fact

fact book

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NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE

fact book

fact book

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fact bookfact book

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FACT BOOK

FISCAL YEAR

2006



iii

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Contents

Contents

Figures ................................................................................................................................................. v

Tables ................................................................................................................................................ vii

1. Directory of Personnel .................................................................................................................. 1

2. Program Overview........................................................................................................................ 9

3. Important Events......................................................................................................................... 21

4. Disease Statistics......................................................................................................................... 33

5. Institute-Initiated Programs Starting in FY 2006........................................................................ 53

6. Institute Public Advisory Committees........................................................................................ 59

7. Fiscal Year 2006 Budget Overview ............................................................................................ 65

8. Long-Term Trends ...................................................................................................................... 69

9. Research Grants.......................................................................................................................... 77

10. Research and Development Contracts...................................................................................... 105

11. Clinical Trials............................................................................................................................ 115

12. Minority Activities.................................................................................................................... 137

13. Research Training and Career Development Programs............................................................ 155

14. Geographic Distribution of Awards: Fiscal Year 2006 ............................................................ 163

Appendixes

Types of Research Activity ....................................................................................................... 187

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................ 193

Index ......................................................................................................................................... 197

v

Figures

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Deaths by Major Causes, U.S., 2004 ............................................................................................................35

Deaths From Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 2004...........................................................35

Deaths From Cardiovascular Diseases, U.S., 2004 .......................................................................................36

Deaths From Lung Diseases, U.S., 2004.......................................................................................................36

Deaths From Blood Diseases, U.S., 2004 .....................................................................................................36

Deaths From Cardiovascular Diseases, U.S., 1900–2004..............................................................................37

Death Rates for Cardiovascular Diseases, U.S., 1900–2004..........................................................................37

Ten Leading Causes of Death: Death Rates, U.S., 2004 ..............................................................................38

Ten Leading Causes of Death Among Minority Groups, U.S., 2003............................................................38

Deaths From Heart Failure, U.S., 1970–2004...............................................................................................39

Death Rates for Heart Disease by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity, U.S., 1985–2003 ........................................40

Death Rates for Stroke by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity, U.S., 1985–2003 ....................................................40

Death Rates for Coronary Heart Disease, U.S., 1950–2004..........................................................................41

Common Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases With High Percentage Discharged Dead 

From Hospitals, U.S., 1975, 1985, and 2004 ..............................................................................................41

Death Rates for Coronary Heart Disease in Men Ages 35–74 Years, Selected Countries, 1970–2004...........42

Death Rates for Coronary Heart Disease in Women Ages 35–74 Years, Selected Countries, 1970–2004 ......42

Change in Death Rates for Selected Causes by Race and Gender, U.S., 1999–2004......................................43

Death Rates for Lung Diseases in Infants, U.S., 1980–2004 .........................................................................43

Ten Leading Causes of Infant Mortality, U.S., 2004 ....................................................................................44

Deaths Under Age 1 Year Due to Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases, U.S., 2004........................................44

Death Rates for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Men Ages 35+ Years, 

Selected Countries, 1980–2004...................................................................................................................45

Death Rates for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Women Ages 35+ Years, 

Selected Countries, 1980–2004...................................................................................................................45

Death Rates for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity, 

U.S., 1985–2003.........................................................................................................................................46

Physician Office Visits for Sleep Disorders, U.S., 1990–2004 ........................................................................46

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases in Adults by Age and Sex, U.S., 1999–2004.....................................47

Prevalence of Common Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases by Age, U.S., 2004...........................................48

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adults, U.S., 1961–2004 ..........................................48

Hypertensive Population Aware, Treated, and Controlled, Age 18+, U.S., 1976–80 to 1999–2004 ...............49

Adult Population With Hypertension by Age, Gender, and Race, U.S., 1999–2004......................................49

Hospitalization Rates for Heart Failure, Ages 45–64 Years and 65+ Years, U.S., 1971–2004 .......................50

Persons Experiencing Asthma Episodes in Previous 12 Months by Age, U.S., 1997–2005 ...........................50

Total Economic Costs, U.S., 2007 ................................................................................................................51

Economic Costs: Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 2007 ....................................................51

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Figures
vi

Chapter 7. Fiscal Year 2006 Budget Overview

NHLBI Total Obligations by Budget Category............................................................................................65

NHLBI Extramural Obligations by Program...............................................................................................65

NHLBI Extramural Obligations by Division ...............................................................................................65

Chapter 8. Long-Term Trends

NHLBI Total Obligations by Budget Category: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 

Current Dollars.........................................................................................................................................70 

Constant 1996 Dollars...............................................................................................................................70

NHLBI Total Obligations by Budget Mechanism: Fiscal Years 1996–2006.................................................72

NHLBI Institute-Initiated and Investigator-Initiated Awards: Fiscal Years 1996–2006...............................73

NHLBI Grants and Research and Development Contracts as Subsets of Institute-Initiated Awards: 

Fiscal Years 1996–2006..............................................................................................................................73

NHLBI Extramural Research Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 

Dollars ......................................................................................................................................................75 

Percent of Extramural Funds....................................................................................................................76

Chapter 9. Research Grants

NHLBI Total Research Grants by Category................................................................................................78

NHLBI Research Project Grant, Research Centers Grant, and Other Research Grant Obligations: 

Fiscal Years 1996–2006..............................................................................................................................78

NHLBI Competing Research Project Grant Applications: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 

Total Cost Dollars Reviewed and Awarded ...............................................................................................79 

Number Reviewed and Awarded ...............................................................................................................80

Percent of Reviewed Applications Funded (Success Rate) ...........................................................................80

NHLBI Investigator-Initiated and Institute-Initiated Grant Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006..............81

NHLBI Research Project Grants: Average Costs, Fiscal Years 1996–2006..................................................83

Chapter 10. Research and Development Contracts

NHLBI Research and Development Contract Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006................................. 105

Chapter 13. Research Training and Career Development Programs

NHLBI Research Training and Career Development Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 ...................... 155

NHLBI Full-Time Training Positions: Fiscal Years 1996–2006................................................................. 155

NHLBI Minority Biomedical Research Training, Career Development, and Research Supplements 

Program Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 ........................................................................................ 161

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards: Fiscal Year 2006

Geographic Distribution of Awards by State: Fiscal Year 2006................................................................. 163

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Figures
vii

Tables

Chapter 2. Program Overview

Programs Supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute......................................................12

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Deaths From All Causes and Deaths From Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, 

U.S., 1984 and 2004 ...................................................................................................................................35

Deaths From Specific Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 2004 ..............................................36

Death Rates for Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Diseases, U.S., 1963, 1983, and 2004 ....................39

Deaths Under Age 1 Year Due to Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases, U.S., 2004........................................44

Prevalence of Common Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases, U.S., 2004.......................................................47

Direct and Indirect Economic Costs of Illness by Major Diagnosis, U.S., 2007 ...........................................51

Chapter 7. Fiscal Year 2006 Budget Overview

NHLBI Obligations by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006 ..................................................................65

NHLBI Extramural Obligations by Program: Fiscal Year 2006 ..................................................................66

NHLBI Cardiovascular Diseases Program 

Obligations by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006 .............................................................................66

NHLBI Prevention and Population Sciences Program 

Obligations by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006 .............................................................................66

NHLBI Lung Diseases Program 

Obligations by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006 .............................................................................67

NHLBI Blood Diseases and Resources Program 

Obligations by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006 .............................................................................67

National Center on Sleep Disorders Research Program 

Obligations by Budget Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006 ...............................................................................67

Women’s Health Initiative 

Obligations by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006 .............................................................................68

Chapter 8. Long-Term Trends

Budget History of the NHLBI: Fiscal Years 1950–2006 .............................................................................69

NHLBI Total Obligations by Budget Category: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 

Current Dollars.........................................................................................................................................71 

Constant 1996 Dollars...............................................................................................................................71

NHLBI Total Obligations by Budget Mechanism: Fiscal Years 1996–2006.................................................72

NHLBI Employment: Fiscal Years 1996–2006............................................................................................72

NHLBI Extramural Programs: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 

Dollars ......................................................................................................................................................74

Percent of Total Extramural Budget ............................................................................................................74

NHLBI Extramural Research Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 

Dollars ......................................................................................................................................................75 

Percent of Total Extramural Budget..........................................................................................................76

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Tables
viii

Chapter 9. Research Grants

NHLBI Research Grants by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006 ..........................................................77

NHLBI Research Project Grant, Research Centers Grant, and Other Research 

Grant Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 ..............................................................................................78

NHLBI Competing Research Project Grant Applications: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 

Total Cost Dollars Reviewed and Awarded ...............................................................................................79

Number Reviewed and Awarded and Percent Funded .................................................................................80

NHLBI Investigator-Initiated and Institute-Initiated Grant Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006..............81

NHLBI Research Project Grants: Amount Funded by Type of Award, Fiscal Years 1996–2006 ................82

Facility and Administrative (F&A) Costs of NHLBI Research Project Grants: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 ....82

NHLBI Research Project Grants: Average Costs, Fiscal Years 1996–2006..................................................83

NHLBI Cooperative Agreements (U01, U10) Programs..............................................................................84

Specialized Centers of Research (P50), Specialized Centers of Clinically 

Oriented Research (P50), and Centers of Excellence in Translational Human 

Stem Cell Research (P50) Programs...........................................................................................................99

Chapter 10. Research and Development Contracts

NHLBI Total Research and Development Contract Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006........................ 105

Major NHLBI Research and Development Contracts by Program............................................................ 106

Chapter 11. Clinical Trials

NHLBI Investigator-Initiated Clinical Trials: Fiscal Years 1996–2006...................................................... 115

NHLBI Investigator-Initiated Clinical Trials, Fiscal Year 2006: Summary by Program ............................ 119

Institute-Initiated Clinical Trials: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 

Contracts................................................................................................................................................. 120 

Cooperative Agreements ......................................................................................................................... 122

Institute-Initiated Clinical Trials, Fiscal Year 2006: Summary by Program 

Contracts................................................................................................................................................. 124 

Cooperative Agreements ......................................................................................................................... 124

Chapter 13. Research Training and Career Development Programs

Training Awards, Full-Time Training Positions, and Obligations by Activity: Fiscal Year 2006................ 156

History of Training Obligations by Activity: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 ....................................................... 157

Full-Time Training Positions by Activity: Fiscal Years 1996–2006............................................................ 158

NHLBI Research Career Programs: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 .................................................................... 159

NHLBI Research Career Program Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006................................................... 160

NHLBI Minority Biomedical Research Training, Career Development, and Research 

Supplements Program Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 ................................................................... 161

NHLBI Research Supplements Program by Award Type: Fiscal Years 1996–2006.................................... 162

NHLBI Research Supplements Program Obligations by Award Type: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 ................ 162

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards: Fiscal Year 2006

Geographic Distribution of Awards by State or Country: Fiscal Year 2006.............................................. 164

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Tables


NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 1. Directory of Personnel

1. Directory of Personnel*

Office of the Director Bldg. Room Phone MSC†‡

Director, Elizabeth G. Nabel, M.D.. ............................................ 31 5A48 496–5166 2486

Deputy Director, Susan B. Shurin, M.D................................. 31 5A48 496–1078 2486

Chief of Staff, Sheila Pohl....................................................... 31 5A48 496–5166 2486

Associate Director for Administrative Management,

Donald P. Christoferson.................................................... 31 5A48 496–2411 2490

Administrative Officer, Rebecca Ellett-Tenner................. 31 5A21 496–5931 2490

Associate Director for Basic Research,

Alan M. Michelson, M.D., Ph.D. ..................................... 31 5A48 594–5353 2490

Associate Director for Minority Health Affairs,

Helena O. Mishoe, Ph.D., M.P.H...................................... RKL2** 8184 451–5081 7913 

Associate Director for Prevention, Education, and Control,

Gregory J. Morosco, Ph.D, M.P.H................................... 31 4A10 496–5437 2480

Associate Director for Scientific Program Operation,

Carl A. Roth, Ph.D., LL.M. .............................................. 31 4A33 496–6331 2482

Associate Director for Research Informatics and 

Information Technology, Charles P. Friedman, Ph.D. ..... 31 4A28 594–5657 2482

Deputy Ethics Counselor, Nancy O’Hanlon, J.D. .................. 31 5A33 496–6471 2486

Office of Biostatistics

Director, Nancy L. Geller, Ph.D. ....................................... RKL2 8210 435–0434 7938 

Office of Clinical Research

Associate Director, Maria Stagnitto, M.S.N..................... RKL2 8295 435–7579 7940

Senior Advisor to the Director for Genome Research, 

Christopher J. O’Donnell, M.D., M.P.H. ........................ 73 Mt. Wayte Avenue, Suite 2 

 Framingham, MA 01702-5827

 508–935–3435

Special Assistant to the Director, Carl E. Hunt, M.D............. 31 4A10 496–0554 2480

Center for Population Studies

Director, Daniel Levy, M.D. .............................................. 73 Mt. Wayte Avenue, Suite 2 

 Framingham, MA 01702-5827

 508–935–3458

Center for Research Informatics and Information Technology

Director, Charles P. Friedman, Ph.D................................ 31 4A28 594–5657 2482

Deputy Director, Ralph Van Wey ...................................... RKL1§ 6100 435–0119 7994

Administrative Officer, Charlotte Wiltshire................ RKL2 8095 435–6373 7921

Planning, Architecture, Communication and 

Evaluation Branch

Chief, Carol A. Bean, Ph.D.......................................... RKL1 6112 425–0119 7994

* Current as of October 31, 2006. For locating personnel not listed, the general information number is 301–496–4000. All listed 

phone numbers are in area code 301. The Personnel Directory, which is periodically updated throughout the year, is located on the 

NHLBI Home Page under About NHLBI.

† MSC—Mail Stop Code.

‡ Full mailing address formats are located at the end of this chapter.

**RKL2—Rockledge II Building.

§ RKL1—Rockledge I Building.


NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 1. Directory of Personnel

Office of the Director (continued) Bldg. Room Phone MSC

Applications Development and Support Branch

Chief, Ralph Van Wey............................................................. RKL1 6100 435–0119 7994

Information Technology Resources Branch

Chief, Christopher E. Olaes................................................... RKL1 6212 496–3275 7994

Research and Biomedical Informatics Branch

Acting Chief, Charles P. Friedman, Ph.D.............................. 31 4A28 594–5657 2482 

Ethics Office

Director, Nancy O’Hanlon, J.D.................................................... 31 5A33 496–6471 2486

Ethics Coordinator, Kim Brinson ................................................. 31 5A33 496–6471 2486

Office of Administrative Management

Director/Executive Officer, Donald P. Christoferson.................. 31 5A48 496–2411 2490

Deputy Executive Officer, Timothy J. Wheele............................. 31 5A48 496–2411 2490

Administrative Officer, Rebecca Ellett-Tener ........................ 31 5A21 496–5931 2490

Management Policy and Administrative Services Branch 

Chief, Marilyn Jackson........................................................... 31 5A21 496–5931 2490 

Freedom of Information/Privacy Act

Coordinator, Suzanne Freeman .............................................. RKL1 6070 496–9737 7957 

Financial Management Branch

Chief, Sandra Gault. ............................................................... 31 5A34 496–4653 2490 

Extramural Administrative Management Branch

Chief, Loretta L. Barnes......................................................... RKL2 8095 435–6373 7921

Intramural Administrative Management Branch

Chief, Gary Unger................................................................... 10 7N220 451–0892 1670

Office of Workforce Relations

Chief, Mishyelle I. Croom ...................................................... RKL1 6070 496–1763 9757 

Office of Minority Health Affairs

Director, Helena O. Mishoe, Ph.D., M.P.H. ................................ RKL2 8184 451–5081 7913

Deputy Director, Chitra Krishnamurti, Ph.D............................. RKL2 8186 451–5081 7913

Administrative Officer, James McKenzie ............................... RKL2 8095 435–6373 7921

Office of Prevention, Education, and Control

Director, Gregory J. Morosco, Ph.D., M.P.H.............................. 31 4A10 496–5437 2480

Administrative Officer, Rebecca Ellett-Tener ........................ 31 5A21 496–5931 2490

Health Communications and Information Sciences

Senior Manager, Terry C. Long .............................................. 31 4A10 496–0554 2480

International Programs

Senior Manager, Vacant........................................................... 31 4A10 496–5375 2480 

Program Operation 

Senior Manager, Nancy J. Poole, M.B.A. ............................... 31 4A10 496–5437 2480

Public Health Program Development

Senior Manager, Robinson Fulwood, Ph.D., M.S.P.H........... 31 4A10 496–0554 2480

NHLBI Nutrition Coordinator, 

Darla E. Danford, D.Sc., M.P.H. ........................................... 31 4A10 496–0554 2480

National High Blood Pressure Education Program

Coordinator, Edward J. Roccella, Ph.D., M.P.H. .................. 31 4A10 496–1051 2480

National Cholesterol Education Program

Coordinator, James I. Cleeman, M.D..................................... 31 4A10 496–1051 2480


NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 1. Directory of Personnel

Office of the Director (continued) Bldg. Room Phone MSC

National Asthma Education and Prevention Program

Coordinator, Diana K. Schmidt, M.P.H. ................................ 31 4A10 496–1051 2480

National Obesity Education Initiative

Coordinator, Karen Donato, M.S. .......................................... 31 4A10 496–1051 2480

NHLBI Women’s Heart Health Education Initiative

Coordinator, Ann Taubenheim, Ph.D., M.S.N. ...................... 31 4A10 496–4236 2480

Pediatric Cardiovascular Risk Reduction and Science Application

Senior Medical Officer, Rae-Ellen Kavey, M.D., M.P.H. ...... 31 4A10 496–1051 2480

Office of Science and Technology

Director, Carl A. Roth, Ph.D., LL.M........................................... 31 4A33 496–6331 2482

Deputy Director, Barbara Liu, M.S. ............................................ 31 4A33 496–9899 2482

Administrative Officer, Rebecca Ellett-Tenner ...................... 31 5A21 496–5931 2490

Program Studies and Reports Program

Director, Carl A. Roth, Ph.D., LL.M. .................................... 31 4A33 496–6331 2482

Science and Special Issues Program

Director, Barbara Liu, M.S..................................................... 31 4A33 496–9899 2482

Office of Public Liaison

Acting Director, Barbara Liu, M.S......................................... 31 4A33 496–9899 2482

Office of Technology Transfer and Development

Director, Lili M. Portilla ......................................................... RKL1 6018 402–5579 7992

Administrative Officer, James McKenzie.......................... RKL2 8095 435–6373 7921

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases

Office of the Director 

Acting Director, Sonia I. Skarlatos, Ph.D.................................... RKL2 9158 435–0477 7940

Acting Deputy Director, Susan E. Old, Ph.D............................... RKL2 9132 435–0477 7940

Special Assistant for Clinical Studies, 

David Gordon, M.D., Ph.D. ................................................... RKL2 9152 435–0477 7940

Administrative Officer, Lisa A. Freeny ................................... RKL2 8095 435–6373 7921

Advanced Technologies and Surgery Branch

Chief, Dennis B. Buxton, Ph.D............................................... RKL2 9188 435–0513 7940

Deputy Chief, Vacant............................................................... RKL2 9200 435–0513 7940

Atherothrombosis and Coronary Artery Disease Branch

Chief, Michael J. Domanski, M.D.......................................... RKL2 8146 435–0550 7936

Deputy Chief, Momtaz Wassaf, Ph.D..................................... RKL2 10196 435–0550 7956

Heart Developmental and Structural Diseases Branch

Chief, Gail D. Pearson, M.D., Sc.D........................................ RKL2 9202 435–0510 7940

Deputy Chief, Charlene A. Schramm, Ph.D.......................... RKL2 9200 435–0510 7940

Heart Failure and Arrhythmias Branch

Chief, Alice M. Mascette, M.D............................................... RKL2 9166 435–0504 7940

Deputy Chief, David A. Lathrop, Ph.D.................................. RKL2 9192 435–0504 7940

Vascular Biology and Hypertension Branch

Acting Chief, Jeffrey A. Cutler, M.D. ................................... RKL2 8102 435–0560 7938

Acting Deputy Chief, Eser E. Tolunay, Ph.D. ........................ RKL2 10198 435–0560 7956

Office of Research Training and Career Development

Director, Jane Scott, Sc.D. ...................................................... RKL2 9135 435–0535 7940


NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 1. Directory of Personnel

Division of Lung Diseases Bldg. Room Phone MSC

Office of the Director

Director, James P. Kiley, Ph.D. .................................................... RKL2 10122 435–0233 7952

Deputy Director, Carol E. Vreim, Ph.D. ...................................... RKL2 10120 435–0233 7952

Administrative Officer, Amy W. Sheetz .................................. RKL2 8095 435–6373 7921

Airway Biology and Disease Branch

Chief, Gail G. Weinmann, M.D.............................................. RKL2 10210 435–7952 7952

Lung Biology and Disease Branch

Chief, Dorothy B. Gail, Ph.D.................................................. RKL2 10100 435–0222 7952

National Center on Sleep Disorders Research

Acting Director, Michael J. Twery, Ph.D. .............................. RKL2 10116 435–0202 7952

Division of Blood Diseases and Resources

Office of the Director

Director, Charles Peterson, M.D., M.B.A. .................................. RKL2 10160 435–0080 7950

Deputy Director, Liana Harvath, Ph.D........................................ RKL2 10170 435–0080 7950

Special Assistant, Henry Chang, M.D.......................................... RKL2 10158 435–0080 7950

Administrative Officer, Amy W. Sheetz .................................. RKL2 8095 435–6373 7921

Blood Diseases Branch

Chief, Blaine Moore, Ph.D...................................................... RKL2 10162 435–0050 7950

Thrombosis and Hemostasis Branch

Chief, Pankaj Ganguley, Ph.D. .............................................. RKL2 10176 435–0069 7950

Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapeutics Branch

Chief, Simone A. Glynn, M.D................................................. RKL2 10142 435–0078 7950

Division of Prevention and Population Sciences

Office of the Director

Acting Director, Peter J. Savage, M.D......................................... RKL2 8100 435–0422 7938 

Acting Deputy Director, Diane E. Bild, M.D., M.P.H. ................ RKL2 8104 435–0422 7938

Administrative Officer, Stacey A. Long .................................. RKL2 8095 435–6373 7921 

Clinical Applications and Prevention Branch

Chief, Denise Simons-Morton, M.D., Ph.D........................... RKL2 8130 435–0384 7936

Deputy Chief, Lawrence J. Fine, M.D. .................................. RKL2 8138 435–0305 7936 

Scientific Advisor, Peter G. Kaufmann, Ph.D. ...................... RKL2 8118 435–2467 7936

Epidemiology Branch

Chief, Paul D. Sorlie, Ph.D. .................................................... RKL2 8176 435–0707 7934

Deputy Chief, Jean L. Olson, M.D., M.P.H. .......................... RKL2 8154 435–0707 7934

Deputy Chief, Richard R. Fabsitz, Ph.D................................ RKL2 8164 435–0707 7934

Scientific Advisor, Phyliss D. Sholinsky, M.S.P.H................. RKL2 8168 435–0707 7934

Women’s Health Initiative Branch

Director, Elizabeth G. Nabel, M.D......................................... 31 5A48 496–5166 2486

Chief, Jacques E. Rossouw, Ph.D........................................... RKL2 8160 402–2900 7934

Deputy Chief, Shari Eason Ludlam, M.P.H. ......................... RKL2 8151 402–2900 7934 

Administrative Officer, Charlotte M. Wiltshire................ RKL2 8095 435–6373 7921

Division of Extramural Research Activities

Office of the Director

Director, Stephen C. Mockrin, Ph.D. .......................................... RKL2 7100 435–0260 7922


NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 1. Directory of Personnel

Division of Extramural Research Activities (continued) Bldg. Room Phone MSC

Deputy Director, Vacant................................................................ RKL2 7104 435–0260 7922

Chief of Staff, Janet George ................................................... RKL2 7220 435–0260 7922

Administrative Officer, Veronica M. VanWagner.................. RKL2 8095 435–6373 7921 

Office of Acquisitions

Director, John C. Taylor ............................................................... RKL2 6100 435–0330 7902

Acting Deputy Director, Pamela S. Lew....................................... RKL2 6016 435–0340 7902

Blood Diseases and Resources/NIAMS Branch

Chief, Joanna Magginas......................................................... RKL2 6136 435–0355 7902

Epidemiology and Clinical Applications/Women’s 

Health Initiative Branch

Chief, Paul McFarlane............................................................ RKL2 6126 435–0345 7902

Heart, Lung, and Vascular Diseases Branch

Chief, Pamela S. Lew.............................................................. RKL2 6016 435–0340 7902

Office of Committee Management 

Director, Kathryn M. Valeda ....................................................... RKL2 7110 435–0255 7922

Office of Extramural Policy and Review

Director, Paul A. Velletri, Ph.D.................................................... RKL2 7218 435–0260 7922

Review Branch

Chief, Valerie L. Prenger, Ph.D.............................................. RKL2 7214 435–0270 7922 

Office of Grants Management

Director, Suzanne A. White.......................................................... RKL2 7160 435–0144 7926

Deputy Director, Raymond Zimmerman .................................... RKL2 7128 435–0144 7926

Blood Diseases and Resources Grants Management Section

Chief, Robert Vinson, Jr. ........................................................ RKL2 7156 435–0166 7926

Clinical and Molecular and Vascular Biology

Grants Management Section

Chief, David Reiter ................................................................. RKL2 7172 435–0177 7926

Epidemiology and Clinical Application Grants 

Management Section 

Chief, Teresa F. Marquette..................................................... RKL2 7126 435–0177 7926

Heart Research and Training Grants Management Section 

Chief, Mary S. Baylor............................................................. RKL2 7146 435–0166 7926

Lung Diseases Grants Management Section

Chief, Robert A. Pike .............................................................. RKL2 7154 435–0166 7926

Office of Staff Training and Communication

Director, Robert A. Musson, Ph.D............................................... RKL2 7210 435–0266 7922

Office of Strategic and Innovative Programs

Director, Susan E. Old, Ph.D. ...................................................... RKL2 7106 435–0260 7922

Division of Intramural Research

Office of the Scientific Director

Director, Robert S. Balaban, Ph.D. ............................................. 10CRC* 4-1581 496–2116 1458

Intramural Administrative Management Branch

Chief, Gary Unger................................................................... 10 7N214 451–0892 1686

Office of the Clinical Director

Director, Richard O. Cannon III, M.D.................................. 10CRC 5-3330 496–9895 1454

*10CRC──Building 10 Clinical Research Center


NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 1. Directory of Personnel

Division of Intramural Research (continued) Bldg. Room Phone MSC

Office of Education

Chief, Herbert Geller, Ph.D.................................................... 10 2N242 451–9440 1754

Cardiology Branch

Chief, Toren Finkel, M.D., Ph.D. ........................................... 10CRC 5-3330 402–4081 1454

Hematology Branch

Chief, Neal Young, M.D. ......................................................... 10CRC 3-5140 496–5093 1202

Flow Cytometry Core 

Head, Philip McCoy, Ph.D. ............................................... 10 4A07 451–8824 1357

Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine Branch

Chief, Joel Moss, M.D., Ph.D. ................................................ 10 6D03 496–1597 1590

Vascular Medicine Branch

Chief, Mark Gladwin, M.D. ................................................... 10CRC 5-5142 435–2310 1476

Microarray Core 

Head, Nalini Raghavachari, Ph.D. ................................... 10 7N108 435–2304 1662

Biochemistry and Biophysics Center

Director, Boon Chock, Ph.D. .................................................. 50 2134 496–2073 8012

Cell Biology and Physiology Center

Director, Edward D. Korn, Ph.D............................................ 50 2517 496–1616 8017

Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Core 

Head, Eric Billings, Ph.D. ................................................. 10 4A15 496–6520 1348

Light Microscopy Core 

Head, Christian Combs, Ph.D. ......................................... 10 6N309 496–3236 1623

Lipid Trafficking Core

Head, Edward Neufeld, Ph.D............................................ 10 5N107 496–5879 1424

Proteomics Core 

Head, Rong-Fong Shen, Ph.D. .......................................... 10 8C213 594–1060 1597

Genetics and Development Biology Center

Director, Cecilia Lo, Ph.D....................................................... 10 6C103A 451–8041 1583

Animal MRI/Imaging Core 

Head, Stasia Anderson, Ph.D. ........................................... 10 2N240 401–0908 1518

Pathology Core 

Head, Zu-Xi Yu, Ph.D........................................................ 10 2N240 496–5035 1518

Transgenic Core 

Head, Chengyu Liu, Ph.D. ................................................ 50 3305 435–5034 8018

Electron Microscopy Core 

Head, Mathew Daniels, Ph.D. ........................................... 50 3318 496–2898 8017

Immunology Center

Director, Warren Leonard, M.D. ........................................... 10 7N252 496–0098 1674


NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 1. Directory of Personnel

NIH Mailing Address Formats

NHLBI staff e-mail addresses can be found by using the NIH Directory and E-mail Forwarding Service located on the 

Internet at http://directory.nih.gov.

Please use the following formats for NIH mailing addresses:

Building 10 Full Name

NHLBI, NIH

Building 10, Room ____

10 Center Drive MSC* ____

Bethesda, MD 20892–MSC†

Building 50 Full Name

NHLBI, NIH

Building 50, Room ____

50 South Drive MSC*

Bethesda, MD 20892–MSC†

Building 14E Full Name

NHLBI, NIH

Building 14E, Room ____

14 Service Road South MSC* ____

Bethesda, MD 20892–MSC†

Rockledge II Building Full Name

NHLBI, NIH

Two Rockledge Center, Room ____

6701 Rockledge Drive MSC* ____

Bethesda, MD 20817–MSC†

Building 31 Full Name

NHLBI, NIH

Building 31, Room ____

31 Center Drive MSC*____

Bethesda, MD 20892–MSC†

Rockledge I Building Full Name

NHLBI, NIH

One Rockledge Center, Room ____

6705 Rockledge Drive MSC* ____

Bethesda, MD 20817–MSC†

* Retain the letters MSC before adding the mail stop code number.

† Replace the letters MSC with the mail stop code number.



NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 2. Program Overview

2. Program Overview

The National Heart Institute (NHI) was established in 1948 through the National Heart Act with a 

mis­sion to support research and training in the 

preven­tion, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Twenty-four years later, through 

section 413 of the National Heart, Blood Vessel, 

Lung, and Blood Act (P.L. 92–423), Congress mandated the Institute to expand and coordinate its activities in an accelerated attack against heart, blood 

vessel, lung, and blood diseases. The renamed 

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) 

expanded its scientific areas of interest and intensified its efforts related to research on diseases within 

its purview. Over the years, these areas of interest 

have grown to encompass genetic, genomic, and 

proteomic research, systems biology, sleep disorders, 

and the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). 

The mission of the NHLBI is to provide leadership for a national program in diseases of the heart, 

blood vessels, lung, and blood; sleep disorders; and 

blood resources management. The Institute: 

• Plans, conducts, fosters, and supports an 

integrated and coordinated program of basic 

research, clinical investigations and trials, 

observational studies, and demonstration and 

education projects related to the causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of heart, blood 

vessel, lung, and blood diseases, and sleep 

disorders conducted in its own laborato­ries and 

by other scientific institutions and individuals 

supported by research grants and contracts. 

• Plans and directs research in development and 

evaluation of interventions and devices related 

to the prevention of heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders and the treatment and 

rehabilitation of patients who suffer from them. 

• Conducts research on the clinical use of blood 

and all aspects of the management of blood 

resources. 

• Supports career training and development of 

new and established researchers in fundamental 

sciences and clinical disciplines to enable them 

to conduct basic and clinical research related to 

heart, blood vessel, lung, and blood diseases; 

sleep disorders; and blood resources through 

individual and institutional research training 

awards and career development awards. 

• Coordinates relevant activities with other 

research institutes and all Federal health 

programs in the above areas, including the 

causes of stroke. 

• Conducts educational activities, including 

development and dissemination of materials for 

health professionals and the public in the above 

areas, with emphasis on prevention. 

• Maintains continuing relationships with 

institutions and professional associations, and 

with international, national, state, and local 

officials, as well as voluntary agencies and 

organizations working in the above areas. 

• Oversees management of the WHI. 

Each year, the NHLBI assesses progress in the scientific areas for which it is responsible and updates 

its goals and objectives. As new opportunities are 

identified, the Institute expands and revises its areas 

of interest. Throughout the process, the approach 

used by the Institute is an orderly sequence of 

research activities that includes: 

• Acquisition of knowledge 

• Evaluation of knowledge 

• Application of knowledge 

• Dissemination of knowledge. 

Over the past year, the Institute has undergone a 

major restructuring of its organization to better meet 

the challenge of its vision to be an international 

leader through support of innovative, creative, cutting edge research in heart, lung, blood, and sleep 

research. The reorganization was directed to 

strengthen scientific coordination by seeking specialized depth in specific disease areas, integrating basic 

research and clinical trials components, and emphasizing prevention and fostering population sciences. 

The Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases 
10

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 2. Program Overview

(DHVD) and the Division of Epidemiology and Clinical 

Applications (DECA) were totally reorganized and subsequently renamed as the Division of Cardiovascular 

Diseases (DCVD) and the Division of Prevention and 

Population Sciences (DPPS), respectively. The Blood 

Resources Program in the Division of Blood Diseases 

and Resources (DBDR) was renamed the Transfusion 

Medicine and Cellular Therapeutics Branch. Framingham investigators were given intramural designation 

within the Office of Director. The National Center 

on Sleep Disorders Research (NCSDR) and the WHI 

were moved from the Office of the Director to the 

Division of Lung Diseases (DLD) and the DPPS, 

respectively. 

The Office of the Director was augmented by the 

addition of (1) an Associate Director for Basic Research 

who is responsible for overseeing NHLBI basic science 

policies, developing and integrating basic sciences initiatives within the Institute, and coordinating these policies 

and programs with other NIH institutes and Federal 

agencies; (2) a Deputy Ethics Counselor who is responsible for managing the Institute’s ethics program and serving as the authorizing official for all ethics clearances; 

(3) an Office of Biostatistics; (4) an Office of Clinical 

Research; (5) a Center for Research Informatics and 

Information Technology (CRIIT); and (6) a Center for 

Population Studies. 

The Office of Biostatistics, which was located in the 

DECA, provides statistical expertise to the Institute and 

performs diverse functions in designing, implementing, 

monitoring, and analyzing NHLBI-sponsored studies. It 

is responsible for providing objective, statistically sound, 

and medically relevant solutions to problems arising in 

NHLBI-sponsored studies; developing new statistical 

methods for use in analyzing results from clinical trials, 

population studies, and environmental studies; and initiating research in theoretical biostatistics based upon 

trends in current research developments. Recently the 

Office has made contributions to statistical genetics and 

has extended its expertise to bioinformatics.

The Office of Clinical Research serves as the central 

clinical research office for extramural affairs. Its role is 

to coordinate regulatory activities associated with clinical research internally among NHLBI extramural 

Divisions and externally with NIH Institutes and other 

government agencies. The Office provides education 

and training for staff managing clinical research. 

Additionally, it coordinates and advises extramural scientific and health care staff, principal investigators, and 

research staff on issues related to all aspects of monitoring and regulatory compliance. The Office maintains 

central databases and policies and evaluates existing programs for standardizing data collection in clinical trials. 

It implements research informatics solutions and maintains surveillance over developments in designated areas 

of responsibility.

Center for Research Informatics and 

Information Technology

The CRIIT was established in June 2006 to provide an 

integrated informatics and knowledge environment for 

the NHLBI. It focuses on computing as it relates to the 

Institute’s mission: conducting basic and clinical 

research, administering extramural research programs, 

and educating health care practitioners and the general 

public. The Center is organized into four branches:

• Research and Biomedical Informatics Branch

• Information Technology (IT) Resources Branch

• Applications Development and Support Branch

• Planning, Architecture, Communication, and 

Evaluation Branch.

Research and Biomedical Informatics Branch

The Research and Biomedical Informatics Branch 

develops computational methods to enhance the 

Institute’s research mission, its administrative activities, 

and its education mission. Activities include designing 

an information and computing infrastructure to support 

clinical and translational research; providing bioinformatic support and standardizing terminology used in 

basic, translational, and clinical research; and providing 

guidance on complex modeling and analytics in bioinformatics, genomics, and proteomics and imaging. 

IT Resources Branch

The IT Resources Branch is responsible for ensuring 

that the NHLBI personnel have continuous access to 

appropriate network resources needed to carry out the 

Institute’s mission. It oversees the installation and maintenance of users’ desktops, peripherals, and other computing hardware; assists individuals in optimal use of a 

defined collection of productivity tools; and ensures that 

all computer and user practices are compliant with NIH 

standards for information security.
11

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 2. Program Overview

Applications Development and Support Branch

The Applications Development and Support Branch 

provides or develops software engineering methods to 

address the high-priority needs of the Institute. The 

Branch keeps abreast of the evolving IT field to ensure 

that the Institute is current in the state-of-the-art of IT 

applications. It designs methods to allow the outside 

community to be able to access existing IT resources and 

educates users to take maximum advantage of these 

applications. 

Planning, Architecture, Communication, and 

Evaluation Branch

The Planning, Architecture, Communication, and 

Evaluation Branch relies on a network of Constituency 

Groups to collect information relevant to the planning of 

all IT activities for the Institute. The Constituency 

Groups advise and assign priority to projects to be undertaken. Activities of the Branch include developing an 

information architecture that will be the blueprint for all 

future developments; evaluating deployed IT systems to 

determine their effectiveness and making improvements 

when necessary; designing methods to communicate 

with the NHLBI community, both internal and external, 

about relevant Institute activities; and developing methods to manage information relevant to the Institute’s mission such as procedural knowledge (e.g., administrative 

practices) and scientific knowledge created by the 

Institute’s programs. 

Center for Population Studies

The Center for Population Studies conducts research 

using data from the NHLBI Framingham Heart Study to 

advance the understanding of the etiology, natural history, and temporal trends in heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders from various disciplines. It 

develops and oversees training in population research in 

heart, lung, and blood disorders; conducts collaborative 

scientific research with the Jackson Heart Study and 

other NHLBI population studies; and performs state-ofthe-art research of heart, lung, blood, and sleep conditions with attention to early onset diseases, their 

biochemical milieu, and genetic susceptibility. 

NHLBI Programs

The programs of the NHLBI, as shown on page 12, 

are implemented through four extramural units: the 

DCVD, the DLD, the DBDR, and the DPPS; and one 

intramural unit, the Division of Intramural Research 

(DIR). The extramural Divisions use a variety of funding mechanisms, such as research grants, cooperative 

agreements, program project grants, Small Business 

Innovation Research (SBIR) grants, Small Business 

Technology Transfer (STTR) grants, Specialized Centers 

of Research (SCORs) and Specialized Centers of 

Clinically Oriented Research (SCCORs) grants, comprehensive center grants, contracts, and research training 

and career development programs. Descriptions of the 

Divisions and the Office of Prevention, Education, and 

Control (OPEC) follow.

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases 

The DCVD provides leadership for a national and 

international extramural program in CVD that integrates 

basic science and clinical research, including translational research, networks, and multicenter clinical trials. 

It designs, conducts, supports, and oversees research on 

the causes and prevention and treatment of diseases and 

disorders such as atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemia, heart failure, arrhythmia, sudden cardiac death, adult and pediatric 

congenital heart disease, cardiovascular complications of 

diabetes and obesity, and hypertension. It also supports 

and oversees research in vascular medicine and biology 

and valvular, cerebral, renal, peripheral, and other cardiovascular disorders. The DCVD fosters biotechnological 

research in genomics, proteomics, nanotechnology, imaging, device development, cell- and tissue-based therapeutics, and gene therapy, and in their uses as they relate to 

CVD. It also supports training and career development 

programs in cardiovascular research at all educational 

levels from high school students to academic faculty, 

including programs for individuals from diverse populations. SCORs support collaborative studies on molecular 

medicine and atherosclerosis medicine. SCCORs support clinical collaborative research in (1) cardiac dysfunction and disease, (2) pediatric heart development and 

disease, (3) vascular injury, repair, and remodeling.

The Division is organized into the five Branches and 

Office described below.

Advanced Technologies and Surgery Branch

The Advanced Technologies and Surgery Branch 

conducts and manages an integrated basic and clinical 

research program to study innovative and developing 

technologies for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment 
12

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 2. Program Overview

Programs Supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 

Cardiovascular Diseases 

Advanced Technologies and 

Surgery 

Diagnostics Development

Emerging Therapeutics 

Enabling Technologies 

Surgery Advances

Atherothrombosis and Coronary 

Artery Disease

Acute and Chronic Coronary 

Syndromes

Acute and Silent Ischemia

Angina

Atherothrombosis

Coronary Artery Disease

Myocardial Infarction

Revascularization

Heart Developmental and 

Structural Disease

Adult Congenital Disease

Cardiac Immunology and Infection

Cardiovascular Development

Heart Transplantation

Pediatric Cardiovascular Disease

Valvular Heart Disease

Heart Failure and Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias

Heart Failure

Myocardial Protection

Resuscitation 

Sudden Cardiac Death

Vascular Biology and Hypertension

Aneurysms 

Cerebrovascular Disease

Hypertension

Lymphatic Diseases

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Renal Vascular Disease

Vascular Biology

Vascular Development and 

Angiogenesis

Lung Diseases 

Airway Biology and Disease 

Asthma 

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary 

Disease (COPD) and 

Environmental Lung Diseases 

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) 

Genetics, Genomics, and 

Biotechnology

Lung Biology and Disease 

Acquired Immunodeficiency 

Syndrome (AIDS) and 

Tuberculosis (TB) 

Critical Care and Acute Lung 

Injury 

Developmental Biology 

and Pediatric Lung Disease

Immunology and Fibrosis

Lung Cell and Vascular Biology

National Center on Sleep 

Disorders Research 

Sleep

Sleep Disorders and Related 

Conditions

Blood Diseases and Resources 

Blood Diseases 

Erythropoiesis 

Red Cells 

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) 

Thalassemia 

Thrombosis and Hemostasis 

Hematologic Immune Disorders 

Hemophilia and Other Bleeding 

Disorders 

Hemostasis

Thrombosis

Transfusion Medicine and Cellular 

Therapeutics 

Hematopoietic Stem Cell 

Transplantation 

Immune Deficiencies, Reconstitution, 

Response, and Tolerance 

Myelodysplasia, Marrow Failure, and 

Myeloproliferative Disorders 

Novel Cellular Therapies for Repair 

and Regeneration 

Stem Cell Biology 

Transfusion Medicine Use, Safety, 

and Availability of Blood and 

Blood Components 

Prevention and Population 

Sciences 

Clinical Applications and 

Prevention 

Behavioral Medicine and Prevention 

Clinical Prevention and Translation 

Epidemiology 

Analytical Resources

Field Studies and Clinical 

Epidemiology 

Genetic Epidemiology 

Women’s Health Initiative 

Intramural Research 

Clinical Research

Cardiology

Cardiothoracic Surgery

Hematology

Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine

Laboratory Research

Biochemical Genetics

Biochemistry 

Cardiac Energetics 

Cell Biology 

Cell Signaling

Developmental Biology

Kidney and Electrolyte Metabolism

Molecular Cardiology 

Molecular Immunology 

Molecular Physiology
13

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 2. Program Overview

of CVD. It promotes opportunities to translate promising scientific and technological advances from discovery 

through preclinical studies to clinical trials. Areas supported by the Branch include:

• Diagnostics: proteomic, genomic, and other biomarker technologies and imaging modalities/agents 

to identify CVD and guide therapy. 

• Therapeutics: tissue-, cell-, and gene-based/guided 

therapies; regenerative and reparative medicine; and 

devices for circulatory and cardiac support and 

repair.

• Surgery: improved surgical and image-guided 

approaches and evidence-based clinical research to 

advance promising new cardiovascular therapies, 

technologies, and surgical practices into clinical use. 

• Enabling Technologies: bioinformatics, computational and systems biology, bioengineering, nanotechnology, materials research, and personalized 

medicine. 

Atherothrombosis and Coronary Artery Disease 

Branch

The Atherothrombosis and Coronary Artery Disease 

Branch conducts and manages an integrated basic and 

clinical research program to study the etiology, pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of coronary 

artery disease and atherothrombosis. It is responsible 

for translating promising scientific and technological 

advances from discovery through preclinical studies to 

networks and multisite clinical trials. Areas addressed 

by the Branch include:

• Atherothrombosis: initiation, progression, and 

regression of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary 

arteries and other arterial beds; lesion instability 

and thrombosis; risk factor mechanisms; interaction of lipid fractions and other systemic and 

humoral factors with the arterial wall; biomarker 

and imaging diagnostics to quantify atherosclerotic 

disease and its progression; vulnerable plaques and 

vulnerable patients; and diabetes, obesity, other 

metabolic disorders, and diet and exercise related 

to atherothrombosis.

• Coronary Artery Disease: acute and chronic coronary syndromes including myocardial infarction, 

acute ischemia and related events, angina, and silent 

ischemia; and percutaneous and surgical revascularization of stenotic and restenotic coronary lesions.

Heart Development and Structural Disease Branch 

The Heart Development and Structural Disease 

Branch conducts and manages an integrated basic and 

clinical research program to study normal and abnormal 

cardiovascular development. It also is responsible for 

overseeing research related to the etiology, pathogenesis, 

prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric and 

adult structural heart disease. The Branch is a focal point 

for coordination of activities and development of educational materials related to clinical research on pediatric 

CVD within the NHLBI and the NIH. It promotes 

opportunities to translate promising scientific and technological advances from discovery through preclinical studies to network and multisite clinical trials. Areas 

supported by the Branch include:

• Heart Development: normal and abnormal cardiovascular development, molecular and genetic 

etiology of cardiovascular malformations, cardiomyogenic differentiation of stem cells, and geneenvironment interactions in development of 

congenital heart disease.

• Structural Disease: congenital heart disease from 

embryology through adulthood, valve disease and 

determinants of degeneration, myocardial response 

to valvular disease, neurodevelopmental outcome in 

congenital heart disease, exercise physiology in congenital heart disease, pediatric cardiomyopathy and 

heart transplantation, and pediatric cardiac inflammation and infection.

Heart Failure and Arrhythmias Branch

The Heart Failure and Arrhythmias Branch conducts 

and manages an integrated basic and clinical research 

program to study normal cardiac function and pathogenesis to improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 

heart failure and arrhythmias. It promotes opportunities 

to translate promising scientific and technological 

advances from discovery through preclinical studies to 

multisite and network clinical trials. Areas supported by 

the Branch include:

• Heart Failure: devices and medical and cell-based 

therapies targeting heart failure, myocardial protection, and pathogenesis and treatment of heart failure 

and cardiomyopathies.

• Arrhythmias: arrhythmogenesis, genetic and environmental bases of normal cardiac electrical activity 

and arrhythmias, etiology of rare and common 

arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.
14

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 2. Program Overview

• Myocardial Protection: myocardial preconditioning, 

amelioration and prevention of myocardial stunning 

and hibernation, and protection from ischemic/

reperfusion injury.

• Resuscitation Science: mechanisms and management of clinical and experimental pathophysiologic 

states of whole body oxygen deprivation; systemic 

hypovolemia and resulting multiorgan failure; organ 

preservation; and cell, tissue, and organ protection 

during cardiac arrest and traumatic shock.

Vascular Biology and Hypertension Branch

The Vascular Biology and Hypertension Branch conducts and manages an integrated basic and clinical, extramural, research program to investigate vascular biology 

and the etiology, pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis, 

and treatment of hypertension and vascular diseases. It 

promotes opportunities to translate promising scientific 

and technological advances from discovery through preclinical studies to networks and multisite clinical trials. 

Areas supported by the Branch include:

• Vascular Biology: biology of the vascular wall; 

vascular biology (related to hypertension; cerebrovascular, renal, and peripheral vascular disease; 

aneurysms; and lymphatic diseases); development 

of arteries, veins, lymphatics, and microcirculation; and angiogenesis. 

• Vascular Medicine: cerebrovascular, renal, and 

peripheral vascular disease; and aneurysms.

• Hypertension: blood pressure regulation including 

central, renal, and vascular control and cerebrovascular disease resulting from high blood pressure.

Office of Research Training and Career Development 

The Office of Research Training and Career 

Development supports training and career development 

programs in cardiovascular research, offering opportunities to individuals at all educational levels from high 

school students to academic faculty, including programs 

for individuals from diverse populations. The programs 

promote opportunities for investigators, early in their 

research careers and under mentorship from senior scientists, to perform basic, preclinical or clinical cardiovascular research and to take emerging and promising 

scientific and technological advances from discovery 

through preclinical and clinical studies. The Office also 

collaborates with the scientific community and professional organizations to ensure that training programs 

meet both the current and future needs of the cardiovascular research workforce. Programs supported by the 

Office include:

• Institutional and individual research training programs and fellowships for training of promising 

cardiovascular scientists at the predoctoral, postdoctoral, junior faculty, and established investigator levels

• Diversity Supplements to ongoing research grants 

for support of young investigators from diverse 

backgrounds, from the high school to the junior 

faculty level

• The Pathway to Independence Program, which 

allows the recipient to bridge the gap between a 

career development award and a research award

• Career development programs specifically designed 

for clinical research or for minority researchers and 

institutions.

Division of Lung Diseases

The DLD plans and directs a coordinated research 

program on the causes and progression of lung diseases 

and sleep disorders including their prevention, diagnosis, 

and treatment. It supports basic research, clinical trials, 

national pulmonary centers, technological development, 

and application of research findings. Areas of interest 

include the biology and function of the respiratory system, fundamental mechanisms associated with specific 

pulmonary disorders, and development of new treatment 

strategies for patients. SCORs support collaborative 

studies on airway biology and pathogenesis of CF; cellular and molecular mechanisms of asthma; pathobiology 

of lung development; pathobiology of fibrotic lung disease; and neurobiology of sleep and sleep apnea. 

SCCORs support collaborative studies on translational 

research in acute lung injury and host factors in chronic 

lung diseases. Other important activities supported by 

the Division include demonstration and education projects to transfer basic research and clinical findings to 

health care professionals and patients and training and 

career development programs for individuals interested 

in furthering their professional abilities in lung diseases 

research. The DLD, through the NCSDR, also coordinates sleep research activities across the NIH, other 

Federal agencies, and outside organizations.
15

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 2. Program Overview

The Division is organized into three major research 

branches: 

• Airway Biology and Disease Branch 

• Lung Biology and Disease Branch

• NCSDR.

Airway Biology and Disease Branch 

The Airway Biology and Disease Branch supports 

research and research training in asthma, COPD, CF, and 

airway function in health and disease. Basic research 

focuses on elucidating the etiology and pathophysiology 

of the diseases. Clinical studies focus on improving 

asthma management and reducing health disparities in 

asthma; improving COPD treatment and management; 

and developing genetic, pharmacologic, and nonpharmacologic (e.g., gene transfer) treatments for CF.

Lung Biology and Disease Branch

The Lung Biology and Disease Program supports 

research, education, and training programs in lung cell 

and vascular biology; developmental biology and pediatric lung diseases; acute lung injury and critical care medicine; and interstitial lung diseases and lung immunology 

including pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and pulmonary manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus 

(HIV)/AIDS and associated infections with emphasis on 

active and latent TB and drug-resistant TB. Basic 

research focuses on lung development and cell biology, 

including stem cell biology and cell-based therapies, and 

mechanisms of disease etiology and pathogenesis. 

Clinical studies focus on evaluating innovative therapies 

for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pulmonary fibrosis, neonatal lung disease, pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary hypertension. 

National Center on Sleep Disorders Research

The NCSDR plans, directs, and supports basic, clinical, and applied research, health education, training, and 

prevention research in sleep, chronobiology, and sleep 

disorders. It oversees developments in its program areas; 

assesses the national needs for research on causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of sleep disorders and 

sleepiness; and coordinates sleep research activities 

across the Federal Government and with professional, 

voluntary, and private organizations. The Center promotes information sharing and coordinates implementation of interagency programs. 

The NHLBI sleep research program seeks to understand the molecular, genetic, and physiological regula­tion 

of sleep and the relationship of sleep disorders to CVD. 

It also supports efforts to understand the relationships of 

sleep restriction and sleep-disordered breathing to the 

metabolic syndrome, including obesity, high blood pressure and stroke, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and 

vascular inflammation. Ongoing NHLBI-funded 

research projects include elucidating the etiology and 

pathogenesis of sleep disorders, particularly sleep apnea; 

determining the role of sleep apnea in CVD and cerebrovascular disease; examining sleep and sleep disorders 

across the lifespan; and identifying new animal models of 

sleep disorders.

Division of Blood Diseases and Resources

The DBDR plans and directs research and research 

training on the causes and prevention of blood diseases 

and disorders. Areas of interest encompass a broad spectrum of research from stem cell biology to medical management of blood diseases, with a focus on nonmalignant 

and premalignant processes. It recently has taken a leading role in developing cell-based therapies, combining 

the expertise of transfusion medicine and stem cell technology with the exploration of repair and regeneration of 

human tissues and biological systems. SCCORs and 

other specialized centers support collaborative clinical 

research in hemostatic and thrombotic disorders, SCD, 

transfusion biology and medicine, and cell-based therapy 

for blood diseases. The Division also has a major 

responsibility to improve the adequacy and safety of the 

Nation’s blood supply. 

The Division is organized into three major branches: 

• Blood Diseases Branch 

• Thrombosis and Hemostasis Branch

• Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapeutics 

Branch.

Blood Diseases Branch 

The Blood Diseases Branch supports research and 

research training in nonmalignant disorders of the 

hematopoietic system including SCD and thalassemia. 

Attention is focused on reducing morbidity and mortality 

caused by the disorders and preventing their occurrence.
16

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 2. Program Overview

Research in SCD and thalassemia ranges from elucidating their etiology and pathophysiology to improving 

disease treatment and management. Areas of emphasis 

include genetics, regulation of hemoglobin synthesis, 

iron chelation, development of drugs to increase fetal 

hemoglobin production, and gene therapy. Developing 

animal models for preclinical studies is another area of 

interest. Clinical studies in SCD are investigating stroke 

prevention and the long-term effects of hydroxyurea 

therapy. A Phase III clinical trial is determining whether 

hydroxyurea is effective in preventing chronic end organ 

damage in children with SCD. 

The Branch oversees a program of Comprehensive 

Sickle Cell Centers, which collectively form a SCD clinical research network—and which individually conduct 

basic and clinical research—and provide state-of-the-art 

patient care, educational activities for patients and health 

professionals, community outreach, and genetic counseling services. 

A thalassemia clinical network is evaluating new treatment strategies and ensuring that research findings on 

optimal management of the disease are rapidly disseminated to practitioners and health care professionals. 

Thrombosis and Hemostasis Branch

The Thrombosis and Hemostasis Branch supports 

research and research training in hemostasis, thrombosis, 

and endothelial cell biology. It oversees a comprehensive program of basic research, clinical studies, and technology development focusing on understanding the 

pathogenesis of both arterial and venous thrombosis in 

order to improve the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment 

of thrombosis in heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular diseases. A major goal is to find additional platelet 

inhibitors, anticoagulants, and fibrinolytic agents that 

will improve specificity and reduce side effects when 

used in treatment of thrombotic and thromboembolic 

disorders. 

The Branch also supports research on bleeding disorders (e.g., hemophilia and von Willebrand disease) and 

immune disorders (e.g., idiopathic thrombocytopenic 

purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and systemic lupus erythematosus). Emerging areas of interest 

are gene transfer, clinical proteomics, inflammation and 

thrombosis, stroke, coagulation activation, autoimmune 

disease, and thrombotic complications of obesity, diabetes, and cancer. 

Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapeutics 

Branch

The Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapeutics 

Branch plans and directs research and research training in 

transfusion medicine, stem cell biology and disease, and 

clinical cellular medicine. It supports research on the 

use, safety, and availability of blood and blood components for transfusion and cellular therapies. Research 

areas include transmission of disease, noninfectious complications of transfusions, immunobiology, cell biology 

and disease, cell-based therapies, hematopoietic stem cell 

transplantation, and overall product availability.

The Branch develops programs for basic and clinical 

research related to normal and abnormal cellular biology 

and pathology. It also collaborates with governmental, 

private sector, and international organizations to improve 

the safety and availability of the global supply of blood 

and blood components. 

Division of Prevention and Population Sciences

The DPPS supports and provides leadership for 

population- and clinic-based research on the causes, prevention, and clinical care of cardiovascular, lung, and 

blood diseases and sleep disorders. Research includes a 

broad array of epidemiological studies to describe disease and risk factor patterns in populations and to identify risk factors for disease; clinical trials of interventions 

to prevent disease; studies of genetic, behavioral, sociocultural, and environmental influences on disease risk 

and outcomes; and studies of the application of prevention and treatment strategies to determine how to 

improve clinical care and public health. The Division 

also supports training and career development for these 

areas of research. 

The Division is organized into three major branches:

• Clinical Applications and Prevention Branch

• Epidemiology Branch

• WHI Branch.

Clinical Applications and Prevention Branch

The Clinical Applications and Prevention Branch 

supports, designs, and conducts research, and supports 

training, on behavioral, environmental, clinical, and 

health care approaches to reduce occurrence and consequences of CVD. Prevention research examines effects 
17

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 2. Program Overview

of interventions to slow or halt risk factor or disease 

development or progression; interventions use high-risk 

individual and population approaches, including medications, behavioral strategies, and environmental change. 

Studies examine lifestyle, nutrition and exercise, psychological and sociocultural factors, and environmental and 

genetic influences relevant to prevention. Clinical application research examines approaches to improve health 

care delivery and patient outcomes. Studies include clinical and community trials and selected observational 

studies.

Epidemiology Branch 

The Epidemiology Branch supports, designs, and conducts research, and supports training, in the epidemiology of cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases and sleep 

disorders. Studies are conducted to identify temporal 

trends and population patterns in the prevalence, incidence, morbidity, and mortality from the diseases and 

include single- and multicenter observational epidemiology studies of development, progression, and treatment 

of cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders. Studies identify environmental, lifestyle, physiological, and genetic risk factors for disease and risk 

factor development including characterization of gene–

gene and gene–environment interactions. The Branch 

also distributes data from all eligible NHLBI studies to 

researchers as a national data resource and adheres to 

guidelines that protect participant privacy and 

confidentiality.

WHI Branch

The WHI Branch supports clinical trials and observational studies to improve the understanding of the causes 

and prevention of major diseases affecting the health of 

women. Current studies focus on CVD, cancer, and fractures, in collaboration with National Cancer Institute 

(NCI), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal 

and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institute on Aging 

(NIA), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and 

Stroke (NINDS), and Office of Research on Women’s 

Health (ORWH). Large, multicenter, observational 

epidemiology studies seek to identify risk markers for 

disease or better quantify known markers using questionnaire, clinical examination, and laboratory data. The 

large and long-term multicenter clinical trials test 

promising but unproven interventions such as hormone 

therapy, diet, and supplements to prevent major 

diseases and evaluate overall effects on health. The 

Branch has established an infrastructure to support 

the use of data and blood samples from the studies by 

the scientific community. 

Division of Intramural Research

The DIR conducts laboratory and clinical research in 

heart, vascular, lung, blood, and kidney diseases and 

develops technology related to cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Areas of interest include the biology 

of experimental and clinical arteriosclerosis and its manifestations; pathophysiology of hypertensive vascular disease; functions of the lung; clinical and experimental 

studies on physiologic and pharmacologic aspects of 

heart, lung, and blood diseases; and a broad program of 

other basic research and technical development related 

to them.

In fiscal year (FY) 2005, the DIR was reorganized. 

The Office of the Director, Laboratory Research 

Program, became the Office of the Scientific Director, 

and the Office of the Director, Clinical Research 

Program, became the Office of the Clinical Director, 

which was subsumed within the Office of the Scientific 

Director. Clinical branches and their laboratories and 

sections were abolished and four new branches were 

established: the Cardiovascular Branch, the Hematology 

Branch, the Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine Branch, 

and the Vascular Medicine Branch. 

The reorganized DIR includes the following four centers and four branches:

Biochemistry and Biophysics Center

The Biochemistry and Biophysics Center develops a 

global view of the molecular basis of structure–function 

relationships of proteins and biologically relevant molecules. It performs state-of-the-art nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies of protein structure 

and functional interactions, develops mathematical tools 

for generating theoretical models of protein structure–

function relationships, elucidates the mechanisms of 

enzyme function, and investigates the relationship 

between protein structure–function relationships and cell 

signaling pathways.

Cell Biology and Physiology Center

The Cell Biology and Physiology Center develops a 

global view of the mechanisms that regulate cellular 

function and physiology. It evaluates the mechanisms 
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 2. Program Overview

that control different molecular machines within the 

cytosol, including those involved in muscle contraction, 

and cytosolic and membrane transport processes. The 

Center studies cellular signaling events associated with 

hormone action, cytosolic trafficking, and energy 

metabolism; investigates the role of cellular processes 

on function and adaptation in whole animal model 

systems; and develops unique measuring devices for 

studying biochemical and physiological processes in 

intact cells, whole animals, and clinical situations. 

Genetics and Development Biology Center

The Genetics and Development Biology Center develops a global view of the mechanisms that regulate cardiovascular development and the etiology of congenital 

heart anomalies and CVD. It evaluates the function of 

specific genes and transcription factors in the development of the heart and other tissues, develops techniques 

and approaches for gene delivery and gene therapy in 

model systems, and works toward a better understanding 

of basic processes involved in regulating and interpreting 

the genetic code in development and disease.

Immunology Center

The Immunology Center develops a global view on 

the molecular basis of immune processes. It studies the 

intracellular and signaling processes involved in the activation of lymphocytes and mast cells, investigates the 

mechanisms by which drugs and other agents result in 

allergic-autoimmune reactions, and relates the results to 

the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic 

approaches in humans.

