monitoring program will survey the condition

of the Nation's coastal resources (with an

emphasis on estuaries) by creating an

integrated, comprehensive coastal monitoring

program among the coastal states. By the end

of 200 I, all coastal states will have completed

at least an initial round of estuarine sampling.

Activities in 2002 will focus on analysis and

reporting of data resulting from 2000 and

200 I sampling.

Research for Human Health Risk Assessment

An important aim of human health

research in 2002 will be the development of

measurements, methods, and models to

evaluate exposures and effects of

environmental contaminants, particularly in

children. The Agency will continue to

support a children's research program

specifically targeted at addressing major areas

of uncertainty and susceptibility. An

important element of the program is the

children's research centers. These nine

university-based research centers (eight of

which are co-funded by NIEHS) explore a

range of children's risk issues, including

childhood asthma and development disorders.

Other children's research focuses on data gaps

(e.g., longitudinal birth cohort study) and

endocrine disruptors. To address evidence

suggesting that the effects of endocrine
Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of

Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

disrupting chemicals (EDes) exposure in

children could be different from those

experienced by adults, research will continue

to support the development of methods to

evaluate hazards in immature organisms

exposed to EDCs that are quantitatively or

qualitatively different from those observed in

adults.

Research to Enhance Environmental Decision

Making

In recent years, EPA has begun to

move beyond environmental regulation to

anticipate and prevent potential problems

before they evolve into major concerns. In

2002, research will focus on improving our

understanding of the impact of potential

exposure to environmental pollutants on

human health and the environment. and on

developing approaches to reduce human

health and ecological risks. This research will

result in accessible, seamless, common

methodologies for combined human health

and ecological risk assessments. This

research will provide sound approaches for

risk management so that decision-makers will

have the integrated view of risk needed to

make intelligent choices.

Improve Environmental Systems Management

EPA supports pollution prevention as

a necessary and logical strategy for dealing

with potential high risk human health and

environmental problems that are addressed by

federal, environmental, and health and safety

regulations. In 2002, the Agency will

incorporate a systems-based approach to

pollution prevention that more closely

matches the multiple, interactive stressors that

107

threaten both hwnan and environmental

health. In addition, pollution prevention

research will test the ability of risk assessors

and risk managers to develop tools and

methodologies to better convey the costs and

benefits associated with the magnitude ofrisk

that may be identified.

Increased Community-Based Approaches

In 2002, EPA will promote

development of community-based efforts to

manage local environments and strengthen the

links between healthy environments and

prosperous local economies. EPA will

continue to assist communities by providing

information, analysis, and management tools;

and by working with other Federal

departments and agencies and state and tribal

governments to coordinate activities that

support local planning and decision-making to

manage natural resources and ecological

services. The Agency will also demonstrate

integrated measures of ecological and

economic change to provide a foundation for

better decision-making at all levels, and will

provide key evaluations of processes and

projects that allow successful approaches to

be shared more broadly. In addition, EPA

will use Regional Geographic Initiatives

(RG!) to parbler with states, local

governments, private organizations, and

others to solve environmental problems.

Increased Facility and Sector-Based Strategies

EPA's strategy for improving our

system ofenvironmental protection is to pilot

innovative approaches designed to achieve

better protection at less cost and, ifsuccessful,

integrate those pilots into our core practices.
Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of

Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

2002 Annual Performance Goals

The SAB actively consults with the Agency

on how to incorporate science appropriately

and effectively into current and new

environmental decision-making approaches.

The use of the SAB for peer reviews

also supports the Agency-wide commitment to

sound science based on rigorous peer review,

a commitment that has been re-emphasized as

a result of GAO findings in 1997 that such

efforts are applied unevenly within the

Agency. In addition, the SAB's activities

provide the kind of support described in the

1999 National Academy of Sciences report,

"Evaluating Federal Research Programs:

Research and the Government Perfonnance

and Results Act", which concludes that the

most effective way of evaluating a Federal

research program is by expert review, which

includes quality review, relevance review, and

benchmarking.

Through Project XL, the EPA/State Joint

Agreement to Pursue Regulatory Innovation,

and other initiatives, the Agency is testing and

implementing a number ofinnovative ideas in

various environmental programs that will lead

to changes in rules, permits, information

management, environmental stewardship,

enforcement and compliance assurance,

stakeholder involvement, and Agency culture.

For example, as part of Project XL, EPA is

testing ways to streamline permitting so

manufacturers can respond more quickly to

market demands.

Science Advisory Board Peer Review and

Consultations

The Agency will continue to support

the activities, principally peer reviews, ofthe

SAB, which provides independent scientific

and technical advice to Congress and the

Administrator on scientific, engineering, and

economic issues that serve as the

underpinnings for Agency positions, such as

research direction to regulations.

The agenda of SAB activities is

derived from requests from Congress and the

Agency, as well as self-initiated activities

aimed at higWighting areas of concern that

may have escaped Agency attention or may be

incompletely addressed by individual Agency

office programs.

The SAB's broad objective is to help

the Agency perfonn the best science and use

the results of that science appropriately and

effectively in making regulatory decisions. In

so doing, the SAB promotes sound science

within the Agency and a wider recognition of

the quality ofthat science outside the Agency.

108

•

•

•

In 2002, improve pollution prevention

(P2) tools for the industrial sector and

other sectors by providing updated

and/or new methods and approaches

to help users simulate product,

process, or system redesign and

evaluate resulting pollution levels,

impacts, and costs.

In 2002, produce a report on trends in

acid deposition and the acidity of

lakes and streams to assess progress

toward reducing the impacts of acid

ram.

In 2002, formalize generic testing

protocols for technology performance
Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of

Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

verification, and provide additional

perfonnance verifications of pollution

prevention, control. and monitoring

technologies in all environmental

media.

