IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 18-0087

Filed February 6, 2019

RUSSELL M. CARTER,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES,

Defendant-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Jeanie K. Vaudt, Judge.

Plaintiff appeals the district court decision on his petition for declaratory 

judgment finding Iowa Code section 483A.24 (2016) is not unconstitutional. 

AFFIRMED.

Stephen H. Locher of Belin McCormick, P.C., Des Moines, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and David M. Ranscht, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee.

Heard by Tabor, P.J., Bower, J., and Carr, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2019).
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BOWER, Judge.

Russell Carter appeals the district court decision on his petition for 

declaratory judgment finding Iowa Code section 483A.24 (2016) is not 

unconstitutional. We find Carter, as a nonresident landowner, does not have an 

inalienable right under the Iowa Constitution to hunt antlered deer on his property 

and the statute does not violate his equal protection rights. We affirm the district

court.

I. Background Facts & Proceedings

“Iowa Code chapter 483A establishes a framework for the issuance of 

hunting and fishing licenses in Iowa.” Democko v. Iowa Dep’t of Nat. Res., 840 

N.W.2d 281, 287 (Iowa 2013). “As a general matter, chapter 483A distinguishes 

between residents and nonresidents for the purpose of licensure. Residents are 

generally treated more favorably than nonresidents.” Id.

Section 483A.24(1) provides:

Owners or tenants of land, and their minor children, may hunt, 

fish or trap upon such lands and may shoot by lawful means ground 

squirrels, gophers, or woodchucks upon adjacent roads without 

securing a license so to do; except, special licenses to hunt deer and 

wild turkey shall be required of owners and tenants . . . .

The term “owner” is defined as “an owner of a farm unit who is a resident of 

Iowa . . . .” Iowa Code § 483A.24(2)(a)(3). The term “resident” includes a person 

whose “principal and primary residence or domicile” is in Iowa. See id.

§ 483A.1A(10)(a).

An owner of a farm unit may receive upon application “two deer hunting 

licenses, one antlered or any sex deer hunting license and one antlerless deer only 

deer hunting license” without fee and “valid only for use on the farm unit for which 
3

the applicant applies.” Id. § 483A.24(2)(c). In addition, the owner of a farm unit 

“may purchase a deer hunting license for any option offered to paying deer hunting 

licenses.” Id. § 483A.24(2)(d). An owner “may also purchase two additional 

antlerless deer hunting licenses which are valid only on the farm unit.” Id.

A nonresident who owns land in Iowa may apply for an annual nonresident 

antlered deer hunting license.1 Id. § 483A.8(5). Each year, the Iowa Natural 

Resource Commission makes antlered or any sex deer hunting licenses available

to 6000 nonresidents. Id. § 483A.8(3)(c). These deer hunting licenses are 

distributed by a drawing, with preference points given under certain circumstances. 

Id. § 483A.8(3)(e). If a nonresident landowner does not receive a nonresident 

antlered deer hunting license through the drawing, “the landowner shall be given 

preference for one of the antlerless deer only nonresident deer hunting licenses.” 

Id. § 483A.8(5). The number of nonresident antlerless deer hunting licenses 

available varies each year. Id. § 483A.8(3)(c). These licenses “shall be valid to 

hunt on the nonresident’s land only.” Id. § 483A.8(5).

This statutory framework was in place when Carter purchased 650 acres of 

land in Decatur County. The title to the property is in the name of Ducks and 

Bucks, LLC, which is owned by Carter and his two sons. Carter bought the 

property for the purpose of hunting deer and other wildlife. Although Carter owns 

land in Iowa, he does not live in Iowa and is a legal resident of another state. As 

a nonresident of Iowa, Carter does not meet the definition of an “owner” under 

section 483A.24(2)(a)(3). Over a six year period, Carter received a nonresident 

 

1

 There are separate statutory provisions for nonresidents who do not own land in Iowa. 

See Iowa Code § 483A.8(3).
4

antlered deer hunting license each year through the drawing or lottery system, 

except for two years, when he received a nonresident antlerless deer hunting 

license. Thus, Carter has been able to hunt deer on his property every year but in 

some years was not able to hunt antlered deer, sometimes known as trophy bucks.

On September 27, 2016, Carter filed a petition for a declaratory order with 

the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR), requesting a ruling establishing 

him as an “owner” for purposes of section 483A.24(2)(a)(3). In the alternative, he 

sought a ruling stating the failure to treat him as an “owner” violated his inalienable 

rights and his equal protection rights under the Iowa Constitution. The DNR did 

not respond to Carter’s petition within sixty days, and it was therefore deemed to 

be denied. Carter then filed a petition for judicial review, as permitted by section 

17A.19(1) (“If a declaratory order has not been rendered within sixty days after the 

filing of a petition therefor under section 17A.9 . . . any administrative remedy 

available under section 17A.9 shall be deemed inadequate or exhausted.”)