Cardiovascular Branch

The Cardiovascular Branch develops diagnostic and 

therapeutic modalities for the treatment of CVD. It 

investigates laboratory-based mechanistic studies and 

innovative clinical protocols. 

Hematology Branch

The Hematology Branch conducts basic and clinical 

research on normal and abnormal hematopoiesis. Areas 

of interest include bone marrow failure, viral infections 

of hematopoietic cells, gene therapy of hematologic and 

malignant diseases, bone marrow transplantation, and 

mechanisms of immunologically mediated syndromes 

such as graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune 

diseases.

Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine Branch

The Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine Branch conducts research on the lung and cardiovascular system 

directed at defining, on the molecular level, normal 

function and disease. It focuses on the integration of 

biochemical, molecular, biological, and immunological 

events into an understanding of intra- and intercellular 

communications and organ function.

Vascular Medicine Branch

The Vascular Medicine Branch conducts research on 

the lung and vasculature directed at defining, on a molecular, biochemical, and functional level, normal physiological function and novel mechanisms of disease. It 

focuses on translational study and therapeutic modulation 

of these functions to mitigate vasculopathy in lung and 

heart disease.

Office of Prevention, Education, and Control

The Institute’s OPEC coordinates the translation and 

dissemination of research findings and scientific consensus to health professionals, patients, and the public, so 

that information can be adapted for, and integrated into, 

health care practice and individual health behavior. The 

Office also coordinates NHLBI international programs 

and activities. NHLBI health education programs and 

initiatives established through the OPEC address high 

blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, asthma, early 

warning signs of heart attack, obesity, and sleep disorders. For reducing high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and obesity, two approaches are used: one 

focuses on individuals at high risk and the other on the 

general public. Special attention is given to minority 

populations that are disproportionately affected by disorders within the Institute’s mandate. 

The four largest education programs have coordinating 

committees consisting of national medical, public health, 

and voluntary organizations and other Federal agencies, 

which help to plan, implement, and evaluate the 

Institute’s professional, patient, and public education 

programs. 

The National High Blood Pressure Education Program 

(NHBPEP) was initiated in 1972 to reduce death and 

disability related to high blood pressure. It employs a 

comprehensive strategy to mobilize, educate, and coordinate groups concerned with hypertension prevention and 

control. Major activities include developing and 
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 2. Program Overview

disseminating educational materials and programs that 

are grounded in a strong science base.

The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) 

was initiated in 1985 to educate health professionals and 

the public about high blood cholesterol as a risk factor 

for coronary heart disease (CHD) and about the benefits 

of lowering cholesterol levels to reduce illness and death 

from CHD. Its goal is to reduce the prevalence of elevated blood cholesterol in the United States and thereby 

contribute to reducing CHD morbidity and mortality.

The National Asthma Education and Prevention 

Program (NAEPP) was initiated in 1989 to raise awareness of asthma as a serious, chronic disease; to promote 

more effective management of asthma through professional, patient, and public education; and to provide upto-date information on asthma care. It employs a number 

of outreach strategies. Major emphasis is placed on 

developing, disseminating, and implementing national 

guidelines on the diagnosis and management of asthma. 

The Program works with schools, health care professionals, and patients to improve asthma care, prevent disruptions of daily routine, limit hospitalizations, and reduce 

deaths caused by uncontrolled asthma. Special attention 

is directed to minority, low-income, and underserved 

populations who are at increased risk.

The National Heart Attack Alert Program (NHAAP) 

was initiated in 1991 to reduce morbidity and mortality 

from heart attack, including out-of-hospital cardiac 

arrest, through education of health care providers, 

patients, and the public, about the importance of rapid 

identification and treatment of individuals with heart 

attack symptoms. In 1997, the Program’s scope was 

broadened to include early identification and treatment of 

individuals with unstable angina, thereby including the 

full spectrum of acute coronary syndromes.

The NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative (OEI) was 

launched in 1991 to reduce the prevalence of overweight, 

obesity, and physical inactivity in order to lower the risk 

and overall morbidity and mortality from CHD. In addition, reducing the prevalence of overweight/obesity will 

help to prevent or improve other diseases and conditions 

such as type 2 diabetes and sleep apnea.

Because of the association of obesity and physical 

inactivity with the various risk factors for CVD as well 

as impaired lung function, the OEI helps to enhance and 

integrate education activities related to both weight and 

physical activity. One such program, conducted in collaboration with the National Institute of Diabetes and 

Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the National 

Institute of Child Health and Human Development 

(NICHD), and the NCI, is “We Can!,” a national public 

education program designed to address the dramatic 

increase in overweight and obesity in children. The 

program targets youth, ages 8–13, and their parents or 

primary caregivers in home and community settings to 

help prevent obesity.

The NCSDR works closely with the OPEC on education pertaining to sleep problems and sleep disorders for 

physicians, other health care providers, and the general 

public. Reaching children and adolescents with messages about sleep and sleep disorders is a priority. The 

NCSDR and Garfield the Cat have teamed up to provide 

sleep education information for kids, parents, teachers, 

and pediatricians on the Garfield Star Sleeper Web site.

The NHLBI, along with its partner organizations, 

launched The Heart Truth campaign in 2002 to make 

women more aware of the danger of heart disease. The 

campaign, which uses a red dress as a national symbol 

for women and heart disease awareness, is especially 

aimed at women ages 40 to 60, the time when a woman’s 

heart disease risk starts to rise. It also targets women of 

color because they have high rates of the major risk factors for heart disease, such as obesity, physical inactivity, 

high blood pressure, and diabetes. 

The Institute has undertaken educational activities in 

peripheral arterial disease, COPD, and von Willebrand 

disease. A campaign designed to educate the public 

about the signs and symptoms of peripheral arterial disease and its risk factors and to encourage those at risk to 

seek diagnosis and treatment was launched on September 

19. A COPD awareness and education campaign targeting patients, those at risk, and health care providers will 

be launched in FY 2007.

The OPEC is also responsible for coordinating the 

Institute’s nutrition program. The NHLBI Nutrition 

Coordinator serves as a major source of nutrition policy 

and nutrition science knowledge and advises the NHLBI 

Director on nutrition program policies and priorities. In 

addition, the Coordinator is the Institute’s representative 

to other relevant components of the NIH, the U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and 
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 2. Program Overview

other components of the Federal Government on nutrition research and policy. 

The NHLBI supports several outreach education programs that target blacks and ethnic minorities who are 

disproportionately affected by heart disease. One such 

program, “Enhanced Dissemination and Utilization 

Centers” (EDUCs), focuses on high-risk communities 

and seeks to eliminate cardiovascular health disparities 

and improve the health of underserved populations. The 

“Salud para su Corazón” (Health for Your Heart) initiative is a community-based heart health program for 

Latinos that uses trained local lay health workers (promotores de salud) applying the values and culture of the 

community to teach individuals and patients how to 

reduce their risk of developing CVD. American Indian 

and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities and Asian 

American and Pacific Islanders are additional populations that receive special attention. Programs specifically 

directed and culturally sensitive emphasize the importance of good heart health.

The NHLBI initiated the “Keep the Beat” program in 

2004 to promote heart healthy behaviors for its employees and to encourage them to become more physically 

active. A key component of the program was the introduction of onsite “Take 10” rooms where employees can 

go to use 10–15 minutes of their daily break time to participate in a low-impact physical activity of their choice.

In FY 2006, based on a recommendation from participants attending the CVD Thought Leaders meeting, the 

OPEC is seeking to assemble its CVD education and outreach programs and initiatives into a Cardiovascular 

Knowledge Network and to establish integrated CVD 

guidelines that will enable clinicians and patients to 

address all of the risk factors contributing to CVD risk. 

The Institute’s international programs support a number of global activities to promote research, research 

training, and improved health within its mandate. 

Activities include providing training in its laboratories to 

international research fellows from approximately 30 

countries; collaborating with the Institute of Circulatory 

and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health 

Research (CIHR), on cardiovascular, pulmonary, and 

blood diseases research; conducting epidemiologic, laboratory, and survey research on blood donors in selected 

developing countries in regions seriously affected by the 

HIV/AIDS epidemic; and partnering with the Pan 

American Health Organization (PAHO) and the World 

Health Organization (WHO) to address the pandemic of 

CVD in North, Central, and South America and the 

Caribbean.

The NHLBI supports efforts to encourage collaboration and research on rare diseases. It is working with 

Ghana to compare the differences in epidemiology and 

etiology of infections in SCD between Africa and the 

United States; supporting clinical studies on Cooley’s 

anemia in the United Kingdom; and initiating research 

into the genetics and basic mechanisms of DiamondBlackfan anemia and other rare inherited bone marrow 

failure syndromes with Australia, Canada, and Sweden.

All of these activities strengthen the Institute’s international partnerships and coalitions and extend the benefits 

of the Institute’s research, prevention, and treatment programs to other countries. 
21

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 3. Important Events 

June 16, 1948. President Harry S Truman signs 

the National Heart Act, creating the NHI in the 

Public Health Service (PHS), with the National 

Advisory Heart Council as its advisory body.

July 7, 1948. Dr. Paul Dudley White is selected 

to be “Executive Director of the National Advisory 

Heart Council and Chief Medical Advisor to the 

National Heart Institute” under section 4b of the 

National Heart Act.

August 1, 1948. The NHI is established as an 

institute of the NIH by Surgeon General Leonard 

A. Scheele. As legislated in the National Heart Act, 

the NHI assumes responsibility for heart research, 

training, and administration. Intramural research 

projects in CVD and gerontology conducted elsewhere in the NIH are transferred to the NHI. The 

Director of the NHI assumes all leadership for the 

total PHS heart program. Dr. Cassius J. Van Slyke 

is appointed as the first Director of the NHI.

August 29, 1948. Surgeon General Scheele 

announces the membership of the first National 

Advisory Heart Council. Varying terms of membership for the 16-member Council commence September 1.

September 8, 1948. The National Advisory Heart 

Council holds its first meeting.

January 1949. Cooperative Research Units are 

established at four institutions: the University of 

California, the University of Minnesota, Tulane 

University, and Massachusetts General Hospital. 

Pending completion of the NHI’s own research 

organization and facilities, the Units are jointly 

financed by the NIH and the institutions.

July 1, 1949. The NHI Intramural Research 

Program is established and organized on three general research levels consisting of three laboratory 

sections, five laboratory–clinical sections, and four 

clinical sections. The Heart Disease Epidemiology 

Study at Framingham, Massachusetts, is transferred 

from the Bureau of State Services, PHS, to the NHI.

3. Important Events

January 18–20, 1950. The NHI and the American Heart Association jointly sponsor the first 

National Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases to 

summarize current knowledge and to make recommendations concerning further progress against heart 

and blood vessel diseases.

December 1, 1952. Dr. James Watt is appointed 

Director of the NHI, succeeding Dr. Van Slyke, who 

is appointed Associate Director of the NIH.

July 6, 1953. The Clinical Center admits its first 

patient for heart disease research.

July 1, 1957. The first members of the NHI 

Board of Scientific Counselors begin their terms. 

The Board was established in 1956 “to provide 

advice on matters of general policy, particularly 

from a long-range viewpoint, as they relate to the 

intramural research program.”

February 19, 1959. The American Heart 

Association and the NHI present a report to 

the Nation—A Decade of Progress Against 

Cardiovascular Disease.

April 21, 1961. The President’s Conference on 

Heart Disease and Cancer, whose participants on 

March 15 were requested by President John F. 

Kennedy to assist “in charting the Government’s 

further role in a national attack on these diseases,” 

convenes at the White House and submits its report.

September 11, 1961. Dr. Ralph E. Knutti is 

appointed Director of the NHI, succeeding Dr. Watt, 

who becomes head of international activities for the 

PHS.

December 30, 1963. February is designated as 

“American Heart Month” by a unanimous joint resolution of Congress with approval from President 

Lyndon B. Johnson.

November 22–24, 1964. The Second National 

Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases, cosponsored by the American Heart Association, the NHI, 
22

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 3. Important Events 

and the Heart Disease Control Program of the PHS, is 

held to evaluate progress since the 1950 Conference and 

to assess needs and goals for continued and accelerated 

growth against heart and blood vessel diseases.

December 9, 1964. The President’s Commission on 

Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke, appointed by 

President Johnson on March 7, 1964, submits its report 

to “recommend steps that can be taken to reduce the burden and incidence of these diseases.”

August 1, 1965. Dr. William H. Stewart assumes the 

Directorship of the NHI upon Dr. Knutti’s retirement.

September 24, 1965. Dr. William H. Stewart, NHI 

Director, is named Surgeon General of the PHS.

October 6, 1965. In FY 1966, Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 89–199) allocates funds to implement 

the recommendations of the President’s Commission on 

Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke that are within existing legislative authorities. The NHI is given $5.05 million for new clinical training programs, additional 

graduate training grants, cardiovascular clinical research 

centers on cerebrovascular disease and thrombotic and 

hemorrhagic disorders, and planning grants for future 

specialized cardiovascular centers.

March 8, 1966. Dr. Robert P. Grant succeeds 

Dr. Stewart as Director of the NHI. Dr. Grant serves 

until his death on August 15, 1966.

November 6, 1966. Dr. Donald S. Fredrickson is 

appointed Director of the NHI.

March 15, 1968. Dr. Theodore Cooper succeeds 

Dr. Fredrickson as Director of the NHI, the latter electing 

to return to research activities with the Institute.

October 16, 1968. Dr. Marshall W. Nirenberg is 

awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 

discovering the key to deciphering the genetic code. 

Dr. Nirenberg, chief of the NHI Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, is the first Nobel Laureate at the NIH and 

the first Federal employee to receive a Nobel Prize.

October 26, 1968. The NHI receives the National 

Hemophilia Foundation’s Research and Scientific 

Achievement Award for its “medical leadership . . . , 

tremendous stimulation and support of research 

activities directly related to the study and treatment of 

hemophilia.”

November 14, 1968. The 20th anniversary of the 

NHI is commemorated at the White House under the 

auspices of President Johnson and other distinguished 

guests.

August 12, 1969. A major NHI reorganization plan 

creates five program branches along disease category 

lines in extramural programs (arteriosclerotic disease, 

cardiac disease, pulmonary disease, hypertension and 

kidney diseases, and thrombotic and hemorrhagic diseases); a Therapeutic Evaluations Branch and an 

Epidemiology Branch under the Associate Director for 

Clinical Applications; and three offices in the Office of 

the Director (heart information, program planning, and 

administrative management).

November 10, 1969. The NHI is redesignated by the 

Secretary, Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW), as the 

National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), reflecting a 

broadening scope of its functions.

February 18, 1971. President Richard M. Nixon’s 

Health Message to Congress identifies sickle cell anemia 

as a high-priority disease and calls for increased Federal 

expenditures. The Assistant Secretary for Health and 

Scientific Affairs, HEW, is assigned lead-agency responsibility for coordination of the National Sickle Cell 

Disease Program at the NIH and NHLI.

June 1971. The Task Force on Arteriosclerosis, convened by Dr. Cooper, presents its report. Volume I 

addresses general aspects of the problem and presents the 

major conclusions and recommendations in nontechnical 

language. Volume II contains technical information on 

the state of knowledge and conclusions and recommendations in each of the following areas: atherogenesis, 

presymptomatic atherosclerosis, overt atherosclerosis, 

and rehabilitation.

May 16, 1972. The National Sickle Cell Anemia 

Control Act (P.L. 92–294) provides for a national diagnosis, control, treatment, and research program. The Act 

does not mention the NHLI but has special pertinence 

because the Institute has been designated to coordinate 

the National Sickle Cell Disease Program.

June 12, 1972. Elliot Richardson, Secretary, HEW, 

approves a nationwide program for high blood pressure 

information and education and appoints two committees 

to implement the program: the Hypertension Information 

and Education Advisory Committee, chaired by the 

Director, NIH, and the Interagency Working Group, 
23

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 3. Important Events 

chaired by the Director, NHLI. A High Blood Pressure 

Information Center is established within the NHLI Office 

of Information to collect and disseminate public and 

professional information about the disease.

July 1972. The NHLI launches its NHBPEP, a program of patient and professional education that has as 

its goal to reduce death and disability related to high 

blood pressure.

July 14, 1972. Secretary Richardson approves reorganization of the NHLI, with the Institute elevated to 

Bureau status within the NIH and comprising seven 

division-level components: Office of the Director, 

DHVD, DLD, DBDR, DIR, Division of Technological 

Applications, and Division of Extramural Affairs (DEA). 

September 19, 1972. The National Heart, Blood 

Vessel, Lung, and Blood Act of 1972 (P.L. 92–423) 

expands the authority of the Institute to advance the 

national attack on the diseases within its mandate. The 

act calls for intensified and coordinated Institute activities to be planned by the Director and reviewed by the 

National Heart and Lung Advisory Council.

July 24, 1973. The first Five-Year Plan for the 

National Heart, Blood Vessel, Lung, and Blood Program 

is transmitted to the President and to Congress.

December 17, 1973. The National Heart and Lung 

Advisory Council completes its First Annual Report on 

the National Program.

February 13, 1974. The Director of the NHLI forwards his First Annual Report on the National Program 

to the President for transmittal to Congress.

April 5, 1974. The Assistant Secretary for Health, 

HEW, authorizes release of the Report to the President 

by the President’s Advisory Panel on Heart Disease. 

The report of the 20-member panel, chaired by Dr. John 

S. Millis, includes a survey of the problem of heart and 

blood vessel disorders and panel recommendations to 

reduce illness and death from them.

August 2, 1974. The Secretary, HEW, approves regulations governing the establishment, support, and operation of National Research and Demonstration Centers 

for heart, blood vessel, lung, and blood diseases, which 

implement section 415(b) of the PHS Act, as amended by 

the National Heart, Blood Vessel, Lung, and Blood Act 

of 1972: (1) to carry out basic and clinical research on 

heart, blood vessel, lung, and blood diseases; (2) to 

provide demonstrations of advanced methods of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment; and (3) to supply a training source for scientists and physicians concerned with 

the diseases.

September 16, 1975. Dr. Robert I. Levy is appointed 

Director of the NHLI, succeeding Dr. Theodore Cooper, 

who was appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary for 

Health, HEW, on April 19, 1974.

June 25, 1976. Legislation amending the PHS Act 

(P.L. 94–278) changes the name of the NHLI to the 

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and 

provides for an expansion in blood-related activities 

within the Institute and throughout the National Heart, 

Blood Vessel, Lung, and Blood Program. 

August 1, 1977. The Biomedical Research Extension 

Act of 1977 (P.L. 95–83) reauthorizes the programs of 

the NHLBI, with continued emphasis on both the 

national program and related prevention and dissemination activities.

February 1978. The NHLBI and the American Heart 

Association jointly celebrate their 30th anniversaries.

September 1979. The Task Force on Hypertension, 

established in September 1975 to assess the state of 

hypertension research, completes its in-depth survey and 

recommendations for improved prevention, treatment, 

and control in 14 major areas. The recommendations are 

intended to guide the NHLBI in its future efforts.

November 1979. The results of the Hypertension 

Detection and Follow-Up Program (HDFP), a major clinical trial started in 1971, provide evidence that tens of 

thousands of lives are being saved through treatment of 

mild hypertension and that perhaps thousands more could 

be saved annually if all people with mild hypertension 

were under treatment.

November 21, 1980. The Albert Lasker Special 

Public Health Award is presented to the NHLBI for its 

HDFP, “which stands alone among clinical studies in its 

profound potential benefit to millions of people.”

December 17, 1980. The Health Programs Extension 

Act of 1980 (P.L. 96–538) reauthorizes the NHLBI, with 

continued emphasis on both the national program and 

related prevention programs.

September 8, 1981. The Working Group on 

Arteriosclerosis, convened in 1978 to assess present 
24

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 3. Important Events 

understanding, highlight unresolved problems, and 

emphasize opportunities for future research in arteriosclerosis, completes its report. Volume I presents conclusions and recommendations in nontechnical language. 

Volume II provides an in-depth substantive basis for the 

conclusions and recommendations contained in Volume I.

October 2, 1981. The Beta-Blocker Heart Attack 

Trial (BHAT) demonstrates benefits to those in the trial 

who received the drug propranolol compared with the 

control group.

July 6, 1982. Dr. Claude Lenfant is appointed 

Director of the NHLBI. He succeeds Dr. Levy.

September 1982. The results of the Multiple Risk 

Factor Intervention Trial are released. They support 

measures to reduce cigarette smoking and to lower blood 

cholesterol to prevent CHD mortality but raise questions 

about optimal treatment of mild hypertension.

October 26, 1983. The Coronary Artery Surgery 

Study (CASS) results are released. They demonstrate 

that mildly symptomatic patients with coronary artery 

disease can safely defer coronary artery bypass surgery 

until symptoms worsen.

January 12, 1984. The results of the Lipid Research 

Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (LRC-CPPT) 

are released. They establish conclusively that reducing 

total blood cholesterol reduces the risk of CHD in men at 

increased risk because of elevated cholesterol levels. 

Each 1 percent decrease in cholesterol can be expected to 

reduce heart attack risk by 2 percent.

April–September 1984. The Tenth Report of the 

Director, NHLBI, commemorates the 10th anniversary of 

the passage of the National Heart, Blood Vessel, Lung, 

and Blood Act. The five-volume publication reviews 10 

years of research progress and presents a 5-year research 

plan for the national program.

April 1984. The DECA is created. It provides the 

Institute with a single focus on clinical trials; prevention, 

demonstration, and education programs; behavioral medicine; nutrition; epidemiology; and biometry. It also provides new opportunities to examine the interrelationships 

of cardiovascular, respiratory, and blood diseases.

November 1984. An NHLBI-NIH Clinical Center 

interagency agreement for studies on the transmission of 

HIV from humans to chimpanzees leads to the first 

definitive evidence that the transmission is by blood 

transfusion.

April 1985. Results of Phase I of the Thrombolysis 

in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial comparing 

streptokinase (SK) with recombinant tissue plasminogen 

activator (t-PA) are published. The new thrombolytic 

agent recombinant t-PA is approximately twice as effective as SK in opening thrombosed coronary arteries.

October 1985. The NHLBI Smoking Education 

Program is initiated to increase health care provider 

awareness about clinical opportunities for smoking cessation programs, techniques for use within health care 

settings, and resources for use within communities to 

expand and reinforce such efforts.

October 14, 1985. NHLBI-supported researchers 

Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein are awarded 

the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol 

metabolism.

November 1985. The NHLBI inaugurates the NCEP 

to increase awareness among health professionals and the 

public that elevated blood cholesterol is a cause of CHD 

and that reducing elevated blood cholesterol levels will 

contribute to the reduction of CHD.

June 1986. Results of the Prophylactic Penicillin 

Trial demonstrate the efficacy of prophylactic penicillin 

therapy in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with pneumococcal infections in children with SCD.

September 18, 1986. The NHLBI sponsors events on 

the NIH campus in conjunction with the meeting of the 

X World Congress of Cardiology in Washington, DC. 

Activities include a special exhibit at the National 

Library of Medicine entitled “American Contributions 

to Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery” and two 

symposia—“New Dimensions in Cardiovascular 

Disease Research” and “Cardiovascular Nursing and 

Nursing Research.”

December 17, 1986. The citizens of Framingham, 

Massachusetts, are presented a tribute by the Assistant 

Secretary, HHS, for their participation in the Framingham Heart Study over the past 40 years.

September 1987. The NHLBI commemorates the 

centennial of the NIH and the 40th anniversary of the 

Institute’s inception. Two publications prepared for the 

Institute’s anniversary, Forty Years of Achievement in 
25

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 3. Important Events 

Heart, Lung, and Blood Research and A Salute to the 

Past: A History of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood 

Institute, document significant Institute contributions to 

research and summarize recollections about the 

Institute’s 40-year history.

October 1987. The National Blood Resource 

Education Program is established to ensure an adequate 

supply of safe blood and blood components to meet the 

Nation’s needs and to ensure that blood and blood 

components are transfused only when therapeutically 

appropriate.

April 1988. The NHLBI initiates its Minority 

Research Supplements program to provide supplemental 

funds to ongoing research grants for support of minority 

investigators added to research teams.

September 1988. AIDS research is added to the 

National Heart, Blood Vessel, Lung, and Blood Diseases 

and Blood Resources Program. It is the first area of 

research to be added since the Program was established 

in 1973.

September 1988. The NHLBI funds the first of its 

new Programs of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 

designed to foster the study of the organization, modification, and expression of the genome in areas of importance to the Institute and to encourage investigators to 

become skilled in the experimental strategies and techniques of modern molecular biology. 

September 1988. The Strong Heart Study is initiated. 

It focuses on CVD morbidity and mortality rates and distribution of CVD risk factors in three geographically 

diverse American Indian groups. 

October 1988. The National Marrow Donor Program 

is transferred from the Department of the Navy to the 

NHLBI. The Program, which serves as a focal point for 

bone marrow research, includes a national registry of 

volunteers who have offered to donate marrow for transplant to patients not having suitably matched relatives.

March 1989. The NHLBI initiates a National Asthma 

Education Program to raise awareness of asthma as a 

serious chronic disease and to promote more effective 

management of asthma through patient and professional 

education. 

May 1989. The NHLBI Minority Access to Research 

Careers (MARC) Summer Research Training Program is 

initiated to provide an opportunity for MARC Honors 

Scholars to work with researchers in the NHLBI intramural laboratories.

September 14, 1990. The first human gene therapy 

protocol in history is undertaken at the NIH. A team of 

scientists, led by W. French Anderson, NHLBI, and R. 

Michael Blaese, NCI, insert a normal gene into a 

patient’s cells to compensate for a defective gene that left 

the patient’s cells unable to produce an enzyme essential 

to the functioning of the body’s immune system.

January 1991. The NHLBI OEI begins. Its objective 

is to make a concerted effort to educate the public and 

health professionals about obesity as an independent risk 

factor for CVD and its relationship to other risk factors, 

such as high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol.

February 1991. The expert panel of the National 

Asthma Education Program releases its report, Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Asthma, to 

educate physicians and other health care providers in 

asthma management.

April 8–10, 1991. The First National Conference on 

Cholesterol and Blood Pressure Control is attended by 

more than 1,800 health professionals.

May 1991. The Task Force on Hypertension, established in November 1989 to assess the state of hypertension research and to develop a plan for future NHLBI 

funding, presents its conclusions. The report outlines a 

set of scientific priorities and develops a comprehensive 

plan for support over the next several years.

June 11, 1991. The NHLBI initiates a NHAAP to 

reduce premature morbidity and mortality from acute 

myocardial infarction (AMI) and sudden death. The 

Program emphasizes rapid disease identification and 

treatment.

July 1991. Results of the Systolic Hypertension in the 

Elderly Program (SHEP) demonstrate that low-dose 

pharmacologic therapy of isolated systolic hypertension 

in those older than 60 years of age significantly reduces 

stroke and myocardial infarction.

August 1991. Results of the Studies of Left 

Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) are released. They 

demonstrate that use of the angiotensin-converting 

enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril causes a significant 

reduction in mortality and hospitalization for congestive 

heart failure in patients with symptomatic heart failure.
26

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 3. Important Events 

August 1991. The NHLBI sponsors the first national 

workshop, “Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health: 

Special Emphasis on Women and Youth,” to assess the 

current knowledge in the field and to develop scientific 

priorities and plans for support. Recommendations from 

the Working Groups are published in the supplemental 

issue of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.

March 1992. The International Consensus Report on 

Diagnosis and Management of Asthma is released. It is 

to be used by asthma specialists and medical opinion 

leaders to provide a framework for discussion of asthma 

management pertinent to their respective countries.

March 1992. Results of the Trials of Hypertension 

Prevention Phase I are published. They demonstrate that 

both weight loss and reduction of dietary salt reduce 

blood pressure in adults with high-normal diastolic blood 

pressure and may reduce the incidence of primary 

hypertension.

June 26–27, 1992. The Fourth National Minority 

Forum on Cardiovascular Health, Pulmonary Disorders, 

and Blood Resources is attended by nearly 600 

individuals.

October 11–13, 1992. The First National Conference 

on Asthma Management is attended by more than 900 

individuals.

October 30, 1992. A celebration of the 20th anniversary of the NHBPEP is held in conjunction with the 

NHBPEP Coordinating Committee meeting. The Fifth 

Report of the Joint National Committee on the Detection, 

Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 

V) and the NHBPEP Working Group Report on the 

Primary Prevention of Hypertension are released.

June 10, 1993. The NIH Revitalization Act of 1993 

(P.L. 103–43) establishes the NCSDR within the NHLBI.

June 15, 1993. The Second Report of the Expert 

Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High 

Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP II) is released to the 

public at a press conference held in conjunction with the 

NCEP Coordinating Committee meeting.

January 30, 1995. Results of the Multicenter Study 

of Hydroxyurea (MSH) are released through a clinical 

alert. They demonstrate that hydroxyurea reduced the 

number of painful episodes by 50 percent in severely 

affected adults with SCD. This is the first effective treatment for adult patients with this disorder.

September 1995. The NHLBI funds a new Program 

of Specialized Centers of Research in Hematopoietic 

Stem Cell Biology, which is designed to advance our 

knowledge of stem cell biology and enhance our ability 

to achieve successful stem cell therapy to cure genetic 

and acquired diseases.

September 21, 1995. Results of the Bypass 

Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation are released 

through a clinical alert. They demonstrate that patients 

on drug treatment for diabetes who had blockages in two 

or more coronary arteries and were treated with coronary 

artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery had, at 5 years, a 

death rate markedly lower than that of similar patients 

treated with angioplasty. The clinical alert recommends 

CABG over standard angioplasty for patients on drug 

therapy for diabetes who have multiple coronary blockages and are first-time candidates for either procedure.

November 5–6, 1995. The first Conference on 

Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Cardiovascular Health 

and Disease is held to determine future opportunities and 

needs for research on SES factors and their relationships 

with cardiovascular health and disease.

December 4–5, 1995. A celebration of the 10th anniversary of the NCEP is held in conjunction with the 

NCEP Coordinating Committee meeting. Results of the 

1995 Cholesterol Awareness Surveys of physicians and 

the public are released.

May 1996. The NHLBI announces results from the 

Framingham Heart Study that conclude earlier and more 

aggressive treatment of hypertension is vital to preventing congestive heart failure. The Treatment of Mild 

Hypertension Study (TOMHS) demonstrates that lifestyle changes, such as weight loss, a healthy eating plan, 

and physical activity, are crucial for reducing blood lipids 

in those treated for Stage I hypertension.

September 1996. Findings from the Asthma Clinical 

Research Network (ACRN) show that for people with 

asthma, taking an inhaled beta-agonist at regularly scheduled times is safe but provides no greater benefit than 

taking the medication only when asthma symptoms 

occur. The recommendation to physicians who treat 

patients with mild asthma is to prescribe inhaled betaagonists only on an as-needed basis.

November 13, 1996. The NHLBI releases findings 

from two studies, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial and Trial of Nonpharmacologic 
27

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 3. Important Events 

Intervention in the Elderly (TONE). The DASH Trial 

demonstrates that a diet low in fat and high in vegetables, 

fruits, fiber, and low-fat dairy products significantly and 

quickly lowers blood pressure. The TONE shows that 

weight loss and reduction of dietary sodium safely 

reduce the need for antihypertensive medication in older 

patients while keeping their blood pressure under 

control.

January 1997. Definitive results from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth 

(PDAY) program are published. They show that atherosclerosis develops before age 20 and that the risk factors 

low HDL cholesterol, high LDL cholesterol, and cigarette smoking affect the progression of atherosclerosis 

equally in women and men, regardless of race.

February 24, 1997. The NAEPP releases the Expert 

Panel Report 2, Guidelines for the Diagnosis and 

Management of Asthma to the public at a press conference held in conjunction with a meeting of the American 

Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology in San 

Francisco.

May 8, 1997. Results of the Antiarrhythmic Versus 

Implantable Defibrillator (AVID) clinical trial are presented. They show that an implantable cardiac defibrillator reduces mortality compared to pharmacologic therapy 

in patients at high risk for sudden cardiac death.

September 1997. The Stroke Prevention Trial in 

Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP) is terminated early because 

prophylactic transfusion resulted in a 90 percent relative 

decrease in the stroke rate among children 2 to 16 years 

old.

September 1997. The Institute’s National Sickle Cell 

Disease Program celebrates its 25th anniversary.

October 1997. The NHLBI commemorates the 50th 

anniversary of the Institute’s inception. A publication 

prepared for the Institute’s anniversary, Vital Signs: 

Discoveries in diseases of the heart, lungs, and blood 

documents the remarkable research advances of the past 

50 years.

October 1, 1997. The WHI, initiated in 1991, is 

transferred to the NHLBI.

November 6, 1997. The Sixth Report of the Joint 

National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, 

Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 

VI) is released at a press conference held in conjunction 

with the 25th anniversary meeting and celebration of the 

NHBPEP Coordinating Committee.

December 1997. Findings from the Trial To Reduce 

Alloimmunization to Platelets (TRAP) demonstrate that 

leucocyte reduction by filtration or ultraviolet B irradiation of platelets—both methods are equally effective—

decreases development of lymphocytotoxic antibodies 

and alloimmune platelet refractoriness.

February 1998. The Task Force on Behavioral 

Research in Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Health and 

Disease, established in November 1995 to develop a plan 

for future NHLBI biobehavioral research in cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders, presents 

its recommendations. The report outlines a set of scientific priorities and develops a comprehensive plan for 

support over the next several years.

February 19–21, 1998. The NHLBI and cosponsors—California CVD Prevention Coalition; California 

Department of Health Services; CVD Outreach, 

Resources, and Epidemiology Program; and the 

University of California, San Francisco—hold 

Cardiovascular Health: Coming Together for the 21st 

Century, A National Conference, in San Francisco.

March 16, 1998. A special symposium is held at the 

annual meeting of the American Academy of Asthma, 

Allergy, and Immunology to celebrate 50 years of 

NHLBI-supported science.

June 17, 1998. The NHLBI, in cooperation with the 

NIDDK, releases Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Treatment, and Evaluation of Overweight and 

Obesity in Adults: Evidence Report.

December 11, 1998. World Asthma Day is established on this date. The NAEPP launches the Asthma 

Management Model System, an innovative Web-based 

information management tool.

March 1999. The ARDS Network Study of Ventilator 

Management in ARDS is stopped early so that critical 

care specialists can be alerted to the results. The study 

demonstrated that approximately 25 percent fewer deaths 

occurred among intensive care patients with ARDS 

receiving small, rather than large, breaths of air from a 

mechanical ventilator. 

March 22, 1999. The NAEPP holds its 10th anniversary meeting and celebration to recognize a decade of 

progress and a continued commitment to the future.
28

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 3. Important Events 

August 1999. Results of the Early Revascularization 

for Cardiogenic Shock are released. They show 

improved survival at 6 months in patients treated with 

balloon angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery compared with patients who receive intensive medical care to 

stabilize their condition. 

September 27–29, 1999. The NHLBI sponsors the 

National Conference on Cardiovascular Disease 

Prevention: Meeting the Healthy People 2010 Objectives 

for Cardiovascular Health.

November 2, 1999. The NAEPP convenes a Workshop on Strengthening Asthma Coalitions: Thinking 

Globally, Acting Locally to gather information from 

coalition representatives on ways the NAEPP could 

support their efforts. 

November 2–3, 1999. The NHLBI sponsors a Workshop on Research Training and Career Development.

March 8, 2000. A part of the Antihypertensive and 

Lipid-Lowering Treatment To Prevent Heart Attack Trial 

(ALLHAT) is terminated early because one of the tested 

drugs, an alpha-adrenergic blocker, was found to be less 

effective than the more traditional diuretic in reducing 

some forms of CVD.

March 29, 2000. The NHLBI launches the Webbased Healthy People 2010 Gateway to provide information and resources on cardiovascular health, asthma, 

sleep, and minority populations.

April 25, 2000. The NHLBI sponsors a special expert 

meeting, Scientific Frontiers in Cardiothoracic Surgery, 

to discuss the future of cardiothoracic research. 

September 2000. NHLBI-supported investigators 

identify a gene for primary pulmonary hypertension.

October 2000. Results from the Childhood Asthma 

Management Program (CAMP) demonstrate that inhaled 

corticosteroids are safe and effective for long-term treatment of children with mild-to-moderate asthma.

January 2001. Results of the DASH-Sodium Trial 

are released. They show that dietary sodium reduction 

substantially lowers blood pressure in persons with high 

blood pressure; the greatest effect occurs when sodium 

reduction is combined with the DASH diet.

February 2001. The NHLBI launches a sleep education program for children, using star sleeper Garfield the 

Cat.

February 1, 2001. The NHLBI, along with the HHS 

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, the 

Office of the Surgeon General, the Centers for Disease 

Control and Prevention (CDC), the NINDS, and the 

American Heart Association, signs a memorandum of 

understanding to focus and coordinate their efforts to 

meet the Healthy People 2010 objectives on cardiovascular health.

March 26–27, 2001. A strategy development workshop, “Women’s Heart Health: Developing a National 

Health Education Action Plan,” is held to develop an 

agenda for the NHLBI’s new heart health education 

effort directed at women.

April 2001. The NHLBI releases the international 

guidelines for diagnosis, management, and prevention of 

COPD.

April 2001. NHLBI-supported investigators identify 

genes that regulate human cholesterol levels.

May 2001. The NHLBI releases the NCEP’s Third 

Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and 

Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III).

June 2001. NHLBI-supported investigators find that 

human heart muscle cells regenerate after a heart attack.

July 2001. A self-contained artificial heart is 

implanted in a patient for the first time.

August 2001. Early results from the National 

Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) identify characteristics of patients at high risk for death following lung 

volume reduction surgery. 

August 2001. Scientists from the NHLBI SCOR program at Yale University identify two genes responsible 

for pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, a rare Mendelian 

form of high blood pressure. These genes encode for 

protein kinases involved in a previously unknown pathway and may provide new targets for therapy.

September 10, 2001. The NHLBI, along with the 

American Heart Association and other partners, launches 

a national campaign, “Act in Time to Heart Attack 

Signs,” to increase awareness of the signs of heart attack 

and the need for a fast response.
29

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 3. Important Events 

October 2001. NHLBI-supported scientists report 

that the drug, infliximab, increases risk of TB reactivation and dissemination. The drug is used to treat refractory rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease and is 

proposed as a treatment for several chronic lung diseases. 

November 2001. Results of the Randomized 

Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment 

of Chronic Heart Failure Trial demonstrate that using an 

implanted left ventricular assist device can prolong survival and improve quality of life in severely ill patients 

who are not candidates for heart transplantation.

December 2001. For the first time, scientists correct 

SCD in mice using gene therapy.

April 10, 2002. The World Hypertension League 

(WHL) and the NHLBI hold an international symposium; subsequently they prepare an action plan at the 

WHL Council Conference to control hypertension and 

obesity.

April 11–13, 2002. The NHLBI and cosponsors—the 

HHS Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, the CDC, the American Heart Association, the 

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, and the 

Health Resources and Services Administration—hold a 

national conference, “Cardiovascular Health for All: 

Meeting the Challenge of Healthy People 2010.”

June 2002. The NAEPP issues an update of selected 

topics in the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. 

June 2002. The fourth edition of The Management 

of Sickle Cell Disease, which describes the current 

approach to counseling SCD patients and managing 

many of the medical complications of SCD, is issued to 

coincide with the 30th anniversary of the NHLBI Sickle 

Cell Program.

July 9, 2002. The NHLBI stops early the trial of the 

estrogen plus progestin component of the WHI due to 

increased breast cancer risk and lack of overall benefits. 

The multicenter trial also found increases in CHD, 

stroke, and pulmonary embolism in participants on estrogen plus progestin compared to women taking placebo 

pills.

August 2002. NHLBI-supported scientists identify a 

gene variant that is associated with arrhythmia in blacks.

December 4, 2002. Results of the Atrial Fibrillation 

Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management Trial 

(AFFIRM) indicate that rate control rather than rhythm 

control may be the preferred approach for patients with 

atrial fibrillation. The rate control strategy involves 

the use of less expensive drugs and results in fewer 

hospitalizations.

December 17, 2002. Results of the ALLHAT, the 

largest hypertension clinical trial ever conducted, show 

that less expensive traditional diuretics are at least as 

good as newer medicines (calcium channel blocker and 

ACE inhibitors) in treating high blood pressure and 

preventing some forms of heart disease.

January 23, 2002. An NHLBI-supported study demonstrates that magnetic resonance imaging can be used to 

detect heart attacks faster and more accurately than traditional methods in patients who arrive at the emergency 

room with chest pain.

February 24, 2002. The Prevention of Recurrent 

Venous Thromboembolism Trial is stopped early because 

treatment with low-dose warfarin to prevent recurrence 

of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism was 

so beneficial. 

April 2003. Results of the MSH Patients’ Follow-Up 

Study show that the adult patients who took hydroxyurea 

over a 9-year period experienced a 40 percent reduction 

in deaths. Survival was related to fetal hemoglobin levels and frequency of vaso-occlusive events. 

April 23, 2003. Results of the PREMIER trial of 

behavioral lifestyle interventions for blood pressure control show that individuals with prehypertension or stage 1 

hypertension can lower their blood pressure by making 

multiple lifestyle changes. 

May 14, 2003. The Seventh Report of the Joint 

National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, 

Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure 

(JNC VII) is released. 

May 22, 2003. The NETT finds that lung volume 

reduction surgery (LVRS) benefits emphysema patients 

with certain clinical characteristics. The findings will be 

useful in the determination of Medicare coverage policy. 

July 2003. The NHLBI and Gen-Probe Corporation 

succeed in developing a test to screen donated blood for 

the West Nile Virus. 
30

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 3. Important Events 

August 2003. The NHLBI establishes a partnership 

with the CIHR to advance research on cardiovascular, 

respiratory, and blood diseases. 

November 2003. The Public Access Defibrillation 

Trial demonstrates that use of an automated external defibrillator and CPR by trained community volunteers can 

increase survival for victims of sudden cardiac arrest. 

March 2004. The NIH stops the estrogen-alone component of the WHI early due to the increased risk of 

stroke and deep vein thrombosis. Estrogen does not 

appear to affect heart disease. 

March 2004. Preliminary results of the Sudden 

Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial demonstrate that an 

implantable cardiac defibrillator can reduce death in heart 

failure patients. 

July 2004. The NHLBI releases an update to the 

2001 NCEP ATP III guidelines on the treatment of high 

blood cholesterol in adults. 

August 2004. The NHBPEP Working Group on High 

Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents releases the 

Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and 

Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and 

Adolescents.

August 2004. An NHLBI-funded study shows that 

nucleic acid amplification testing for HIV-1 and hepatitis 

C virus further safeguards the Nation’s blood supply.

October 2004. Results from a new study of adults 

with mild asthma by researchers participating in the 

ACRN demonstrate that genes affect patient response, 

over time, to daily doses of inhaled albuterol, a drug used 

for relief of acute asthma symptoms. A few weeks of its 

regular use improves overall asthma control in individuals with one form of the gene, but stopping all use of albuterol eventually improves asthma control in those with 

another form of the gene. The findings could lead to 

better ways to individualize asthma therapy.

November 2004. Results of the Prevention of Events 

With Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition 

(PEACE) demonstrate that many heart disease patients 

who are already receiving state-of-the art therapy do not 

gain extra cardiovascular protection from ACE inhibitors. 

December 2004. The NHLBI stops early the Stroke 

Prevention in Sickle Cell Anemia Trial II (STOP II) so 

that physicians who treat children with sickle cell anemia 

can be alerted to its findings. STOP II, which is a study 

to determine whether children with sickle cell anemia 

and at high risk for stroke could at some point safely stop 

receiving the periodic blood transfusions that prevent 

strokes, shows that children revert to high risk for stroke 

when transfusions are stopped.

January 2005. The NHLBI issues new guidelines for 

managing asthma during pregnancy.

January 26, 2005. Dr. Elizabeth G. Nabel is 

appointed Director of the NHLBI. She succeeds 

Dr. Claude Lenfant.

February 2005. NHLBI-supported scientists identify 

two genetic mutations common in individuals of African 

descent that are associated with a 40 percent reduction in 

LDL cholesterol.

February 15, 2006. Results from the WHI Calcium 

and Vitamin D Trial show that calcium and vitamin D 

supplements in healthy postmenopausal women provide 

a modest improvement in bone mass preservation and 

prevent hip fractures in certain groups, including older 

women, but do not prevent other types of fractures or 

colorectal cancer.

May 10, 2006. Results from the Childhood Asthma 

Research and Education (CARE) Network show that 

daily treatment with inhaled corticosteroids can reduce 

breathing problems in preschool-aged children at high 

risk for asthma, but does not prevent them from developing persistent asthma.

May 31, 2006. The Prospective Investigation of 

Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED) II finds that 

the ability to diagnose pulmonary embolism is improved 

when a commonly used imaging test of the chest to 

detect potentially deadly blood clots in the lung is complemented by an extension of the scan to the legs—where 

the clots typically originate—or by a standard clinical 

assessment.

June 6, 2006. Results for the Should We Emergently 

Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic 

Shock (SHOCK) trial show that treating heart attack 

patients who have a life-threatening complication called 

cardiogenic shock with emergency angioplasty or bypass 

surgery greatly improves their long-term survival.

July 18, 2006. NHLBI scientists find that a hormone 

called brain natriuretic peptide or BNP, which can be 

detected in a simple blood test, can identify patients with 
31

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 3. Important Events 

SCD who have developed a life-threatening complication called pulmonary hypertension. The hormone is also 

a predictor of death in adult sickle cell patients. 

July 26, 2006. Results from two randomized clinical 

trials demonstrate that inhaled nitric oxide administered 

within the first few weeks of life helps prevent chronic 

lung disease in some low birthweight premature infants. 

Moreover, when administered within 48 hours after 

birth, it appears to protect some premature newborns 

from brain injury.

September 19, 2006. The NHLBI launches a peripheral artery disease awareness and education campaign, 

“Stay in Circulation: Take Steps To Learn About P.A.D.” 

33

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

4. Disease Statistics

Cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases constitute a large morbidity, mortality, and economic 

burden on individuals, families, and the Nation. 

Common forms are atherosclerosis, hypertension, 

COPD, and blood-clotting disorders—embolisms 

and thromboses. The most serious atherosclerotic 

diseases are CHD, as manifested by heart attack 

and angina pectoris, and cerebrovascular disease, as 

manifested by stroke.

In 2004, cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases 

accounted for 1,099,000 deaths and 46 percent of 

all deaths in the United States (p. 35). The projected economic cost in 2007 for these diseases is 

expected to be $599 billion, 23 percent of the total 

economic costs of illness, injuries, and death (p. 51). 

Of all diseases, heart disease is the leading cause 

of death, cerebrovascular disease is third (behind 

cancer), and COPD (including asthma) ranks fourth 

(p. 38). Cardiovascular and lung diseases account 

for 3 of the 4 leading causes of death (p. 38) and 

5 of the 10 leading causes of infant death (p. 44). 

Hypertension, heart disease, asthma, and COPD 

are especially prevalent and account for substantial 

morbidity in Americans (p. 47).

The purpose of the biomedical research conducted by the NHLBI is to contribute to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular, lung, and blood 

diseases and sleep disorders. National disease statistics show that by midcentury, morbidity and mortality from these diseases had reached record high 

levels. Since then, however, substantial improvements have been achieved, especially over the past 

40 years, as shown by the significant decline in 

mortality rates. Because many of these diseases 

begin early in life, their early detection and control 

can reduce the risk of disability and can delay death. 

Although important advances have been made in the 

treatment and control of cardiovascular, lung, and 

blood diseases, these diseases continue to be a major 

burden on the Nation.

Cardiovascular Diseases

• In 2004, CVD caused 872,000 deaths—36 

percent of all deaths (p. 35).

• Heart disease is the leading cause of death; the 

main form, CHD, caused 452,000 deaths in 

2004 (pp. 36, 38).

• The annual number of deaths from CVD 

increased substantially between 1900 and 1970 

and remains high (p. 37). 

• The death rate (not age-adjusted) for CVD 

increased from 1920 until it peaked in 1968. 

Since then, the trend has been downward. In 

2004, the rate was similar to the rate in the 

1920s (p. 37).

• Cerebrovascular disease, the third leading cause 

of death, accounted for 150,000 deaths in 2004 

(pp. 36, 38).

• Heart disease is second only to all cancers 

combined in years of potential life lost (p. 38).

• Heart disease is the leading cause of death in 

blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians, but 

second to cancer in Asians. Stroke ranks as the 

third or fourth leading cause of death in the 

minority groups, except in American Indians, 

where it ranks sixth (p. 38).

• The rapid increase in deaths due to heart failure 

between 1970 and 2004 is a major exception to 

the mortality decline in CVD (p. 39).

• Between 1985 and 2003, death rates for heart 

disease and stroke declined in men and women 

of all racial/ethnic groups. Declines in death 

rates for heart disease were greatest in whites 

and for stroke, were greatest in blacks (p. 40).

• Because of the rapid decline in mortality from 

CHD since the peak in 1968, there were 

995,000 fewer deaths from CHD in 2004 than 

would have occurred if there had been no 

decline (p. 41). 
34

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

• Substantial improvements have been made in the 

treatment of CVD. Since 1975 or 1985, case-fatality 

rates from hospitalized AMI, stroke, heart failure, 

and cardiac dysrhythmia declined appreciably 

(p. 41).

• The decline in CHD mortality began earlier in the 

United States than in most countries and outpaced 

that in most countries (only selected countries are 

shown) (p. 42).

• Between 1999 and 2004, the percent decline in death 

rates for CHD and stroke was slightly greater for 

whites than for blacks (p. 43).

• In 2004, an estimated 79.4 million persons in the 

United States had some form of CVD, 72 million 

had hypertension, and 15.8 million had CHD (p. 47).

• Since the 1960s, there has been a substantial reduction in the prevalence of CVD risk factors: hypertension, smoking, and high cholesterol, but not overweight. The decline in prevalence of hypertension 

from 1976–80 to 1988–94 was followed by an 

increase in 1994–2004 (p. 48).

• Between 1976–80 and 1999–2004, the percent of 

persons with hypertension who were aware of their 

condition, on treatment for it, and having their blood 

pressure under control increased substantially 

(p. 49).

• A 1999–2004 national survey showed only about 

40 percent of hypertensive patients (systolic BP

 ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mm Hg or on 

antihypertensive medication) had their condition 

under control (p. 49).

• Hospitalization rates for heart failure increased 

between 1971 and 2004 (p. 50).

• The estimated economic cost of CVD for 2007 is 

approximately $432 billion:

$283 billion in direct health expenditures

$36 billion in indirect cost of morbidity

$112 billion in indirect cost of mortality (p. 51).

Lung Diseases

• Lung diseases, excluding lung cancer, caused an 

estimated 231,000 deaths in 2004 (p. 35).

• COPD caused 120,000 deaths in 2004 and is the 

fourth leading cause of death (pp. 36, 38).

• Between 1999 and 2004, death rates for COPD and 

asthma decreased in both black and white men and 

women, with one exception: the COPD death rate 

increased slightly in white women (p. 43).

–

–

–

• Between 1980 and 2004, infant death rates for 

various lung diseases declined markedly (p. 42).

• Of the 10 leading causes of infant mortality, 4 are 

lung diseases or have a lung disease component 

(p. 44). Between 1994 and 2004, changes in 

mortality for the causes were:

Congenital anomalies (-15 percent)

Disorders of short gestation (-5 percent)

Sudden infant death syndrome (-50 percent)

Respiratory distress syndrome (-42 percent).

• One in 5 deaths in children under 1 year of age is 

due to a lung disease (p. 44).

• The COPD death rate for women in the United 

States is increasing significantly compared with the 

rates in several other countries (p. 45).

• Between 1985 and 2003, death rates for COPD 

increased for women in all racial/ethnic groups 

except Asian. For men, they increased in American 

Indians, decreased in whites and Asians, and were 

essentially flat in blacks and Hispanics (p. 46).

• Sleep disorders are increasingly being recognized as 

an important health problem. The number of physician office visits for sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy increased from 1,046,927 in 

1990 to 6,549,402 in 2004 (p. 46).

• Asthma is a common chronic condition, particularly 

in children (pp. 47, 48, 50). 

• The economic cost of lung diseases is expected to 

be $154 billion in 2007—$95 billion in direct health 

expenditures and $59 billion in indirect cost of morbidity and mortality (p. 51).

Blood Diseases

• An estimated 232,000 deaths, 10 percent of all 

deaths, were attributed to blood diseases in 2004 

(p. 35). These include the following:

222,000 due to blood-clotting disorders

10,000 to diseases of the red blood cell and 

bleeding disorders (p. 36).

• A large proportion of deaths from AMI and cerebrovascular disease involve blood-clotting problems 

(p. 36). 

• In 2007, blood-clotting disorders are expected to 

cost the Nation’s economy $100 billion, and other 

blood diseases will cost $14 billion (p. 51).

• The mean age at death for persons with sickle cell 

anemia increased from about 28 years in 1979 to 

37.4 years in 2003 (not shown).

–

–

–

–

–

–
35

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Deaths From All Causes and Deaths From Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, 

U.S., 1984 and 2004

 

1984 2004

Cause of Death

Number of 

Deaths

Percent 

of Total

Number of 

Deaths

Percent 

of Total

All Causes 2,039,000 100 2,398,000 100

All Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases 1,149,000 56 1,099,000 46

Cardiovascular Diseases 984,000 48 872,000 36

Blood 319,000* 16 232,000** 10

Lung 169,000† 8 231,000‡ 10

All Other Causes 890,000 44 1,299,000 54

* Includes 311,000 CVD deaths involving blood-clotting diseases.

**Includes 222,000 CVD deaths involving blood-clotting diseases.

† Includes 12,000 CVD deaths due to pulmonary heart disease.

‡ Includes 14,000 CVD deaths due to pulmonary heart disease.

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). 

Deaths From Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood 

Diseases, U.S., 2004

* CVD involving blood clotting (20.2%).

Deaths by Major Causes, U.S., 2004

* Excludes deaths from pulmonary heart disease (14,000).

† Excludes deaths from blood-clotting disorders (222,000).

Total Cardiovascular, Lung, and 

Blood Diseases 46.4%

Blood

0.9%

CVD*

79.3%

Lung

19.8%

Other

53.6%

Blood†

0.4%

CVD

36.4%

Lung*

9.6%
36

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Deaths From Specific Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 2004

Deaths (Thousands)

Cause of Death Cardiovascular Lung Blood

Acute Myocardial Infarction 158 — 107*

Other Coronary Heart Disease 295 — —

Heart Failure 58 — —

Cerebrovascular Diseases (Stroke) 150 — 102*

Other Atherosclerosis 36 — 4*

Pulmonary Embolism 9 9* 9*

Other Cardiovascular Diseases 166 5* —

Bleeding and Red Blood Cell Diseases — — 10

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease† — 120 —

Asthma — 4 —

Other Airway Diseases — 0 —

Pneumonia — 61 —

Neonatal Pulmonary Disorders — 5 —

Interstitial Lung Diseases — 5 —

Lung Diseases Due to External Agents — 18 —

Other Lung Diseases — 4 —

Total 872 231 232

* Deaths from clotting or pulmonary disorders also are included as cardiovascular deaths.

† This term is preferred to the equivalent term “chronic lower respiratory diseases” given in the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases 

(ICD).

Note: Total, excluding overlap, is 1,099,000.

Source: Estimated by the NHLBI from Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

Deaths From Lung 

Diseases, U.S., 2004

Deaths From Cardiovascular 

Diseases, U.S., 2004

* Includes cardiac dysrhythmias, hypertensive 

disease, and other heart and blood vessel diseases.

Deaths From Blood Diseases, 

U.S., 2004

Source: Estimated by the NHLBI from Vital 

Statisics of the United States, NCHS.

Atherosclerosis-Related Disease 80.0% Blood-Clotting Disorders 95.7%

Other 

CVD*

19.0%

Pulmonary

Embolism

1.0%

Other

Atherosclerosis

4.1%

Stroke

17.2%

AMI

18.1%

Other CHD

33.8%

Heart Failure

6.7%

Other

Atherosclerosis

1.7%

Pulmonary

Embolism

3.9%

Stroke

44.0%

AMI

46.1%

Bleeding 

and Red Cell 

Diseases

4.3%

Airway Diseases

53.7%

Interstitial/

Other

11.7%

Pneumonia

26.4%

Neonatal

2.2%

Pulmonary

Circulation

6.1%
37

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Deaths From Cardiovascular Diseases, U.S., 1900–2004

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

Death Rates* for Cardiovascular Diseases, U.S., 1900–2004

* Not age-adjusted.

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 2004

Total CVD

Heart Disease

CHD

Stroke

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Total CVD

Heart Disease

CHD

Stroke

Number of Deaths (Thousands)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 2004

CVD

Heart Disease

CHD

Stroke

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

CVD

Heart Disease

CHD

Stroke

Deaths per 100,000 Population

Year

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year
38

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Ten Leading Causes of Death: Death Rates, U.S., 2004

Years of potential life lost 

(millions)‡

3.5 4.8 0.6 0.6 3.0 0.6 0.2 < 0.1 0.2 0.2

* Includes 154.0 deaths per 100,000 population from CHD.

† COPD and allied conditions (including asthma); the term in the ICD/10 is “chronic lower respiratory diseases.”

‡ Based on the average remaining years of life up to age 77 years.

Note: Bolded diseases are those addressed in Institute programs.

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

Ten Leading Causes of Death Among Minority Groups, U.S., 2003

* Includes deaths among individuals of Asian extraction and Asian-Pacific Islanders.

† Includes deaths among Aleuts and Eskimos.

Note: Bolded causes of death are those addressed in Institute programs.

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Nephritis

Suicide

Pneumonia

COPD

Stroke

Cirrhosis

Diabetes

Accidents

Cancer

Heart

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Septicemia

Nephritis

Suicide

Pneumonia

COPD

Diabetes

Accidents

Stroke

Heart

Cancer

0

50

100

150

200

250

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

250

200

150

100

50

0

Deaths per 100,000 Population

1* 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cause of Death

1 = Heart*

2 = Cancer

3 = Cerebrovascular

4 = COPD†

5 = Accidents

6 = Diabetes

7 = Alzheimer’s Disease

	 8	 = 	Influenza and Pneumonia

9 = Nephritis

10 = Septicemia 

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Septicemia

HIV Infection

COPD

Nephritis

Homicide

Accidents

Diabetes

Stroke

Cancer

Heart

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Perinatal

Pneumonia

COPD

Homicide

Cirrhosis

Diabetes

Stroke

Accidents

Cancer

Heart

Cause

Heart

Cancer

Stroke

Diabetes

Accidents

Homicide

Nephritis

COPD

HIV Infection

Septicemia

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Cause

Heart

Cancer

Accidents

Stroke

Diabetes

Cirrhosis

Homicide

COPD

Pneumonia

Perinatal

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Cause

Cancer

Heart

Stroke

Accidents

Diabetes

Pneumonia

COPD

Suicide

Nephritis

Septicemia

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Cause

Heart

Cancer

Accidents

Diabetes

Cirrhosis

Stroke

COPD

Pneumonia

Suicide

Nephritis

Black Hispanic Asian* American Indian†

Percent of All Deaths Percent of All Deaths Percent of All Deaths* Percent of All Deaths
39

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Death Rates* for Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Diseases, U.S., 1963, 1984, and 2004

Rate*

Percent 

Change 

Percent 

Change

Cause of Death 1963 1984 2004 1963–2004 1984–2004

All Causes 1,346 982 801 -40 -18

Cardiovascular Diseases 805 488 289 -64 -41

Coronary Heart Disease 478 268 150 -69 -44

Stroke 174 83† 50 -71 -40

Other 153 137 88 -42 -36

Noncardiovascular Diseases 541 495 512 -5 4

COPD and Asthma 16 34‡ 42 153 24

Other 524 462 471 -10 2

* Age-adjusted; rate per 100,000 population.

† Comparability ratio (1.0502) applied.

‡ Comparability ratio (1.0411) applied.

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

Deaths From Heart Failure, U.S., 1970–2004

Note: The sharp drop occurring in 1989 is attributed to the revision of the death certificate.

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Deaths (Thousands)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year
40

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Death Rates* for Heart Disease by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity, U.S., 1985–2003

* Age-adjusted.

† Non-Hispanic.

Note: Each line is a log linear regression derived from the actual rates.

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

Death Rates* for Stroke by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity, U.S., 1985–2003

* Age-adjusted.

† Non-Hispanic.

Note: Each line is a log linear regression derived from the actual rates.

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1985 2003 1985 2003

Black

White

Am Indian

Hispanic

Asian

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Black

White†

American Indian

Hispanic

Asian

Deaths per 100,000 Population

1985 2003 1985 2003

Year

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1985 2003 1985 2003

Black

White

Am Indian

Hispanic

Asian

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Deaths per 100,000 Population

1985 2003 1985 2003

Year

Black

White†

American Indian

Hispanic

Asian

Male Female

Male Female
41

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Death Rates* for Coronary Heart Disease, U.S., 1950–2004

Actual Rate and Expected Rates if Rise Had Continued or Reached a Plateau

* Age-adjusted.

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS. 

Common Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases With High Percentage Discharged Dead From Hospitals, 

U.S., 1975, 1985, and 2004

Source: National Hospital Discharge Survey, NCHS.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Deaths per 100,000 Population

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

More than 1.6 Million Deaths Expected 

in 2004 if Rise Had Continued

Peak Rate

995,000 Deaths Averted in 2004 Due to

Decline From Peak Rate in 1968 (1,447,000–452,000)

452,000 Actual Deaths in 2004

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Cardiac

Dysrhythmia

Pneumonia

Heart Failure

Stroke

AMI

1975

1985

2004

AMI

Stroke

Heart Failure

Pneumonia

 Cardiac

Dysrhythmia

1975

1985

2004

Year

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Percent Discharged Dead

Disease

1,447,000 Deaths Expected in 2004

if No Decline From Peak Rate
42

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Finland

Australia

USA

England

Poland

France

Japan

Death Rates* for Coronary Heart Disease in Men Ages 35–74 Years, Selected Countries, 1970–2004

* Age-adjusted to the European Standard Population.