109
Goal 8: Sound Science, Improved Understanding of

Environmental Risk, & Greater Innovation to Address

Environmental Problems

Goal 8: Sound Science Key Programs

(dollars in thousands)

Administrative Services

Clean Water Exposure Research

Coastal Environmental Monitoring

Common Sense Initiative

Endocrine Disruptor Research

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, EMAP

Environmental Technology Verification (ETV)

Exploratory Grants Program

Human Health Research

Performance Track

Pollution Prevention Tools and Technologies

Project XL

Regional Geographic Program

Regional Management

Regional Science and Technology

Reinvention Programs, Development and Coordination

Rent, Utililies and Security

Science Advisory Board

Small Business Ombudsman

STAR Fellowships Program

110

FY 2001

Enacted

53,872.0

$4,448.7

$7,467.5

$1,781.1

$12,849.4

$29,470.7

S6,294.0

S10,368.5

$50,940.4

51,995.6

$24,386.7

$2,922.2

$8,192.3

S93.2

$6,843.7

SI6,923.2

$13,484.7

$2,763.3

$3,000.9

59,704.3

FY 2002

President's

Budget

$3,561.6

$4,577.8

$7,607.6

$1,921.6

$11,321.4

532,985.7

$3,619.6

$10,290.0

$50,807.2

$1,843.6

$21,890.0

$3,090.2

57,421.3

S108.5

$3,594.1

$18,105.1

514,612.3

$3,012.8

S3,106.6

59,708.4
GOAL 9:

A Credible Deterrent to

Pollution and Greater

Compliance with

the Law
112
Goal 9: A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and

Greater Compliance with the Law

GDaI9: 5.6%

Strategic Goal: EPA will ensure full compliance with laws intended to

protect human health and the environment.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2001

Enacted

FY 2002 FY 2002 V5.

Request FY 2001

A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and Greater $397274.6 $411 215.7 $13,941.1

Compliance with the Law

Increase Compliance Through Enforcement $344,745.7 $356,652.5 $11,906.8

Promote Compliance Through Incentives and A i tance $52528.9 $54,563.2 $2,034.3

Workyears 2,553.8 2,330.3 (223.5)

Means and Strategies

Many of the environmental

improvements in this country during the past

30 years can be attributed to a strong set of

environmental laws and EPA enforcement

of them. Due to the breadth and diversity of

private, public, and federal facilities regulated

by EPA under various statutes the Agency

needs to target its enforcement and

compliance assurance activities strategically to

address the most significant risks to human

health and the environment and to ensure that

certain populations do not bear a

disproportionate environmental burden. A

strong enforcement program identifies

noncompliance problems punishes violators,

strives to secure a level economic playing

113

field for law-abiding companies, and deters

future violations. EPA's continued

enforcement efforts will be strengthened

through the development of measures to

assess the impact of enforcement activities

and assist in targeting areas that pose risks to

human health or the environment, display

patterns of noncompliance, and include

disproportionately exposed populations.

State tribal and local government

bear much of the responsibility for ensuring

compliance, and EPA works in partnership

with them and other Federal agencies to

promote environmental protection. Further

EPA cooperates with other nations to enforce

and ensure compliance with environmental

regulations. At the Federal level, EPA

addresses its responsibilities under the
Goal 9: A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and

Greater Compliance with the Law

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

by seeking remedies for potentially adverse

impacts of major actions taken by EPA and

other Federal agencies.

The Agency's enforcement and

compliance assurance program uses voluntary

compliance assistance and incentive tools to

ensure compliance with regulatory

requirements and reduce adverse public health

and environmental problems. Maximum

compliance requires the active efforts of the

regulated community to police itself. EPA

supports the regulated community by assuring

that requirements are clearly understood and

by helping industry find cost-effective options

to comply through the use of pollution

prevention and innovative technologies. EPA

will continue to investigate options for

encouraging self-directed audits and

disclosure; measure and evaluate the

effectiveness of Agency programs In

improving compliance rates; provide

infonnation and compliance assistance to the

regulated community; and develop irmovative

approaches to meeting environmental

standards through better communication,

cooperative approaches, and application of

new technologies.

Highlight.

Environmental Enforcement

Coordinating its activities with the

states, EPA will continue to support

deterrence and compliance activities by

focusing its compliance monitoring onsite

inspections and investigations. In setting the

compliance and enforcement priorities and

strategic direction of the program, EPA

114

coordinates its efforts with and solicits the

views ofour states partners. The Agency uses

the StatelEPA Enforcement Forum as a

vehicle in advancing the coordination of

efforts for joint strategic planning between

EPA and the states.

The Agency will continue to work

with states and tribes to target areas that pose

risks to human health or the environment,

display patterns of noncompliance, or include

disproportionately exposed populations.

Media-specific and industry sector-based

priorities will be established for the national

program through the Office of Enforcement

and Compliance Assurance's Memorandwn of

Agreement 200212003 guidance, developed in

conjunction with the Regional offices and

states.

The civil and criminal enforcement

programs, in contributing to EPA's goal to

protect public health and the environment,

target actions based on health and

environmental risk. The programs aim to

level the economic playing field by ensuring

that violators do not realize an economic

benefit from noncompliance and seek to deter

future violations. In 2002, the Agency's

enforcement initiatives include enforcement

of the lead paint rules and modernization of

its data systems to assist in targeting

compliance and enforcement efforts.

State. Tribal. and International Capacity

Building

A strong state and tribal enforcement

and compliance assurance presence

contributes to creating deterrence and to

reducing noncompliance. In 2002, the

enforcement and compliance assurance
Goal 9: A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and

Greater Compliance with the Law

2002 Annual Performance Goals

environmental requirements through voluntary

compliance incentives and assistance

programs. In 2002, the compliance incentives

program will continue to implement the policy

on Incentives for Self-Policing as a core

element of the enforcement and compliance

assurance program. In addition, the Agency

will provide information and technical

assistance to the regulated community through

the compliance assistance program to increase

its understanding of all statutory or regulatory

environmental requirements, thereby reducing

risk to human health and the environment and

gaining measurable improvements in

compliance. The program will also continue

to develop strategies and compliance

assistance tools that will support initiatives

targeted toward improving compliance in

specific industrial and commercial sectors or

with certain regulatory requirements.

programs will work with and support state

agencies implementing authorized, delegated,

or approved environmental programs. This

effort will increase in 2002 with the

establishment of a new grant program. These

grants will allow states to expand their

responsibility for enforcement of

environmental laws and regulations.

Consistent with regulations and EPA policy,

the Agency will provide an appropriate level

of oversight and guidance to states to ensure

that environmental regulations are fairly and

consistently enforced across the nation.

The Agency provides grant funding,

oversight, training, and technical assistance to

states and tribes. The state and tribal grant

programs are designed to build environmental

partnerships with states and tribes and

strengthen their ability to address

environmental and public health threats.

These threats include contaminated drinking

water, pesticides in food, hazardous waste,

toxic substances, and air pollution.