The district court found the operation of section 483A.24 did not violate 

Carter’s constitutional rights. The court found Carter did not have an inalienable 

right to hunt deer on his own property. The court also found the State’s limitation 

on nonresident landowners’ hunting licenses was a reasonable use of the State’s 

police power. The court additionally found the State’s disparate treatment of 

resident and nonresident landowners in regard to hunting licenses did not violate 

the equal protection clause because there was a rational basis for making the 

distinction. Carter appeals the district court’s decision.
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II. Standard of Review

“We review constitutional challenges to statutes de novo.” Honomichl v. 

Valley View Swine, LLC, 914 N.W.2d 223, 230 (Iowa 2018). In our review, “we 

independently evaluate the totality of the circumstances.” Hensler v. City of 

Davenport, 790 N.W.2d 569, 578 (Iowa 2010). “We presume statutes are 

constitutional, and the party challenging the statute ‘must prove the 

unconstitutionality beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Honomichl, 914 N.W.2d at 230 

(citation omitted).

III. Inalienable Rights

Article I, section 1 of the Iowa Constitution provides:

All men and women are, by nature, free and equal, and have 

certain inalienable rights—among which are those of enjoying and 

defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting 

property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness.

“These rights include the ‘right to acquire, possess, and enjoy property.’” Gacke 

v. Pork Xtra, L.L.C., 684 N.W.2d 168, 176 (Iowa 2004) (citation omitted). “[I]n 

determining whether [a] challenged statute violates article I, section 1 of the Iowa 

Constitution, we must determine (1) whether the right asserted by the plaintiffs is 

protected by this clause, and (2) whether [the] section [at issue] is a reasonable 

exercise of the state's police power.” Id.

Carter claims this constitutional provision gives him an inalienable right to 

hunt antlered deer on his own property. He states section 483A.24 is 

unconstitutional because it limits his ability to obtain a hunting license for antlered 

deer.
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In Democko, plaintiffs claimed section 483A.24 was unconstitutional under 

the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the United States Constitution due to the 

statutory distinction between resident and nonresident landowners. 840 N.W.2d 

at 291. Similar to the present case, plaintiffs argued “to not allow a nonresident 

landowner the same right to hunt as a resident landowner based only upon the 

landowner’s partial absence from Iowa and the location of the landowner’s family 

is a violation of the nonresident landowner’s constitutionally protected privilege of 

land ownership.” Id.

The Iowa Supreme Court found, “We think the nub of the issue is whether, 

under Iowa law, an Iowa landowner has a property right to hunt on his or her 

property. Regardless of what might have been at common law, we conclude the 

legislature has extinguished any such right.” Id. at 293. The court further stated:

The legislature has declared that “[t]he title and ownership of 

all . . . wild game, animals, and birds, including their nests and eggs, 

and all other wildlife, found in the state, whether game or nongame, 

native or migratory . . . are hereby declared to be in the state.” The 

clear implication of this unqualified statute is that a landowner has no 

title to or interest in wildlife within the state borders, even if the wildlife 

is on the landowner’s property. The legislature has made clear the 

purpose of vesting ownership in all of the state’s wildlife in the state 

is “for the conservation of resources of the state.” Any common-law 

right to hunt based on property ownership would conflict with these 

broad and unqualified statutory provisions. We further note the 

legislature has created an extensive statutory scheme regulating the 

manner, places, and times in which certain species of wildlife may 

be taken and in what numbers. 

Id. at 293‒94 (citations omitted). The court concluded, “in light of the extensive 

statutory scheme that landownership in Iowa is not accompanied by the right to 

hunt on one’s own land.” Id. at 294. The court determined section 483A.24 did 

not violate plaintiffs’ constitutional rights. Id.
7

Our inalienable rights clause “secure[s] to the people of Iowa common law 

rights that pre-existed Iowa’s Constitution.” Atwood v. Vilsack, 725 N.W.2d 641, 

651 (Iowa 2006). While the plaintiffs in Democko did not challenge section 

483A.24 in regard to the Iowa Constitution, we find the case is applicable insofar 

as it provides, “Regardless of what might have been at common law, we conclude 

the legislature has extinguished any such right.” 840 N.W.2d at 293. Because the 

rights recognized by article I, section 1 of the Iowa Constitution arise from common 

law rights, the ruling in Democko stating an Iowa landowner does not have a 

common law right to hunt on his or her own property forecloses Carter’s claim he 

has an inalienable right to hunt on his property. See id. The Iowa Supreme Court 

has determined, “landownership in Iowa is not accompanied by the right to hunt 

on one’s own land.” Id. at 294. We therefore determine the right asserted by 

Carter is not protected by the inalienable rights clause. See Gacke, 684 N.W.2d 

at 176.