Source: World Health Organization.

Death Rates* for Coronary Heart Disease in Women Ages 35–74 Years, Selected Countries, 1970–2004

* Age-adjusted to the European Standard Population.

Source: World Health Organization.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Finland

Australia

USA

England

Poland

France

Japan

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Deaths per 100,000 Population

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Finland

Australia

USA

England

Poland

France

Japan

Year

Deaths per 100,000 Population

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Finland

Australia

USA

England

Poland

France

Japan

Year

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
43

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Change in Death Rates* for Selected Causes by Race and Gender, U.S., 1999–2004

* Age-adjusted.

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

Death Rates for Lung Diseases in Infants, U.S., 1980–2004

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

0

50

100

150

200

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Sudden Infant

Death Syndrome

Respiratory

Distress Syndrome

Other Neonatal 

Respiratory Disorder 

Hypoxia

Pneumonia

Sudden Infant

Death Syndrome

Respiratory 

Distress Syndrome

Other Neonatal

Respiratory Disorder

Hypoxia

Pneumonia

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

White Men

Black Men

White Women

Black Women

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

COPD Asthma CHD Stroke

White Men

Black Men

White Women

Black Women

Cause of Death

Percent

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

200

150

100

50

0

Deaths per 100,000 Live Births
44

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Ten Leading Causes of Infant Mortality, U.S., 2004

* Congenital CVD and congenital anomalies of the respiratory system (black bar) represented 41 percent of all infant deaths due to congenital anomalies.

† Between 1994 and 2004, congenital CVD declined 34 percent; congenital anomalies of the respiratory system declined 11 percent; other congenital anomalies 

increased 3 percent.

NA: Not available.

Note: Bolded diseases are those addressed in Institute programs.

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

Deaths Under Age 1 Year Due to Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases, U.S., 2004

Cause of Death

Deaths 

Under Age 1

All Causes 27,936

Cardiovascular Diseases 2,273

Congenital Anomalies 1,682

Other 591

Lung Diseases 5,512

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 2,246

Respiratory Distress Syndrome 875

Pneumonia 275

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) 221

Atelectasis of Newborn 441

Congenital Anomalies 619

Other Lung Diseases 835

Other Diseases 20,151

Note: Bolded diseases are those addressed in Institute programs.

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

0 50 100 150 200

Diseases of the circulatory system

Bacterial sepsis of newborn

Newborns affected by complications 

of placenta, cord, and membrane

Newborns affected by maternal 

complications of pregnancy

Disorders relating to short gestation

0 50 100 150 200

Deaths Under Age 1 per 100,000 Live Births

Congenital Anomalies*

Disorders relating

to short gestation

Sudden Infant 

Death Syndrome

Newborns affected by maternal

complications of pregnancy

Accidents and adverse effects

Newborns affected by complications 

of placenta, cord, and membrane

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Bacterial sepsis of newborn

Neonatal hemorrhage

Diseases of the circulatory system

-15†

-5

-50

21

11

3

-42

NA

40

-30

Other Diseases

72.1%

Congenital

Anomalies of the 

Respiratory

System

2.2%

Atelectasis and

Other Lung

Diseases

4.6% BPD

0.8%

RDS

Pneumonia 3.1%

SIDS 1.0%

8.0%

Other CVD

2.1%

Congenital

Anomolies of the 

CV System

6.0%

CVD 8.1%

Lung Diseases 19.7%

Percent Change

Cause of Mortality 1994–2004
45

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Death Rates* for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Men Ages 35+ Years, Selected 

Countries, 1980–2004

* Age-adjusted to the European Standard Population.

Source: World Health Statistics Annual, WHO.

Death Rates* for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Women Ages 35+ Years, Selected 

Countries, 1980–2004

* Age-adjusted to the European Standard Population.

Source: World Health Statistics Annual, WHO.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

England

Australia

Poland

Germany

USA

Finland

France

Japan

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

England

Australia

Poland

Germany

USA

Finland

France

Japan

Deaths per 100,000 Population

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

England

Australia

Poland

Germany

USA

Finland

France

Japan

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

England

Australia

Poland

Germany

USA

Finland

France

Japan

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Deaths per 100,000 Population
46

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Death Rates* for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity, 

U.S., 1985–2003

* Age-adjusted.

† Non-Hispanic.

Note: Each line is a log linear regression derived from the actual rates. Rates from 1999–2002 are modified by the ICD revision comparability ratio.

Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

Physician Office Visits for Sleep Disorders, U.S., 1990–2004

Source: National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, NCHS.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1985 2003 1985 2003

White

Black

Am Indian

Hispanic

Asian

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Deaths per 100,000 Population

1985 2003 1985 2003

Year

White†

Black

American Indian

Hispanic

Asian

Male Female

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total

Sleep apnea

Narcolepsy

Restless legs

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Year

Total

Sleep Apnea

Narcolepsy

Restless Leg Syndrome

Visits (Millions)
47

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Prevalence of Common Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases, U.S., 2004

Disease Number

Cardiovascular Diseases* 79,400,000

Hypertension** 72,000,000

Coronary Heart Disease 15,800,000

Heart Failure 5,200,000

Stroke 5,700,000

Congenital Heart Disease† 1,000,000

Asthma‡ 22,000,000

COPD^ 24,000,000

* Includes hypertension, CHD, heart failure, and stroke.

**Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg, on antihypertensive medication, or told twice of having hypertension.

† Range from 650,000 to 1,300,000 (Am Hrt J 2004;147:425–439).

‡ 12,000,000 of these had an asthma attack in the past 12 months.

^ An estimated 12,000,000 diagnosed and 12,000,000 undiagnosed.

Sources: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of NCHS and National Health Interview Survey of NCHS, except as noted.

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases* in Adults by Age and Sex, U.S., 1999–2004

* Hypertension, CHD, cerebrovascular disease, or heart failure. 

Source: NHANES, 1999–2004 extrapolated to U.S., 2004.

0

20

40

60

80

100

20-39 40-59 60-79 80+

Men Women

20–39 40–59 60–79 80+

Percent

100

80

60

40

20

0

Male Female
48

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Prevalence of Common Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases by Age, U.S., 2004

Source: NHIS and NHANES.

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors* in Adults, U.S., 1961–2004

* Age-adjusted.

Note: Hypertension is systolic blood pressure > 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure is > 90 mm Hg, or 

on antihypertensive medication. High cholesterol is 240+ mg/dl. Overweight is BMI 25+ kg/m2. 

Source: NHIS for smoking, ages ≥18 and NHANES for the other risk factors, ages 35–74.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Overweight

Hypertension**

Smoking

High Cholesterol

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Asthma

Heart Failure

Stroke

COPD

CHD

Hypertension

Stroke

Heart Failure

COPD

Asthma

CHD

Hypertension

CHD

COPD

Asthma

Hypertension

Asthma

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Percent

Asthma

Hypertension

Asthma

COPD

CHD

Hypertension

CHD

Asthma

COPD

Heart Failure

Stroke

Hypertension

CHD

COPD

Stroke

Heart Failure

Asthma

<18 Years

18–44 Years

45–64 Years

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Overweight

Hypertension

Smoking

High Cholesterol

Percent of Population

Disease

65+ Years
49

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Hypertensive Population Aware, Treated, and Controlled, Age 18+, U.S., 1976–80 to 1999–2004

* Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure > 90 mm Hg, or on antihypertensive medication.

† Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure > 90 mm Hg, on antihypertensive medication. Here, “treated” includes 

medication use and other means. 

Source: NHANES, NCHS.

Adult Population With Hypertension* by Age, Gender, and Race, U.S., 1999–2004

* Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg, on antihypertensive medication.

**Non-Hispanic.

Source: NHANES, NCHS. 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Aware Treated Controlled

1976–80

1988–91

1991–94

1999–04

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Aware Treated Controlled

1988–1994

1999–2004

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Aware Treated Controlled Aware Treated Controlled

1988–94

1999–04

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0

White

Black

MexicanAmerican

0 20 40 60 80 100

60+

40–59

18–39

White**

Black** 

MexicanAmerican

Ages

18–39

40–59 

60+

100 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Population

Men Women

1976–80

1988–91

1991–94

1999–04
50

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Hospitalization Rates for Heart Failure, Ages 45–64 Years and 65+ Years, U.S., 1971–2004

Source: National Hospital Discharge Survey, NCHS.

Persons Experiencing Asthma Episodes in Previous 12 Months by Age, U.S., 1997–2005

Source: NHIS, NCHS.

0

50

100

150

200

250

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Ages 65+ Years

Ages 45-64 Years

250

200

150

100

50

0

 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Ages 65+ Years

Ages 45–64 Years

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

<15

15–34

35+

<15

15–34

35+

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

Hospitalizations per 100,000 Population

Percent
51

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 4. Disease Statistics

Direct and Indirect Economic Costs of Illness by Major Diagnosis, U.S., 2007

Amount (Dollars in Billions Percent Distribution

Indirect Costs Indirect Costs

Direct 

Costs* Morbidity† Mortality‡ Total

Direct 

Costs Morbidity Mortality Total

Cardiovascular Disease $ 283.2 $ 36.3 $112.3 $ 431.8 15.2% 17.0% 20.7% 16.5%

(including Blood Clotting)§ (66.5) (8.0) (26.2) (100.7) (3.6) (3.7) (4.8) (3.8)

Lung Diseases** 94.8 27.9 30.9 153.6 5.1 13.0 5.7 5.9

Blood Diseases 10.2 0.7 2.9 13.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5

Subtotal 388.2 64.9 146.1 599.2 20.8 30.3 26.9 22.8

Diseases of the Digestive System 201.9 11.0 24.9 237.8 10.8 5.1 4.6 9.1

Neoplasms 89.0 18.2 112.0 219.2 4.8 8.5 20.6 8.4

Mental Disorders 158.4 28.2 8.9 195.5 8.5 13.2 1.6 7.5

Diseases of the Nervous System 141.9 8.4 12.6 162.9 7.6 3.9 2.3 6.2

Diseases of the Musculoskeletal 

System

111.8 21.8 2.9 136.5 6.0 10.2 0.5 5.2

Diseases of the Genitourinary System 83.8 5.6 6.5 95.9 4.5 2.6 1.2 3.7

Endocrine, Nutritional, and Metabolic 

Diseases

77.0 7.0 19.9 103.9 4.1 3.3 3.7 4.0

Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 39.8 13.0 26.3 79.1 2.1 6.1 4.8 3.0

Diseases of the Skin 44.6 1.6 0.7 46.9 2.4 0.7 0.1 1.8

Other and Unallocated to Diseases 530.4 34.3 182.2 746.9 28.4 16.0 33.6 28.5

Total $1,866.8 $214.0 $543.0 $2,624.8 100% 100% 100% 100%

* Direct costs are personal health care expenditures for hospital and nursing home care, drugs, home care, and physician and other professional services. The 

estimation method is based on Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) projections for total 2007 health expenditures by type of direct costs and 

NCHS estimates of direct costs in 1995 for each of the major diagnostic groups. The proportion of costs for 1995 for each diagnostic group is applied to the 

equivalent 2007 total by type of direct cost.

† Morbidity costs were estimated for 2007 by multiplying NCHS estimates for 1980 by a 1980–2007 percent inflation factor derived from the increase in mean 

earnings estimated by the Bureau of the Census. 

‡ The mortality cost for each disease group was estimated for 2007 by first multiplying the number of deaths in 2003 in each age- and sex-specific group by 

the 2003 present value of lifetime earnings (latest available) discounted at 3 percent; second, summing these estimates for each diagnostic group; and third, 

multiplying the estimates by a 2003–2007 inflation factor (1.09) based on change in mean earnings. 

§ Costs of blood-clotting disease are estimated from predetermined proportions of CVD morbidity and mortality statistics for MI, cerebrovascular diseases, and 

diseases of arteries.

**Does not include lung cancer or leukemia.

Note: Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.

Source: Estimates by NHLBI; data from the NCHS, the CMS, the Bureau of the Census, and the Institute for Health and Aging, University of California, 

San Francisco.

Total Economic Costs, U.S., 2007 Economic Costs: Cardiovascular, Lung, and 

Blood Diseases, U.S., 2007

Cardiovascular

16.5%

Blood

0.5%

Other

77.2%

Lung

5.8%

Indirect 35.2%

Morbidity

10.8%

Mortality

24.4%

Direct

64.8%

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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 5. Institute-Initiated Programs

5.	Institute-Initiated Programs

Starting in FY 2006

More than two-thirds of the research supported 

by the NHLBI is initiated by individual investigators; the remainder is initiated by the Institute. 

Institute-initiated programs are developed in 

response to evolving national needs, Congressional 

mandates, and advances in scientific knowledge. 

Each initiative represents the outcome of extensive 

discussions and thorough reviews by representatives 

of the scientific community, Institute advisory committees, the Board of Extramural Advisors (BEA), 

and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Advisory 

Council (NHLBAC). The advisory committees and 

the BEA, together with professional societies and 

NHLBI staff, continually review the progress of 

research within the NHLBI program areas, assess 

newly acquired knowledge, and identify research 

topics that offer the best opportunities or constitute 

the greatest needs. This planning process contributes to policy development at the national level by 

setting priorities among programs and establishing 

budgets for individual programs and projects. 

Initiatives generally emanate as Requests for 

Applications (RFAs) for grants, including cooperative agreements, or Requests for Proposals (RFPs) 

for contracts. A smaller number of initiatives take 

the form of Program Announcements (PAs). Applications and proposals submitted in response to RFAs 

and RFPs compete among themselves for specific 

“set-aside” funds. Applications submitted in 

response to PAs generally compete with other 

investigator-initiated applications for funding. 

RFA, RFP, and PA concepts prepared by the Institute are presented to the BEA, which reviews and 

prioritizes them. The concepts, along with the comments from the BEA, are then sent to the NHLBAC 

for review, comment, and concurrence. Initiatives 

that receive the concurrence of the NHLBAC are 

considered further by the NHLBI Director in the 

context of the Institute’s budget, program priorities, 

review workload, and proposed mechanisms. These 

considerations guide the Director’s subsequent decisions to approve initiatives for release. RFAs, RFPs, 

and PAs are announced in the NIH Guide to Grants 

and Contracts.

Applications and proposals submitted in response 

to RFAs and RFPs are reviewed by the NHLBI. 

Applications submitted in response to PAs are 

reviewed by the NIH Center for Scientific Review. 

Descriptions of the Institute-initiated programs 

that began or were renewed (i.e., were funded) in 

FY 2006 are presented below according to NHLBI 

scientific programs. Also described are trans-NIH 

and interagency initiatives in which the NHLBI 

participates. 

Heart and Vascular Diseases Program 

Initiative Being Renewed

Pediatric Heart Network

The purpose of this renewal is to evaluate new 

treatments and management strategies that may benefit children with structural congenital heart disease, 

inflammatory heart disease, heart muscle disease, or 

arrhythmias.

New Initiatives

Heart Failure Clinical Research Network

The purpose of this RFA is to establish a clinical 

research network to accelerate research in the diagnosis and management of heart failure for improving 

outcomes through optimal application of existing 

therapies and evaluation of new therapies.

Innovative Technologies for Engineering Small 

Blood Vessels

The purpose of this RFA is to develop small 

(internal diameter less than 5 mm), functional vessel 

substitutes with improved biocompatibility and durability for later clinical evaluation as vessel replacement therapy in humans.

Research Career Development Programs in 

Vascular Medicine

The purpose of this RFA is to prepare physicians 

for academic leadership roles in vascular medicine 

through comprehensive training programs in 
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 5. Institute-Initiated Programs

research methodology, risk assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular disease. 

Specialized Centers of Clinically Oriented Research in 

Vascular Injury, Repair, and Remodeling

The purpose of this SCCOR is to foster interdependent clinical and multidisciplinary basic research on 

molecular and cellular mechanisms of vascular injury, 

repair, and remodeling; promote patient-oriented 

research to improve prevention, detection, characterization, management, and treatment of vascular diseases; 

and enable the development of skills and research capabilities of new clinical investigators.

Weight Loss in Obese Adults With Cardiovascular Risk 

Factors: Clinical Interventions

The purpose of this RFA is to test the effectiveness 

of interventions delivered in routine clinical practice to 

achieve weight loss in obese patients who have other 

risk factors for CVD. 

Lung Diseases Program

Initiative Being Renewed

Severe Asthma Research Program

The purpose of this renewal is to continue support 

for clinical research studies on the mechanistic basis of 

severe asthma and to determine how it differs from mildto-moderate asthma. 

New Initiative 

Infectious Agents in the Origins of Chronic Lung 

Disease

The purpose of this RFA is to investigate the contribution of infectious agents or bioproducts derived from 

infectious agents to the early origin of chronic lung 

diseases.

Blood Diseases and Resources Program

New Initiatives

Clinical Hematology Research Career Development 

Program (K12)

The purpose of this RFA is to develop multidisciplinary career development programs in nonmalignant 

clinical hematology research in order to equip new academic investigators with the knowledge and skill 

necessary to address complex problems in blood diseases, transfusion medicine, and cellular therapies.

Critical Issues in Post-Phlebitic Syndrome

The purpose of this RFA is to support fundamental 

research on the biology of venous wall and venous valve 

function and their changes with time following deep 

vein thrombosis in order to accelerate preclinical studies 

and develop better management of post-phlebitic 

syndrome. 

Proteomic Studies of Platelet Function

The purpose of this RFA is to support research on the 

application of proteomic tools to identify platelet disorders. The goal is to generate results that will lead to 

proteomic approaches and new markers of platelet 

function. 

Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Research Network

The purpose of this RFA is to establish a clinical 

research network to test the efficacy of new therapies to 

treat and prevent SCD complications; create data sets 

that can be used to improve characterization of patients 

and their clinical course; apply genomic and proteomic 

techniques for improved diagnostic and therapeutic 

approaches; and expand the clinical application of multimodal therapies in SCD.

Specialized Centers of Clinically Oriented Research in 

Hemostatic and Thrombotic Diseases

The purpose of this SCCOR is to foster interdependent clinical and multidisciplinary basic research projects on hemostatic and thrombotic diseases.

Trans-NHLBI

Initiative Being Renewed

NHLBI Minority Undergraduate Biomedical 

Education Program

The purpose of this renewal is to facilitate the recruitment and retention of minority undergraduate students 

into biomedical science and increase the number of 

minority individuals involved in biomedical and behavioral research.

New Initiatives

Candidate Gene Association Resource

The purpose of this RFP is to provide a genotyping 

and bioinformatics center that will perform high-
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 5. Institute-Initiated Programs

throughput genotyping for candidate gene association 

studies and a genome-wide association study. These 

data will be combined with available phenotype data 

to form a genotype-phenotype resource for public use. 

Cultural Competence and Health Disparity Academic 

Award

The purpose of this RFA is to develop core curricula 

and other educational materials at U.S. medical institutions that will increase the overall knowledge and skills 

of medical students, house staff, and other health professionals on the ethnic, cultural, religious, socioeconomic, 

and linguistic factors that contribute to health disparities 

and on culturally competent approaches to mitigate 

them.

Hispanic Community Health Study

The purpose of this RFP is to identify risk factors for 

cardiovascular and lung diseases in Hispanic populations and determine the role of acculturation in their 

prevalence and development.

Mechanisms Linking Short Sleep Duration and Risk of 

Obesity or Overweight

The purpose of this RFA is to determine the relationship between chronic sleep deficit and obesity and overweight. Research will be supported to elucidate the 

mechanisms associated with short sleep duration and 

weight gain due to altered metabolism, appetite, or 

inflammation. 

Mentored Career Award for Faculty at Minority 

Institutions (K01)

The purpose of this RFA is to strengthen the scientific 

infrastructure of minority institutions by developing the 

research career and teaching skills of suitable faculty 

members in cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases and 

sleep disorders. 

Mentored Career Development Award To Promote 

Faculty Diversity in Biomedical Research (K01)

The purpose of this RFA is to support underrepresented faculty members from racial and ethnic minority 

groups and individuals with disabilities at academic 

institutions in health-related research. The goal is to 

establish a cadre of biomedical and behavioral researchers from diverse backgrounds who will significantly 

contribute to reducing and ultimately eliminating health 

disparities.

NHLBI Exploratory Program in Systems Biology

The purpose of this RFA is to apply “systems biology” approaches to innovative, high-risk, high-impact 

research on heart, lung, blood, and sleep physiology and 

pathophysiology by multidisciplinary teams of investigators. The systems biology approach will combine 

mathematical modeling and simulation to complement 

the traditional empirical and experimental approach of 

biomedical research. 

NHLBI Innovative Research Grant Program

The purpose of this PA is to support studies that 

address promising, yet underdeveloped research topics 

and therapeutic approaches to heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders. The program is intended to 

encourage investigation of exciting new ideas by relaxing the need for preliminary data and demonstration of 

concept feasibility generally required by standard NIH 

research project (R01) reviews. 

SBIR/STTR Technologies for Monitoring and 

Performing Resuscitation

The purpose of this PA is to encourage small businesses to participate in research and development of 

new approaches, tools, and biomaterials to provide 

bioengineering-based methodologies for monitoring 

and performing resuscitation.

Short Courses on Application of Genomics and 

Proteomics to Complex Heart, Lung, and Blood 

Diseases and Sleep Disorders

The purpose of this RFA is to develop, conduct, evaluate, and disseminate short-term courses on application 

of genomics and proteomics to heart, lung, and blood 

diseases and sleep disorders. 

Short-Term Training Program To Increase Diversity in 

Health-Related Research

The purpose of this RFA is to promote diversity in 

undergraduate and health professional students by providing opportunities for them to participate in activities 

leading to research careers in cardiovascular, lung, and 

blood diseases and sleep disorders.

SNP Health Association Resource (SHARE) 

The purpose of this RFP is to identify genetic variants 

associated with heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep 

disorders through the application of large scale single 

nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping for 

genome-wide association analyses. In collaboration 
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 5. Institute-Initiated Programs

with the National Center for Biotechnology Information, 

the Institute is developing a public-use data resource that 

will integrate genome-wide genotypic information with 

phenotypic information from multiple NHLBI studies.

SNP Typing for Association With Multiple Phenotypes 

From Existing Epidemiology Data (STAMPEED) 

The purpose of this RFA is to identify genetic components related to heart, lung, and blood diseases and their 

risk factors using existing population, family, and other 

clinical studies. Investigators will seek to identify associations of genes with the presence of one particular disorder and examine interactions between genetic and 

environmental factors; susceptibility for multiple conditions; or associations of genes with disease risk factors, 

disease incidence, or therapeutic responsiveness.

Summer Institute Program To Increase Diversity in 

Health-Related Research

The purpose of this RFA is to develop the research 

skills of faculty and scientists from under-represented 

racial and ethnic groups and faculty and scientists with 

disabilities so that they may successfully compete for 

funding for biomedical and behavioral research relevant 

to heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders.

Trans-NIH

Initiatives Being Renewed

Bioengineering Research Grants (BRGs)

The purpose of this renewal is to encourage multidisciplinary, integrative research that applies systems 

approaches to prevent, detect, diagnose, treat, or understand health and behavior. The BRGs differ from the 

BRPs in that the research will be performed in a single 

laboratory, by a single investigator, or by a small group 

of investigators.

Bioengineering Research Partnerships (BRPs)

The purpose of this renewal is to encourage multidisciplinary, integrative research that applies systems 

approaches to prevent, detect, diagnose, treat, or understand health and behavior. 

Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network

The purpose of this renewal is to conduct Phase II trials on transplantation methodologies to improve longterm outcome following transplantation and devise 

procedures for protocol development, protocol implementation, and data management that will enable 

collaboration with other NIH-funded cooperative 

research programs and increase the efficiency of conducting trials in blood and marrow transplantation.

Short-Term Courses in Human Embryonic Stem Cell 

Culture Techniques

The purpose of this RFA is to develop, conduct, evaluate, and disseminate short-term courses on laboratory 

research techniques for working with human embryonic 

stem cell lines. 

New Initiatives

Academic Research Enhancement Award 

The purpose of this PA is to stimulate research at 

educational institutions that provide baccalaureate or 

advanced training for research scientists, but that have 

not been major recipients of NIH support. 

Animal Models of Diabetic Complications Consortium

The purpose of this RFA is to establish Pathobiology 

Sites that will support the Animal Models of Diabetic 

Complications Consortium. The Sites will propose new 

mouse models that will faithfully replicate one or more 

diabetic complications, and will discover and characterize the basic pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying 

disease in these and other models of complications.

Biology of RNA Interference (RNAi): Stability, 

Delivery, and Processing by Tissues

The purpose of this RFA is to stimulate research 

toward (1) understanding uptake and processing of 

RNAi by target tissues; (2) assessing stability, half-life, 

and off-target effects in target tissues; and (3) determining optimal delivery methods for uptake by the target 

tissues.

Design and Analysis of Genome-Wide Association 

Studies

The purpose of this RFA is to develop and test innovative study designs and analytical strategies to perform 

genome-wide association studies on diseases affecting 

heart, lung, blood, or sleep.

Directed Stem Cell Differentiation for Cell-Based 

Therapies for Heart, Lung, Blood, and Aging Diseases 

The purpose of this PA is to support research to define 

factors controlling differentiation of stem cells in vitro 

or in vivo. The goal is to develop methods to direct differentiation of stem cells to yield replacement cells for 

clinical use or to develop methods to stimulate 
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 5. Institute-Initiated Programs

differentiation of resident stem cells in vivo for regeneration or repair of heart, blood vessels, lungs, and blood.

Exploratory and Development Research Grants for 

Investigation in Rare Diseases

The purpose of this PA is to support investigators 

with innovative approaches to understanding, treating, 

and preventing rare diseases associated with heart, lung, 

and blood diseases and sleep disorders. Availability of 

R21 awards for such individuals is expected to allow 

them to obtain research support without the need for the 

large amounts of preliminary data that often present a 

barrier to entry into the NIH grants system.

Exploratory/Developmental Bioengineering Research 

Grants

The purpose of this PA is to encourage innovative, 

high-risk, high-impact bioengineering research for 

which preliminary results have not yet been obtained. 

The research may explore approaches and concepts new 

to a particular subject area; research and development of 

new technologies, techniques or methods; or initial 

research and development of data upon which significant future research may be built.

Innovations in Biomedical Computational Science and 

Technology

The purpose of this PA is to promote research and 

development in computational science and technology 

that will support rapid progress in biomedical research.

Ischemic Stroke: Novel Targets and Therapy 

Development

The purpose of this RFA is to identify new molecular 

targets, explore promising agents, and develop innovative treatments for cerebral ischemia. The initiative 

seeks to enhance our understanding of brain hemostasis 

(stoppage of bleeding), including endothelial properties, 

expression and regulation of coagulant activity, and clot 

composition. 

Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career 

Development Award (K23)

The purpose of this PA is to support the career development of investigators who have made a commitment 

to focus their efforts on patient-oriented research.

Muscular Dystrophy: Pathogenesis and Therapies

The purpose of this PA is to support basic, translational, and patient-oriented studies of Duchenne-Becker 

muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, 

and other forms of muscular dystrophy.

Nutrition and Diet in the Causation, Prevention, and 

Management of Heart Failure

The purpose of this PA is to encourage research on 

the role of nutrition and diet in the causation, prevention, and treatment of cardiomyopathies and heart failure. The goal is to develop a satisfactory science base 

for preventive approaches in high-risk individuals and 

for rational nutritional management of patients in various stages of heart failure.

Obese and Diabetic Intrauterine Environment: 

Long-Term Metabolic or Cardiovascular 

Consequences in the Offspring

The purpose of this RFA is to investigate the effect of 

maternal obesity and diabetes on mechanisms that could 

potentially contribute to obesity, cardiovascular, or metabolic disease in the offspring; and to determine if and 

how maternal overnutrition elicits permanent metabolic 

or cardiovascular disease in the fetus.

Pilot and Feasibility Program Related to the Kidney

The purpose of this PA is to support high-risk pilot 

and feasibility research that will enable subsequent 

submission of R01 applications relevant to the study 

of acute and chronic kidney diseases and their 

complications.

Trans-PHS

New Initiative

Community Participation in Research

The purpose of this PA is to conduct communitybased research on health promotion, disease prevention, 

and health disparities. The NHLBI will support joint 

projects conducted by researchers and communities in 

hypertension, cardiovascular fitness, obesity, asthma, 

SCD, and hereditary blood disorders.

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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 6. Institute Public Advisory Committees 

6. Institute Public Advisory Committees

Structure

Chair: Elizabeth G. Nabel, M.D., Director, 

NHLBI

Executive Secretary: Stephen C. Mockrin, 

Ph.D., Director, Division of Extramural Research 

Activities, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, 

Bethesda, MD 20892; 301–435–0260 

The Secretary of HHS appoints 18 members: 12 

members are leading representatives of the health 

and scientific disciplines (including public health 

and behavioral or social sciences), and 6 are from 

the general public and are leaders in the fields of 

public policy, law, health policy, economics, and 

management. 

Members are appointed for overlapping terms of 

4 years. 

The Council includes the following ex officio 

members: 

• Secretary, HHS 

• Director, NIH 

• Director, NHLBI 

• Chief Medical Director, or Designee, Veterans 

Affairs 

• Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health 

Affairs, or Designee. 

Functions

The NHLBAC reviews applications for research 

grants, cooperative agreements, and training grants 

in heart, blood vessel, lung, and blood diseases; 

sleep disorders; and blood resources, and recommends scientific projects that merit support to the 

Director, NHLBI. 

The Council advises the Secretary, HHS, the 

Assistant Secretary for Health, HHS, and the Directors, NIH and NHLBI, on matters relating to causes, 

prevention, and methods of diagnosis and treatment 

of diseases and resources within the purview of 

the Institute. As stated in its charter, the Council 

also “may review any grant, contract, or cooperative agreement proposed to be made or entered 

into by the Institute; may make recommendations 

to the Director of the Institute respecting research 

conducted at the Institute; may collect, by correspondence or by personal investigation, information as to studies that are being carried on in the 

United States or any other country with respect to 

the cause, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of 

heart, blood vessel, lung, and blood diseases, and to 

the use of blood and blood products and the management of blood resources and with the approval 

of the Director of the Institute, make available 

such information through appropriate publications 

for the benefit of public and private health entities 

and health professions personnel and scientists and 

for the information of the general public; and may 

appoint subcommittees and convene workshops and 

conferences.” 

The Council may also make recommendations 

to the Director, NIH and other authorized officials 

regarding the acceptance of conditional gifts pursuant to section 2501 of the Public Health Service Act. 

Meetings 

The Chair convenes meetings not fewer than four 

times a year and approves the agenda. 

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Advisory Council
60

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 6. Institute Public Advisory Committees 

Elizabeth G. Nabel, M.D. 

Chair 

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 

Gordon R. Bernard, M.D. (2006)

Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Roberto Bolli, M.D. (2007)

University of Louisville

Richard C. Boucher, Jr., M.D. (2007)

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Maria R. Costanzo, M.D. (2006)

Edward Cardiovascular Institute

Victor J. Dzau, M.D. (2009)

Duke University

Kim A. Eagle, M.D. (2006)

University of Michigan

Charles T. Esmon, Ph.D. (2008)

Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation

Frances C. Henderson, Ed.D. (2006)

University of Mississippi Medical Center

Katherine A. High, M.D. (2008)

University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Helen H. Hobbs, M.D. (2009)

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Jennie R. Joe, M.D., Ph.D. (2009)

University of Arizona

Hoxi J. Jones (2008)

Texas Health and Human Services Commission

Robert F. Lemanske, Jr., M.D. (2007)

University of Wisconsin Hospital

Joseph Loscalzo, M.D., Ph.D. (2009)

Brigham and Women’s Hospital

Jeffrey McCullough, M.D. (2008)

University of Minnesota

Ngai X. Nguyen, M.D. (2006)

Private Practitioner

Patricia W. Wahl, Ph.D. (2008)

University of Washington

Ex Officio Members 

Robert L. Jesse, M.D., Ph.D.

McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Michael O. Leavett

Department of Health and Human Services

Cdr. Richard T. Mahon, M.D.

Naval Medical Research Center

Elias A. Zerhouni, Jr., M.D. 

National Institutes of Health 

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Advisory Council Membership* 

* Current as of October 2006. The current roster, containing full addresses for the NHLBI Advisory Council and Committees, can be obtained 

from the Internet at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/meetings/nhlbac/roster.htm.
61

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 6. Institute Public Advisory Committees 

Sickle Cell Disease Advisory Committee 

Chair: Floyd D. Armstrong, Ph.D., University of 

Miami School of Medicine

Executive Secretary: Robert B. Moore, Ph.D., 

Health Scientist Administrator, Division of Blood 

Diseases and Resources, NHLBI, National Institutes of 

Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; 301–435–0050 

The Sickle Cell Disease Advisory Committee advises 

the Secretary and the Assistant Secretary for Health, 

HHS and the Directors of the NIH, the NHLBI, and the 

DBDR on matters related to the Sickle Cell Disease 

Program and makes recommendations concerning planning, execution, and evaluation of all aspects of the 

program. 

Membership* 

Michael R. DeBaun, M.D. (2007)

Washington University School of Medicine

Johnson Haynes, Jr., M.D. (2007) 

University of South Alabama College of Medicine

Frans A. Kuypers, Ph.D. (2008)

Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute

Shirley Miller (2008)

Children’s Medical Center of Dallas

Dorothy C. Moore, M.D. (2007) 

University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey

Eugene P. Orringer, M.D. (2008)

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Russell E. Ware, M.D., Ph.D. (2006)

St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

Ex Officio Members 

Joseph Desimone, Ph.D. 

Department of Veterans Administration, Chicago

Marie C. Earley, Ph.D. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

Marie Y. Mann, M.D. 

Health Resources and Services Administration

Robert L. Sheffler, M.D. 

Tripler Army Medical Center

Elias A. Zerhouni, Jr., M.D.

National Institutes of Health

Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board 

Chair: Phyllis C. Zee, M.D., Ph.D., Northwestern 

University Medical School 

Executive Secretary: Michael J. Twery, Ph.D., 

Acting Director, National Center on Sleep Disorders 

Research, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, 

Bethesda, MD 20892; 301–435–0202.

The Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board 

advises the Directors of the NIH, the NHLBI, and the 

NCSDR on matters related to the scientific activities carried out by and through the Center and policies 

regarding such activities, including the identification of 

research priorities for coordination of sleep and sleep 

disorders research by the NIH and other federal, professional, and voluntary organizations. 

Membership* 

Sonia Ancoli-Israel, Ph.D. (2010)

University of California, San Diego School of Medicine

Sheila C. Connolly, R.N. (2007)

Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation

Estelle B. Gauda, M.D. (2010)

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Elizabeth M. Johns (2008)

Patient Advocate for Sleep-Disordered Breathing

F. Javier Nieto, M.D., Ph.D. (2010)

University of Wisconsin School of Medicine

Gina R. Poe, Ph.D. (2007)

University of Michigan Medical Center

*Current as of October 2006.

Program Advisory and Review Committee 
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 6. Institute Public Advisory Committees 

Stuart F. Quan, M.D. (2008)

University of Arizona College of Medicine

Howard P. Roffwarg, M.D. (2009)

University of Mississippi Medical Center

Michael H. Smolensky, Ph.D. (2008)

University of Texas

Lorraine L. Wearley, Ph.D. (2007)

Lorraine Wearley Consulting, LLC

Ex Officio Members 

Elizabeth G. Nabel, M.D.

NHLBI, National Institutes of Health

Thomas J. Balkin, Ph.D.

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

Cristina Beato, M.D.

Department of Health and Human Services

Robert W. Greene, M.D., Ph.D.

Veterans Administration, North Texas Medical Center 

Merrill M. Mitler, Ph.D.

NINDS, National Institutes of Health

Andrew Monjan, Ph.D.

NIA, National Institutes of Health

Michael J. Twery, Ph.D.

NCSDR, National Institutes of Health

Marian Willinger, Ph.D.

NICHD, National Institutes of Health

Elias A. Zerhouni, Jr., M.D.

National Institutes of Health

Heart, Lung, and Blood Initial Review Group 

Scientific Review Administrator: Jeffery 

H. Hurst, Ph.D., Health Science Administrator, 

Division of Extramural Research Activities, NHLBI, 

National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; 

301–435–0303 

The Heart, Lung, and Blood Initial Review Group 

provides initial technical merit review for the NHLBAC 

and the Director, NHLBI. This group consists of two 

subcommittees: the Heart, Lung, and Blood Program 

Project Review Committee and the Clinical Trials 

Review Committee. 

Heart, Lung, and Blood Program Project Review 

Committee 

Chair: Donna Przepiorka, M.D., Ph.D., University 

of Tennessee College of Medicine 

Scientific Review Administrator: Jeffery 

H. Hurst, Ph.D., Health Scientist Administrator, 

Division of Extramural Research Activities, NHLBI, 

National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; 

301–435–0303 

The Heart, Lung, and Blood Program Project Review 

Committee provides initial technical merit review for 

the NHLBAC and the Director, NHLBI on program 

project applications proposing research in the areas of 

heart, lung, and blood diseases and resources. 

Membership* 

Edward Abraham, M.D. (2009)

University of Alabama at Birmingham

Peng-Sheng Chen, M.D. (2010)

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Louis J. Dell’Italia, M.D. (2008) 

University of Alabama

Kathy K. Griendling, Ph.D. (2008)

Emory University

Samuel Hawgood, M.D. (2010)

University of California, San Francisco

Joseph R. Haywood, Ph.D. (2007)

Michigan State University

Timothy T. Hla, Ph.D. (2008)

University of Connecticut School of Medicine

*Current as of October 2006.
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 6. Institute Public Advisory Committees 

Sriram Krishnaswamy, Ph.D. (2009)

Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

Renee C. LeBoeuf, Ph.D. (2007) 

University of Washington School of Medicine 

Diane J. Nugent, M.D. (2009)

University of California, Los Angeles

Jose M. Ordovas, Ph.D. (2007) 

Tufts University 

Bruce R. Pitt, Ph.D. (2009)

Universitiy of Pittsburgh

Howard A. Rockman, M.D. (2008) 

Duke University Medical Center 

Ann Marie Schmidt, M.D., Ph.D. (2010)

Columbia University

Susan S. Smyth, M.D., Ph.D. (2009)

University of Kentucky

Robert A. Wise, M.D. (2010)

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Katherine E. Yutzey, Ph.D. (2010)

Children’s Hospital Research Foundation 

Clinical Trials Review Committee 

Chair: Ileana L. Pina, M.D., Case Western Reserve 

University

Scientific Review Administrator: Patricia A. 

Haggerty, Ph.D., Health Science Administrator, 

Division of Extramural Research Activities, NHLBI, 

National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; 

301–435–0288 

The Clinical Trials Review Committee provides initial technical merit review for the NHLBAC and the 

Director of the NHLBI on clinical trial applications for 

the support of studies to evaluate preventive or therapeutic measures of blood, cardiovascular, or lung diseases. 

Membership* 

Walter T. Ambrosius, Ph.D. (2010)

Wake Forest University

Antonio Anzueto, M.D. (2008)

University of Texas Health Science Center 

at San Antonio

Ulrika M. Birgersdotter-Green, M.D. (2009)

University of California, San Diego

Ivan Chan, Ph.D. (2010)

Merck Research Laboratories

John E. Connett, Ph.D. (2007)

University of Minnesota

Robert M. Elashoff, Ph.D. (2007)

University of California, Los Angeles

Terry B. Gernsheimer, M.D. (2009)

University of Washington School of Medicine

Robert A. Harrington, M.D. (2010)

Duke School of Medicine

John B. Kostis, M.D. (2008)

University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey

Cora E. Lewis, M.D. (2008)

University of Alabama at Birmingham

Pamela Ouyang, M.D. (2010)

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Julio A. Panza, M.D. (2009)

Washington Hospital Center

Lynda H. Powell, Ph.D. (2007)

Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center

John J. Reilly, M.D. (2009)

Brigham and Women’s Hospital

Alexis A. Thompson, M.D. (2008)

Northwestern University Medical School

*Current as of October 2006.
64

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 6. Institute Public Advisory Committees 

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 

Special Emphasis Panel 

The Institute has established the NHLBI Special 

Emphasis Panel (SEP) to perform initial peer review of 

applications and proposals that were previously handled 

by ad hoc committees. Concept review, previously 

handled by divisional program advisory committees, has 

also been incorporated into the SEP system. The SEP, 

which has neither a fixed membership nor a set meeting 

schedule, is constituted to provide required peer review 

expertise at precisely the time that it is needed. 

Board of Scientific Counselors 

Chair: Ivor J. Benjamin, M.D., University of Utah 

Health Sciences Center 

Executive Secretary: Robert S. Balaban, Ph.D., 

Director, Laboratory Research Program, NHLBI, 

National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; 

301–496–2116 

The Board of Scientific Counselors advises the 

Director and the Deputy Director for Intramural 

Research, NIH, and the Directors of NHLBI and the 

Division of Intramural Research, NHLBI, on the intramural research programs of the NHLBI. 

Membership* 

Nancy Berliner, M.D. (2007)

Yale University School of Medicine

Stephen Black, Ph.D. (2011)

Medical College of Georgia

Eduardo Marban, M.D., Ph.D. (2011)

Johns Hopkins University

Elizabeth M. McNally, M.D., Ph.D. (2010)

University of Chicago

Gary K. Owens, M.D., Ph.D. (2010)

University of Virginia School of Medicine

Edwin W. Taylor, Ph.D. (2009)

University of Chicago

*Current as of October 2006.

Alan S. Verkman, M.D., Ph.D. (2009)

University of California, San Francisco

Sally E. Wenzel-Morganroth, M.D. (2007)

National Jewish and Medical Research Center
65

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 7. Budget Overview

7. Fiscal Year 2006 Budget Overview

NHLBI Obligations by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006

Funding Mechanism

Obligated Dollars* 

(Thousands)

Percent of Total 

NHLBI Budget

Research Project Grants† $2,011,049 69.5%

SCORs/SCCORs 114,197 3.9

Sickle Cell Centers 23,928 0.8

Centers for AIDS Research 2,961 0.1

Other Research Grants 123,802 4.3

Research Careers Programs‡ 70,365 2.4

Training Programs 89,179 3.1

Research and Development Contracts 262,851 9.1

Intramural Laboratory and Clinical Research 168,346 5.8

Research Management and Support§ 97,214 3.4

Research Facilities Construction Grants — —

Total Obligations $2,893,527 100%

* Excludes funds provided by other agencies by means of a reimbursable agreement.

† Includes $72,460 for Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Grants/Small Business Technology Transfer Grants (STTR).

‡ Research Career Programs are a subset of Other Research Grants and are not added as a distinct funding mechanism.

§ Excludes OD and DIR research contracts, which are included in R&D contracts.

NHLBI Total Obligations 

by Budget Category

NHLBI Extramural 

Obligations by Program

NHLBI Extramural 

Obligations by Division

* Includes Cardiovascular Diseases and Prevention and Population Studies.

For detailed data on FY 2006:

• Research grants, see Chapters 9 and 11

• Research and development contracts, see Chapters 10 and 11

• Research training and career development, see Chapter 13

• Geographic distribution of awards, see Chapter 14.

Heart and 

Vascular 

Diseases* 

Research 54.3%

Management 

Support 

3.4%

Intermural 

Laboratory and 

Clinical Research 

5.8%

Women’s 

Health 

Intitiative 

0.4%

Sleep 

Disorders 

Research 

1.8%

Blood 

Diseases 

and Resources 

15.0%

Lung 

Diseases 

19.2%

Heart and 

Vascular 

Diseases* 

59.8%

Lung 

Diseases 

21.2% Blood 

Diseases 

and Resources 

16.6%

Sleep 

Disorders 

Research 

2.0%

Women’s 

Health 

Intitiative 

0.5%

Lung 

Diseases 

21.2%

Prevention 

and Population 

Studies 

10.7%

Cardiovascular 

Diseases 

49.1%

Women’s 

Health 

Intitiative 

0.5%

Blood Diseases 

and Resources 

16.6% Sleep 

Disorders 

Research 

2.0%
66

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 7. Budget Overview

NHLBI Extramural Obligations by Program: Fiscal Year 2006

Program

Obligated Dollars 

(Thousands)

Percent of NHLBI 

Extramural Budget

Heart and Vascular Diseases* $1,570,605 59.8%

Lung Diseases 556,865 21.2

Blood Diseases and Resources 434,937 16.6

Sleep Disorders Research 53,435 2.0

Women’s Health Initiative 12,124 0.5

Total, Extramural Obligations $2,627,966 100%

* Includes Cardiovascular Diseases and Prevention and Population Sciences.

NHLBI Cardiovascular Diseases Program* 

Obligations by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006

Funding Mechanism

Obligated Dollars 

(Thousands)

Percent of 

Program Budget

Research Project Grants $1,014,344 78.7%

SCORs/SCCORs 57,456 4.5

Other Research Grants 38,370 3.0

Research Career Programs† 29,076 2.3

Training Programs 44,040 3.4

Research and Development Contracts 135,397 10.5

Total, Cardiovascular Diseases $1,289,607 100%

* Includes Cardiovascular Diseases only.

† Research Career Programs are a subset of Other Research Grants and are not added as a distinct funding mechanism.

NHLBI Prevention and Population Sciences Program 

Obligations by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006

Funding Mechanism

Obligated Dollars 

(Thousands)

Percent of 

Program Budget

Research Project Grants $200,902 71.5%

SCORs/SCCORs — —

Other Research Grants 7,529 2.7

Research Career Programs* 5,798 2.1

Training Programs 6,768 2.4

Research and Development Contracts 65,799 23.4

Total, Prevention and Population Sciences $280,998 100%

* Research Career Programs are a subset of Other Research Grants and are not added as a distinct funding mechanism.

Note: Numbers may not add to total due to rounding.
67

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 7. Budget Overview

NHLBI Lung Diseases Program 

Obligations by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006

Funding Mechanism

Obligated Dollars 

(Thousands)

Percent of 

Program Budget

Research Project Grants $426,663 76.6%

SCORs/SCCORs 30,790 5.5

Other Research Grants 52,000 9.3

Research Career Programs* 20,319 3.6

Training Programs 22,007 4.0

Research and Development Contracts 25,405 4.6

Total, Lung Diseases $556,865 100%

* Research Career Programs are a subset of Other Research Grants and are not added as a distinct funding mechanism.

NHLBI Blood Diseases and Resources Program 

Obligations by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006

Funding Mechanism

Obligated Dollars 

(Thousands)

Percent of 

Program Budget

Research Project Grants $326,371 75.0%

SCORs/SCCORs 19,736 4.5

Sickle Cell Centers 23,928 5.5

Centers for AIDS Research 2,961 0.7

Other Research Grants 24,131 5.5

Research Career Programs* 13,407 3.1

Training Programs 14,181 3.3

Research and Development Contracts 23,629 5.4

Total, Blood Diseases and Resources $434,937 100%

* Research Career Programs are a subset of Other Research Grants and are not added as a distinct funding mechanism.

National Center on Sleep Disorders Research Program 

Obligations by Budget Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006

Funding Mechanism

Obligated Dollars 

(Thousands)

Percent of 

Program Budget

Research Project Grants $42,769 80.0%

SCORs/SCCORs 6,215 11.6

Other Research Grants 1,772 3.3

Research Career Programs* 1,765 3.3

Training Programs 2,182 4.1

Research and Development Contracts 497 0.9

Total, Sleep Disorders Research $53,435 100%

* Research Career Programs are a subset of Other Research Grants and are not added as a distinct funding mechanism.

Note: Numbers may not add to total due to rounding.
68

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 7. Budget Overview

Women’s Health Initiative 

Obligations by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006

Funding Mechanism

Obligated Dollars 

(Thousands)

Percent of 

Program Budget

Research Project Grants $ — —%

SCORs/SCCORs — —

Other Research Grants — —

Research Career Programs* — —

Training Programs — —

Research and Development Contracts 12,124 100.0

Total, Women’s Health Initiative $12,124 100%

* Research Career Programs are a subset of Other Research Grants and are not added as a distinct funding mechanism.
69

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 8. Long-Term Trends

8. Long-Term Trends

Budget History of the NHLBI: Fiscal Years 1950–2006

Dollars (Thousands)

Fiscal 

Year

Budget Estimate to 

Congress

House 

Allowance

Senate 

Allowance Appropriation Obligations

Cumulative Fiscal 

Year Obligations

1950 $ 34,630 $ 11,575 $ 29,117 $ 16,075 $ 15,768 $ 15,768

1951 8,800 8,800 9,400 9,400 8,497 24,265

1952 10,237 10,074 10,156 10,083 9,850 34,115

1953 9,779 9,623 12,000 12,000 11,398 45,513

1954 11,040 12,000 15,418 15,168 14,952 60,465

1955 14,570 16,168 17,168 16,668 16,595 77,060

1956 17,454 17,398 23,976 18,808 18,838 95,898

1957 22,106 25,106 33,396 33,396 32,392 128,290

1958 33,436 33,436 38,784 35,936 35,973 164,263

1959 34,820 36,212 49,529 45,613 45,468 209,731

1960 45,594 52,744 89,500 62,237 61,565 271,296

1961 63,162 71,762 125,166 86,900 86,239 357,535

1962 97,073 105,723 160,000 132,912 110,849 468,384

1963 126,898 143,398 149,498 147,398 120,597 588,981

1964 130,108 129,325 130,545 132,404 117,551 706,532

1965 125,640 124,521 125,171 124,824 124,412 830,944

1966 141,412 146,212 143,462 141,462 141,171 972,115

1967 148,407 154,770 164,770 164,770 164,342 1,136,457

1968 167,954 167,954 177,954 167,954 162,134 1,298,591

1969 169,735 164,120 172,120 166,928 161,834 1,460,425

1970 160,513 160,513 182,000 171,257 160,433 1,620,858

1971 171,747 178,479 203,479 194,901 194,826 1,815,684

1972 195,492 211,624 252,590 232,627 232,577 2,048,261

1973 255,280 300,000 350,000 300,000 255,722 2,303,983

1974 265,000 281,415 320,000 302,915 327,270 2,631,253

1975 309,299 321,196 330,000 327,996 327,953 2,959,206

1976 324,934 329,079 379,059 370,096 368,648 3,327,854

TQA 59,715 58,015 58,015 58,763 60,639 3,388,493

1977 342,855 380,661 420,661 396,661 396,857 3,785,350

1978 403,642 432,642 456,000 447,901 447,968 4,233,318

1979 454,336 485,584 485,584 510,134 510,080 4,743,398

1980 507,344 527,544 527,544 527,544 527,248 5,270,646

1981 532,799 560,264 565,264 549,693 550,072 5,820,718

1982 579,602 583,831 587,741 559,637 559,800 6,380,518

1983 577,143 620,947 624,542 624,259 624,260 7,004,778

1984 639,774 665,859 683,489 704,939 705,064 7,709,842

1985 718,852 764,135 807,149 805,269 803,810 8,513,652

1986 775,254 856,388 863,652 859,239 821,901 9,335,553

1987 785,697 921,410 921,502 930,001 929,982 10,265,535

1988 821,887 990,808 1,000,349 965,536 965,283 11,230,818

1989 1,054,503 1,018,983 1,056,003 1,045,985 1,045,508 12,276,326

1990 1,039,846 1,090,930 1,091,597 1,072,354 1,070,683 13,347,009

1991 1,112,502 1,135,589 1,137,235 1,126,942 1,125,915 14,472,924

1992 1,209,924 1,202,398 1,190,396 1,191,500 1,190,070 15,662,994

1993 1,245,396 1,228,455 1,228,455 1,214,693 1,214,693 16,877,687

1994 1,198,402 1,277,880 1,277,880 1,277,880 1,277,852 18,155,539

1995 1,266,961 1,259,590 1,259,590 1,258,472 1,314,969 19,470,508

1996 1,337,021 1,355,866 1,320,254B 1,355,866 1,351,422C 20,821,930

1997 1,320,555D 1,438,265 1,344,742D 1,432,529E 1,431,821 22,253,751

1998 1,467,189 1,513,004 1,531,898 1,531,061F 1,526,276 23,780,027

1999 1,709,328G 1,720,344 1,793,697 1,793,697F 1,788,008 25,568,035

2000 1,759,806 1,937,404 2,001,185 2,040,291F 2,027,286 27,595,321

2001 2,069,582 2,328,102 2,328,105 2,299,866H 2,298,035 29,893,356

2002 2,567,429 2,547,675 2,618,966 2,576,125I 2,569,794 32,463,150

2003 2,791,411 2,812,011 2,818,684 2,812,011J 2,793,681 35,256,831

2004 2,867,995 2,867,995 2,897,595 2,882,715K 2,882,601 38,139,432

2005 2,963,953 2,963,953 2,985,900 2,965,453 2,922,573L 41,062,005

2006 2,951,270 2,951,270 3,023,381 2,951,270J 2,893,527 43,955,532

A TQ=Transition Quarter, July 1–September 30, 1976.

B	 Senate Allowance reflects the Institute share of the Government-wide rescission

and the HHS rescission.

C	 Obligations reflect the Institute share of the Government-wide rescission, the

HHS rescission, and a transfer to other NIH Institutes through the NIH Director’s

1 percent transfer authority.

D	 Excludes funds for AIDS research activities consolidated in the NIH Office of

AIDS Research (OAR).

E	 Excludes enacted administrative reduction.

F	 Excludes Director transfer, Secretary transfer, and rescission.

G	 Includes Bioterrorism reduction.

H	 Excludes Office of Human Research Protection transfer, Secretary

transfer, and rescission.

I	 Excludes Government-wide rescission, Labor/HHS/Education rescission, from

HHS to OMB rescission, and Secretary 1 percent transfer.

J	 Excludes Government-wide rescission.

K	 Includes Roadmap adjustments.

L	 Includes Roadmap Transfer and Government-wide rescission.
70

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 8. Long-Term Trends

NHLBI Total Obligations by Budget Category: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Current Dollars

NHLBI Total Obligations by Budget Category: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Constant 1996 Dollars

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Total

Heart

Lung

Blood

Sleep Disorders

Research

Women's Health

Initiative

Intramural Research

Research Management

and Support

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Total

Heart

Lung

Blood

Sleep Disorders

Research

Women's Health

Initiative

Intramural Research

Research Management

& Support

Dollars in Millions

1996	 1997	 1998	 1999	 2000	 2001	 2002	 2003	 2004	 2005	 2006

Year

TOTAL

Heart

Lung

Blood

Sleep Disorders

Research

Women’s Health

Initiative

Intramural Research

Research Management

and Support

Dollars in Millions

1996	 1997	 1998	 1999	 2000	 2001	 2002	 2003	 2004	 2005	 2006

Year

TOTAL

Heart

Lung

Blood

Sleep Disorders

Research

Women’s Health

Initiative

Intramural Research

Research Management

and Support

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
71

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 8. Long-Term Trends

NHLBI Total Obligations by Budget Category: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Current Dollars (Millions)

Fiscal Year

Budget Category 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Extramural Research

Heart $ 692.8 $ 737.9 $ 795.6 $ 898.0 $1,058.0 $1,186.6 $1,353.4 $1,475.6 $1,545.9 $1,561.8 $1,570.6

Lung 261.9 273.4 281.7 346.2 380.4 444.0 490.5 541.1 544.1 578.3 556.9

Blood 224.3 242.7 257.5 266.1 305.9 364.0 396.0 419.3 429.2 439.5 434.9

Sleep Disorders

Research

15.9 18.7 22.3 31.2 35.1 37.0 44.7 49.4 51.9 49.9 53.4

Women’s Health

Initiative

— — — 63.1 57.7 59.2 59.0 63.2 58.8 37.8 12.1

Intramural Research 101.8 104.4 111.6 119.5 122.3 133.7 146.7 157.8 164.2 166.3 168.3

Research Management

and Support

54.8 54.6 57.6 63.9 67.9 73.5 79.4 87.3 88.5 89.0 97.2

Total $1,351.5 $1,431.7 $1,526.3 $1,788.0 $2,027.3 $2,298.0 $2,569.8 $2,793.7 $2,882.6 $2,922.6 $2,893.4

NHLBI Total Obligations by Budget Category: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Constant 1996 Dollars (Millions)

Fiscal Year

Budget Category 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Extramural Research

Heart $ 692.8 $ 725.6 $ 772.4 $ 861.0 $ 994.4 $1,088.6 $1,219.3 $1,303.5 $1,333.8 $1,311.3 $1,286.3

Lung 261.9 268.8 273.5 331.9 357.5 407.3 441.9 478.0 469.5 485.6 456.1

Blood 224.3 238.6 250.0 255.1 287.5 333.9 356.8 370.4 370.3 369.0 356.2

Sleep Disorders

Research

15.9 18.4 21.7 29.9 33.0 33.9 40.3 43.6 44.8 41.9 43.7

Women’s Health

Initiative

— — — 60.5 54.2 54.3 53.2 55.8 50.7 31.7 9.9

Intramural Research 101.8 102.7 108.3 114.6 114.9 122.7 132.2 139.4 141.7 139.6 137.8

Research Management

and Support

54.8 53.7 55.9 61.3 63.8 67.4 71.5 77.1 76.4 74.7 79.6

Total $1,351.5 $1,407.8 $1,481.8 $1,714.3 $1,905.4 $2,108.3 $2,315.0 $2,467.9 $2,487.1 $2,453.9 $2,369.7

This table is based on the Biomedical Research & Development Price Index through 2006.
72

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 8. Long-Term Trends

NHLBI Total Obligations by Budget Mechanism: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 

NHLBI Total Obligations by Budget Mechanism: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Current Dollars (Millions)

Fiscal Year

Funding Mechanism 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Research Grants* $1,025.4 $1,100.9 $1,189.8 $1,346.6 $1,570.5 $1,796.9 $2,006.2 $2,172.3 $2,257.3 $2,310.2 $2,275.9

Research and Development (R&D) Contracts

120.9 121.9 116.7 197.2 201.3 220.1 258.3 290.5 285.5 268.6 262.8

Training Programs 48.5 49.8 50.6 60.8 65.4 73.7 79.2 85.8 87.1 88.4 89.2

Intramural Research and

Research Management

and Support†

156.6 159.1 169.2 183.4 190.1 207.3 226.1 245.1 252.7 255.4 265.6

Total $1,351.4 $1,431.7 $1,526.3 $1,788.0 $2,027.3 $2,298.0 $2,569.8 $2,793.7 $2,882.6 $2,922.6 $2,893.5

*	 Includes Research Career Programs.

†	 Excludes Office of the Director and DIR research contracts, which are included in R&D contracts.

NHLBI Employment: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Fiscal Year

Staff 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

FTEs* 834 829 840 847 865 868 880 880 861 796 797

*	 Full-time equivalents.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Research Grants

Research and Development

(R&D) Contracts

Training Programs

Intramural Research and

Research Management and

Support

Research Grants

Research and

Development (R&D)

Contracts

Training Programs

Intramural Research

and Research

Management

and Support

Dollars in Millions

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

	 1996	 1997	 1998	 1999	 2000	 2001	 2002	 2003	 2004	 2005	 2006

Year
73

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 8. Long-Term Trends

NHLBI Institute-Initiated and Investigator-Initiated Awards: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

*	 Includes Research Career Programs.

NHLBI Grants and Research and Development Contracts as Subsets of Institute-Initiated Awards: 

Fiscal Years 1996–2006

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Investigator-Initiated

Grants*

Institute-Initiated

Awards (Grants and

R&D Contracts)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Institute-Initiated

Awards (Grants and

R&D Contracts)

Grants

R&D Contracts

Percent of Extramural Funds

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

	1996	 1997	 1998	 1999	 2000	 2001	 2002	 2003	 2004	 2005	 2006

Year

Investigator-Initiated

Grants*

Institute-Initiated

Awards (Grants and

R&D Contracts)

Percent of Extramural Funds

Institute-Initiated

Awards (Grants

and R&D Contracts)

Grants

R&D Contracts

	1996	 1997	 1998	 1999	 2000	 2001	 2002	 2003	 2004	 2005	 2006

Year

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0
74

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 8. Long-Term Trends

NHLBI Extramural Programs: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Dollars (Millions)

Fiscal Year

Funding Mechanism 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Investigator-Initiated Awards

Investigator-Initiated Grants* $ 779.0 $ 830.3 $ 930.5 $1,022.2 $1,187.4 $1,388.8 $1,521.4 $1,616.1 $1,716.8 $1,747.2 $1,747.0

Research Career Programs 33.8 33.9 36.1 47.7 54.2 57.5 63.5 65.8 67.8 71.0 70.4

Subtotal, Investigator-Initiated

Awards

812.8 864.2 966.6 1,069.9 1,241.6 1,446.3 1,584.9 1,681.9 1,784.6 1,818.2 1,817.3

Institute-Initiated Awards

Institute-Initiated Grants (RFA) 216.8 236.8 223.2 276.7 328.9 350.7 421.3 490.4 472.5 492.1 458.6

Centers† 106.7 108.7 114.4 119.9 123.8 127.2 128.2 138.9 140.6 151.5 141.1

R&D Contracts (RFP) 116.7 121.9 116.7 197.2 201.3 220.1 258.3 290.5 285.5 268.6 262.9

Subtotal, Institute-Initiated

Awards

333.5 358.7 339.9 473.9 530.2 570.8 679.6 780.9 758.0 760.7 721.4

Training

Individual Awards 7.3 6.8 7.6 9.2 8.9 8.9 9.5 8.6 8.8 9.7 10.0

Institutional Awards 41.2 43.0 43.0 51.6 56.5 64.8 69.7 77.2 78.4 78.7 79.1

Subtotal, Training 48.5 49.8 50.6 60.8 65.4 73.7 79.2 85.8 87.2 88.4 89.2

Total, Extramural $1,194.8 $1,272.7 $1,357.1 $1,604.6 $1,837.2 $2,090.8 $2,343.7 $2,548.6 $2,629.8 $2,667.3 $2,628.0

*	 Includes all R18s.