Meeting its objective of achieving the

benefits of environmental requirements

through an enforcement presence requires

EPA to effectively implement international

commitments for enforcement and compliance

cooperation with other countries, especially

those along the U.S. border. Through such

arrangements, EPA works to reduce

environmental risks to U.S. citizens from

external sources of pollution, as well as to

prevent or reduce the impact of pollution

origination in the United States.

Compliance Incentives and Assistance

The Agency will continue to support

the regulated community's compliance with

115

•

•

•

In 2002, maintain and improve quality

and accuracy of EPA's enforcement

and compliance data to identify

noncompliance and focus on human

health and environmental problems.

In 2002, improve capacity of states,

localities, and tribes to conduct

enforcement and compliance

programs. EPA will provide training

as well as assistance with state and

tribal inspections to build capacity,

including implementation of the

inspector credentials program for

tribal law enforcement personnel.

In 2002, EPA will direct enforcement

actions to maximize compliance and
Goal 9: A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and

Greater Compliance with the Law

•

address environmental and human

health problems; 75 percent of

concluded enforcement actions will

require environmental or human

health improvements such as pollutant

reductions and/or changes in practices

at facilities.

In 2002, EPA will conduct 15,000

inspections, 400 criminal

investigations, and 200 civil

investigations targeted to areas that

pose risks to human health or the

environment, display patterns of

noncompliance, or include

disproportionately exposed

populations.

116

•

•

•

In 2002, increase opportunities

through new targeted sector initiatives

for industries to voluntarily

self-disclose and correct violations on

a corporate-wide basis.

In 2002, promote the use of

Environmental Management Systems

(EMS) to address known compliance

and perfonnance problems.

In 2002, ensure compliance with legal

requirements for proper handling of

hazardous waste imports and exports.
Goal 9: A Credible Deterrent to Pollution and

Greater Compliance with the Law

Goal 9: Deterrent to PoUution Key Programs

(do/lars in thousands)

Administrative Services

Civil Enforcement

Civil Enforcement CWA • CWAP!AFOs

Compliance Assistance and Centers

Compliance Incentives

Compliance Monitoring

Criminal Enforcement

Enforcement Training

NEPA Implementation

Public Access

RCRA State Grants

Regional Management

Rent, Utilities and Security

State Multimedia Enforcement Grants

Slale Pesticides Enforcement Gnnts

Stale Taxies Enforcement Grants

II?

FY 2001

Enacted

S6,233.7

SIOI,817.0

$977.3

524,579.9

510,433.5

556,781.2

$40,840.\

$5,277.7

511,081.4

$179.3

$43,127.6

53,191.7

538,046.5

50.0

519,867.8

$7,348.2

FY 2002

President's

Budget

S5.901.4

599,229.6

50.0

526,047.9

SIO,175.8

S50,127.0

S41,867.0

$4,312.6

Sll,670.9

50.0

$43,127.6

52,363.8

537,417.2

$25,000.0

519,867.8

57,348.2
118
GOAL 10:

Effective

Management
120
Goal to: Effective Management

Goal' 0: 5.9'/i

Strategic Goal: EPA will maintain the highest~quality standards for

environmental leadership and for effective internal management and fiscal

responsibility by managing for results.

Resource Summary

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2001

Enacted

FY 2002 FY 2002 vs.

Request FY 2001

Effective Management $423,375.5 $431 703.8 58,328.3

Provide Leadership $40,833.8 $46,998.0 $6,164.2

Manage for Results Through Services, Policies, and $176,982.3 $189,686.0 $12,703.7

Operations

Provide Quality Work Environment $152,537.9 $141 812.2 ($10,725.7)

Provide Audit. Evaluation, and Investigative Products and $53,021.5 53207.6 $186.1

Services

Workyears 2075.6 2,107.1 31.5

Means and Strategy

The Agency will continue to provide

vision, leadership, policy, and oversight for all

its programs and partnerships. It will employ

management strategies to advance the

protection of human health and the

environment. Strategies that cut across all

organizational boundaries and are key to

performing the Agency s mission are:

•

•

Employment of work relationships

with stakeholders'

Promotion of cost-effective

investment in environmental

protection and public health through

technological changes, fiscal

accountability improved customer

and stakeholder relationships, and

delivery ofservices'

121

• Responsive and

management;

accountable
I Goal 10: Effective Management

------

•

•

Investments in core infrastructure that

maintain a safe, healthy, and

productive work environment;

Assessment of management

challenges and program risks

identified by Congress, oversight

agencies, EPA's Office of the

Inspector General (DIG) and state and

tribal partners;

services meet their needs for timeliness,

efficiency, and quality.

Investment m human resources

ensures that the workforce has the scientific

and technological skills needed for the future

and reflects the talents and perspectives of a

growing multi-cultural society. This strategy

will enable EPA to attract, retain, and further

develop a diverse workforce prepared to meet

the Agency's current and future challenges.

• Commitment to manage hwnan

resources; fostering diversity and

work to secure, develop. empower,

and retain talented people the Agency

needs to accomplish its environmental

nusslOn;

• Recognition of the special

vulnerability of children to

environmental risks and facilitating

the intensified commitment to protect

children's health;

• Reduction ofadministrative compliant

cases.

By building on the success of its

integrated plans, budgets, accountable

processes, and initiatives, EPA continues to

implement the Government Performance and

Results Act (GPRA) to ensure sound

stewardship of Agency fiscal resources. As

part ofthis effort, the Agency is improving its

capabilities to use performance data and other

infonnation to make cost-effective

investments for environmental results. The

Agency also works closely with partners and

stakeholders to meet GPRA challenges. EPA

consults with both internal and external

customers to ensure fiscal management

122

EPA works toward providing a quality

work environment which places high value on

employee safety, security and the design and

establishment ofstate-of-the-art laboratories.

These facilities provide the tools essential to

research innovative solutions for current and

future environmental problems and enhances

our understanding of environmental risks.

Plans for building operations and new

construction to support existing infrastructure

requirements ensure healthy, safe, and secure

work environments and reflect energy

conservation goals. These plans also fulfill

the scientific and functional requirements of

our programs. EPA has adopted an

aggressive strategy to utilize energy saving

performance contracts in order to reduce

energy consumption significantly over the

next five years.