In Democko, the court found the Iowa legislature, through an extensive 

statutory scheme, had extinguished a landowner’s common law right to hunt on 

the landowner’s own property to the extent such a right may have existed under 

the common law. 840 N.W.2d at 293. We note even if a nonresident landowner 

had an inalienable right to hunt antlered deer on the landowner’s property, such a 

right would be “subject to reasonable regulation by the state in the exercise of its 

police power.” Gacke, 684 N.W.2d at 176; see also City of Sioux City v. Jacobsma, 

862 N.W.2d 335, 352 (Iowa 2015) (“[E]ven if the plaintiff’s asserted interest is 

within the scope of the inalienable rights clause, the rights guaranteed by the 
8

provision are subject to reasonable regulation by the state in the exercise of its 

police power.”).

“Police power refers to the legislature’s broad, inherent power to pass laws 

that promote the public health, safety, and welfare.” Honomichl, 914 N.W.2d at

235 (quoting Gravert v. Nebergall, 539 N.W.2d 184, 186 (Iowa 1995)). “Whether 

the exercise of the police powers is proper depends on whether the collective 

benefit outweighs the specific restraint of individual liberty.” Gibb v. Hansen, 286 

N.W.2d 180, 186 (Iowa 1979). Reasonable regulations are those which are not 

capricious, arbitrary, or unreasonable, and which have some relation to the general 

welfare. Pierce v. La Porte City, 146 N.W.2d 907, 910 (Iowa 1966). In reference 

to the inalienable rights clause, we consider whether a statute “is a reasonable 

exercise of the state’s police power.” Gacke, 684 N.W.2d at 176.

The State has a substantial interest “in regulating its wildlife and the hunting 

thereof.” State v. Keehner, 425 N.W.2d 41, 45 (Iowa 1988); see also Metier v. 

Cooper Transp. Co., 378 N.W.2d 907, 914 (Iowa 1985) (noting “the substantial 

interest of the State, on behalf of its citizens, in conserving and protecting wild 

animals”). The State has declared to itself the title and ownership “of all wild game, 

animals, and birds.” Iowa Code § 481A.2. We conclude it is within the State’s 

police power to manage and conserve the wildlife in the State.

Because the State has ownership of all the wild animals, including deer, in 

Iowa, it follows the State may properly regulate deer hunting. See id. § 483A.1 

(providing a person may not hunt wild animals, including deer, without first 

obtaining a hunting license). In a case discussing the inalienable rights clause of 

the Wisconsin Constitution, the Wisconsin Supreme Court stated:
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We believe it has never been seriously denied (and it is now 

certainly too late to deny) that the state has the right, in the exercise 

of its police power, to make all reasonable regulations for the 

preservation of fish and game within its limits. It may ordain closed 

seasons; it may prescribe the manner of taking, the times of taking, 

and the amount to be taken within a given time, as it may deem best 

for the purpose of preserving and perpetuating the general 

stock. . . . The modes in which the state may limit the amount to be 

legally taken are various.

State v. Nergaard, 102 N.W. 899, 901 (Wis. 1905).

While the State could have enacted a different regulatory system, as 

proposed by Carter, this does not make the present regulatory system for deer 

hunting licenses unreasonable. See City of Ames v. Gerbracht, 189 N.W. 729, 

733 (Iowa 1922) (discussing the reasonableness of an ordinance and stating 

“under its power to regulate, there are undoubted numerous requirements that may 

be lawfully prescribed by the city council, pertaining to the manner in which the 

business is conducted”). In discussing Wyoming statutes which reserved a quota 

a wild animals for resident hunters, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals noted the 

statues “encourage[d] residents to maintain their residency” and support state 

conservation programs, helped “preserve the gender balance needed to maintain 

herd sizes,” and provided “an economic boost.” Schutz v. Thorne, 415 F.3d 1128, 

1135 (10th Cir. 2005).

We conclude the present system is not capricious, arbitrary, or 

unreasonable, and it relates to the State’s substantial interest “in regulating its 

wildlife and the hunting thereof.” See Keehner, 425 N.W.2d at 45. The statute 

limits the number of nonresidential hunting licenses for antlered deer to 6000 each 

year. If nonresidential landowners were able to obtain an antlered deer hunting 

license every year, the number of antlered deer in the State would be reduced. 
10

Like the Wyoming statute in Schutz, the Iowa statute “help[s] preserve gender 

balance needed to maintain herd sizes.” 415 F.3d at 1135. We find section 

483A.24 is a reasonable exercise of the State’s police power.