†	 Centers are a subset of Institute-Initiated Grants (RFAs), and are not added to the Institute-Initiated Awards subtotal as a distinct category.

NHLBI Extramural Programs: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Percent of Total Extramural Budget

Fiscal Year

Funding Mechanism 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Investigator-Initiated Awards

Investigator-Initiated Grants* 65.2% 65.2% 68.6% 63.7% 64.6% 66.4% 64.9% 63.4% 65.3% 65.5% 66.5%

Research Career Programs

(K04, K06)

2.8 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7

Subtotal, Investigator-Initiated

Awards

68.0 67.9 71.2 66.7 67.6 69.2 67.6 66.0 67.9 68.2 69.2

Institute-Initiated Awards

Institute-Initiated Grants (RFA) 18.1 18.6 16.4 17.2 17.9 16.8 18.0 19.2 18.0 18.4 17.5

Centers† 8.9 8.5 8.4 7.5 6.7 6.1 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.7 5.4

R&D Contracts (RFP) 9.8 9.6 8.6 12.3 11.0 10.5 11.0 11.4 10.9 10.1 10.0

Subtotal, Institute-Initiated

Awards

27.9 28.2 25.0 29.5 28.9 27.3 29.0 30.6 28.8 28.5 27.5

Training

Individual Awards 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

Institutional Awards 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

Subtotal, Training 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4

Total, Extramural 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

*	 Includes all R18s.

†	 Centers are a subset of Institute-Initiated Grants (RFAs), and are not added to the Institute-Initiated Awards subtotal as a distinct category.
75

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 8. Long-Term Trends

NHLBI Extramural Research Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

NHLBI Extramural Research Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Dollars (Millions)

Fiscal Year

Funding Mechanism 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Research Grants* $ 918.7 $ 992.3 $1,075.4 $1,226.7 $1,446.7 $1,669.8 $1,878.0 $2,033.4 $2,116.6 $2,158.8 $2,134.9

Centers 106.7 108.7 114.4 119.9 123.8 127.2 128.2 138.9 140.6 151.5 141.1

R&D Contracts 120.9 121.9 116.7 197.2 201.3 220.1 258.3 290.5 285.5 268.6 262.9

Research Training 48.5 49.8 50.6 60.8 65.4 73.7 79.2 85.8 87.1 88.4 89.2

Total, Extramural $1,194.8 $1,272.7 $1,357.1 $1,604.6 $1,837.2 $2,090.8 $2,343.7 $2,548.6 $2,629.8 $2,667.3 $2,628.0

*	 Includes Research Career Programs; does not include Centers.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Research Grants*

(Excluding Centers)

Centers

R&D Contracts 

Research Training

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

	1996	 1997	 1998	 1999	 2000	 2001	 2002	 2003	 2004	 2005	 2006

Year

Research Grants*	

(Excluding Centers)

Centers

R&D Contracts

Research Training

Dollars in Millions
76

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 8. Long-Term Trends

NHLBI Extramural Research Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

NHLBI Extramural Research Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Percent of Total Extramural Budget

Fiscal Year

Funding Mechanism 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Research Grants* 76.9% 78.0% 79.2% 76.4% 78.7% 79.9% 80.1% 79.8% 80.5% 80.9% 81.2%

Centers 8.9 8.5 8.4 7.5 6.7 6.1 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.7 5.4

R&D Contracts (RFP) 10.1 9.6 8.6 12.3 11.0 10.5 11.0 11.4 10.9 10.1 10.0

Research Training 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4

Total, Extramural 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

*	 Includes Research Career Programs; does not include Centers.

Note: Numbers may not add to total due to rounding.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Research Grants*

(Excluding Centers)

Centers

R&D Contracts 

Research Training

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

	1996	 1997	 1998	 1999	 2000	 2001	 2002	 2003	 2004	 2005	 2006

Year

Research Grants*	

(Excluding Centers)

Centers

R&D Contracts

Research Training

Percent of Extramural Funds
77

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 9. Research Grants

9. Research Grants

NHLBI Research Grants by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2006

Number of 

Grants

Total Cost 

(Dollars in 

Thousands)

Percent of Total 

NHLBI Research 

Grant Dollars

Research Project Grants (RPGs)

Research Project Grants (Excluding Small Business RPGs)

Regular Research Grants (R01) 3,281 $1,322,778 58.12%

Small Research Grants (R03) 1 33 0.00

Program Project Grants (P01) 179 357,269 15.70

Cooperative Agreements (U01) 231 200,727 8.82

Area Grants (R15) 12 2,531 0.11

Explorative Developmental Grant (R21) 112 21,177 0.93

Method To Extend Research in Time (R37) 77 31,128 1.37

NIH Director’s Pioneer Award (DP1) 0 312 0.01

Exploratory/Developmental Grants Phase II (R33) 7 2,634 0.12

Subtotal, Research Project Grants (Excluding Small Business RPGs) 3,900 1,938,589 85.17

Small Business Research Project Grants

Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR Phase I) (R41) 21 3,059 0.13

Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR Phase II) (R42) 12 4,837 0.21

Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR Phase I) (R43) 54 9,237 0.41

Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR Phase II) (R44) 94 55,327 2.43

Subtotal, Small Business Research Project Grants 181 72,460 3.18

Subtotal, Research Project Grants 4,081 2,011,049 88.36

Research Center Grants 

Specialized Centers and Centers of Excellence (P50) 41 104,375 4.59

Sickle Cell Centers (U54) 11 23,928 1.05

Center for AIDS Research (P30) 0 2,961 0.13

Specialized Centers (Cooperative Agreements) (U54) 5 9,057 0.40

National Swine Research and Resource Center (U42) 1 765 0.03

Subtotal, Research Center Grants 58 141,086 6.20

Research Career Programs

Mentored Research Development Award for Minority Faculty (K01) 40 5,453 0.24

Minority Institution Faculty Mentored Research Scientist Award (K01) 4 567 0.02

Mentored Scientist Development Award in Research Ethics (K01) 3 358 0.02

Independent Scientist Award (K02) 24 2,421 0.11

Research Career Award (K06) 1 34 0.00

Cultural Competence and Health Disparities Academic Award (K07) 18 2,109 0.09

Clinical Investigator Scientist Award (K08) 226 28,973 1.27

Vascular Medicine Research Career Development Program (K12) 2 772 0.03

Clinical Hematology Research Career Development Program (K12) 6 2,360 0.10

Career Enhancement Award for Stem Cell Research (K18) 2 213 0.01

Career Transition Award (K22) 1 178 0.01

Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23) 122 16,720 0.73

Midcareer Investigator Award in Patient-Oriented Research (K24) 33 4,315 0.19

Mentored Quantitative Research Career Development Award (K25) 16 2,184 0.10

Clinical Research Curriculum Award (K30) 14 3,708 0.16

Subtotal, Research Career Programs 512 70,365 3.10

Other Research Grants

Cooperative Clinical Research (U10, R10) 47 33,684 1.48

Minority Biomedical Research Support (S06, S14, R25) 0 2,032 0.09

Other (R09, R13, R18, R24, R25, T15, U09, U24, UH1) 83 17,721 0.78

Subtotal, Other Research Grants 130 53,437 2.35

Total, NHLBI Research Grants 4,781 $2,275,937 100%
78

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 9. Research Grants

NHLBI Total Research Grants by Category

NHLBI Research Project Grant,* Research Centers Grant, and Other Research Grant Obligations: 

Fiscal Years 1996–2006

0

400

800

1,200

1,600

2,000

2,400

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Research Project Grants*

Research Centers Grants

Other Research Grants†

0

400

800

1,200

1,600

2,000

2,400

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Research Project Grants*

Research Centers Grants

Other Research Grants†

NHLBI Research Project Grant,* Research Centers Grant, and Other Research Grant Obligations: 

Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Dollars (Thousands)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Research 

Project 

Grants*

$ 862,027 $ 935,322 $1,009,152 $1,142,473 $1,356,034 $1,580,751 $1,779,573 $1,920,201 $2,003,769 $2,042,050 $2,011,049

Research 

Centers 

Grants

106,688 108,665 114,397 119,889 123,803 127,232 128,161 138,941 140,600 151,495 141,086

Other 

Research 

Grants†

56,692 56,993 66,234 84,219 90,666 88,958 98,460 113,172 112,785 116,713 123,802

Total $1,025,407‡ $1,100,980 $1,189,783 $1,346,581 $1,570,503 $1,796,941 $2,006,194 $2,172,314 $2,257,154 $2,310,258 $2,275,937

* Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R29, R37, R41, R42, R43, and R44; R55 in 1996; R21 beginning in 1997; and R33 beginning in 2001.

† Includes Research Career Programs; excludes General Research Support Grants.

‡ Includes Program Evaluation and IMPAC II Assessment of $4,435,000.

Research Project Grants* 

Research Centers Grants

Other Research Grants†

Dollars in Millions

2,400

2,000

1,600

1,200

800

400

0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

Research 

Project Grants 

88.4%

Other Research 

Grants 

2.3%

Research 

Career Programs 

3.1%

Research 

Center Grants 

6.2%
79

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 9. Research Grants

NHLBI Competing Research Project Grant Applications*: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Total Cost Dollars Reviewed and Awarded

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Reviewed

Awarded

NHLBI Competing Research Project Grant Applications*: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Total Cost Dollars Reviewed and Awarded

Dollars (Millions)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Applications Reviewed $699.2 $802.1 $687.1 $867.1 $809.8 $851.7 $1,221.7 $1,262.5 $1,277.6 $1,381.0 $1,577.7

Awarded 182.1 240.1 252.4 330.4 418.4 424.3 437.4 463.7 477.3 447.8 411.6

* Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R29, R37, R41, R42, R43, and R44; R55 in 1996; R21 beginning in 1997; and R33 beginning in 2001.

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Dollars in Millions

Year

Applications Reviewed

Awarded
80

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 9. Research Grants

NHLBI Competing Research Project Grant Applications*: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Number Reviewed and Awarded

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Reviewed

Awarded

Number Reviewed and Awarded and Percent Funded

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Applications Reviewed 2,605 2,771 2,657 2,704 2,893 2,895 3,064 3,098 3,548 3,865 4,412

RPGs Awarded 652 821 837 959 1,003 1,033 1,018 1,064 1,034 909 871

Success Rate (percent) 25.0 29.6 31.5 35.5 34.7 35.7 33.2 34.3 29.1 23.5 19.7

* Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R29, R37, R41, R42, R43, and R44; R55 in 1996; R21 beginning in 1997; and R33 beginning in 2001.

Percent of Reviewed Applications Funded (Success Rate)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Reviewed

Awarded

4,500

4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

Number of Applications

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Percent

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year
81

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 9. Research Grants

NHLBI Investigator-Initiated and Institute-Initiated Grant Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

NHLBI Investigator-Initiated and Institute-Initiated Grant Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Dollars (Millions)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Investigator-Initiated* $ 804.1 $ 867.9 $ 966.6 $1,069.9 $1,241.6 $1,446.2 $1,584.9 $1,681.9 $1,773.4 $1,822.9 $1,802.1

Institute-Initiated† 216.8 233.0 223.2 276.7 328.9 350.7 421.3 490.4 483.8 487.3 473.8

Total $1,020.9‡ $1,100.9 $1,189.8 $1,346.6 $1,570.5 $1,796.9 $2,006.2 $2,172.3 $2,257.2 $2,310.2 $2,275.9

* Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R29, R37, R41, R42, R43, and R44; R55 in 1996; R21 beginning in 1997; and R33 beginning in 2001.

† Includes Centers Grants and Cooperative Agreement RFAs. 

‡ Excludes Program Evaluation Assessment of $4,435,000.

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Investigator-Initiated

Research Grants*

Institute-Initiated

Research Grants†

Investigator-Initiated 

Research Grants* 

Institute-Initiated 

Research Grants†

2,000

1,800

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

Dollars in Millions

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year
82

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 9. Research Grants

NHLBI Research Project Grants*: Amount Funded by Type of Award, Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Dollars (Millions)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Competing

New Competing $ 90.5 $135.8 $147.5 $ 202.0 $ 266.4 $ 280.0 $ 291.2 $ 285.5 $ 290.5 $ 270.0 $ 242.9

Renewal Competing 90.4 104 103.9 127.2 152 143.9 143.9 177.2 185.5 176.1 168.3

Competing 

Supplements

1.2 0.3 1 1.2 0.9 0.4 2.3 1 1.3 1.7 0.4

Subtotal, Competing 182.1 240.1 252.4 330.4 419.3 424.3 437.4 463.7 477.3 447.8 411.6

Noncompeting

Subtotal, Noncompeting 649.9 662.4 721.3 770.6 889.3 1,101.5 2,218.3 1,390.3 1,454.9 1,520.0 1,527.0

Total, Competing and 

Noncompeting $832.0 $902.5 $973.7 $1,101.0 $1,308.6 $1,525.8 $1,718.7 $1,854.0 $1,932.2 $1,967.8 $1,938.6

* Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R29, R37, R41, R42, R43, and R44; R55 in 1996; R21 beginning in 1997; and R33 beginning in 2001.

Facility and Administrative (F&A)* Costs of NHLBI Research Project Grants†: 

Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Dollars (Thousands)

Fiscal Year Direct Cost F&A Cost Total Cost

F&A Cost as a 

Percent of Direct Cost

1996 $ 564,219 $267,785 $ 832,004 47.5%

1997 611,576 290,915 902,491 47.6

1998 660,009 313,765 973,774 47.5

1999 764,198 336,756‡ 1,100,954 44.1

2000 891,244 417,312 1,308,556 46.8

2001 1,045,144 480,673 1,525,817 46.0

2002 1,182,408 536,324 1,718,732 45.4

2003 1,276,819 577,131 1,853,950 45.2

2004 1,329,106 603,133 1,932,239 45.4

2005 1,355,803 612,007 1,967,810 45.1

2006 1,334,406 604,183 1,938,589 45.3

* Previously called Indirect Cost.

† Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R29, R37, R41, R42, R43, and R44; R55 in 1996; R21 beginning in 1997; and R33 beginning in 2001.

‡ Excludes Program Evaluation Assessment of $1,216,000.
83

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 9. Research Grants

NHLBI Research Project Grants*: Average Costs, Fiscal Years 1996–2006

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Noncompeting

Competing

Total

NHLBI Research Project Grants*: Average Costs, Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Dollars (Thousands)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Noncompeting $317.5 $323.0 $322.6 $323.4 $346.6 $390.7 $418.8 $444.4 $458.7 $490.6 $503.9

Competing 279.3 292.5 301.6 344.5 418 410.8 409.1 406.7 419.7 459.9 458.1

Total $308.3 $314.2 $316.9 $329.4 $366.6 $396.1 $416.2 $433.8 $447.9 $484.8 $492.8

* Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R29, R37, R41, R42, R43, and R44; R55 in 1996; R21 beginning in 1997; and R33 beginning in 2001.

Noncompeting 

Competing

Total

550

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Dollars in Thousands

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year
84

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 9. Research Grants

NHLBI Cooperative Agreements (U01, U10) Programs

Cooperative Agreements were instituted to support discrete, circumscribed projects in areas of an investigator’s specific 

interest and competency with substantial programmatic participation by the NHLBI during performance of the activity.

Total Obligations 

Prior to FY 2006

Total FY 2006 

Obligations

Total Obligations 

to Date

Heart and Vascular Diseases

AIM HIGH: Niacin Plus Statin To Prevent Vascular Events $ 663,376 $ 6,323,911 $ 6,987,287 

Atherosclerosis, Plaque, and CVD in Communities 9,930,706 3,328,404 13,259,110

Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in Type 2 Diabetics 

(BARI 2D)

43,858,208 8,591,820 52,450,028

Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Events Follow-Up Study 1,007,645 1,055,034 2,062,679

Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions (CORAL) 9,953,424 4,884,074 14,837,498

Claudication Exercise vs. Edoluminal Revascularization 1,368,413 1,478,581 2,846,994

Clinical Research Consortium To Improve Resuscitation Outcomes 16,224,715 9,183,943 25,408,658

Dynamic Evaluation of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention 5,455,365 725,054 6,180,419

Family Blood Pressure Program 88,494,060 4,732,732 93,226,792

Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Alaskan Natives (GOCADAN) 9,792,055 2,046,285 11,838,340

Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies (GEMS) 17,468,009 1,950,186 19,418,195

Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise 

Training (HF-ACTION)

29,527,693 4,590,429 34,118,122 

Heart Failure Clinical Research Network — 5,642,461 5,642,461 

Home Automatic External Defibrillator Trial (HAT) 15,064,384 2,114,588 17,178,972

IMMEDIATE Trial: Immediate Myocardial Metabolic Enhancement 

During Initial Assessment and Treatment in Emergency Care

14,684,147 10,966,492 25,650,639

Interaction of Genes and Environment in Shaping Risk Factors for Heart, 

Lung, and Blood Diseases and Sleep Disorders 

46,072,888 640,556 46,713,444

NHLBI Clinical Proteomics Program 5,103,660 4,920,669 10,024,329

Partnership Programs for Reducing Cardiovascular Health Disparities 13,670,752 7,258,374 20,929,126

Pediatric Heart Network — 6,988,223 6,988,223

Pharmacogenetics Research Network 39,541,200 8,983,384 48,524,584

Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS LOST) 4,916,790 1,863,033 6,779,823

Primordial Prevention of Overweight in American Indian Children 354,427 2,083,097 2,437,524

Programs of Excellence in Nanotechnology 6,322,873 11,230,687 17,553,560

Programs of Genomic Applications (PGAs) for Heart, Lung, and Blood 

Diseases

180,640,497 14,467,114 195,107,611

Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study (SANDS) 9,004,979 2,074,057 11,079,036

Strong Heart Study 51,738,304 6,235,839 57,974,143

Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH) 19,946,837 5,583,045 25,529,882

Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG) 33,305,766 905,336 34,211,102

Weight Loss in Obese Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Clinical 

Interventions

— 2,567,146 2,567,146

Weight Loss Maintenance (WLM) 11,153,382 4,014,660 15,168,042

Subtotal, Heart and Vascular Diseases 685,264,555 147,429,214 825,705,546

Lung Diseases

Asthma Clinical Research Network (ACRN), Phase II 25,272,584 7,838,310 33,110,894

Centers for Reducing Asthma Disparities 22,404,795 4,946,024 27,350,819

Childhood Asthma Management Program-Continuation Study 

(CAMP-CS)/Phase 2

6,155,523 2,750,045 8,905,568

Childhood Asthma Research and Education (CARE) Network 37,102,539 5,734,754 42,837,293

Clinical Trial of Acid Reflux Therapy in Asthma 2,310,686 772,866 3,083,552

Collaborative Programs in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 31,656,005 5,075,067 36,731,072

COPD Clinical Research Network 22,129,545 7,664,383 29,793,928

Early Antipseudomonal Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis 2,111,618 1,033,655 3,145,273
85

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 9. Research Grants

Total Obligations 

Prior to FY 2006

Total FY 2006 

Obligations

Total Obligations 

to Date

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network 3,486,226 7,349,196 10,835,422

Pharmacogenetics of Asthma Treatment 14,209,020 3,285,718 17,494,738

Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis III 

(PIOPED III)

2,301,770 4,341,911 6,643,681

Study of Acid Reflux Therapy for Children With Asthma — 774,454 774,454

Subtotal, Lung Diseases 169,140,311 51,566,383 219,932,240

Blood Diseases and Resources

Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Research Network 29,641,551 6,845,170 36,486,721

Center for Human Cell Therapy 5,179,743 2,101,631 7,281,374

Functional Outcomes in Cardiovascular Patients Undergoing Surgical Hip 

Fracture Repair (FOCUS)

6,357,932 2,446,287 8,804,219

Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Research Network — 3,761,385 3,761,385

Stroke With Transfusions Changing to Hydroxyurea (SWITCH) 3,345,345 3,931,995 7,277,340

Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia) Clinical Research Network 14,104,677 2,682,493 16,787,170

Transfusion Medicine/Hemostasis Clinical Research Network 24,607,616 6,520,638 31,128,254

Subtotal, Blood Diseases and Resources 83,236,864 28,289,599 111,526,463

National Center on Sleep Disorders Research

Apnea Positive Pressure Long-Term Efficacy Study (APPLES) 12,542,181 — 12,542,181

Randomized Controlled Study of Adenotonsillectomy for Childhood 

Sleep Apnea

— 2,267,140 2,267,140

Sleep Heart Health Study 19,603,693 907,548 20,511,241

Subtotal, National Center on Sleep Disorders Research 32,145,874 3,174,688 35,320,562

Total, NHLBI Cooperative Agreements $969,787,604 $230,459,884 $1,192,484,811 
86

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 9. Research Grants

Heart and Vascular Diseases Program

AIM HIGH: Niacin Plus Statin To Prevent 

Vascular Events, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this multicenter clinical trial is to 

determine whether extended-release niacin plus simvastatin is superior to simvastatin alone for preventing or delaying a major CVD event in patients with 

atherogenic dyslipidemia. Niacin is used to raise HDL 

(“good”) cholesterol and simvastatin is used to lower 

LDL (“bad”) cholesterol. Twenty-seven percent of the 

population will be black.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$6,323,911

Fiscal Year 2005—$663,376

Total Funding to Date—$6,987,287

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Washington 

Seattle, Washington —HL-081616

2. AXIO Research, LLC 

Seattle, Washington —HL-081649

Atherosclerosis, Plaque, and CVD in 

Communities, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2004

The purpose of this study is to identify correlates 

of atherosclerotic plaque characteristics and early 

changes in the vascular wall in a subset of the biethnic 

Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort. 

Investigators will use stored DNA samples to test 

genomic correlates of plaque characteristics and their 

ability to predict CHD and stroke.

Obligations 

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$3,328,404

Fiscal Year 2004–2005—$9,930,706

Total Funding to Date—$13,259,110

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. University of Texas Health Science Center 

Houston, Texas —HL-075572

Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization 

Investigation in Type 2 Diabetics (BARI 2D), 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2000

The purpose of this trial is to compare alternative 

treatment strategies for managing Type 2 diabetic 

patients with angiographically proven coronary artery 

disease and stable angina or ischemia. Revascularization combined with aggressive medical anti-ischemia 

treatment will be compared to aggressive medical antiischemia treatment alone; simultaneously, researchers 

will determine whether insulin-sensitizing drugs like 

metformin and the glitazones for controlling blood 

sugar level offer any survival advantage over drugs that 

increase insulin level. Twenty percent of the patients are 

from minority populations.

Obligations

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$8,591,820

Fiscal Years 2000–2005—$43,854,208

Total Funding to Date—$52,450,028

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania —HL-061744

2. St. Louis University 

St. Louis, Missouri —HL-061746

3. Stanford University 

Stanford, California —HL-061748

4. University of Vermont 

Burlington, Vermont —HL-063804

Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Events 

Follow-Up Study, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this project is to continue follow-up 

of the CHS cohort for cardiovascular events in order to 

enhance power among subgroups to study associations 

of CVD risk factors and incidence and prognosis following CVD events in older adults. The additional events 

will permit greater opportunity to address the study aims 

by CHS investigators and other researchers interested in 

making use of the study’s extensive database and specimens. Seventeen percent of the participants are from 

minority populations.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,055,034

Fiscal Year 2005—$1,007,645

Total Funding to Date—$2,062,679
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Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. University of Washington 

Seattle, Washington —HL-080295

Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal 

Atherosclerotic Lesions (CORAL), Initiated in 

Fiscal Year 2004

The purpose of this trial is to determine whether 

revascularization of a stenotic renal artery plus medical 

therapy is associated with improved clinical outcomes 

compared with medical therapy alone. Thirty percent of 

the participants will be black.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$4,884,074

Fiscal Year 2004–2005—$9,953,424

Total Funding to Date—$14,837,498

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Medical University of Ohio 

Toledo, Ohio —HL-071556

2. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities 

Minneapolis, Minnesota —HL-072734

3. University of Virginia 

Charlottesville, Virginia —HL-072735

4. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-072736

5. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-072737

Claudication Exercise vs. Edoluminal 

Revascularization, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that 

a strategy of aortoiliac stenting and pharmacotherapy 

improves maximum walking duration better than a 

strategy of supervised rehabilitation, exercise, and pharmacotherapy for those with aortoiliac artery obstruction 

at 6 months. Other objectives are to compare the two 

treatment groups with a third group, usual care and pharmacotherapy, at 6 months, and to compare maximum 

walking duration change scores at 18 months, changes 

in free living daily activity levels, and patient-perceived 

quality of life among all three groups.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,478,581

Fiscal Year 2005—$1,368,413

Total Funding to Date—$2,846,994

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Rhode Island Hospital 

Providence, Rhode Island —HL-077221

2. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-081656

Clinical Research Consortium To Improve 

Resuscitation Outcomes, Initiated in Fiscal 

Year 2004 

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Dynamic Evaluation of Percutaneous Coronary 

Intervention, Initiated in Fiscal Year 1997

This program, which complements prior NHLBI 

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty 

(PTCA) registries and the New Approaches to Coronary 

Intervention Registry, is evaluating patterns of device 

usage, as well as immediate and follow-up outcomes in 

patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary 

revascularization. Results will provide guidance to the 

cardiology community in selecting appropriate therapies 

and in designing clinical trials to evaluate competing 

devices.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$725,054

Fiscal Years 1997–2005—$5,455,365

Total Funding to Date—$6,180,419

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. University of Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania —HL-033292

Family Blood Pressure Program, Initiated in 

Fiscal Year 1995

The objectives of this program are to identify major 

genes associated with high blood pressure and to investigate the interactions between genetic and environmental 

determinants of hypertension in defined populations, 

many of which consist of specific minority groups. The 

study consists of collaborative networks that share technology, data, skills, biological materials, and population 

resources.
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Chapter 9. Research Grants

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$4,732,732

Fiscal Years 1995–2005—$88,494,060

Total Funding to Date—$93,226,792

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Utah 

Salt Lake City, Utah —HL-054471

2. Washington University 

St. Louis, Missouri —HL-054473

3. University of Texas 

Health Science Center 

Houston, Texas —HL-054481

4. Pacific Health Research Institute

Honolulu, Hawaii —HL-054498

5. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 

Ann Arbor, Michigan —HL-054512

Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Alaska 

Natives (GOCADAN), Initiated in Fiscal Year 

2000

The purpose of this study is to document CVD and 

CVD risk factors in approximately 40 extended families (1,214 members from villages in Northern Alaska). 

Scientists seek to identify and characterize genes that 

contribute to CVD in this unique and understudied 

population.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,046,285

Fiscal Years 2000–2005—$9,792,055

Total Funding to Date—$11,838,340

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. MedStar Research Institute 

Washington, DC —HL-064244

2. Norton Sound Health Corporation 

Nome, Alaska —HL-082458

3. Southwest Foundation for 

Biomedical Research 

San Antonio, Texas —HL-082490

Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies 

(GEMS), Initiated in Fiscal Year 1999

The objective of this project is to develop and test 

interventions to prevent obesity by decreasing weight 

gain during the high-risk transitional period from prepuberty to puberty in black girls who are at risk for 

developing obesity. Phase I (developmental and pilot 

studies) was completed in FY 2002. Two sites began 

Phase II trials in FY 2003.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,950,186

Fiscal Years 1999–2005—$17,468,009

Total Funding to Date—$19,418,195

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Memphis 

Memphis, Tennessee —HL-062662

2. Stanford University 

Stanford, Califorinia —HL-062663

Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating 

Outcomes of Exercise (HF-ACTION), Initiated 

in Fiscal Year 2002

The purpose of this trial is to determine the long-term 

safety and effectiveness of exercise training for patients 

with heart failure. Patients receiving the exercise regimen also will receive standard care and will be compared with patients receiving standard care alone. 

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$4,590,429

Fiscal Years 2002–2005—$29,527,693

Total Funding to Date—$34,118,122

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-063747

2. Case Western Reserve University 

Henry Ford Health System 

Detroit, Michigan —HL-064250

3. Oregon Health & Science University 

Portland, Oregon —HL-064257

4. Washington University 

St. Louis, Missouri —HL-064264

5. University of Colorado 

Health Sciences Center 

Denver, Colorado —HL-064265

6. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-066461

7. Emory University 

Atlanta, Georgia —HL-066482

8. Wake Forest University 

Winston-Salem, North Carolina —HL-066491
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9. Ohio State University 

Columbus, Ohio —HL-066494

10. University of Alabama at Birmingham 

Birmingham, Alabama —HL-066497

11. Case Western Reserve University 

Cleveland, Ohio —HL-066501

12. Boston Medical Center 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-068973

13. University of California, Los Angeles 

Los Angeles, California —HL-068980

Heart Failure Clinical Research Network, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

The purpose of this network is to accelerate research 

in the diagnosis and management of heart failure in 

order to improve outcomes through optimal application 

of existing therapies and evaluation of novel therapies. 

Obligations 

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$5,642,461

Total Funding to Date—$5,642,461

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers 

1. Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation 

Minneapolis, Minnesota —HL-084861

2. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-084875

3. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-084877

4. University of Utah 

Salt Lake City, Utah —HL-084889

5. Baylor College of Medicine 

Houston, Texas —HL-084890

6. University of Vermont 

Burlington, Vermont —HL-084899

7. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-084904

8. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine 

Rochester, Minnesota —HL-084907

9. Montreal Heart Institute 

Montreal, Quebec —HL-084931

Home Automatic External Defibrillator Trial 

(HAT), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

The purpose of this trial is to compare standard 

response (call 9-1-1 and give cardiopulmonary resuscitation) to sudden cardiac arrest to standard response 

augmented with automatic external defibrillator use 

provided by a spouse or other family member in 7,000 

survivors of an anterior wall MI. The primary end point 

is mortality. 

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,114,588

Fiscal Years 2002–2005—$15,064,384

Total Funding to Date—$17,178,972

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. Seattle Institute for Cardiac Research 

Seattle, Washington —HL-067972

IMMEDIATE Trial: Immediate Myocardial 

Metabolic Enhancement During Initial 

Assessment and Treatment in Emergency Care, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2004

The purpose of this program is to study the effects 

of early administration of glucose, insulin, and potassium (GIK) in reducing mortality in patients from acute 

coronary syndrome (ACS). Patients experiencing an 

ACS (including AMI and unstable angina pectoris) will 

be treated with GIK as soon as possible in prehospital 

emergency medical service settings or immediately upon 

arrival for those presenting to emergency departments.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$10,966,492

Fiscal Year 2004–2005—$14,684,147

Total Funding to Date—$25,650,639

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers 

1. New England Medical Center Hospitals 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-077821

2. State University of New York 

Stony Brook, New York —HL-077822

3. New England Medical Center Hospitals 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-077823

4. New England Medical Center Hospitals 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-077826

Interaction of Genes and Environment in 

Shaping Risk Factors for Heart, Lung, and 

Blood Diseases and Sleep Disorders, Initiated in 

Fiscal Year 2002

The purpose of this study is to identify novel genes 

that interact with specific environmental exposures to 

modify risk factors for heart, lung, and blood diseases 
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and sleep disorders. The genetic aspects of response 

to environmental change and related biological mechanisms will be studied using short-term, focused interventions in families. Subgroups will be identified based on 

genotypes that are most likely to benefit from targeted 

environmental changes designed to reduce the development or progression of heart, lung, and blood diseases or 

sleep disorders. 

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$640,556

Fiscal Years 2002–2005—$46,072,888

Total Funding to Date—$46,713,444

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Tulane University 

New Orleans, Louisiana —HL-072507

2. LSU Pennington Biomedical 

Research Center 

Baton Rouge, Louisiana —HL-072510

3. University of Maryland 

Baltimore Professional School 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-072515

4. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-072518

5. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities 

Minneapolis, Minnesota —HL-072524

NHLBI Clinical Proteomics Program, Initiated 

in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this program is to promote systematic, comprehensive, large-scale validation of existing 

and new candidate protein markers that are appropriate for routine use in the diagnosis and management 

of heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders. 

The Program will facilitate validation of protein panels 

that may be used to predict disease susceptibility or to 

assist in differential diagnosis, disease staging, selection 

of individualized therapies, or monitoring of treatment 

responses. It will also establish a high-quality education 

and skills development program to ensure that scientists 

develop the expertise needed to address the complex, 

multifaceted challenges in clinical proteomics. 

Obligations 

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$4,920,669

Fiscal Year 2005—$5,103,660

Total Funding to Date—$10,024,329

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers 

1. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine 

Rochester, Minnesota —HL-081331

2. Vanderbilt University 

Nashville, Tennessee —HL-081332

3. University of Colorado 

Denver, Colorado —HL-081335

4. Masschusetts General Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-081341

Partnership Programs To Reduce 

Cardiovascular Health Disparities, Initiated in 

Fiscal Year 2004

The objectives of this study are to improve the provider and patient approaches to treatment of hypertension and diabetes, modify physician-related barriers to 

minority enrollment in clinical trials, improve patient 

adherence to treatment plans, and build sustainable 

research programs at minority-serving institutions.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$7,258,374

Fiscal Year 2004–2005—$13,670,752

Total Funding to Date—$20,929,126

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Bon Secours Hospital Baltimore, Inc. 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-079150

2. University of Maryland 

Baltimore Professional School 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-079151

3. Queen’s Medical Center 

Honolulu, Hawaii —HL-079152

4. Cooper Green Hospital 

Birmingham, Alabama —HL-079153

5. Emory University 

Atlanta, Georgia —HL-079156

6. Denver Health and Hospital Authority 

Denver, Colorado —HL-079160

7. University of Hawaii at Manoa 

Honolulu, Hawaii —HL-079163

8. University of Alabama at Birmingham 

Birmingham, Alabama —HL-079171

9. University of Colorado 

Health Sciences Center 

Denver, Colorado —HL-079208

10. Morehouse School of Medicine 

Atlanta, Georgia —HL-079214
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11. Jackson Hinds Comprehensive 

Health Center 

Jackson, Mississippi —HL-079378

12. University of Mississippi 

Medical Center 

Jackson, Mississippi —HL-079458

Pediatric Heart Network, Initiated in Fiscal 

Year 2006

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Pharmacogenetics Research Network, Initiated 

in Fiscal Year 2001

The purpose of this study is to establish a network to 

systematically evaluate candidate genes that may influence pharmacologic response to drug treatments for 

arrhythmia, heart failure, hypertension, and lipid disorders. Investigators seek to identify gene polymorphisms 

capable of predicting drug toxicity and efficacy. One of 

the projects has 50 percent minority participation.

Obligations 

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$8,983,384

Fiscal Years 2001–2005—$39,541,200

Total Funding to Date—$48,524,584

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Vanderbilt University 

Nashville, Tennessee —HL-065962

2. Children’s Hospital and Research Center 

Oakland, California —HL-069757

3. Stanford University 

Stanford, California —GM-061374

Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary 

Strategies (POUNDS LOST), Initiated in Fiscal 

Year 2003

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of 

four diets low in saturated fat and differing in macronutrient composition on weight loss and its maintenance 

in 800 overweight or obese adults. The diet consists of 

moderate fat (40 percent energy) or low fat (20 percent 

energy) with two different protein levels (15 and 25 percent). Approximately 20 percent of the participants will 

be minority.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,863,033

Fiscal Years 2003–2005—$4,916,790

Total Funding to Date—$6,779,823

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. Harvard School of Public Health 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-073286

Primordial Prevention of Overweight in 

American Indian Children, Initiated in Fiscal 

Year 2005

The purpose of this study is to prevent early childhood overweight in American Indian children. A cohort 

of children born over an 18-month period will be randomized to either a control or intervention condition. 

The intervention comprises a community-wide intervention coupled with individualized family counseling to 

improve nutrition and physical activity in infants and 

toddlers. A central feature of the project is to develop 

and test culturally appropriate interventions that can be 

incorporated into clinical programs of the community 

health care systems or delivered through public health 

approaches in Native communities. 

Obligations 

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,083,097

Fiscal Year 2005—$354,427

Total Funding to Date—$2,437,524

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers 

1. Kaiser Foundation Research Institutes 

Oakland, California —HL-081624

2. University of Washington 

Seattle, Washington —HL-087322

3. University of Oklahoma 

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma —HL-087354

4. University of Wisconsin 

Madison, Wisconsin —HL-087381

5. Black Hills Center/American Indian Health 

Rapid City, South Dakota —HL-087422

Programs of Excellence in Nanotechnology, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this program is to establish multidisciplinary teams to develp nanotechnology and biomolecular engineering tools and methodologies to detect and 
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 9. Research Grants

analyze atherosclerotic plaque formation. The program 

presents an unique opportunity for research collaboration and skills training by bring bioengineering and 

nanotechnology solutions into medicine and vice versa. 

Obligations 

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$11,230,687

Fiscal Year 2005—$6,322,873

Total Funding to Date—$17,553,560

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Emory University 

Atlanta, Georgia —HL-080711

2. Burnham Institute for Medical Research 

La Jolla, California —HL-080718

3. Washington University 

St. Louis, Missouri —HL-080729

4. Massachusetts General Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-080731

Programs of Genomic Applications (PGAs) for 

Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases, Initiated in 

Fiscal Year 2000

The goal of this program is to develop information, 

tools, and resources to link genes to biological function. 

Specifically, researchers seek to identify human genes 

relevant to heart, lung, blood, and sleep functions. In 

addition, the PGAs will establish training programs for 

NHLBI-supported investigators in the use of genomic 

information and technologies.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$14,467,114

Fiscal Years 2000–2005—$180,640,497

Total Funding to Date—$195,107,611

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Medical College of Wisconsin 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin —HL-066579

2. University of California, San Francisco 

San Francisco, California —HL-066600

3. Jackson Laboratory 

Bar Harbor, Maine —HL-066611

4. University of California, Los Angeles 

Los Angeles, California —HL-066621

5. University of Washington 

Seattle, Washington —HL-066642

6. University of California

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 

Berkeley, California —HL-066681

7. University of Washington 

Seattle, Washington —HL-066682

Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study 

(SANDS), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

This study will address the high incidence of CVD in 

a population with a high prevalence of diabetes, but relatively low levels of LDL cholesterol and blood pressure. 

It will compare aggressive lowering of LDL cholesterol 

and blood pressure to the usual care standard. 

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,074,057

Fiscal Years 2002–2005—$9,004,979

Total Funding to Date—$11,079,036

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. MedStar Research Institute 

Washington, DC —HL-067031

Strong Heart Study, Initiated in Fiscal Year 1988

The objectives of this study are to survey CVD morbidity and mortality rates among three geographically 

diverse groups of American Indians and to estimate 

their levels of CVD risk factors. Phases II and III of the 

cohort study extended surveillance of community mortality and assessed development of CVD and changes 

in CVD risk factors. In Phase III, investigators added a 

substudy of asthma and a pilot family study. Phase IV 

expanded the family study to 120 families comprising 

3,600 members to investigate genetic and environmental 

contributors of CVD. Phase V will examine the family 

study cohort to assess genetic relationships to risk factor 

change over a 5-year period.

Obligations

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$6,235,839

Fiscal Years 1988–2005—$51,738,304

Total Funding to Date—$57,974,143

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. MedStar Research Institute 

Washington, DC —HL-041642

2. Missouri Breaks Research, Inc. 

Timberlake, South Dakota —HL-041652
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3. University of Oklahoma 

Health Sciences Center 

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma —HL-041654

4. Southwest Foundation for 

Biomedical Research 

San Antonio, Texas —HL-065520

5. Weill Medical College of 

Cornell University 

New York, New York —HL-065521

Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure 

(STICH), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

The purpose of this clinical trial is to determine 

whether CABG plus intensive medical therapy improves 

long-term survival of patients with heart failure and 

left ventricular (LV) dysfunction who have coronary 

artery disease amenable to surgical revascularization, 

compared to medical therapy alone; and to determine 

whether CABG plus surgical ventricular restoration to 

a more normal LV size improves survival free of subsequent hospitalizations of patients with anterior LV dysfunction, compared to CABG alone.

Obligations:

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$5,583,045

Fiscal Years 2002–2005—$19,946,837

Total Funding to Date—$25,529,882

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Thomas Jefferson University 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-069009

2. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine 

Rochester, Minnesota —HL-069010

3. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-069011

4. Northwestern University 

Chicago, Illinois —HL-069012

5. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-069013

6. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-069015

7. University of Southern California 

Los Angeles, California —HL-072683

Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG), 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2000

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Weight Loss in Obese Adults With 

Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Clinical 

Interventions, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006 

The purpose of this study is to conduct clinical trials in primary care settings to test the effectiveness of 

weight loss interventions in obese patients who have 

additional cardiovascular risk factors. An important 

secondary focus of the effectiveness trials is to test strategies to improve patient adherence to evidence-based 

guidelines to reduce the other cardiovascular risk factors 

(e.g., elevated lipids, hypertension, or cigarette smoking) commonly present in obese individuals. 

Obligations 

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,567,146

Total Funding to Date—$2,567,146

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers 

1. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-087071 

2. University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-087072

3. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-087085

Weight Loss Maintenance (WLM), Initiated in 

Fiscal Year 2003

The purpose of this multicenter trial is to evaluate 

the effectiveness of two strategies to maintain weight 

loss for 21⁄2 years in approximately 800 overweight or 

obese adults. Individuals who are taking medication for 

hypertension of dyslipidemia or who are diabetic enter 

a 6-month weight program. Those who lose at least 9 

pounds are randomized into one of three groups: one 

that provides monthly personal contacts with a trained 

interventionist, primarily by telephone; one that provides 

frequent contacts through an interactive Web-based program; or usual care. Forty percent of the participants 

will be black.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$4,014,660

Fiscal Years 2003–2005—$11,153,382

Total Funding to Date—$15,168,042
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Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Center for Health Research 

Portland, Oregon —HL-068676

2. Duke Hypertensive Center 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-068734

3. Center for Health Research 

Portland, Oregon —HL-068790

4. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-068920

5. LSU Pennington Biomedical 

Research Center 

Baton Rouge, Louisiana —HL-068955

Lung Diseases Program

Asthma Clinical Research Network (ACRN) 

Phase II, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2003

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Centers for Reducing Asthma Disparities, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

The purpose of this study is to establish cooperative 

centers of research to reduce asthma disparities between 

whites and minorities and economically disadvantaged 

populations. The mission of the centers, comprising 

partnerships between minority-servicing medical institutions and research-intensive institutions, is to promote 

interdisciplinary investigation of factors that contribute 

to disparities in asthma, accelerate development and 

evaluation of strategies to promote effective asthma 

management among minority and economically disadvantaged populations, encourage training and career 

development for minority clinical research investigators, and improve the effectiveness of NHLBI-supported 

research-intensive institutions in developing and sustaining culturally appropriate research and demonstration 

activities on reducing disparities.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$4,946,024

Fiscal Years 2002–2005—$22,404,795

Total Funding to Date—$27,350,819

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Meharry Medical College 

Nashville, Tennessee —HL-072431

2. Howard University 

Washington, DC —HL-072433

3. Rhode Island Hospital 

Providence, Rhode Island —HL-072438

4. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-072455

5. Vanderbilt University 

Nashville, Tennessee —HL-072471

6. Northwestern University 

Chicago, Illinois —HL-072478

7. Hektoen Institute for Medical Research 

Chicago, Illinois —HL-072496

8. University of Puerto Rico 

Medical Sciences 

San Juan, Puerto Rico —HL-072519

Childhood Asthma Management ProgramContinuation Study (CAMP-CS)/Phase 2, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2003

The objectives of this observational study are to follow the original CAMP cohort for 4 more years into 

early adulthood to determine the effects of long-term 

(3.5 to 5.5 years) corticosteroid therapy, started at ages 5 

to 12, on outcomes of pulmonary function, height, bone 

density, and clinical course of asthma; 31 percent of the 

participants are from minority groups.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,750,045

Fiscal Years 2003–2005—$6,155,523

Total Funding to Date—$8,905,568

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Washington University 

St. Louis, Missouri —HL-075232

2. Hospital for Sick Children 

Toronto, Ontario —HL-075407

3. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-075408

4. Asthma, Inc. 

Seattle, Washington —HL-075409

5. University of California, San Diego 

La Jolla, California —HL-075415

6. National Jewish Medical 

and Research Center 

Denver, Colorado —HL-075416

7. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-075417

8. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-075419

9. University of New Mexico 

Albuquerque, New Mexico —HL-075420
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Childhood Asthma Research and Education 

(CARE) Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 1999

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Clinical Trial of Acid Reflux Therapy in Asthma, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2003 

The purpose of this clinical trial is to test the hypothesis that treatment of gastroesophageal reflux with 

proton-pump inhibitors will reduce the frequency of 

exacerbations in patients with inadequately controlled 

asthma. 

Obligations 

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$772,866

Fiscal Year 2003–2005—$2,310,686

Total Funding to Date—$3,083,552

Current Active Organization and Grant Number 

1. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-072968

Collaborative Program in Bronchopulmonary 

Dysplasia, Initiated in Fiscal Year 1999

The objectives of this program are to support a multiinstitutional collaborative research effort by providing 

a well-defined model of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia to investigators, and to study mechanisms of lung pathobiology that underlie development of 

chronic lung disease of prematurity.

Obligations

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$5,075,067

Fiscal Years 1999–2005—$31,656,005

Total Funding to Date—$36,731,072

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Southwest Foundation 

for Biomedical Research 

San Antonio, Texas —HL-052636

2. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-052638

3. University of California, San Francisco 

San Francisco, California —HL-056061

4. National Jewish Medical 

and Research Center 

Denver, Colorado —HL-056263

5. Barnes Jewish Hospital

St. Louis, Missouri —HL-063387

6. National Jewish Medical 

and Research Center 

Denver, Colorado —HL-063397

7. University of Texas 

Southwestern Medical Center 

Dallas, Texas —HL-063399

8. University of Rochester 

Rochester, New York —HL-063400

9. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-075900

COPD Clinical Research Network, Initiated in 

Fiscal Year 2003

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Early Antipseudomonal Therapy in Cystic 

Fibrosis, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2004

The purpose of this study is to determine a safe, 

effective, and systematic approach for treating young 

children (ages 1 to 12 years) with cystic fibrosis who are 

found to be infected with Pseudomonas aemginosa (Pa). 

The goal is to intervene with antipseudomonal therapy at 

the first isolation of Pa to delay or prevent chronic infections that lead to irreversible lung destruction. 

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,033,655

Fiscal Year 2004–2005—$2,111,618

Total Funding to Date—$3,145,273

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. Children’s Hospital 

and Regional Medical Center 

Seattle, Washington —HL-080310

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research 

Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Pharmacogenetics of Asthma Treatment, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2000

The objective of this project is to bring together 

research experts in asthma, epidemiology, statistics, 

bioinformatics, physiology, clinical trials, genetics, and 

genomics to focus on the pharmacogenetics of asthma 

treatment.
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Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$3,285,718

Fiscal Years 2000–2005—$14,209,020

Total Funding to Date—$17,494,738

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-065899

Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary 

Embolism Diagnosis III (PIOPED III), Initiated 

in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this study is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic 

resonance angiography of the pulmonary arteries in 

combination with magnetic resonance venography of 

the lower extremities for the detection of acute venous 

thromboembolic disease.

Obligations 

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$4,341,911

Fiscal Year 2005—$2,301,770

Total Funding to Date—$6,643,681 

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers 

1. Massachusetts General Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-077149

2. University of Michigan 

Ann Arbor, Michigan —HL-077150

3. University of Calgary 

Calgary, Alberta —HL-077151

4. Emory University 

Atlanta, Georgia —HL-077153

5. Washington University 

St. Louis, Missouri —HL-077154

6. George Washington University 

Washington, DC —HL-077155

7. St. Joseph Mercy-Oakland 

Pontiac, Michigan —HL-077358

8. New York University 

New York, New York —HL-081593

9. St. Joseph Mercy-Oakland 

Pontiac, Michigan —HL-081594

Study of Acid Reflux Therapy for Children With 

Asthma, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

The purpose of this randomized controlled clinical 

trial is to investigate whether an approved proton-pump 

inhibitor lansoprazole will reduce asthma exacerbations 

in children with poorly controlled asthma, ages 6–16 

years.

Obligations 

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$774,454

Total Funding to Date—$774,454

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers 

1. Emory University 

Atlanta, Georgia —HL-080433

2. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-080450

Blood Diseases and Resources

Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Research 

Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2001

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Center for Human Cell Therapy, Initiated in 

Fiscal Year 2004

The purpose of this Center is to serve as a unique 

resource to facilitate the development of new cellular 

therapies for a wide range of human diseases, especially 

heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,101,631

Fiscal Year 2004–2005—$5,179,743

Total Funding to Date—$7,281,374 

Current Active Organization and Grant Number 

1. CBR Institute for Biomedical Research 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-074355

Functional Outcomes in Cardiovascular Patients 

Undergoing Surgical Hip Fracture Repair 

(FOCUS), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2003

The purpose of this trial is to test whether a more 

aggressive transfusion strategy that maintains postoperative Hgb levels above 10 g/dl improves functional outcome in cardiovascular patients who are over age 50 and 

undergoing surgical hip fracture surgery compared to a 

more conservative strategy that withholds blood transfusion until the patient develops symptoms of anemia.
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Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,446,287

Fiscal Years 2003–2005—$6,357,932

Total Funding to Date—$8,804,219

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Robert Wood Johnson Medical School 

University of Medicine and Dentistry 

of New Jersey 

Piscataway, New Jersey —HL-073958

2. Maryland Medical Research Institute, Inc. 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-074815

Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Research Network, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials. 

Stroke With Transfusions Changing to 

Hydroxyurea (SWITCH), Initiated in Fiscal 

Year 2005

The purpose of this Phase III clinical trial is to compare standard therapy (transfusions and chelation) with 

alternative therapy (hydroxyurea and phlebotomy) for 

the prevention of secondary stroke and management 

of iron overload in children with sickle cell anemia. 

Additional objectives include comparisons of growth 

and development, frequency of nonstroke neurological 

and other sickle-related events, and quality of life. The 

patient population will be black.

Obligations 

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$3,931,995

Fiscal Year 2005—$3,345,345 

Total Funding to Date—$7,277,340

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers 

1. St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital 

Memphis, Tennessee —HL-077878 

2. Rho Federal Systems Division, Inc. 

Chapel Hill, North Carolina —HL-078987 

Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia) Clinical 

Research Network

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Transfusion Medicine/Hemostasis Clinical 

Research Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

National Center on Sleep Disorders Research

Apnea Positive Pressure Long-Term Efficacy 

Study (APPLES), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 

therapy to provide significant, stable, and long-term neurocognitive or other benefits to patients with obstructive 

sleep apnea (OSA). Investigators will identify specific 

neurocognitive deficits associated with OSA and determine which ones are reversible and most sensitive to the 

effects of CPAP therapy.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$0

Fiscal Years 2002–2005—$12,542,181

Total Funding to Date—$12,542,181

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. Stanford University 

Stanford, California —HL-068060

Randomized Controlled Study of 

Adenotonsillectomy for Childhood Sleep Apnea, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

The purpose of this randomized controlled study is 

to compare adenotonsillectomy versus no surgery for 

obstructive sleep apnea in children. 

Obligations 

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,267,140 

Total Funding to Date—$2,267,140 

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Case Western Reserve University 

Cleveland, Ohio —HL-083075

2. University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-083129
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Sleep Heart Health Study, Initiated in Fiscal 

Year 1999

The purpose of this multicenter observational study is 

to determine the degree to which sleep apnea is an independent or contributing risk factor for the development 

of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease.

Obligations

Funding History: 

Fiscal Year 2006—$907,548

Fiscal Years 1999–2005—$19,603,693

Total Funding to Date—$20,511,241

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of California, Davis 

Davis, California —HL-053916

2. New York University Medical Center 

New York, New York —HL-053931

3. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities 

Minneapolis, Minnesota —HL-053934

4. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-053937

5. University of Arizona 

Tucson, Arizona —HL-053938

6. Boston University 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-053941

7. Missouri Breaks Research, Inc. 

Timberlake, South Dakota —HL-063429

8. Case Western Reserve University 

Cleveland, Ohio —HL-063463

9. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-064360

10. University of Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania —HL-077813
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

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NHLBI Research Centers (P50, U54, P30) Programs

Specialized Centers of Research (P50), Specialized Centers of Clinically Oriented Research (P50), 

and Centers of Excellence in Translational Human Stem Cell Research (P50) Programs

The NHLBI initiated the SCOR program in 1971 to encourage translational research—converting basic science 

findings to the clinic—in high priority areas. The SCOR concept emphasizes multidisciplinary research (i.e., basic 

science and clinical investigations) on diseases relevant to the Institute’s mission. In 2002, the NHLBI revised the 

SCOR program—primarily on recommendation from the NHLBAC—to place more emphasis on clinical research 

projects. The newly developed SCCOR program still requires clinical and basic scientists to work together on 

a unified theme, but now requires at least 50 percent of the projects to be clinical. The Centers of Excellence in 

Translational Human Stem Cell Research was initiated in 2005 to accelerate the translation of basic scientific 

discoveries in human stem cell biology to new treatments for patients. Listed below is the funding history for the 

individual SCORs/SCCORs and Centers of Excellence supported by the Institute.

Obligations (Dollars in Thousands)

Area of Concentration

Period of 

Operation

Prior to 

FY 2006 FY 2006

Total 

to Date

Heart and Vascular Diseases Program

Cardiac Dysfunction and Disease (SCCOR) 2005– $ 16,497 $ 16,923 $ 33,420

Molecular Medicine and Atherosclerosis 1997– 68,486 8,256 76,742

Pediatric Heart Developmnt and Disease (SCCOR) 2004– 26,528 12,891 39,419

Vascular Injury, Repair, and Remodeling (SCCOR) 2006– — 15,324 15,324

Subtotal, Heart and Vascular Diseases Program 111,511 53,394 164,905

Lung Diseases Program

Airway Biology and Pathogenesis of Cystic Fibrosis 1988– 62,373 3,631 66,004

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Asthma 1996– 118,388 3,678 122,066

Host Factors in Chronic Lung Diseases (SCCOR) 2006– — 7,939 7,939

Pathobiology of Fibrotic Lung Disease 1997– 44,451 1,894 46,345

Pathobiology of Lung Development 1996– 70,257 1,319 71,576

Translational Research in Acute Lung Injury (SCCOR) 2003– 35,632 12,329 47,961

Subtotal, Lung Diseases Program 331,101 30,790 361,891

Blood Diseases and Resources Program

Hemostatic and Thrombotic Diseases (SCCOR) 2006– — 8,063 8,063

Transfusion Biology and Medicine (SCCOR) 2005– 4,400 4,459 8,859

Subtotal, Blood Diseases and Resources Program 4,400 12,522 16,922

National Center on Sleep Disorders Research

Neurobiology of Sleep and Sleep Apnea 1998– 41,310 6,215 47,525

Subtotal, National Center on Sleep Disorders Research 41,310 6,215 47,525

Total, Specialized Centers of Research (P50) 488,322 102,921 591,243

Centers of Excellence in Translational Human Stem 

Cell Research

2005– 1,509 1,453 2,962

Subtotal, Centers of Excellence in Translational Human 

Stem Cell Research

1,509 1,453 2,962

Total, (P50) $489,831 $104,374 $594,205 
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

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Heart and Vascular Diseases Program

Cardiac Dysfunction and Disease

The purpose of this SCCOR is to foster multidisciplinary research on clinically relevant questions related 

to dysfunction and disease of the myocardium. The 

program will enable rapid application of basic science 

findings to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of 

cardiac disorders, including ischemic and other cardiomyopathies, left ventricular dysfunction, metabolic 

abnormalities, heart failure, and rhythm disturbances. 

Because some segments of the population disproportionately suffer from heart disease, research that addresses 

issues of health disparity will be emphasized.

Obligations 

Fiscal Year 2006—$16,922,848

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers 

1. Columbia University 

Health Science Center 

New York, New York —HL-077096

2. University of Alabama at Birmingham 

Birmingham, Alabama —HL-077100

3. University of Cincinnati 

Cincinnati, Ohio —HL-077101

4. Cleveland Clinical Lerner College 

Cleveland, Ohio —HL-077107

5. Washington University 

St. Louis, Missouri —HL-077113

Molecular Medicine and Atherosclerosis

The goal of this SCOR is to advance understanding 

of the etiology and pathobiology of the atherosclerotic 

lesion at the molecular level through modern methods 

and approaches of molecular medicine. Some of the 

subprojects have a large minority patient population.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$8,256,190

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Columbia University 

New York, New York —HL-056984

2. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-056985

3. University of California, San Diego 

La Jolla, California —HL-056989

4. University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-070128

Pediatric Heart Development and Disease 

The purpose of this SCCOR is to foster multidisciplinary collaborations so that basic research advances 

can be translated rapidly to clinical care for children 

with heart disease. Research focus ranges from the 

genetic basis of heart valve disease to clinical trials 

of novel surgical strategies for congenital heart disease repair and immune modulation in pediatric heart 

transplantation. Two of the centers will have Clinical 

Research Skills Development Cores to train fellows and 

junior faculty in clinical research methods.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$12,890,955

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Children’s Hospital Medical Center 

Cincinnati, Ohio —HL-074728

2. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-074731

3. University of Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania —HL-074732

4. Children’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-074734

Vascular Injury, Repair, and Remodeling

The purpose of this SCCOR is to foster multidisciplinary, clinically relevant research on vascular injury, 

repair, and remodeling. The program emphasizes development and translation of basic discoveries to understand the mechanisms of vascular disease; improved 

detection, characterization, staging, and management 

of vascular disease through use of cutting-edge methodologies, such as nanotechnology, molecular imaging, 

genomics, proteomics, and quantitative systems analysis; and development of new methods to treat vascular 

diseases such as cell- and gene-based therapies for 

regenerative medicine. 

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$15,324,352

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Washington University 

St. Louis, Missouri —HL-083762

2. University of Texas Health 

Science Center 

Houston, Texas —HL-083794

3. University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-083799
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

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4. Stanford University 

Stanford, California —HL-083800

5. Boston University Medical Campus 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-083801

6. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-083813

Lung Diseases Program

Airway Biology and Pathogenesis of Cystic 

Fibrosis

The goals of this SCOR are to investigate the 

basic mechanisms underlying cystic fibrosis, develop 

new hypotheses, and apply innovative strategies for 

approaching clinical and fundamental issues.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$3,630,996

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of North Carolina 

at Chapel Hill 

Chapel Hill, North Carolina —HL-060280

2. University of Iowa 

Iowa City, Iowa —HL-061234

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Asthma

The objective of this SCOR is to apply critical science 

and technology to increase understanding of cellular 

and molecular mechanisms of asthma, including those 

mechanisms underlying the biological impact of environmental factors.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$3,678,237

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of New Mexico 

Albuquerque, New Mexico —HL-056384

2. University of Wisconsin 

Madison, Wisconsin —HL-056396

Host Factors in Chronic Lung Diseases 

The purpose of this SCCOR is to identify alterations 

in host responses and lung homeostasis and to determine 

how the dysregulation contributes to development or 

progression of chronic lung diseases. Enhanced understanding of these processes should facilitate identification of new targets for intervention, providing the basis 

for development of new therapeutic options for prevention and treatment of chronic lung diseases.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$7,939,046

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-084917

2. Children’s Hospital 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania —HL-084932

3. University of North Carolina 

Chapel Hill, North Carolina —HL-084934

Pathobiology of Fibrotic Lung Disease

The purpose of this SCOR is to study cellular and 

molecular mechanisms involved in transition from 

inflammatory events associated with early fibrotic disease to later processes involving wound healing, repair, 

and fibrosis.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,893,619

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 

Ann Arbor, Michigan —HL-056402

Pathobiology of Lung Development

The objective of this SCOR is to foster multidisciplinary research enabling basic science findings to 

be rapidly applied to clinical problems related to lung 

development. The program focuses on identification of 

the molecular variables involved in lung development 

and assessment of the impact of injury during critical 

periods.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,319,019

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. University of Colorado 

Health Sciences Center 

Denver, Colorado —HL-057144

Translational Research in Acute Lung Injury

The purpose of this SCCOR is to foster multidisciplinary research to improve the prevention, diagnosis, 

and treatment of acute lung injury and its more severe 
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 9. Research Grants

form—adult respiratory distress syndrome. This program includes Phase II clinical trials and studies of 

molecular mechanisms of inflammation and coagulation, 

gene and protein expression, and cell and animal models 

of lung injury.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$12,329,192

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-073994

2. University of Washington 

Seattle, Washington —HL-073996

3. University of California, San Francisco 

San Francisco, California —HL-074005

4. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 

Ann Arbor, Michigan —HL-074024

Blood Diseases and Resources Program

Hemostatic and Thrombotic Disorders

The purpose of this SCCOR is to conduct multidisciplinary research to improve the prevention, diagnosis, 

and treatment of thrombotic and bleeding disorders. The 

program will support rapid translation of basic science 

findings into clinical application.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$8,062,898

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Vanderbilt University 

Nashville, Tennessee —HL-081009

2. Cleveland Clinic Lerner College 

Cleveland, Ohio —HL-081011

3. University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-081012

Transfusion Biology and Medicine

The purpose of this SCOR is to foster new 

approaches for improving the availability, efficacy, 

safety, and quality of blood and blood products for 

therapeutic uses. One of the centers has a large minority 

population.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$4,459,397

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers 

1. Puget Sound Blood Center 

Seattle, Washington —HL-081015

2. University of California, San Francisco 

San Francisco, California —HL-081027

National Center on Sleep Disorders Research

Neurobiology of Sleep and Sleep Apnea

The objective of this SCOR is to integrate molecular, 

cellular, and genetic approaches to sleep control with 

clinical investigations on the etiology and pathogenesis 

of sleep disorders, particularly sleep apnea. 