The Agency's efforts in contract

management will focus on selecting the

appropriate contract vehicle to deliver the best

value for the taxpayer. Performance-based

contracts allow the government to manage for

results. Under this system the government

pays for results, not effort or process, and

contractors are encouraged to determine the

best and most cost-effective ways to fulfill the

government's needs. Performance-based

contracts save time and money for the Agency
I

------

Goal 10: Effective Management

by reducing unnecessary contract

administration costs. This is accomplished

by moving away from cost reimbursement

and level of effort to fixed price completion

contracts. In addition, the Agency will put

increased emphasis on contract oversight,

including speeding up the contract process

through fast-track system enhancements and

automation efforts.

All DIG work is focused on the

anticipated value it will have on influencing

and resolving the Agency's major

management challenges, reducing risk,

improving practices and program operations,

and saving taxpayer dollars while leading to

the attainment of EPA's strategic goals.

HigWights of expected Agency 2002

achievements in effective management aTe:

• [mprovementofenvironmental quality

and human health;

• Improvement ofAgency management

and program operations; and

administrative complaints and environmental

adjudications.

Highlights

Agency management provides vision,

leadership and conducts policy oversight for

all Agency programs. Sound management

principles, practices, results-based plans and

budgets, fiscal accountability, quality

customer service, policy guidance, and

careful stewardship of Agency's resources are

the foundation ofEPA's efforts to protect the

human health and the environment.

In 2002, EPA will build on its

progress oflinking resources to environmental

results through goals-based fiscal resource

management. The Agency will provide more

useful cost accounting infonnation for

environmental decision-making. EPA will

make continued progress to evaluate the

environmental results ofits program activities.

Highlights of expected Agency 2002

achievements in effective management are:

• Producing timely, quality, and costeffective products and services.

The Agency will continue its

commitment to protect children's health by

targeting resources towards activities that will

assure that the decisions and actions taken by

the Agency consider risks to children,

including working to develop sound scientific

information to provide the basis for these

decisions and actions. The Agency will also

provide policy direction and guidance on

equal employment opportunity and civil

rights. The Agency's Administrative Law

Judges and its Environmental Appeals Board

Judges will issue timely decisions on

123

•

•

•

Continued improvement in the

accountability process that provides

timely performance infonnation used

in strategic and annual plans, budget

formulation, and reports.

Maintenance of a clean audit opinion

on the Agency's financial statements

to demonstrate the highest caliber of

resource stewardship and the

credibility and reliability of Agency

financial information.

Implementation of a new payroll

system that will reduce processing

costs and burdens through use of

efficient technology and processes.
I

------

Goal 10: Effective Management

• Continued development a long-tenn

solution for the replacement of the

Agency's major financial system and

ancillary specialized systems that will

better integrate these systems with

other Agency resource database and

administrative systems.

• Expansion of cost accounting and

financial reporting capabilities to

make relevant financial information

readily available for decision-making

purposes.

The Agency continues to strengthen

pre-award and post-award management of

assistance agreements. In 2002, EPA will

closeout all interagency agreements and nonconstruction grants that end before

September 3D, 2001, ensuring projects are

closed in a timely manner and that backlogs

are avoided. The Agency will move toward

electronic execution of grants internally and

continue its commitment to integrate with

Federal Commons, the central source for

electronic grants administration for the

government. The Agency will improve

electronic commerce by providing electronic

communication and contract management

between EPA Program Offices and EPA

contractors through the use ofEPA's Program

Office Interface System. In 2002, the

Agency will continue to improve efficiencies

in the contract process, while saving taxpayers

dollars, through use of perfonnance-based

contracts. All new contracts will be evaluated

for possible award or conversion to

perfonnance-based contracts.

In 2002, the Agency's request reflects

the need to invest in our human resources to

ensure that EPA has the science, technology,

124

and interdisciplinary skills needed for the

future and that EPA's workforce reflects the

talents and perspectives of a growing multicultural society. To support this priority, the

Agency will continue to implement its

"Strategy for Human Capital." The Strategy

represents a strategic direction in which to

invest in and manage the Agency's human

resources. The effort includes workforce

planning, to ensure that human resource

requirements are aligned with strategic goals,

and training, to enable our workforce to

deliver national leadership, science, and

technology expertise in environmental

protection. The Agency recognizes that

investing in human resources is fundamental

to achieving our strategic goals and

objectives. The Agency's human resource

goals are:

• Attracting and retaining a diverse and

highly skilled workforce;

• Ensuring the workforce perfonns to its

highest potential;

• Encouraging the workforce to be

innovative, creative, and risk-taking at

all levels ofthe organization;

• Continuing to develop a sense of

community, where differences are

recognized as contributing to the

whole, all employees' contributions

are appreciated. and all views are

solicited and welcomed;

• Practicing teamwork and collaboration

with internal and external partners;

and
I

------ Goal 10: Effective Management I

The Agency's building operations and

new construction budget ensures a healthy,

safe, and secure work environment for its

employees, and integrates energy conservation

and state-of-the-art technology into its daily

activities. The Agency will ensure that all

new and ongoing construction projects are

progressing and completed as scheduled.

Renovation activities will continue at the New

Headquarters project. EPA will also address

critical repairs in EPA facilities related to

employee health and safety, as well as

environmental protection. These facilities

provide the tools essential for researching

innovative solutions to current and future

environmental problems and enhancing our

understanding of environmental risks.

The DIG will conduct and supervise

independent and objective audits, evaluations,

and investigations relating to Agency

programs and operations, and will provide

advisory services. The DIG will also review

and make recommendations regarding

existing and proposed legislation and

regulations impacting the Agency. In

addition, program evaluations and five types

of audits will be conducted: contract,

assistance agreement, program, fmancial

statement, and systems audits. Five types of

investigations will be performed: program

integrity, assistance agreement, contract and

procurement, employee integrity, and

computer forensic investigations. Combined,

these activities promote economy, efficiency,

and effectiveness within the Agency, prevent

and detect fraud, waste, and abuse, and

contribute to improved environmental quality

• Integrating hwnan resource systems

with planning, budgeting, and

accountability processes.

125

and human health. The DIG will keep the

EPA Administrator and Congress fully

informed of problems and deficiencies

identified in Agency programs and operations

and the necessity for corrective actions.