We conclude the district court properly concluded section 483A.24 does not 

violate Carter’s inalienable rights found in Article I, section 1 of the Iowa 

Constitution.

IV. Equal Protection Rights

Article I, section 6 of the Iowa Constitution provides:

All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation; 

the general assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class of 

citizens, privileges or immunities, which, upon the same terms shall 

not equally belong to all citizens.

Under the equal protection clause, “all persons similarly situated should be treated 

alike.” Racing Ass’n of Cent. Iowa v. Fitzgerald, 675 N.W.2d 1, 7 (Iowa 2004)

(quoting City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439 (1985)).

“Unless a suspect class or a fundamental right is at issue, equal protection

claims are reviewed under the rational basis test.” King v. State, 818 N.W.2d 1, 

25 (Iowa 2012). “The rational basis test defers to the legislature’s prerogative to 

make policy decisions by requiring only a plausible policy justification, mere 

rationality of the facts underlying the decision and, again, a merely rational

relationship between the classification and the policy justification.” Varnum v.

Brien, 763 N.W.2d 862, 879 (Iowa 2009). “Under the rational basis test, ‘[t]he 

plaintiff has the heavy burden of showing the statute unconstitutional and must 

negate every reasonable basis upon which the classification may be sustained.’” 

Id. (citation omitted). We consider “whether the classifications drawn in a statute 
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are reasonable in light of its purpose.” Racing Ass’n, 675 N.W.2d at 7 (citation 

omitted).

Carter claims the differential treatment of resident and nonresident 

landowners in section 483A.24 is not rationally related to any legitimate 

government interest. He asserts the State should show the impact of the statute 

on the Iowa deer population. He states there is no relationship between the 

discriminatory treatment of resident and nonresident landowners and the putative 

purpose of section 483A.24.

A similar argument was raised in regard to the federal equal protection 

clause in Baldwin v. Fish & Game Comm’n, 436 U.S. 371, 389‒91 (1978), which 

considered Montana elk hunting licensing statutes as they pertained to resident 

and nonresident hunters. The United States Supreme Court found the distinctions 

drawn between residents and nonresidents were “rational, and not invidious, and 

therefore not violative of the Equal Protection Clause.” Baldwin, 436 U.S. at 389. 

The court noted, “The legislative choice was an economic means not unreasonably 

related to the preservation of a finite resource and a substantial regulatory interest 

of the State.” Id. at 390. The court concluded, “Protection of the wild life of the 

State is peculiarly within the police power, and the State has great latitude in 

determining what means are appropriate for its protection.” Id. at 391 (citation 

omitted).

Carter brought his claim under the Iowa Constitution’s equal protection 

clause, which he claims is broader in scope than the federal Constitution. He 

recognizes, however, “the framework used to analyze a constitutional challenge 

under the equal protection clause of the Iowa Constitution is similar to that applied 
12

under the federal constitution.” While Baldwin is not a binding precedent for 

purposes of interpreting the equal protection clause of the Iowa Constitution, we 

may “look to [it] for ‘such light and guidance as [it] may afford.’” See Sioux City, 

862 N.W.2d at 340 (citation omitted).

Under the rational basis test, the legislature may make classifications which 

are “rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest.” King, 818 N.W.2d at

27 (citation omitted). We presume these classifications are valid “unless the 

relationship between the classification and the purpose behind it is so weak the 

classification must be viewed as arbitrary or capricious.” Id. at 28 (citation omitted). 

“Nothing in the law suggests the existence of supporting ‘objective data’ is 

necessary in order for a classification to withstand an equal protection challenge”

because a classification will be upheld “if any state of facts can be conceived to 

justify it.” Norland v. Grinnell Mut. Reins. Co., 578 N.W.2d 239, 242 (Iowa 1998).

The State may reasonably differentiate between types of licenses—antlered 

or antlerless deer, and differentiate between types of licensees—residential and 

nonresidential, if these classifications are rationally related to a legitimate 

government interest. See King, 818 N.W.2d at 27. We have noted “the substantial 

interest of the State, on behalf of its citizens, in conserving and protecting wild 

animals.” Metier, 378 N.W.2d at 914. We find there is a rational basis for the Iowa 

legislature to distinguish between residential and nonresidential landowners. As 

discussed in relation to the inalienable rights clause, the Iowa statute is rational 

because it “help[s] preserve gender balance needed to maintain herd sizes.” See 

Schutz, 415 F.3d at 1135. 
13

We conclude section 483A.24 is a valid exercise of the State’s interest “in 

regulating its wildlife and the hunting thereof.” See Keehner, 425 N.W.2d at 45. 

We find the district court properly concluded section 483A.24 does not violate 

Carter’s equal protection rights found in article I, section 6 of the Iowa Constitution.

We affirm the decision of the district court.

AFFIRMED.