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$6,214,930

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-060287

2. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-060292

3. University of California, Los Angeles 

Los Angeles, California —HL-060296
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Centers of Excellence in Translational Human Stem Cell Research (P50) Program 

The purpose of this program is to stimulate multidisciplinary collaboration among basic stem cell biologists, 

researchers, and clinicians with disease-specific expertise; physicians and surgeons skilled in innovative modes of 

cell delivery; and investigators experienced in developing and assessing animal models of human diseases to conduct 

projects such as preclinical studies for cell-based therapy employing human stem cells in animal models. Research 

findings will ultimately lead to innovative approaches for the prevention, treatment, and cure of disease, and will 

accelerate the translation of basic scientific discoveries into new therapies.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,452,936

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. University of California, Davis 

Davis, California —HL-085036

Comprehensive Sickle Cell Centers (U54) Program

The Comprehensive Sickle Cell Centers (CSCC) were instituted in FY 1972 to bridge the gap between research and 

service by combining basic and clinical research, clinical trials and applications training, and community service projects into one program. The patients recruited for the clinical studies are primarily from minority populations.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$23,927,946

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Children’s Hospital and Research Center 

Oakland, California —HL-070583

2. Thomas Jefferson University 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-070585

3. Rho Federal Systems Division, Inc. 

Chapel Hill, North Carolina —HL-070587

4. University of Texas 

Southwestern Medical Center 

Dallas, Texas —HL-070588

5. St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital 

Memphis, Tennessee —HL-070590

6. University of Southern California 

Los Angeles, California —HL-070595

7. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-070596

8. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-070769

9. Boston Medical Center 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-070819

10. Children’s Hospital Research Center 

Cincinnati, Ohio —HL-070871

11. Yeshiva University 

New York, New York —HL-070994

Specialized Centers for Cell-Based Therapies for Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases (U54) Program 

The Specialized Centers for Cell-Based Therapies Program, which includes a Data and Coordinating Center, was 

initiated in FY 2005 to support preclinical and clinical studies for cell-based therapy for heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders. A key feature of the program is the ability to conduct preclinical studies in the first year or 

two of the program, in order to meet the requirements for an Investigational New Drug application prior to initiating 

clinical studies. Clinical studies are expected to be initiated by the beginning of the third year.

Obligations 

Fiscal Year 2006—$6,901,976 
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Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers 

1. Baylor College of Medicine 

Houston, Texas —HL-081007

2. EMMES Corporation 

Rockville, Maryland —HL-081021

1. New York University 

School of Medicine 

New York, New York —AI-027742

2. University of Washington 

Seattle, Washington —AI-027757

3. University of California, San Francisco 

San Francisco, California —AI-027763

4. University of Alabama at Birmingham 

Birmingham, Alabama —AI-027767

5. University of California, Los Angeles 

Los Angeles, California —AI-028697

6. Baylor University 

Houston, Texas —AI-036211

7. University of California, San Diego 

La Jolla, California —AI-036214

8. Case Western Reserve University 

Cleveland, Ohio —AI-036219

9. University of Massachusetts 

Medical School 

Worcester, Massachusetts —AI-042845

10. Miriam Hospital 

Providence, Rhode Island —AI-042853

11. University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —AI-045008

12. Emory University 

Atlanta, Georgia —AI-050409

13. University of North Carolina 

at Chapel Hill 

Chapel Hill, North Carolina —AI-050410

14. Yeshiva University 

New York, New York —AI-051519

15. University of Colorado 

Health Sciences Center 

Denver, Colorado —AI-054907

16. Vanderbilt University 

Nashville, Tennessee —AI-054999

17. Harvard Medical School 

Boston, Massachusetts —AI-060354

18. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —AI-064518

3. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-081028

4. Massachusetts General Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-081030

Centers for AIDS Research (P30) Program

The NHLBI, along with five other NIH Institutes, contributes to the support of six Centers for AIDS Research that 

were established to provide a multidisciplinary environment that promotes basic, clinical, behavioral, and translational 

research activities in the prevention, detection, and treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. Almost half of the patient 

population comes from minority groups.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,960,699

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 10. Research and Development Contracts

NHLBI Research and Development Contract Obligations*: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

*	 For detailed data on contract-supported clinical trials, see Chapter 11.

NHLBI Total Research and Development Contract Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Dollars (Thousands)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Heart $ 80,373 $ 84,820 $ 77,886 $ 93,270 $ 98,715 $125,291 $155,971 $195,425 $187,043 $181,970 $201,196

Lung 21,032 18,183 13,123 25,432 23,341 10,993 16,578 11,745 14,131 20,946 25,902

Blood 19,522 18,934 25,695 15,436 21,538 24,572 26,751 20,082 25,460 27,831 23,629

Women’s

Health

Initiative

— — — 63,100 57,700 59,200 59,000 63,222 58,838 37,826 12,124

Total $120,927A $121,937B $116,704C $197,238D $201,294E $220,056F $258,300G $290,474H $285,472I $268,573J $262,851K

A	 Includes Program Evaluation Assessment of $4,250,000.

B	 Includes Program Evaluation and IMPAC II Assessments of $8,986,000.

C	 Includes Program Evaluation and IMPAC II Assessments of $12,589,000.

D	 Includes Program Evaluation and IMPAC II Assessments of $14,904,000.

E	 Includes Program Evaluation and IMPAC II Assessments of $17,944,000.

F	 Includes Program Evaluation and IMPAC II Assessments of $24,579,000.

G	 Includes Program Evaluation and IMPAC II Assessments of $35,827,000.

H	 Includes Program Evaluation and IMPAC II Assessments of $54,550,000.

I	 Includes Program Evaluation and IMPAC II Assessments of $57,545,722.

J	 Includes Program Evaluation and IMPAC II Assessments of $64,399,000.

K	 Includes Program Evaluation and IMPAC II Assessments of $67,795,000.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Other R&D

Contracts

Major ContractSupported Clinical

Trials*

10. Research and Development Contracts

Other R&D 

Contracts 

Major ContractSupported Clinical 

Trials*

Dollars in Millions

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
106

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 10. Research and Development Contracts

Major NHLBI Research and Development Contracts by Program

Total Obligations 

Prior to FY 2005

Total FY 2006 

Obligations

Total Obligations 

to Date

Heart and Vascular Diseases

Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) $121,966,244 $6,344,206 $128,310,450

Candidate Gene Association Research — 2,789,517 2,789,517

Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) 75,886,177 930,000 76,816,177

Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) 71,838,396 6,881,765 78,720,161

DNA Resequencing and Genotyping 11,000,000 7,000,000 18,000,000

Framingham Heart Study 62,166,638 10,907,043 73,073,681

Genetically Triggered Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Other

Cardiovascular Conditions (GENTAC): National Registry — 1,391,748 1,391,748

Hispanic Community Health Study (HCHS) — 2,900,000 2,900,000

Jackson Heart Study (JHS) 20,219,989 3,535,576 23,755,565

Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) 54,269,999 8,563,705 62,833,704

Pediatric Circulatory Support 8,581,202 5,959,141 14,540,343

Proteomics Initiative 78,893,890 18,740,000 97,633,890

Registry for Mechanical Circulatory Support 1,215,702 1,585,877 2,801,579

SNP Health Association Research (SHARE) — 2,000,000 2,000,000

Translational Behavioral Science Research Consortium 20,430,569 — 20,430,569

Lung Diseases

Lung Tissue Research Consortium 10,499,994 12,598,812 23,098,806

Tuberculosis Curriculum Coordinating Center 3,750,000 1,125,000 4,875,000

Blood Diseases and Resources

Iron Overload and Hereditary Hemochromatosis 25,979,773 469,227 26,449,000

Maintenance of Animals for Hepatitis or AIDS Research 8,805,530 160,474 8,966,004

Maintenance of NHLBI Biological Specimen Repository 6,594,342 1,031,572 7,625,914

Production of Recombinant B19 Parvovirus Capsids 2,483,750 666,950 3,150,700

Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study (REDS) 86,865,125 8,955,049 95,820,174

Sickle Cell Disease Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire 584,008 708,000 1,292,008

Somatic Cell Therapy Processing Facilities 15,576,209 6,139,526 21,715,735

Heart and Vascular Diseases Program 

Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC), 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 1985

The ARIC program is a large-scale, long-term program that is measuring associations of CHD risk factors

with atherosclerosis by race, gender, and geographic

location. It focuses on early detection of CVD before

symptoms, heart attacks, or strokes occur. The project

consists of two groups: a community surveillance component and a cohort component from four communities. 

Three of the cohort components represent the racial mix

of their community, whereas the fourth is exclusively

black.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$6,344,206

Fiscal Years 1985–2005—$121,966,244

Total Funding to Date—$128,310,450

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

	 1.	University of North Carolina	

at Chapel Hill	

Chapel Hill, North Carolina	 —HC-55015

	 2.	Baylor College of Medicine	

Houston, Texas	 —HC-55016

	 3.	University of North Carolina	

at Chapel Hill	

Chapel Hill, North Carolina	 —HC-55018

	 4.	University of Minnesota, Twin Cities	

Minneapolis, Minnesota	 —HC-55019
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	 5.	Johns Hopkins University	

Baltimore, Maryland	 —HC-55020

	 6.	Mississippi Medical Center	

Jackson, Mississippi	 —HC-55021

	 7.	University of Texas	

Health Science Center	

Houston, Texas	 —HC-55022

Candidate Gene Association Resources, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

This program establishes a genotyping and bioinformatics center to perform high-throughput genotyping

for candidate gene association studies in up to 50,000

participants, and a genome-wide association study in

about 500 disease cases and 1,000 controls. The data

will be combined with available phenotype data to form

a genotype-phenotype resource for public use. DNA for

the 50,000-person sample will be collected from multiple NHLBI cohort studies that have stored samples and

available data on a wide array of heart, lung, blood, and

sleep phenotypes. 

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,789,517

Total Funding to Date—$2,789,517

Current Active Organization and Contract Number

	 1.	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	

Cambridge, Massachusetts	 —HC-65226

Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), Initiated in 

Fiscal Year 1988

The CHS is a population-based, longitudinal study

of risk factors for development and progression of

CHD and stroke in elderly adults. Extensive data and

samples have been collected from nearly 6,000 participants since 1989–1990. The objective for the current

CHS: Transition Phase is to enhance use of the data and

samples by the scientific community during a transition 

period from a contract-funded, NHLBI-directed program

to one directed by a steering committee of investigators

with independent research support. Seventeen percent

of the participants are from minority populations.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$930,000

Fiscal Years 1988–2005—$75,886,177

Total Funding to Date—$76,816,177

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

	 1.	University of Washington	

Seattle, Washington	 —HC-55222

Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young 

Adults (CARDIA), Initiated in Fiscal Year 1984

CARDIA is a long-term study examining the evolution of CVD risk factors in a cohort of black and white

adults, aged 18 to 30 years in 1985–1986. The study

examines risk for heart and lung disease and diabetes by

collecting information on body composition, physical

activity and lifestyle, genetics, serologic and metabolic

components, inflammatory markers, and other subclinical markers of disease. Fifty percent of the participants

are black.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$6,881,765

Fiscal Years 1984–2005—$71,838,396

Total Funding to Date—$78,720,161

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

	 1.	New England Medical Center

Hospitals, Inc.	

Boston, Massachusetts	 —HC-45204

	 2.	Wake Forest University Health Sciences	

Winston-Salem, North Carolina	 —HC-45205

	 3.	University of Alabama at Birmingham	

Birmingham, Alabama	 —HC-48047

	 4.	University of Minnesota, Twin Cities	

Minneapolis, Minnesota	 —HC-48048

	 5.	Northwestern University	

Chicago, Illinois	 —HC-48049

	 6.	Kaiser Permanente Division of Research	

Oakland, California	 —HC-48050

	 7.	University of Alabama at Birmingham	

Birmingham, Alabama	 —HC-95095

DNA Resequencing and Genotyping, Initiated in 

Fiscal Year 2004

The purpose of this program is to obtain rapid, reliable, and cost-efficient DNA sequencing and genotyping 

of candidate genomic regions potentially important in

the disease pathways of heart, lung, and blood diseases

and sleep disorders. This information will assist

ongoing investigations of genetic components involved

in the causes, variable outcome, and progression of the

diseases and disorders.
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Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$7,000,000

Fiscal Year 2004-2005—$11,000,000

Total Funding to Date—$18,000,000

Current Active Organizations and Contract 

Numbers

	1.	Constella Group, Inc.	

Bethesda, Maryland	 —HV-48193

	2.	University of Washington	

Seattle, Washington	 —HV-48194

	3.	Johns Hopkins University	

Baltimore, Maryland	 —HV-48195

	4.	Center for the Advancement of

Genetics, Inc.

Rockville, Maryland	 —HV-48196

Framingham Heart Study

The orginal Framingham Heart Study was designed

as a longitudinal investigation of constitutional and

environmental factors influencing the development 

of CVD in individuals free of these conditions at the

outset. Of the original 5,209 subjects, about 500 members remain alive. In 1971, the Framingham Offspring

Study was initiated to assess familial and genetic factors

associated with CHD. More than 5,000 offspring (and

their spouses) were included. A third-generation cohort

consisting of 3,500 grandchildren has been added to

permit examination of numerous hypotheses about the

genetic contribution to CVD and CVD risk factors. 

Additional goals include identifying new risk factors for

cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases and developing

new imaging tests that can detect very early stages of

coronary atherosclerosis in otherwise healthy adults.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$10,907,043

Fiscal Years 1983–2005—$62,166,638

Total Funding to Date—$73,073,681

Current Active Organization and Contract Number

	1.	Boston University Medical Center	

Boston, Massachusetts	 —HC-25195

Genetically Triggered Thoracic Aortic 

Aneurysms and Other Cardiovascular 

Conditions (GENTAC): National Registry, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

The purpose of this program is to establish a national

registry to enable investigators to determine the best

medical practices to advance the clinical management

of genetic thoracic aortic aneurysms and other cardiovascular complications associated with connective tissue diseases such as Marfan Syndrome.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,391,748

Total Funding to Date—$1,391,748

Current Active Organization and Contract Number

	1.	Research Triangle Institute	

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina	 —HV-68199

Hispanic Community Health Study (HCHS), 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors

for cardiovascular and lung diseases in Hispanic populations living in the United States and determine the

role of acculturation in their development and prevalence. The program will support a multicenter, 6.5-year

epidemiologic study comprising approximately 16,000

participants of Hispanic origin (4,000 at each of 4 sites),

aged 18 to 74 years.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,900,000

Total Funding to Date—$2,900,000

Current Active Organizations and Contract 

Numbers

	1.	University of North Carolina

at Chapel Hill	

Chapel Hill, North Carolina	 —HC-65233

	2.	University of Miami	

Miami, Florida	 —HC-65234

	3.	Albert Einstein College of Medicine	

New York, New York	 —HC-65235

	4.	Northwestern University	

Chicago, Illinois	 —HC-65236

	5.	San Diego State University	

San Diego, California	 —HC-65237
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Chapter 10. Research and Development Contracts

Jackson Heart Study (JHS), Initiated in Fiscal 

Year 1998

The JHS is a single-site epidemiologic study of CVD

in blacks, similar to established studies in Framingham,

Massachusetts, and Honolulu, Hawaii, with primary

goals of identifying risk factors for development and

progression of CVD; enhancing recruitment, cohort

retention, and scientific productivity of the existing 

Jackson site of the ARIC study; building research capabilities at minority institutions; developing partnerships

between minority and majority institutions; and expanding minority investigator participation in large-scale epidemiologic studies.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$3,535,576

Fiscal Years 1998–2005—$20,219,989

Total Funding to Date—$23,755,565

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

	 1.	Jackson State University	

Jackson, Mississippi —HC-95170

	 2.	Mississippi Medical Center	

Jackson, Mississippi —HC-95171

	 3.	Tougaloo College	

Tougaloo, Mississippi —HC-95172

Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence, correlates, and progression of subclinical CVD,

i.e., disease detected noninvasively before it has produced clinical signs and symptoms, in a population

that is 38 percent white, 28 percent black, 22 percent

Hispanic, and 12 percent Asian. 

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$8,563,705

Fiscal Years 1999–2005—$54,269,999

Total Funding to Date—$62,833,704

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

	 1.	University of Washington	

Seattle, Washington	 —HC-95159

	 2.	University of California, Los Angeles	

Los Angeles, California	 —HC-95160

	 3.	Columbia University	

New York, New York	 —HC-95161

	 4.	Johns Hopkins University

Baltimore, Maryland	 —HC-95162

	 5.	University of Minnesota, Twin Cities	

Minneapolis, Minnesota	 —HC-95163

	 6.	Northwestern University	

Chicago, Illinois	 —HC-95164

	 7.	Wake Forest University	

Winston-Salem, North Carolina	 —HC-95165

	 8.	University of Vermont	

Colchester, Vermont	 —HC-95166

	 9.	New England Medical Center	

Boston, Massachusetts	 —HC-95167

	10.	Johns Hopkins University	

Baltimore, Maryland	 —HC-95168

	11.	Harbor-UCLA Research and

Education Institute	

Los Angeles, California —HC-95169

Pediatric Circulatory Support, Initiated in Fiscal 

Year 2004

The purpose of this program is to establish multidisciplinary teams to develop innovative circulatory assist

devices or other bioengineered systems for infants and

children with congenital and acquired CVD who experience cardiopulmonary failure and circulatory collapse.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$5,959,141

Fiscal Year 2004–2005—$8,581,202

Total Funding to Date—$14,540,343

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

	 1.	Cleveland Clinic Lerner

College of Medicine	

Cleveland, Ohio	 —HV-48188

	 2.	Ension, Inc.	

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	 —HV-48189

	 3.	Jarvik Heart, Inc.	

New York, New York	 —HV-48190

	 4.	Pennsylvania State University	

Hershey, Pennsylvania	 —HV-48191

	 5.	University of Pittsburgh	

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	 —HV-48192

Proteomics Initiative, Initiated in Fiscal Year 

2002

The purpose of this program is to establish highly

interactive, multidisciplinary centers to enhance and

develop innovative proteomic technologies directed
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Chapter 10. Research and Development Contracts

to relevant biologic questions associated with heart,

lung, blood, and sleep health and disease. Scientists

will focus on the cells’ protein machinery directed

toward understanding the molecular basis of the causes

and progression of heart, lung, and blood diseases and

sleep disorders and identifying targets for therapeutic

interventions.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$18,740,000

Fiscal Years 2002–2005—$78,893,890

Total Funding to Date—$97,633,890

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

	 1.	Boston University	

Boston, Massachusetts	 —HV-28178

	 2.	Institute for Systems Biology	

Seattle, Washington	 —HV-28179

	 3.	Johns Hopkins University	

Baltimore, Maryland	 —HV-28180

	 4.	Medical University of South Carolina	

Charleston, South Carolina	 —HV-28181

	 5.	Medical College of Wisconsin	

Milwaukee, Wisconsin	 —HV-28182

	 6.	Stanford University	

Stanford, California	 —HV-28183

	 7.	University of Texas

Galveston, Texas	 —HV-28184

	 8.	University of Texas

Southwestern Medical Center	

Dallas, Texas	 —HV-28185

	 9.	Yale University	

New Haven, Connecticut	 —HV-28186

	10.	Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the	

Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. 

Rockville, Maryland	 —HV-28187

Registry for Mechanical Circulatory Support, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this program is to establish a data

and clinical coordinating center to manage a registry

of patients receiving a mechanical circulatory support

device (MCSD) to treat heart failure. The registry will

collect and analyze clinical and laboratory data and tissue samples from patients who receive MCSDs as destination therapy for end-stage heart failure at 60 to 70

participating hospitals.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,585,877

Fiscal Year 2005—$1,215,702

Total Funding to Date—$2,801,579

Current Active Organization and Contract Number

	 1.	University of Alabama	

Birmingham, Alabama	 —HV-58198

SNP Health Association Resource (SHARE), 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

The purpose of this program is to identify genetic

variants associated with heart, lung, and blood diseases

and sleep disorders through application of large-scale,

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping for

genome-wide association analyses. In collaboration

with the National Center for Biotechnology Information,

the Institute is developing a public-use data resource to

integrate genome-wide genotypic information with phenotypic information from multiple NHLBI studies.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,000,000

Total Funding to Date—$2,000,000

Current Active Organization and Contract Number

	 1.	Affymetrix, Inc.	

Santa Clara, California	 —HL-64278

Translational Behavioral Science Research 

Consortium, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

The purpose of this program is to establish a consortium of interdisciplinary basic and applied social

scientists to conduct research related to developing and

testing theories from the behavioral or social sciences

concerning cognitive, affective, motivational, developmental, and other factors and processes underlying

human behavior. Acquired knowledge will be used

to develop and test methods to encourage individuals

to adopt and maintain a healthy lifestyle and manage

behavioral risk factors for heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders.
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Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$0

Fiscal Years 2002–2005—$20,430,569

Total Funding to Date—$20,430,569

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

	 1.	Weill Medical College

of Cornell University	

New York, New York	 —HC-25196

	 2.	Mount Sinai School of Medicine	

New York, New York	 —HC-25197

Lung Diseases Program

Lung Tissue Research Consortium, Initiated in 

Fiscal Year 2004

The purpose of this program is to establish a consortium for collecting lung tissues and preparing and distributing them for research. Scientists seek to improve

management of lung diseases by increasing understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of lung diseases

through molecular histopathological studies on tissues

with and without disease. Primary emphases are on

COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$12,598,812

Fiscal Year 2004–2005—$10,499,994

Total Funding to Date—$23,098,806

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

	 1.	Mayo Clinic College of Medicine	

Rochester, New York	 —HR-46158

	 2.	University of Colorado

Health Science Center	

Denver, Colorado	 —HR-46159

	 3.	University of Colorado

Health Science Center	

Denver, Colorado	 —HR-46160

	 4.	Mayo Clinic College of Medicine	

Rochester, New York	 —HR-46161

	 5.	University of Michigan	

Ann Arbor, Michigan	 —HR-46162

	 6.	University of Pittsburgh	

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	 —HR-46163

	 7.	Clinical Trials and Survey Corporation	

Baltimore, Maryland	 —HR-46164

Tuberculosis Curriculum Coordinating Center, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2003

The purpose of this program is to establish a consortium of five Tuberculosis Curriculum Centers to 

strengthen and increase access to the best ongoing

educational and training opportunities in TB for medical, nursing, and allied health schools, especially those

that provide primary care to communities where TB is

endemic and the population is at high risk.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,125,000

Fiscal Years 2003–2005—$3,750,000

Total Funding to Date—$4,875,000

Current Active Organization and Contract Number

	 1.	University of California, San Diego	

La Jolla, California	 —HR-36157

Blood Diseases and Resources Program

Iron Overload and Hereditary 

Hemochromatosis, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2000

The purpose of this program is to determine the

prevalence; genetic and environmental determinants;

and potential clinical, personal, and societal impact

of iron overload and hereditary hemochromatosis in a

multicenter, multiethnic, primary care-based sample of

100,000 adults. Information derived from the study will

be used to determine the feasibility and potential individual and public health benefits and risks of primary 

care-based screening and intervention for iron overload

and hereditary hemochromatosis.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$469,227

Fiscal Year 2000–2005—$25,979,773

Total Funding to Date—$26,449,000

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

	 1.	University of Minnesota	

Minneapolis, Minnesota	 —HC-05185

	 2.	University of Alabama at Birmingham	

Birmingham, Alabama	 —HC-05188

	 3.	London Health Science	

London, Canada	 —HC-05191

	 4.	Wake Forest University	

Winston-Salem, North Carolina	 —HC-05192
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Chapter 10. Research and Development Contracts

Maintenance of Animals for Hepatitis or AIDS 

Research, Initiated in Fiscal Year 1992

The purpose of this program is to maintain an NHLBI

chimpanzee colony that can be used in experiments

with transfusion-transmitted infectious agents (hepatitis

C virus (HCB), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and HIV) for

which the chimpanzee is the only known animal model.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$160,474

Fiscal Year 1992–2005—$8,805,530

Total Funding to Date—$8,966,004

Current Active Organization and Contract Number

	 1.	Southwest Foundation

for Biomedical Research	

San Antonio, Texas	 —HB-27091

Maintenance of NHLBI Biological Specimen 

Repository, Initiated in Fiscal Year 1998

The purpose of this project is to establish an NHLBI

Biological Specimen Repository for blood specimens

from Institute-supported research. The Repository

monitors storage, labeling, and testing of the specimens,

as well as administers safe shipment of precise sample

aliquots to approved investigators for future studies.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,031,572

Fiscal Years 1998–2005—$6,594,342

Total Funding to Date—$7,625,914

Current Active Organization and Contract Number

	 1.	BBI-Biotech Research

Laboratories, Inc.	

Gaithersburg, Maryland	 —HB-87144

Production of Recombinant B19 Parvovirus 

Capsids, Initiated in Fiscal Year 1998

The purpose of this program is to manufacture

clinical-grade recombinant protein Parvovirus B19 vaccine for use in a Phase I/II clinical trial to be conducted

by the NHLBI.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$666,950

Fiscal Year 1998–2005—$2,483,750

Total Funding to Date—$3,150,700

Current Active Organization and Contract Number

	 1.	Viral Antigens, Inc.	

Memphis, Tennessee	 —HB-37167

Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study (REDS), 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 1989

The purpose of this study is to conduct epidemiologic, laboratory, and survey research on volunteer blood

donors within the United States to ensure the safety and

availability of the blood supply. The studies will examine the risks of transfusion-transmissible infections, their

trends, and ways to reduce infection risks; HIV, HTLV,

HCV, and HBV test screening methodologies; donor

characteristics, behaviors, and donation return patterns

of U.S. blood donors; and the effectiveness and safety of

various strategies to increase the U.S. blood supply.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$8,955,049

Fiscal Years 1989–2005—$86,865,125

Total Funding to Date—$95,820,174

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

	 1.	Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin	

Milwaukee, Wisconsin	 —HB-47168

	 2.	Emory University	

Atlanta, Georgia	 —HB-47170

	 3.	Institute for Transfusion Medicine	

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	 —HB-47172

	 4.	Westat, Inc.	

Rockville, Maryland	 —HB-47175

	 5.	Blood System Research, Inc.	

San Francisco, California	 —HB-57181

Sickle Cell Disease Health-Related Quality of 

Life Questionnaire, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this project is to develop a psychometrically sound and clinically useful health-related

quality-of-life instrument and related materials for use in

sickle cell clinical trials and outcomes research among

adults with SCD, and to assist researchers who are early

users of the instrument and materials.
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Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$708,000

Fiscal Year 2005—$584,008

Total Funding To Date—$1,292,008

Current Active Organization and Contract Number

	 1.	American Institutes for Research	

Health Program	

Silver Spring, Maryland	 —HL-54264

Somatic Cell Therapy Processing Facilities, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2003

This program is designed to develop novel somatic

cellular therapies in areas ranging from basic science

through animal studies to proof-of-principle and eventually human trials for heart, lung, and blood diseases and

sleep disorders. The goal is to provide rapid, safe translation of basic research ideas into clinical practice.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$6,139,526

Fiscal Years 2003–2005—$15,576,209

Total Funding to Date—$21,715,735

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

	 1.	Baylor College of Medicine	

Houston, Texas	 —HB-37163

	 2.	University of Minnesota, Twin Cities	

Minneapolis, Minnesota	 —HB-37164

	 3.	University of Pittsburgh	

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	 —HB-37165

	 4.	The EMMES Corporation	

Rockville, Maryland	 —HB-37166

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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 11. Clinical Trials

11. Clinical Trials

NHLBI Investigator-Initiated Clinical Trials: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

 Research Grants and Cooperative Agreements (Dollars in Thousands)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Heart and Vascular Diseases

Program on Surgical Control of 

Hyperlipidemias (POSCH) $ 566 $ 294 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ —

Emory Angioplasty Versus Surgery Trial 

(EAST) 296 — — — — — — — — — —

Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Plaque 

Study (ACAPS) 70 — — — — — — — — — —

Infant Heart Surgery: Central Nervous 

System Sequelae of Circulatory Arrest 699 685 582 584 392 75 — — — — —

Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia 

Trial* 504 — — — — — — — — — —

Women’s Health Study (WHS) 1,434 1,473 1,536 1,530 1,594 — — — — 889 —

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the 

Menopause 478 494 528 186 — — — — — — —

CABG Patch Trial* 988 1,171 — — — — — — — — —

Women’s Antioxidant and Cardiovascular 

Study (WACS) 643 501 525 540 556 572 598 592 599 670 —

Oral Calcium in Pregnant Women With 

Hypertension 320 332 — — — — — — — — —

Stress Reduction and Atherosclerotic CVD 

in Blacks 403 407 40 326 339 360 376 394 — — —

Enalapril After Anthracycline 

Cardiotoxicity 707 724 789 — — — — — — — —

Stress and Anger Management for Blacks 

With Hypertension 241 250 — — — — — — — — —

Estrogen Replacement and Atherosclerosis 

(ERA) Trial* 1,213 965 1,668 1,017 — — — — — — —

Shock Trial: Should We Emergently 

Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for 

Cardiogenic Shock?

1,008 826 874 — 440 362 298 291 296 — —

HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study 427 445 340 — 326 — — — — — —

Influence of Cardiopulmonary Bypass 

(CPB) Temperature on CABG 

Morbidity

118 — — — — — — — — — —

Women’s Estrogen/Progestin Lipid 

Lowering Hormone Atherosclerosis 

Regression Trial (WELL-HART)*

508 1,196 1,269 1,131 — 32 — — — — —

Mode Selection Trial in Sinus Node 

Dysfunction (MOST)* 1,857 2,096 1,700 2,879 1,136 154 — — — — —

Antioxidants and Prevention of Early 

Atherosclerosis* 240 603 — — — — — — — — —

A clinical trial is defined as a scientific research 

study undertaken with human subjects to evaluate 

prospectively the diagnostic, prophylactic, or therapeutic effect of a drug, device, regimen, or procedure 

used or intended ultimately for use in the practice of 

medicine or the prevention of disease. A clinical trial 

is planned and conducted prospectively and includes 

a concurrent control group or other appropriate comparison group.

* Paid by U01/U10.
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 11. Clinical Trials

NHLBI Investigator-Initiated Clinical Trials: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 (continued)

 Research Grants and Cooperative Agreements (Dollars in Thousands)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Heart and Vascular Diseases (continued)

Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy in 

Unstable Angina

258 264 271 276 — — — — — — —

Estrogen and Graft Atherosclerosis Research 

Trial (EAGER)*

476 488 305 — 361 371 — — — — —

Soy Estrogen Alternative Study (SEA) 219 217 221 — — — — — — — —

REMATCH Trial* — 1,258 1,798 1,333 825 750 — — — — —

Dietary Patterns, Sodium Intake, and Blood 

Pressure (DASH Sodium)*†

— 2,233 3,693 3,646 1,247 151 387 376 395 — —

Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial 

(SCD-HeFT)*

— 1,571 1,667 1,709 1,698 1,798 1,412 1,930 — — —

CVD Risk and Health in Post-Menopausal 

Phytoestrogen Users

— 631 662 574 244 — 304 152 — — —

Treatment of Hypertension With Two Exercise 

Intensities

— 359 474 473 481 420 — — — — —

Prevention of Recurrent Venous 

Thromboembolism (PREVENT)

— — 1,242 894 521 543 1,272 — — — —

PREMIER: Lifestyle Interventions for Blood 

Pressure Control*

— — 2,234 3,425 3,595 2,925 1,505 — — — —

Azithromycin and Coronary Events Study 

(ACES)*

— — 847 2,663 2,182 720 1,254 1,137 — — —

Antiarrhythmic Effects of N-3 Fatty Acids — — — 514 542 529 647 — — — —

Fatty Acid Antiarrhythmia Trial (FAAT) — — — 519 605 — — — — — —

Occluded Artery Trial (OAT)* — — — 4,892 5,079 2,604 1,724 1,963 — — 963

Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization 

Investigation in Type 2 Diabetics 

(BARI 2D)*

— — — — 3,942 6,515 9,342 8,189 8,265 8,304 8,592

Hematocrit Strategy in Infant Heart Surgery* — — — — 473 557 596 590 492 — —

Angiotensin-II Blockade in Mitral 

Regurgitation

— — — — — 553 610 629 500 — —

Heart Failure Adherence and Retention Trial 

(HART)

— — — — — 795 1,617 1,453 1,174 861 740

Reduction of Triglycerides in Women on HRT — — — — — 708 746 555 544 721 —

Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation 

(WISE)*†

— — — — — 1,502 1,506 1,306 1,303 996 —

ACE Inhibition and Novel Cardiovascular 

Risk Factors

— — — — — — 694 656 602 — —

Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial 

Investigating Outcomes of Exercise 

(HF-ACTION)*

— — — — — — 7,471 9,582 7,973 4,483 4,590

Clinical Trial of Dietary Protein on Blood 

Pressure

— — — — — — 655 610 612 504 500

Home Automatic External Defibrillator Trial 

(HAT)*

— — — — — — 3,567 5,433 4,264 1,801 2,115

Perioperative Interventional Neuroprotection 

Trial (POINT)

— — — — — — 553 553 562 572 378

* Paid by U01/U10.

† Previously an Institute-Initiated Clinical Trial.
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 11. Clinical Trials

NHLBI Investigator-Initiated Clinical Trials: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 (continued)

 Research Grants and Cooperative Agreements (Dollars in Thousands)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Heart and Vascular Diseases (continued)

Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics 

Study (SANDS)*

— — — — — — 2,410 2,165 2,107 2,324 2,074

Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure 

(STICH)*

— — — — — — 5,709 4,495 1,613 6,082 5,583

Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies 

(GEMS)*

— — — — — — — 2,461 2,400 2,370 1,950

Treatment of Depression Following Bypass 

Surgery

— — — — — — — 964 1,132 1,181 1,193

Weight Loss Maintenance (WLM)* — — — — — — — 3,687 4,368 3,099 4,015

Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal 

Atherosclerotic Lesions (CORAL)*

— — — — — — — — 4,343 5,610 4,884

FREEDOM Trial: Future Revascularization 

Evaluation in Patients With Diabetes 

Mellitus: Optional Management of 

Multivessel Disease

— — — — — — — — 3,663 4,669 —

IMMEDIATE Trial: Immediate Myocardial 

Metabolic Enhancement During Initial 

Assessment and Treatment in Emergency 

Care*

— — — — — — — — 5,170 9,514 10,966

AIM HIGH: Niacin Plus Statin To Prevent 

Vascular Events*

— — — — — — — — — 663 6,324

Claudication: Exercise Versus Endoluminal 

Revascularization (CLEVER)*

— — — — — — — — — 1,368 1,478

Intervention To Control Obesity in College — — — — — — — — — — 677

PACEmaker and Beta-Blocker 

Therapy Post-Myocardial Infarction 

(PACE-MI)

— — — — — — — — — — 1,300

Subtotal, Heart and Vascular Diseases 13,673 19,483 23,265 29,111 26,578 22,996 45,253 50,163 52,377 56,681 58,312

Lung Diseases

Inhaled Beclomethasone To Prevent Chronic 

Lung Disease*

551 436 — — — — — — — — —

Lung Health Study II*† 3,183 3,508 980 — — — — — — — —

Lung Health Study III*† — — 1,997 1,986 1,616 1,672 927 — — — —

Asthma Clinical Research Network (ACRN)*† — — 4,934 5,399 5,686 5,705 5,863 — — — —

Fetal Tracheal Occlusion for Severe 

Diaphragmatic Hernia*

— — — 419 429 181 — — — — —

Scleroderma Lung Study* — — — 1,040 1,501 1,761 1,501 1,055 — — 71

Inhaled Nitric Oxide for Prevention of 

Chronic Lung Disease*

— — — — 1,959 1,803 1,764 1,442 1,245 — —

Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Prevention of Chronic 

Lung Disease*

— — — — 1,548 1,742 1,839 1,604 903 — —

Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary 

Embolism Diagnosis II (PIOPED II)*

— — — — 2,190 3,667 3,388 472 — — —

Randomized Trial To Reduce ETS in Children 

With Asthma

— — — — 555 545 468 277 — — —

* Paid by U01/U10.

† Previously an Institute-Initiated Clinical Trial.
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 11. Clinical Trials

NHLBI Investigator-Initiated Clinical Trials: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 (continued)

Research Grants and Cooperative Agreements (Dollars in Thousands)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Lung Diseases (continued)

Apnea Positive Pressure Long-Term 

Efficacy Study (APPLES)*

— — — — — — 3,224 3,021 3,110 3,188 —

Childhood Asthma Management 

Program-Continuation Study 

(CAMP-CS)/Phase 2*†

— — — — — — — 1,489 2,043 2,623 2,750

Clinical Trial of Acid Reflux Therapy 

in Asthma*

— — — — — — — 736 783 791 773

Impact of CPAP on Functional 

Outcomes in Milder Obstructive 

Sleep Apnea (CATNAP)

— — — — — — — 682 612 608 694

Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older 

Men

— — — — — — — 4,163 4,262 1,390 1,142

Supplemental Selenium and Vitamin E 

and Pulmonary Function

— — — — — — — 698 610 630 605

Improving Asthma Care in Minority 

Children in Head Start

— — — — — — — — 721 826 1,004

Adenotonsillectomy for Childhood 

Sleep Apnea

— — — — — — — — — — 2,255

Subtotal, Lung Diseases 3,734 3,944 7,911 8,844 15,484 17,076 18,974 15,639 14,289 10,056 9,294

Blood Diseases and Resources

Trial To Reduce Alloimmunization to 

Platelets (TRAP)—Extension†

263 — — — — — — — — — —

Stroke Prevention in Sickle Cell 

Anemia (STOP)*

2,435 2,584 2,036 — 293 — — — — — —

Pediatric Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell 

Anemia (PED HUG)

260 270 — — — — — — — — —

Stroke Prevention in Sickle Cell 

Anemia (STOP 2)*

— — — — 4,200 3,166 3,168 2,320 2,366 — —

Induction of Stable Chimerism for 

Sickle Cell Anemia

— — — — — 489 525 527 551 — —

Sibling Donor Cord Blood Banking 

and Transplantation

— — — — — 1,222 1,224 1,286 1,353 — —

FOCUS — — — — — — — 1,639 1,796 2,923 2,446

Stroke With Transfusions Changing to 

Hydroxyurea (SWITCH)*

— — — — — — — — — 3,345 3,932

Subtotal, Blood Diseases and Resources 2,958 2,854 2,036 — 4,493 4,877 4,917 5,772 6,066 6,268 6,378

Total, NHLBI $20,365 $26,281 $33,212 $37,955 $46,555 $44,949 $69,144 $71,574 $82,220 $73,005 $73,984

* Paid by U01/U10.

† Previously an Institute-Initiated Clinical Trial.NHLBI Investigator-Initiated Clinical Trials.
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Chapter 11. Clinical Trials

NHLBI Investigator-Initiated Phase III Clinical Trials, Fiscal Year 2006: Summary by Program

Total Obligations 

Prior to FY 2006

FY 2006 

Obligations

Total Obligations 

to Date

Heart and Vascular Diseases

AIM HIGH: Niacin Plus Statin To Prevent Vascular Events* $ 663,376 $ 6,323,911 $ 6,987,287

Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in Type 2 Diabetics 

(BARI 2D)*

44,558,208 8,591,820 53,150,028

Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions (CORAL)* 9,953,424 4,884,074 14,837,498

Claudication: Exercise Versus Endoluminal Revascularization (CLEVER) 1,368,413 1,478,581 2,846,994

Clinical Trial of Dietary Protein on Blood Pressure 2,381,223 500,047 2,881,270

FREEDOM Trial: Future Revascularization Evaluation in Patients With 

Diabetes Mellitus: Optimal Management of Multivessel Disease

8,332,457 — 8,332,457

Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies* 7,230,952 1,950,186 9,181,138

Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise 

Training*

29,509,092 4,590,429 34,099,521

Heart Failure Adherence and Retention Trial (HART) 5,900,058 739,763 6,639,821

Home Automatic External Defibrillator Trial (HAT)* 15,064,384 2,114,588 17,178,972

IMMEDIATE Trial: Immediate Myocardial Metabolic Enhancement 

During Initial Assessment and Treatment in Emergency Care*

14,684,147 10,966,492 25,650,639

Interventions to Control Obesity in College — 667,082 667,082

Occluded Artery Trial (OAT) 16,261,456 963,058 17,224,514

PACEmaker and Beta-Blocker Therapy Post-Myocardial Infarction 

(PACE-MI)

— 1,300,000 1,300,000

Perioperative Interventional Neuroprotection Trial (POINT) 2,240,021 377,720 2,617,741

Reduction of Triglycerides in Women on HRT 3,275,109 — 3,275,109

Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study (SANDS)* 9,004,979 2,074,057 11,079,036

Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH)* 17,899,276 5,583,045 23,482,321

Treatment of Depression Following Bypass Surgery 3,276,909 1,192,794 4,469,703

Weight Loss Maintenance (WLM)* 11,153,382 4,014,660 15,168,042

Women’s Health Study (WHS) 16,922,647 — 16,922,647

Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE)* 6,613,113 — 6,613,113

Subtotal, Heart and Vascular Diseases 226,292,626 58,312,307 284,604,933

Lung Diseases

Acid Reflux Therapy in Asthma* 2,310,686 772,866 3,083,552

Adentonsillectomy for Childhood Sleep Apnea* — 2,254,440 2,254,440

APPLES: Apnea Positive Pressure Long-Term Efficacy Study* 12,542,181 — 12,542,181

Childhood Asthma Management Program II (CAMP II)*† 6,155,523 2,750,045 8,905,568

Impact of CPAP on Functional Outcomes in Milder Obstructive Sleep 

Apnea (CATNAP)

1,902,104 694,178 2,596,282

Improving Asthma Care for Minority Children in Head Start 1,547,135 1,004,355 2,551,490

Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men 9,814,166 1,142,218 10,956,384

Scleroderma Lung Study 6,857,221 71,079 6,928,300

Supplemental Selenium and Vitamin E and Pulmonary Function 1,938,311 604,383 2,542,694

Subtotal, Lung Diseases 43,067,327 9,293,564 52,360,891

Blood Diseases and Resources

FOCUS* 6,357,932 2,446,287 8,804,219

Stroke With Transfusions Changing to Hydroxyurea (SWITCH)* 3,345,345 3,931,995 7,277,340

Subtotal, Blood Diseases and Resources 9,703,277 6,378,282 16,081,559

Total, NHLBI $255,944,553 $73,984,153 $329,928,706

* Paid by U01/U10.

† Previously an Institute-Initiated Clinical Trial.
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Chapter 11. Clinical Trials

Institute-Initiated Clinical Trials: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Contracts

Dollars (Thousands)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Heart and Vascular Diseases

Lipid Research Clinics $ 660 $ 650 $ 685 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ —

Raynaud’s Treatment Study 221 19 — — — — — — — — —

Antiarrhythmic vs. Implantable 

Defibrillator (AVID)

2,475 — 871 548 — — — — — — —

Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering 

Treatment To Prevent Heart Attack 

Trial (ALLHAT)

9,676 15,943 17,119 — 6,259 7,000 3,980 2,761 3,346 — —

Activity Counseling Trial (ACT) — 2,167 2,439 — — — — — — — —

Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin 

Interventions (PEPI)

— 3 170 — — — — — — — —

Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart 

Disease Patients (ENRICHD)

6,993 6,837 5,904 3,303 3,487 596 425 70 — — —

Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up: 

Investigation in Rhythm Management 

(AFFIRM)

2,510 6,330 — 3,785 1,239 2,401 802 — — — —

Beta-Blocker Evaluation Survival Trial 

(BEST)

1,435 2,300 2,448 — — — — — — — —

Women’s Angiographic Vitamin and 

Estrogen Trial (WAVE)

731 2,891 1,917 3,878 886 756 — 32 — — —

Women’s Ischemia Syndrome 

Evaluation (WISE)

1,577 133 2,932 856 1,424 10 50 — — — —

Prevention of Events With Angiotensin 

Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Therapy 

(PEACE)

3,632 2,838 2,836 2,850 5,988 — 2,849 558 — — —

Magnesium in Coronaries (MAGIC) — — 1,169 2,009 1,243 — 238 — — — —

Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart 

Failure and Pulmonary Artery 

Catheterization Effectiveness 

(ESCAPE)

— — — 1,750 1,820 — 1,129 — — — 311

Action To Control Cardiovascular Risk 

in Diabetes (ACCORD)

— — — 4,130 6,590 — 1,750 18,521 33,779 26,126 —

Public Access Defibrillation (PAD) 

Community Trial

— — — 2,923 2,414 3,058 1,101 — — — —

Trial of Aldosterone Antagonist Therapy 

in Adults With Preserved Ejection 

Fraction Congestive Heart Failure 

(TOPCAT)

— — — — — — — — 837 5,162 5,480

Subtotal, Heart and Vascular Diseases 29,910 40,111 38,490 26,032 31,350 13,821 12,324 21,942 37,962 31,288 5,791

Lung Diseases

Lung Health Study I 350 — — — — — — — — — —

Pediatric Pulmonary and Cardiac 

Complications of HIV Infection 

(P2C2)

4,033 668 1,979 — 315 — 113 — — — —

Childhood Asthma 

Management Program (CAMP)

7,977 5,695 — 6,551 729 1,330 2,786 2,287 1,475 599 —
121

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 11. Clinical Trials

Institute-Initiated Clinical Trials: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Contracts (continued)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Acute Respiratory Distress 

Syndrome Clinical Network 

(ARDSNET)

4,337 4,510 4,880 6,837 5,587 2,667 1,502 4,402 5,517 4,707 7,396

National Emphysema 

Treatment Trial (NETT)

— 2,710 3,367 7,545 4,047 6,989 7,910 1,630 1,648 357 —

Feasibility of Retinoid 

Treatment in Emphysema 

(FORTE)

— — — 884 7,711 — 2,429 725 507 185 —

Subtotal, Lung Diseases 16,697 13,583 10,226 21,817 18,389 10,986 14,740 9,044 9,147 5,848 7,396

Blood Diseases and 

Resources

Clinical Course of Sickle 

Cell Disease

376 205 2,144 350 106 — — — — — —

Anti-HIV Immunoglobulin 

(HIVIG) in Prevention 

of Maternal-Fetal HIV 

Transmission

706 — — — — — — — — — —

T-Cell Depletion in 

Unrelated Donor 

Marrow Transplantation

1,461 639 2,228 690 1,085 1,144 557 774 164 — —

Viral Activation 

Transfusion Study 

(VATS)

5,647 2,353 1,668 — 339 — — — — — —

Cord Blood Stem Cell 

Transplantation Study 

(COBLT)

1,419 6,573 12,530 1,456 5,122 1,846 2,166 588 707 822 —

Multicenter Study of 

Hydroxyurea (MSH) 

in Sickle Cell Anemia 

Adult Follow-Up

703 472 475 469 — — 588 994 1,136 1,340 —

Pediatric Hydroxyurea 

Phase III Clinical Trial 

(BABY HUG)

— — — — 1,606 405 3,100 1,112 1,964 1,526 891

Sildenafil for Sickle 

Cell DiseaseAssociated Pulmonary 

Hypertension

— — — — — — — — — — 1,867

Subtotal, Blood Diseases and 

Resources

10,312 10,242 19,045 2,965 8,258 3,395 6,411 3,468 3,971 3,688 2,758

Women’s Health Initiative

Subtotal, Women’s Health 

Initiative

— — — 59,100 57,700 59,200 59,010 63,222 57,483 37,826 12,124

Total, NHLBI Clinical 

Trials Contracts

$56,919 $63,936 $67,761 $109,914 $115,697 $87,402 $92,485 $97,676 $108,563 $78,650 $28,069
122

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 11. Clinical Trials

Institute-Initiated Clinical Trials: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 (continued)

Cooperative Agreements

Dollars (Thousands)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Heart and Vascular 

Diseases

Trials of Hypertension 

Prevention (TOHP)

$ 649 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ —

Dietary Intervention 

Study in Children 

(DISC)

1,625 746 — — — — — — — — —

Bypass Angioplasty 

Revascularization 

Investigation (BARI)

2,757 2,894 1,360 1,609 1,634 1,549 1,456 — — — —

Postmenopausal Estrogen/ 

Progestin Interventions 

(PEPI)

331 — — — — — — — — — —

Child and Adolescent 

Trial for Cardiovascular 

Health (CATCH)

2,682 3,956 572 210 — — — — — — —

Dietary Effects on 

Lipoproteins and 

Thrombogenic Activity 

(DELTA)

132 290 — — — — — — — — —

Obesity Prevention in 

Young American 

Indians (PATHWAYS)

3,432 4,119 3,945 4,196 2,459 — — — — — —

Dietary Approaches To 

Stop Hypertension 

(DASH)

899 — — — — — — — — — —

Rapid Early Action for 

Coronary Treatment 

(REACT)

4,992 2,866 496 — — — — — — — —

Girls Health Enrichment 

Multisite Studies 

(GEMS)

— — — 2,282 2,365 2,877 2,713 — — — —

Trial of Activity for 

Adolescent Girls 

(TAAG)

— — — — 5,274 4,831 5,919 5,828 6,350 5,103 905

Pediatric Cardiovascular 

Clinical Research 

Network

— — — — — 3,447 4,822 5,381 4,948 3,992 —

Clinical Research 

Consortium To Improve 

Resuscitation Outcome

— — — — — — — — 6,886 9,339 9,728

Dynamic Assessment of 

Patient-Reported 

Chronic Disease 

Outcomes

— — — — — — — — 1,010 — —

Clinical Trials in Organ 

Transplantation (CTOT)

— — — — — — — — — 1,900 1,855

Pediatric Heart Network — — — — — — — — — — 6,988

Heart Failure Clinical 

Research Network

— — — — — — — — — — 5,642
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 11. Clinical Trials

Institute-Initiated Clinical Trials: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 (continued)

Cooperative Agreements (continued)

Dollars (Thousands)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Heart and Vascular 

Diseases (continued)

Weight Loss in Obese 

Adults With CVD Risk 

Factors

— — — — — — — — — — 2,567

NICHD Cooperative 

Multicenter Neonatal 

Research Network

— — — — — — — — — — 1,336

Pediatric HIV/AIDS 

Cohort Study 

(PHACS)—Data 

and Operations Center

— — — — — — — — — — 1,000

Subtotal, Heart and Vascular 

Diseases

17,499 14,871 6,373 8,297 11,732 12,704 14,910 11,209 19,194 20,334 30,021

Lung Diseases

Asthma Clinical Research 

Network (ACRN)*

4,526 4,479 — — — — — 8,181 8,424 8,667 7,839

Asthma and Pregnancy 

Studies

1,000 913 — — — — — — — — —

Childhood Asthma 

Research and Education 

(CARE) Network

— — — 4,175 5,002 5,314 6,005 5,610 5,292 5,704 5,735

COPD Clinical Research 

Network

— — — — — — — 6,843 6,848 8,438 7,664

Idiopathic Pulmonary 

Fibrosis Clinical 

Research Network

— — — — — — — — — 3,486 7,349

Subtotal, Lung Diseases 5,526 5,392 — 4,175 5,002 5,314 6,005 20,634 20,564 26,295 28,587

Blood Diseases and 

Resources

Thalassemia (Cooley’s 

Anemia) Clinical 

Research Network

— — — — 2,192 2,219 2,269 2,320 2,375 2,730 2,682

Blood and Marrow 

Transplant Clinical 

Research Network

— — — — — 5,360 5,899 5,950 5,972 6,460 6,845

Transfusion Medicine/ 

Hemostasis Clinical 

Research Network

— — — — — — 6,053 6,241 6,093 6,221 6,521

Sickle Cell Disease 

Clinical Research 

Network

— — — — — — — — — — 3,761

Subtotal, Blood Diseases 

and Resources

— — — — 2,192 7,579 14,221 14,511 14,440 15,411 19,809

Total, NHLBI-Initiated 

Clinical Trials, 

Cooperative Agreements

$23,025 $20,263 $6,373 $12,472 $18,926 $25,597 $35,136 $46,354 $54,198 $62,040 $78,417

Total, NHLBI-Initiated 

Clinical Trials

$79,944 $84,199 $74,134 $122,386 $134,623 $112,999 $127,621 $144,030 $162,761 $140,690 $106,486

* Investigator-Initiated From 1998 to 2002.
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Chapter 11. Clinical Trials

Institute-Initiated Clinical Trials, Fiscal Year 2006: Summary by Program

Contracts

Total Obligations 

Prior to FY 2006

Total FY 2006 

Obligations

Total Obligations 

to Date

Heart and Vascular Diseases

Action To Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) $ 90,895,802 $ — $ 90,895,802

Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary 

Artery Catheterization Effectiveness (ESCAPE)

4,699,537 311,000 5,010,537

Trial of Aldosterone Antagonists Therapy in Adults With Ejection 

Fraction Congestive Heart Failure (TOPCAT)

5,998,973 5,479,690 11,478,663

Subtotal, Heart and Vascular Diseases 101,594,312 5,790,690 107,385,002

Lung Diseases

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Clinical Network 

(ARDSNET)

50,915,641 7,396,064 58,311,705

Subtotal, Lung Diseases 50,915,641 7,396,064 58,311,705

Blood Diseases and Resources

Pediatric Hydroxyurea Phase III Clinical Trial (BABY HUG) 9,713,399 891,000 10,604,399

Sildenafil for Sickle Cell Disease-Associated Pulmonary 

Hypertension

— 1,867,000 1,867,000

Subtotal, Blood Diseases and Resources 9,713,399 2,758,000 12,471,399

Women’s Health Initiative

Subtotal, Women’s Health Initiative 710,441,494 12,124,061 722,565,555

Total, NHLBI-Initiated Clinical Trials, Contracts $872,664,846 $28,068,815 $900,733,661

Cooperative Agreements

Total Obligations 

Prior to FY 2006

Total FY 2006 

Obligations

Total Obligations 

to Date

Heart and Vascular Diseases

Clinical Research Consortium To Improve Resuscitation 

Outcome

$ 16,224,715 $ 9,728,012 $ 25,952,727

Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation (CTOT) 1,900,000 1,855,350 3,755,350

Dynamic Assessment of Patient-Reported Chronic Disease 

Outcomes

1,009,694 — 1,009,694

Heart Failure Clinical Research Network — 5,642,461 5,642,461

NICHD Cooperative Multicenter Neonatal Research Network — 1,336,159 1,336,159

Pediatric Heart Network — 6,988,223 6,988,223

PHACS—Data and Operations Center — 1,000,000 1,000,000

Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG) 33,305,766 905,336 34,211,102

Weight Loss in Obese Adults With CVD Risk Factors — 2,567,146 2,567,146

Subtotal, Heart and Vascular Diseases 52,440,175 30,022,687 82,462,862

Lung Diseases

Asthma Clinical Research Network (ACRN), Phase II 25,272,584 7,838,310 33,110,894

Childhood Asthma Research and Education (CARE) Network 37,102,539 5,734,754 42,837,293

COPD Clinical Research Network 22,129,545 7,664,383 29,793,928

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network 3,486,226 7,349,196 10,835,422

Subtotal, Lung Diseases 87,990,894 28,586,643 116,577,537

Blood Diseases and Resources

Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Research Network 29,641,551 6,845,170 36,486,721

Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Research Network — 3,761,385 3,761,385

Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia) Clinical Research Network 14,104,677 2,682,493 16,787,170

Transfusion Medicine/Hemostasis Clinical Research Network 24,607,616 6,520,638 31,128,254

Subtotal, Blood Diseases and Resources 68,353,844 19,809,686 88,163,530

Total, NHLBI-Initiated Clinical Trials, Cooperative Agreements $ 208,784,913 $ 78,419,016 $ 287,203,929

Total, NHLBI-Initiated Clinical Trials $1,087,626,685 $106,487,831 $1,194,114,516
125

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Chapter 11. Clinical Trials

Heart and Vascular Diseases Program

Action To Control Cardiovascular Risk in 

Diabetes (ACCORD), Initiated in Fiscal Year 

1999

The purpose of this study is to evaluate three diabetic 

treatment strategies (intensive glycemic control, blood 

pressure control, and fibrate treatment to raise HDL-cholesterol and lower triglycerides) to prevent major cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 

The primary outcome measure is CVD mortality or 

major morbidity (MI and stroke). A vanguard phase of 

about 1,000 participants was completed in FY 2002, and 

the main trial proceeded in FY 2003.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$0

Fiscal Years 1999–2005—$90,895,802

Total Funding to Date—$90,895,802

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

1. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque 

Albuquerque, New Mexico —HC-10100

2. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis 

Memphis, Tennessee —HC-90350

3. Wake Forest University 

Winston-Salem, North Carolina —HC-95178

4. McMaster University 

Hamilton, Ontario —HC-95179

5. University of Washington 

Seattle, Washington —HC-95180

6. Case Western Reserve University 

Cleveland, Ohio —HC-95181

7. Wake Forest University 

Winston-Salem, North Carolina —HC-95182

8. Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation 

Minneapolis, Minnesota —HC-95183

9. Trustees of Columbia University 

of New York 

New York, New York —HC-95184

Clinical Research Consortium To Improve 

Resuscitation Outcomes, Initiated in Fiscal Year 

2004

The purpose of this study is to establish a resuscitation research consortium to conduct research in cardiopulmonary arrest and traumatic injury leading to arrest. 

The consortium will facilitate the rapid translation of 

promising scientific and clinical advances to improve 

resuscitation outcomes.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$9,728,012

Fiscal Year 2004–2005—$16,224,715

Total Funding to Date—$25,952,727

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Washington 

Seattle, Washington —HL-077863

2. University of Iowa 

Iowa, City, Iowa —HL-077865

3. Medical College of Wisconsin 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin —HL-077866

4. University of Washington 

Seattle, Washington —HL-077867

5. University of Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania —HL-077871

6. St. Michael’s Hospital 

Toronto, Ontario —HL-077872

7. Oregon Health and Science University 

Portland, Oregon —HL-077873

8. University of Alabama at Birmingham 

Birmingham, Alabama —HL-077881

9. Ottawa Health Research Institute 

Ottawa, Ontario —HL-077885

10. University of Texas 

Southwestern Medical Center 

Dallas, Texas —HL-077887

11. University of California, San Diego 

La Jolla, California —HL-077908

Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation 

(CTOT), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this program is to support a multisite 

consortium for interventional or observational clinical 

studies to enhance our understanding of, and ultimately 

reduce, the immune-mediated morbidity and mortality 

of organ transplantation.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,855,350 

Fiscal Year 2005—$1,900,000

Total Funding to Date—$3,755,350
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Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

1. University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —AI-063589

2. Mount Sinai School of Medicine 

New York, New York —AI-063594

3. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —AI-063623

Dynamic Assessment of Patient-Reported 

Chronic Disease Outcomes, Initiated in Fiscal 

Year 2004

The purpose of this study, which emanates from a 

NIH Roadmap Initiative, is to develop a computerized 

system of patient-reported outcomes that will meet 

the needs of clinical researchers across a wide variety of chronic disorders and diseases. Investigators 

will develop and test a large bank of items measuring 

patient-reported outcomes; create a computerized adaptive testing system that will allow for efficient assessment of patient-reported outcomes in clinical research; 

and create a publicly available system that can be added 

to and modified periodically for clinical researchers. 

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$0

Fiscal Year 2004–2005—$1,009,694

Total Funding to Date—$1,009,694

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania —AR-052155

2. Stanford University 

Stanford, California —AR-052158

3. State University New York, Stony Brook 

Stony Brook, New York —AR-052170

4. University of Washington 

Seattle, Washington —AR-052171

5. Evanston Northwestern Healthcare 

Evanston, Illinois —AR-052177

6. University of North Carolina 

at Chapel Hill 

Chapel Hill, North Carolina —AR-052181

7. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —AR-052186

Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure 

and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization 

Effectiveness (ESCAPE), Initiated in Fiscal Year 

1999

The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy 

of pulmonary artery catheterization-directed (PAC) 

treatment strategy to a noninvasive treatment strategy 

on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe 

congestive heart failure. Forty-two percent of the participants are black. Results of the trial presented in 

November 2004 showed that PAC did not increase or 

decrease death or the number of days hospitalized in 

patients with severe heart failure. Follow-up studies 

are comparing the quality of life, ability to exercise, and 

changes in the heart’s structure and function as measured by echocardiograms between the groups.

Obligations:

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$311,000

Fiscal Year 1999–2005—$4,699,537

Total Funding to Date—$5,010,537

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HV-98177

Heart Failure Clinical Research Network, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

The purpose of this network is to accelerate research 

in the diagnosis and management of heart failure in 

order to improve outcomes through optimal application 

of existing therapies and evaluation of novel therapies. 

The network will provide the necessary infrastructure to 

develop, coordinate, and conduct multiple collaborative 

clinical protocols to facilitate application of emerging 

basic science discoveries into clinical investigations.

Obligations:

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$5,642,461

Total Funding to Date—$5,642,461

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Minneapolis Medical Research 

Foundation, Inc. 

Minneapolis, Minnesota —HL-084861

2. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-084875
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3. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-084877

4. University of Utah 

Salt Lake City, Utah —HL-084889 

5. Baylor College of Medicine 

Houston, Texas —HL-084890

6. University of Vermont and State 

Agriculture College 

Burlington, Vermont —HL-084899

7. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-084904

8. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine 

Rochester, Minnesota —HL-084907

9. Montreal Heart Institute 

Montreal Quebec, Canada —HL-084931

NICHD Cooperative Multicenter Neonatal 

Research Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

The purpose of this network is to investigate the 

safety and efficacy of treatment and management strategies to care for newborn infants, particularly those 

related to management of low birth weight infants. The 

objective of this program is to facilitate evaluation of the 

strategies by establishing a network of academic centers 

that, by rigorous patient evaluation using common protocols, can study the required numbers of patients and 

can provide answers more rapidly than individual centers acting alone.