EPA will continue its commitment to

protect children's health. The Agency will

direct resources toward the programs that

reduce risks to children from a range of

environmental hazards. In 2002, the Agency

will focus on research and analyses to provide

scientific and economic information needed to

address the heightened risks faced by children

from environmental contaminants. The

Agency will continue to work to decrease the

frequency and severity of asthma attacks in

children through reduction and avoidance of

key asthma triggers, including environmental

tobacco smoke, prevalent indoor allergens,

and ambient air pollution. The Agency will

continue efforts to reduce children's exposure

to lead, particularly in low income minority

neighborhoods, where children living in older

housing are much more likely to be exposed

to lead. We will continue to build

partnerships and work with other Federal

agencies, states, health care providers,

schools, and international organizations to

incorporate children's environmental health

into their programs and activities. Highlights

of expected Agency 2002 achievements in

effective management are:

• Improvement of internal

discrimination complaints process to

provide employees and applicants for

employment an oppornmity to seek

redress; and

• Improvement of external

discrimination complaints process to
I Goal 10: Effective Management I ------

2002 Annual Performance Goals

• In 2002, improve environmental

quality and human health by

recommending 50 improvements

across Agency environmental goals.

identifying and recommending

solutions to reduce 15 of the highest

environmental risks, and identifying

15 best environmental practices.

•

prohibit discrimination against any

entity that receives Federal financial

assistance.

In 2002, EPA continues improving

bow it measures progress in achieving

its strategic objectives and annual

goals by increasing external

performance goals and measures

characterized as outcomes by 2

percent in the 2003 Annual

126

•

•

•

•

Performance Plan and Congressional

Justification compared to 2002.

In 2002, EPA strengthens goal-based

decision-making by developing and

issuing timely planning and resource

Management products that meet

customer needs.

In 2002, EPA will initiate a

demonstration fuel cell at Fort Meade

Laboratory.

In 2002, EPA will ensure personnel

are relocated to new space as

scheduled.

In 2002, EPA will ensure that aU new

and ongoing construction projects are

progressing and completed as

scheduled.
Goal 10: Effective Management

GoaIJO: Effective Management Key Programs

(dollars in Ihousands)

FY 2001

Enacted

FY 2002

President's

Budget

Administrative Law

Administrative Services

Assistance Agreement Audits

Assistance Agreement Investigations

Brownfields

Civil RightsfTitle VI Compliance

Contract and Procurement Investigations

Contract Audits

Employee Integrity Investigations

Environmental Appeals Boards

Environmental Finance Center Grants (EFe)

Financial Statement Audits

Immediate Office of the Administrator

Infonnation Technology Management

Planning and Resource Management

Planning, Analysis, and Results· IG

Program Audits

Program Evaluation· IG

Program Integrity Investigations

Regional Management

Regional Program Infrastructure

Regional Science and Technology

Rent, Utilities and Security

127

S2,566.3

581,612.9

55,352.1

52,765.0

$0.0

S9,140.1

52,979.7

55,346.2

S921.2

S1,548.8

51,249.0

$4,247.3

S3,300.0

13,250.4

$47,567.1

51,612.2

SI2,763.4

S2,842.0

SI,483.1

$21.304.8

S28,670.4

51,369.5

S38,920.1

S2,828.3

587,341.1

52,000.0

S2.900.0

S23l.1

$11,898.3

53,100.0

55,200.0

SI,OOO.O

$1.711.6

51,249.0

54,000.0

54,294.2

$0.0

$47,246.8

SI,600.0

54,900.0

$15.000.0

51,500.0

552,843.6

56,032.1

SO.O

S42,794.8
128
ADDITIONAL

INFORMATION
130
I Categorical Progtam Grant8

'--------

(dollars in millions)

$1,058 $1,006

I--

$880 $885

$745

$643 $665 $645 $674

$548

$468

, , 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

The President's 2002 Budget requests

a total 0£SI,055.8 million for 2 J 'categorical'

program grants for state and tribal

governments. This is an increase of $50.0

million over 200 I. These grants are part of

EPA's Operating Programs even though they

are funded in the State and Tribal Assistance

Grant (STAG) appropriation account. EPA

will continue to pursue its strategy of building

and supporting state, local and tribal capacity

to implement, operate, and enforce the

Nation's environmental laws. Most

environmental laws envision establishment of

a decentralized nationwide structure to protect

public health and the environment. In this

way, environmental goals will ultimately be

131

achieved through the actions, programs, and

commitments of state, tribal and local

governments, organizations, and citizens.

In 2002, EPA will continue to give

more flexibility to state and tribal

governments to manage their environmental

programs as well as provide teclmical and

financial assistance. First, EPA and its state

and tribal partners will continue implementing

the National Environmental Perfonnance

Partnership System (NEPPS). NEPPS is

designed to allow states more flexibility to

operate their programs with less interference

from the Federal government, while

increasing emphasis on measuring and
I Categorical Program Grants

reporting environmental improvements.

Second. Performance Partnership Grants

(PPOs) will continue to allow states and tribes

funding flexibility to combine categorical

program grants to address environmental

priorities.

Highlights

Enforcement State Grants

The President's Budget includes a new

$25.0 million grant program. This reflects a

shift in emphasis for enforcement from

Federal enforcement to state enforcement for

those programs already delegated to the states.

This shift creates a new $25.0 million grant

program for states and tribes that will bring

enforcement closer to the entity being

regulated. EPA will offer media specific and

multi-media funding to states and tribes for

compliance assurance activities including

compliance assistance and incentives,

inspections, and enforcement actions.

Information Exchange Network

The President's 2002 Budget requests

$25.0 million to launch a new grant program

that will provide states and tribes assistance to

develop the National Environmental

Information Exchange Network (NEIEN).

This new grant program will build on work

currently underway in several states and assist

states and tribes in evaluating their readiness

to participate in NEIEN. This grant will also

support state and tribal efforts to complete

necessary changes to their infonnation

management systems to facilitate

participation, and enhance state infonnation

integration efforts. NEIEN will improve

environmental decision-making, improve data

quality and accuracy, ensure security of

132

sensitive data, and reduce the burden on those

who provide and those who access

infonnation.