Obligations:

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,336,159

Total Funding to Date—$1,336,159

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Case Western Reserve University 

Cleveland, Ohio —HD-021364

2. University of Texas Health 

Science Center 

Houston, Texas —HD-021373

3. Wayne State University 

Detroit, Michigan —HD-021385

4. Emory University 

Atlanta, Georgia —HD-027851

5. Children’s Hospital Medical Center 

Cincinnati, Ohio —HD-027853

6. Indiana University-Purdue University 

at Indianapolis 

Indianapolis, Indiana —HD-027856

7. Yale University 

New Haven, Connecticut —HD-027871

8. Stanford University 

Stanford, California —HD-027880

9. Women and Infants Hospital 

Providence, Rhode Island —HD-027904

10. University of Alabama at Birmingham 

Birmingham, Alabama —HD-034216

11. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HD-040492

12. University of Texas Southwestern 

Medical Center 

Dallas, Texas —HD-040689

13. University of New Mexico 

Albuquerque, New Mexico —HD-053089

14. University of Iowa 

Iowa City, Iowa —HD-053109

15. New England Medical Center Hospitals 

Boston, Massachusetts —HD-053119

16. University of Utah 

Salt Lake City, Utah —HD-053124

Pediatric Heart Network, Initiated in Fiscal 

Year 2006

The objective of this study is to establish a clinical network to evaluate novel treatment methods and 

management strategies for children with structural congenital heart disease, inflammatory heart disease, heart 

muscle disease, or arrhythmias. 

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$6,988,223

Total Funding to Date—$6,988,223

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-068269

2. New England Research Institute, Inc. 

Watertown, Massachusetts —HL-068270

3. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-068279

4. Medical University of South Carolina 

Charleston, South Carolina —HL-068281

5. Children’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-068285

6. Hospital for Sick Children 

Toronto, Ontario —HL-068288

7. Columbia University 

Health Sciences 

New York, New York —HL-068290

8. University of Utah 

Salt Lake City, Utah —HL-068292
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9. Children’s Hospital Medical Center 

Cincinnati, Ohio —HL-085057

Pediatric HIV/AID Cohort Study (PHACS)—

Data and Operations Center, Initiated in Fiscal 

Year 2006

The purpose of this study is to create a body of data 

to understand more fully the effect of HIV on sexual 

maturation, pubertal development, and socialization of 

perinatally HIV-infected preadolescents and adolescents, 

and to acquire more definitive information regarding 

long-term safety of antiretroviral agents when used during pregnancy and in newborns.

Obligations:

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,000,000

Total Funding to Date—$1,000,000

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. Harvard University 

Boston, Massachusetts —HD-052102

Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG), 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2000

The purpose of this community-based study is to test 

the effects of a school–community-linked intervention to 

prevent decline in physical activity and cardiorespiratory 

fitness seen during adolescence in girls. The study is 

being conducted in 36 schools; 43 percent of the population are minorities.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$905,336

Fiscal Years 2000–2005—$33,305,766

Total Funding to Date—$34,211,102

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities 

Minneapolis, Minnesota —HL-066845

2. University of South Carolina 

Columbia, South Carolina —HL-066852

3. University of North Carolina 

at Chapel Hill 

Chapel Hill, North Carolina —HL-066853

4. Tulane University 

New Orleans, Louisiana —HL-066855

5. San Diego State University 

San Diego, California —HL-066856

6. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-066857

7. University of Arizona 

Tucson, Arizona —HL-066858

Trial of Aldosterone Antagonists in Adults With 

Preserved Ejection Fraction Congestive Heart 

Failure, (TOPCAT) Initiated in Fiscal Year 2004

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of aldosterone antagonist therapy to reduce mortality in patients who have heart failure with preserved 

systolic function.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$5,479,690

Fiscal Year 2004–2005—$5,998,973

Total Funding to Date—$11,478,663

Current Active Organization and Contract Number

1. New England Research Institutes, Inc. 

Watertown, Massachusetts —HC-45207

Weight Loss in Obese Adults With 

Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Initiated in Fiscal 

Year 2006

The purpose of this study is to conduct randomized 

clinical trials in routine clinical practice settings to test 

the effectiveness of weight loss interventions in obese 

patients who have one or more additional cardiovascular risk factors. An important secondary focus of these 

effectiveness clinical trials is to incorporate the weight 

loss strategies with approaches to improve application of 

evidence-based guidelines to reduce the other cardiovascular risk factors commonly present in obese patients, 

such as elevated lipids, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, or cigarette smoking.

Obligations:

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,567,146

Total Funding to Date—$2,567,146

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-087071
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2. University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-087072

3. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-087085

Lung Diseases Program

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Clinical 

Network (ARDSNet), Initiated in Fiscal Year 

1994

The purpose of this network is to develop and conduct randomized controlled clinical trials to prevent, 

treat, and improve the outcome of patients with acute 

lung injury, ARDS, and other related critical illnesses.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$7,396,064

Fiscal Years 1994–2005—$50,915,641

Total Funding to Date—$58,311,705

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

1. Baystate Medical Center 

Springfield, Massachusetts —HR-56165

2. University of California, San Francisco 

San Francisco, California —HR-56166

3. University of Colorado Health 

Sciences Center 

Denver, Colorado —HR-56167

4. Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of 

Medicine-Case Western Reserve University 

Cleveland, Ohio —HR-56168

5. Duke University Medical Center 

Durham, North Carolina —HR-56169

6. John Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HR-56170

7. HC Health Services, Inc. 

Salt Lake City, Utah —HR-56171

8. Louisiana State University 

New Orleans, Louisiana —HR-56172

9. University of Washington 

Seattle, Washington —HR-56173

10. Vanderbilt University Medical Center 

Nashville, Tennessee —HR-56174

11. Wake Forest University Health Sciences 

Winston-Salem, North Carolina —HR-56175

12. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine 

Rochester, Minnesota —HR-56176

13. Massachusetts General Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HR-56179

Asthma Clinical Research Network (ACRN), 

Phase II, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2003

The purpose of this network is to evaluate current 

and novel therapies and management strategies for adult 

asthma and to ensure that findings are rapidly disseminated to the medical community. Approximately 33 percent of the participants will be minorities.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$7,838,310

Fiscal Years 2003–2005—$25,272,584

Total Funding to Date—$33,110,894

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. National Jewish Medical 

and Research Center 

Denver, Colorado —HL-074073

2. University of California, San Francisco 

San Francisco, California —HL-074204

3. University of Texas Medical Branch 

Galveston, Texas —HL-074206

4. Washington University 

St. Louis, Missouri —HL-074208

5. University of Wisconsin 

Madison, Wisconsin —HL-074212

6. University of California, San Diego 

La Jolla, California —HL-074218

7. Wake Forest University Health Sciences 

Winston-Salem, North Carolina —HL-074225

8. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-074227

9. Pennsylvania State University 

Hershey Medical Center 

Hershey, Pennsylvania —HL-074231

Childhood Asthma Research and Education 

(CARE) Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 1999

The purpose of this clinical network is to evaluate 

current and novel therapies and management strategies 

for children with asthma. Emphasis is on clinical trials 

that help identify optimal therapy for children with different asthma phenotypes, genotypes, and ethnic backgrounds and children at different developmental stages. 

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$5,734,754

Fiscal Years 1999–2005—$37,102,539

Total Funding to Date—$42,837,293
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Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Washington University 

St. Louis, Missouri —HL-064287

2. National Jewish Medical and 

Research Center 

Denver, Colorado —HL-064288

3. University of California, San Diego 

La Jolla, California —HL-064295

4. University of Wisconsin 

Madison, Wisconsin —HL-064305

5. University of Arizona 

Tucson, Arizona —HL-064307

6. Pennsylvania State University 

Hershey, Pennsylvania —HL-064313

COPD Clinical Research Network, Initiated in 

Fiscal Year 2003

The purpose of this network is to investigate disease 

management approaches in patients with moderate-tosevere COPD and to ensure that the findings are rapidly 

disseminated to the medical community.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$7,664,383

Fiscal Years 2003–2005—$22,129,545

Total Funding to Date—$29,793,928

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Harbor-UCLA Research 

and Education Institute 

Torrance, California —HL-074407

2. Temple University 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-074408

3. Denver Health and Hospital Authority 

Denver, Colorado —HL-074409

4. Minnesota Veterans Research Institute 

Minneapolis, Minnesota —HL-074416

5. University of Alabama at Birmingham 

Birmingham, Alabama —HL-074418

6. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 

Ann Arbor, Michigan —HL-074422

7. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities 

Minneapolis, Minnesota —HL-074424

8. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-074428

9. University of California, San Francisco 

San Francisco, California —HL-074431

10. University of Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania —HL-074439

11. University of Maryland

Baltimore Professional School 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-074441

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research 

Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this network is to establish (1) six to 

seven clinical centers to design and perform multiple 

therapeutic trials for treatment of patients with newly 

diagnosed idiopatic pulmonary fibrosis and (2) a Data 

Coordinating Center for the network.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$7,349,196

Fiscal Year 2005—$3,486,226

Total Funding to Date—$10,835,422

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

1. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine 

Rochester, Minnesota —HL-080274

2. Vanderbilt University 

Nashville, Tennessee —HL-080370

3. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 

Ann Arbor, Michigan —HL-080371

4. Weill Medical College of Cornell University 

New York, New York —HL-080383

5. University of California, Los Angeles 

Los Angeles, California —HL-080411

6. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-080413

7. University of Washington 

Seattle, Washington —HL-080509

8. Tulane University of Louisiana 

New Orleans, Louisiana —HL-080510

9. University of Chicago 

Chicago, Illinois —HL-080513

10. Emory University 

Atlanta Geogia —HL-080543

11. National Jewish Medical 

and Research Center 

Denver Colorado —HL-080571

12. University of California, San Francisco 

San Francisco, California —HL-080685

Blood Diseases and Resources Program

Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Research 

Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2001

The purpose of this network is to promote the efficient comparison of novel treatment methods and man-
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Chapter 11. Clinical Trials

agement strategies of potential benefit for children and 

adults undergoing blood or marrow transplantation.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$6,845,170

Fiscal Years 2001–2005—$29,641,551

Total Funding to Date—$36,486,721

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Nebraska Medical Center 

Omaha, Nebraska —HL-069233

2. Fred Hutchinson Cancer 

Research Center 

Seattle, Washington —HL-069246

3. Dana Farber Cancer Institute 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-069249

4. Children’s Mercy Hospital 

Kansas City, Missouri —HL-069254

5. University of California, San Diego 

La Jolla, California —HL-069273

6. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-069274

7. City of Hope Medical Center 

Duarte, California —HL-069278

8. University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-069286

9. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities 

Minneapolis, Minnesota —HL-069290

10. Stanford University 

Stanford, California —HL-069291

11. Medical College of Wisconsin 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin —HL-069294

12. University of Florida 

Gainesville, Florida —HL-069301

13. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-069310

14. Sloan Kettering Institute 

for Cancer Research 

New York, New York —HL-069315

15. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 

Ann Arbor, Michigan —HL-069330

16. Case Western Reserve University 

Cleveland, Ohio —HL-069348

Pediatric Hydroxyurea Phase III Clinical Trial 

(BABY HUG), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2000

The objective of this clinical trial is to determine 

if hydroxyurea therapy is effective in prevention of 

chronic end organ damage in pediatric patients with 

sickle cell anemia.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$891,000

Fiscal Years 2000–2005—$9,713,399

Total Funding to Date—$10,604,399

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

1. Children’s Research Institute 

Washington, DC —HB-07150

2. Duke University Medical Center 

Durham, North Carolina —HB-07151

3. Howard University 

Washington, DC —HB-07152

4. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HB-07153

5. Medical University of South Carolina 

Charleston, South Carolina —HB-07154

6. St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital 

Memphis, Tennessee —HB-07155

7. The Research Foundation of SUNY 

New York, New York —HB-07156

8. University of Miami 

Miami, Florida —HB-07157

9. University of Mississippi Medical Center 

Jackson, Mississippi —HB-07158

10. University of Texas 

Southwestern Medical Center 

Dallas, Texas —HB-07159

11. Clinical Trials and Surveys Corporation 

Baltimore, Maryland —HB-07160

Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Research Network, 

Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

The purpose of this clinical research network is to 

conduct Phase III randomized controlled clinical trials 

to test the efficacy and effectiveness of new therapies 

to treat and prevent complications of SCD, and when 

appropriate, thalassemia. In addition, the network is 

designed to create data sets that can be used to improve 

characterization of patients and their clinical course, 

apply genomic and proteomic techniques for improved 

diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and expand the 

clinical application of multimodal therapies in SCD.

Obligations:

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$3,761,385

Total Funding to Date—$3,761,385
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Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

1. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-083698

2. Emory University 

Atlanta, Georgia —HL-083699

3. Children’s Hospital and Research Center 

Oakland, California —HL-083704

4. Drexel University 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-083705

5. New England Research Institutes, Inc. 

Watertown, Massachusetts —HL-083721

6. University of Illinois at Chicago 

Chicago, Illinois —HL-083730

7. Virginia Commonwealth University 

Richmond, Virginia —HL-083732

8. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-083746

9. Howard University 

Washington, DC —HL-083748

10. Boston Medical Center 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-083771

Sildenafil for Sickle Cell Disease-Associated 

Pulmonary Hypertension, Initiated in Fiscal 

Year 2006

The purpose of this clinical trial is to evaluate the 

safety and efficacy of 18 weeks of therapy with sildenafil, a nitric oxide potentiator, in adult patients with SCD 

and pulmonary hypertension; exercise endurance and 

pulmonary artery pressure will be measured. Pulmonary 

hypertension occurs in up to 30 percent of SCD cases 

and is strongly associated with mortality in adults with 

SCD.

Obligations:

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$1,867,000

Total Funding to Date—$1,867,000

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

1. Rho Federal Systems Division, Inc. 

Chapel Hill, North Carolina —HB-67182

2. Imperial College of London 

London, England —HB-67183

3. Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania —HB-67184

4. University of Colorado 

Denver, Colorado —HB-67185

5. Children’s Hospital and Research Center 

at Oakland 

Oakland, California —HB-67186

6. University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, Illinois —HB-67187

7. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HB-67188

8. Howard University 

Washington, DC —HB-67189

9. Albert Einstein College of Medicine 

New York, New York —HB-67190

Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia) Clinical 

Research Network, Initiated Fiscal Year 2000

The purpose of this network is to accelerate research 

in the management of thalassemia, standardize existing 

treatments, and evaluate new ones in a network of clinical centers.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$2,682,493

Fiscal Years 2000–2005—$14,104,677

Total Funding to Date—$16,787,170

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-065232

2. Hospital for Sick Children 

Toronto, Ontario —HL-065233

3. New England Research Institute, Inc. 

Watertown, Massachusetts —HL-065238

4. Children’s Hospital and Research 

Center at Oakland 

Oakland, California —HL-065239

5. Weill Medical College 

of Cornell University 

New York, New York —HL-065244

6. Children’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-065260

Transfusion Medicine/Hemostasis Clinical 

Research Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

The purpose of this network is to promote the efficient comparison of new management strategies for 

individuals with hemostatic disorders, such as idiopathic 

thrombocytopenia and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and to evaluate new and existing blood 

products and cytokines for treatment of hematologic 

disorders.
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Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$6,520,638

Fiscal Years 2002–2005—$24,607,616

Total Funding to Date—$31,128,254

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Iowa 

Iowa City, Iowa —HL-072028

2. Case Western Reserve University 

Cleveland, Ohio —HL-072033

3. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities 

Minneapolis, Minnesota —HL-072072

4. Johns Hopkins University 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-072191

5. Weill Medical College 

of Cornell University 

New York, New York —HL-072196

6. Emory University 

Atlanta, Georgia —HL-072248

7. New England Research Institutes, Inc. 

Watertown, Massachusetts —HL-072268

8. Tulane University of Louisiana 

New Orleans, Louisiana —HL-072274

9. University of Oklahoma 

Health Sciences Center 

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma —HL-072283

10. Duke University 

Durham, North Carolina —HL-072289

11. Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin —HL-072290

12. Children’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-072291

13. Massachusetts General Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —HL-072299

14. Puget Sound Blood Center 

Seattle, Washington —HL-072305

15. University of Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania —HL-072331

16. University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —HL-072346

17. University of North Carolina 

at Chapel Hill 

Chapel Hill, North Carolina —HL-072355

18. University of Maryland 

Baltimore Professional School 

Baltimore, Maryland —HL-072359
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* This figure reflects funding for the clinical trials and observational studies only. From 1992 to 1998, major support was provided through the 

Office of the Director, NIH. The Community Prevention Study receives funding through an interagency agreement with the CDC: $4,000,000 

in FY 1999 and $12,000,000 from FY 1996–98.

Women’s Health Initiative, Initiated in Fiscal Year 1992

The purpose of the WHI is to study cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. 

The program consists of three major components: a randomized controlled clinical trial of HRT, dietary modification, 

and calcium/vitamin D supplementation; an observational study to identify predictors of disease; and a study of community approaches to developing healthful behaviors.

Obligations

Funding History:

Fiscal Year 2006—$12,124,061

Fiscal Years 2000–2005*—$710,441,494

Total Funding to Date—$722,565,555

Current Active Organizations and Contract Numbers

1. Fred Hutchinson Cancer 

Research Center 

Seattle, Washington —WH-22110

2. University of Medicine 

and Dentistry of New Jersey 

Newark, New Jersey —WH-24152

3. Fred Hutchinson Cancer 

Research Center 

Seattle, Washington —WH-32100

4. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities 

Minneapolis, Minnesota —WH-32101

5. University of Iowa 

College of Medicine 

Iowa City, Iowa —WH-32102

6. University of Alabama at Birmingham 

Birmingham, Alabama —WH-32105

7. Wake Forest University 

Winston-Salem, North Carolina —WH-32106

8. Northwestern University 

Chicago, Illinois —WH-32108

9. Brigham and Women’s Hospital 

Boston, Massachusetts —WH-32109

10. University of Medicine 

and Dentistry of New Jersey 

Newark, New Jersey —WH-32110

11. Emory University 

Atlanta, Georgia —WH-32111

12. University of Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania —WH-32112

13. University of California, Davis 

Davis, California —WH-32113

14. University of Arizona 

Tucson, Arizona —WH-32115

15. University of Tennessee 

Memphis, Tennessee —WH-32118

16. Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island 

Pawtucket, Rhode Island —WH-32119

17. University of California, San Diego

La Jolla, California —WH-32120

18. State University of New York at Buffalo 

Buffalo, New York —WH-32122

19. American College of Obstetricians 

and Gynecologists 

Washington, DC —WH-34205

20. University of California, Irvine 

Irvine, California —WH-42107

21. George Washington University 

Washington, DC —WH-42108

22. Stanford University 

Stanford, California —WH-42109

23. Baylor College of Medicine 

Houston, Texas —WH-42110

24. University of Texas 

Health Science Center 

San Antonio, Texas —WH-42111

25. Ohio State University 

Columbus, Ohio —WH-42112

26. University of Nevada 

School of Medicine 

Reno, Nevada —WH-42113

27. Kaiser Foundation Research Institute 

Oakland, California —WH-42114

28. State University of New York 

at Stony Brook 

Stony Brook, New York —WH-42115

29. University of Massachusetts 

Medical School 

Worcester, Massachusetts —WH-42116

30. University of North Carolina 

at Chapel Hill 

Chapel Hill, North Carolina —WH-42117

31. Wayne State University 

Detroit, Michigan —WH-42118
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32. Albert Einstein College of Medicine 

New York, New York —WH-42119

33. Harbor-UCLA Research 

and Education Institute 

Torrance, California —WH-42120

34. Kaiser Foundation Research Institute 

Oakland, California —WH-42121

35. Medical College of Wisconsin 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin —WH-42122

36. Medlantic Research Institute 

Washington, DC —WH-42123

37. Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s 

Medical Center 

Chicago, Illinois —WH-42124

38. University of California, Los Angeles 

School of Medicine 

Los Angeles, California —WH-42125

39. University of Cincinnati 

Medical Center 

Cincinnati, Ohio —WH-42126

40. University of Florida 

College of Medicine 

Gainesville, Florida —WH-42129

41. University of Hawaii at Manoa 

Honolulu, Hawaii —WH-42130

42. University of Miami 

Miami, Florida —WH-42131

43. University of Wisconsin 

Madison, Wisconsin —WH-42132

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12. Minority Activities

Throughout its history, the NHLBI has been a 

leader in conducting and supporting research to eliminate health disparities that exist between vari­ous 

segments of the U.S. population. The Institute has 

not only initiated research projects with signifi­cant 

minority participation in order to compare health 

status between various populations, but also given 

high priority to programs that focus exclu­sively on 

minority health issues. 

Since FY 1991, the Institute has had procedures in 

place to ensure full compliance with the NIH Policy 

on Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in 

Clinical Research. As a result, all NHLBI-supported 

research that involves human subjects includes 

minorities, with the exception of a very few projects 

for which a compelling justification for limited 

diversity in the study population exists. Thus, all 

segments of the population, both minority and nonminority, stand to benefit from the Institute’s research 

programs. 

It has long been a goal of the NHLBI to increase 

the number of individuals from underrepresented 

groups in biomedical and behavioral research. 

Selected FY 2006 activities addressing this goal 

include the following: 

• Minority K–12 Initiative for Teachers and Students (MKITS): Supports research, development, and evaluation of innovative science 

training programs to provide minority students 

in grades K–12 with the exposure, skills, and 

knowledge that will encourage them to pursue 

advanced studies in biomedical and behavioral 

sciences. 

• Historically Black Colleges and Universities 

(HBCU) Research Scientist Award: Supports 

efforts by HBCU to recruit an established 

research scientist in cardiovascular, lung, or 

blood health and disease; transfusion medicine; 

or sleep disorders. 

• Sickle Cell Scholars Program: Supports career 

development of young or new investigators in 

SCD research. 

• Summer for Sickle Cell Science Program: Supports research training and mentoring of individuals from high school to junior investigator 

level as part of the Comprehensive Sickle Cell 

Centers program. 

• Clinical Research Education and Career Development in Minority Institutions: Encourages the 

development and implementation of curriculumdependent programs in minority institutions to 

train selected doctoral and postdoctoral candidates in clinical research leading to a Master of 

Science Degree in Clinical Research or Master 

of Public Health Degree in a clinically relevant 

area. 

• Research Scientist Award for Minority Institutions: Strengthens the biomedical and behavioral research capabilities and resources of 

minority institutions by recruiting an established 

scientist with expertise in areas related to cardiovascular, lung, or blood health and disease; 

transfusion medicine; or sleep disorders. 

• Minority Undergraduate Biomedical Education 

Program: Encourages development of pilot 

demonstration programs at minority undergraduate educational institutions to recruit and retain 

talented undergraduate students in the biomedical sciences.

• Summer Institute Program To Increase Diversity 

in Health-Related Research: Enables faculty 

and scientists from underrepresented racial and 

ethnic groups or with disabilities to advance 

their research skills and knowledge in basic and 

applied sciences relevant to heart, lung, and 

blood diseases and sleep disorders, so that they 

may compete for funding for scientific research 

in the biomedical and behavioral sciences. 

The Office of Minority Health Affairs (OMHA) 

within the Office of the Director provides oversight 

for, and coordi­nates, supports, and evaluates Institute 

programs related to minority health outcomes, including research, research training and career development, public outreach, and translation of research 

findings. The OMHA also coordinates activities to 

foster greater participation of underrepresented 
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minorities in NHLBI research and research training and 

career development programs. Selected FY 2006 activities include the following: 

• Issuing four training and career devel­opment RFAs 

to increase the number of highly trained minorities 

conducting biomedical and behavioral research. 

Additional targeted groups include individuals 

from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups or 

disadvantaged backgrounds or individuals with 

disabilities. 

• Participating in HHS-Endorsed Minority Organization Internship Programs by providing positions 

in NHLBI extramural divisions to students from the 

National Association for Equal Opportunity in 

Higher Education, the Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities, and the Washington Internships for Native Students programs. 

• Cosponsoring with the NIH, the Cherokee Elementary School Project: Out of the Box, which is 

designed to create awareness and interest in the 

importance of science, medicine, and health; eliminate gaps in quality of health among minorities by 

encouraging health-related careers; and encour­age 

youngsters to take responsibility for their own 

health. 

• Supporting the African American, Hispanic, and 

Native American Youth Initiatives to bring minority 

students to the NIH campus for scientific presentations, an introduction to NHLBI’s research training and career development programs, and a tour of 

several NHLBI laboratories. 

• Providing undergraduate students from the Tougaloo 

College Scholars program the opportunity to observe biomedical research at the NHLBI during a 3-

day tour of the NIH that includes learning about the 

NIH and available research training opportunities.

• Serving as a Web site resource for recruitment of 

minority individuals into the Ruth L. Kirschstein 

Institutional National Research Service Award 

(T32). 

• Increasing recruitment of individuals for the NHLBI 

intramural and extramural training programs by representing the Institute at five minority-focused 

research meetings to raise awareness of research and 

research training and career development opportunities available from the NHLBI.

• Coordinating the Biomedical Research Training 

Program for Individuals From Underrepresented 

Groups that offers opportunities for underrepresented undergraduate, postbaccalaureate, and graduate students to receive training in fundamental 

biomedical sciences and clinical research as it 

relates to the etiology and treatment of heart, blood 

vessel, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders.

See Chapter 13 for additional NHLBI-supported 

minority research training and career development 

programs. 

The following text describes selected current projects 

that focus on minority populations and reflect the 

Institute’s research portfolio related to minority health. 

Addi­tional information can be found in Chapters 9 

through 11. 

Heart and Vascular Diseases 

Risk Factors 

Epidemiology 

Long-term epidemiologic studies are critical to uncovering risk factors that lead to disease. The Institute has 

initiated several major studies of heart disease focused 

significantly or completely on minority populations. 

• CARDIA (see Chapter 10): To determine the evolution of CHD risk factors and lifestyle characteristics 

in young adults that may influence development of 

risk factors prior to middle age; 50 percent of the 

participants are black. 

• ARIC (see Chapter 10): To investigate the association of CHD risk factors with development of atherosclerosis and CVD in an adult population; 30 

percent of the participants are black. 

• CHS (see Chapter 10): To examine risk factors for 

CHD and stroke in the elderly; 16 percent of the 

participants are black. 

• Strong Heart Study (see Chapter 9): To compare 

risk factor levels and morbidity and mortality from 

CVD among American Indians from three different 

geographic locations. 

• JHS (see Chapter 10): To identify environmental 

and genetic factors influencing evolution and progression of CVD in blacks. 
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Chapter 12. Minority Activities

• MESA (see Chapter 10): To examine the characteristics of subclinical CVD that predict progression to 

clinically overt CVD and related risk factors that 

predict subclinical disease in blacks, whites, Hispanics, and Asians; 62 percent of the participants are 

minorities. 

• GOCADAN (see Chapter 9): To document CVD 

risk factors and measures of subclinical disease and 

to identify and characterize genes that contribute to 

CVD in approximately 40 extended Alaska Native 

families. 

• HCHS (see Chapter 10): To identify risk factors for 

cardiovascular and lung disease in Hispanic populations in the United States and determine the role of 

acculturation in their prevalence and development.

Several investigator-initiated epidemiologic studies 

are examining gene–environment interactions that 

increase CVD risk factors among various racial groups. 

Included among them are studies that compare gene–

environment interactions in black populations in Africa, 

the Carib­bean, and selected areas of the United States; 

determine the genes responsible for the metabolic syndrome, a risk factor for CVD, in 10,000 Chinese sibling 

pairs; determine the genes responsible for CVD risk factor response to dietary fat changes in blacks; investigate 

genes influenc­ing changes in blood pressure in response 

to high- and low-salt diets in a rural Chinese population; 

and identify and map specific genes that contribute to 

CVD risk in Mexican Americans.

Scientific evidence is emerging that implicates cellular 

and inflammatory processes in the development and 

characteristics of atherosclerotic plaque and the clinical 

course of CVD. One study seeks to identify cellular, 

metabolic, and genomic correlates of atherosclerotic 

plaque characteristics and early changes in the vascular 

wall in a subset of the ARIC cohort that is predominately 

black. Another study is elucidating the links between 

socioeconomic factors, stress, inflammation and hemostasis, and cardiovascular risk in a large and diverse 

population. 

Several drugs in four widely used classes of noncardiovascular medications (fluoroquinolone and macrolide 

antibiotics, antipsychotics, and antidepressants) have 

been shown to be pro-arrhythmic and thus increase the 

risk of sudden cardiac death. Investigators are conducting a study, using a large and comprehensive data set of 

about 800,000 persons, 40 percent blacks, to understand 

the role of these medications on the risk of sudden cardiac death. Research findings will provide information 

that clinicians need to prescribe these widely used medications in a way that minimizes the risk of sudden cardiac death. 

Ancillary studies to MESA are investigating subclinical CVD in ethnic minority groups. They include investigations of regional left ventricular function, progression 

of calcification in the aorta, abnormalities in the small 

vessels of the retina, association of air pollution and subclinical CVD, identification of genes for subclinical 

CVD, and relationships of sociodemographic factors and 

other factors to subclinical CVD.

The Institute is supporting additional epidemiologic 

investigations that include a study of Chagas’ disease—a 

leading cause of heart disease throughout Latin 

America—to identify genetic determinants of susceptibility to infection and differential disease pathogenesis in 

a black population residing in rural Brazil; a project to 

use pooled data from nine existing U.S. studies to compare between blacks and whites, CHD incidence and 

mortality rates, exposure–outcome relationship, patterns 

of comorbidity, and population attributable risk; and a 

study to evaluate and compare the extent of atherosclerosis and risk factors for CHD in three different populations: U.S., Japanese American in Hawaii, and Japanese 

in Japan. 

Treatment and Prevention 

Low-dose aspirin is cost effective and efficacious for 

the prevention and treatment of CHD. However, some 

individuals, perhaps because of genetic variations across 

individuals, do not respond to the treatment. A genetic 

study in high-risk siblings of patients with premature 

CHD, along with their adult offspring, is seeking to 

determine whether low-dose aspirin responsiveness is 

heritable and whether it is associated with specific variations in candidate genes or defined haplotypes; 50 percent of the participants are black.

Many evidence-based guidelines for treatment of risk 

factors or disease have been developed, but they are 

often not adhered to by patients—especially minority 

populations—or adopted in routine clinical practice. The 

Institute has initiated the following activities to address 

this important problem: 
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Chapter 12. Minority Activities

• Trials Assessing Innovative Strategies To Improve 

Clinical Practice Through Guidelines in Heart, 

Lung, and Blood Diseases: To identify obstacles to 

implementing national evidence-based guidelines 

and test interventions to promote their use in clinical 

practice. Studies supported by this initiative have a 

high percentage of minority participants. 

• Overcoming Barriers to Treatment Adherence in 

Minorities and Persons Living in Poverty: To overcome barriers to treatment adherence for lifestyle 

changes and pharmacologic therapy in minorities 

and persons living in poverty. 

Although great progress has been achieved in reducing CVD morbidity and mortality in the United States 

over the past 40 years, minorities have not shared fully in 

the progress and continue to have higher CVD morbidity. 

To address this problem, the Institute has initiated programs directed at reducing cardiovascular health 

disparities:

• Partnership Programs To Reduce Cardiovascular 

Disparities: To expand the capacity of research 

institutions to reduce health disparities, encourage 

more researchers to focus on minority health, and 

improve minority acceptance and community 

willingness to participate in research by pairing 

research-intensive medical centers that have a track 

record of NIH-supported research and patient care 

with minority health care serving institutions that 

lack a strong research program. Research will focus 

on the complex biological, behavioral, and societal 

factors that result in cardiovascular health disparities 

in their target populations (e.g., African Americans, 

Hispanics, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders). 

• Cultural Competence and Health Disparities Academic Award: To enhance the ability of select physicians and other health care professionals to address 

disparities in the occurrence, management, and outcomes of cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematological, 

and sleep disorders among various population 

groups in the United States in a culturally sensitive 

manner. The award addresses ethnic, cultural, religious, socioeconomic, linguistic, and other factors 

that contribute to health disparities, and culturally 

competent approaches to mitigating them. 

• Community-Responsive Interventions To Reduce 

Cardiovascular Risk in American Indians and Alaska Natives: To test the effectiveness of culturally 

appropriate behavioral interventions that promote 

adoption of healthy lifestyles related to heart disease 

and stroke risk, including healthy diet, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, and stress management in American Indians and Alaska Natives. 

Education 

The NHLBI, through its education programs (see 

Chapter 2), disseminates health information to physicians, health care professionals, patients, and the public 

on ways to prevent or treat diseases within the Institute’s 

mandate. It has developed the following communitybased programs to combat cardiovascular health disparities among four major cultural/ethnic groups: blacks, 

Hispanics, American Indians and Alaska Natives, and 

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. 

• Public Health in Public Housing: Improving Health, 

Changing Lives: To disseminate information about 

improving cardiovascular health by adopting heart 

healthy lifestyles to populations residing in public 

housing.

• NHLBI-Health Resources and Services Administration Bureau of Primary Care Partnership: To integrate clinical care management teams and trained 

community health educators to implement two pilot 

programs for patients in public housing primary care 

centers who are at high risk for CVD.

• Salud para su Corazón: To disseminate information 

on CVD prevention, intervention, and treatment and 

promote heart healthy behaviors in Hispanic communities through lay health educators (promotores 

model). 

• NHLBI-Indian Health Service Partnership To 

Strengthen the Heartbeat of AI/AN Communities: 

To develop and initiate effective approaches to 

improve cardiovascular health in three tribal communities; to examine and document results of the 

three tribal community projects completed in FY 

2006; to develop and implement “Honoring the Gift 

of Heart Health,” a national cardiovascular health 

training program, with the Indian Health Service; 

and to disseminate CVD information on prevention 

and education through outreach and training opportunities for AI/AN communities across the country.

• NHLBI Asian American and Pacific Islanders Heart 

Health Outreach Project: To develop culturally and 

lin­guistically appropriate outreach activities and 

information to increase community awareness of 

heart disease and its associated risk factors and to 
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Chapter 12. Minority Activities

promote heart healthy lifestyles among a diverse 

Asian American and Pacific Islander population. 

In addition to the activities mentioned above, the 

Institute has prepared publications on CVD prevention 

for minority populations. They include the following: 

• Improving Cardiovascular Health in African Americans—Package of Seven Easy-To-Read Booklets

• Heart-Healthy Home Cooking African American 

Style

• Your Heart is Golden: Heart Health Promotion 

Activities for Vietnamese Communities

• Eight Easy-to-Read Booklets in Spanish and English 

on Heart Health 

• Bringing Heart Health to Latinos: A Guide for 

Building Community Programs

• Your Heart, Your Life: A Health Educator’s Manual 

for the Latino community 

• Filipinos Aspire for Healthy Hearts Fact Sheets in 

Tagalog and English 

• Filipinos Take It To Heart: A How-To Guide for 

Bringing Heart Health to Your Community

• Vietnamese Aspire for Healthy Hearts Fact Sheets in 

Vietnamese and English 

• Treat Your Heart to a Healthy Celebration directed 

to American Indians and Alaskan Natives

• Honoring the Gift of Heart Health: A Heart Health 

Educator’s Manual for Native Americans 

The educational materials listed throughout this chapter can be obtained from the NHLBI public Web site or 

through the NHLBI online catalog. 

Arrhythmias

The NHLBI is supporting basic and genetic research 

on the mechanisms that underlie cardiac arrhythmias to 

improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of arrhythmias in all ethnic and racial groups in the United States. 

In one study examining common genetic variants that 

underlie variability in heart rate and rhythm, researchers 

have found significant ethnic and racial differences in the 

occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) associated with mutations in the same ion channel genes that 

cause inherited and acquired long QT syndrome (a 

rhythm disturbance that can be lethal). This finding, 

which helps to explain why SIDS occurs among blacks 

and Native Americans at three times its rate among 

whites and six times its rate among Hispanics and 

Asians, may lead to prospective genetic testing for SIDS 

and permit counseling for at-risk families. 

Another study identified an association between variations in certain receptors that are activated during sympathetic nervous system stimulation and an increased risk 

of sudden cardiac death, most often due to ventricular 

arrhythmia. Although no significant differences were 

found between blacks and whites in associated risk of 

sudden cardiac death, continued research in this area can 

be expected to advance understanding of differences in 

genetic predisposition for cardiac arrhythmias among 

ethnic and racial groups and ultimately lead to improved 

therapy.

Heart Failure

Heart failure (heart muscle dysfunction) affects about 

5 million Americans of all ethnicities and is a growing 

public health concern. It is frequently the end result of 

other conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, and 

prior heart attacks. 

The NHLBI is supporting basic and clinical research 

associated with heart failure that will benefit Americans 

of all ethnicities. One Institute-supported study within 

the Partnership Programs To Reduce Cardiovascular 

Disparities is examining heart failure disparities in 

Native Hawaiians:

• Heart Failure Disparities in Native Hawaiians: To 

characterize ethnic differences in patients hospitalized for heart failure, determine whether a culturally 

competent educational program can reduce hospitalizations, and compare the effectiveness of early 

diagnosis in high-risk patients by using communitybased portable echocardiography to echocardiography performed by professional hospital-based 

sonographers.

Other research targeting minority populations includes 

an investigation of genetic variations (especially those 

common in blacks) that affect individual responses to the 

beta blocker drugs used to treat heart failure and identification of underlying genetic variations that result in 

familial dilated cardiomyopathy, an inherited form of 

heart dysfunction, in which five black families are partic-
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Chapter 12. Minority Activities

ipating. Another study is addressing angioedema or 

severe allergic reaction, a life-threatening side effect of 

ACE-inhibitor drugs that is more common in blacks than 

in whites. Investigators are determining the mechanisms 

that cause the side effect and studying the genetic profile 

of affected individuals and their families in order to 

detemine who should avoid taking the drugs. 

High Blood Pressure 

Etiology and Pathophysiology 

High blood pressure is a serious health problem that is 

especially prevalent and severe among minorities. An 

Institute-initiated study is seeking to determine the etiology and pathophysiology of high blood pressure: 

• Family Blood Pressure Program (see Chapter 9): To 

use a network of investigators to identify genes 

associated with high blood pressure and to examine 

interactions between genetic and environmental 

determinants of hypertension in specific minority 

populations: blacks, Mexican Americans, and 

Asians. 

The NHLBI supports a number of investigator-initiated studies to identify genes linked to hypertension in 

blacks, Mexican Americans, and whites to determine if 

part of the disparity in prevalence can be attributed to 

genetic differences among the groups. Genes under 

investigation include those associated with the reninangiotensin system, the autonomic nervous system, and 

sodium transport. 

The Institute supports a number of projects to examine 

antecedents of hypertension in children to determine 

racial differences in blood pres­sure regulation. One 

study is determining relationships between cardiovascular reactivity in adolescent normo­tensive blacks and 

development of pathobiologic mark­ers of hypertension 

risk (i.e., increased resting blood pressure, left ventricular mass, and relative wall thick­ness) later in life. 

Another is investigating the genetics of cardiovascular 

reactivity following stress in black youth. 

Researchers also are examining the influence of SES 

and ethnic discrimination on stress reactivity to determine if it provides a pathophysiologic link to CVD in 

blacks. One group is examining the combined influence 

of low SES and ethnicity on development of behavioral 

risk factors (i.e., hostility, anxiety, and heightened cardiovascular reactivity to stress) in a group of adolescents; 50 

percent of them are black. Another group is assessing 

the relationship between early life exposure to socioeconomic stressors such as adverse socioeconomic conditions, low levels of social integration, and racial 

discrimination and development of hypertension in 

blacks. 

Investigators have observed that blacks have an augmented blood pressure response to salt. A study to 

improve understanding of the genetic basis and phenotypic characterization of salt-sensitive hypertension in 

blacks has located a specific region of the kidney where 

sodium is reabsorbed more extensively in blacks than in 

whites. 

Impaired sodium regulation also appears to be linked 

to the development of hypertension. Scientists are investigating the effects of stress on salt retention and measuring hormonal variables known to influence sodium 

regulation. One study is seeking to determine whether 

the mechanisms regulating sodium retention differ 

between blacks and whites. Researchers found that black 

youths have a slower salt excretion rate in response to 

stress than white youths. Another study is examining the 

role of sodium and obesity in hypertension develop­ment 

among blacks living in three different environ­ments: 

Nigeria, Jamaica, and Chicago. In a twin study consisting of 41 percent blacks, scientists are investigating 

sodium retention as a mechanism augmenting systemic 

vascular resistance and changes in vascular function, 

ventricular structure, and blood presssure. 

The role of dietary factors, particularly macronutrients, in the etiology of high blood pressure is another 

area of investigation. Scientists are conducting epidemiologic studies among participants with diverse ethnicity, 

SES, and dietary habits in four countries to determine the 

impact of selected dietary components (proteins, lipids, 

carbohydrates, amino acids, calcium, magnesium, 

sodium, potassium, antioxidants, fiber, and caffeine) on 

blood pressure. Another study is seeking to identify the 

link between healthy diet, genetic factors, and their 

underlying biological mechanisms.

Treatment and Prevention 

Identifying effective treatment strategies for various 

populations requires large-scale studies with representative populations in sufficient numbers. 
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Chapter 12. Minority Activities

• Ancillary Pharmacogenetic Studies in Heart, Lung, 

and Blood Diseases and Sleep Disorders: To conduct pharmacogenetic studies in ongoing or completed clinical trials/studies related to heart, lung, 

and blood diseases and sleep disorders to examine 

genetic influences on interindividual differences in 

prescription drug response. Understanding the 

genetic influences may permit improved medication 

choice and dosing in individuals and help avoid 

either serious adverse response or poor response to 

therapy. Three of the studies focus on antihypertensive drugs and include 50 to 58 percent blacks. 

Although it is well known that reducing hypertension 

will reduce CVD rates, the implementation of evidencebased guidelines for hypertension treatment in clinical 

practice is not very high. To address this issue, the 

NHLBI initiated a program to improve hypertension control rates in blacks, a group with the highest prevalence 

and earliest onset of hypertension and with a disparately 

high premature cardiovascular mortality and morbidity: 

• Interventions To Improve Hypertension Control 

Rates in African Americans: To evaluate the feasibility of clinical interventions directed at the medical care delivery system to increase the proportion 

of blacks who have their blood pressure controlled 

to levels specified by the JNC VII guidelines. 

Understanding racial differences in blood pressure 

control is an area of major interest for the Institute. 

Scientists are examining whether variations in genes of 

the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system predict differences in blood pressure response to diuretic therapy 

among hypertensive blacks and whites. Research also is 

being focused on variations in the ACE gene between 

blacks and whites to explain racial differences in the 

antihyper­tensive responsiveness to ACE inhibitors. 

The Institute supports a number of investigator-initiated studies to evaluate various interventions to improve 

hypertension management. One study is testing the 

effectiveness of a two-staged intervention involving telemonitoring of blood pressure and telephone-based nurse 

care management in 12 community-based clinics that 

serve an economically disadvantaged, largely black and 

Hispanic populations. Another study is evaluating two 

interventions compared to usual care (regular primary 

care clinic visits) in blacks with hypertension who have 

several risk factors (smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and 

high sodium intake) for CVD. The interventions include 

the following: (1) simultaneous intervention (smoking 

cession, increased exercise, and decreased salt intake) in 

a clinical session, with stage-specific telephone support 

and follow-up and (2) sequential intervention of each targeted behavior presented individually at a clinic session, 

with stage-specific telephone support and follow-up. 

Anger and hostility have been demonstrated as risk 

factors for hypertension. Scientists are evaluating an 

anger management intervention in a hospital setting with 

46 percent blacks to determine if it will lead to improved 

blood pressure and psychosocial risk factors (e.g., reduce 

depression). 

Education 

The NHLBI (see Chapter 2) has developed a number 

of outreach activities to inform minority populations of 

the importance of blood pressure control. Included 

among them are a toll-free number that provides materials on hypertension in English or Spanish; mini telenovelas (Más vale prevenir que lamentar), “health moments” 

to reinforce CVD prevention for local Spanish-language 

television stations; a Spanish version of the High Blood 

Pressure Education Month Kit; and several publications 

for health professionals, patients, and the public. Below 

are some examples: 

• Sí se Puede: Prevenir y Controlar la Presión Arterial Alta con Actividad Física

• Plan de Alimentación Saludable Contra la Hipertensión: Prevenir y Controlar la Presión Arterial 

Alta Siguiendo el Plan de Alimentación Conocida 

Como DASH 

• Sí se Puede: Prevenir y Controlar la Presión Arterial Alta. Lo Que Usted Debe Saber Sobre la Preventión y Control de la Presión Arterial Alta 

• Sí se Puede: Prevenir y Controlar la Presión Arterial Alta. Lo Que los Médicos Deben Saber 

• Take Steps To Prevent High Blood Pressure in English and Spanish

• Cut Down on Salt and Sodium in English and 

Spanish

• Churches as an Avenue to High Blood Pressure 

Control 

• Working With Religious Congregations: A Guide for 

Health Professionals 

• Protect Your Heart! Prevent High Blood Pressure 
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Chapter 12. Minority Activities

• Spice up Your Life! Eat Less Salt and Sodium 

• Keep the Harmony Within You—Check Your Blood 

Pressure 

• Keep Your Heart in Check—Know Your Blood Pressure Number in Tagalog and English and in Vietnamese and English

• Prevent and Control High Blood Pressure: Mission 

Possible. 

NHBPEP Coordinating Committee Activities 

Member organizations of the NHBPEP coordinating 

committee have continuing education programs on the 

prevention and treatment of hypertension that are 

focused on their minority members. They also support 

hypertension prevention and awareness in communitybased settings such as screening and church activities, 

community awareness campaigns, and media events. 

High Serum Cholesterol 

Etiology 

The Institute supports a number of investigatorinitiated projects to identify genes that influence the 

lipo­protein profile within various racial and ethnic 

groups. Research findings could offer an explanation 

for differ­ences in susceptibility to CHD found between 

various racial and ethnic groups. 

Variation in hepatic lipase activity is associated with 

differences in plasma concentrations of HDL and LDL 

synthesis and catabolism. Researchers are investigating 

whether ethnic differences in hepatic lipase activity are 

responsible for the well-known differences in plasma 

HDL concentrations found in blacks and whites. Genetic 

studies are being conducted on a population that is 39 

percent black. 

Prevention 

The NHLBI is supporting an investigator-initiated 

study among minority preschool children to track the 

long-term effectiveness of nutrition interventions on 

blood cholesterol and diet. Additional potential risk 

fac­tors, such as increased blood pressure, obesity, and 

inten­tion to smoke, will also be monitored. 

Education 

The NCEP (see Chapter 2) has prepared the following 

publications on blood cholesterol for minority audiences. 

• Learn Your Cholesterol Number in Spanish and 

English 

• Protect Your Heart—Lower Your Blood Cholesterol

in Spanish and English 

• Heart-Healthy Home Cooking African American 

Style 

• Delicious Heart-Healthy Latino Recipes 

• Cut Down on Fat—Not on Taste in Spanish and 

English 

• Empower Yourself! Learn Your Cholesterol Number 

• Be Heart Smart! Eat Foods Lower in Saturated Fats 

and Cholesterol 

• American Indian and Alaska Native People: Treat 

Your Heart to a Healthy Celebration 

• Serve Up a Healthy Life—Give the Gift of Good 

Nutrition in Tagalog and English, and in Vietnamese 

and English.

Obesity 

Etiology 

The latest NHANES data show a continued rise in the 

proportion of Americans who are overweight; black 

women are especially at risk. To understand the reasons 

for the racial disparity among women, the Institute initiated a long-term program, the NHLBI Growth and 

Health Study (NGHS), to examine the development of 

obesity and CVD risk factors in a biracial cohort of 

young girls. The study, which ended in FY 2000, found 

black girls consumed more calories and a higher percentage of calo­ries from fat and watched more television than 

white girls. An investigator-initiated study using the 

NGHS cohort, starting at ages 18 to 19 years, is examining the changes in cardiac output and total peripheral 

resistance that occur with developing obesity and their 

influence on ethnic difference in blood pressure regulation. Another project, using data from the NGHS, is 

examining CHD risk factors in black and white girls to 

identify genes involved in black–white differences in 

lipid metabolism and obesity. 

Black women have been shown to manifest lower resting energy expenditure than white women. Scientists 

seeking to improve our understanding of ethnicity, genetics, energy metabolism, and obesity development will 
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Chapter 12. Minority Activities

examine the relationship between two genes implicated 

in energy metabolism and resting energy expenditure in 

high-risk blacks.

Menopause-related coronary risk was previously 

believed to be associated with a gain in total body fat. 

Research, however, suggests that the location of the fat, 

not the total fat per se, is the key risk factor. An investigator-initiated study is seeking to determine if indices of 

central adiposity, particularly intra-abdominal fat, predict 

coronary events better than indices of total fat. The study 

is also examining the role of central adiposity with altered 

glucose and lipid metabolism and elevated blood pressure; 

48 percent of the population are black. 

Treatment and Prevention 

The NHLBI has initiated several programs to test 

approaches for treating or preventing obesity. 

• GEMS (see Chapter 9): To test the effectiveness of 

weight-control interventions involving diet, physical 

activity, and psychosocial and familial influences, 

administered during the critical transitions from prepuberty to puberty in black girls at high risk for 

obesity.

• Overweight and Obesity Control at Worksites: To 

test innovative interventions that emphasize environmental approaches or the combination of environmental and individual approaches at worksites to 

prevent or treat obesity in adults. Environmental 

strategies include programs, policies, or organizational practices (e.g., increasing the availability of, 

and providing access to, healthful food choices and 

facilities for physical activity, and creating a socially 

supportive climate to influence healthy behaviors). 

Targeted groups for some projects include individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.

• POUND LOST (see Chapter 9): To evaluate the 

effectiveness of four diets differing in macronutrient 

composition to promote and sustain weight loss in 

overweight and obese individuals; approximately 25 

percent of the participants will be black. 

• Primordial Prevention of Overweight in American 

Indian Children (see Chapter 9): To prevent American Indian children from becoming overweight at an 

early age. Culturally appropriate interventions, 

including family counseling to improve nutrition 

and physical activity in infants and toddlers, will be 

developed and introduced community-wide. 

• WLM (see Chapter 9): To determine the effectiveness of continuous patient contact on weight loss 

maintenance in adults who recently lost weight; 40 

percent of the patients are black.

The Institute supports a number of investigatorinitiated studies on the effectiveness of obesity prevention and control interventions among diverse populations. 

One study is testing the effectiveness of weight-control 

interventions (involving diet, physical activity, and psychosocial and familial influences) administered during 

the critical transition period from prepuberty to puberty 

in black girls at high risk for obesity. Two studies are 

evaluating the effectiveness of weight control programs 

to prevent weight gain in a predominately black population that has recently completed a smoking cessation program. The blood pressure status of the participants, who 

are prehypertensive or hypertensive at the beginning of 

the studies, will be monitored. 

Hispanic parents and children are participating in a 

program that targets physical activity and dietary behaviors in a microenvironment (i.e., home environment) and 

in a macroenvironment (i.e., apartment complex, schools, 

grocery stores, parks, and restaurants). Community 

health workers (promotoras) are working with the families and the community to increase awareness and promote environmental change. Preadolescent black girls 

are the subject of a study to test the efficacy of an afterschool dance program and a family-based intervention 

involving reduced use of television, videotapes, and 

video games to reduce weight gain.

Obesity is one of the major health challenges facing 

Native American children and has serious implications 

for the development of type 2 diabetes. A school-based 

intervention, augmented with a family intervention, is 

focusing on reducing excess weight gain by increasing 

physical activity and healthy dietary practices in kindergarten and first-grade Native American children. A project with a subject population consisting of Asians, 

Hispan­ics, and whites is testing an integrated school- and 

community-based intervention involving physical activity and diet to reduce the prevalence of obesity. 

Blacks at high risk of CVD often have limited success 

in weight loss and lifestyle change programs. A study 

was initiated to examine the role of social support, particularly from family members and friends, to facilitate 
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weight loss and related dietary and physical activity 

changes in blacks.

Education 

The NHLBI OEI (see Chapter 2) has prepared health 

information on losing excess weight for minorities. 

• Watch Your Weight in English and Spanish 

• Embrace Your Health! Lose Weight if You Are 

Overweight.

Physical Inactivity 

The Institute has initiated research on the effectiveness 

of an intervention program to encourage greater physical 

activity among adolescent girls. 

• TAAG (see Chapter 11): To test the effectiveness of 

school–community-linked interventions to reduce 

the decline in physical activity in adolescent girls, 

from grades 6 through 8. As estimated 5,000 girls, 

approximately 50 percent minority, from 36 schools 

are participating. 

The NHLBI supports several investigator-initiated 

studies on strategies to increase physical activity among 

minority populations. Included among them are studies 

to examine the effect of vigorous exercise on reduction 

of childhood obesity in black girls. A school-based study 

is evaluating the effects of vigorous exercise programs 

on decreasing the accretion of general and visceral adiposity in black girls. 

An ancil­lary study to an Institute-initiated program to 

reduce the decline in physical activity in adolescent girls 

(TAAG) is investigating the influence of community 

characteristics (e.g., street design, access to public transportation, facili­ties for physical activity, population mix, 

and socio­economic mix of the neighborhood) on physical 

activity levels and body mass index; approximately 50 

percent of the girls are minority. Two other studies are 

seeking to determine the factors that lead to decline in 

physical activity in adolescent girls. They include the 

effects of previous exposure to physical activity intervention, race and ethnicity, weight, psychosocial influences, 

and the environment.

Physical inactivity among children is often attributed 

to the lack of open space, lack of recreational equipment, 

and fear by parents for the safety of children playing outdoors. A study is being conducted to determine if an 

intervention that changes these neighborhood features in 

a low-income, inner-city neighborhood will increase 

physical activity in children.

Scientists have observed an age-related decline in aerobic capacity, but have not been able to discern the 

effects of physical activity, body fat, and genetic variation on its rate of change. They also have little understanding about how the rate of change in aerobic capacity 

during early and middle adulthood affects CVD development. An ancillary, investigator-initiated study being 

conducted in conjunction with the Year 20 CARDIA 

examination is addressing these issues. Data from this 

study should increase understanding of the interrelationships of cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and 

CVD-related risk factors and endpoints, and may provide 

the basis for more extensive evidence-based recommendations on the role of fitness in cardiovascular health; 46 

percent of the participants are black.

Education 

The Institute has prepared the following publications 

for minorities on the importance of physical activity and 

ways to become more physically active. 

• Stay Active and Feel Better in English and Spanish 

• Energize Yourself! Stay Physically Active 

• American Indian and Alaska Native People: Be 

Active for Your Heart! 

•	Be Active for a Healthy Heart in Tagalog and 

English

• Be Active for a Healthier Heart in Vietnamese and 

English. 

The Institute also has developed a Web-based application on physical activity for lay health educators in 

English and Spanish, which can be found at http://hin.

nhlbi.nih.gov/salud/pa/index.htm.

Smoking 

Smoking among minorities has increased significantly 

compared with whites. To determine the causes of the 

increase, the Institute is supporting an investigatorinitiated study in a predominately minority population 

to examine factors that prompt them to initiate smoking. 

In addition, the study seeks to identify predictors of 

cessation.
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The Institute is also supporting a number of studies of 

smoking intervention and follow-up cessation maintenance that specifically target minorities. Two studies are 

evaluating the effectiveness of smoking cessation programs for smokers who seek treat­ment at the hospital 

emergency department. One study involves patients who 

suffer from acute respiratory ill­ness; approximately 35 

percent are minorities. The other targets Chinese 

American patients hospitalized with CVD, pulmonary 

disease, or diabetes mellitus. A third study is seeking to 

determine if the addition of a physical activity intervention improves smoking cessation; 45 percent of the participants are black.

Two types of pharmacologic therapies (nicotine 

replacement therapy and sustained-release bupropion) 

have been approved by the FDA for smoking cessation in 

the United States. Scientists are comparing the ability of 

each drug alone or in combination to increase initial and 

long-term smoking cessation rates in young low-income 

and minority smokers. Another study is evaluating the 

efficacy of a weight loss drug intervention to prevent 

weight gain in obese individuals participating in a smoking cessation program; 44 percent of the participants are 

black.

Education 

The Institute has prepared the following publications 

on smoking cessation for minorities. 

• Kick the Smoking Habit in English and Spanish 

• Refresh Yourself! Stop Smoking

• American Indian and Alaska Native People: Help 

Your Heart 

• Don’t Burn Your Life Away—Be Good to Your Heart 

in Tagalog and English and in Vietnamese and 

English. 

Psychosocial Factors 

Major depression is a risk factor in the development of 

ischemic heart disease and for death after an acute MI. 

Investigator-initiated research is seeking to determine the 

pathways that link depression to physiological mechanisms in post-MI patients. One study is examining the 

link between the severity of depressive symptoms to the 

inflammatory process implicated in atherogenesis by 

focusing on the basal expression of cytokines and cell 

adhesion molecules on blood monocytes. Another is 

focused on the autonomic nervous system and its link to 

depression. A third study is investigating the role of 

platelets, platelet aggregation, and adhesion in patients 

with major depression. Approximately a third of the 

population in the studies is black.

The NHLBI is interested in the effect of depression, 

anxiety, and lack of social support on prog­nosis after a 

CHD event. An investigator-initiated study is examining 

the efficacy of individual and group therapy in post-MI 

patients who are socially isolated or clincally depressed. 

Scientists will be measuring biological risk factors (e.g., 

lipids, adiposity, coagulation factors) and possible subclinical markers of disease (e.g., carotid intimal-medial 

thickness, coronary calcification); 34 percent of the participants are black.

The Institute supports investigator-initiated research 

on the role of race and ethnicity, psychosocial and environmental factors, and low SES in the development of 

CHD. Scientists are investigating the contribution of 

biobehavioral factors (hostility, anxiety, and heightened 

cardiovascular reactivity to stress) in the etiology, pathogenesis, and course of CHD. Racial differences in stressinduced physiologic responses also are being examined. 

Other investigators are focused on the relationships of 

psychosocial stress, sleep disordered breathing, and nocturnal physiological measures with emerging risk factors 

and subclinical CVD; 50 percent of the participants are 

black.

Investigators are interested in the effects of race and 

psychosocial factors, such as hostility, on glucose metabolism. A study was initiated to determine how hostility is 

differentially related to glucose metabolism in blacks and 

whites. Research findings may increase understanding of 

the differences in the etiology of diabetes in the two 

groups.

Additional areas of interest include the genetic basis 

of aggression and the relationships between risk-promoting variables (psychosocial stress, smoking, poor diet, 

physi­cal inactivity); presumed mediating variables 

(sympa­thetic nervous system activity and insulin metabolism); and CHD risk factors. Fifty to 60 percent of the 

partic­ipants are black or Hispanic. 
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Diabetes 

Diabetes mellitus is a strong risk factor for CVD. Its 

prevalence is increasing due to the significant increase of 

obesity and physical inactivity in the population, especially among blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians. 

To address this growing problem, the Institute is supporting an investigator-initiated study on defining the relationship between the overall dose of endurance exercise 

training and the corresponding response of metabolic risk 

factors in an overweight and obese biracial female population. Another study will determine if adolescents with 

type 2 diabetes have a high risk of developing clinical 

CVD in their late 20s or 30s. Scientists are using noninvasive imaging techniques for detecting subclinical 

atherosclerosis to measure CVD development in a 

predominatly black population.

Hypertension and diabetes are major contributors to 

CVD and occur disproportionately in blacks. In particular, black women seem to have earlier disease onset and 

poorer outcomes. Scientists are investigating the link 

between hypertension and type 2 diabetes and the relative excess of androgen found in black women to determine whether insulin resistance, excess androgen, and 

endo­thelial dysfunction contribute to accelerated vascular 

injury in blacks. 

Treatment 

The NHLBI supports clinical trials to determine the 

benefits of various strategies to reduce CVD among 

patients with diabetes or treat patients with coronary 

artery disease and diabetes. 

• ACCORD (see Chapter 11): To evaluate the benefits of different therapies to reduce CVD in type 2 

diabetes; more than one third of the participants are 

minorities. 

• BARI 2D (see Chapter 9): To evaluate whether 

urgent revascularization offers an advantage over 

medical therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes. In addition, for a given level of 

glycemic control, to determine whether insulinproviding drugs offer advantages or risks compared 

to insulin sensitizers (drugs that enhance insulin 

action); 33 percent of the participants are from 

minority populations. 

• SANDS (see Chapter 9): To compare intensive 

treatment (pharmacologic agents, such as ACE 

inhibitors and simvastatin for high blood pressure 

and LDL cholesterol) to conventional treatment in 

488 American Indians with diabetes, ages 40 or 

older. The primary outcome measure is change in 

carotid intimal-medial thickness. 

An investigator-initiated study will evaluate the effectiveness of a multiple risk factor intervention (diet, exercise, stress management, social support, and smoking 

cessation) targeting postmenopausal Hispanic women 

with type 2 diabetes.

Lung Diseases 

The NHLBI supports research on a number of lung 

diseases, such as asthma, sarcoidosis, and TB, which disproportionately affect minorities. The following section 

provides examples of research to address health disparities in lung diseases. 

Asthma 

Etiology and Pathophysiology 

The NHLBI has initiated several studies to determine 

the etiology and pathophysiology of asthma.

• Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Asthma (see 

Chapter 9): To delineate the cellular and molecular 

mechanisms underlying acute and chronic asthma 

through basic and clinical investigations.

• Severe Asthma Research Program: To determine 

the mechanistic basis for severe asthma and to determine how it differs from mild-to-moderate asthma. 

Several of the projects have strong minority 

participation.

• Asthma Exacerbation: Biology and Disease Progression: To elucidate the biologic mechanisms of 

asthma exacerbation pathobiology and resolution 

and to determine their effect on lung function, physiology, and disease state; 27 to 56 percent of the 

study participants will come from various minority 

populations. 

The Institute also supports investigator-initiated projects on the etiology and pathophysiology of asthma. One 

study is using genomic screening to search for the 

genetic basis of asthma in a homogeneous Hispanic population in Costa Rica; another study is seeking to identify 

positional gene candidates for airway hyperresponsiveness and compare their association with asthma between 

two asthmatic groups: a white population on Tangier 

Island, VA, and a black population from Barbados; and a 
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third study seeks to establish the link between specific 

genotypic variants and phenotypic markers, and to elucidate the immunological pathways that contribute to 

asthma severity in blacks. A new case-controlled study 

is seeking to identify genetic determinants of asthma risk 

among populations of African ancestry by performing 

genome-wide association studies and gene–gene and 

gene–environment interaction studies.

Latinos carry a disproportionate burden of asthma. 

Yet few investigators studying the genetics of asthma 

have focused on this group, partly due to the complexity 

of the Latino gene pool. A recently initiated study is 

developing and testing new methods to correct for population stratification due to racial admixture, a key 

problem confounding genetic studies in the Latino 

population. The project focuses on data from the 

NHLBI-supported Genetics of Asthma in Latino 

Americans (GALA) to assess population stratification. 

Occupational and environmental factors are known to 

trigger asthma symptoms. An investigator-initiated 

study is focusing on understanding the mechanisms by 

which occupational or environmental factors trigger the 

onset of asthma among low-income, urban blacks and 

Hispanics. Another study is examining the association of 

early exposure to endotoxin (which appears to promote 

the development of the immune system), nitrogen dioxide, and aeroallergens (which trigger asthma exacerbations); obesity; physical inactivity; and environmental 

tobacco smoke on the prevalence, persistence, and incidence of asthma in black and Hispanic children enrolled 

in inner-city Head Start programs.

Circadian change in airway function is an important 

aspect of asthma, as more than 70 percent of deaths and 

80 percent of respiratory arrest occur during sleep. 

Focusing on nocturnal asthma, researchers are investigating the mechanisms that cause the changes in airway 

function that lead to exacerbation of symptoms; 36 percent of the population are minority.

Treatment and Control 

The Institute has initiated research to identify optimal 

drug strategies for treatment and management of asthma. 

Because the burden of asthma disproportionately affects 

minority children, it is important for them to be well represented in clinical trials. 

• ACRN-Phase II (see Chapter 9): To support an 

interactive network of asthma clinical research 

groups to conduct studies of new therapies for 

asthma and disseminate findings to the practicing 

community. Overall, 33 percent of the participants 

are from minority populations. 

• CARE (see Chapter 11): To support a network of 

pediatric clinical care centers to determine optimal 

treatment and management strategies for children 

with asthma. The studies considered by the network 

will attempt to customize therapy based on specific 

asthma phenotypes and genotypes; 30 percent of the 

population will be minorities. 

• Centers for Reducing Asthma Disparities (see 

Chapter 9): To support partnerships between 

minority-serving institutions and research-intensive 

institutions to conduct studies on causes of and 

corrections for disparities in asthma among racial/

ethnic and low SES populations. Reciprocal training 

is encouraged to ensure culturally sensitive projects 

and enhance research capabilities. 

The Institute is also supporting investigator-initiated 

studies focusing on finding effective treatment for various populations. One study is examining the effect of 

steroids on enhanced alpha-adrenergic vascular responsiveness in asthma; 77 percent of the participants are 

minority. Another study is using preexisting, wellcharacterized asthma patient cohorts to identify genetic 

variants that can predict therapeutic response to asthma 

drugs. Scientists are interested in the influence of race/

ethnicity on the genetic factors associated with asthma 

therapeutic responses.

Translational Activities 

Ensuring full use of modern asthma treatment strategies is an important goal of the NHLBI. The Institute is 

supporting an investigator-initiated study to determine 

the effectiveness of an intervention that is removing barriers to preventive care to improve asthma management 

and lower asthma morbidity. Scientists are using a 

Breathmobile to deliver asthma screening to black 

children attending Head Start Programs and a special 

consultation service to communicate directly with the 

parents about asthma management. Another study 

among low-income, inner-city children with asthma 

attending preschool is testing a bilingual intervention 

program to improve asthma management; 60 percent of 

the participants are Hispanic and 40 percent are black. 
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Additional studies to improve asthma management 

among minority groups include a study to determine 

whether shared decision making in choosing asthma 

therapy between patients and physicians improves adherence in a patient population consisting of 82 percent 

minority and a study to test whether individualized interventions will improve asthma management in a black 

and Hispanic population. A third study seeks to improve 

asthma management by teaching children with asthma to 

recognize symptoms of the presence of airflow obstruction; 42 percent of the participants are black and 6 percent are Hispanic. 

Two randomized controlled trials are being conducted 

among patients recruited at the time of an emergency 

department visit for asthma exacerbation. One study is 

testing an intervention to enhance knowledge, selfefficacy, and asthma-related social support; 40 percent of 

the patients are minority. The other focuses on young 

black children recruited at the time of an emergency 

department visit for asthma exac­erbation. Investigators 

are testing the effectiveness of an intervention strategy 

that includes case management, telephone contacts, and a 

monetary incentive to increase follow-up visits to primary care providers. 

Three studies are evaluating the benefits of working 

with public school systems to improve adherence to 

asthma management. In Birmingham, scientists are evaluating the impact of school-based supervised asthma 

therapy on asthma exacerbations in a predominately 

black population with moderate-to-severe asthma. In 

New York, they are testing the ability of an intervention 

that includes in-school intensive asthma education to 9thand 10th-grade students who have persistent asthma and 

intensive asthma education for their community physicians to improve asthma morbidity; 90 percent of the 

participants are black. In Detroit, investigators are 

developing and evaluating computer-based instructions 

and peer counseling for black teens with asthma. 

Chronic environmental tobacco smoke exposure, particularly from parental smoking, is associated with more 

severe asthma, increased incidence of emergency department visits, life-threatening attacks, and prolonged time 

to recovery from asthma exacerbation requiring hospitalization. A study is being conducted to evaluate an intervention tailored to parental stage of change regarding 

smoking practice, to reduce asthma crisis care used by 

children with persistent asthma.

Education 

The NAEPP (see Chapter 2) has developed easy-toread materials on asthma treatment and control directed 

to audiences with low literacy. 

• Facts About Controlling Your Asthma 

• El Asma: Cómo Controlar Esta Enfermedad. 

Sarcoidosis 

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease of unknown 

etiology characterized by persistent granulomas with 

damage to surrounding tissue. The Institute has initiated 

a program to determine the immunopathogenesis of granulomatous inflammation found in sarcoidosis, including 

the role of predisposing factors, the immune components 

involved in the formation of granulomas and the defective regulatory immune response.

Investigator-initiated studies on the causes of sarcoidosis include a study to identify genes linked to sarcoidosis 

susceptibility in blacks and to determine if hereditary 

susceptibility predisposes blacks to sarcoidosis, and a 

project to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the 

immunologic and inflammatory processes that ultimately 

lead to end-stage fibrosis in progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis; many of the participants are black. 

Sleep Disorders 

Etiology

Sleep apnea is a common disorder that disproportionately affects blacks and is associated with an increased 

risk of CVD, including hypertension and stroke; it is particularly prevalent in heart failure patients. An Instituteinitiated program is assessing the interrelationship 

between sleep disorders and heart failure, and the mechanisms leading to cardiovascular stress when the two 

interact. 

The NHLBI supports research on the etiology, pathophysiology, and consequences of sleep-disordered 

breathing (SDB), a condition characterized by repetitive 

interruptions in breathing. 

• Neurobiology of Sleep and Sleep Apnea (see 

Chapter 9): To integrate molecular, cellular, and 

genetic approaches to sleep control with clinical 

investigation on the etiology and pathogenesis of 

sleep disorders, particularly sleep apnea. One study 

has 39 percent minority participation.
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• Sleep Heart Health Study (see Chapter 9): To determine the degree to which sleep apnea is an independent or contributing risk factor for the development 

of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease; 23 percent of the participants are from various minority 

and ethnic populations.

The Institute also supports a wide spectrum of 

investigator-initiated projects to elucidate cardiovascular 

and other health consequences of SDB. Ongoing studies 

in various community settings are assessing the health 

risks of SDB within specific ethnic populations, including blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians. A 

study of sleep in black families is investigating whether 

sleep problems contribute to diabetes, and the potential 

relationship to CVD. Characterization of how SDB 

occurs within family groups is helping to identify 

poten­tial genetic risk factors that may allow early identification and treatment of high-risk individuals. A 

community-based study of sleep in Hispanics is assessing the prevalence and awarenesss of sleep disorders. 

New findings from two independent studies associate 

SDB with a two- to fourfold increased frequency of 

stroke in middle-aged adults. A 3-year prospective clinical study of 1,000 middle-aged adults found that the frequency of stroke and all-cause mortality was doubled 

among participants diagnosed with moderate-to-severe 

sleep apnea.

Treatment and Control 

The NHLBI has initiated a multisite clinical trial to 

find effective treatments for sleep apnea.

• APPLES (see Chapter 9): To determine whether 

continuous positive airway pressure is an effec­tive 

treatment for excessive daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairment associated with moderate-tosevere SDB; 30 percent of the participants are 

minority. 

Education

The NHLBI published Your Guide to Healthy Sleep, 

which provides the latest information about sleep apnea 

and other sleep disorders including insomnia, restless 

legs syndrome, and narcolepsy. 

Tuberculosis 

Etiology

The Institute has initiated genetic studies to characterize genes associated with TB suscep­tibility and host 

immune responses to infection. 

• Genetic Aspects of Tuberculosis in the Lung: To 

identify genes or families of genes that determine 

resistance and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection, virulence, latency, reactivation of TB, and 

resistance to antituberculous drugs. A large number 

of the participants being recruited are from minority 

populations. 

Treatment and Control

The NHLBI supports a number of investigator-initiated studies focused on understanding the relationship 

between the immune system and TB. Most of the 

patients are from minority populations. Included among 

them are studies to: (1) identify the correlates of protective immunity in a Mexican population in order to aid 

development of anti-TB vaccines; (2) compare susceptibility to TB in populations in Mexico and Peru; (3) 

examine the role of interferon-gamma in the pathogenesis of TB among Hispanics with and without HIV; (4) 

identify and characterize host factors that predispose 

Asians to develop TB; and (5) determine the effectiveness of adding aerosolized interferon-gamma to the usual 

treatment regimen for advanced TB in predominately 

minority populations in the United States and South 

Africa. 

The NHLBI also supports research to improve TB 

control among minority populations. One project is evaluating educational strategies to improve adherence to 

medication regimens and regular clinic visits among 

Hispanic adolescents infected with TB. Another study, 

located in the Harlem community of New York City, is 

testing a new strategy to promote adherence to therapy 

among inner-city TB patients. Both programs are outgrowths of behavioral research programs begun by the 

Institute in 1995. 

Education

Building on the foundation laid by the Tuberculosis 

Academic Award program, the NHLBI is supporting a 

consortium of five TB curriculum centers.
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• TB Curriculum Coordinating Center: To strengthen, 

expand, and increase access to the best ongoing educational and training opportunities in TB for medical, nursing, and allied health schools, especially 

those that provide primary care to communities 

where TB is endemic and the population is at high 

risk of developing TB. 

Blood Diseases

The NHLBI supports basic and clinical research on 

SCD and Cooley’s anemia with the goal of curing the 

disorders and improving patient care. 

Sickle Cell Disease

Basic Research 

SCD is an inherited blood disorder that produces 

chronic anemia, periodic episodes of pain, and end organ 

damage. It affects about 1 in 500 blacks and 1 in 1,000 

Hispanics. Since 1972, the NHLBI has supported an 

extensive research program to improve understanding 

of the pathophysiology of SCD and identify better 

approaches for its diagnosis and treatment and for prevention of complications. 

Basic and translational research currently focuses on 

understanding better the expression of beta globins, elucidating the complex mechanisms of cell adhesion and 

vaso-occlusion, discovering genes that regulate fetal 

hemoglobin, describing the genetic factors that are 

responsible for the wide spectrum of clinical severity, 

and developing a prospective program for gene therapy.

Specific NHLBI initiatives include:

• Comprehensive Sickle Cell Centers Program (see 

Chapter 9): To conduct basic and clinical research, 

deliver state-of-the-art patient care, offer educational activities for patients and health professionals, 

perform community outreach, and provide genetic 

counseling services. Ongoing activities include collaborative Phase II drug trials, neurocognitive and 

neuroimaging studies, a collaborative data and clinical registry, and an epidemiology study of priapism. 

• Mechanisms of Fetal Hemoglobin Gene Silencing 

for Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease and Cooley’s 

Anemia: To identify mechanisms of fetal hemoglobin gene silencing during normal human development and mechanisms of variable silencing in 

adults, and to develop therapeutic approaches to 

inhibit silencing. A renewed effort to understand the 

molecular basis of fetal hemoglobin silencing will 

facilitate the development of new gene-based therapeutic approaches to inhibit silencing, in order to 

increase fetal hemoglobin in red blood cells, and 

thus to cure beta-chain hemoglobinopathies such as 

SCD and Cooley’s anema.

• Molecular Screening Assay Development for SCD: 

To support the development and adaptation of biological assays for automated, high throughput 

screening of compounds that can potentially be used 

to improve the understanding of the biology of SCD 

and provide inroads toward new agents for SCD 

treatments.

• Pulmonary Complications of Sickle Cell Disease: 

To stimulate translational research on the pulmonary 

complications of SCD. The initiative will stimulate 

collaborative research between investigators in 

hematology and pulmonary science that combine 

basic and clinical approaches. It includes research 

on the major known pulmonary complications of 

SCD due to acute chest syndrome, pulmonary 

hypertension, and oxyhemoglobin desaturation.

Basic research advances reported in FY 2006 include:

• Proof-of-principle in rodent models that genetic 

modification of embryonic stem cells can be used to 

correct disease-causing mutations and that the corrected cells can give rise to animals cured of SCD. 

• An improved gene therapy method for SCD in 

rodent models that involves simultaneous delivery 

of a normal hemoglobin gene and a separate RNA 

interference gene that reduces expression of sickle 

hemoglobin.

• Demonstration that biologically active CD40 ligand 

is elevated in patients with sickle cell anemia. This 

work offers new insights into the processes that contribute to inflammation and coagulation in SCD and 

suggests a previously unrecognized role of platelets 

in SCD pathophysiology.

Clinical Research 

The NHLBI is committed to finding improved treatments and ultimately a cure for SCD and other hemoglobinopathies. Institute-initiated studies have begun to 

yield therapies that will alleviate the symptoms of sickle 

cell anemia and procedures that should ultimately provide a cure. 
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• BABY HUG (see Chapter 11): To assess the effectiveness of hydroxyurea in preventing onset of 

chronic organ damage in young black children with 

sickle cell anemia. At baseline, this trial has demonstrated that spleens and kidneys are already damaged by 1 year of age. 

• SWITCH (see Chapter 9): To demonstrate that 

hydroxyurea and phlebotomy can maintain an 

acceptable stroke recurrence rate and significantly 

reduce hepatic iron burden in comparison to transfusion plus chelation in children who have had prior 

overt stroke. 

• Multicenter Neurocognitive and Neuroimaging 

Study in Adult Sickle Cell Disease: To assess baseline neurocognitive function and neuroimaging 

abnormalities in adults with SCD and to randomize 

patients identified with subnormal neurocognitive 

scores to receive 6 months of transfusion versus 

standard care, followed by reassessment of baseline 

neurocognitive function. 

• Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Research Network (see 

Chapter 11): To conduct Phase III randomized, 

controlled clinical trials to test the efficacy and 

effectiveness of new therapies to treat and prevent 

complications of SCD and, when appropriate, thalassemia. The interventions will be based on results 

from basic studies and Phase I and Phase II clinical 

trials conducted in programs such as the NHLBI 

Comprehensive Sickle Cell Centers Program. 

• Sildenafil for Pulmonary Hypertension in Adult 

Patients With Sickle Cell Disease—Phase II Clinical 

Trial: To test the effects of 16 weeks of chronic 

sildenafil therapy on exercise endurance and pulmonary artery pressure in patients ages 14 or older with 

pulmonary hypertension and SCD. The NHLBI 

Intramural Vascular Medicine Branch will participate as one of the nine clinical centers in this trial.

The NHLBI supports several transplant-related clinical studies that seek to reach minority populations. 

• Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (see Chapter 11): In collaboration with the 

NCI, to perform clinical trials to advance hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. To reach minority 

populations, the Network supports bilingual transplant center personnel and provides public Web 

pages and educational materials. In addition, the 

Network is working with the National Marrow 

Donor Program to develop strategies and implement 

procedures to enhance enrollment of patients from 

minority groups.

The Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation (COBLT) 

Study was completed in 2005. The COBLT bank contained more than 8,000 cord blood units, approximately 

57 percent of them from minority donors. Approximately 

30 percent of the COBLT transplant patients were minority. More than 3,500 of the COBLT cord blood units are 

currently available through the National Bone Marrow 

Donor Registry for clinical transplantation.

Outcomes Research

For the past several years the NHLBI has supported 

working groups and meetings to understand the health 

and quality-of-life obstacles and challenges faced by 

adults with SCD. Activities to address the needs of the 

adult SCD patient community in 2006 include:

• A contract with the American Institute for Research 

to develop and validate an instrument to measure 

health-related quality of life among adults with 

SCD. 

• A Working Group convened to develop health 

objectives for people with SCD. 

• A conference grant to address sickle cell pain 

management—plans are to establish a panel of SCD 

experts (appropriate specialists, primary care providers, SCD patients, and members of the SCD 

community) to create evidence-based guidelines 

covering the main areas of clinical concern in SCD 

(i.e., chronic and acute pain, renal disease, pulmonary disease, transfusion and stem cell transplantation, routine health care maintenance, women’s and 

men’s health, and psychosocial issues). 

Education 

The NHLBI has developed a number of publications 

on SCD that target minorities. 

• Datos Sobre La Anemia Falciforme (Facts About 

Sickle Cell Anemia) 

• Fact Sheet: Hydroxyurea in Pediatric Patients With 

Sickle Cell Disease 

• Facts About Sickle Cell Anemia

• Patient Fact Sheet: The Multicenter Study of 

Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell Anemia (MSH)

• Management and Therapy of Sickle Cell Disease. 
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Chapter 12. Minority Activities

Cooley’s Anemia 

Cooley’s anemia is an inherited disorder of red blood 

cells that affects primarily people of Mediterranean, 

African, Southeast Asian, Chinese, and Asiatic Indian 

origin. In 2000, the Institute initiated a program to establish a network of clinical research centers to evaluate 

new therapeutic agents. Research efforts include developing oral chelators to remove iron overload caused by 

repetitive transfusion therapy, testing drugs to enhance 

fetal hemoglobin production, and examining hematopoetic transplantation and gene therapy approaches to cure 

the disease. A registry with samples has been established 

to foster genomic and proteomic studies. International 

collaborations have also been establised.

• Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia) Clinical Research 

Network (see Chapter 11): To establish a group of 

clinical centers to accelerate research in the management of thalassemia, standardize existing treatments, 

and evaluate new ones. 

Studies initiated within this network include efforts to 

develop oral chelators to remove the iron overload 

caused by repetitive transfusion therapy; exploration of 

hormone therapy for patients surviving into their teens; 

testing of drugs intended to enhance fetal hemoglobin 

production (hydroxyurea, butyrate, and decitabine); prevention of bone diseases; optimum treatment of hepatitis; 

treatment of heart disease and iron overload; noninvasive 

ways of measuring iron burden; and efforts to improve 

the safety of the Nation’s blood supply. 

Women’s Health Initiative 

Coronary heart disease, cancer, and osteoporosis are 

the most common causes of death, disability, and 

impaired quality of life in postmenopausal women. The 

WHI (see Chapters 2 and 11) is addressing the benefits 

and risks of hormone therapy, changes in dietary patterns, 

and calcium/vitamin D supplements in disease prevention. Several of the centers have recruited primarily 

minority populations: blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific 

Islanders, and American Indians. The Clinical Trial 

recruited 12,607 minorities and the Observational Study 

recruited 15,658. Overall, of the 161,809 postmenopausal women recruited into the WHI, 17 percent were 

minorities. 
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Chapter 13. Research Training and Career Development Programs

13. Research Training and Career 

Development Programs

NHLBI Research Training and Career Development Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

NHLBI Full-Time Training Positions: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

*	 National Research Service Awards (NRSA).

Note: Numbers of awards and trainees may not agree with other tables due to the method of counting supplements.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Graduate Training

Research Career

Programs

Fellowship

Programs

Dollars in Millions

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1996	 1997	 1998	 1999	 2000	 2001	 2002	 2003	 2004	 2005	 2006

Year

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Graduate Training

Research Career

Fellowship

Programs

Graduate Training	

Programs (NRSA)*

Research Career

Programs

Fellowship Programs

(NRSA)*

Number of Trainees

2,000

1,800

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

1996	 1997	 1998	 1999	 2000	 2001	 2002	 2003	 2004	 2005	 2006

Year

Graduate Training	

Programs (NRSA)*

Research Career

Programs

Fellowship Programs

(NRSA)*
156

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 13. Research Training and Career Development Programs

Training Awards, Full-Time Training Positions, and Obligations by Activity: Fiscal Year 2006

Number 

of Awards 

Obligated

Trainees 

(Full-time 

Training 

Positions) Direct Cost

Indirect 

Cost Total Cost

Percent 

of Total 

NHLBI 

Training 

Program 

Dollars

Fellowship Programs

Predoctoral Fellowship Award (F31) 32 32 $ 1,201,756 $ — $ 1,201,756 1.4%

Individual NRSA (F32) 171 171 8,790,419 — 8,790,419 10.1

Senior Fellowships NRSA (F33) 2 2 52,780 — 52,780 0.1

Subtotal, Fellowships 205 205 10,044,955 — 10,044,955 11.5

Graduate Training Programs

Institutional NRSA (T32) 204 — 66,657,406 5,173,681 71,831,087* 82.1

Minority Institutional NRSA (T32) 4 — 687,833 55,380 743,213 0.9

Off-Quarter Professional Student 

Training NRSA (T34, T35)

18 — 2,046,871 168,428 2,215,299 2.5

Short-Term Training for Minority

Students (T35M)

29 — 2,310,145 216,301 2,526,446 2.9

Subtotal, Graduate Training Programs 255 — 71,702,255 5,613,790 77,316,045* 88.5

Total, Training Programs 460 205 $81,747,210 $5,613,790 $87,361,000 100.0%

*	 Excludes assessment of $1,818,000.
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Chapter 13. Research Training and Career Development Programs

History of Training Obligations by Activity: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Dollars (Thousands)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Fellowship Programs

Predoctoral Fellowship

Award (F31)

$ 551 $ 388 $ 466 $ 346 $ 248 $ 264 $ 478 $ 563 $ 549 $ 794 $ 1,202

Individual NRSA (F32) 6,483 6,281 6,969 8,807 8,517 8,515 8,887 7,868 8,128 8,813 8,790

Senior Fellowships

NRSA (F33)

233 179 125 90 92 147 84 112 144 58 53

Intramural NRSA (F35) — — — — — — — — — — —

Subtotal, Fellowships 7,267 6,848 7,560 9,243 8,857 8,926 9,449 8,543 8,821 9,665 10,045

Graduate Training 

Programs

Institutional NRSA

(T32)

36,718A 38,253B 37,904C 45,551D 50,507E 58,516F 62,999G 69,951H 71,229I 70,524J 71,831K

Minority Institutional

NRSA (T32)

679 898 706 901 1,167 996 1,092 1,006 734 1,184 743

Off-Quarter

Professional Student

Training NRSA (T34,

T35)

1,001 1,216 1,435 1,384 966 1,974 1,987 1,975 1,993 2,233 2,215

MARC (T36) 5 5 5 5 5 5 — — — — —

Short-Term Training for

Minority Students

(T35M)

1,834 1,612 1,964 2,494 2,570 1,877 2,057 2,594 2,671 2,976 2,527

Subtotal, Training

Grants

40,237 41,984 42,014 50,335 55,215 63,368 68,135 75,526 76,627 76,917 77,316

Total, Training 

Programs 

$47,504A $48,832B $49,574C $59,578D $64,072E $72,294F $77,584G $84,069H $85,448I $86,582J $87,361K

A	 Excludes Assessment of $982,000.

B	 Excludes Assessment of $1,004,000.

C	 Excludes Assessment of $1,032,000.

D	 Excludes Assessment of $1,216,000.

E	 Excludes Assessment of $1,280,000.

F	 Excludes Assessment of $1,424,000.

G	 Excludes Assessment of $1,584,000.

H	 Excludes Assessment of $1,716,000.

I	 Excludes Assessment of $1,744,000.

J	 Excludes Assessment of $1,764,000.

K	 Excludes Assessment of $1,818,000.
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 13. Research Training and Career Development Programs

Full-Time Training Positions by Activity: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 

Number of Positions

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Fellowship Programs

Predoctoral Fellowship

Award (F31)

21 15 19 13 11 12 18 19 18 25 32

Individual NRSA (F32) 220 210 225 237 225 208 194 164 168 176 171

Senior Fellowships NRSA

(F33)

7 5 4 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 2

Subtotal, Fellowships 248 230 248 252 238 223 214 185 189 202 205

Graduate Training Programs

Institutional NRSA (T32) 1,216 1,179 1,423 1,185 1,368 1,425 1,482 1,542 1,578 1,540 1,512

Minority Institutional

NRSA (T32)

30 43 52 53 48 43 39 42 32 35 26

Off-Quarter Professional

Student Training NRSA

(T34, T35)

78 68 — — 51 109 179 93 99 95 104

Short-Term Training for

Minority Students (T35M)

113 75 — — 136 93 30 107 119 128 99

Subtotal, Training Grants 1,437 1,365 1,475 1,238 1,603 1,670 1,730 1,784 1,828 1,798 1,741

Total, Training Positions 1,685 1,595 1,723 1,490 1,841 1,893 1,944 1,969 2,017 2,000 1,946
159

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 13. Research Training and Career Development Programs

NHLBI Research Career Programs: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 

Number of Awards

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Mentored Research Scientist Development Award for

Minority Faculty (K01)

— 5 19 30 29 44 54 47 46 45 40

Minority Institution Faculty Mentored Research

Scientist Development Award (K01)

— 1 — — 11 9 2 7 6 4 4

Mentored Scientist Development Award in Research

Ethics (K01)

— — — — — — — 2 2 3 3

Independent Scientist Award (K02) 3 8 14 18 27 34 33 32 31 32 24

Research Career Development Award (K06) 25 18 10 6 1 — — — — — —

Research Career Award (K06) 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1

Transfusion Medicine Academic Award (K07) 2 — — — — — — — — — —

Systemic Pulmonary and Vascular Disease Academic

Award (K07)

11 9 3 3 1 — — — — — —

Asthma Academic Award (K07) 9 9 6 3 — — — — — — —

Tuberculosis Academic Award (K07) 19 23 20 13 9 5 — — — — —

Sleep Academic Award (K07) 8 12 20 20 20 12 8 — — — —

Nutrition Academic Award (K07) — — 10 10 19 19 19 9 9 — —

Cultural Competence and Health Disparities

Academic Award (K07)

— — — — — — — — 8 14 18

Clinical Investigator Development Award (K08) 254 267 278 262 257 241 236 240 229 239 226

Physician Scientist Award (K11) 12 — — — — — — — — — —

Vascular Medicine Research Career

Development Program (K12)

— — — — — — — — — — 2

Clinical Hematology Research Career

Development Program (K12)

— — — — — — — — — — 6

Minority School Faculty Development Award

(K14)

15 9 — — 4 1 — — — — —

Research Development Award for Minority

Faculty(K14)

36 34 37 22 7 — — — — — —

Career Enhancement Award for Stem Cell Research

(K18)

— — — — — — — 1 5 3 2

NHLBI Career Transition Award (K22) — — — — — — — — 1 2 1

Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career

Development Award (K23)

— — — 13 36 58 90 110 122 127 122

Midcareer Investigator Award in Patient-Oriented

Research (K24)

— — — 11 20 27 37 38 32 32 33

Mentored Quantitative Research Career Development

Award (K25)

— — — — — 2 7 9 12 17 16

Clinical Research Curriculum Award (K30) — — — 9 16 55 55 55 55 0* 14

Total, Research Career Programs 397 398 420 422 459 509 543 552 559 519 512

*	 In FY 2005, the NHLBI relinquished management of the K30 program and as a result did not receive the grant count.
160

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 13. Research Training and Career Development Programs

NHLBI Research Career Program Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 

Dollars (Thousands)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Mentored Research Scientist

Development Award for Minority

Faculty (K01)

$ — $ 460 $ 1,723 $ 2,738 $ 3,650 $ 5,556 $ 5,711 $ 6,156 $ 6,150 $ 6,088 $ 5,453

Minority Institution Faculty

Mentored Research Scientist

Award (K01)

— 106 101 905 1,300 1,143 1,703 991 867 588 567

Mentored Scientist Development

Award in Research Ethics (K01)

— — — — — — — 255 253 355 358

Independent Scientist Award (K02) 207 545 933 1,548 2,350 3,202 3,130 3,099 3,079 3,218 2,421

Research Career Development

Award (K04)

1,693 1,226 684 568 69 — — — — — —

Research Career Award (K06) 105 103 103 70 70 70 69 69 34 34 34

Transfusion Medicine Academic

Award (K07)

326 — — — — — — — — — —

Systemic Pulmonary and Vascular

Diseases Academic Award (K07)

1,715 1,415 386 423 113 — — — — — —

Asthma Academic Award (K07) 740 764 509 248 — — — — — — —

Tuberculosis Academic Award(K07) 1,496 1,831 1,566 1,161 745 396 — — — — —

Sleep Academic Award (K07) 699 1,027 1,734 1,736 1,760 1,081 722 — — — —

Nutrition Academic Award (K07) — — 1,491 1,480 2,829 2,869 2,906 1,472 1,516 — —

Cultural Competence and Health

Disparities Academic Award (K07)

— — — — — — — — 925 1,620 2,109

Clinical Investigator Development

Award (K08)

21,093 22,238 23,122 29,741 30,189 29,263 29,295 30,288 29,037 30,429 28,973

Physician Scientist Award (K11) 1,023 — — — — — — — — — —

Vascular Medicine Research Career

Development Program (K12)

— — — — — — — — — — 772

Clinical Hematology Research Career

Development Program (K12)

— — — — — — — — — — 2,360

Minority School Faculty

Development Award (K14)

1,158 729 618 445 862 98 — — — — —

Research Development Award for

Minority Faculty (K14)

3,607 3,468 3,099 2,093 393 — — — — — —

Career Enhancement Award for Stem

Cell Research (K18)

— — — — — — — 243 980 512 213

NHLBI Career Transition Award

(K22)

— — — — — — — — 185 364 178

Mentored Patient-Oriented Research

Career Development Award (K23)

— — — 1,687 4,619 7,570 11,909 14,571 16,216 17,086 16,720

Midcareer Investigator Award in

Patient-Oriented Research (K24)

— — — 1,054 2,072 2,877 4,058 4,368 3,815 3,929 4,315

Mentored Quantitative Research

Career Development Award (K25)

— — — — — 272 921 1,195 1,622 2,206 2,184

Clinical Research Curriculum Award

(K30)

— — — 1,772 3,163 3,073 3,090 3,110 3,115 4,589 3,708

Total, Research Career Program 

Obligations

$33,862 $33,912 $36,069 $47,669 $54,184 $57,470 $63,514 $65,817 $67,794 $71,018 $70,365
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 13. Research Training and Career Development Programs

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

NHLBI Minority Biomedical Research Training, Career Development, and Research Supplements 

Program Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

NHLBI Minority Biomedical Research Training, Career Development, and Research Supplements 

Program Obligations: Fiscal Years 1996–2006 

Dollars (Thousands)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

MARC Summer Research Training

Program

$ 32 $ 17 $ — $ 10 $ 4 $ 20 $ 15 $ 4 $ — $ — $ —

Mentored Research Scientist

Development Award for

Minority Faculty

— 460 1,723 2,738 3,650 5,556 5,711 6,156 6150 6,088 5,453

MARC 5 5 5 — 5 5 — — — — —

Minority Biomedical Research

Support (MBRS)

2,503 2,722 2,978 3,423 3,873 3,165 2,793 3,600 2,806 2,846 2,403

Minority Institution Faculty

Mentored Research Scientist

Development Award

— 106 101 905 1,300 1,143 1,703 991 867 588 567

Minority Institution Research

Training Program

679 898 706 901 1,167 996 1,092 1,006 734 1,184 743

Minority Predoctoral Fellowship 551 388 436 345 248 264 278 308 374 545 1,012

Minority Research Supplements

Program

6,714 7,070 7,043 7,440 8,304 8,587 9,822 9,323 10,938 11,214 10,680

Minority School Faculty

Development Award

1,158 729 618 445 862 98 — — — — —

Reentry Supplements 140 152 249 106 176 384 — — — 96 132

Research Development Award for

Minority Faculty

3,607 3,468 3,099 2,093 393 — — — — — —

Short-Term Training for Minority

Students

1,834 1,612 1,964 2,494 2,570 1,876 2,057 2,594 2671 2,976 2,526

Total, Minority Programs $17,223 $17,627 $18,922 $20,900 $22,552 $22,094 $23,471 $23,982 $24,540 $25,537 $23,516

Dollars in Millions

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

1996	 1997	 1998	 1999	 2000	 2001	 2002	 2003	 2004	 2005	 2006

Year
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 13. Research Training and Career Development Programs

NHLBI Research Supplements Program by Award Type: Fiscal Years 1996–2006

Number of Awards

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Minority Supplements

Investigator 42 38 31 32 33 33 46 47 35 29 27

Postdoctoral 49 47 50 47 42 41 33 38 37 52 49

Graduate 37 36 48 53 47 43 45 57 61 80 74

Undergraduate 12 23 25 17 19 12 17 18 17 12 11

High School 8 9 11 6 — 3 3 4 3 7 3

Post-Master/PostBaccalaureate— — — — — — 2 8 17 16 11

Reentry Supplements 2 2 3 2 1 3 — — 3 2 1

Disability Supplements 3 3 2 1 5 4 5 4 3 2 2

Total, Research Supplements 

Program

153 158 170 158 147 139 151 176 176 200 178

NHLBI Research Supplements Program Obligations by Award Type: Fiscal Years 1996-2006

Dollars (Thousands)

Fiscal Year

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Minority Supplements

Investigator $2,552 $2,412 $2,185 $2,331 $3,262 $3,430 $ 5,046 $3,844 $ 4,256 $ 3,552 $ 3,343

Postdoctoral 2,899 3,172 3,032 3,110 3,053 3,086 2,554 2,655 2,713 3,432 3,542

Graduate 1,116 1,181 1,527 1,806 1,791 1,818 1,864 2,181 2,439 3,208 3,114

Undergraduate 120 273 246 166 198 235 260 301 282 179 178

High School 27 32 53 27 — 18 33 33 13 30 18

Post-Master/Post-	

Baccalaureate

— — — — — — 65 309 597 618 352

Reentry Supplements 140 152 249 106 176 384 — — 495 96 132

Disability Supplements 194 165 96 72 282 187 474 360 143 99 133

Total, Research Supplements 

Program

$7,048 $7,387 $7,388 $7,618 $8,762 $9,158 $10,296 $9,683 $10,938 $11,214 $10,812
163

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

14.	 Geographic Distribution of Awards:	

Fiscal Year 2006

Geographic Distribution of Awards by State: Fiscal Year 2006

	 Dollars in Millions

$100.0 to 300.0	 (9)

	 $40.0 to 99.0	 (9)

	 $17.0 to 39.0	 (10)

	 $5.0 to 16.0	 (11)

	 $0.0 to 4.0	 (11)
164

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Geographic Distribution of Awards by State or Country: Fiscal Year 2006

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Alabama

Auburn University at Auburn 1 $ 320,781 1 $ 320,781 — $ — — $ —

CFD Research Corporation 1 464,660 1 464,660 — — — —

Cooper Green Hospital, Birmingham 1 568,626 1 568,626 — — — —

Elgavish Paramagnetics, Inc. 2 268,570 2 268,570 — — — —

Researchsouth, Inc. 1 459,332 1 459,332 — — — —

University of Alabama at Birmingham 64 33,272,995 55 27,264,952 6 1,470,410 3 4,537,633

University of South Alabama 17 6,017,964 16 5,836,741 1 181,223 — —

Total Alabama 87 41,372,928 77 35,183,662 7 1,651,633 3 4,537,633

Alaska

Norton Sound Health Corporation 1 476,093 1 476,093 — — — —

Total Alaska 1 476,093 1 476,093 — — — —

Arizona

Arizona State University 3 609,856 3 609,856 — — — —

ImaRx Therapeutics, Inc. 1 402,876 1 402,876 — — — —

Mayo Clinic, Arizona 3 817,265 2 759,229 1 58,036 — —

Orthologic Corporation 1 280,375 1 280,375 — — — —

Translational Genomics Research Institute 2 797,500 2 797,500 — — — —

University of Arizona 29 8,084,189 26 7,472,582 3 611,607 — —

Total Arizona 39 10,992,061 35 10,322,418 4 669,643 — —

Arkansas

Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research 

Institute

1 155,250 1 155,250 — — — —

University of Arkansas for Medical 

Sciences, Little Rock

6 1,930,340 6 1,930,340 — — — —

Total Arkansas 7 2,085,590 7 2,085,590 — — — —

California

Advanced Brain Monitoring, Inc. 1 427,888 1 427,888 — — — —

Affymetrix, Inc. 1 2,000,000 — — — — 1 2,000,000

Biotechplex Corporation 1 329,544 1 329,544 — — — —

Blaufuss Medical Multimedia Laboratories 1 366,760 1 366,760 — — — —

Blood Systems Research Institute 3 1,905,933 2 1,368,793 — — 1 537,140

Burnham Institute for Medical Research 7 5,252,758 7 5,252,758 — — — —

California Institute of Technology 3 1,076,662 2 1,026,234 1 50,428 — —

California Pacific Medical Center 

Research Institute

2 898,959 2 898,959 — — — —

California State Polytechnic 

University, Pomona

— 161,868 — 161,868 — — — —

California State University, San Bernardino — 62,423 — 62,423 — — — —
165

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

California State University, Northridge 1 214,500 1 214,500 — — — —

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center 6 4,213,863 6 4,213,863 — — — —

Cerus Corporation 1 100,000 1 100,000 — — — —

Charles R. Drew University of 

Medicine and Science

— 63,328 — 63,328 — — — —

Children’s Hospital and Research 

Center at Oakland

15 8,202,609 13 8,037,986 1 108,427 1 56,196

Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles 18 9,609,414 18 9,609,414 — — — —

Children’s Hospital of Orange County 1 44,502 — — 1 44,502 — —

City of Hope/Beckman Research Institute 4 1,626,501 4 1,626,501 — — — —

Cytograft Tissue Engineering, Inc. 1 901,757 1 901,757 — — — —

Diagnostics for the Real World, Ltd 2 799,647 2 799,647 — — — —

Fallbrook Engineering, Inc. 1 915,644 1 915,644 — — — —

Fibrogen, Inc. 1 295,969 1 295,969 — — — —

Good Samaritan Hospital 1 298,687 1 298,687 — — — —

HTD BioSystems, Inc. 1 364,440 1 364,440 — — — —

Ichor Medical Systems, Inc. 1 133,980 1 133,980 — — — —

J. David Gladstone Institutes 9 4,684,955 9 4,684,955 — — — —

Kaiser Foundation Research Institute 8 9,018,228 7 7,759,380 — — 1 1,258,848

Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life 

Sciences

1 369,849 1 369,849 — — — —

LA Biomedical Research Institute at 

Harbor-UCLA Medical Center

12 4,051,486 10 3,843,755 — — 2 207,731

La Jolla Bioengineering Institute 1 497,625 1 497,625 — — — —

La Jolla Institute for Molecular 

Medicine

3 1,015,606 3 1,015,606 — — — —

LDM Associates 1 657,467 1 657,467 — — — —

Loma Linda University 2 603,188 2 603,188 — — — —

Los Angeles Orthopaedic Foundation 1 350,222 1 350,222 — — — —

March of Dimes Birth Defects 

Foundation

1 317,162 1 317,162 — — — —

Maxwell Sensors, Inc. 1 215,235 1 215,235 — — — —

National Childhood Cancer Foundation 1 364,041 1 364,041 — — — —

Neurion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1 249,170 1 249,170 — — — —

Northern California Institute for 

Research and Education

9 6,900,821 9 6,900,821 — — — —

Omicia, Inc. 1 182,732 1 182,732 — — — —

OPAP, Inc. 1 103,403 1 103,403 — — — —

Pacific Tuberculosis/Cancer Research 

Organization

1 415,751 1 415,751 — — — —

Palo Alto Institute for Research and 

Education, Inc.

1 308,250 1 308,250 — — — —

Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1 422,650 1 422,650 — — — —

Proteomtech, Inc. 1 100,000 1 100,000 — — — —

Quasar, Inc. 2 219,957 2 219,957 — — — —

Rand Corporation 1 190,661 1 190,661 — — — —
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Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Salk Institute for Biological Studies 1 638,372 1 638,372 — — — —

SAM Technology, Inc. 1 414,758 1 414,758 — — — —

San Diego State University 10 6,468,909 10 6,468,909 — — — —

Scripps Research Institute 32 16,916,901 30 16,537,382 2 379,519 — —

Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center 2 1,251,157 2 1,251,157 — — — —

SRI International 1 490,257 1 490,257 — — — —

Stanford University 69 32,227,000 54 28,587,325 14 1,833,049 1 1,806,626

Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies 1 444,308 1 444,308 — — — —

Touro University California 1 248,550 1 248,550 — — — —

University of California, Berkeley 7 2,525,171 6 2,462,049 1 63,122 — —

University of California, Davis 31 10,844,521 29 10,422,993 2 421,528 — —

University of California, Irvine 17 5,411,393 14 5,184,561 2 90,452 1 136,380

University of California, Lawrence 

Berkeley National Laboratory

8 6,190,173 7 6,020,612 1 169,561 — —

University of California, Los Angeles 65 35,249,914 54 31,032,806 9 1,359,897 2 2,857,211

University of California, Riverside 1 360,962 1 360,962 — — — —

University of California, San Diego 86 42,122,407 73 38,494,191 12 2,503,216 1 1,125,000

University of California, San Francisco 91 36,871,747 83 34,731,838 6 1,555,263 2 584,646

University of California, Santa Barbara 4 1,051,769 3 1,002,973 1 48,796 — —

University of Southern California 28 10,916,087 26 10,807,366 2 108,721 — —

Vala Sciences, Inc. 1 249,866 1 249,866 — — — —

Ventria Bioscience 1 99,500 1 99,500 — — — —

Veterans Medical Research Foundation, 

San Diego

4 3,018,053 4 3,018,053 — — — —

Vitalog, Inc. 1 111,950 1 111,950 — — — —

Volcano Corporation 2 664,169 2 664,169 — — — —

Total California 598 286,293,989 530 266,987,730 55 8,736,481 13 10,569,778

Colorado

Advanced Microlabs, LLC 1 101,400 1 101,400 — — — —

Colorado State University, Fort Collins 2 234,823 2 234,823 — — — —

Denver Health and Hospital Authority 2 1,384,859 2 1,384,859 — — — —

Kestrel Labs, Inc. 2 1,460,498 2 1,460,498 — — — —

National Jewish Medical and 

Research Center

21 10,003,992 19 9,902,968 2 101,024 — —

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Foundation 1 15,000 1 15,000 — — — —

Rocky Mountain Biosystems, Inc. 2 274,889 2 274,889 — — — —

University of Colorado 1 332,750 — — — — 1 332,750

University of Colorado at Boulder 7 2,089,420 6 1,904,046 1 185,374 — —

University of Colorado at Denver and 

Health Science Center, Aurora

58 25,750,667 47 19,907,696 8 2,019,880 3 3,823,091

University of Colorado, Denver 1 67,811 — — — — 1 67,811

Total Colorado 98 41,716,109 82 35,186,179 11 2,306,278 5 4,223,652
167

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Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Connecticut

Protein Sciences Corporation 1 315,204 — — — — 1 315,204

University of Connecticut School of 

Medicine and Dental Medicine

15 7,116,343 15 7,116,343 — — — —

University of Connecticut, Storrs 1 337,869 1 337,869 — — — —

Yale University 64 31,320,165 52 26,523,885 11 2,449,033 1 2,347,247

Total Connecticut 81 39,089,581 68 33,978,097 11 2,449,033 2 2,662,451

Delaware

Compact Membrane Systems, Inc. 1 169,639 1 169,639 — — — —

University of Delaware 2 683,767 2 683,767 — — — —

Total Delaware 3 853,406 3 853,406 — — — —

District of Columbia

Academy for Educational Development 1 850,000 — — — — 1 850,000

American Institutes for Research 3 2,795,927 — — — — 3 2,795,927

American Society of Hematology 1 20,000 1 20,000 — — — —

Children’s Research Institute 3 1,313,067 3 1,313,067 — — — —

George Washington University 8 3,130,015 8 3,130,015 — — — —

Georgetown University 14 4,324,196 14 4,324,196 — — — —

Howard University 8 3,324,486 5 3,046,010 1 119,174 2 159,302

Ogilvy Public Relations Worldwide 2 3,830,918 — — — — 2 3,830,918

U.S. Bureau of the Census 1 444,000 — — — — 1 444,000

Total District of Columbia 41 20,032,609 31 11,833,288 1 119,174 9 8,080,147

Florida

Altor Bioscience Corporation 1 1,037,283 1 1,037,283 — — — —

Florida Atlantic University 1 240,098 1 240,098 — — — —

Florida Institute of Technology 1 315,288 1 315,288 — — — —

Florida International University — 469,851 — 469,851 — — — —

H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and 

Research Institute

1 133,920 1 133,920 — — — —

Nemours Children’s Clinic 1 149,883 1 149,883 — — — —

University of Central Florida 1 225,385 1 225,385 — — — —

University of Florida 45 17,047,115 42 16,839,826 3 207,289 — —

University of Miami, Coral Gables 2 938,948 1 611,050 1 327,898 — —

University of Miami Medical School 14 5,087,767 12 4,844,681 1 50,428 1 192,658

University of South Florida 3 918,423 3 918,423 — — — —

Total Florida 70 26,563,961 64 25,785,688 5 585,615 1 192,658

Georgia

Bresagen, Inc. — 81,828 — 81,828 — — — —

Emory University 57 22,453,327 49 21,750,146 7 657,281 1 45,900
168

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Expression Therapeutics 1 100,000 1 100,000 — — — —

Georgia Institute of Technology 6 2,991,494 5 2,933,958 1 57,536 — —

Georgia State University 2 424,665 2 424,665 — — — —

Medical College of Georgia 31 13,625,018 29 13,273,861 2 351,157 — —

Morehouse School of Medicine 13 5,384,885 12 5,057,026 1 327,859 — —

Transfusion & Transplantation 

Technologies, Inc.

1 99,510 1 99,510 — — — —

University of Georgia 1 48,796 — — 1 48,796 — —

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention

2 975,000 — — — — 2 975,000

Wake Forest University 1 142,500 — — — — 1 142,500

Total Georgia 115 46,327,023 99 43,720,994 12 1,442,629 4 1,163,400

Hawaii

Pacific Health Research Institute 2 915,546 2 915,546 — — — —

Queen’s Medical Center 1 585,900 1 585,900 — — — —

University of Hawaii at Hilo — 220,905 — 220,905 — — — —

University of Hawaii at Manoa 4 1,809,931 3 1,763,955 1 45,976 — —

Total Hawaii 7 3,532,282 6 3,486,306 1 45,976 — —

Illinois

American College of Chest Physicians — 5,000 — 5,000 — — — —

Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago 2 887,403 2 887,403 — — — —

Evanston Northwestern Healthcare 

Research Institute

4 1,414,802 3 1,368,826 1 45,976 — —

Hektoen Institute for Medical Research 1 577,329 1 577,329 — — — —

Illinois Institute of Technology 1 315,391 1 315,391 — — — —

Loyola University, Chicago 15 7,598,787 15 7,598,787 — — — —

Northwestern University 69 27,523,569 62 24,511,222 5 986,484 2 2,025,863

Rush University Medical Center 11 4,208,139 10 4,040,108 — — 1 168,031

University of Chicago 50 18,361,211 45 16,887,537 5 1,473,674 — —

University of Illinois at Chicago 57 24,891,191 49 22,994,252 7 1,827,662 1 69,277

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 2 787,047 2 787,047 — — — —

Total Illinois 212 86,569,869 190 79,972,902 18 4,333,796 4 2,263,171

Indiana

General Biotechnology, LLC 1 133,734 1 133,734 — — — —

Indiana University-Purdue University 

at Indianapolis

58 20,916,390 53 20,238,319 5 678,071 — —

Purdue University, West Lafayette 3 894,171 3 894,171 — — — —

SonarMed, Inc. 1 660,725 1 660,725 — — — —

Space Hardware Optimization 

Technology, Inc.

1 299,680 1 299,680 — — — —
169

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

University of Notre Dame 5 3,160,829 5 3,160,829 — — — —

Total Indiana 69 26,065,529 64 25,387,458 5 678,071 — —

Iowa

Maharishi University of Management 1 494,906 1 494,906 — — — —

University of Iowa 70 32,757,822 63 30,159,794 7 2,598,028 — —

VIDA Diagnostics, Inc. 2 453,110 2 453,110 — — — —

Total Iowa 73 33,705,838 66 31,107,810 7 2,598,028 — —

Kansas

Kansas State University 1 178,308 1 178,308 — — — —

Nanoscale Materials, Inc. 1 200,000 1 200,000 — — — —

University of Kansas, Lawrence 1 205,768 1 205,768 — — — —

University of Kansas Medical Center 7 2,756,319 6 2,725,300 1 31,019 — —

Total Kansas 10 3,340,395 9 3,309,376 1 31,019 — —

Kentucky

SCR, Inc. 1 172,749 1 172,749 — — — —

University of Kentucky 25 8,623,408 24 8,497,543 1 125,865 — —

University of Louisville 28 10,578,836 26 10,369,597 2 209,239 — —

VitaTech, LLC 1 1,056,652 1 1,056,652 — — — —

Total Kentucky 55 20,431,645 52 20,096,541 3 335,104 — —

Louisiana

Children’s Hospital, New Orleans — 214,500 — 214,500 — — — —

Louisiana State University and Agricultural 

and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge

1 350,743 1 350,743 — — — —

Louisiana State University Health Science 

Center

1 434,187 — — — — 1 434,187

Louisiana State University Health 

Sciences Center, New Orleans

9 4,998,456 8 4,932,364 — — 1 66,092

Louisiana State University Health 

Sciences Center, Shreveport

4 990,510 4 990,510 — — — —

Louisiana State University Pennington 

Biomedical Research Center

4 1,808,338 4 1,808,338 — — — —

Ochsner Clinic Foundation 1 278,303 1 278,303 — — — —

Tulane University of Louisiana 18 11,447,829 16 11,212,162 2 235,667 — —

Total Louisiana 38 20,522,866 34 19,786,920 2 235,667 2 500,279

Maine

Jackson Laboratory 9 5,658,768 8 5,513,030 1 145,738 — —

Maine Medical Center 4 1,372,161 4 1,372,161 — — — —

University of Maine, Orono 1 666,979 1 666,979 — — — —

Total Maine 14 7,697,908 13 7,552,170 1 145,738 — —
170

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Maryland

Active Signal Technologies, Inc. 1 145,574 1 145,574 — — — —

American Academy of Health Behavior 1 10,000 1 10,000 — — — —

American Institutes for Research 1 2,643,549 — — — — 1 2,643,549

American Physiological Society 1 20,000 1 20,000 — — — —

American Society for Cell Biology 1 10,000 1 10,000 — — — —

American Society for Investigative 

Pathology

1 10,000 1 10,000 — — — —

BioAssessments, LLC 1 149,999 1 149,999 — — — —

Bon Secours Hospital, Baltimore 1 581,824 1 581,824 — — — —

Clinical Trials and Surveys Corporation 2 2,589,729 — — — — 2 2,589,729

Constella Group, Inc. 1 572,045 — — — — 1 572,045

EMMES Corporation 3 1,611,970 1 439,392 — — 2 1,172,578

Federation of American Societies for 

Experimental Biology

2 27,000 2 27,000 — — — —

Hager Sharp, Inc. 1 708,076 — — — — 1 708,076

Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the 

Advancement of Military Medicine

4 2,537,390 2 627,909 1 264,041 1 1,645,440

IM Systems 1 493,089 1 493,089 — — — —

Infinite Biomedical Technologies, LLC 1 993,158 1 993,158 — — — —

Intronn, Inc. 1 1,489,114 1 1,489,114 — — — —

J. Craig Venter Institute 1 1,945,324 — — — — 1 1,945,324

Johns Hopkins University 160 79,244,199 134 68,346,170 18 4,123,132 8 6,774,897

Kennedy Krieger Research Institute 1 10,000 1 10,000 — — — —

Maryland Medical Research Institute — 324,920 — 324,920 — — — —

MasiMax Resources, Inc. 1 439,000 — — — — 1 439,000

MaxCyte, Inc. 1 116,893 1 116,893 — — — —

Medstar Research Institute 5 5,068,238 5 5,068,238 — — — —

National Cancer Institute 2 185,000 — — — — 2 185,000

National Center for Health Statistics 1 973,000 — — — — 1 973,000

National Center for Research Resources 2 1,838,045 — — — — 2 1,838,045

National Institute of Child Health and 

Human Development

1 2,400,000 — — — — 1 2,400,000

National Institute of Diabetes and 

Digestive and Kidney Diseases

3 5,303,000 — — — — 3 5,303,000

National Institutes of Health 1 10,783,654 — — — — 1 10,783,654

North American Vascular Biology 

Organization

1 15,000 1 15,000 — — — —

Panacea Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1 610,479 1 610,479 — — — —

Peace Technology, Inc. 1 2,259,127 — — — — 1 2,259,127

Perinatronics Medical Systems, Inc. 1 904,434 1 904,434 — — — —

Primary Care Coalition/Montgomery 

County

1 148,750 1 148,750 — — — —

Prolias, LLC 1 100,539 1 100,539 — — — —

Pulmonary Hypertension Association 1 10,000 1 10,000 — — — —
171

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Seracare Bioservices 1 1,031,572 — — — — 1 1,031,572

Suburban Hospital 1 4,473,400 — — — — 1 4,473,400

U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services

10 3,629,965 — — — — 10 3,629,965

U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2 400,000 — — — — 2 400,000

University of Maryland Baltimore 

Professional School 

39 16,733,622 35 15,834,659 3 772,592 1 126,371

University of Maryland 

Biotechnology Institute

1 362,526 1 362,526 — — — —

Westat, Inc. 1 8,000,149 — — — — 1 8,000,149

Total Maryland 265 161,903,353 198 96,849,667 22 5,159,765 45 59,893,921

Massachusetts

ABIOMED, Inc. 1 416,551 1 416,551 — — — —

ACell, Inc. 1 102,950 1 102,950 — — — —

Aeris Therapeutics, Inc. 1 463,709 1 463,709 — — — —

Baystate Medical Center 2 478,082 — — — — 2 478,082

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 53 24,780,796 47 23,805,645 6 975,151 — —

BioSurfaces 2 749,998 2 749,998 — — — —

Boston Biomedical Research Institute 9 3,792,394 8 3,736,542 1 55,852 — —

Boston Medical Center 20 11,614,935 20 11,614,935 — — — —

Boston University 10 14,937,101 8 2,573,769 — — 2 12,363,332

Boston University Medical Campus 51 28,088,349 44 25,931,031 7 2,157,318 — —

Brandeis University 1 105,220 1 105,220 — — — —

Brigham and Women’s Hospital 122 54,433,022 104 50,798,073 18 3,634,949 — —

Cardium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1 329,175 1 329,175 — — — —

Caritas St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center 6 2,610,742 6 2,610,742 — — — —

CBR Institute for Biomedical Research 7 10,141,337 7 10,141,337 — — — —

Children’s Hospital Boston 46 18,720,167 39 17,193,647 7 1,526,520 — —

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute 15 5,862,020 15 5,862,020 — — — —

DecImmune Therapeutics, Inc. 1 129,156 1 129,156 — — — —

Education Development Center, Inc. 1 592,574 1 592,574 — — — —

EIC Laboratories, Inc. 1 419,033 1 419,033 — — — —

Gwathmey, Inc. 1 1,613,011 1 1,613,011 — — — —

Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Inc. 2 770,956 2 770,956 — — — —

Harvard University 2 484,305 1 476,802 1 7,503 — —

Harvard University Medical School 12 4,426,922 8 3,116,759 4 1,310,163 — —

Harvard University School of Public Health 29 13,449,584 24 12,707,850 5 741,734 — —

Immunetics, Inc. 1 995,238 1 995,238 — — — —

Infoscitex Corporation 1 925,939 1 925,939 — — — —

Joslin Diabetes Center 2 992,433 2 992,433 — — — —

Levitronix, LLC 3 1,364,229 3 1,364,229 — — — —

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 1 125,982 1 125,982 — — — —

Massachusetts General Hospital 69 29,385,934 65 26,645,695 3 1,203,443 1 1,536,796
172

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 13 8,132,762 9 5,206,477 3 136,768 1 2,789,517

Microbiotix, Inc. 1 367,815 1 367,815 — — — —

Neuroprotection 1 178,840 1 178,840 — — — —

New England Medical Center Hospitals 25 20,262,637 22 19,342,836 1 611,784 2 308,017

New England Research Institutes, Inc. 6 15,415,528 5 9,935,838 — — 1 5,479,690

Newton Laboratories 2 465,947 2 465,947 — — — —

NMT Medical, Inc. 1 12,500 1 12,500 — — — —

Northeastern University 3 790,044 3 790,044 — — — —

Physical Sciences, Inc. 1 210,921 1 210,921 — — — —

QuitNet.com, Inc. 1 308,551 1 308,551 — — — —

Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc. 2 224,018 2 224,018 — — — —

Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital 1 157,353 1 157,353 — — — —

Sunnybrook and Women’s College Health 

Sciences Center

1 372,902 1 372,902 — — — —

Tufts University, Boston 11 3,208,001 9 2,920,453 2 287,548 — —

University of Massachusetts, Amherst 1 322,375 1 322,375 — — — —

University of Massachusetts Medical 

School, Worcester

21 7,665,557 20 7,535,141 1 130,416 — —

Verax Biomedical, Inc. 1 1,000,000 1 1,000,000 — — — —

Whitehead Institute for Biomedical 

Research

2 99,224 — — 2 99,224 — —

Total Massachusetts 568 292,496,819 498 256,663,012 61 12,878,373 9 22,955,434

Michigan

Accumed Systems, Inc. 1 109,589 1 109,589 — — — —

Henry Ford Health System 13 6,162,728 13 6,162,728 — — — —

Hope College 1 153,500 1 153,500 — — — —

MC3, Inc. 4 1,756,575 4 1,756,575 — — — —

MedArray, Inc. 1 585,180 1 585,180 — — — —

Michigan State University 12 3,932,707 11 3,883,911 1 48,796 — —

Neural Intervention Technologies, Inc. 1 515,649 1 515,649 — — — —

Pixel Velocity, Inc. 1 209,603 1 209,603 — — — —

St. Joseph Mercy Oakland 2 773,099 2 773,099 — — — —

Thromgen, Inc. 1 606,945 1 606,945 — — — —

TSRL, Inc. 1 274,452 1 274,452 — — — —

University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 92 39,634,781 84 36,150,912 6 1,269,187 2 2,214,682

Wayne State University 16 4,563,771 15 4,431,557 — — 1 132,214

Total Michigan 146 59,278,579 136 55,613,700 7 1,317,983 3 2,346,896

Minnesota

Advanced Circulatory Systems, Inc. 4 1,813,781 4 1,813,781 — — — —

Discovery Genomics, Inc. 1 649,762 1 649,762 — — — —

Gel-Del Technologies, Inc. 1 1,031,981 1 1,031,981 — — — —

HealthPartners Research Foundation 1 287,091 1 287,091 — — — —
173

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Koronis Biomedical Technologies 

Corporation

1 127,084 1 127,084 — — — —

Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 

Rochester

67 28,148,164 60 24,881,073 4 346,758 3 2,920,333

Minneapolis Medical Research 

Foundation, Inc.