Elimination ofTribal Cap on Non-Point

Sources

The President's 2002 Budget is

proposing to eliminate the statutory one-thirdof-one-percent cap on Clean Water Act

Section 319 Non-point Source Pollution

grants that may be awarded to tribes. Tribes

applying for and receiving Section 319 grants

have steadily increased from two in 1991 to

over 30 in 2001. Sixty-five tribes have met

the eligibility requirements to receive Section

319 grants. This proposal recognizes the

increasing demand on the limited pool of

Section 319 grant funds for tribal non-point

source program needs.
Water Infrastructure Financing I

'-----------

(dollars in miWons)

FY 2001 FY 2002

Enacted President's Budget

Wastewater Grants U.347,O $I,300,9

- Clean Water Siale Revolving Fund (CIV5RF) $/.347.0 $850.0

- Sewer Overflow Control Grants 50.0 $450.0

Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) S823.2 5823.2

Mexican Border Projects $74.8 $74.8

Alaska Native Villages S34.9 $34.9

Special Needs Projects $335.0 SO.O

Total 52,615.0 52,232.9

Water Infrastructure Funds

The President's 2002 Budget requests

a total of $2,232.9 million for EPA's Water

Infrastructure programs, a decrease of $382.1

million from 2001. Of the total water

infrastructure request, $2,158.1 million will

support EPA's Goa12: Clean and Safe Water,

and $74.8 million will support EPA's Goal 6:

Reduction of Global and Cross-Border

Environmental Risks. The $382.1 million

decrease is the net result of an increase of

$450.0 million for the new sewer overflow

control grants, a $497.0 million decrease in

the Clean Water State Revolving Fund

(CWSRF) program, and a $335.0 million

reduction in 200 I Congressional eannarks.

The resources requested in this budget

will enable the Agency, in conjunction with

EPA's state, local, and tribal partners, to

achieve several important goals for 2002.

Some ofthese goals include:

• 91 percent ofthe population served by

community water systems will receive

drinking water meeting all

133

health·based standards in effect as of

1994, up from 83 percent in 1994.

• 700 projects funded by the CWSRF

will initiate operations, including 400

projects providing secondary

treatment, advanced treatment,

combined sewer overflow (CSO)

correction (treatment), andlor stonn

water treatment. Cumulatively, 7,900

projects will have initiated operations

since program inception.

Water infrastructure funding Wlder the

State and Tribal Assistance Grants (STAG)

appropriation provides financial assistance to

states, municipalities and tribal governments

to fund a variety ofdrinking water, water, and

wastewater infrastructure projects. These

funds are essential to fulfill the federal

government's commitment to help our state,

tribal and local partners obtain adequate

funding to construct the facilities required to

comply with federal environmental

requirements and ensure public health. States

and localities rely on a variety of revenue

sources to finance their environmental
I Water Infrastructure Financing

-------

programs and to pay for the facilities needed

to keep the water clean and safe from harmful

contaminants.

Providing STAG funds through State

Revolving Fund (SRF) programs, EPA works

in partnership with the states to provide

low-cost loans to municipalities for

infrastrucnrre construction. SRF funds are

also provided as grants to tribal governments

to help them address their water, drinking

water, and wastewater needs.

Goal 2: Clean and Safe Water

Sewer Overflow Control Grants

For 2002, the Agency is requesting

$450.0 million for a new sewer overflow

control grant program to address esos and

State Sewer Overflows (SSOs) as authorized

by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of

2000. Sewer overflows result in thousands of

discharges ofraw sewage each year, and are a

significant source ofwater quality irnpainnent

generally. Funds will be allocated to the

states in 2002 using the same fonnula that is

used to allot Clean Water SRF funding. A

new allocation method will be developed for

2003.

Capitalizing Clean Water and Dn'nking Water

State Revolving Funds

The Clean Water and Drinking Water

State Revolving Fund programs demonstrate

a true partnership between states, localities

and the federal government. These programs

provide federal fmancial assistance to states,

localities, and tribal governments to protect

the Nation's water resources by providing

funds for the construction of drinking water

and wastewater treatment facilities. The state

134

revolving funds are two of the Agency's

premier tools for building the financial

capacity of our partners.

EPA will continue to capitalize the

CWSRF. Through this program, the federal

government provides financial assistance for

wastewater and other water projects, including

non-point source, estuary, stormwater, and

sewer overflow projects. Water infrastructure

projects contribute to direct ecosystem

improvements by lowering the amount of

nutrients and toxic pollutants in all types of

surface waters.

This budget request includes $850.0

million for the CWSRF. Over $18 billion has

already been provided to capitalize the

CWSRF, more than twice the original

authorized level of $8.4 billion. The 2002

request keeps EPA on track with our

commitment to meet the goal for the CWSRF

to provide an average of $2 billion in arumal

financial assistance, even after the federal

capitalization ends. Total SRF funds available

for loans since 1987, reflecting loan

repayments, state match dollars, and other

sources of funding, are approximately $34.0

billion, of which $30.0 billion has been

provided to communities as financial

assistance and $3.4 billion remains available

as of June 30, 2000. In 2000 alone, over $4

billion in fmancial assistance was provided to

local communities from state CWSRF

programs.

The dramatic progress made in

improving the quality ofwastewater treatment

since the 1970s is a national success. In 1972,

only 84 million people were served by

secondary or advanced wastewater treatment

facilities. Today, 99 percent of comnnmity

wastewater treatment plants, serving 181
Water Infrastructure Financing

million people, use secondary treatment or

bener.

To improve public health and water

quality in Indian Country, the Agency

proposes to continue the 1 12 percent set-aside

ofthe CWSRF for wastewater grants to tribes

as provided in the Agency's 2001

appropriation. More than 70,000 homes in

Indian Country have inadequate or

nonexistent wastewater treatment. EPA and

the Indian Health Service estimate that tribal

wastewater infrastructure needs exceed

$650.0 million as of 1997.

In 2002, the President is requesting

$823.2 million for the Drinking Water State

Revolving Fund (DWSRF). Through the

DWSRF program, states will provide loans to

finance improvements to community water

systems so that they can achieve compliance

with the mandates ofthe 1996 Safe Drinking

Water Act (SDWA) Amendments and

continue to protect public health. Some

non~state recipients, such as the District of

Columbia and the tribes, will receive their

DWSRF allocations in the form of grants.

The DWSRFs will be self-sustaining

in the long run and will help offset the costs

of ensuring safe drinking water supplies and

assist small communities in meeting their

responsibilities. The 2002 request keeps EPA

on track with our commitment to meet the

goal for the DWSRF to provide an average of

$500 million in annual financial assistance,

even after the federal capitalization ends.

Through 2001, Congress has appropriated

$4.4 billion for the DWSRF program.