1 346,182 1 346,182 — — — —

Minnesota State University, Moorhead — 16,464 — 16,464 — — — —

Minnesota Veterans Research Institute 1 503,990 1 503,990 — — — —

Phygen, Inc. 1 880,589 1 880,589 — — — —

Powerscope, Inc. 1 99,887 1 99,887 — — — —

University of Minnesota, Twin Cities 68 30,855,582 58 24,872,856 6 1,794,973 4 4,187,753

ZirChrom Separations, Inc. 1 348,525 1 348,525 — — — —

Total Minnesota 148 65,109,082 131 55,859,265 10 2,141,731 7 7,108,086

Mississippi

Jackson Hinds Comprehensive Health 

Center

1 587,914 1 587,914 — — — —

Jackson State University 1 3,186,000 — — — — 1 3,186,000

Tougaloo College 1 14,326 — — — — 1 14,326

University of Mississippi Medical Center 14 6,059,620 10 5,266,380 2 78,378 2 714,862

University of Southern Mississippi 1 182,500 1 182,500 — — — —

Total Mississippi 18 10,030,360 12 6,036,794 2 78,378 4 3,915,188

Missouri

APT Therapeutics, Inc. 1 336,745 1 336,745 — — — —

Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City 2 418,324 2 418,324 — — — —

St. Louis University 9 2,761,894 9 2,761,894 — — — —

University of Missouri, Kansas City 1 1 1 1 — — — —

University of Missouri, Columbia 20 7,478,970 18 7,397,682 2 81,288 — —

ViraCor Holdings, LLC 1 299,000 1 299,000 — — — —

Washington University 119 60,219,818 108 57,278,462 11 2,941,356 — —

Total Missouri 153 71,514,752 140 68,492,108 13 3,022,644 — —

Montana

Montana State University, Bozeman 1 397,057 1 397,057 — — — —

University of Montana 5 530,240 4 472,204 1 58,036 — —

Total Montana 6 927,297 5 869,261 1 58,036 — —

Nebraska

Creighton University 4 717,578 3 678,039 1 39,539 — —

University of Nebraska, Lincoln 1 1,954,305 1 1,954,305 — — — —

University of Nebraska Medical Center 8 3,794,007 8 3,794,007 — — — —

Ximerex, Inc. 1 526,344 1 526,344 — — — —

Total Nebraska 14 6,992,234 13 6,952,695 1 39,539 — —
174

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Nevada

Nevada Cancer Institute 1 330,573 1 330,573 — — — —

Sierra Biomedical Research Corporation 1 435,774 1 435,774 — — — —

University of Nevada at Reno 9 2,872,310 9 2,872,310 — — — —

Total Nevada 11 3,638,657 11 3,638,657 — — — —

New Hampshire

Creare, Inc. 2 643,008 2 643,008 — — — —

Dartmouth College 18 5,849,454 18 5,849,454 — — — —

Xemed, LLC 2 500,219 2 500,219 — — — —

Total New Hampshire 22 6,992,681 22 6,992,681 — — — —

New Jersey

Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies, Inc. 1 232,725 1 232,725 — — — —

COECare.com, LLC 1 114,820 1 114,820 — — — —

DVX, LLC 1 535,046 1 535,046 — — — —

Hackensack University Medical Center 2 652,376 2 652,376 — — — —

Princeton Multimedia Technologies Corp. 1 509,260 1 509,260 — — — —

Public Health Research Institute 1 136,710 1 136,710 — — — —

Rutgers, The State University of New 

Jersey, New Brunswick

1 346,688 1 346,688 — — — —

University of Medicine and Dentistry of 

New Jersey 

21 10,707,298 17 9,805,073 3 693,436 1 208,789

University of Medicine and Dentistry 

of New Jersey, R. W. Johnson Medical 

School

5 3,793,254 5 3,793,254 — — — —

Vasade Biosciences, Inc. 1 145,499 1 145,499 — — — —

Xechem, Inc. 1 473,181 1 473,181 — — — —

Total New Jersey 36 17,646,857 32 16,744,632 3 693,436 1 208,789

New Mexico

Department of Veterans Affairs, 

Albuquerque

1 4,565,817 — — — — 1 4,565,817

Diné College — 370,983 — 370,983 — — — —

Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental 

Research

6 2,279,518 5 2,251,761 1 27,757 — —

Sandia National Laboratories 1 144,784 1 144,784 — — — —

Southwest Sciences, Inc. 1 406,163 1 406,163 — — — —

University of New Mexico 11 4,482,569 9 4,303,347 2 179,222 — —

Total New Mexico 20 12,249,834 16 7,477,038 3 206,979 1 4,565,817

New York

Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center 1 614,122 1 614,122 — — — —
175

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Albany Medical College of Union 

University

8 2,610,315 6 2,046,516 2 563,799 — —

Albany Research Institute, Inc. 1 244,125 1 244,125 — — — —

Angion Biomedica Corporation 2 1,818,718 2 1,818,718 — — — —

City College of New York 2 893,531 2 893,531 — — — —

Clarkson University 1 182,119 1 182,119 — — — —

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1 15,000 1 15,000 — — — —

Columbia University 81 42,035,172 74 39,863,977 6 1,460,455 1 710,740

Cornell University, Ithaca 12 5,325,988 11 5,275,560 1 50,428 — —

CUNY Graduate School and 

University Center

1 338,796 1 338,796 — — — —

Dawkins Productions, Inc. 1 382,539 1 382,539 — — — —

Feinstein Institute for Medical Research 6 2,194,750 6 2,194,750 — — — —

Gene Network Sciences, Inc. 1 539,718 1 539,718 — — — —

Graduate College of Union University — 80,000 — 80,000 — — — —

Hospital for Special Surgery 1 425,744 1 425,744 — — — —

Jarvik Heart, Inc. 1 1,366,936 — — — — 1 1,366,936

Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Inc 2 566,700 2 566,700 — — — —

Mohawk Innovative Technology, Inc. 2 1,345,649 2 1,345,649 — — — —

Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx 1 310,881 1 310,881 — — — —

Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New 

York University

22 9,028,532 20 8,928,176 2 100,356 — —

Narrows Institute for Biomedical 

Research Inc.

1 293,683 1 293,683 — — — —

New York Academy of Medicine 1 557,763 1 557,763 — — — —

New York Blood Center 3 978,261 3 978,261 — — — —

New York Medical College 14 7,220,195 14 7,220,195 — — — —

New York University School of Medicine 27 11,166,881 22 10,655,075 5 511,806 — —

Queens College 1 379,609 1 379,609 — — — —

Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. — 1,000,000 — 1,000,000 — — — —

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 1 381,529 1 381,529 — — — —

Rockefeller University 5 1,950,536 4 1,900,108 1 50,428 — —

Roswell Park Cancer Institute Corporation 1 454,905 1 454,905 — — — —

Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer 

Research

6 1,677,982 6 1,677,982 — — — —

St. John’s University 1 707,752 1 707,752 — — — —

St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Institute for 

Health Sciences

8 3,104,874 7 3,056,078 1 48,796 — —

State University of New York at Buffalo 17 5,883,425 16 5,865,039 1 18,386 — —

State University of New York at Stony 

Brook

16 5,016,572 16 5,016,572 — — — —

SUNY Downstate Medical Center 3 749,210 3 749,210 — — — —

SUNY Upstate Medical University 9 5,155,864 9 5,155,864 — — — —

Syracuse University 1 365,254 1 365,254 — — — —

Therasource, LLC 1 149,995 1 149,995 — — — —
176

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Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Trudeau Institute, Inc. 1 437,500 1 437,500 — — — —

University of Rochester 50 23,134,058 47 22,157,975 3 976,083 — —

Visiting Nurse Service of New York 1 787,084 1 787,084 — — — —

Weill Medical College of Cornell 

University

41 19,537,885 37 18,857,705 4 680,180 — —

Winifred Masterson Burke Medical 

Research Institute

1 464,310 1 464,310 — — — —

Winthrop-University Hospital 2 474,748 2 474,748 — — — —

Yeshiva University 33 15,468,204 26 15,035,592 6 292,576 1 140,036

Zylon Corporation 1 708,695 1 708,695 — — — —

Total New York 393 178,526,109 358 171,555,104 32 4,753,293 3 2,217,712

North Carolina

BioMarck Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. 1 1,000,000 1 1,000,000 — — — —

BreathQuant Medical Systems, Inc. 1 99,996 1 99,996 — — — —

CryoFacets, Inc. 1 99,995 1 99,995 — — — —

Duke University 125 67,801,219 108 65,172,945 14 2,066,828 3 561,446

Heart Imaging Technologies, LLC 1 268,441 1 268,441 — — — —

North Carolina Central University 2 727,141 2 727,141 — — — —

North Carolina State University at Raleigh 6 1,784,443 4 1,471,879 2 312,564 — —

Parion Sciences 1 983,544 1 983,544 — — — —

Rho Federal Systems Division, Inc. 3 6,566,023 2 5,344,351 — — 1 1,221,672

RTI International 1 1,391,748 — — — — 1 1,391,748

Southeast TechInventures 1 382,063 1 382,063 — — — —

Tribofilm Research, Inc. 1 269,148 1 269,148 — — — —

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 81 42,806,457 71 35,709,804 7 1,121,760 3 5,974,893

University of North Carolina at Charlotte 1 439,493 1 439,493 — — — —

Vascular Pharmaceuticals 1 210,260 1 210,260 — — — —

Wake Forest University 9 7,195,904 4 1,299,407 — — 5 5,896,497

Wake Forest University Health Sciences 42 20,227,019 36 19,077,585 4 531,125 2 618,309

Total North Carolina 278 152,252,894 236 132,556,052 27 4,032,277 15 15,664,565

North Dakota

University of North Dakota 1 289,871 1 289,871 — — — —

Total North Dakota 1 289,871 1 289,871 — — — —

Ohio

Arteriocyte, Inc. 1 1,229,607 1 1,229,607 — — — —

BIOMEC, Inc. 2 1,804,542 2 1,804,542 — — — —

Case Western Reserve University 62 24,155,315 49 21,306,504 13 2,848,811 — —

ChanTest, Inc. 1 149,322 1 149,322 — — — —

ChanXpress, Inc. 1 247,711 1 247,711 — — — —

Children’s Hospital Medical Center of 

Cincinnati

52 25,539,354 51 25,503,166 1 36,188 — —
177

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Children’s Research Institute 4 894,476 4 894,476 — — — —

Cleveland Clinic Foundation 1 343,289 — — — — 1 343,289

Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of 

Medicine of Case Western Reserve 

University

50 29,291,842 48 27,986,214 — — 2 1,305,628

Cleveland Medical Devices, Inc. 2 1,062,441 2 1,062,441 — — — —

Cleveland State University 3 581,996 2 551,029 1 30,967 — —

Deca-Medics, Inc. 1 474,589 1 474,589 — — — —

Interventional Imaging, Inc. 1 207,987 1 207,987 — — — —

Medical University of Ohio at Toledo 6 6,244,080 6 6,244,080 — — — —

MetroHealth Medical Center 1 329,570 1 329,570 — — — —

NanoMimetics, Inc. 1 197,716 1 197,716 — — — —

Ohio State University 34 9,881,050 33 9,823,624 1 57,426 — —

Ohio University, Athens 1 350,392 1 350,392 — — — —

University of Akron 1 358,864 1 358,864 — — — —

University of Cincinnati 41 17,413,747 39 16,754,858 2 658,889 — —

University of Toledo 1 46,413 — — 1 46,413 — —

Wright State University 6 2,344,716 4 2,187,702 2 157,014 — —

Total Ohio 273 123,149,019 249 117,664,394 21 3,835,708 3 1,648,917

Oklahoma

Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation 3 2,420,907 3 2,420,907 — — — —

Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 3 958,930 3 958,930 — — — —

University of Oklahoma Health 

Sciences Center

14 5,885,545 13 5,819,709 1 65,836 — —

Total Oklahoma 20 9,265,382 19 9,199,546 1 65,836 — —

Oregon

C/J Media, Inc. 1 121,986 1 121,986 — — — —

Fanconi Anemia Research Fund, Inc. 1 14,500 1 14,500 — — — —

Oregon Health and Science University 37 12,938,685 31 12,246,755 6 691,930 — —

Oregon Research Institute 3 1,341,833 3 1,341,833 — — — —

Oregon State University 2 600,797 2 600,797 — — — —

Total Oregon 44 15,017,801 38 14,325,871 6 691,930 — —

Pennsylvania

Adult Congenital Heart Association 1 10,000 1 10,000 — — — —

Allegheny-Singer Research Institute 2 573,506 2 573,506 — — — —

Apogee Biotechnology Corporation 1 219,476 1 219,476 — — — —

CardiacAssist, Inc. 1 441,138 1 441,138 — — — —

Carnegie Mellon University 2 584,870 2 584,870 — — — —

CASurgica, Inc. 1 398,437 1 398,437 — — — —

Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 38 23,924,279 36 23,431,388 2 492,891 — —

Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh 10 4,456,223 9 4,408,071 — — 1 48,152
178

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

CollaGenex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1 243,353 1 243,353 — — — —

Drexel University 8 1,847,908 7 1,847,907 1 1 — —

Ension, Inc. 4 1,886,762 3 894,876 — — 1 991,886

Fox Chase Cancer Center 5 1,910,245 5 1,910,245 — — — —

Franklin and Marshall College 1 189,948 1 189,948 — — — —

Industrial Science and Technology Network 1 736,368 1 736,368 — — — —

Lankenau Institute for Medical Research 1 390,600 1 390,600 — — — —

Magee-Women’s Health Corporation 1 150,000 — — 1 150,000 — —

National Disease Research Interchange — 24,412 — 24,412 — — — —

Octagen Corporation 1 1,004,225 1 1,004,225 — — — —

Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. 

Hershey Medical Center

20 12,337,222 19 11,059,411 — — 1 1,277,811

Pennsylvania State University, 

University Park

3 860,371 3 860,371 — — — —

PhenoTech, Inc. 1 509,517 1 509,517 — — — —

PinMed, Inc. 1 492,200 1 492,200 — — — —

Temple University 23 8,076,909 20 7,505,764 3 571,145 — —

The Institute for Transfusion Medicine 1 371,860 — — — — 1 371,860

Thomas Jefferson University 20 8,278,267 19 8,247,254 1 31,013 — —

University of Pennsylvania 128 64,351,285 111 59,951,886 16 4,285,068 1 114,331

University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 105 51,922,221 93 45,602,164 9 1,275,878 3 5,044,179

Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic 1 361,894 1 361,894 — — — —

Wistar Institute 3 2,063,561 3 2,063,561 — — — —

Total Pennsylvania 385 188,617,057 344 173,962,842 33 6,805,996 8 7,848,219

Rhode Island

Brown University 7 3,042,321 6 3,024,221 1 18,100 — —

Gordon Research Conferences 5 52,000 5 52,000 — — — —

Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island 1 236,247 1 236,247 — — — —

Miriam Hospital 8 3,350,372 7 3,169,618 1 180,754 — —

Pro-Change Behavior Systems, Inc. 1 133,510 1 133,510 — — — —

QualityMetric, Inc. 1 137,540 1 137,540 — — — —

Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 8 4,156,356 8 4,156,356 — — — —

Roger Williams Hospital 2 575,287 2 575,287 — — — —

Women and Infants Hospital of 

Rhode Island

— 114,368 — 114,368 — — — —

Total Rhode Island 33 11,798,001 31 11,599,147 2 198,854 — —

South Carolina

Cell and Tissue Systems, Inc. 1 170,764 1 170,764 — — — —

Clemson University 3 749,865 3 749,865 — — — —

Iron Disorders Institute, Inc. 1 2,000 1 2,000 — — — —

Medical University of South Carolina 28 10,144,981 23 8,812,056 4 876,755 1 456,170
179

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

University of South Carolina at Columbia 9 3,746,153 9 3,746,153 — — — —

Total South Carolina 42 14,813,763 37 13,480,838 4 876,755 1 456,170

South Dakota

Black Hills Center/American Indian Health 1 306,473 1 306,473 — — — —

Missouri Breaks Research, Inc. 2 1,170,061 2 1,170,061 — — — —

South Dakota Health Research Foundation 1 270,174 1 270,174 — — — —

University of South Dakota 2 721,621 2 721,621 — — — —

Total South Dakota 6 2,468,329 6 2,468,329 — — — —

Tennessee

East Tennessee State University 4 1,099,631 4 1,099,631 — — — —

Meharry Medical College 6 1,593,531 2 1,000,618 4 592,913 — —

St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital 10 10,242,936 9 9,786,282 — — 1 456,654

University of Memphis 6 2,075,436 6 2,075,436 — — — —

University of Tennessee Health 

Sciences Center

29 9,365,699 28 9,065,743 1 299,956 — —

University of Tennessee at Knoxville 2 495,234 2 495,234 — — — —

Vanderbilt University 83 39,007,254 70 36,621,822 11 1,949,990 2 435,442

Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis 1 2,494,032 — — — — 1 2,494,032

Viral Antigens, Inc. 1 666,950 — — — — 1 666,950

Total Tennessee 142 67,040,703 121 60,144,766 16 2,842,859 5 4,053,078

Texas

Baylor College of Medicine 79 27,653,257 62 22,675,767 13 2,268,797 4 2,708,693

Cooper Institute 2 229,678 2 229,678 — — — —

CorInnova, Inc. 1 362,708 1 362,708 — — — —

Methodist Hospital Research Institute 2 569,059 2 569,059 — — — —

Rice University 5 1,240,543 5 1,240,543 — — — —

Scott and White Memorial Hospital 1 136,080 1 136,080 — — — —

Southwest Foundation for Biomedical 

Research

7 8,142,508 6 7,982,034 — — 1 160,474

Texas A&M University Health 

Science Center

11 5,096,741 11 5,096,741 — — — —

Texas A&M University System 2 224,577 2 224,577 — — — —

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station 3 1,087,192 3 1,087,192 — — — —

Texas Engineering Experiment Station 1 295,392 1 295,392 — — — —

Texas Southern University 1 487,653 1 487,653 — — — —

Texas Tech University Health Sciences 

Center

2 306,444 2 306,444 — — — —

University of North Texas 1 352,761 1 352,761 — — — —

University of North Texas Health 

Sciences Center

6 1,782,419 5 1,646,641 1 135,778 — —

University of Texas at Arlington 1 211,333 1 211,333 — — — —
180

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

University of Texas at Austin 1 367,164 1 367,164 — — — —

University of Texas at Dallas 3 785,832 3 785,832 — — — —

University of Texas at San Antonio 1 276,350 1 276,350 — — — —

University of Texas Health Sciences 

Center at Houston

21 17,183,850 20 17,126,476 1 57,374 — —

University of Texas Health Sciences 

Center at San Antonio

18 7,233,182 17 7,181,134 1 52,048 — —

University of Texas Health Sciences 

Center at Tyler

8 3,438,255 8 3,438,255 — — — —

University of Texas M.D. Anderson 

Cancer Center

12 3,741,255 11 3,692,459 1 48,796 — —

University of Texas Medical Branch at 

Galveston

11 4,598,718 9 2,649,047 1 85,633 1 1,864,038

University of Texas Southwestern 

Medical Center at Dallas

53 28,503,578 49 24,998,373 3 1,275,666 1 2,229,539

Total Texas 253 114,306,529 225 103,419,693 21 3,924,092 7 6,962,744

Utah

Frontier Scientific, Inc. 1 432,432 1 432,432 — — — —

IHC Health Services, Inc. 1 566,567 1 566,567 — — — —

LDS Hospital 2 516,067 — — — — 2 516,067

Thrombodyne, Inc. 1 956,997 1 956,997 — — — —

University of Utah 47 16,576,350 42 15,757,373 5 818,977 — —

Utah Artificial Heart Institute 1 994,884 1 994,884 — — — —

Total Utah 53 20,043,297 46 18,708,253 5 818,977 2 516,067

Vermont

Haematologic Technologies, Inc. 2 491,881 2 491,881 — — — —

Psychological Applications, LLC 1 420,718 1 420,718 — — — —

University of Vermont and State 

Agricultural College

37 13,800,220 31 12,561,742 6 1,238,478 — —

Total Vermont 40 14,712,819 34 13,474,341 6 1,238,478 — —

Virginia

American Psychosomatic Society 1 10,000 1 10,000 — — — —

Barron Associates, Inc. 1 124,966 1 124,966 — — — —

Bioengineering Consultants, Ltd. 1 197,875 1 197,875 — — — —

College of William and Mary 2 419,540 2 419,540 — — — —

CW Optics, Inc. 1 713,005 1 713,005 — — — —

Eastern Virginia Medical School 1 331,400 1 331,400 — — — —

Empirical Technologies Corporation 1 379,804 1 379,804 — — — —

Institute for Alternative Futures 1 150,585 — — — — 1 150,585

McGuire Research Institute, Inc. 1 309,404 1 309,404 — — — —

PocketSonics 1 149,970 1 149,970 — — — —

Society for Prevention Research, Inc. — 5,000 — 5,000 — — — —
181

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Talisman, Ltd. 1 927,498 1 927,498 — — — —

The Lewin Group 1 743,712 — — — — 1 743,712

U.S. National Science Foundation 1 200,000 — — — — 1 200,000

University of Virginia, Charlottesville 50 22,648,868 41 21,224,763 8 1,397,907 1 26,198

Virginia Commonwealth University 15 5,049,009 15 5,049,009 — — — —

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and 

State University

— 48,825 — 48,825 — — — —

Total Virginia 79 32,409,461 67 29,891,059 8 1,397,907 4 1,120,495

Washington

Asthma, Inc. 1 311,420 1 311,420 — — — —

Axio Research Corporation 1 4,699,630 1 4,699,630 — — — —

Barlow Scientific 1 100,000 1 100,000 — — — —

Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories 1 1,932,141 1 1,932,141 — — — —

Benaroya Research Institute at 

Virginia Mason

1 48,796 — — 1 48,796 — —

Center for Health Studies 1 675,452 1 675,452 — — — —

Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical 

Center

6 2,617,950 6 2,617,950 — — — —

E.I. SpeCentera, LLC 1 352,326 1 352,326 — — — —

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 19 20,252,644 18 12,372,986 — — 1 7,879,658

Inologic, Inc. 1 320,995 1 320,995 — — — —

Insilicos, LLC 2 398,300 2 398,300 — — — —

Institute for Systems Biology 2 2,770,670 1 123,011 — — 1 2,647,659

Phantoms by Design, Inc. 2 582,572 2 582,572 — — — —

Pro-Tech Services, Inc. 1 199,052 1 199,052 — — — —

Puget Sound Blood Center 5 3,034,221 4 2,976,685 1 57,536 — —

Seattle Institute for Cardiac Research 1 2,114,588 1 2,114,588 — — — —

Spencer Technologies 2 410,882 2 410,882 — — — —

Syntrix Biosystems, Inc. 1 705,130 1 705,130 — — — —

University of Washington 121 68,435,708 108 59,836,663 8 3,189,371 5 5,409,674

VisionGate, Inc. 1 160,342 1 160,342 — — — —

Washington State University 4 1,518,271 4 1,518,271 — — — —

Total Washington 175 111,641,090 158 92,408,396 10 3,295,703 7 15,936,991

West Virginia

West Virginia University 10 3,749,010 10 3,749,010 — — — —

Total West Virginia 10 3,749,010 10 3,749,010 — — — —

Wisconsin

American Society of Gene Therapy 1 10,000 1 10,000 — — — —

Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin 8 4,579,630 7 4,470,235 1 109,395 — —

Marquette University 1 212,389 1 212,389 — — — —

Medical College of Wisconsin 58 33,868,324 54 31,470,519 3 377,576 1 2,020,229
182

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

Minitube of America 1 118,125 1 118,125 — — — —

Quantum Tubers Corporation 1 100,000 1 100,000 — — — —

University of Wisconsin, Madison 47 20,990,583 42 19,522,101 5 1,468,482 — —

WiCell Research Institute — 97,650 — 97,650 — — — —

Total Wisconsin 117 59,976,701 107 56,001,019 9 1,955,453 1 2,020,229

Puerto Rico

University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez — 163,531 — 163,531 — — — —

University of Puerto Rico, Medical 

Sciences

1 877,628 1 877,628 — — — —

Total Puerto Rico 1 1,041,159 1 1,041,159 — — — —

Total U.S. 5,370 $2,547,569,182 4,733 $2,265,241,828 468 $88,694,867 169 $193,632,487

Australia

Baker Heart Research Institute 1 270,000 1 270,000 — — — —

ES Cell International Pte Ltd. — 97,650 — 97,650 — — — —

James Cook University of North 

Queensland

1 263,655 1 263,655 — — — —

St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne 1 210,924 1 210,924 — — — —

University of Melbourne 1 195,300 1 195,300 — — — —

University of Sydney 1 204,674 1 204,674 — — — —

Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical 

Research

2 506,655 2 506,655 — — — —

Total Australia 7 1,748,858 7 1,748,858 — — — —

Belgium

Flanders Interuniversity Institute of 

Biotechnology

1 170,888 1 170,888 — — — —

Free University of Brussels 1 290,021 1 290,021 — — — —

Total Belgium 2 460,909 2 460,909 — — — —

Canada

Clinical Research Institute of Montreal 1 290,020 1 290,020 — — — —

Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto 3 661,907 3 661,907 — — — —

McMaster University 1 2,497,313 — — — — 1 2,497,313

Montreal Heart Institute 1 270,000 1 270,000 — — — —

Ottawa Health Research Institute 1 177,647 1 177,647 — — — —

St. Michael’s Hospital 1 202,122 1 202,122 — — — —

University Health Network 1 1 1 1 — — — —

University of Alberta 3 359,584 3 359,584 — — — —

University of British Columbia 1 263,655 1 263,655 — — — —

University of Calgary 3 866,309 3 866,309 — — — —

University of Manitoba 1 162,000 1 162,000 — — — —

University of Montreal 2 446,480 2 446,480 — — — —
183

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

University of Toronto — 80,000 — 80,000 — — — —

Total Canada 19 6,277,038 18 3,779,725 — — 1 2,497,313

China

Chinese Center, Disease Control and 

Prevention

— 23,729 — 23,729 — — — —

Total China — 23,729 — 23,729 — — — —

Finland

University of Helsinki 1 263,655 1 263,655 — — — —

Total Finland 1 263,655 1 263,655 — — — —

Hungary

Eotvos Lorand University — 39,060 — 39,060 — — — —

Total Hungary — 39,060 — 39,060 — — — —

India

Center for DNA Fingerprinting/Diagnostics — 38,083 — 38,083 — — — —

Total India — 38,083 — 38,083 — — — —

Israel

Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical 

Center

1 58,036 — — 1 58,036 — —

Technion-Israel Institute of Technology 1 347,682 1 347,682 — — — —

Total Israel 2 405,718 1 347,682 1 58,036 — —

Netherlands

Erasmus University of Rotterdam 1 210,924 1 210,924 — — — —

State University at Groningen 1 263,655 1 263,655 — — — —

Wageningen University 1 377,508 1 377,508 — — — —

Total Netherlands 3 852,087 3 852,087 — — — —

Sweden

Uppsala University 1 158,193 1 158,193 — — — —

Total Sweden 1 158,193 1 158,193 — — — —

Thailand

Chiang Mai University — 15,819 — 15,819 — — — —

Total Thailand — 15,819 — 15,819 — — — —
184

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Chapter 14. Geographic Distribution of Awards

Institution Totals Grants

Research Training 

and Career 

Development Contracts

No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar No. Dollar

United Kingdom

Imperial College London 1 150,653 — — — — 1 150,653

Royal Free and University College 

Medical School

1 209,753 1 209,753 — — — —

University of Bristol 1 469,356 1 469,356 — — — —

University of Cambridge 1 270,000 1 270,000 — — — —

University of London University 

College, London

2 518,124 2 518,124 — — — —

Total United Kingdom 6 1,617,886 5 1,467,233 — — 1 150,653

Total Other 41 $ 11,901,035 38 $ 9,195,033 1 $ 58,036 2 $ 2,647,966

Grand Total 5,411 $2,559,470,217 4,771 $2,274,436,861 469 $88,752,903 171 $196,280,453
Appendixes

	 Types of Research Activity

	 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

	 Index

187

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Types of Research Activity

Types of Research Activity

Research Projects

Research Project Grants (R01): To support discrete and specific projects to be performed by one or 

several investigators in areas of the investigator’s 

particular interests and competencies.

Research Projects (Cooperative Agreements)

(U01): To support discrete, circumscribed projects 

in areas of an investigator’s specific interest and 

competency involving substantial programmatic 

participation by the NHLBI during performance 

of the activity.

Research Program Projects (P01): To support 

broadly based, multidisciplinary, often long-term 

research projects that have specific major objectives 

or basic themes directed toward a well-defined 

research program goal. Usually, a relatively large, 

organized group of researchers conducts individual 

subprojects, the results of which help achieve objectives of the program project.

Small Research Grants (R03): To provide limited 

support for extended analyses of research data generated by clinical trials, population research, and demonstration and education studies.

Academic Research Enhancement Awards

(AREA) (R15): To support small-scale research 

projects conducted by faculty in primarily baccalaureate degree-granting domestic institutions. Awards 

are for up to $75,000 for direct costs (plus applicable 

indirect costs) for periods not to exceed 36 months.

Exploratory/Developmental Grants (R21): To 

encourage the development of new research activities in heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders program areas.

First Independent Research Support and

Transition (FIRST) Award (R29): To provide a 

sufficient initial period of research support for newly 

independent biomedical investigators to develop 

their research capabilities and demonstrate the merit 

of their research ideas. New grants are no longer 

awarded.

Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R33): To provide phase II support for innovative exploratory and 

developmental research activities initiated under the 

R21 mechanism.

Method To Extend Research in Time (MERIT)

Award (R37): To provide long-term research grant 

support to investigators whose research competency 

and productivity are distinctly superior and thus are 

likely to continue to perform in an outstanding 

manner. Investigators may not apply for a MERIT 

award; instead, they are selected by the NHLBI on 

the basis of their current grant applications and their 

present and past grant support.

NIH Director’s Pioneer Award (DP1): To support 

individual scientists of exceptional creativity who 

propose pioneering approaches to major contemporary challenges in biomedical research. 

Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR)

Grants—Phase I (R41): To support cooperative 

R&D projects between small business concerns and 

research institutions, limited in time and amount, to 

establish the technical merit and feasibility of ideas 

that have potential for commercialization. Awards 

are made to small business concerns only.

Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR)

Grants—Phase II (R42): To support in-depth 

development of cooperative R&D projects between 

small business concerns and research institutions, 

limited in time and amount, whose feasibility has 

been established in phase I and that have potential 

for commercialization. Awards are made to small 

business concerns only.

Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)

Grants, Phase I (R43): To support projects, limited 

in time and amount, to establish the technical merit 

and feasibility of research and development ideas 
188

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Types of Research Activity

that may ultimately lead to commercial products or 

services.

Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Grants,

Phase II (R44): To support research project ideas that 

have been shown to be feasible in phase I and that are 

likely to result in commercially marketable products or 

services.

Research Centers

Exploratory Grants (P20): To support planning for 

new programs, expansion or modification of existing 

resources, and feasibility studies to explore various 

approaches to the development of interdisciplinary 

programs that offer potential solutions to problems of 

special significance to the mission of the NHLBI.

Center Core Grants (P30): To support shared resources 

and facilities for basic, clinical, behavioral, and translational research in the prevention, detection, and treatment 

of HIV infection and AIDS. 

Animal (Mammalian and Nonmammalian) Model

and Animal and Material Resource Grant (P40): To 

develop and support animal models, or animal or biological materials resources. Nonmammalian resources 

include nonmammalian vertebrates, invertebrates, cell 

systems, and nonbiological systems.

Specialized Centers of Research (SCOR) Grants

(P50): To support both basic and clinical research 

related to an Institute-identified theme. The spectrum of 

SCOR activities comprises multidisciplinary approaches 

to specific disease entities or biomedical problem areas. 

The SCOR grants differ from research program projects 

in that they are in response to an announcement of programmatic needs of the Institute. Centers may be asked 

to perform additional studies because of urgently needed 

information or may serve as a regional or national 

resource for special purpose research.

Comprehensive Specialized Research Center Grants

(U54): To support a large, interrelated biomedical 

research program focused on a disorder within the 

Institute’s mandate; to initiate and expand community 

education, screening, and counseling programs; and to 

educate medical and allied health professionals concerning problems of diagnosis and treatment of specific diseases such as sickle cell anemia.

Research Career Programs

Mentored Research Scientist Development Award for

Minority Faculty (K01): To support underrepresented 

minority faculty members with varying levels of research 

experience to prepare them for research careers as independent investigators.

Mentored Scientist Development Award in Research

Ethics (K01): To provide support for training in 

research ethics for health professionals working at academic and other health-related institutions in biomedical, 

behavioral, or public health research, particularly 

research involving human participants.

Minority Institution Faculty Mentored Research

Scientist Development Award (K01): To support faculty members at minority institutions who have the interest and potential to conduct state-of-the-art research in 

cardiovascular, pulmonary, or hematologic disease, or in 

sleep disorders.

Independent Scientist Award (K02): To enhance the 

research capability of promising individuals in the formative stages of their careers of independent research in the 

sciences related to heart, lung, and blood diseases; blood 

resources; and sleep disorders.

Research Career Development Award (K04): To foster the development of young scientists with outstanding 

research potential for careers of independent research in 

the sciences related to heart, lung, and blood diseases and 

blood resources. New grants are no longer awarded.

Research Career Award (K06): To assist institutions in 

supporting established investigators of high competency 

for the duration of their careers. New grants are no longer awarded.

Academic Award (K07): To support an individual with 

an academic appointment to introduce or improve a 

disease curriculum that will enhance the academic or 

research environment of the applicant institution as well 

as further the individual’s own career. This award series 

includes the Preventive Cardiology Academic Award, the 

Preventive Pulmonary Academic Award, the Transfusion 

Medicine Academic Award, and the Systemic Pulmonary 

and Vascular Diseases Academic Awards, the Asthma 

Academic Award, the Tuberculosis Academic Award, the 

Sleep Academic Award, the Nutrition Academic Award, 
189

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Types of Research Activity

and the Cultural Competence and Health Disparities 

Academic Award. Currently, the Cultural Competence 

and Health Disparities Academic Award program is 

being supported.

Clinical Investigator Development Award (K08): To 

provide an opportunity for clinically trained physicians 

to develop research skills and gain experience in advanced research methods and experimental approaches 

in basic and applied sciences relevant to cardiovascular, 

pulmonary, and hematological diseases. This award was 

developed to encourage clinical investigators to engage 

in research in specific areas designated by the Institute.

Physician Scientist Award (K11): To encourage newly 

trained clinicians to develop independent research skills 

and experience in one of the fundamental sciences. New 

grants are no longer awarded.

Research Career Development Program in Vascular

Medicine (12): To promote comprehensive clinical 

research training for physicans wanting to specialize in 

vascular medicine. The goal is to prepare clinicians for 

academic roles in mentoring and leadership in clinical 

research in vascular medicine.

Research Career Development Program in Clinical

Hematology (12): To develop and evaluate multidisciplinary career development programs in clinical hematology research that will equip new academic researchers 

with the knowledge and skills to address complex problems in blood diseases, transfusion medicine, and cellular therapies.

Minority School Faculty Development Award (K14): 

To develop faculty investigators at minority schools and 

to enhance their research capabilities in areas related to 

heart, lung, and blood diseases; blood resources; and 

sleep disorders. New grants are no longer awarded.

Research Development Award for Minority Faculty

(K14): To encourage the development of minority faculty investigators and to enhance their research capabilities in areas related to cardiovascular, lung, and blood 

health and disease; transfusion medicine; and sleep disorders. New grants are no longer awarded.

Career Enhancement Award for Stem Cell Research

(K18): To enable established investigators to acquire 

new research capabilities in the use of human or animal 

embryonic, adult, or cord blood stem cells. All candidates must have a sponsor, either within their own or at 

another institution, who is a well-qualified stem cell 

expert to serve as a mentor.

NHLBI Career Transition Award (K22): To support 

the postdoctoral research training of an outstanding individual in an NHLBI intramural laboratory for up to 3 

years and subsequently, to support the individual’s successful transition from postdoctoral research to an extramural environment as an independent researcher.

Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career

Development Award (K23): To provide support for 

career development to investigators who have made a 

commitment to focus their research endeavors on patientoriented research. 

Midcareer Investigator Award in Patient-Oriented

Research (K24): To provide support for clinicians to 

allow them “protected time” to devote to patient-oriented 

research and to act as mentors for beginning clinical 

investigators. 

Mentored Quantitative Research Career Development

Award (K25): To provide support to investigators with 

quantitative science or engineering backgrounds who 

have made a commitment to focus their research on basic 

or clinical biomedicine, bioengineering, bioimaging, or 

behavioral sciences.

Clinical Research Curriculum Award (CRCA) (K30): 

To stimulate inclusion of high-quality, multidisciplinary 

didactic training in fundamental skills, methodology, theories, and conceptualization as part of the career development of clinical investigators. 

Other Research Grants

Scientific Evaluation (R09): To provide funds to the 

chairman of an initial review group for operation of the 

review group.

Resource-Related Research Projects (R24): To support research projects that will enhance the capability of 

resources to serve biomedical research in areas related to 

cardiovascular, lung, and blood health and diseases; 

blood resources; and sleep disorders. 
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NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Types of Research Activity

Cooperative Clinical Research (R10) (U10): To support studies and evaluations of relevant clinical problems. These grants usually involve collaborative efforts 

among several institutions and principal investigators 

and are conducted under a formal protocol.

Conference Grants (R13): To support national and 

international scientific meetings, conferences, or workshops at which research is discussed.

Research Demonstration and Education Projects

(R18): To provide support designed to develop, test, and 

evaluate health-related activities and to foster application 

of existing knowledge to the control of heart, lung, and 

blood diseases and sleep disorders.

Education Projects (R25): To provide support for the 

development and implementation of a program as it 

relates to a category in one or more of the areas of education, information, training, technical assistance, coordination, or evaluation.

Minority Biomedical Research Support Grants (S06)

(S14): To strengthen the biomedical research and 

research training capability of minority institutions and 

to assist in increasing the involvement of minority faculty and students in biomedical research.

Biomedical Research Support Grants (S07): To 

strengthen, balance, and stabilize supported biomedical 

and behavioral research programs through flexible funds 

that permit institutions to respond quickly and effectively 

to emerging needs and opportunities; to enhance creativity and innovation, to support pilot studies, and to 

improve research resources.

Continuing Education Training Grant (T15): To 

assist professional schools and other public and nonprofit 

institutions to establish, expand, or improve programs of 

continuing professional education, especially for programs dealing with new scientific developments.

Scientific Review and Evaluation (U09): To support 

an initial Scientific Review Group responsible for the 

assessment of scientific and technical merit of grant 

applications.

Conference (Cooperative Agreements) (U13): To support international, national, or regional meetings; conferences; and workshops where substantial programmatic 

involvement is planned to assist the recipient.

Resource-Related Research Projects (U24): To support research projects contributing to improvement of the 

capability of resources to serve biomedical research.

National Swine Research and Resource Center (U42): 

To support a National Swine Research and Resource 

Center that will serve as a resource for depositing, maintaining, preserving, and distributing swine models for 

studies of human diseases, as well as cryopreservation, 

storage, and reconstitution of embryos and germplasm.

Small Business Innovation Research Cooperative

Agreements (U44): To provide support for phase II and 

fast-track projects that directly address identification and 

preclinical testing of new therapeutics.

Historical Black College and University Scientist

Award (UH1): To strengthen and augment the human 

resources at historically black colleges and universities 

(HBCU) by recruiting an established research scientist 

into their biomedical or behavioral sciences department; 

to enhance the career of the recruited research scientist; 

and to strengthen other HBCU resources for the conduct 

of biomedical or behavioral research in areas related to 

cardiovascular, lung, and blood health and disease; transfusion medicine; and sleep disorders.

Individual National Research Service

Awards (NRSA)

Predoctoral Individual NRSA (F31): To provide predoctoral individuals with supervised research training in 

areas related to heart, lung, and blood diseases; blood 

resources; and sleep disorders leading toward the 

research degree (e.g., Ph.D.).

Postdoctoral Individual NRSA (F32): To provide postdoctoral research training to individuals to broaden their 

scientific background and extend their potential for 

research in areas related to heart, lung, and blood diseases and blood resources.

NRSA for Senior Fellows (F33): To provide experienced scientists with an opportunity to make major 

changes in the direction of their research careers, to 

broaden their scientific background, to acquire new 

research capabilities, to enlarge their command of an 
191

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Types of Research Activity

allied research field, or to take time from regular professional responsibilities for the purpose of broadening their 

research capabilities.

Institutional National Research Service

Awards (NRSA)

Institutional NRSA (T32): To enable institutions to 

make awards to individuals selected by them for predoctoral and postdoctoral research training in areas related 

to heart, lung, and blood diseases; blood resources; and 

sleep disorders.

Minority Institutional Research Training Program

(T32M): To support full-time research training for 

investigative careers at minority schools in areas of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and hematologic diseases and 

sleep disorders. Graduate students, postdoctoral students, or health professions students may be supported 

under this program.

MARC Undergraduate NRSA Institutional Grants

(T34): To support institutional training grants for underrepresented minority undergraduates to obtain research 

training and improve their preparation for graduate training in the biomedical and behavioral sciences.

NRSA Short-Term Research Training (T35 and

T35S): To provide individuals with research training 

during off-quarters or summer periods to encourage 

research careers or to encourage research in areas of 

national need. This program includes the Short-Term 

Training for Minority Students Program and short-term 

training for students in health professional schools.

MARC Visiting Professors for Minority Institutions

(T36): To increase the number of well-trained minority 

scientists in biomedical disciplines and to strengthen 

the research and teaching capabilities of minority 

institutions.

Other Support

Research and Development Contracts (N01): To 

develop or apply new knowledge or test, screen, or evaluate a product, material, device, or component for use by 

the scientific community.

Small Business Innovation Research (N43): To support projects, limited in time and amount, to establish the 

technical merit and feasibility of R&D ideas that may 

ultimately lead to a commercial product(s) or service(s).

NIH Interagency Agreements (Y01): To provide a 

source of funds to another Federal agency to acquire specific products, services, or studies.

NIH Intra-Agency Agreements (Y02): To provide a 

source of funds to another NIH component to acquire 

specific products, services, or studies.

Minority Research Supplements Programs: To provide supplemental funds to active NHLBI grants to support the research of minority high school, undergraduate, 

and graduate students; postdoctoral trainees; and 

investigators.

193

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

ACCORD Action To Control Cardiovascular Risk 

in Diabetes

ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme

ACRN Asthma Clinical Research Network

AI/AN American Indian/Alaska Native

AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AMI acute myocardial infarction

APPLES Apnea Positive Pressure Long-Term 

Efficacy Study

ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome

ARDSNet Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 

Clinical Network

ARIC Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities

ATP III Adult Treatment Panel III

BABY HUG Pediatric Hydroxyurea Phase III Clinical 

Trial

BARI 2D Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization 

Investigation in Type 2 Diabetics

CABG coronary artery bypass graft

CAMP–CS Childhood Asthma Management

/Phase 2 Program–Continuation Study/Phase 2

CARDIA Coronary Artery Risk Development in 

Young Adults

CARE Childhood Asthma Research and 

Education Network

CF cystic fibrosis

CHD coronary heart disease

CHS Cardiovascular Health Study

CIHR Canadian Institutes of Health Research

CTOT Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CORAL Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal 

Atherosclerotic Lesions

CRITT Center for Research Informatics and 

Information Technology

CSCC Comprehensive Sickle Cell Centers

CVD cardiovascular diseases

DASH Dietary Approaches To Stop 

Hypertension

DBDR Division of Blood Diseases and 

Resources

DCVD Division of Cardiovascular Diseases

DECA Division of Epidemiology and Clinical 

Applications

DERA Division of Extramural Research Affairs

DHVD Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases

DIR Division of Intramural Research

DLD Division of Lung Diseases

DPPS Division of Prevention and Population 

Sciences

EDUC Enhanced Dissemination and Utilization 

Center

ESCAPE Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart 

Failure and Pulmonary Artery 

Catheterization Effectiveness

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
194

FOCUS Functional Outcomes in Cardiovascular 

Patients Undergoing Surgical Hip 

Fracture Repair

FY fiscal year

GEMS Girls Health Enrichment Multisite 

Studies

GOCADAN Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in 

Alaska Natives

HAT Home Automatic External Defibrillator 

Trial

HBCU historically black colleges and 

universities

HBV hepatitis B virus

HCHS Hispanic Community Health Study

HCV hepatitis C virus

HF-ACTION Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial 

Investigation Outcomes of 

Exercise Training

HEW Department of Health, Education, and 

Welfare (now HHS)

HHS Health and Human Services (formerly 

HEW)

HIV human immunodeficiency virus

HTLV human T-lymphotropic virus

ICD International Classification of Diseases

IMMEDIATE Immediate Myocardial Metabolic 

Enhancement During Initial Assessment 

and Treatment in Emergency Care

IT Information Technology

JHS Jackson Heart Study

JNC V Fifth Report of the Joint National 

Committee on the Detection, 

Evaluation, and Treatment of High 

Blood Pressure

MARC Minority Access to Research Careers

MESA Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

NAEPP National Asthma Education and 

Prevention Program

NCEP National Cholesterol Education Program

NCHS National Center for Health Statistics

NCI National Cancer Institute

NCSDR National Center on Sleep Disorders 

Research

NHAAP National Heart Attack Alert Program

NHANES National Health and Nutrition 

Examination Survey

NHBPEP National High Blood Pressure Education 

Program

NHI National Heart Institute

NHLBAC National Heart, Lung, and Blood 

Advisory Council

NHLBI National Heart, Lung, and Blood 

Institute (formerly NHI and NHLI)

NHLI National Heart and Lung Institute

NIA National Institute on Aging

NICHD National Institute of Child Health and 

Human Development

NIAMS National Institute of Arthritis and 

Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases 

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
195

NIDDK National Institute of Diabetes and 

Digestive and Kidney Diseases

NIH National Institutes of Health

NINDS National Institute of Neurological 

Disorders and Stroke

NRSA National Research Service Award

OEI Obesity Education Initiative

OMHA Office of Minority Health

OPEC Office of Prevention, Education, and 

Control

OSA obstructive sleep apnea

PA Program Announcement

PAD peripheral artery disease

PGA Programs for Genomic Applications

PHS Public Health Service

PIOPED Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary 

Embolism Diagnosis

POUNDS Preventing Overweight Using Novel 

LOST Dietary Strategies

REDS Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study

RFA Request for Applications

RFP Request for Proposals

RPG research project grant

SANDS Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics 

Study

SBIR Small Business Innovation Research

SCD sickle cell disease

SCCOR Specialized Center of Clinically 

Oriented Research

SCOR Specialized Center of Research

SDB sleep disordered breathing

SEP Special Emphasis Panel

SES socioeconomic status

SHARE SNP Health Association Resource

SIDS sudden infant death syndrome

SNP single nucleotide polymorphism

STICH Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart 

Failure

STTR Small Business Technology Transfer

SWITCH Stroke With Transfusions Changing to 

Hydroxyurea

TAAG Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls

TB tuberculosis

TOPCAT Trial of Aldosterone Antagonists 

Therapy in Adult With Ejection Fraction 

Congestive Heart Failure

WHI Women’s Health Initiative

WLM Weight Loss Maintenance

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

197

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Index

Index

A

Abbreviations, 193–195

Academic Research Enhancement Award, 56

Action To Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes 

(ACCORD), 120, 124–125, 148

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Clinical Network 

(ARDSNET), 121, 124, 129

AIM HIGH: Niacin Plus Statin To Prevent Vascular Events, 

84, 86

Animal Models of Diabetic Complications Consortium, 56

Apnea Positive Pressure Long-Term Efficacy Study (APPLES), 

85, 97, 118–119, 151

Asthma Clinical Research Network (ACRN), Phase II, 84, 94, 

123–124, 129, 149

Atherosclerosis, Plaque, and CVD in Communities, 84, 86

Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC), 106, 138

B

Bioengineering Research Grant, 56

Bioengineering Research Partnerships, 56

Biology of RNA Interference: Stability, Delivery, and 

Processing by Tissues, 56

Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Research Network, 56, 

85, 96, 123–124, 130–131, 153

Blood Diseases and Resources Program, obligations by funding 

mechanism, 67

Budget History, FY 1950–2006, 69

Budget Overview, Obligations by Funding Mechanism, 

FY 2006, 65–68

Blood Diseases and Resources Program, 67

Cardiovascular Diseases Program, 66

Extramural Program, 66

Lung Diseases Program, 67

National Center on Sleep Disorders Research Program, 67

Prevention and Population Sciences Program, 66

Women’s Health Initiative, 68

Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in Type 2 

Diabetics (BARI 2D), 84, 86, 116, 119, 148

C

Candidate Gene Association Resource, 54–55, 106–107

Cardiovascular Diseases Program, obligations by funding 

mechanism, 66

Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), 106–107, 138

Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Events Follow-Up Study, 

84, 86–87

Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions 

(CORAL), 84, 87, 117, 119

Center for Human Cell Therapy, 85, 96

Center for Population Studies, 11

Center for Research Informatics and Information Technology, 

10

Centers for AIDS Research Program, 65, 67, 77, 104

Centers for Reducing Asthma Disparities, 84, 94, 149

Centers of Excellence in Translational Human Stem Cell 

Research, 99, 103

Childhood Asthma Management Program–Continuation Study 

(CAMP–CS)/Phase 2, 84, 94, 118–119

Childhood Asthma Research and Education (CARE) Network, 

84, 95, 123–124, 129–130, 149

Claudication Exercise vs. Edoluminal Revascularization, 84, 

87, 117, 119

Clinical Hematology Research Career Development Program, 

54, 77, 159–160

Clinical Research Consortium To Improve Resuscitation 

Outcomes, 84, 87, 122, 124–125

Clinical Trial of Acid Reflux Therapy in Asthma, 84, 95

Clinical Trials (See also individual trials), 115–135

Institute-initiated: contracts, FY 1996–2006, 120–121

cooperative agreements, FY 1996–2006, 122–123

summary by program, FY 2006, 124

Investigator-initiated, FY 1996–2006, 115–118

summary by program, FY 2006, 119

Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation (CTOT), 122, 124–126

Collaborative Program in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, 84, 95

Community Participation in Research, 57
198

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Index

Comprehensive Sickle Cell Centers Program, 65, 67, 77, 103, 

152

Contract obligations (See Research and development contracts)

Cooperative Agreements, 77, 84–98, 115–119, 122–133

COPD Clinical Research Network, 84, 95, 123–124, 130

Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults 

(CARDIA), 106–107, 138, 146

Critical Issues in Post-Phlebitic Syndrome, 54

Cultural Competence and Health Disparities Academic Award, 

55, 77, 140, 159–160

D

Design and Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies, 56

Directed Stem Cell Differentiation for Cell-Based Therapies for 

Heart, Lung, Blood, and Aging Diseases, 56–57

Directory of Personnel, 1–7

Disease statistics 

adult population with hypertension, 49

change in death rates for selected causes, 43

death rates for cardiovascular diseases, 33, 37

death rates for heart diseases, 33, 38, 40

death rates for lung diseases, 34, 43, 45–46

death rates for stroke, 40

deaths by major causes, 35

deaths from blood diseases, 34–36

deaths from cardiovascular diseases, 33, 35–37, 39

deaths from heart failure, 39

deaths from lung diseases, 34–36, 44

discharged dead from hospital with cardiovascular and lung 

diseases, 41

economic costs of illness, 33–34, 51

hospitalization rates for heart failure, 34, 50

persons experiencing asthma episodes in previous 12 

months, 50

physician office visits for sleep disorders, 46

prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, 48

prevalence of common cardiovascular and lung diseases, 

47–48

ten leading causes of death, 38

ten leading causes of death among minority groups, 38

Division of Blood Diseases and Resources, 15–16

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, 11, 13–14

Division of Intramural Research, 17–18

Division of Lung Diseases, 14–15

Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, 16–17

DNA Resequencing and Genotyping, 106–108

Dynamic Assessment of Patient-Reported Chronic Disease 

Outcomes, 122, 124, 126

Dynamic Evaluation of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, 

84, 87

E

Early Antipseudomonal Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis, 84, 95

Employment, FY 1996–2006, 72

Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary 

Artery Catheterization Effectiveness (ESCAPE), 120, 124, 

126

Exploratory and Development Research Grants for 

Investigation in Rare Diseases, 57

Exploratory Developmental Bioengineering Research Grants, 

57

Extramural research funding

dollars funded by funding mechanism, FY 1996–2006, 74–75

percentage trends by funding mechanism, FY 1996–2006, 74, 

76

F

Family Blood Pressure Program, 84, 87–88, 142

Framingham Heart Study, 24, 26, 106, 108

Functional Outcomes in Cardiovascular Patients Undergoing 

Surgical Hip Fracture Repair (FOCUS), 85, 96–97, 118–119

Funding of grants, contracts, and training by:

foreign country and institution, FY 2006:

Australia, 182; Belgium, 182; Canada, 183; China, 183; 

Finland, 183; Hungry, 183; India, 183; Israel, 183; 

Netherlands, 183; Sweden, 183; Thailand, 183; United 

Kingdom, 184

state or territory and institution, FY 2006:

Alabama, 164; Arizona, 164; Arkansas, 164; California, 

164–166; Colorado, 166; Connecticut, 167; Delaware, 167; 

District of Columbia, 167; Florida, 167; Georgia, 167–168; 

Hawaii, 168; Illinois, 168; Indiana, 168–169; Iowa, 169; 

Kansas, 169; Kentucky, 169; Louisiana, 169; Maine, 169; 

Maryland, 170–171; Massachusetts, 171–172; Michigan, 

172; Minnesota, 172–173; Mississippi, 173; Missouri, 173; 

Montana, 173; Nebraska, 173; Nevada, 174; New 

Hampshire, 174; New Jersey, 174; New Mexico, 174; New 

York, 174–176; North Carolina, 176; North Dakota, 176; 

Ohio, 176–177; Oklahoma, 177; Oregon, 177; 

Pennsylvania, 177–178; Rhode Island, 178; South 

Carolina, 178–179; South Dakota, 179; Tennessee, 179; 
199

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Index

Texas, 179–180; Utah, 180; Vermont, 180; Virginia, 180–

181; Washington, 181; West Virginia, 181; Wisconsin, 

181–182; Puerto Rico, 182

G

Genetically Triggered Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Other 

Cardiovascular Conditions (GENTAC): National Registry, 

106, 108

Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Alaska Natives 

(GOCADAN), 84, 88, 139

Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies (GEMS), 84, 88, 

117, 119, 145

H

Heart Failure: A Control Trial Investigating Outcomes of 

Exercise Training (HF-ACTION), 84, 88–89, 116, 119

Heart Failure Clinical Research Network, 53, 84, 122, 126–127

Hispanic Community Health Study (HCHS), 55, 106, 108, 139

Home Automatic External Defibrillator Trial (HAT), 84, 89, 

116, 119

I

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network, 85, 

95, 123–124, 130

IMMEDIATE Trial: Immediate Myocardial Metabolic 

Enhancement During Initial Assessment and Treatment in 

Emergency Care, 84, 89, 117, 119

Important events in NHLBI history, 21–31

Individual National Research Service Awards (NRSA), 155–

158, 187

Infectious Agents in the Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, 54

Interaction of Genes and Environment in Shaping Risk Factors 

for Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases and Sleep Disorders, 84, 

89, 90

Innovations in Biomedical Computational Science and 

Technology, 57

Innovative Technologies for Engineering Small Blood Vessels, 

53

Iron Overload and Hereditary Hemochromatosis, 106, 111

Ischemic Stroke: Novel Targets and Therapy Development, 57

J

Jackson Heart Study (JHS), 106, 109, 138

L

Lung Diseases Program, obligations by funding mechanism, 67

Lung Tissue Research Consortium, 106, 111

M

Maintenance of Animals for Hepatitis or AIDS Research, 106, 

112

Maintenance of NHLBI Biological Specimen Repository, 106, 

112

Mechanisms Linking Short Sleep Duration and Risk of Obesity 

or Overweight, 55

Mentored Career Award for Faculty at Minority Institutions, 55, 

159–161

Mentored Career Development Award To Promote Faculty 

Diversity in Biomedical Research, 55, 159–161

Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development 

Award, 57, 159–160

Minority Activities, 137–154

Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), 106, 109, 139

Muscular Dystrophy: Pathogenesis and Therapies, 57

N

National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, 15; obligation by 

funding mechanism, 67

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Advisory Council, 59; 

membership, 60

NHLBI Clinical Proteomics Programs, 84, 90

NHLBI Exploratory Program in Systems Biology, 55

NHLBI Innovative Research Grant Program, 55

NHLBI Minority Undergraduate Biomedical Education 

Program, 54, 137

NHLBI Programs, 11–20

NICHD Cooperative Multicenter Neonatal Research Network, 

123–124, 127

Nutrition and Diet in the Causation, Prevention, and 

Management of Heart Failure, 57

O

Obese and Diabetic Intrauterine Environment: Long-Term 

Metabolic or Cardiovascular Consequences in the Offspring, 

57

Obligations by funding mechanism, FY 2006, 65–68
200

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Index

Obligations trends, FY 1996–2006,

budget category:

constant dollars, 70–71

current dollars, 70–71

budget history, 69

funding mechanism, 72, 74–76

Institute-initiated awards and investigator-initiated awards, 

73–74

Obligations, extramural, by state and institution, FY 2006 (See 

Funding of grants, contracts, and training)

Office of Prevention, Education, and Control, 18–20

P

Partnership Programs To Reduce Cardiovascular Disparities, 

84, 90–91, 140–141

Pediatric Heart Network, 53, 84, 91, 122, 124, 127–128

Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study, 123–124, 128

Pediatric Hydroxyurea Phase III Clinical Trial (BABY HUG), 

121, 124, 131, 153

Pediatric Circulatory Support, 106, 109

Pharmacogenetics of Asthma Treatment, 85, 95–96

Pharmacogenetics Research Network, 84, 91

Pilot and Feasibility Program Related to the Kidney, 57

Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies 

(POUNDS LOST), 84, 91, 145

Prevention and Populations Sciences Program, obligations by 

funding mechanism, 66

Primordial Prevention of Overweight in American Indian 

Children, 84, 91, 145

Production of Recombinant B19 Parvovirus Capsids, 106, 112

Program Advisory and Review Communities, 61–64

Program Overview, 9–20

Programs of Excellence in Nanotechnology, 84, 91–92

Programs of Genomic Applications (PGAs) for Heart, Lung, 

and Blood Diseases, 84, 92

Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism DiagnosisIII (PIOPED III), 85, 96

Proteomic Studies of Platelet Function, 54

Proteomics Initiative, 106, 109–110

R

Randomized Controlled Study of Adentosillectomy for 

Childhood Sleep Apnea, 85, 97

Registry for Mechanical Circulatory Support, 106, 110

Research Activity, types of, 187–191

Research and development contracts (See also individual 

programs and studies), 65, 105–113

by program, FY 2006, 66–68

Institute-initiated clinical trials, 120–121, 124

Research Career Development Programs in Vascular Medicine, 

53, 77, 159–160

Research Career Programs, 65–68, 188–189

awards, FY 1996–2006, 159

minority biomedical research, FY 1996–2006, 161

obligation trends, FY 1996–2006, 160

Research grants,

by category, FY 2006, 78

by funding mechanism, 77–78

clinical trials, 115–124

investigator-initiated and Institute-initiated, FY 1996–2006, 

73–74, 81

obligation trends, FY 1996–2006, 78

Research project grants

amount funded, FY 1996–2006, 77–78, 82

applications reviewed and awarded, FY 1996–2006, 80

average costs, FY 1996–2006, 83

by funding mechanism, 77

by program, 66–68

facility and administrative costs, 82

Research Training and Career Development (See also Research 

Career Programs),

full-time training positions, FY 1996–2006, 155–156, 158

history of training obligations, FY 1996–2006, 157

minority biomedical obligations, 161

research career programs: awards and obligations, 

FY 1996–2006, 159–160

supplements program: awards and obligations, 

FY 1996–2006, 161–162

Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study (REDS), 106, 112

S

SBIR/STTR Technologies for Monitoring and Performing 

Resuscitation, 55

Severe Asthma Research Program, 54, 148

Short Courses on Application of Genomics and Proteomics to 

Complex Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases and Sleep 

Disorders, 55

Short-Term Courses in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Culture 

Techniques, 56
201

Short-Term Training Program To Increase Diversity in HealthRelated Research, 55

Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Research Network, 54, 85, 97, 

123–124, 131–132, 153

Sickle Cell Disease Health-Related Quality of Life 

Questionnaire, 106, 112–113, 153

Sidenafil for Sickle Cell Disease-Associated Pulmonary 

Hypertension, 121, 124, 132, 153

Sleep Heart Health Study, 85, 98, 151

SNP Health Association Resource (SHARE) 55–56, 106–110

SNP Typing for Association With Multiple Phenotypes From 

Existing Epidemiology Data (STAMPEED), 56

Somatic Cell Therapy Processing Facilities, 106, 113

Specialized Centers for Cell-Based Therapy (SCCT) for Heart, 

Lung, and Blood Diseases, 103–104 

Specialized Centers of Clinical Research (SCCOR) in 

Cardiac Dysfunction and Disease, 99–100

Hemostatic and Thrombotic Diseases, 54, 99, 102

Host Factors in Chronic Lung Diseases, 99, 101

Pediatric Heart Development and Disease, 99–100

Transfusion Biology and Medicine, 99, 102

Translational Research in Acute Lung Injury, 99, 101–102

Vascular Injury, Repair, and Remodeling, 54, 99–101

Specialized Centers of Research (SCOR) in

Airway Biology and Pathogenesis of Cystic Fibrosis, 99, 101

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Asthma, 99, 101, 148

Molecular Medicine and Atherosclerosis, 99–100

Neurobiology of Sleep and Sleep Apnea, 99, 102, 150

Pathobiology of Fibrotic Lung Disease, 99, 101

Pathobiology of Lung Development, 99, 101

Stroke With Transfusions Changing to Hydroxyurea 

(SWITCH), 85, 97, 118–119, 153

Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study (SANDS), 84, 

92, 117, 119, 148

Strong Heart Study, 25, 84, 92–93, 138

Study of Acid Reflux Therapy for Children With Asthma, 85, 

96

Summer Institute Program To Increase Diversity in HealthRelated Research, 56

Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH), 84, 93, 

117, 119

T

Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia) Clinical Research Network, 85, 

97, 123–124, 132, 154

Transfusion Medicine/Hemostasis Clinical Research Network, 

85, 97, 123–124, 132–134

Translational Behavioral Science Research Consortium, 106, 

110–111

Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG), 84, 93, 122, 124, 

128, 146

Trial of Aldosterone Antagonists Therapy in Adults With 

Ejection Fraction Congestive Heart Failure (TOPCAT), 120, 

124, 128

Tuberculosis Curriculum Coordination Center, 106, 111

W

Weight Loss in Obese Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: 

Clinical Interventions, 54, 84, 93, 123–124, 128–129

Weight Loss Maintenance (WLM), 84, 93–94, 117, 119, 145

Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), 9–10, 16–17, 27, 30, 65–66, 

68, 70–71, 105, 121, 124, 134–135, 154

NHLBI FY 2006 Fact Book

Index

Discrimination Prohibited:

Under provisions of applicable

public laws enacted by 

Congress since 1964, no person

in the United States shall, on 

the grounds of race, color,

national origin, handicap, or

age, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program

or activity (or, on the basis of

sex, with respect to any education program or activity)

receiving Federal financial

assistance. In addition,

Executive Order 11141 prohibits discrimination on the

basis of age by contractors and

subcontractors in the performance of Federal contracts, 

and Executive Order 11246

states that no federally funded

contractor may discriminate

against any employee or applicant for employment because 

of race, color, religion, sex, or

national origin. Therefore, 

the Heart, Lung, and Blood

Institute must be operated in

compliance with these laws 

and Executive Orders.