Through lune 30, 2000, states had received

$2.7 bilJion in capitalization grants, which

when combined with the state match, bond

proceeds and other funds provided $3.7

135

billion in total cumulative funds available for

loans. Through June 30, 2000, states had

made close to 1,200 loans totaling $2.3 billion

and $1.4 billion remained available for loans.

State Flexibility Between SRFs

The Agency requests continuation of

authority provided in the 1996 SDWA

Amendments which allows states to transfer

an amount equal up to 33 percent of their

DWSRF grants to their CWSRF programs, or

an equivalent amount from their CWSRF

program to tbeir DWSRF program. The

transfer provision gives states flexibility to

address the most critical demands in either

program at a given time. Unless extended, the

transfer provision expires September 30,

2001.

Supporting Alaska Native Villages

The President's Budget requests $34.9

million for Alaska native villages for the

construction ofwastewater and drinking water

facilities to address serious sanitation

problems. EPA will continue to work with

the Department of Health and Human

Services' Indian Health Service, the State of

Alaska, and local communities to provide

needed fmancial and technical assistance.

Goal 6: Reducing Cross-Border

Environmental Risks - U.S.lMexico

The President's Budget requests a total

of $74.8 million for water infrastructure

. projects along the U.S./Mexico Border. The

goal of this program IS to reduce

environmental and human health risks along

the U.S./Mexico Border. The communities

along both sides of the Border are facing
Water Infrastructure Financing

unusual hwnan health and environmental

threats because of the lack of adequate

wastewater and drinking water facilities.

EPA's U.s./Mexico Border program provides

funds to support the planning, design, and

construction of high priority water and

wastewater treatment projects along the

U.S.lMexico Border.

136
Trust Fund

(dol/ars in millions)

FY 2002 FY 2002

FY 2001 FY 200t President's President's

Enacted Enacted FTE Budget Budget FTE

Superfund

Response $912.8 1,576.6 S914.1 1,559.9

Enforcement $168.1 1,137.4 $161.2 1,069.3

Management & SUPPOI1 $127.7 500.7 $133.3 491.6

Other Federal Agencies $10.7 0.0 $10.7 0.0

Transfers

Inspector General $11.5 94.4 $11.9 92.2

Research & Development 536.4 121.6 $36.9 109.4

Superfund Total $1,267.2 3,430.7 51,268.1 3,322.4

Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) SO.O 97.7 50.0 83.6

LUST $71.9 81.9 $71.9 80,4

Trust Fund Total: 51,339.1 3,610.3 51,339.8 3,486.4

I

Superfund

The President's 2002 Budget requests

a lolal of $1,268.1 million and 3,322.4

workyears for Superfund. Currently, more

than 92 percent of 1,450 sites on the

Superfund fmal national priorities list (NPL)

are either undergoing cleanup construction

(remedial or removal) or are completed.

Dflbe lotal funding requested, $914.1

million and 1,559.9 workyears are for

Superfund cleanups and Brownfields

redevelopment. The Agency's Superfund

cleanup program addresses public health and

environmental threats from uncontrolled

releases of hazardous substances. In 2002,

EPA and its partners will complete 65

Superfund cleanups at NPL sites to achieve

the overall goal of 897 construction

completions by the end of2002.

The Agency is requesting $97.7

million for the Brownfields program within

the total Superfund request of$914.1 million.

This is a $5.0 million increase to the 200 I

Budget for the Brownfields program. The

additional resources will provide funding for

brownfields assessment pilots and State

Voluntary Cleanup programs. Brownfields

are abandoned, idled, or underused industrial

and commercial properties, and are not

traditional Superfund sites as they are not

137
I Trust Funds I 1.--------.:=----

generally higWy contaminated and prese~t

lesser health risks. The Agency 5

Brownfields program encourages the

redevelopment of these sites by.ad~~essing

concerns such as environmental hablhty ~nd

cleanup, infrastructure declines, and changmg

development priorities.

Ofthe total funding requested, $161.2

million and 1,069.3 workyears for the

Superfund Enforcement program. One of

Superfund's primary goals is to have

responsible parties pay for and conduct

cleanups at abandoned or uncontrolled

hazardous waste sites. The program focuses

on maximizing all aspects of potentially

responsible party (PRP) participation,

including having PRPs initiate work at 70

percent ofthe new consnuction starts at 000-

Federal Facility Superfund sites, and

emphasizing fairness in the settlement

process. Where PRP negotiations and

previous enforcement actions fail, EPA uses

its appropriation to clean up sites and then

seeks to recover these costs from the PRPs.

10 2002, EPA will also make offers to

compensate settling parties, through

forgiveness of past costs and future

oversight costs, and for orphan shares at all

eligible settlement negotiations for response

work.

The remammg portion of the

Superfund 2002 President's Budget comprises

Management and Support, other Federal

agencies, Research and Development and

Inspector General. The President's Budget

requests $133.3 million and 491.6 workyears

for management and support activities. These

resources support Agency-wide resource

management and control functions including:

essential infrastructure, contract

138

administration, financial accounting and other

fiscal operations.

lncluded in the Superfund request is

$10.7 million for other Federal Agency

partners. The Agency works with seve~l

other Federal agencies to perfonn essential

services in areas where the Agency does not

possess the specialized expertise. Curren~ly

the Agency has interagency agreements WIth

the United States Coast Guard, the

Department of the Interior, the Federal

Emergency Management Agency, and the

Occupational Safety and Health

Administration.

The President's Budget also requests

$48.8 million and 201.6 workyears to be

transferred to Research and Development for

innovative cleanup technology testing and the

Inspector General for program auditing.

Base Realignment and Closure Act (BRAC)

The 2002 President's Budget requests 83.6

reimburseable workyears to conduct the

BRAe program. Since 1993, EPA has

worked with the Department of Defense

(DoD) and the states' environmental programs

to make property environmentally acceptable

for transfer, while protecting human health

and the environment - at realigning or

closing military installations. Between 1988

and 1995, 497 major military installations

representing the Anny, Navy, Air Force, and

Defense Logistics Agency were slated for

realigrunent or closure.
I

------ Trust Funds

LUST

The 2002 President's Budget requests

$71.9 million and 80.4 workyears for the

Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST)

program. Approximately 85 percent of this

will be used for state cooperative agreements

and support for tribal cleanup. The Agency's

highest priorities in the LUST program over

the next several years will be to address the

backlog of 160,000 cleanups (as of September

1999), and to address LUST sites that are

difficult to remediate because they are

contaminated by methyl tertiary butyl ether

(MTBE) and other oxygenates. In 2002, the

Agency's goal is to complete 23,000 cleanups

under the supervision of EPA and its state,

local and tribal partners. The Agency will

also support the "USTFields" program which

focuses attention on abandoned or idled

industrial and commercial UST facilities.

139
140
Environmental Protection Agency

Summarv of AfJencv Workforce bv Goal

1. Clean Air

2. Clean & Safe Water

3. Safe Food

4. Preventing Pollution

5. Better Waste Management

6. Global & Cross Border

7. Quality Environmenta1lnfonnation

8. Sound Science

9. Credible Deterrent

10. Effective management

Grand Total

Workyears

FY 2002

FY 2001 President's

Enacted Budget

1,855.6 1,810.8

2,715.0 2,694.1

796.9 770.9

1,171.3 1,161.7

4,396.1 4,265.8

521.0 506.6

890.6 854.3

1,024.1 998.4

2,553.8 2,330.3

2,075.6 2,107.1

18,000,0 17,500.0

Delta

FY 2002

VS.

FY 2001

(44.8)

(20.9)

(26.0)

(9.6)

(130.3)

(14.4)

(36.3)

(25.7)

(223.5)

31.5

(500.0)

141
Environmental Protcction Agency

Summary of Aecncv Resources bv Goal

(dollars in thousands)

1. Clean Air

2. Clean & Safe Water

3. Safe Food

4. Preventing Pollution

5. Better Waste Management

6. Global & Cross Border

7. Quality Environmental Infonnation

8. Sound Science

9. Credible Deterrent

10. Effective management

Offsetting Receipts

GRAND TOTAL Budget Authority

FY 2001

Enacted

$590,082.0

$3,675,947.8

$109,303.9

$301,113.7

$1,517,539.9

$284,410.8

$178,253.4

$334,326.0

$397,274.6

$423,375.5

$0.0

57,811,627.6

142

FY 2002

President's

Budget

$564,628.0

$3,213,402.5

$108,245.0

$297,572.3

$1,510,758.2

$282,698.9

$189,128.1

$307,247.7

$411,215.7

$431,703.8

($4,000.0)

57,312,600.2

Delta

FY 2002 VS.

FY 2001

($25,454.0)

($462,545.3)

($1,058.9)

($3,541.4)

($6,781.7)

($1,711.9)

$10,874.7

($27,078.3)

$13,941.1

$8,328.3

($4,000.0)

(5499,027.4)
Environmental Protection Agency

Summary of Al!ency Resources by A~r~'o~olrJ~'a:;:ti:;:o;;n~~~=~~=d

(dollars in thousands)

FY 2002 Delta

FY 2001 President's FY 2002 v,.

Enacted Budl!et FY 2001

Science & Technology $695,466.6 $640,537.8 ($54,928.8)

Environmental Program & Mgt. $2,083,396.4 $\ ,972,960.0 ($\10,436.4)

Building & Facilities $23,878.4 $25,3\8.4 $1,440.0

Oil Spill Response $14,967.0 $14,967.0 $0.0

Inspector General $34,019.0 $34,0\9.0 $0.0

Superfund $\,267,206.0 $1,268,135.2 $929.2

Superfund Program $1,219,311.6 $1,219,377.7 $66.1

Research Transfer $36,419.7 $36,890.5 $470.8

IG Transfer $11,474.7 $11,867.0 $392.3

State & Tribal Assistance Grants $3,620,756.8 $3,288,725.4 ($332,031.4)

Leaking UndergroWld Storage Tanks $71,937.4 $7\,937.4 $0.0

Offsetting Receipts

GRAND TOTAL Budget Authority

$0.0

$7,811,627.6

\43

($4,000.0)

$7,312,600.2

($4,000.0)

($499,027.4)
CATEGORICAL PROGRAM GRAI'''riTS (STAG)

by National Program Manlg:~r and Stale Grant

(Dollars in Thou.J(JJIds)

Air & Radiation

SLale and Local Assistance

Tribal Assistance

""do,

Wat~r

Pollution Control (Section 106)

BEACH Program

Nonpoint Sourc:~

Wetlands Program Development

Wat~r Quality Cooperative: Agnnr.s

Drinking WIl~r

Public Water System Supcnoision (PWSS)

Underground Injection Control (UIC)

HaurdoUli Wasle

H.W. Financial Assistance

Underground Storage Tanks

Pesticides & Taxies

pe:$liddc:s Program Implementation "'.. Toxic Substances Compliance

Pesticides Enforcement

Multimedia

[nformation Exchange Network

Multi-Media Enforcement Granr.s

Pollution Prevention

Enforcement &. Compliance Assurance

Indian General Assislance Program

TOTALS

II Includes 0,38% res<:ission.

21 Includes 0.22% rc:sdssion.

FY 2002

FY 2000 FY 2001 President's

EnacUd II Enacled 12 Budget

$198,690.0 S208,S40.1 $208,540.1

$11.068.8 511,044.5 511,044.5

$8.158.0 $!.lID 58,139.9

5217.916.8 5227,724.S $127,724.S

SII5.529.3 SI71,883.3 SI69.883.3

SO.O 50.0 S2.000.0

$200,000.0 $237.476.8 $237,476.8

$15,000.0 $14,967.0 SI4.967.0

$19.000.0 $18.958.2 SI8.958.2

5349,5293 5443,285.3 5443.285.3

$93,305.5 S93.100.2 593,100.2

$10.975.0 $10.950.9 $10.950.9

$104,280.:5 SI04,051.l $104.051.1.

$98,598.2 $106,363.6 5106,363.6

$11.944.7 511.918.4 $11.918.4

$110.542.9 5118,282,0 5118.282.0

$13,114,6 S13,085.s 513,085.S

513,712.2 S13.682.0 513.682.0

5S,ISO.0 $5,138.8 $S,138.8

S19.911.6 $19.867.9 $19.867.9

551,888.4 $51,774.2 $51,774.2

$0.0 $0.0 $25,000.0

$0.0 $0.0 $25,000.0

$5.999.5 $5,986.3 55,986.3

$2,214.2 $2,209.3 $2,209.3

$42.628.4 $52.469.7 552.469.7

$50,842.1 $60,665,3 $110,665.3

5885.000.0 51.005,781.4 51.055,782.4